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+{"metadata":{"id":"07accd694eb188f4bdf7f36880f20a05","source":"gardian_index","url":"https://cgspace.cgiar.org/rest/bitstreams/b92876d9-7932-422f-a20f-f06512d51438/retrieve"},"pageCount":54,"title":"","keywords":[],"chapters":[{"head":"Table of contents","index":1,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"Introduction","index":2,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":122,"text":"Many African countries are signatories to the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS) to support the development and use of climate information services (CIS) as a means to reduce the impacts of disasters from hydro-meteorological hazards and to effectively capacitate their communities to adapt to vagaries of climate variability and the ever-looming negative impacts of climate change. The effective and sustained delivery of CIS per this framework is vital to achieving, among others, the Paris Agreement's adaptation goal of 'enhancing adaptive capacity, strengthening resilience and reducing vulnerability to climate change (UNFCCC, 2015: Art. 7). The framework may also unlock funding support from international development and cooperation partners, with supports from United Nations System under the coordination of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)."},{"index":2,"size":155,"text":"Investments in improved weather and CIS are cost-effective in protecting and enhancing national development. For example, the benefit-to-cost ratios (BCRs) of investing in the improvements of National Hydrology and Metrology Services (NMHS) in developing countries would reduce disaster losses in the range of 4:1 to 36:1 (WMO, World Bank, GFDRR & USAID, 2015)1. Similarly, the BCRs of investment in drought early warning systems in Ethiopia to reduce livelihood losses and dependence on assistance ranges from 3:1 to 6:1. Despite the increasing importance of CIS in developing policy decision-making, investment in many countries remains inadequate. To realize the full potential of CIS in adaptation and resilience building, several African countries developed the National Framework for Climate Services (NFCS) to coordinate, facilitate and strengthen the collaboration among national institutions and other key stakeholders at a national level. Such institutional mechanism improves the coproduction, tailoring, delivery, and use of science-based climate information and prediction in decision and policymaking."},{"index":3,"size":181,"text":"The NFCS also supports the implementation of the Paris Agreement and National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) that require effective and timely climate services, including assessment of climate vulnerabilities and identification of adaptation options, development of products that help improve the understanding of climate and its impacts, and enhancement of capacity for planning and implementation of adaptation for climate-sensitive sectors (WMO, 2018)2. The GFCS step-by-step guideline developed by WMO (2018) explains how to initiate and develop a functional NFCS mechanism that brings together the local, national, regional and global stakeholders needed for the successful generation and delivery of co-designed and coproduced CIS with and for users. Hence, the main functions of an NFCS are to serve as a platform for institutional coordination, collaboration and co-production among relevant technical departments across line ministries at national and subnational levels. However, developing and delivering climate services at the national level requires significant interaction among providers, researchers and users of climate services, including governments, civil society, communities, the private sector, technical partners and donors. These interactions must involve decision-makers, policymakers, local users, climate scientists and sector experts."},{"index":4,"size":55,"text":"In line with the efforts to facilitate the establishment and implementation of frameworks for climate services at the national level, WMO supported the NMHSs of several countries to conduct initial national consultations involving key stakeholders that aim to identify major gaps, needs and priorities for the development and application of climate services in each country."}]},{"head":"Justification","index":3,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":81,"text":"Following the successful co-development and endorsement of AICCRA-supported NFCS in Ethiopia, it partnered with the African Climate Policy Centre (ACPC), WMO Africa and IGAD Climate Prediction and Application Centre (ICPAC), a regional workshop to explore the landscape in the development and implementation of NFCS. This cross-regional and south-south consultative learning and knowledge-sharing regional workshop brought various stakeholders from Eastern and Southern African countries, including their respective WMO Permanent representatives, NMHS and other experts, the regional climate centers, and the UN agencies."},{"index":2,"size":97,"text":"To identify gaps and needs in climate services provision and current interfacing mechanisms, participating countries presented their experiences, followed by group discussions. These sessions were dedicated to documenting and providing lists of services that NMHSs provide, the status of NFCS development, strategic and operational challenges, opportunities to close the gaps/challenges, and lessons learned on the development and implementation of NFCS. As per the GFCS step-by-step guideline, few countries were reported as step five, some in step three, and others in step zero/one (i.e., either in the planned phase or starting to assess baseline data on climate services)."}]},{"head":"Objectives","index":4,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":78,"text":"Encouraging member states, among others, through the provision of an experience-sharing platform is critical, as it will help them to capitalize on good practices and innovative ideas to accelerate the development and implementation of the NFCS in their respective country. Therefore, the general objective of this workshop is to provide an opportunity to step 0/1 countries in Eastern Africa (Burundi, Djibouti and Uganda) to learn from Ethiopia's and Kenya's experience to fast-start their NFCS. Specifically, the workshop aims:"},{"index":2,"size":84,"text":"• To understand and explore the current state of NFCS development in the countries • To showcase best practices, lessons learned, major challenges and opportunities to be considered during the formulation of NFCS • To enhance the understanding of NMHS experts about the main components of the GFCS step-by-step guidelines • To provide opportunities for country representatives to connect and share ideas with their counterparts and other experts; and • To identify concrete measures and next steps to be taken/developed at the country level."},{"index":3,"size":36,"text":"The PR and NMHS experts from Burundi, Djibouti, Somalia and Uganda and lead NFCS experts from Ethiopia, Kenya, and Tanzania. Representatives from continental institutions such as the African Union Commission, ACPC-UNECA, WMO-Africa, and ICPAC also attended."},{"index":4,"size":71,"text":"The workshop was organized by the Accelerating Impacts of CGIAR Climate Research for Africa in Eastern and Southern Africa (AICCRA ESA) in partnership with the African Climate Policy Centre (ACPC) of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, the World Meteorological Organization -Regional Office for Africa (WMO-ROA) and IGAD Climate Prediction and Application Centre (ICPAC) in Kampala, Uganda. The Uganda National Meteorology Agency (UEMI) was a co-convener of this regional workshop."}]},{"head":"Session 1: Introduction of participants and welcoming remarks","index":5,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":138,"text":"During the introduction, participants from the National Meteorological Agency of Djibouti were more gender-sensitive than other countries, sending two women out of five participants to the workshop. Burundi had one woman against four male participants, unlike Somalia, Uganda and Kenya, which had no female representatives in their technical teams. The African Climate Policy Centre (ACPC) sent three representatives; Uganda National Metrological Authority (UEMI), being coconvener, sent seven people, Kenya two, Burundi and Djibouti five each, three from ICPAC and two from Ethiopian Metrological Institute (EMI). In total, the workshop was attended by 38 participants, including three logistical support teams, one communication specialist and one monitoring evaluation specialist, all from AICCRA ESA-ILRI. Overall, WMO was represented by two people, Dr. Joseph Mukabana, who represented the Regional Director of WMO and Dr. Ernest Afiesimama, the regional program manager of WMO."},{"index":2,"size":37,"text":"In his brief opening remarks, Dr. Solomon Dawit emphasized the need to network within the African regions and south-south collaboration and assess the countries' strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities in providing climate information services in the respective countries."}]},{"head":"Welcoming Remarks by David Elweru AG Managing Director of the UEMI","index":6,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":209,"text":"The speaker welcomes participants to Uganda and refers to a similar workshop held in Zanzibar in December 2021, which he attended. He acknowledges that countries have suffered hydrometeorological hazards and noted that some are at step zero while others are at steps 1 and 2. He observed that Uganda, Burundi, and Djibouti are still at step zero in developing the NFCS and are expected to benefit from the workshop. Uganda has suffered hydro-meteorological hazards from drought and too much rainfall, so there is a need for the NFCS for Uganda. He further noted that the NFCS is an elaborate process requiring the coordination of different sectors in each country. The framework will enable the country to move in one direction concerning the weather and climate services. In Uganda, under the national budgeting framework, they have cross-cutting issues. Each government agency budget has to be aligned to these cross-cutting issues in each budgeting cycle. These cross-cutting issues are Gender and equity, HIV, Environment, and Covid-19. They have been advocating for the issues of climate change to be put in the budget. So, the workshop will empower the UMMA towards the development of NFCS and be able to lobby all the stakeholders to include climate change issues in their budgeting policies."},{"index":2,"size":119,"text":"Opening Remarks from Dr. Joseph Mukabana, WMO-ROA Dr. Joseph Mukabana, in his opening remarks, gave a brief background of the origin of the National Framework for Climate Services, now called the National Framework of Weather Water and Climate Services (NFWWCS). He was among the team who developed the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS) when he was still an employee of the Kenyan Metrological Authority before joining WMO. GFCS supports developing and using climate information services to reduce the impact of hydrometeorological hazards. Some studies also found that out of 193 countries that make the WMO members, 70 percent do not have any climate information services, and most of them (33 out of 53 countries) were from developing countries."},{"index":3,"size":82,"text":"Although Africa has not contributed much to cause climate change, it is the most impacted because of poverty and is very vulnerable. Dr. Mukabana observed that meteorological services are not well funded in these poor African countries, which are also the most impacted by climate as they are least invested upon. So, we need to work together to support adaptation, early warning systems, and knowledge sharing for early action on climate change as part of the UN sustainable development goal number 13."},{"index":4,"size":34,"text":"Early warnings come from meteorological services, but infrastructural development and Instrumentation supporting meteorological services are very poor in most African countries. So, getting data for early warning and, therefore, early action is a challenge."},{"index":5,"size":158,"text":"Generally, there are five steps in making the NFCS at the national level. After the development of the Global Framework for climate services, it jumped to the national framework for climate services despite the existence of six regions; Region 1 is Africa, Region 2 is Asia, Region 3 is South America, Region 4 is America, Region 5 is southwest pacific, and Region 6 is Europe. At the country level, we have the National Framework for Climate services, where we must ensure that countries come up with coordination, facilitation and strengthen collaboration and partnership among the national institutions and other key stakeholders at the national and deliver services or co-design and coproduce the services. It must be user-driven services. For example, in Agriculture, the user of climate information services and an agricultural expert must be consulted by the meteorological experts in co-design and co-producing climate information. Water, transport, health, tourism, and energy are other users of climate information services."},{"index":6,"size":47,"text":"The Rapporteur for the session remarked on the efforts made by the Ethiopian university to integrate the basics of climate impacts in the undergraduate courses. This is already at an advanced stage and we expect the other countries in the horn of Africa to adopt the same."},{"index":7,"size":181,"text":"Opening Remarks from Dr. Ernest Afiesimama, WMO-ROA Why do we need NFWWCS for service delivery in the socio-economic sector for the sustainable development of countries? The NFWWCS is all about a coordinating mechanism to improve risk management in the socio-economics sector by incorporating science-based weather water climate information into the decision-making mechanism and policy. It is a stakeholder user platform. This mechanism focuses on improving crop production, disaster preparedness, and risk reduction since Africa is prone to cyclones, droughts, and the like. It is essential that NFWWCS supports the Paris Agreements, and therefore, it is crucial to prepare, maintain and communicate NFWWCS to complement the national adaptation planning process. The NFWWCS will increase the visibility of the Climate/ meteorological services directors in their countries as they are the process's leaders, coordinators, collaborators, and facilitators. This process was driven by the Hydro-Meteorological directors invited to this workshop and in partnership with development partners such as AICCRA, private and public sectors such as research institutions and all the stakeholders in various e=sectors. This Framework can be instituted in our countries in the region."},{"index":8,"size":5,"text":"Session 2: Setting the scene"}]},{"head":"GFCS step-by-step guideline in the context of the new NFWWCS; Challenges and Opportunities","index":7,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"By Dr. Ernest Afiesimama, WMO-ROA","index":8,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":123,"text":"The presenter summarized the step-by-step guideline for undertaking the NFWWCS process and emphasized how a framework is a great tool for coordinating climate services. It is vital for countries yet to undertake the process and, therefore, essentially the purpose of the experience-sharing workshop. The GFCS visioned a better-managed climate risk through science-based information and data to arrive at a solution. Its priority areas include agriculture, food security, disaster risks, health, energy, and water. GFCS has five pillars: Users interface platform; observatory and monitoring; climate services information system (the operational core); research, modeling prediction; and capacity development. The high-impact information would be necessary for policy and finance; for example, the State of Climate in Africa 2021 report is critical for the CoP27 climate summit."},{"index":2,"size":98,"text":"Beyond the five pillars, the new GFCS has considered five key areas; climate priorities, climate services gaps and need assessments, implementation support, quality management system, climate policy, and financial support. A workshop in Zanzibar in December 2021 is where the new framework characteristics were disseminated. The operationalization of the national chain of climate knowledge to action includes the involvement of the national-level user community, especially farmers, which is very important. Some users have traditional or indigenous climate knowledge, which can be blended to assist the user communities. Furthermore, other users include the media, including television and radio stations."},{"index":3,"size":43,"text":"The presenter emphasized the critical role of the Meteorological directors in leading the process by bringing onboard everybody and gave an example of Kenya, where the director entices officials from the ministry of economic planning to include climate services funding in the budget."},{"index":4,"size":35,"text":"The NWWCS is an institutional mechanism to coordinate, facilitate, and collaborate among all the institutions to provide the enabling environment to improve climate information services. There are five steps methodology of establishing the framework expected."},{"index":5,"size":114,"text":"• Bringing all the stakeholders to assess the situational analysis-Baseline • Organize the national consultative workshops bringing many people to identify the gaps in the development of a plan • Develop a 5-years national strategic plan by naming partners who could assist in the implementation -it has to be well-costed, and that is when it can be implemented • Endorse the national strategic plan with all the necessary implementation institutions with clarity on what it will cost and • Launch the plan and let it be everybody's business by starting the implementation. After that, what is left for the Meteorological directors and their group is the rigorous monitoring and evaluation of the implementation Opportunities:"},{"index":6,"size":135,"text":"• The National meteorological services become the focal point which will increase their visibility. Presently, in many countries in Africa, even the location of the met departments are not known and even many stakeholders do not know their existence and this NFWWCS is an opportunity for the met offices to be visible The Rapporteur, Dr. Nassirou Ba from ACPC, summarized the presentation emphasizing working as a team using an analogy that \"when one wants to walk fast, then you walk alone, but when you want to go far, then you walk together\". He showed the connection between the NFWWCS and NDCs is required by article 3 of the Paris Agreement. The emphasis is that this will strengthen the process of NFWWCS by exploiting expertise in the region and using a participatory process in every country."}]},{"head":"Importance of CIS in NDC revision and implementation from a policy perspective","index":9,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"By Dr. James Murombedzi (ACPC-UNECA)","index":10,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":45,"text":"The presenter emphasizes that the primary mechanism of delivering the Paris Agreement is by Nationally Determination of Contributions of green gas emissions in Article 3. A pocketbook of the Paris Agreement for ease of reference is very important for workshop participants for ease of access."},{"index":2,"size":239,"text":"What are the main goals of the Paris Agreement? What were these goals meant to achieve? The Paris Agreement's main goal is to limit global warming to below 1.5 0 C or maintain global warming below 2.00C. This debate started in Cancun in 2010 (COP) and in Paris in 2015. The discussion was whether the agreement should be based on the temperature or emission goals, and finally, it was agreed that climate impact fundamentally is based on Climate Information Services. The NDCs provide for temperature limits in two ways; to maintain it below 1.5 0 C or if it must be exceeded, then it has to be exceeded temporarily, not beyond 2.0 0 C, but in the long-term, it has to be maintained below 1.5 0 C. In the 5th assessment report of the IPCC, there was a 66% probability of exceeding 1.5 0 C compared to the Cancun pathways, where the probability of exceeding the temperature goal was 80 percent. Specifically, Article 4.1 of the Paris Agreement is designed to operationalize the temperature goal and provides for the emission to peak before it starts declining at the end of the century . This is how NDCs are designed. CoP23 in 2018, UNFCCC recommended profound cuts on emissions, including non-CO2. This also requires net negative removal of CO2 from the atmosphere as a mitigation measure, as there is very little space in the atmosphere to continue emitting green gas."},{"index":3,"size":54,"text":"The presenter reminded the participant that much of what happens in the NDCs, and CoPs is political, not necessarily science, as it involves policies and policies are political. The NDCs must be revised from time to time and can only be revised upwards and not downwards, even though these are voluntary commitments by countries."},{"index":4,"size":134,"text":"The main objective of the NDCs is to limit temperature to 1.50C but remember there is a linear relationship between GDP and emissions. One debate is that now developed countries are the greatest emitters of green gas. Can we allow African counties to emit like the developed countries to achieve the same level of development before reducing emissions? This is a question of the carbon budget. According to the IPCC 6th report, they estimate that the remaining carbon budget was about 500 GT in 2020 and we need to reduce it to 400GT when there is a 66% chance of achieving the temperature goal. How much is 400GT translated into the global economy? This has to be translated into a policy discussion in the NDCs, which is the biggest challenge in the presenter's opinion."},{"index":5,"size":127,"text":"Most scientists have been involved in preparing the NDCs, but the consultants have taken the lead in the process. The NDCs are not very scientific instruments but are political instruments that rarely you would find climate scientists leading the process. NDCs are designed sometimes in the Ministry of Environment and sometimes in the ministry responsible for Finance and with gaps in the scientific climate information meaning many of our NDCs are instruments of complying with the requirements of the Paris Agreements but not climate systems. This is evident in the 6th assessment of IPCC, which indicates that even if all the NDCs are implemented to the letter, we are still on a course of achieving even 3-4 0 C global warming at the end of this century."},{"index":6,"size":208,"text":"In 2020/21, it is possible to drastically reduce emissions without any interventions of any policy marker when Covid-19 restrictions reduced normal operations of economic activities, and the emissions were reduced beyond even what is intended by 2021. This confirms that an emission reduction could be made. We also noted that several trillion dollars were mobilized within those two years to address the covid-19 pandemic. Still, very little was mobilized for climate systems, which is a bigger problem than the pandemic and not as much has been mobilized. These are two lessons climate scientists could learn from the pandemic lockdown that could be applied to climate systems. A scientist could properly calibrate the number of investments into the NDCs and quantify the number of contributions reduced by a quantified level of investments. No scientists in any country in Africa have done such an estimation, probably because they rarely incorporate and collaborate with economists/financial experts in the preparations of the NDCs. This is because climate scientists produce much climate information but little integration with the national policy and budget. How many national budgets today have integrated climate information components in African countries? Very few, if any. This is why the NFWWCS becomes the key if it compels everybody to participate."},{"index":7,"size":10,"text":"How do climate information services contribute to NDCs in Africa:"},{"index":8,"size":103,"text":"• We need CIS to contribute to Monitoring reporting and verification • We need CIS to understand the mitigation impacts of the key objectives of the NDCs even though our priorities are adaptations in Africa. • We need lots of CIS tools to support adaptation activities • We need CIS to guide Governance through appropriate legal frameworks. For example, how do we regulate emissions in the transport sector • We need CIS for climate financing, especially in Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, which refers to the mobilization of resources for climate financing. This is where carbon markets and carbon trade are elaborated."},{"index":9,"size":2,"text":"Rapporteur Remarks:"},{"index":10,"size":64,"text":"There are difficulties in adhering to the Paris Agreements by countries, especially provisions in the specific articles. Meeting Paris Agreements might be very difficult now that the NDCs are voluntary. Africa is only emitting 4 percent of the total emission compared to developed countries, and the debate is whether Africa should be allowed to emit more to achieve the same level of development growth."}]},{"head":"Regional climate value chain in service delivery: Opportunities and challenges","index":11,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"By Dr. Joseph Mukabana, WMO-ROA","index":12,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":118,"text":"The presenter reminded the participants about the six regional frameworks for climate services, which jumped between the GFCS and NFCS. These regions are called Regional Associations from 1 to 6, Africa, Asia, South America, North America and Caribbean, Southwest pacific and Europe in that order, according to the WMO. This regional framework seems to be neglected. The WB established a hydrometer program in Africa, and ACPC is very much in Africa; GFCS, WFP, and UNDP came together to try to find out how to operationalize RFCs. This meeting was held in Saly, Senegal, May 1-2, 2017, and came up with the Saly roadmap. This roadmap conceptualizes what can be done to form a regional framework for climate services."},{"index":2,"size":165,"text":"Regional Stakeholder Coordination Workshop: Defining a Common Roadmap for Scaling Up the Delivery of Weather, Water and Climate Services in Africa had two main objectives; firstly, to convene key regional stakeholders engaged in climate services to develop a common understanding of their initiatives, mutual roles and impact; and secondly to define a common roadmap outlining how to deliver coordinated climate services by joining institutional forces. A roadmap for the coordinated regional delivery of CSs was conceptualized and agreed upon by all meeting participants. The roadmap was summarized into four main components; 1. Definition of an Institutional Framework to Coordinate Climate Services Delivery in Africa 2. Donor Cooperation Mechanism 3. Spaces for coordination 4. Regional Knowledge Management Platform. The presenter observed that Africa is the most vulnerable to the impact of climate despite its huge resource because of the high incidence of poverty. WMO, AMCOMET, UNDP, ACPC, the World Bank, and AfDB organized the May 2017 workshop to build synergies among key stakeholders in the continent."},{"index":3,"size":138,"text":"The key messages of the workshop were the necessity of the coordination efforts to achieve the following: joint mapping of weather and climate investments and initiatives; -opportunities for collaboration on knowledge partnerships; -understanding impediments to coordination along the climate services value chain; and -agreeing on mechanisms to coordinate including protocols for advancing climate services at regional and national scales. The different roles of actors, and private sector engagement in 2017, WMO has been blamed for not allowing the private sector to lead and engage in CIS. In Africa, the private sector cannot lead the climate services because met-services are underfunded. With a lot of money, the private sector would compete with the government metservices, resulting in the loss of Jobs. Therefore, a full department of private sector engagements (PPE) in WMO establishes a framework for private sector engagement."},{"index":4,"size":104,"text":"The workshop also drew links with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Goal 13 is on climate action and goal 14 thing under the sea, and 17 things under the land. The purpose of establishing met-services in every country is for the safety of life and property protection, sustainability of the environment in its natural form, and international cooperation. The presenter further reported the framing coordination in Africa: partnerships on Weather, Water and Climate Services in the region; How have they achieved the coordination of diverse stakeholders? -Outline their main challenges -What have been their main successes and failures? -Lessons learned and recommendations for others."}]},{"head":"Who is who in climate services in Africa?","index":13,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":39,"text":"Pitch  ), which aims to support the modernization of the African Hydromet-services at national, subregional and regional levels Pitch #3: Clim-Dev Africa Clim-Dev aims to facilitate the uptake of Climate Information Services (CIS) and integrate CIS into development priorities."},{"index":2,"size":29,"text":"Pitch #4: Africa Adaptation Initiative Greg Feig presented the Africa Adaptation Initiative (AAI), which seeks to scale up adaptation action and approaches to address loss and damage in Africa."},{"index":3,"size":12,"text":"Pitch #5: GFCS National and Regional Frameworks for Delivering Coordinated Climate Services"},{"index":4,"size":18,"text":"Reflections: there is a need to bring all end-users together, which is still lacking across the initiatives presented."},{"index":5,"size":29,"text":"Rapporteur remarks: Value chain linking knowledge to the end users is emphasized in Mukabana's presentations, which show the need for regional coordination to coordinate regional institutions and national institutions."}]},{"head":"Q&A Sessions on presentations","index":14,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":159,"text":"Dawit asked the presenters whether we can focus on adaptation and treat the mitigation as a cobenefit of some of the good things done in Africa. Ernest remarks that Africa needs resources for development, especially in capacity building and technology transfer development in a continent concerned with extreme weather events. Countries have prepared their NDCs, and others revised them. As of March 2022, 55 counties in Africa have submitted their NDCs, and 23 have revised and updated their NDCs, whether the process is right or wrong. African countries have done their bit and are asking for payback. For example, Ethiopia needs $ 360 Billion, having done their bit of work. Kenya wants $ 61.6 billion, Somalia needs $ 5.5 billion, and Uganda needs $ 2.9 billion to assist them in capacity development and technology transfer. Whether we are right or wrong, we have done our bit. Why is it that we are not getting the funds required for this?"},{"index":2,"size":280,"text":"Mukabana stated that Paris Agreement is not binding and, therefore, a voluntary agreement, while the Kyoto Protocol was binding with user phase principles. To limit global warming to 1.50C and not exceed 2.00C, in this respect, where is the inspiration for the Paris Agreement if it is voluntary and not binding? Question to James. The second question from Mukabana; China reported 100 million people in the south who are poor, and they need to bring them out of poverty. So, they must continue polluting to get them out of poverty by 2040. Now Africa has an emission of 4 percent and looking at the energy sector. To James, can Africa still use fossil fuels and adopt renewable energies to remove people from poverty? Because we are destitute, we must use all means to get our people out of poverty. Dr. David Gikungu, the Director of Kenya Meteorological Services, liked the regional framework concept and the strength that can be drawn from the regional concept. When the meteorology authority is budgeting, they could invite senior-level economists like Mukabana did when he was in Met. Kenya. So, our peers can borrow the method, which happens when you have a friendly minister. What happens when a new minister takes over and pulls out what has been budgeted for by the department? Is there anything the regional framework can do to ensure that what has been established will not be removed? Gikungu had an experience of being denied money for communication to maintain the equipment when a new Minister assumed that the funds for Airtime provided in the budget were for staff to call their friends and relatives and not for met communication services."},{"index":3,"size":58,"text":"Responses By Dr. James Murombedzi (ACPC-UNECA): Many countries have revised their NDCs in Africa; about 20 countries have communicated with the UNCCC secretariat their revised NDCs, which is a continuous process according to article 14 of the Paris Agreements on global stocktaking which is considered a statement of intentions by a country because it is a monitoring instrument."},{"index":4,"size":59,"text":"After each country communicates its intentions to the secretariate, the secretariates aggregate these intentions to understand the impacts of all of the NDCs on the temperature goal every five years. The secretariate gives the members countries the evaluation results through the mechanism stipulated in article 14 of the agreement. There are two issues with the NDCs: revisions and updates."},{"index":5,"size":50,"text":"Most countries are revising their first-generation NDCs because some first-generation NDCs from some countries were just a paragraph that could not be operationalized. In CoP 27, they will be looking at mobilizing private resources since public funds will never be sufficient, and there is a need to mobilize private resources."},{"index":6,"size":344,"text":"The deputy secretary general of the UN informs ACPC-UNECA) that they are putting together fundable projects of $ 1.3T, and UN ECA will convene a round table of discussion with private and public sectors of African governments to discuss an initiative that is ready for co-financing. This is a tough and complex discussion and also highly politicized. His response to Dr. Mukabana about what inspires countries to abide by the Paris Agreement; the Paris Agreement is complicated in that it is a treaty between willing partners and, therefore, effectively binding for all the United Nations, but within that binding treaty, there are also non-binding provisions such as NDCs-how much to emit by countries. Each country volunteers how much it would emit depending on its national circumstances. What principles inspire a country to work towards NDCs? The preamble of the agreement talks about enlightening the national interest such that the population of a country, Kenya or the USA, for example, is impacted negatively by the impact of climate change. But the reality is that enlightening is very debatable; for example, the USA has never been part of any climate Agreement (Kyoto protocol) until the Biden administration came to power. But we need other mechanisms to ensure that countries are persuaded to a bid by the Paris Agreement. Can African countries be allowed to use fossil fuel (energy) to develop as they are developing other renewable energy? James felt this was a challenging question because it is a climate justice question. The EU and USA are now part of the New Green Deal, which is putting together these carbon border adjustment mechanisms which say that if a certain good or service contains an amount of Carbon, it will not be allowed in the EU and USA market when the NGD becomes operational. So, without using the Paris agreement, people will be using other instruments and policies to lock out countries from trading when not responsive to the requirements of the Paris Agreement. But this was a difficult question that needed economists and political economists to advise."},{"index":7,"size":49,"text":"Dr. Mukabana advises the Gikungu to use strategic plans and implementation plans, which must be prepared with the inputs of the economist from the ministry of planning. Once itemized funds are included in these budgets in the strategic plan and implementation plans, even a new minister cannot remove them."},{"index":8,"size":93,"text":"Remarks by Dawit: mobilizing resources requires a broader engagement with policymakers and decision-makers and personal engagement. AICCRA, next time, I suggest working with KMD or UMMA and other sister countries and bringing the relevant ministers to allow them to understand our challenges and how we are trying to cope. We can select one of the regional countries that are advancing in Met's areas. Services and invite them to visit such infrastructures-some good progress is made in Ethiopia, where we can modernize Met. Services to be as good as any other in the world."}]},{"head":"Session 3: Country Status Presentation: Burundi, Djibouti, Uganda and Somalia","index":15,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"Burundi status by Ezekiel Kayoya","index":16,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":19,"text":"Burundi has a National Meteorological Services, which produces and shares the following weather forecast useful to the end-user community"},{"index":2,"size":6,"text":"• Short-range weather Forecasts (24 hours)"},{"index":3,"size":6,"text":"• Medium-range weather forecast (7 days)"},{"index":4,"size":25,"text":"• Long-range forecasts (seasonal weather outlook issued during the Greater Horn of Africa Climate Outlook Forum • Pilot Briefing (Terminal forecasts, Enroute and Landing forecasts)"},{"index":5,"size":30,"text":"The national actors making up the national chain for climate services include agriculture, civil protection agencies, health, water resource management, energy, transport (Civil Aviation Authority), Red Cross and private sectors."},{"index":6,"size":43,"text":"The User Interface platform for climate services includes intermediary users who are partners of the BHMD in the transformation of climate information into climate services and which includes agriculture expert, disaster risk management, Red Cross, water resources expert, health, transport and media professionals."}]},{"head":"The capacities of the relevant institutions in a country concerning the five GFCS pillars","index":17,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":89,"text":"Burundi meteorological and Hydrological Department (BMHD) has not yet started the implementation of NFCS according to the five pillars of GFCS with other sectors, but BMHD is producing climate information and shares climate services with multidiscipline institutions to assess the climate-related risks across the spectrum of activities within the targeted sectors. But many institutions have no capacity to transform climate information into climate services. Equally, they have no capacity to interpret climate services. The collaborators on climate service need to understand and address end users' needs and produce feedback."}]},{"head":"Gaps and Capacity needs of the country","index":18,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"Gaps","index":19,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":68,"text":"• Low level of understanding of climatic elements that are relevant to the user; how the user wishes to receive information; how the user is likely to interpret the information; for what purpose the information will be used; the decision process of the user; and how the information might improve the decision-making processes, • Engagement of actors is not appropriate for effective access mechanisms and responsiveness to user-needs,"},{"index":2,"size":52,"text":"• No legal framework of NFWS which can explain the coordination mechanism of different actors to bring together the local and national stakeholders needed for the successful generation and delivery of co-designed and co-produced climate services with and for users. • Problems of finances as no budget for the Implementation of NFWCs."}]},{"head":"Capacity Needs","index":20,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":79,"text":"• Improvement of the capacity of stakeholders to access, take up, utilize and demand weather and climate information for decision-making at the national level. • Assessment of the baseline on climate services to identify users and providers has already been done • The first meeting on how to approach has been done with GFCS priority sectors to identify gaps • Planning to organize a national consultation workshop on climate services to develop an action plan for implementing the NFCS.  "}]},{"head":"Overview of climate services in Somalia by Nuh Ahmed Said","index":21,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":46,"text":"In Somalia, no National Meteorological and Hydrological Services NMHS could provide weather and climate information to climate-sensitive sectors such as water resources, agriculture, fisheries, health, energy, and disaster risk management and, therefore, could not have a leading role in the establishment and the implementation of NFCS."},{"index":2,"size":22,"text":"The most useful climate services to the end-user community are rainfall performance, Drought updates, flood updates, tropical cyclones and other weather-related hazards."},{"index":3,"size":54,"text":"The actors that make up the national chain for climate services includes Somalia Water and Land Information Management (SWALIM) and sector ministries such as the ministry of agriculture and irrigation, ministry of livestock forestry and range, ministry of energy and water resources, Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs and Disaster Management, Somali Civil Aviation Authority (SCAA)."},{"index":4,"size":15,"text":"• communicators and boundary organizations (media, NGOs, CBOs) • end-users (farmers, pastoralists, and vulnerable communities)."},{"index":5,"size":25,"text":"The current climate services include day rainfall forecast, decadal rainfall update, monthly weather updates, Gu/Deyr rainfall outlook and Gu/Deyr rainfall performance and aviation meteorological information."}]},{"head":"Q&A on the status of NCFS in 4 Countries","index":22,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":322,"text":"Remarks by rapporteur: Somalia is almost at stage zero of the NFCS and as regional and global partners and stakeholders, we need to support them. ICPAC has been very supportive of Somalia; through them, there have been national climate outlook forums for the country. Burundi is offering some climate services and seems to be on its own and nobody is supporting them in terms of meeting the process. Djibouti is done with a baseline assessment and the question that needs to be asked is whether it has been done properly. They are trying to come up with a national stakeholder workshop. Uganda reported they are at stage zero, and it is good to stay there for some time, preparing for a better take-off. Godfrey from Uganda gave additional challenges of the decentralization of climate services in Uganda like in other countries is not done. One must depend on intermediaries to disseminate climate information when climate information is not decentralized. Secondly, the indirect benefit nature of weather and climate services, unlike direct extension of water services to an area where one can physically collect water after extensions, gives direct satisfaction, for example, in climate services where one has to labor so much to explain the benefits and importance. Djibouti asked how the stakeholders in the workshop and AICCRA could support them in delivering national stakeholders' workshops and other activities to deliver the action plan. Uganda deputy director of UMMA's interest was on the issue of stakeholders' engagement, where most of them have not fully appreciated the important role of CS in development. How do you bring on board all the institutional stakeholders to participate and ownership of NFCS when climate services are not taken seriously in society? The countries that have successfully completed the process need to highlight how they manage to bring these institutions to be part of the framework despite the deeply rooted attitude of less importance of CS in society."},{"index":2,"size":197,"text":"Responses: Decentralization of met-services is vital, as was done by Dr. Mukabana in Kenya in 2012 when he created 47 county department units, one for each county and the Met. Service got their space in these counties, which the intermediary agencies had taken. So, the issue of decentralization depends very much on existing government structures like devolved counties following the devolution based on Kenya's constitutions passed in 2010. There was a need to devolve the services from the center to the remote regions. The Met. had land and houses in these counties where observatories were taking place, and the staff was just moved after the interview assessing their leadership skills. Dr. Ernest gave a brief history of how met-services departmental staff used to work in silos, never talking to people having given weather climate information and claiming to have done their work. He thinks there is a need for a paradigm shift now that we are talking about the partnership because nothing is stopping the director of met-services from meeting other directors of institutions and having a chart with the intention of forming collaborations. AICCRA and ICPAC can technically support some activities in the development of NFCS."}]},{"head":"NFCS Strategy: Vision, Mission, and Values","index":23,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":10,"text":"Vision: \"Seeing Ethiopians whose livelihoods are resilient through climate-informed decisions\""}]},{"head":"Mission","index":24,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":67,"text":"• Building the capacity of climate institutions; 4. The homogenous rainfall regions approach was employed to establish a spatial frame of reference for selecting sample Woredas in Ethiopia with the assumption that \"Relative similarities in seasonality and distribution of rainfall imply specific Woredas and communities falling under the same rainfall region to experience relatively similar livelihoods including high affinity in the kinds of climate services they seek.\""}]},{"head":"How are gaps in climate service identified?","index":25,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":12,"text":"Two approaches were employed to identify the gaps in the climate services:"},{"index":2,"size":13,"text":"• GFCS/NFCS Pillar-Based assessment-setting different indicators for each pillar and • SWOT analysis"},{"index":3,"size":41,"text":"The SWOT analysis was done on the status of Climate service priority sectors. In the analysis, various limitations have been noted, and these encompass: Limited availability and low technical capacity of staff, Minimal incentive mechanisms, Poor research and knowledge management capability,"},{"index":4,"size":14,"text":"Loose stakeholder coordination, and Gaps in addressing users' needs are identified as key weaknesses."}]},{"head":"How is the fund for baseline assessment secured?","index":26,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":94,"text":"Christian Aid (CA) Ethiopia, as a leader and responsible for all program activities, had submitted a proposal for the DFID-BRACED X programme in Ethiopia. Upon submitting the proposal, DFID awarded CA funding under the BRACED X programme. After the contract agreement was signed between CA and DFID representative (KPMG), the sub-grant was awarded to project consortium members (FA and MC). The baseline assessment study was facilitated by CA, FA and MC Ethiopia. The ToR to recruit consultants was developed, and focal persons from all consortium members participated in developing the ToR for hiring consultants."}]},{"head":"What time was taken, and who has led the process?","index":27,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":31,"text":"A team of consultants was hired to undertake a detailed baseline study that ran from the beginning of October to the end of December 2018. CA Ethiopia led the entire process."},{"index":2,"size":22,"text":"What are the major user interface platforms identified that provide space for sharing information, advisories and feedback and why are they important?"},{"index":3,"size":53,"text":"The baseline assessment has identified various forms of user interface platforms. They are generally grouped into face-to-face and web-based platforms. They feature national and sub-national platforms, multi-sectoral and sectoral platforms, and institutionalized and ad-hoc platforms. How do you evaluate the capacity of the institutions for five GFCS pillars (i.e., the procedure you employed)?"},{"index":4,"size":34,"text":"The new framework combined GFCS pillars with categories. Criteria assigned to the categories define the capacities an NMHS needs to perform each of the five functions at a basic, essential, full, and advanced level."}]},{"head":"How many stakeholders' consultations meeting(s) were organized and why?","index":28,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":53,"text":"Throughout the development of NFCS, several successive workshops and meetings of the Steering Committee and the Sectoral Taskforces were conducted. Review of baseline study methodologies, Review the baseline assessments report at the national and sub-national level, reviewing draft versions of the strategic plan and costed action plans at a national and sub-national level."},{"index":2,"size":14,"text":"What efforts did you make to include indigenous knowledge in the NFCS baseline assessment?"},{"index":3,"size":14,"text":"Traditional weather forecasters were one of the categories of respondents during the baseline assessments."}]},{"head":"What are the main challenges encountered during NFCS development and how overcome?","index":29,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":16,"text":"Limited Resources, Getting efficient consultants at the national level, and Lack of proper documentation for reference."}]},{"head":"Any lessons learned from the process of developing and implementing NFCS?","index":30,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":68,"text":"Improve climate dialogue with users, understand national capabilities, Identification of data and observation requirements, Identification of priority research areas and Building sector-specific capacities, Q/A. Uganda's representative observed that they have been doing some activities related to establishing the NFCS but not in the order presented by Ethiopia. He wanted to know how much was spent on conducting baselines and how much was spent on operating the framework annually."},{"index":2,"size":36,"text":"The second question was that NFCS is like a policy guideline and before it is formulated, are there policies required to be in place as it involves many sectors which need to be brought together? Dr."},{"index":3,"size":33,"text":"Ernest recommended the Ethiopian presentation be shared with the four countries to replicate as it's a very comprehensive operationalization of the step-by-step guide of the WMO and these countries need to adapt it."}]},{"head":"Kenya by Dr. David Gikungu, Director of KMD","index":31,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":58,"text":"The presenter reminded the participants that Kenyan NFCS is not considered complete like Ethiopia, as one or two stages remain to be implemented. The principal secretary of the relevant ministry is still expected to have an input in the NFCS, and the Kenyan framework timelines cover five years, 2022-2027, unlike that of Ethiopia, which is a 10-year plan."}]},{"head":"How were Gaps in CS identified?","index":32,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":40,"text":"Gaps were identified through a questionnaire for baseline assessment of the country's capacities to deliver and use climate services. The questionnaire was administered to targeted national stakeholders with a role in the chain of climate services between December 2020-April 2021."},{"index":2,"size":16,"text":"How were the funds for baseline assessment secured? How were the ToR to recruit consultant developed?"},{"index":3,"size":62,"text":"How long did it take? Who led the process? Funds were secured from -Intra-ACP Climate Services and Related Applications Project-Support to the Intergovernmental Agency on Development (IGAD) Climate Prediction and Applications Centre (ICPAC). The ToR for consultancy was developed, a consultant hired in February 2021 and the process took 2-4 months. The consultants faced several challenges, which he shared with the presenter."}]},{"head":"What users did the major interface platforms identify?","index":33,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":47,"text":"In Kenya, these include NCOFs, Participatory Scenario Planning (PSP) at the county level), an interactive website/social media platform/bloggers/ Facebook groups and Public Barazas. All these provide space for sharing of information, advisories, and feedback; and are important as they provide a platform for some form of \"Co-production\":"},{"index":2,"size":8,"text":"• Developing decision-ready climate information, products, and services;"},{"index":3,"size":29,"text":"• Improved access to climate information and increased awareness by improving the availability, uptake, and use of climate information and products to a wider group of users and decision-makers."},{"index":4,"size":18,"text":"How do you evaluate the capacity of the institutions for five GFCS pillars (i.e., the procedure you employed)?"}]},{"head":"GFCS Pillars:","index":34,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":5,"text":"• User interface platform (UIP);"},{"index":2,"size":6,"text":"• Climate services information system (CSIS);"},{"index":3,"size":4,"text":"• Observations and monitoring."},{"index":4,"size":6,"text":"• Research, modeling and prediction and;"},{"index":5,"size":96,"text":"• Capacity building. organizations. • This exercise entailed establishing personal and organizational contacts of the identified stakeholders, sector by sector. • The team used KoBo Toolbox (a free internet tool) to design and develop the database • A Stakeholder Prioritization workshop for mapping the stakeholders and their classification was held • The grouping was done according to their power and their interest in it on a Power/Interest Grid, including fixing the contact/email addresses of the identified institutions/ focal points, • This process ensured trimming the number of the key institutions in each sector to 20-30 institutions"}]},{"head":"Approach used","index":35,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":5,"text":"Four key workshops were held:"},{"index":2,"size":12,"text":"• Workshop 1 Stakeholder prioritization workshop was held on 6 August 2020."},{"index":3,"size":44,"text":"• Workshop 2 National consultation workshop on climate services that brought together all relevant stakeholders to review the baseline assessment questionnaire feedback and identify gaps, capacity needs, and critical elements for developing a plan of action for NFCS implementation. Held on 21-22 April 2021"},{"index":4,"size":12,"text":"• Workshop 3 Pre-validation workshop for NFCS held on 1-2 March 2022"},{"index":5,"size":20,"text":"• Workshop 4 Workshop held to finalize the NFCS -ensuring harmonization and incorporation of stakeholders' comments on 11-12 April 2022."}]},{"head":"What efforts did you make to include indigenous knowledge in the NFCS baseline assessment?","index":36,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":63,"text":"• Questionnaires for baseline assessment included the involvement of the indigenous knowledge providers at the county level. • At all County Participatory Scenario Planning (PSP) for every season, Indigenous Knowledge parties (IK) are integrated into the seasonal forecast • Key community elders (for example, the Nganyi Family (\"raiEMIkers'' in western Kenya) are all invited • This practice enhances community ownership of the forecast."}]},{"head":"Operational challenges encountered","index":37,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":114,"text":"• Funding gaps (being donor-dependent) limit the number of stakeholder engagement workshops • This is likely to continue after the launch of the NFCS-inadequate government allocation for capacity development; for dissemination of the climate information services, equipment and instruments and observation network. • The range of final users seems to exclude the 'last mile user (the local small-scale farmer, the nomadic livestock farmers) in the NFCS development process. • Capacities in-country to tailor climate information are inadequate, and the methods (iterative co-production and downscaling) are insufficient. • Tailoring methodologies are neither defined nor documented. Similarly, the integration of indigenous CI into climate products and services is insufficient. • Feedback mechanisms are unstructured and minimal."}]},{"head":"Strategic challenges encountered-","index":38,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":46,"text":"• There are no structured institutional arrangements for the provision of climate services; all engagements are ad hoc. • Interactions between met service and national-level technical actors and users lack operational frameworks • Insufficient mainstreaming of climate services into sectoral policies, strategies and plans and decision-making"}]},{"head":"Lessons learned","index":39,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":76,"text":"• Since the stakeholders mapping workshop, Baseline assessment, stakeholders' consultation workshop and the introduction of the NCOFs in 2020 -there has been a significant improvement in collaboration, engagement and partnership with the producers and users of Climate information (contacts, emails, and networks established). • Engaging both national and sub-national level stakeholders during the NFCS development process to design suitable multi-level climate services • Services user interface platforms are key to a successful implementation of the NFCS."},{"index":2,"size":127,"text":"• Need to ensure ownership across all relevant sectors during the NFCS development-for sustainability -NFCS will require \"sustained\" support from national governments, sectors, development partners and the private sector to improve the inadequate capacities and infrastructure. Dr. Mukabana comments; Installations of instruments and equipment (sensors)should be according to WMO guidelines and standards, i.e., the nearest obstacle must be four times its height from the instrument, for example, if the nearest obstacle is 20 meters, the instruments must be installed 80 meters away from the obstacles. This is when the data generated from such instruments could be shared internationally. Between the Kenyan and Ethiopia presentations, the Ethiopian is very indepth. It might help the countries at stage zero get a consultant and should be used as a template."},{"index":3,"size":117,"text":"The ICPAC Kenya wanted clarification on whether Ethiopia will have to revise its NFCS, already developed according to WMO, now that the WMO has updated/revised its guidelines to NFWWCS. Does Ethiopia have the plan to revise its NFCS to conform with the revised guideline of CFWWS? He had a question for WMO, why did they include water in the national framework now that it is a priority sector, just like agriculture? Why not include agriculture as well? Question from Burundi, what is the difference between a master plan and an action plan? Dawit reminded the participants about the availability of funds within AICCRA for updating NFCS to NFWWCS, which Dr. Teferi and Dr. Kindie could assist with."},{"index":4,"size":125,"text":"One participant wanted to know whether there is feedback from the users now that the processes involved collaboration and partnership among many stakeholders. James from UMMA had a long list of questions for the presenters, who is the main financier for the NFCS, and the time frame given for member countries to establish. Consultants hired, must they have a meteorology background or just not? If they do not have a meteorology background, can the national met-services do the assessment themselves? He gave an example of how they had to convince the UNDP not to hire a consultant for the assessment of indigenous knowledge weather forecasting indicators where they suspected that the consultant would give them the wrong information and they had to do it themselves."},{"index":5,"size":247,"text":"What have been the main challenges and opportunities in the process of establishing the NFCS? As they establish the framework, other policy/legal instruments must be in place to enforce the establishment of the framework. Dr. Teferi raised pertinent questions to the Ethiopian team and gave some comments. When conducting the baseline assessment, Ethiopia used a homogeneous rainfall climatic zone. Still, on the implementation side, NCOF and RCOF use geographical maps, so there is a mismatch on the assessment and implementation sides. This can also be a lesson for other countries since it brings to question how CIS could be implemented at the local level now that homogeneous data was used to assess the baseline. The EMI has developed the NCOF guidelines, the national framework for Ethiopia's updated governance bodies, by forming a task force. On resource mobilization, AICCRA could not raise all the monies required but could facilitate. The endorsement of the Ethiopian NFCS was done but not legally binding, which is yet to be done since there is no rule or law binding the framework. Dawit commented on how Ethiopia's national framework would be taken to a lower administrative level. He further implied that the AICCRA Kenya cluster could support the KMD in finalizing the process. Dawit will be able to link. James of WMO asked about the key institutional difference between Ethiopian Meteorological Institute and the Kenyan Meteorology department. Whether this difference is influenced by the legal mandate of the two institutions in these countries?"},{"index":6,"size":135,"text":"Ethiopia presenter responses: the NFCS requires a lot of budget and funding, and the EMA worked with many development partners to fund the process, such as Christian Aid, Farm Africa, and ICPAC, , with initial funding from WMO, they approach different stakeholders. Regarding the master plan, they have a state master plan for the 11 met stations and not the NFCS master plan. They have a baseline study, a coordination guide, strategic plan for NFCS. Federal-level and regional-level guides are in place. Revising the NFCS to be NFWWS is unimportant because the content is the same, and they already have water and agricultural tasks. There is a coordination guideline in the form of an MoU, but no policy or legal framework is being drafted. Feedback from the user interface platform is received through climate outlook."},{"index":7,"size":159,"text":"The consultant hired had a meteorological background and former director who was assisted by a technical team from each priority sector. Dr. Ernest reported that WMO wanted to see the framework's elements of water, weather, and climate. The consultant must not necessarily have a meteorology background but must be knowledgeable. The meteorological authority has more legal space than an agency, an institute or a department in the ministry. In Kenya, Dr. David reported that the Met. is in the ministry of environment and forestry, which is a disadvantage compared to some semi-autonomous outfits within the Ministry. But there is a new structure for the department to have a secretary, two directors, and a commission that has revised their operation. This will increase autonomy and operation space. Mukabana reported that the trend worldwide is that the metservices should be autonomous or semi-autonomous but most likely semi-autonomous because they give services even to the military and aviation, which require high-level security."}]},{"head":"Session 5: Breakout session for group work","index":40,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":7,"text":"The participants joined four groups as follows:"},{"index":2,"size":20,"text":"-Group 1-Djibouti and Group 2-Somalia, supported by the Ethiopian team -Group 3-Burundi and Group 4-Uganda, supported by the Kenyan team"}]},{"head":"Group discussion topics","index":41,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":26,"text":"Topic 1. How could the lessons from Ethiopia and Kenya on stakeholder mapping, user interface platform analysis and gap analysis be customized to your respective countries?"}]},{"head":"Lessons learned from Kenya and Ethiopia countries","index":42,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":13,"text":"Uganda and Burundi presentation as supported by Kenya by James of UMMA a."},{"index":2,"size":2,"text":"Stakeholder's mapping:"},{"index":3,"size":14,"text":"• Before mapping, you rely on the existing users or stakeholders in climate services."}]},{"head":"•","index":43,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":13,"text":"There are tools used to identify key stakeholders • Prioritize the stakeholders b."},{"index":2,"size":105,"text":"Users interface platforms and gap analysis, what type of user platforms are there, and how were they used • Initial sensitization workshop on NFCS, formation of steering committee, sector technical committee, project implementation committee • Involvement of the stakeholders in the design, development and approval of baseline assessment tools, agree on key sectors to be targeted in the NFCS • Identification of national, sub-national, regional district and community The two countries learned about creating a technical team or task force by following WMO step-by-step guidelines and the task force will conduct a baseline study, draft the strategy cost plan for implementation of the framework b."},{"index":3,"size":9,"text":"Improve the dialogue between the producers and stakeholders c."},{"index":4,"size":175,"text":"To Consultative meeting of group meetings relevant and do the baseline assessment and enhancement of stakeholders' understanding of climate services and engage the policymakers and stakeholders as much as possible. Teferi suggested a meeting of the different bodies (AICCRA, IGAD, ACPC, ICPAC, WMO) in the workshop willing to support Djibouti to clarify the kind of support they are willing to provide to these countries. In Somalia, the institutions seem to work in parallel as different participants come from different sectors, including aviation. A political strategy could be used to bring these fragments of institutions doing met-services together, like the prime minister's involvement through regional bodies. The establishment of met-service was a priority for Somalia, and some DGs had already signed MoUs. It was noted that Somalia needs to align with WMO. Burundi's workshop priorities are probably unclear because of the language barrier as a francophone. Burundi's priority is to sensitize the whole technical group/committee. They are notifying the sector working groups, making an action plan using a consultant, and workshop to validate the action plan."}]},{"head":"Session 6: Capacity building","index":44,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":17,"text":"Strategic planning template for use by a National Framework for Climate Services by Dr. Yosef Amha (AICCRA-ESA)"},{"index":2,"size":8,"text":"The final products of the five-step NFCS include:"},{"index":3,"size":7,"text":"• A functional, cohesive and coordinated NFCS;"},{"index":4,"size":10,"text":"• A strategic plan with a shared vision of stakeholders;"},{"index":5,"size":11,"text":"• Comprehensive action plan bounded with roles, responsibilities, time and budget;"},{"index":6,"size":4,"text":"• Resource mobilization strategy."}]},{"head":"Strategic Planning (SP) template","index":45,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":38,"text":"• An NFCS is an institutional mechanism to coordinate, facilitate and strengthen the collaboration among national institutions to improve the co-production, tailoring, delivery and use of science-based climate predictions and services by focusing on the five GFCS pillars."},{"index":2,"size":15,"text":"• SP template is based on the WMO 's Integrated Strategic Planning Handbook (WMO, 2016)."}]},{"head":"NFSC SP Template","index":46,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":18,"text":"Executive Summary: An executive-level presentation of the detailed contents of the national strategic plan and action plan, including;"},{"index":2,"size":35,"text":"• overview of the profile and purpose of the NMHS and other stakeholders, • a cogent presentation of how the strategic plan and action plan aim to support the broader strategic goals of the NMHS,"},{"index":3,"size":6,"text":"• significant benefits to be realized,"},{"index":4,"size":5,"text":"• a realistic time frame,"},{"index":5,"size":3,"text":"• associated costs."}]},{"head":"Introduction and background information","index":47,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":9,"text":"1.1. Introduction • importance of CIS in various sectors,"},{"index":2,"size":12,"text":"• roles of NMHS in relation to the five pillars of GFCS,"},{"index":3,"size":39,"text":"• methodology (the process that the NFCS undertook to complete the strategic plan), • how the NFCS was organized (commitment, ownership, responsible) for managing the process, • reasons and purpose of a strategic plan and action plan 1.2. Background"},{"index":4,"size":13,"text":"• a brief overview of each institution (when, for what, where, how involved…),"},{"index":5,"size":20,"text":"• the types of climate services that each institution has been providing over the years, • achievements of each institution,"},{"index":6,"size":12,"text":"• existing arrangements for collaboration that the NFCS can take advantage of,"},{"index":7,"size":7,"text":"• proposed the structure of the NFCS…."}]},{"head":"Vision, Mission and Values","index":48,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"Vision","index":49,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":29,"text":"• the long-term view of the desires or intents of the NFCS to answer • What is the NFCS intended to do, and why is it to be established?"},{"index":2,"size":27,"text":"• What type of improvements in climate services does the NFCS want to realize 5-10 years in the future? • What does the NFCS aspire to become?"},{"index":3,"size":31,"text":"Example: \"Seeing Ethiopians whose livelihoods are resilient through climate-informed decisions and assist the selected priority sectors in achieving their development and adaptation goals in the face of climate variability and change\""}]},{"head":"Mission","index":50,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":16,"text":"• the overall purpose of the NFCS in line with the values and expectations of stakeholders "}]},{"head":"Environmental scan","index":51,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"National stakeholders' consultation workshop and baseline analysis","index":52,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":47,"text":"This section should summarize in three short but comprehensive paragraphs • the strategic issues facing the NFCS identified from SWOT and PESTLE analyses. • the information from stakeholder interests, contributions and relationships. the strategic responses to build on strengths and minimize weaknesses and threats while pursuing opportunities"}]},{"head":"Strategic Framework","index":53,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"Risk assessment","index":54,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":49,"text":"• identifies risks and obstacles that are likely to impede the achievement of each goal and objecive, • identify the events and associated risks and opportunities that are likely to influence the intended achievement of the strategic plan, and mitigation measures • develop a risk management matrix or registry,"}]},{"head":"Developing a National Action Plan (NAP)","index":55,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":27,"text":"• translates strategies into specific activities and projects to achieve the desired goal objectives • identifies the roles and responsibilities of each institution participating in the NFCS."},{"index":2,"size":26,"text":"• presents the metrics that should be used to measure performance progress while doing the above, identify the activities, indicators, sources of verification, millstones and assumptions"}]},{"head":"7-8. Financing the SP and AP and Implementing","index":56,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":9,"text":"Using activities and projects listed in the action plan,"},{"index":2,"size":167,"text":"• estimate the costs of each activity and prepare a results-based budget for implementing the strategic plan, • articulate a resource mobilization strategy particularly to address gaps in the budget. and universities such that the system is developed to address the users. Capacity building also permeates the interactions and is required to improve the capacity of the providers, users, and institutions in terms of training. The user interface can be divided into three parts; web-based by developing web-based material which addresses some of the needs. Focus group interactions like RCOFs are another intermediary level (task force) interface that needs continuous meetings. National Forums and Farmer Field Schools are suitable for educating agricultural users on the available decision-support tools and products. Multi-agency meetings to assess needs, prepare agro-advisories and re-evaluate the results of the products and services provided to the user communities. Through Farmer Field Schools, CIS can reach the farming community. Non-Governmental Organizations have been instrumental in setting up telecentres in remote areas of Least Developed Countries."},{"index":3,"size":76,"text":"Another example of climate information systems is the hydrometeorological model, Upper Ewaso Ng'iro, in Kenya (Figure below). This categorizes wetter and drier years and is a specialized forecast with 20% wetter years, 35% average years and 45% dry years. WMO has had an effort to mainstream leadership and management among the met services. Working on the framework is difficult if one is not a good leader and resource manager and can communicate with seniors and juniors."}]},{"head":"Leadership and management in","index":57,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"Status of National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs) within the Government","index":58,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":74,"text":"According to the above pie chart, the weather, water, and climate are located in various sectors and departments. This shows how important and diverse WWC services are critical for diverse sectors. Given that meteorology touches so many sectors of the economy placing the NMHSs within the government's institutional structure is an important consideration. Optimal placement will help achieve high visibility of hydrometeorological services to enable government policies that will lead to sustained capacity development."},{"index":2,"size":5,"text":"Difference between leadership and management:"},{"index":3,"size":104,"text":"• Leadership and management are different but complementary. For example, leaders do not necessarily have management responsibilities, and good managers often take on leadership roles within an organization. • Management is a set of processes that can keep a complicated system of people and technology running smoothly. The most important management aspects include planning, budgeting, organizing, staffing, controlling and problem-solving. • Leadership is a set of processes that creates organizations in the first place or adapts them to significantly changing circumstances. Leadership defines what the future should look like, aligns people with that vision and inspires them to make it happen despite the obstacles."},{"index":4,"size":23,"text":"A National Framework for Weather, Water and Climate Services is an institutional mechanism for coordination, facilitation and strengthening of collaboration among national institutions."},{"index":5,"size":144,"text":"To improve the co-production, tailoring, delivery and use of science-based climate predictions and services by focusing on the five pillars of the GFCS. NFWWCSs have already been established or are being established in many countries and need government mandate through a participatory national agency agreement with clearly articulated terms of reference and action plans for each institution involved. convene and lead a national stakeholders consultation designed to configure the NFWWCS and its governance structure and to define a process for operationalization of the NFWWCS: Facilitation. • A step-by-step guide (WMO, 2018b) explains in detail how to initiate, develop, endorse and launch a functional NFWWCS that will serve as a key coordination mechanism that brings together the local, national, regional and global stakeholders needed for the successful generation, tailoring, communication, delivery, communication and use of co-designed and co-produced climate services with and for users: Coordination."}]},{"head":"Governance of the","index":59,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"Q&A for Session 6","index":60,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":147,"text":"Dr. Mukabana reported that WMO has a program for training young people aspiring to be heads of meteorological services. These people visit very good met-stations and some bad ones to see how they can improve on them. Leadership skills can also be learned. UMMA director recognizes that it is no longer what the weather will be but also what the weather will do. This requires the met personnel to blend their profession with others, such as agrometeorology, to be more effective in packaging what the weather will do. A leader needs to be a good marketer to market the services and products developed. Unlike the seasonal forecast, short-time daily weather products are a challenge, making the public mock the met department. How to improve our skills in predicting short time daily projections? Dr. Ernest commented that weather forecasters about the weather had been branded lairs on TV."},{"index":2,"size":115,"text":"It is important to staff the met-department with many other skills, computer science, data analyst, marketers, and agronomists, for the met-service to conform with the contemporary services. Metservices in some countries are located in the military, defense, transport and environment. In Europe and South America met-services are based in the military. Met-scientists are poor communicators, and diversity needs to be met. For services to be effective, biometeorology, agrometeorology, and hydrometeorology need to be included to keep improving the skills and diversity. Dr. James recommended that in each key sector, it is important to have a focal person responsible for achieving what is expected in the division. This is already happening in the UN Economic Commission."},{"index":3,"size":246,"text":"region (including AICCRA ESA's effort in SADC countries) will feature as joint and the success will be shared across the board together with the country's relevant stakeholders ▪ Following the discussion after Kampala between ICPAC and KMD, ICPAC agreed that through AICCRA-ESA and ClimSA -ICPAC will cover ~ 20k to hold sectoral consultative meetings to develop a costed action plan in selected priority sectors consistent with the draft strategic plan in line what we discussed together with WMO ROA and ACPC at Kampala last week. ▪ For ICPAC to communicate this more synthesized fashion to KMD (perhaps to the DG) and inform WMO ROA, ACPC and AICCRA ESA in an email to show progress. to guide to hire of a consultant who will support the establishment of NFCS in the amount of 30k (both for the consultancy and meetings). ▪ Rally behind ACPC's effort related to NFCS initiatives to support the codevelopment/establishment of NFCS in Djibouti, including participation in meetings and work towards bringing Djibouti's NFCS to the next stage. ▪ Brand all NFCS-related efforts, products, and reports from Djibouti as joint efforts of ICPAC, AICCRA ESA, WMO ROA and ACPC together with the country's relevant stakeholders. ▪ For ACPC to communicate this more synthesized fashion to Djibouti NMS (perhaps to the DG) and inform WMO ROA, ICPAC and AICCRA ESA in an email to show progress. The Djibouti NMS has also contacted WMO ROA and for ACPC to coordinate an effort with WMO in Djibouti."}]},{"head":"Burundi","index":61,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":121,"text":"▪ Work through WMO Africa to support the co-development of NFCS in Burundi as a team (ICPAC, AICCRA ESA, WMO ROA and ACPC). ▪ WMO Africa, together with AICCRA ESA, works with team members and the country's NMS to hire a consultant who will support the establishment of NFCS in the amount of 30k (both for the consultancy and meetings). ▪ Rally behind WMO Africa and AICCRA ESA's effort related to NFCS initiatives to support the co-development/establishment of NFCS in Burundi, including participation in meetings and work towards bringing Burundi's NFCS to the next stage. ▪ Brand all NFCS-related efforts, products, and reports from Burundi as joint efforts of ICPAC, AICCRA ESA, WMO ROA and ACPC with the country's relevant stakeholders."},{"index":2,"size":30,"text":"▪ For WMO ROA to communicate this more synthesized fashion to Burundi NMS (perhaps to the DG) and inform ICPAC, ACPC and AICCRA ESA in an email to show progress."}]},{"head":"Somalia","index":62,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":86,"text":"▪ Work through ICPAC to support the establishment of the NMHSs in Somalia ▪ Since there is an ongoing process between ICPAC and entities in Somalia to foster understanding towards the establishment of the NMHS there. We need to avoid re-inventing the wheel. WMO would work through ICPAC to make this happen. ▪ Support additional efforts as things develop/mature/take shape in the country. ▪ ICPAC will inform WMO ROA, AICCRA and ACPC on progress and will also communicate the above to colleagues in Somalia via email."},{"index":2,"size":17,"text":"**AICCRA ESA will soon start similar efforts in SADC countries and will reach out to all team  "}]},{"head":"Annexes","index":63,"paragraphs":[]}],"figures":[{"text":"Figure 1 . Figure 1. Djibouti stakeholders during the first consultative meeting to identify gaps Challenges to NFCS Development "},{"text":"Figure 2 . Figure 2. Status of NFCS per country (WMO-2020) Operational challenges "},{"text":"Figure 3 . Figure 3. Poorly located met equipment mounted on top of the roof Q&A on the Best Practices Ethiopia and Kenya "},{"text":"Figure 4 . Figure 4. Climate services framework "},{"text":" NMHSs for the Generation and Delivery of Climate Service: Challenges and Opportunities by Dr. Ernest Afiesimama (WMO ROA) "},{"text":" Framework at the National Level • The success of the Framework is predicated on a well-coordinated and sustained governance structure • The National Government plays a central role. • The governance structure should enable high-level representation from key government agencies • Coordinate experts in appropriate fields and sectors into its substructure • Some countries have established National Steering Committees to be chaired by the Presidency. • NMHSs serve as the NFWWCS Implementation Secretariat and play a central role in implementing this Framework at the national, regional and global levels. • NMHSs shall coordinate the activities of the Climate Service Providers and Climate Service Enablers • NMHSs shall engage with other organizations at these different levels, providing coordination for establishing and operating climate services at the national level. Challenges • Providing good leadership: This challenge relates to team building, team development, and management. Specific leadership challenges include how to provide support, how to engage in collaboration effectively, and what to do when taking on NFWWCS leadership • Managing stakeholders: It involves managing relationships, politics, and the framework's image. This includes gaining managerial support, managing up, influencing others and getting buy-in from colleagues from other departments, groups, or individuals. • Effectiveness: This leadership challenge is about developing the relevant skills -such as time management, prioritization, strategic thinking, decision-making, and getting up to speed with the implementation of the Framework • Inspiration the Team: The challenge of inspiring or motivating stakeholders to ensure that they understand what is expected of every government institution in the implementation of the Framework Opportunities • NFWWCS should be initiated and led by NMHSs, the providers of hydrometeorological services mandated by the government in most countries: • Visionary Leader& Visibility. • NMHS should engage all relevant national stakeholders involved in the five component pillars of the GFCS, taking stock of national institutions that provide climate-related information and major ongoing climate-related programs and activities in the country as part of a baseline assessment: Collaboration. • The NMHS should also use the stakeholders identified through the baseline assessment to "},{"text":"Uganda▪ Work through ICPAC's ClimSA and ICPAC's AICCRA-supported effort following the same procedure as in Kenya. ▪ Rally behind ICPAC's ClimSA and ICPAC's AICCRA-related NFCS initiatives to support the codevelopment/establishment of NFCS in Uganda and work towards bringing Uganda's NFCS to the next stage. ▪ ICPAC to use 20k AICCRA ESA support to use on the effort in Uganda from its next year's budget. ▪ Brand all NFCS-related efforts, products and reports as joint efforts coming out of Uganda as a joint product of ICPAC, AICCRA ESA, WMO ROA and ACPC together with the country's relevant stakeholders. ▪ For ICPAC to communicate this more synthesized fashion to UNMD (perhaps to the DG) and inform WMO ROA, ACPC and AICCRA ESA in an email to show progress. Djibouti ▪ Work through UN ECA's ACPC to support the co-development of NFCS in Djibouti as a team (ICPAC, AICCRA ESA, WMO ROA and ACPC). ▪ ACPC to work with AICCRA-ESA team members and the country's NMS, as well as WMO ROA, "},{"text":"▪ Identification of Taskforce team on NFCS ▪ Identification of stakeholder prioritization and key sectors ▪ Organizing a national stakeholder consultation workshop on Climate services ▪ Recruitment of Consultant (Develop a national strategic plan and action plan of the NFCS) ▪ Pre-validation and final validation workshops ▪ Meeting of key financial partners ▪ Development of the capacity of BHMD to improve the production of climate products and information used in sensitive sector ▪ Capacity building of all stakeholders ▪ Establishment of National Framework for Climate Services Steering Committee and sectorial taskforce ▪ Capacity building of sectorial taskforce team and steering committee team ▪ Implementation of National Framework for Climate Services Somalia roadmap and top priorities for climate services ▪ The Somali inter-ministerial Meteorological working group (SIMMWG) in collaboration with IGAD Climate prediction and Application Centre (ICPAC), World Meteorological Organization Africa Office, UNECA, African Climate Policy Centre (ACPC), AICCRA to Speed up the establishment of the Somalia National meteorological Authority for the Federal Republic of Somalia to Meet international commitments and obligations as well as Contributing to national, regional, and international cooperation. ▪ Preparation for establishment of NFWWCS for Somalia. ▪ Need for financial and technical support and Capacity building From AICCRA WMO, ICPAC and other stakeholders. ▪ Improving Climate services infrastructure to support in-country climate services Djibouti Roadmap ▪ Official letter to engage priority sectors and stakeholders ▪ Agreement (MoU) ▪ Creating technical task team at EMI and sectorial ▪ Organize a national consultation workshop ▪ improve the user feedback mechanism ▪ Find financial resources ▪ Hiring a consultant to conduct the baseline study, and draft the strategy cost plan in the coordination guidelines Uganda Roadmap "},{"text":"  "},{"text":"  "},{"text":"  "},{"text":"  "},{"text":"  "},{"text":"  "},{"text":"• It will help in promoting capacity building in Met. Services • Engage climate adaptation and governance • Leading the role of establishment, operationalization, and implementation of NFWWCS is an opportunity. • It is a win-win situation for the partnership between Met service providers and the private • It is a win-win situation for the partnership between Met service providers and the private sector sector • Develop a communication platform at the national level of climate services • Develop a communication platform at the national level of climate services • Resource mobilization • Resource mobilization Challenges Challenges • The framework process requires robust leadership with good transferable skills to lead the • The framework process requires robust leadership with good transferable skills to lead the process process • It needs coordination on the part of the participants (Met. directors) of the multiple • It needs coordination on the part of the participants (Met. directors) of the multiple institutions and organizations that need to drive the process institutions and organizations that need to drive the process • Must know the tailored climate services that are required beyond the five priority areas. • Must know the tailored climate services that are required beyond the five priority areas. • It requires the full commitment of all the stakeholders • It requires the full commitment of all the stakeholders • Require financial commitments • Require financial commitments  "},{"text":" In response to the second question from Dawit about whether CIS should focus on mitigation and more on communication, James disagreed. It reiterated that there are many places where CIS is required, like in South Africa, where CIS is already very advanced and linked to mitigation because the economies are different from the rest of Africa, just like Egypt and Nigeria, but for countries like his own, Zimbabwe or Mozambique CIS is required for understanding in what is happening in the eastern Indian Ocean for purposes of adaptation. So, the question on CIS and mitigation needs to be more locational-specific than general. James responded to Dr. Ernest's questions by reporting that the goal of mobilizing $100 billion annually is not going to be met until possibly 2023, and the goal of mobilizing the $100 billion annually was not a scientific goal but a political goal. It is a figure reached by an agreement between President Obama and Prime minister Males Zenawi of Ethiopia to save Copenhagen CoP from collapsing because the Africa Group of NDCs Negotiators threatened to withdraw from the agreement. This is why former heads of states Obama and Zenawi offered $100 billion annually to support climate mitigation response. Still, this figure is not scientific because the African group of negotiators has now established what has required $ 1.7 Trillion annually for adaptation alone.  "},{"text":"• Enhancement of the capacity of BHMD for dissemination of climate information and seasonal forecast • Technical tools for verification of the seasonal forecasts • Implementation of NFCs infrastructure (Computers, • Human Capacity: Training is important for meteorology and weather forecasting and the development of associated products rather than demonstrating how to sustain engagement with user communities to co-develop relevant and appropriate climate information. • Observation infrastructure: Observational infrastructures, such as monitoring stations, computers, telecommunications, and data centers, is equally crucial to delivering CIS, as observational infrastructure is needed to collect underlying data and establish baselines against which climate variability and change can be measured. Planning, designing and developing weather and climate observation networks and meteorological telecommunications systems. • Planning for the development of early warning systems. • Assessing the level of capacity of all the stakeholders for NFWS, Therefore, the country is in the preparation stage of implementing NFCS and organizing a national consultation workshop on climate services to bring together all relevant stakeholders and identify gaps in the development of NFCS implementation. What are the significant factors that, if capitalized, will help to close the gaps/challenges? Long-term policymaking: Burundi participated in climate change scenario projections because now they are in the third communication for climate change and starting the preparation for 4th communication for climate change. • Medium-term decision-making: The state of climate variability has been studied in different eco-climatic zones of Burundi. • Short-term decision-making: Implementation of NFWS to provide weather and climate forecasts and early warnings for up to seasonal timescales. Short-term decision-making is relevant to a wide diversity of community interests, including agriculture, food security, livestock, water resource management, health planning and the Red Cross. Maritime station or equipment for measurement of sea level rise, wave, sea surface temperature, • Develop a website for more visibility Djibouti National Meteorological Agency is the only actor making up the national chain for climate services. The capacities of the relevant institutions in Djibouti concerning the five GFCS pillars are: • Observations and monitoring • Research, modeling and prediction • Capacity development Djibouti is at policy-making to create enabling environment for the implementation of NFCS Djibouti is working on Step 2 Organization of national consultation workshop on climate services to bring together all stakeholders and identify gaps and key elements for developing an action plan for implementing NFCS. Burundi County Plan Burundi County Plan • Djibouti status by Houssein Farah • Djibouti status by Houssein Farah Key types of CIS produced Key types of CIS produced • Onset, Cessation and Forecasts (short-range, medium-range, and long- • Onset, Cessation and Forecasts (short-range, medium-range, and long- range/seasonal) range/seasonal) • Extreme weather events (Heavy rains, Tropical Cyclones, Floods, Droughts, • Extreme weather events (Heavy rains, Tropical Cyclones, Floods, Droughts, Strong winds) Strong winds) • Marine bulletins • Marine bulletins • Aviation forecast (Terminal Aircraft Forecast) • Aviation forecast (Terminal Aircraft Forecast) • Specialized User-demanded Products (infrastructure constructions, solar energy • Specialized User-demanded Products (infrastructure constructions, solar energy projects) projects) • Maximum and Minimum temperature forecast and Evaporation, Insolation • Maximum and Minimum temperature forecast and Evaporation, Insolation Stakeholders in climate services Stakeholders in climate services • Agriculture, Disaster Risk Management, Transport, Water and sanitation, Energy, • Agriculture, Disaster Risk Management, Transport, Water and sanitation, Energy, Health Health • University research • University research • NGOs (UNDP, FAO, WFP) • NGOs (UNDP, FAO, WFP) Existing user Interface Platforms Existing user Interface Platforms • Radios, TVs and email communications • Radios, TVs and email communications • Social Media (Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp) • Social Media (Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp) • • Gaps exist in climate service delivery Gaps exist in climate service delivery • Statistical study of historical climate data • Statistical study of historical climate data • Early warning system • Early warning system • • • Financial support to the development of NFCs • Financial support to the development of NFCs • Consultant to share the experiences in the development and establishment of • Consultant to share the experiences in the development and establishment of NFCS. NFCS. • Training of forecasters on running WRF, data assimilation and hydrological • Training of forecasters on running WRF, data assimilation and hydrological modeling. modeling. • Capacity building of all stakeholders • Capacity building of all stakeholders  "},{"text":"Somalia and Djibouti lessons as supported by Ethiopia by Ms. Mahado Salah Wais from Djibouti  a.  a.  • Sectorial decision-making level •Sectorial decision-making level  • SWOT analysis of NFCS with respect to GFCS pillars •SWOT analysis of NFCS with respect to GFCS pillars  • Consultants work with established committees, especially from the technical •Consultants work with established committees, especially from the technical   officers of met-services for good results officers of met-services for good results c. Challenges c.Challenges  • Limited financial resources are common for all Met. services •Limited financial resources are common for all Met. services  • Limited stakeholders' awareness of about the NFCS •Limited stakeholders' awareness of about the NFCS  • Highly centralized structures and autonomy of metrological and hydrological •Highly centralized structures and autonomy of metrological and hydrological   services. This is worse for Uganda without representation in the districts. No services. This is worse for Uganda without representation in the districts. No   district officers for UMMA, and we need to decentralize officers to the local level district officers for UMMA, and we need to decentralize officers to the local level d. Opportunities d.Opportunities  • WMO guidelines and users interface platforms developed and available •WMO guidelines and users interface platforms developed and available  • Government guidelines for developing national policies available in the •Government guidelines for developing national policies available in the   respective government respective government  • Experiences from countries that have developed and endorsed the NFCS could •Experiences from countries that have developed and endorsed the NFCS could   come to the aid of the countries at zero come to the aid of the countries at zero  • The willingness of WMO and other partners to support the NFCS process in •The willingness of WMO and other partners to support the NFCS process in   member countries member countries  • Paris Agreements and NDCs •Paris Agreements and NDCs  • How collaborations between major stakeholders could be strengthened to co- •How collaborations between major stakeholders could be strengthened to co-   designing and co-production delivery of user-friendly services. National Policies designing and co-production delivery of user-friendly services. National Policies   and legal framework for NFCS should follow established government policies and and legal framework for NFCS should follow established government policies and   laws that could either be used or be amended to support the development of laws that could either be used or be amended to support the development of   NFCS in countries through collaboration and harmonization. In Uganda, there are NFCS in countries through collaboration and harmonization. In Uganda, there are   climate change acts, local government acts, and constitutions that need to be climate change acts, local government acts, and constitutions that need to be   harmonized. harmonized.  • Strengthening the decision-making at the national climate outlook forums, sub- •Strengthening the decision-making at the national climate outlook forums, sub-   national and sectorial where water, agriculture, and improves users interface national and sectorial where water, agriculture, and improves users interface   platform platform  • Capacity building for all involved in the NFCS •Capacity building for all involved in the NFCS  • Developing coordination structures for NFCS on how it will be coordinated at the •Developing coordination structures for NFCS on how it will be coordinated at the   implementation level implementation level  • Stakeholders' engagement in continuous improvement, monitoring, evaluation •Stakeholders' engagement in continuous improvement, monitoring, evaluation   and learning for climate services and learning for climate services  • Use facilitators from the region, especially those from countries that have •Use facilitators from the region, especially those from countries that have   concluded the framework. concluded the framework.  "},{"text":" Somalia is in step zero as the countries have not started the process, and the lessons learned are fundamental. The EMI is not in place, but there is a PR (Engineer) with some individuals based at Wetlands Nairobi, Kenya. ICPAC and WMO are working with the Somali government to establish the EMI so that the Kenya government can support Somalia through some cost recovery measures. ICPAC and WMO are working with the Somali government to establish the National Meteorological Authority of Somalia. Those who represented Somalia in the workshop seem to have limited information on the progress. The question is, how many weather stations are in Somalia? If the PR exists, then a national meteorology body exists. The PR is based in the ministry of water and energy, while the met department is in another ministry and another sector. There have been efforts to bring it together through a signed MoU and a draft policy to establish a unified met. Agency. Lots of disagreements in scattered met-services in different ministries. Callistus Wachira further clarified that KMD of Kenya had done a cost recovery measure in supporting the Somalia government's establishment of met-services. In running the global model, data will be missing from Somalia, which is critical to developing the met-department.Dr. Teferi's question to Djibouti: The country is seeking financial support from WMO, AICCRA, and ICPAC. What priority areas would they like to do soon after leaving the workshop? How and what can AICCRA support? The baseline stakeholders meeting is the first activity Djibouti prioritized to do. improve the user feedback mechanism improve the user feedback mechanism Challenges  Challenges • As a meteorological agency, lack of resources for hiring a consultant and •As a meteorological agency, lack of resources for hiring a consultant and  organizing a stakeholder workshop organizing a stakeholder workshop • Insufficient coordination between institutions •Insufficient coordination between institutions • Lack of technical development skills and human training, i.e., observation skills •Lack of technical development skills and human training, i.e., observation skills • Lack of Somalia EMI •Lack of Somalia EMI • Low technical capacity or experts •Low technical capacity or experts • Lack of understanding of climate services by providers and users •Lack of understanding of climate services by providers and users o Opportunities o Opportunities • Financial and technical support from WMO, ICPAC, AICCRA •Financial and technical support from WMO, ICPAC, AICCRA  "}],"sieverID":"168730cc-b1eb-4f0e-8336-d94213d2d9ee","abstract":"Titles in this series aim to disseminate interim climate change, agriculture, and food security research and practices and stimulate feedback from the scientific community."}
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