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who created the dark curse in once upon a time | List of once Upon a time characters - Wikipedia
The characters and creatures of ABC 's Once Upon a Time and its spin - off Once Upon a Time in Wonderland are related to classic fairy tale and fantasy characters and creatures, and often tie - in with other Disney media properties.
Click to see detailed cast table.
As a child, Snow unintentionally reveals Regina 's secret relationship to Regina 's mother, resulting in the death of Regina 's fiancè. Since then, Snow is on the hunt from Regina, who wishes to kill her. As an adult, Snow meets Prince David and falls for him, eventually marrying him and giving birth to her daughter Emma. Due to Regina 's Dark Curse, Snow sends Emma to another realm as the curse engulfs Snow and transports her to the Land Without Magic.
In Storybrooke, she appears as Mary Margaret Blanchard, a teacher Storybrooke 's Elementary School. When the curse breaks, Mary Margaret regains her memories as Snow and reunites with her family and starts a rocky relationship with her daughter Emma and grandson Henry. Snow also patches her relationship with Regina in the process and eventually gives birth to Prince Neal. Following the merger of the realms, Snow crowns Regina the Queen of the United Realms.
Born in the Enchanted Forest, Emma is sent to the Land Without Magic to break the Dark Curse. As a young adult, she meets Neal Cassidy and gives birth to a baby boy whom she gives up for adoption. The boy, Henry, returns ten years later and brings Emma to Storybrooke to break a curse, which she eventually does. Doing so reunites her with her family and she tries to maintain a life with them but the reversal of the curse forces Emma to abandon them with Henry to New York City.
When another curse is cast, Emma is brought back to Storybrooke and reunites with her family again. During her time back in Storybrooke, Emma ends up in a relationship with Hook. Her arrival also leads to the Black Fairy 's arrival for the Final Battle, which Emma wins. Eventually, Emma becomes pregnant with Hook 's child and gives birth to Hope. Following the merger of the realms, Emma attends Regina 's coronation to Queen of the United Realms.
Seeking revenge on Snow White for the death of her fiancè, Regina becomes the Evil Queen and takes over the Enchanted Forest. Learning about a curse, Regina preps by collecting ingredients required to cast the curse. One of the ingredients is the thing Regina loves most: her father. Tearfully killing him, Regina casts the Dark Curse which transports everyone to the Land Without Magic.
In Storybrooke, Regina is its Mayor and rules the town for twenty - eight years, but that comes to an end after Emma breaks the curse. Regina then patches things with Snow and her family. She also learns about her half - sister Zelena and after sometime, learns to accept Zelena as family. Regina is then cursed as Roni after she relocates to the New Enchanted Forest with an adult Henry. When the curse breaks, Regina decides to merge all the realms into one so that none can ever be separated ever again. Regina then becomes the Queen of the United Realms.
Learning fighting skills from Anna, he defeats Bo Peep and reclaims Ruth 's farm from her. King George later takes him in to masquerade as his twin brother, Prince James, who is killed by a dragon. He is engaged to Princess Abigail, but after meeting Snow White, who nicknames him Charming, he falls for her. He marries Snow after freeing her from a sleeping curse. The casting of the curse by Regina forces him to send his infant daughter Emma to the Land Without Magic with hopes of her returning to break the curse.
In Storybrooke, he is David Nolan, the husband of Kathryn Nolan. When the curse breaks, he reunites with Snow, Emma, and his grandson Henry. He also reunites with his twin brother Prince James in the Underworld, but is forced to kill him. David witness the Final Battle and celebrates its victory at Granny 's Diner with his family. After the merger of the realms, he and Snow crowns Regina as the Queen of the United Realms and celebrate the occasion with their family.
Adopted by Regina after Emma gives him away, Henry gains the Once Upon a Time book and believes the people of Storybrooke is cursed and brings Emma to break it. Once broken, Henry reunites with Emma and her family. The love for Henry also patches Snow 's and Regina 's conflict. Henry then becomes the Author. Eventually, Henry leaves Storybrooke for New Fairy Tale Land after graduation to find his own story, meeting Ella and becoming the father of Lucy. Another curse is cast and Henry is sent back to the Land Without Magic,
In Seattle, Henry appears as a Swift Transportation driver in Seattle and is found by Lucy who convinces him about the curse at Hyperion Heights. Not believing her, he follows her home and falls for Jacinda and gets tangled in the Candy Killer case. He eventually regains his memories and his love for Regina breaks the curse. After the curse breaks, he faces threats from Rumplestiltskin of the Wish Realm and defeats him. Henry then attends Regina 's coronation with his family after the merger of the realms.
In the Enchanted Forest, he receives a potion from Rumplestiltskin that will free him from his parents but inadvertently gives it to a young couple, transforming the pair into puppets. He wishes on a star in the hopes that the couple will be transformed back. The Blue Fairy appears and tells him that she can not undo Rumplestiltskin 's work. To make things right, she transforms him into a cricket so that he can be free from his parents and guide the couple 's son Geppetto. He was transported to Storybrooke when Regina cast her curse.
In Storybrooke, he is Dr. Archibald Hopper, the town 's psychotherapist but is often called as Archie by the residents. One day, Archie is asked by Regina Mills to convince her adopted son Henry that his ideas about the curse are false. Although it violates his conscience, he initially complies with her demands. Archie confides to Henry that he wants to be free, standing up to Regina and threatening to declare her an unfit mother if she continues to interfere with his sessions. Emma later breaks the curse and he regains his memories as Jiminy. Regina 's mother Cora later assumes the form of her daughter and abducts Archie while disguising an unspecified person she killed as his body. He is later found by Belle on Captain Hook 's ship, from which he is rescued. He is transported back to the Enchanted Forest when Regina undid her curse and later transported back to Storybrooke when the curse was cast again. Emma later visited Dr. Hopper about her visions of her dying against an unknown enemy. Following the Oracle 's death, Dr. Hopper is abducted by the Evil Queen where he watched Zelena 's baby while they were away. Upon their return, Dr. Hopper is turned back into a cricket by the Evil Queen and trapped in a cage. With Regina distracting the Evil Queen and Zelena, Mary Margaret and David were able to free Archie and turned back into a human. On Emma and Hook 's wedding day, he officiates the wedding.
In the Enchanted Forest, he is raised by wolves. He considers the wolves to be his true family, and is greatly saddened by the deaths of animals. He is considered by the Evil Queen Regina the perfect assassin, and is hired to kill Snow White, though he spares her for her selflessness. When he offers the Queen a stag 's heart instead, she realizes she has been tricked and tears out the Huntsman 's heart, keeping it in her vault and using it to make him her slave. When Prince Charming is led to his execution, the Huntsman helps him escape. The Prince asks him to assist him, but he states he can not leave and not to let the sacrifice of his heart be in vain. He was transported to Storybrooke when Regina cast her curse.
In Storybrooke, he is Sheriff Graham Humbert, the town 's handsome and level - headed police officer. In the earlier parts of Storybrooke, Sheriff Graham helps Regina Mills in preventing Owen and Kurt Flynn from leaving town. When Emma Swan arrives, he is one of the few residents who go against Regina, making her his deputy. He and Emma are attracted to each other, though he has a secret sexual relationship with Regina, which Emma later discovers, feeling betrayed and disgusted. As he experiences flashbacks of his previous life, he seeks advice from Henry Mills, who tells him of his story. After Graham is unable to locate his heart, he ends his relationship with Regina and starts a new relationship with Emma, regaining his lost memories in the process. However, Regina crushes his heart and he dies in Emma 's arms, shortly after thanking Emma for helping him remember who he truly was.
At some point, his life is destroyed by Killian Jones, who steals Rumplestiltskin 's wife. After becoming the Dark One, Rumple kills Milah out of revenge and cuts off Killian 's hand. After his son, Baelfire, goes to another land, he is led to believe that he can only be reunited if a curse is cast. He spent centuries looking for the curse, as well as grooming a potential caster. Out of a deal, he takes Belle in as a maid and eventually falls for her. He is eventually sent to the Land Without Magic when the Evil Queen casts the Dark Curse.
In Storybrooke, he is Mr. Gold, the owner of a pawn shop and the town 's wealthiest resident. He regains his memories after Emma introduces herself to him. After the curse breaks, Mr. Gold is reunited with Belle and gets into a relationship with her. He also reunites with his missing son, now known as Neal Cassidy, but loses him because of Zelena. Mr. Gold eventually marries Belle and has a son, Gideon, but clashes with his mother, the Black Fairy. Mr. Gold kills her with her own wand and a year later, travel the realms with Belle and Gideon.
In the Edge of Realms, due to the time difference, Belle peacefully passes after living a lifetime with Mr. Gold. Hoping to reunite with Belle in the afterlife, he goes to the New Enchanted Forest in - search of the Guardian, but is cursed as Det. Weaver in Hyperion Heights in the Land Without Magic, but immediately regains his memories after Tilly triggers it. He then finds the Guardian in the form of Anastasia. Later on, Weaver finds that the Dark One 's Dagger is stolen. When the spell is broken, Weaver goes to confront Baron Samdi and discovers that Samdi somehow summoned Rumplestiltskin 's Wish Realm counterpart who stabs Samdi in the back...
In the Enchanted Forest, as a boy, he gives his life to save Geppetto from drowning, though the Blue Fairy restores him into a real boy, promising that the spell will hold if he is selfless, brave and truthful. After Geppetto makes a magical wardrobe to save Emma from the Queen 's curse, he sends Pinocchio in it along with her, sending them both to the Land Without Magic.
After transporting, Pinocchio finds Emma, and they live in an orphanage until he leaves Emma to run away with other members of the home. Seventeen years later, Pinocchio, now known as August Wayne Booth travels to Portland and confronts Neal Cassidy, a thief who has fallen in love with Emma. He convinces him to leave Emma to allow her to fulfill her destiny. After Emma is arrested for possession of stolen items, he informs Neal of Emma 's sentencing and, later, when the curse is broken. August enters Storybrooke upon Emma 's arrival to the town, attempting to convince her of the curse 's reality. He informs Mr. Gold and Emma that he is deathly ill and needs magic, though her denial prevents her from seeing his condition. When Emma realizes the curse 's reality, she visits August for help, though he completely turns to wood. After the curse is broken, Mary Margaret finds August hiding in the woods, ashamed of the mistakes that he has made. He is later found by Tamara and is fatally wounded by her. However, it is determined that August 's actions were selfless, brave, and true and Mother Superior restores him to his original form of a seven - year - old Pinocchio. He was transported back to the Enchanted Forest when Regina undid her curse and later transported back to Storybrooke when the curse was cast again. Mr. Gold later uses Pinocchio in his plan to find the author of Henry Mills ' story book in order to get the villains their happy endings. Transforming him into August once more, he reluctantly informs Gold of his findings, explaining that the author is in Storybrooke. After he is freed, he reveals to Regina Mills that the author is in fact within the book itself.
In the Enchanted Forest, Belle is to marry Gaston to unite both her kingdom and Gaston 's as a way to help defeat the Ogres in the Ogre Wars. However, when things get rough, she is taken by Rumplestiltskin as a deal to stop the war, becoming his maid at his castle. In due time, she falls in love with him, but is captured by the Evil Queen and is presumed dead. When the Queen 's curse is cast, Belle is sent to the Land Without Magic.
In Storybrooke, Belle is kept beneath the town 's hospital for twenty - eight years by Regina. She is later released by Jefferson and finds Mr. Gold, professing her love for him when the curse is broken and standing beside him as he brings magic to Storybrooke. Belle later remembers her cursed self as a scantily - clad barfly named Lacey after Regina cursed her out of revenge towards Mr. Gold. She is left behind when the heroes go to Neverland, but is instructed by Mr. Gold to shield the town. When Regina undoes her curse, Belle is sent back to the Enchanted Forest where she and Neal resurrect Rumplestiltskin, following his sacrificial death. She is then sent back to Storybrooke when Snow White casts a new curse. She later marries Mr. Gold but leaves him because he chose power over her. She then becomes pregnant with Mr. Gold 's son. In order to protect the baby from Hades, she places herself into a sleeping curse. In the Dream World, she is greeted by Morpheus, who reveals that he is her son, masquerading as the real deity. He gives her true love 's kiss on the forehead and awakes her. She later asks Hook 's help to protect her from Mr. Gold, staying at the Jolly Roger.
Eventually, she fixes her relationship with Mr. Gold as the two decides to travel the realms. During this time, Belle and Mr. Gold work on trying to make him mortal so he could live an aging life with Belle. Ending up in the Edge of Realms, due to the difference in time, Belle eventually dies of old age, hoping to reunite with Mr. Gold in the afterlife.
After the death of his brother Liam, Killian takes over the Jewel of the Realm, renaming it to the Jolly Roger. He then meets Milah and falls in love with her, but she is killed by Rumplestiltskin. In a fight, Rumplestiltskin cuts off Killian 's hand, being known as Hook. Hoping for revenge, he teams up with Cora and is shield from the Dark Curse, freezing him and the rest of the remaining inhabitants in time.
After the curse breaks, he goes to Storybrooke with Cora, but fails on his revenge plot against Rumplestiltskin. Instead, he falls in love with Emma Swan. Eventually, he becomes the Dark One and sacrifices himself to save Emma and her family and ends up in the Underworld. For helping defeat Hades, Zeus resurrects him and he is reunited with Emma, marrying her and becomes the father of Hope. After the merger of the realms, Killian attends Regina 's coronation with Emma and Hope and celebrates it with his family.
In the Enchanted Forest, Red meets Snow White during the latter 's fleeing from the Evil Queen. The two work together to attempt to kill a wolf that is terrorizing the area, gradually leading them to believe it is Peter, Red 's lover. However, Red soon discovers she is the wolf, and inadvertently kills Peter. During her later travels with Snow, she discovers a society of werewolves, including her supposed mother, Anita. Red learns to control her wolf transformation, but when Anita plans to kill Snow in a revenge attack, she is accidentally impaled by Red in wolf form. She is transported to Storybrooke when the Evil Queen casts her curse.
In Storybrooke, she is Ruby, a rebellious young woman who wants to leave town but is held back by her grandmother 's ill health. She works at Granny 's Diner as a waitress, though her relationship with her grandmother is strained. Ruby later works with Emma Swan as her assistant at the station, but eventually quits and goes back to work at the diner. After the curse breaks, she reunites with Granny. She is also framed for the murder of Billy by Albert Spencer. She is taken back to the Enchanted Forest after Regina undid the curse and brought back by Snow White 's curse. Ruby later decides to leave Storybrooke to find for wolves like her. Teaming up with Mulan, they end up in the Land of Oz, where she meets Dorothy Gale and falls in love with her. Together, they remain in the Land of Oz.
As a child, Baelfire lives with his father after his mother Milah leaves. When Baelfire gets enlisted into the Ogre Wars, his father becomes the Dark One in order to prevent it, causing his father to become power hungry. With help from the Blue Fairy, Baelfire gains a magic bean capable of transversing realms. He makes a deal with his father to leave the Enchanted Forest for a land devoid with magic, but his father backs out at the last minute as he is send to the Land Without Magic alone via the portal. There, he becomes a member of the Darling family, but leaves them with the Shadow to Neverland in order to protect them. Years later, before the Evil Queen cast her curse, he finds a way to the Land Without Magic, taking on the identity of Neal Cassidy.
In Portland, he meets Emma Swan whom he falls in love with, but later abandons her for her to fulfill her destiny in breaking a curse. After the breaking of the curse, he is tracked down by Emma and discovers that he has a son, Henry. Together with his fiancé Tamara, they go to Storybrooke as he wants to bond with his son. After finding out that Tamara deceived him and is working with greater forces to eliminate Storybrooke, he is shot and falls through a portal back to the Enchanted Forest and presumed dead. Emma later rescues him in Neverland while fighting with Peter Pan. When Regina undoes her curse, Neal is send back to his home world where he helps Belle resurrects Rumplestiltskin. Following a new curse, Neal is send back to Storybrooke, but sacrifices himself to help Emma and his father defeat Zelena. He then ascends into Mount Olympus and briefly visits Emma in the Dream World to warn her about her journey to the Underworld.
In Victorian England, Alice accidentally stumbles upon a rabbit hole that leads her to Wonderland, where she interacts with Percy the White Rabbit, Cora the Queen of Hearts, Anastasia the Red Queen, and Will Scarlet. In Wonderland, she finds a genie named Cyrus and falls for him. After his apparent death, Alice is sent back to Victorian England and locked away in an asylum for a delusional believes of Wonderland.
Spending a year in the asylum, Alice is freed by Will and the White Rabbit, and is taken to Wonderland to face off Jafar and Anastasia in a quest to rescue Cyrus. During her time back in Wonderland, she helps reunite Will with Anastasia, Percy to his family, and Cyrus and his mother Amara. After Jafar is defeated, Alice and Cyrus returns to Victorian England for their wedding. Alice then gives birth to a baby girl. Several years later, Alice tells her daughter of her adventures in Wonderland, naming the White King and Queen as the true rulers of Wonderland.
In the Land of Oz, he witnesses the death of his sister, Penelope. He then relocates to the Enchanted Forest and falls in - love with Anastasia. Together, they escape to Wonderland for a better life, but Anastasia betrays him to become the Red Queen. Heart broken, Will gives his heart to Cora, becoming her Knave of Hearts. With Alice 's help, Will eventually regains his heart. After the Dark Curse is cast, Will is sent to the Land Without Magic.
In Storybrooke, Will is sought by the White Rabbit after the curse breaks and is brought back to Wonderland with Alice to help find Cyrus. Will also tries to patch things up with Anastasia. After Will 's heart is inserted back into his chest, he is able to feel love again. After Jafar 's defeat, he reunites with Anastasia. However, somehow, he ends up back in Storybrooke and ends up in a relationship with Belle. Eventually, Will returns to Wonderland and to Anastasia, ruling alongside her as the White King of Wonderland.
In Agrabah, after cheating in a card game, Cyrus ' house was burnt down, resulting in his mother, Amara, being badly hurt. Travelling to the Well of Water, Cyrus and his brothers retrieve some of its waters to cure Amara. While it worked, Nyx, the guarding of the well, curses Cyrus and his brothers for stealing the water. They are turned into genies and spread across the realm. One day, a sorcerer named Jafar tries to steal the genie bottle containing Cyrus, but his master wishes for the bottle to be as far away as possible from their land. The bottle ends up in Wonderland and, years later, found by Alice. The two eventually fall in love, with Cyrus proposing to Alice at the Boiling Sea. But the Red Queen uses her magic and pushes him into the sea, killing him. Alice returns to Victorian England, distraught by his death. Later, it was revealed that Jafar saved Cyrus with his magic carpet and keeps him locked in a cage at Jafar 's floating tower.
Twenty - eight years later, upon revelation that Cyrus is alive from the Knave of Hearts and the White Rabbit, Alice is brought back to Wonderland. With her back, Cyrus can feel her presence and begins to find ways to escape his prison cage. Using a bone, he escapes the cage and leaves the tower to reunite with Alice. He eventually finds Alice, and is reunited. Later, Jafar conjures a thunderstorm curse to kill the Red Queen, where one thing led to another, causing the Knave to use Alice 's final wish, freeing Cyrus from his genie imprisonment and turning the Kane into a genie. Alice and Cyrus, with the help from the Red Queen, searche for the Knave. They later find out that Jafar 's serpent staff is Cyrus ' mother, Amara, trapped in that form. With the Jabberwocky 's help, Amara is freed. Later, during a battle at Wonderland Castle with Jafar, Cyrus is brutally hurt, causing Amara to help Jafar change the laws of magic. He is later cured by Amara. In order to defeat Jafar, Cyrus tries to return the water he stole from Nyx in order to revert the genie curse, but Jafar interrupts and steals it. Nyx then curses Jafar, turning him into a genie and banishing him to another realm. They return of the water also cause Amara to die. Cyrus later goes to Victorian England to wed Alice. Years later, both Cyrus and Alice have a daughter as they tell their daughter about their adventures in Wonderland.
In the Enchanted Forest, Anastasia meets Will Scarlet and falls in - love with him. For a better life, she and Will escapes to Wonderland, but she betrays him to become the Red Queen. As the Red Queen, she learns magic from Cora to ascend power over her realm. However, Anastasia eventually regrets her actions and wishes to reunite with Will, forming an alliance with Jafar to change the laws of magic.
Using Percy, she gets Alice and Will back in Wonderland to gain Cyrus ' genie bottle. However, her love for Will interrupts Jafar 's plan, which shatters their alliance as she is forced to leave her castle after Jafar 's takeover. Anastasia teams up with Alice and Cyrus to find Will after he becomes a genie. She patches things with Will but is killed by Jafar and eventually resurrected after his defeat. She and Will is briefly separated by unknown means, but they eventually reunite and rule Wonderland as the White Queen and King.
After his mother 's death, Jafar becomes the servant boy of the Sultan of Lower Agrabah, hoping to be acknowledged as the Sultan 's son. But the Sultan only loves his true heir, Mirza and tries to kill Jafar. Angered with this, Jafar learns magic with a sorcerer named Amara to get revenge on the Sultan. Jafar kills Mirza and takes the Sultan as prisoner. Jafar then goes to the Capital of Agrabah and becomes its vizier and eventually removes the Capital from human 's reach and relocates to Wonderland to team up with Anastasia.
Jafar instructs Anastasia to bring Alice back to Wonderland so that he can change the laws of magic. He tries many ways to force Alice into wishing to get Cyrus ' genie bottle. His alliance with Anastasia shatters after she betrays him, forcing him to take over her realm. He eventually gets all genie bottle and is forced to change the laws of magic with Amara, immediately betraying her after the spell is done. He is turned into a genie by Nyx after he is tricked into stealing her water and is sent to Fairy Tale Land. He is later killed by Jasmine after being turned to a staff.
As the White Rabbit of Wonderland, Percy is able to create rabbit - hole portals to any realm. During his time in Victorian England, Alice follows Percy through a rabbit hole to Wonderland. Sometime later, Alice kidnaps him in order to show him to her father as proof of Wonderland 's existence, but instead frees him after meeting Cyrus. After Alice is injured in a sword fight, Cyrus comes to the White Rabbit, who has his wife to cure Alice.
Twenty - eight years later, he retries the Knave of Hearts from Storybrooke and helps him rescue Alice from an asylum, bringing them both to Wonderland to help them find Cyrus as part of the Red Queen 's plan. It is later revealed that the Red Queen kidnapped his family and is forcing him to do her bidding. He later is forced to take Jafar to Victorian England, where Jafar captures Alice 's father and brings him to Wonderland. He later helps Alice recruit an army to defeat Jafar 's undead army. Following Jafar 's defeat, he opens a portlal for Alice, Cyrus and many of their Wonderland friends to Victorian England for preparation of Alice and Cyrus ' wedding. After the wedding, he sends his family, Anastasia, and the Knave back to Wonderland. Years later, Percy can be seen looking from behind some tall grasses when Alice and Cyrus are seen with their child.
Abandoned in the woods of the Enchanted Forest, she is sent to the Land of Oz and adopted by a Woodcutter and his wife. She gains knowledge of her past through the Wizard of Oz and becomes jealous when Rumplestiltskin chooses Regina over her to cast his curse. She is then recruited into the Sisterhood of Witches, but becomes jealous when Dorothy comes to the Land of Oz. She tricks Glinda into sending Dorothy home, banishes Glinda to the Enchanted Forest, and takes over the land as the Wicked Witch of the West.
Relocating to the Enchanted Forest, she begins her revenge plot on Regina after her return and is sent to the Land Without Magic via another Dark Curse. In Storybrooke, she opens a time travelling portal and masquerades as Marian, giving birth to Robin Hood 's daughter. Eventually, she and Regina patches their relationship and years later, ends up in the New Enchanted Forest. Following another curse, Zelena is cursed as Kelly West, who is engaged to Chad. After the creation of the United Realms, Zelena attends Regina 's coronation.
Sometime after marrying Marian, he becomes a thief who steals from the rich for the poor. He becomes the leader of the Merry Men. According to Tinker Bell, he is Regina 's true love. Years later, he has a son Roland. After the death of Marian, he becomes the only guardian for Roland. When the Storybrooke inhabitants is sent back to the Enchanted Forest, he meets Regina. He helps the group to shelter themselves when they find out that someone had taken over the land. When Snow White casts the Dark Curse, he is sent to the Land Without Magic.
In Storybrooke, Robin becomes the love interest of Regina. When Marian returns from the past, Robin is forced to take her side, eventually leaving Storybrooke for Marian 's safety due to the Snow Queen 's influence on her. He later finds out that Marian is Zelena, thanks to Regina and is brought back to Storybrooke. He then helps the heroes go to Camelot to save Emma and to the Underworld to rescue Hook. After returning from the Underworld, he sacrifices himself in order to save Regina from Hades and moves on to Mount Olympus.
In the Wish Realm, Hook is sought by the Evil Queen to obtain a powerful weapon in the New Enchanted Forest. There, Hook runs into Gothel, who disguised herself as Rapunzel, and bares his child to escape a tower. Hook stays behind to take care of her, naming her Alice. Gothel eventually curses Hook 's heart, causing him to be separated from Alice. Over the years, he grew old with sadness in his life. One day, he ambushes Pinocchio and Emma Swan near an Enchanted Grove where he is on a mission to bring Emma back for a reward from Prince Henry. Before Hook can duel Pinocchio, Emma knocks him out. Years later, he goes to the New Enchanted Forest and makes a deal with Lady Tremaine - youth for himself in - exchange for Henry leaving her realm. However, Hook does not live up to his end of the deal, instead, he teams up with Henry and Regina to help find Ella and his daughter. Hook later helps Zelena rescue Robin after she is lured to Gothel. When the Dark Curse is cast, he is sent to the Land Without Magic.
In Hyperion Heights, he is known as Det. Rogers, a police officer turned detective who is paired up with Detective Weaver. Victoria Belfrey hires them both to frame Henry out of the neighbourhood, but Rogers chooses not to. He teams up with Roni and Henry in order to get back at Victoria. Rogers later continues his investigation to find a missing women, Eloise Gardener by seeking Tilly for help. He eventually finds Eloise and frees her, arresting Victoria for kidnapping Eloise. Rogers then works with Weaver in order to prevent the destruction of the neighbourhood by a cult. After Henry kissing Roni breaks the Dark Curse and Gothel is defeated, Rogers is taken away in an ambulance when the poison in him reawakens.
As a child, her mother marries Marcus Tremaine and gains two step - sisters. After the return of Marcus ' first wife, Rapunzel, her mother runs away to New Wonderland. After a near death experience, Rapunzel shuns Ella after Marcus saves her instead of Anastasia. After Rapunzel kills Marcus, Ella becomes the maid of their manor. Years later, she meets Henry and falls in love with him and gives birth to their daughter Lucy. When the Dark Curse is cast, she is sent to the Land Without Magic.
In Hyperion Heights, she is known as Jacinda Vidrio, a single mother and worker at Mr. Cluck 's Chicken Shack. Jacinda is believed to be incapable to take care of Lucy by Victoria, often clashing with one another. However, Victoria gives away her rights to Jacinda, offering a truce. Jacinda also starts falling in - love with Henry, and reunites with him after the curse breaks. Together with her family, she attends Regina 's coronation in the United Realms after the merger of the realms.
In order to save her family, Rapunzel makes a deal with Mother Gothel and ends up locked away in a tower for six years. After freeing herself, she learns that her husband had remarried with a family of his own. Desperate to reunite herself with her family, she curses Cecelia. However, after Anastasia 's apparent death, Rapunzel decides to kill Marcus and takes over the manor. She treats Drizella and Ella cruelly, prompting Drizella to conspire with Gothel to cast the Dark Curse which sends Rapunzel to the Land Without Magic.
In Hyperion Heights, Rapunzel becomes Victoria Belfrey, the founder of Belfrey Towers and Belfrey Developments. Remembering her past life, Victoria has Gothel locked away in her tower as Eloise Gardener. But Eloise escapes eventually with Ivy and Detective Rogers ' help and Victoria is arrested for kidnapping. But Victoria finds a loophole and frees herself, determine to revive Anastasia. After removing Lucy 's belief, she awakens Anastasia, not knowing the price of it: Lucy would take Anastasia 's place. Rapunzel sacrifices herself to save Ivy and to trade her life for Lucy. Victoria is buried at Hyperion Heights ' graveyard, along with New Fairy Tale Land 's Once Upon a Time book.
Born in the New Enchanted Forest to Henry and Ella, Lucy is a catalyst in the curse 's prophecy. Fearing for Lucy 's life, Henry brings her deep into the forest with the intent to build a magical wardrobe that will send her to the new world, but she loses him when he battles a beast sent by the Coven of the Eight. She holds on to New Fairy Tale Land 's Once Upon a Time book to keep it safe and later finds her mother, Ella to alert her of Henry 's disappearance. After the Dark Curse is cast, Lucy is sent to the Land Without Magic.
In Hyperion Heights, she is known as Lucy Vidrio and believes that most of its inhabitants are fairy tale characters, cursed into living false lives. She brings Henry to Hyperion Heights and trie to make him believe in the curse. She eventually ends up in a come after Victoria awakens Anastasia. Lucy is awaken when Victoria sacrifices herself to save her. Lucy then tries to get her parents together, helping Mr. Samdi cure Henry 's curse. After the curse breaks, she reunites with them. When all the realms are merged, Lucy joins her family for Regina 's coronation.
Forced to auction her items, Princess Tiana seeks help from Dr. Facilier to find a Prince, but finds out that it was a ruse, and decides to form a resistance against the King of the realm. As the resistance leader, Tiana recruits Ella, Henry, Regina, and Hook to help their cause. During this time, she meets Prince Naveen, but loses him to Dr. Facilier. Eventually, Tiana becomes Queen of her kingdom when her mother steps down... When the Dark Curse is cast, Tiana is sent to the Land Without Magic.
In Hyperion Heights, Queen Tiana is known as Sabine, Jacinda 's roommate and worker at Mr. Cluck 's Chicken Shack. Sabine 's interest in making beignets causes her to open a food truck, unintentionally reuniting with Drew. After the curse breaks, Sabine regains her memories as Tiana and together with Ella, breaks down the door, but Dr. Facilier disappears, but she reunites with Naveen. After the merger of the realms, Tiana attends Regina 's coronation to Queen of the United Realms.
Born in the mines after his egg was accidentally sprinkled with fairy dust by the fairy Nova, he falls in love with her. The Blue Fairy tells Dreamy that if he and Nova run away together, she will lose her wings. Dreamy ends their relationship and returns to the mines, being renamed Grumpy. He then becomes friends with Snow White while she 's on a run from the Evil Queen, inviting her to stay at the Dwarfs cottage. Together with the other dwarves, he helps Snow defeat King George and the Evil Queen, taking back the realm. He then works as a guard at the Royal Castle for Prince Charming and Snow. On Charming and Snow 's wedding, he witness the Evil Queen threatening the realm with a powerful curse she intends to cast. As part of a War Council, Grumpy suggests that the Evil Queen should be killed in order to avoid the casting of the curse. On the day of the casting of the Dark Curse, Grumpy guards the castle from the watchtower, looking out for the curse. As the curse spreads throughout the Enchanted Forest, Grumpy alerts Charming and Snow, giving them enough time to send their daughter, Emma, through a wardrobe to another land. Eventually, the curse consumes Grumpy and all in the Royal Castle, sending them all to the Land Without Magic.
In Storybrooke, he is Leroy, a janitor at the Storybrooke General Hospital and the town drunk. He quickly forms a bond with Sister Astrid, and after learning of the nunnery 's rent problems, he assists with raising money to the content of Astrid. Leroy 's original memories are restored when the curse is broken, reuniting with Snow, now known as Mary Margaret, and the other dwarfs. He unites the dwarfs together and they begin to mine for fairy dust again. After the heroes leaves Storybrooke to save Henry in Neverland, Leroy and the other dwarves takes care of the town. When Regina is forced to undo her curse, Leroy is send back to the Enchanted Forest, and back to Storybrooke again after a new curse is cast. When Emma becomes the Dark One, Leroy joins the heroes in a trip to Camelot to save her, but ends up back in Storybrooke six weeks later via another curse. When Dopey turns into a tree after trying to leave Storybrooke during the third curse, Leroy and the other dwarves searches a way to undo it.
In Storybrooke, he is Tom Clark, the owner of the Dark Star Pharmacy. After the curse is broken, Sneezy joins the other dwarfs in an experiment to find out why the residents can not leave town. Crossing the border, he loses his memories of his past life once again. Mother Superior later creates a potion that restores his memories. When Emma fully embraced as the Dark One, she turns him to stone after seeing him in her red leather jacket. He is then turn back to normal by Regina.
In Storybrooke, he is Walter, a security guard who works at Storybrooke Hospital and occasionally dozes off on the job.
When the Evil Queen cast the Dark Curse, Dopey is sent to Storybrooke.
Years later, after Hook cast the third curse, he is sent over the town line by the other dwarves in order to see if there 's any consequences upon leaving town. This results in him being turned to a tree.
Eventually, the rest of the dwarves somehow managed to turn Dopey back to human form weeks before the people from the Land of Untold Stories arrive in Storybrooke. He then decides to get a master 's degree in Boston.
In the Enchanted Forest, as a girl, a wolf killed her father and brothers and then also transformed her into a wolf. The other aspects of the curse faded with age, but her heightened senses remain. Red inherited the family curse and is also a wolf, though Granny received an enchanted red cloak from a wizard, to prevent her transformation. When her granddaughter begins a relationship with a man called Peter, she disapproves. As news of a wolf killing villagers becomes known, Granny warns the others not to fight the monster. Red and Snow White believe Peter is the wolf, until Granny informs Snow of her curse. By the time she and Snow find Red, she had already killed Peter.
In Storybrooke, she is known simply as Granny and is the owner of Granny 's Bed and Breakfast and Diner. Her health problems prevent Ruby from leaving town, who assists her grandmother as a waitress. Granny 's memories are returned when the curse is broken by Emma Swan, and she embraces her family and friends. She is then send back to the Enchanted Forest when the cursed was reversed. When Snow White cast a new curse, Granny is brought back to Storybrooke, resuming her role as the owner of her Bed and Breakfast and Diner. She sometimes watches Baby Neal whenever Mary Margaret and David are busy.
In the Enchanted Forest, she was a teacher to Tinker Bell, until she stopped believing in her due to her rule - breaking. While she is quite powerful, she is unable to undo Rumplestiltskin 's magic. To help fix a problem created by his magic, she transforms Jiminy into a cricket and guides him to help Geppetto. She also transforms the puppet Pinocchio into a real boy, and creates a quill that temporarily immobilizes Rumplestiltskin, aiding in his imprisonment. Rumplestiltskin is hostile towards her and other fairies, blaming her for the disappearance of his son Baelfire. The Blue Fairy presents the idea of fashioning a wardrobe from a magical tree to save Emma and Pinocchio from the Evil Queen Regina 's curse by sending them to the Land Without Magic.
In Storybrooke, she is Mother Superior of the town 's nuns, who were all fairies prior to the curse. When August Booth is murdered by Tamara, she restores him to a seven - year old real boy. Following the successful mission to rescue Henry from Neverland, the town 's heroes return to Storybrooke. However, Peter Pan uses his shadow to kill Mother Superior by ripping her own shadow from her body, seeing her as a threat to his plot to take over Storybrooke. After Tinker Bell kills Pan 's shadow, Mother Superior 's is returned. She thanks Tinker Bell and restores her fairy status. After the cursed was reversed, she returned to the Enchanted Forest.
Following a new curse by Snow White, Blue is returned to Storybrooke, assuming back her identity as Mother Superior. She is later placed into Merlin 's hat after Mr. Gold controls an unwilling Captain Hook to remove the fairies from Storybrooke in his plan to cleave himself from his dagger. She and the other fairies are later freed by Regina. She later freed the Apprentice from the magic hat to help stop Isaac. She along with the fairies watch baby Neal, Zelena and Robin 's baby and Roland when the heroes head down to the Underworld. She later keeps Neal safe when Belle, Baby Hood and Zelena fall through a portal to the Underworld.
In the sixth season, Belle and Mr. Gold 's son Gideon is born. Belle asks Mother Superior be his fairy godmother and to go away with Gideon to care and protect him from Mr. Gold 's actions. She is then last seen flying away with Gideon from Storybrooke. However, she is intercepted and attacked by the Black Fairy who takes the baby Gideon to her realm. The Mother Superior later tells Belle and Mr. Gold about this. Afterwards in order to repair the sword to kill Emma, Gideon needs the blood of the person who forged it which is the Blue Fairy. Mr. Gold not wanting his son 's heart to be darken steals Mother Superior 's magic to repair the sword for Gideon but promises restore her magic after they defeat Gideon. The heroes eventually wake her up with the help of the fairy crystals and a dragon egg that never hatched but she is later taken captive by the Black Fairy to keep her from telling them about her deepest secret but she is later rescued by Mr. Gold and returned safely to the convent.
In the Land Without Color, Victor originally seeks a way to restore life to the dead, but has his funding pulled by his father. Rumplestiltskin offers him gold in exchange for the scientific method on how to revive the dead as magic could not. Victor robs a grave for body parts to experiment on, but is caught by Gerhardt who is shot by a police officer. As Victor attempts to bring Gerhardt back to life, electricity can not revive him, so Rumplestiltskin instead offers a heart from the Enchanted Forest. As part of a bargain, he creates a false attempt to reanimate Daniel to make it easier for Rumplestiltskin to manipulate her. In his own world, Frankenstein reanimates his brother with the heart, but inadvertently turns him into a monster, beating his father to death. Victor imprisons him until he can devise a way to help Gerhardt overcome his psychotic rage. When the Evil Queen cast her curse, Victor is sent to the Land Without Magic.
In Storybrooke, he is Dr. Whale, a doctor working in Storybrooke General Hospital. He originally assists Regina Mills, doing whatever she says without hesitation. After the curse is broken, he leads a mob to Regina 's home intending to kill her. Victor later seeks a way to return to his brother, believing if he were to do something for Regina she would bring him back. He successfully reanimates Daniel 's corpse with a magical heart, turning him into a monster who savagely rips off Whale 's arm. Mr. Gold later reattaches his arm. He is transported back to the Land Without Color when Regina undid her curse.
After Snow White cast a new curse somehow, Victor returns to Storybrooke, resuming his position as the doctor at the hospital. He also helps deliver Mary Margaret 's and later Zelena 's baby.
Dr. Whale later helps Dr. Jekyll with his experiments to create a new serum to defeat the Evil Queen (Serum). This project was later crashed by the Evil Queen and Mr. Hyde.
In the Enchanted Forest, he became orphaned when Jiminy Cricket accidentally transformed his parents into puppets. He carves himself a son named Pinocchio out of magical wood. During their adventures, Pinocchio sacrifices his life for Gepetto 's. For this act, the Blue Fairy turns him into a real boy. She asks him to carve a magical wardrobe with the ability to save the pregnant Snow White and Prince Charming from the Evil Queen Regina 's curse. However, the curse would send everyone to a land without magic and Pinocchio, a real boy because of magic, could turn back into a puppet. Geppetto bargains with the fairy to use the second spot for Pinocchio, ultimating in her lying to the other inhabitants, claiming the wardrobe can only save one. Geppetto sends his son to the real world, telling him to protect the child and get them to break the curse.
In Storybrooke, he is Marco, the town 's handyman. August Booth offers to work as Marco 's assistant to which he agrees. His memories as Geppetto are restored when the curse is broken. Marco later takes in August, who is reverted to Pinocchio by Mother Superior, as his son again. He is sent back to the Enchanted Forest after Regina undoes the curse and is brought back when Snow White casts a new one.
In the Enchanted Forest, he marries Cora after she demonstrates the ability to spin straw into gold. He is later the loving but weak father of the Evil Queen, Regina, and serves as her royal valet in the Enchanted Forest. Henry is supportive of Regina, but does not protect her against the manipulations or actions of her mother. He is later held captive in Wonderland by Cora as leverage against Regina, who eventually rescues him. However, when Rumplestiltskin informs Regina she must retrieve the heart of who she loves most to enact his dark curse, she kills him. In Storybrooke, Regina appears to have cared a great deal for her father, naming her adopted son Henry and turning his tomb into a large mausoleum. After his death, Henry was sent to the Underworld.
Years later while trying to find Hook, Regina meets him, who apologies for her actions back in the Enchanted Forest. Later, Cora threatens to send him to Hell. When at the entrance to Hell, Regina tries to persuade her mother not to send her father to Hell which she starts to do. What Cora does n't know is that Henry was spared upon his unfinished business of Regina being free of her mother. Henry then meets his grandson Henry. Before heading to Mount Olympus, Henry tells his grandson to watch over his daughter and to remember who she is.
From Agrabah, the Genie is washed away to the Enchanted Forest and was found by King Leopold, who, being extremely wealthy, simply wishes to free the Genie and invite him to live in his castle to help him find true love. There, he falls in love with the King 's wife Queen Regina, who fools him to kill Leopold in order for her to become sole ruler of his kingdom. Realizing the Queen never loved him, he uses his final wish to remain with her forever; thus trapping him in her mirror. As a spirit in the Magic Mirror, he is able to move between and see through other mirrors in the Enchanted Forest, acting as a spy to Regina.
In Storybrooke, he is Sidney Glass, a reporter for Storybrooke 's local newspaper The Daily Mirror. On Regina 's request, he researches Emma Swan 's past to help Regina expel her from Storybrooke. After Graham 's death, Regina attempts to appoint him sheriff, but he loses the position to Emma. Sidney later secretly works with Regina to gain leverage over Emma. Emma later learns of his deception realizing that he is in love with Regina. Regina uses Mr. Gold to kidnap Kathryn Nolan, framing Mary Margaret (Snow White) for her alleged murder. However, after Kathryn is found alive, Sidney falsely confesses to kidnapping Kathryn to use as an article and become famous. He is then placed into Storybrooke 's asylum underneath the hospital.
Sidney was later freed by Regina for her quest to remove Maid Marian from Storybrooke, Regina again places Sidney in a mirror. It is soon revealed that Sidney was actually in allegiance with the Snow Queen working against Regina, who frees him in exchange for the mirror he was stored in.
It was later revealed that Sidney was actually operating in the World Behind the Mirrors when Regina sent him there twice. They find an unfinished mirror that Sidney never got to finishing.
In the Enchanted Forest, King George and his wife are unable to bear children of their own, leading George to strike a deal with Rumplestiltskin for an heir. He grants King George a boy named James.
At some point during King George having him be trained to be a knight, James runs away and ends up in Pleasure Island. While being chased by Robert, James runs into King George and his men. When Robert refuses to hand James over to him, King George has his men kill Robert and make it look like an accident. Afterwards, King George continues having James be trained as a knight.
Years later, the kingdom falls into financial trouble, and Prince James offers to slay the dragon plaguing King Midas ' realm in exchange for gold. James is killed in a duel against Behemoth and his twin brother David is recruited to carry out the task. The task is completed and Midas deems the Prince worthy of marrying his daughter and uniting the kingdoms. George reneges on his promise to return David home and forces him to marry, otherwise he will kill David 's mother and burn his home. Later, George learns that David has fallen in love with Snow White. He forces Snow to break David 's heart, though David still breaks off his engagement, fleeing the kingdom. George 's knights capture him, and David is sentenced to death, though the Evil Queen Regina intercepts him, instead using him in her plan to curse Snow. A reawakened Snow is then kidnapped by George, who curses her to never have children. This plan is foiled when water from Lake Nostos breaks the curse. King George later joins forces with the Evil Queen to fight Snow and Charming 's forces, which ends with George 's army being defeated and the Evil Queen being apprehended.
In Storybrooke, he is the cold - hearted District Attorney Albert Spencer who leads the prosecution for the Kathryn Nolan murder case, against Mary Margaret Blanchard. Following the curse being broken, Spencer murders Billy, framing Ruby in an attempt to show the town of David 's incapable control. Spencer then burns Jefferson 's hat that David was relying on to retrieve his daughter and wife who had fallen through a portal created by it.
A deleted scene in "Tiny '' shows Albert Spencer imprisoned in the mines at the time when David and Mary Margaret visit him. When Spencer offers to give them information on how to deal with Anton when he was brought to Storybrooke by Cora and Captain Hook in exchanged to be released, but they turn him down and take their leave.
After learning the truth about his father 's demise, David visits the psychiatric ward of Storybrooke General Hospital and takes Albert out of his cell to fight and kill him, but is stopped by Hook who then locks Albert back in his room.
In the Enchanted Forest, she was to marry Prince David, but when he falls in love with Snow White, Abigail helps him run away. She is in love with Frederick, a knight she was to marry until he was turned into gold while protecting her father. Charming later retrieves water from Lake Nostos that revives Frederick, and he reunites with Abigail.
In Storybrooke, she is Kathryn Nolan, the wife of David Nolan. David however is in love with Mary Margaret Blanchard, and starts an affair with her. She is later accepted into a law school in Boston, though David refuses to relocate and suggests they end their marriage. Kathryn then learns about David 's affair, deciding to move to Boston alone. However, her car is found abandoned at the town 's limits, and a missing persons case becomes a murder trial when a heart proven to be Kathryn 's is found in Mary Margaret 's jewelry box. It is later revealed that Regina worked with Mr. Gold to attempt to frame Mary Margaret for Kathryn 's murder, when Mr. Gold in fact kidnapped Kathryn. She is later found alive, though she does not remember her disappearance. Sidney Glass falsely takes the blame for her kidnapping. After the curse is broken, Kathryn and Frederick find each other and live happily together in her home.
One day, after Rumplestiltskin turns Ella to look like a princess, Gus is turned into a human in order to escort her to the Royal Ball at the castle. Later, the magic wares out and Gus is turned into a mouse again. He late persuades Ella to use a key to open a portal to the Land of Untold Stories in order to pause her story, but this course of action is stopped by Clorinda. Sometime later, after the Evil Queen cast the Dark Curse, Gus is sent to the Land Without Magic.
In Storybrooke, he becomes a human named Billy, a car mechanic, who shows an interest in Ruby Lucas (Red Riding Hood) but is denied a date, unaware of the reason being her werewolf persona. Billy is later found dead, apparently murdered by Red in her wolf form. David Nolan (Prince Charming) however discovers his adoptive father, Albert Spencer (King George), gruesomely murdered him, leaving doctored evidence that Red was responsible, because he wanted David to look irresponsible of the town 's safety.
In the Enchanted Forest, Cora gives birth to Zelena after being trick by a gardener believed to be a Prince and abandons the child. She becomes a Princess with Rumplestiltskin 's help, marrying Prince Henry and gives birth to Regina. Controlling Regina to become Queen, Cora is sent to Wonderland where she becomes the Queen of Hearts and teaches Anastasia magic. When Killian is sent to kill her, Cora returns to the Enchanted Forest with him, shielding a corner of the realm from Regina 's Dark Curse.
Once the curse broke, Cora follows Emma and Snow to Storybrooke with Hook after they ended up in the Enchanted Forest. In Storybrooke, she turns a rehabilitating Regina back to evil but is unintentionally killed by Regina. In the Underworld, Cora is the Mayor of Underbrooke. Per Hades ' command, Cora tries to get Regina out of the land, but fails and is demoted to the mills. She is then rescued by Killian and Regina and decides to make amends with Zelena. After healing the broken bond between Zelena and Regina, Cora is granted entrance into Mount Olympus.
Living as a maid at Tremaine estate, she wishes to attend the royal ball at the King 's castle but her dress is destroyed under the orders of Lady Tremaine. She meets Rumplestiltskin after he kills her fairy godmother and offers her a contract - her wish in exchange for something she will have in the future. She signs without reading the contract and attends the ball where she meets Prince Thomas. The two falls in love and marries. However, Rumplestiltskin later reminds Ella of the contract and informs her that he wants her first - born child. When she discovers she is pregnant, she attempts to run away. However, Thomas and Prince Charming devise a plan to capture Rumplestiltskin. The plan succeeds, but Thomas disappears. Rumplestiltskin vows that she will never see Thomas again until the contract is fulfilled. After the Dark Curse is cast, Ella is sent to the Land Without Magic.
In Storybrooke, she is Ashley Boyd, a single, nineteen year old, pregnant maid. The baby 's father Sean Herman is forbidden to see Ashley by his father Mitchell, leading to Mitchell arranging for Mr. Gold to pay Ashley in exchange for the baby. She originally agrees to the exchange, but later decides to keep her child. She attempts to flee town but goes into labor at the city limits. Emma Swan brings her to the hospital, where she gives birth to a daughter and reunites with Sean. Emma agrees to be in - debt to Mr. Gold if Ashley is allowed to keep the baby. Ashley and Sean are later engaged. After Regina undoes her curse, Ashley goes back to the Enchanted Forest, but returns following a new curse. Ashley begins teaching parenting classes in Storybrooke at her day care. She later reunites with Clorinda and is nearly killed by Lady Tremaine. Emma managed to heal Ashley, who is then reunited with Sean.
In the Enchanted Forest, she is placed upon a sleeping curse by Maleficent against the crimes of her parents and her soul is sent to the Netherworld. When the Evil Queen cast her curse, Aurora is spared as her kingdom is within the protective barrier done by Cora. Instead, Aurora is frozen for twenty - eight years, with her soul trapped in the Netherworld.
After the curse broke, she is awoken from her deep sleep by Prince Phillip, accompanied by Mulan. Following Phillip 's death, Mulan tells Aurora that part of the Enchanted Forest had been spared from the Evil Queen 's curse, as Emma Swan and Mary Margaret Blanchard are transported from Storybrooke to the area, after falling into a portal with the wraith. At first, she blames them for Phillip 's death, but eventually, she helps them get back to Storybrooke. She and Mulan later successfully recover Phillip 's soul and find a wounded Neal Cassidy after he is transported from a portal in Storybrooke, assisting him on his quest to find Emma and Henry. It is later revealed that Aurora and Phillip are expecting a baby, much to Mulan 's dismay as she secretly has romantic feelings for her.
Aurora and Phillip later greet the inhabitants of Storybrooke in the Enchanted Forest upon their transportation, after Regina undid her curse. It is later revealed that they were under the protection of Zelena, the Wicked Witch of the West, though she transforms them into flying monkeys when they reveal her intentions of stealing Snow White and Prince Charming 's baby. After Zelena 's defeat, the two are restored to human form and begin to live in Storybrooke, where along with Mary Margaret and Ashley, attends parenting classes with her newborn child.
In the Enchanted Forest, the evil witch Maleficent turned Phillip into a monster called the Yaoguai. Belle uses fairy dust to return Phillip to his human form, who then teams with Mulan to find Aurora. Prince Phillip then teams up with Mulan in search of Princess Aurora. When the curse is cast, they both are frozen for twenty - eight years.
Twenty - eight years later, when the curse is weakened, Phillip and Mulan awakens from their frozen state and resume their search for Aurora. They find her sometime after the curse officially breaks. He wakes Aurora from her sleeping curse. However, a wraith marks Phillip and the creature sucks out his soul. It is later revealed by Cora that Phillip 's soul was merely transported to another world and Aurora and Mulan later restore Phillip soul. The three then find a wounded Neal Cassidy (Baelfire), assisting him on his quest to find Emma and Henry. It is later revealed that Aurora and Phillip are expecting a child.
Aurora and Phillip later greet the inhabitants of Storybrooke in the Enchanted Forest upon their transportation, after Peter Pan 's curse took them back to their original worlds. Prior to the curse 's reversal, they were under the protection of Zelena, the Wicked Witch of the West, though she transforms them into flying monkeys when they reveal her intentions of stealing Snow White and Prince Charming 's baby. After Zelena 's defeat, the two are restored to human form and begin to live in Storybrooke.
In the Enchanted Forest, Mulan meets Belle and teams up to hunt down a fearsome creature known as the Yaoguai. After finding out that it was Prince Phillip, cursed by a witch, she teams up with him to find Princess Aurora. Due to the casting of the Evil Queen 's curse, they both are unable to continue their search as they were frozen for twenty - eight years.
Twenty - eight years later, when the curse is weakened, Mulan and Phillip awakens from their frozen state and resume their search for Aurora. They find her sometime after the curse officially breaks. After she is rescued, the trio encounter a wraith, who sucks out Phillip 's soul. When Emma Swan and Mary Margaret appear in the area, Mulan believes that they were responsible for unleashing the wraith, and for Phillip 's death. Mulan later trusts Mary Margaret and Emma, helping them return to Storybrooke. Later, Mulan and Aurora successfully recover Phillip 's soul and find a wounded Neal Cassidy after he is transported from a portal in Storybrooke, assisting him on his quest to find Emma and Henry. It is later revealed that Aurora and Phillip are expecting a baby, much to Mulan 's dismay as she secretly has romantic feelings for her, though she leaves to join Robin Hood 's Merry Men.
Mulan later ends up in DunBroch, where she teaches Merida in combat and archery. Then she later teams up with Ruby after she freed her from the Witch and both begin a journey to find Ruby 's family of lycans which lead them to the Land of Oz. The two of them later help revive Dorothy after she was placed under a sleeping curse by Zelena.
In the Enchanted Forest, he makes a deal with Rumplestiltskin in order to get his life extended; Smee trades him a magic bean for his age reversal. Captain Hook manages to intervene and kidnaps Smee to obtain the bean, later appointing him as a crewman on his ship, the Jolly Roger. Hook uses the bean to create a portal that takes the ship to Neverland where he and his crew will never age. In Neverland, Smee serves as an adviser to Hook, assisting in his murderous aspirations to kill Rumplestiltskin and to raise the newly arrived Baelfire.
In Storybrooke, Smee appears as a homeless man who kidnaps Belle under the orders of her father Moe French. Mr. Gold later uses him as an experiment for his spell that would enable anyone to cross the border to Storybrooke without losing their memories. When Hook arrives in Storybrooke, Smee immediately begins following orders, retrieving Mr. Gold 's most prized possession -- Baelfire 's shawl. In retaliation, Gold turns Smee into a rat.
He is later reformed to his human body when the Dark Curse is reversed and returns to serving Captain Hook.
In the Land Without Magic, as a young boy, he camped out in the woods of Maine in 1983 with his father. On that night, the Dark Curse took everyone to this new world that becomes Storybrooke. Owen enjoys Regina 's company. However, this only leads her trying to keep him and his father in Storybrooke. Owen escapes after Kurt is falsely arrested by Regina, vowing to return to his father.
More than twenty - eight years later, a man crashes his car into Storybrooke. His name is later revealed to be Greg Mendell, an alias of Owen whose name is a reference to the geneticist Gregor Mendel. When Greg is brought to the hospital, the residents debate whether to save his life and risk the truth of Storybrooke being revealed to the outside world. He is ultimately saved, and remains in the town to investigate the strange happenings of Storybrooke. Regina eventually learns of Greg 's identity, telling him to leave the town. Greg ignores her, as it is revealed he is in alliance with Neal Cassidy 's fiancée, Tamara. The two kidnap Regina and torture her to reveal his father 's whereabouts. She eventually tells him that she killed his father. A hurt Greg plans to kill Regina but escapes when David Nolan tracks him down. Greg and Tamara later obtain a trigger to obliterate Storybrooke, though it is foiled. The two instead kidnap Henry Mills, travelling to Neverland.
Upon their arrival, Greg and Tamara realize that they had been fooled. When confronted by the Lost Boys, the pair refuse to hand Henry to them, causing Peter Pan 's Shadow to rip out Greg 's shadow from his body, killing him instantly.
Her hatred of magic makes her determined to remove magic from the Land Without Magic, seeing it as unholy. Her quest begins in Hong Kong, where she visits a self - proclaimed healer called the Dragon claiming to have cancer. There, she meets August Booth, who also seeks the healer as he is gradually turning to wood. August steals $10,000 from her as a settlement to the Dragon 's cure, though Tamara finds and takes the potion back. She later returns to the Dragon 's home and kills the Dragon. Tamara later follows August to New York City where she begins a scheme to learn about Storybrooke. She befriends Neal Cassidy, eventually becoming an engaged couple.
After the curse is broken, Tamara comes to Storybrooke as Neal 's fiancè and continues her quest to eliminate magic. She deceives Neal by claiming that magic is fictional but later tracks down August Booth, bribing him to leave town. She then attacks him with her magical taser. She also began gathering information of the people of Storybrooke and their counterparts. Obtaining a trigger after kidnapping Regina, she and Greg activates it to self - destruct the town as a distraction. While the heroes attempts to save the town, Tamara and Greg kidnaps Henry. Tamara uses a magic bean to Neverland, where she finds out that she had been deceived by Peter Pan into believing that they were also fighting the same cause as her. After the Shadow rips out Greg 's shadow, Tamara is hit by an arrow. Mr. Gold finds Tamara and heals her in order to find the location of Henry. After Tamara asks for forgiveness for attacking his son, Mr. Gold rips out Tamara 's heart and crushes it.
In Neverland, he leads the group into searching Captain Hook 's ship for Baelfire, whom he eventually finds and delivers to Peter Pan, though he is not the boy wanted -- Henry Mills.
When Neal arrives in Neverland to save his son Henry, Felix captures him until being knocked out after he breaks free. Upon his capture of the group from Storybrooke, Felix is taken to the town and placed in jail, until Peter Pan breaks him free, explaining his plot to make the town "The New Neverland '' with possession of the original Dark Curse. However, Pan reveals he needs the heart of the thing he loves most to enact it. As Felix was the most loyal to him, Pan uses his heart to enact the curse, thus killing him as a sacrifice.
In the Enchanted Forest, Malcolm leaves his son in the care of two spinners, who give Rumplestiltskin a magical bean to create a portal to leave his careless father. Using the magic bean, Malcolm and Rumplestiltskin travel to Neverland, a place which Malcolm envisions in his dreams. He decides to stay in Neverland, abandoning Rumplestilskin. Malcolm transforms into his younger self, adopting the name of Peter Pan. The Shadow informs Pan that his youth is limited, and he will die when the hourglass of Skull Rock is complete. Some time later, Pan visits Hamelin in the Enchanted Forest posing as the Pied Piper to expand what would later become the Lost Boys. He also blackmails John and Michael Darling to help him with his tasks, in exchange for their sister Wendy 's life, who had been lured back to Neverland, sending them to the Land Without Magic before the Queen 's curse to retrieve a boy soon - to - be born.
After Henry is brought to Neverland, he tricks him by being a fugitive boy. He later reveals to Henry that he has the Heart of the Truest Believer. Pan falsely claims to Henry that magic is dying in Neverland, persuading him to give him his heart, leading Henry to temporarily die. After Pan traps Gold inside Pandora 's Box, Regina successfully reclaims Henry 's heart and revives him, before Pan swaps his and Henry 's souls. Once in Storybrooke, he steals the Dark Curse 's scroll from Regina 's vault and cast a new curse, but is eventually killed by Rumplestilskin regressing back to Malcolm in the process and his curse was undone by Regina.
After death, Malcolm 's Peter Pan form ends up in the Underworld. When the heroes arrives in the Underworld, Pan plans to return to the living by exchanging one of their lives. Mr. Gold later enlists Pan as part of a loophole for a deal with Hades that involves abducting Zelena before the two of them can have dinner together. After the contract for Gold and Belle 's baby is ripped up by Hades, Pan and Mr. Gold then plan to use Robin 's heart to revive Pan. However, it was a trick by Mr. Gold as the heart is actually a wineskin he glamoured with the water from the River of Lost Souls sending him into the River of Lost Souls.
When Malcolm and Rumplestiltskin comes to Neverland, they land on the Shadow 's island. When Malcolm decides to stay in Neverland by turning himself youthful, the Shadow banishes Rumplestiltskin back to the Enchanted Forest, despite Malcolm breaking the island 's rules by staying. As Malcolm transforms into Peter Pan, the Shadow began serving him and the Lost Boys. The Shadow, working with Peter Pan to locate a boy with the heart of the truest believer, goes to the Land Without Magic to kidnap boys, one of them being Baelfire. As Baelfire is the wrong one, the Shadow continues it hunt for the right child.
Years later, after Henry is brought to Neverland, the Shadow tries to prevent his family from finding him, including Rumplestiltskin. The Shadow takes the form of Belle to trick Rumplestiltskin into leaving Neverland, although the ruse is uncovered by Regina. Once Peter Pan is defeated, the Shadow follows the group back to Storybrooke and helps Peter Pan defeat them. However, with help from Neal Cassidy and Tinker Bell, the Shadow is killed.
In Victorian England, he is briefly seen when a young Alice returns from Wonderland. He is saddened of his wife 's death and Alice 's disappearance. While Alice is in Wonderland, Edwin remarries to a woman named Sarah and they have a daughter named Millie. When Alice returns from Wonderland, Edwin reveals to her that as she had been gone for so long, everyone assumed she was dead. He does not believe that Alice is lying, though Dr. Lydgate tells him that his daughter is delusional. After hearing that Alice had escaped from Bethlem Asylum, he is visited by Jafar under the alias of Dr. Sheffield. He takes Edwin to Wonderland, keeping him prisoner in his tower and posing as him to reconnect and gain sympathy from Alice. Jafar eventually brings Edwin before Alice, threatening to throw him into the sea to force Alice to use another of her wishes. Alice originally declines and Edwin is thrown to his doom, only to be returned to England as Alice uses her second wish to return her father back to his home. Edwin is unsure if he is delusional of the visit or if it was real. Following Jafar 's defeat, he is seen welcoming Cyrus to the family as he and Alice are married in London.
In Victorian England, he is a member of the Academy of Sciences, which has the final say on who they admit as a member. One of the people he turned down is Dr. Henry Jekyll, who at the time was creating a serum that would split a person into two with different personalities. After turning down Jekyll, Dr. Lydgate is confronted by Jekyll 's alter ego, Mr. Hyde, who threatens to expose his affair with his assistant if Jekyll is n't admitted. He then makes Jekyll a member. After Mr. Hyde kills his daughter, he watches as Mr. Hyde flees the scene.
After those events took place, he admits Alice at his asylum and taunts her, telling her that her stories of Wonderland are entirely fictitious and insane. He tells Alice that there is a new treatment that will take away her memories of Wonderland, to which she agrees. The morning of the procedure, the Knave and White Rabbit come to save Alice, and the three of them escape the asylum, journeying through a rabbit hole back to Wonderland, after a shocked Dr. Lydgate witnesses Percy the White Rabbit. Dr. Lydgate is later visited by Jafar under the alias of Dr. Sheffield where he uses the White Rabbit to get Dr. Lydgate to tell him where he can find Alice 's father Edwin.
While Anastasia, the soon to be Red Queen, is settling in at the castle, they introduce themselves to her. When she cheerfully inquires for their names, Tweedledee states that due to their status as servants, they do n't have any. During the conversation, Tweedledum notices the Queen of Hearts has come to greet Anastasia. The two Tweedles follow closely behind as the women stroll and casually talk.
Years later, his brother began working with Jafar while his loyalty towards the Red Queen remains. Eventually, Jafar his defeated. Tweedledum then attends Alice 's wedding in Victorian with the others and returned shortly afterwards.
Tweedledee has secretly worked with Jafar. Tweedledum hears through the grape vine that Cyrus has been captured. As he goes to tell the Red Queen of this, he discovers Tweedledee 's secret association with Jafar and also informs the Red Queen of this. When Jafar visits the Red Queen 's palace, he finds a box addressed to him by the Red Queen containing Tweedledee 's head as he tells Jafar "I think she 's onto us. '' Jafar later used the body of one of his servants to place Tweedledee 's head onto in exchange that Tweedledee takes Jafar to the Jabberwocky 's prison.
The Caterpillar is the boss of a group of warriors called Collectors who are sent to collect the debts to the Caterpillar from anyone. The Knave of Hearts is in debt to the Caterpillar. Cyrus once traded his compass to the Caterpillar in exchange for an invisible tent at the edge of the Outlands. Sometime later, when Jefferson and the Evil Queen comes to Wonderland, they are greeted by the Caterpillar.
Years later, when the Knave of Hearts and Alice travel to Underland to take possession of the Forget - Me - Knot, the Caterpillar accepts the Knave 's deal of obtaining the item from the Grendel for him, in exchange that the Caterpillar erases his debt. The Knave instead keeps the Forget - Me - Knot to help Alice on their quest to find Cyrus. Jafar later visits the Caterpillar so that he can tell him about the Knave of Hearts. When in the presence of Jafar, Caterpillar tells him about the Jabberwocky and where she was imprisoned. Cyrus later visits the Caterpillar in order to get his compass back.
In the Enchanted Forest, after she breaks some fairy rules, including interacting with the Evil Queen and stealing pixie dust, Tinker Bell is stripped of her wings and made human by the Blue Fairy. Tinker Bell later travels to Neverland.
Some years later, she forgives Regina and helps to find her son Henry who had been kidnapped by the sinister Peter Pan. She successfully arrives in Storybrooke with the rest of Storybrooke 's residents, where she manages to kill Peter Pan 's shadow. Her actions result in saving Mother Superior whose shadow was ripped from her body by Peter Pan 's. Mother Superior restores Tinker Bell to fairy status. After returning to the Enchanted Forest and with Snow 's baby threaten to be taken by the Wicked Witch, she and Blue and the other fairies search the woods for enchanted objects to defeat Zelena. She later returns to Storybrooke with everyone and encourages Regina to be with Robin Hood after finding out he 's her soulmate. She then helps her friends search for answers about a way to stop Zelena when she challenges Regina to a fight.
In Agrabah, Jafar is brought to the Sultan for theft. Before enacting the punishment upon Jafar, he notices a ring on Jafar 's hand, learning that Jafar is his bastard son. Finding out that Jafar 's mother is dead, he makes Jafar work at the Palace as a servant but never acknowledging him as his son. One day, during a diplomatic meeting, Jafar over speaks when the Sultan 's son, Prince Mirza, could n't answer a question. Later, the Sultan makes Mirza slaps Jafar for over stepping. The Sultan eventually drowns and kills Jafar, although Jafar is later revived. As an adult, Jafar kills Mirza and imprisons the Sultan.
Years later, the Sultan appears as an old prisoner in a cage of Jafar 's tower on a floating island. When the genie Cyrus makes his escape and offers to have the ex-Sultan accompany him, he declines claiming he would only slow Cyrus down. Jafar later visits his father, telling him that once Alice uses her final wish, he will control the laws of magic, thus forcing his father to acknowledge him as his son. Regretting that he had not killed Jafar when he had the chance, the ex-Sultan purposely falls into the pit that his cage hangs over. Though Jafar spares him upon having his magic carpet catch him so that he can witness his final move on Alice. During Alice 's raid on the palace, she managed to free the Sultan. When Jafar attains great magical power, he makes his father feel true love for him. The Sultan is happy to have Jafar as his son, but it turns out that Jafar only wants him to feel this way so the Sultan knows what it 's like to have someone who loves him kill him and drowns the Sultan with magic by making water appear within him.
Regina later summons Ariel to Neverland, revealing that mermaids can travel through realms. After restoring Ariel 's voice, she promises to return her legs if she retrieves Pandora 's Box from Mr. Gold 's shop to defeat Peter Pan. After she completes the quest, Regina gives her the ability to use both her legs and fins with a special bracelet, allowing her to continue her search for Eric in Storybrooke. With help from Belle, she finds Eric as a fisherman and the two reconcile. After Pan enacts his curse, Ariel, along with the other inhabitants, are returned to their original worlds. It is later revealed that Eric was kidnapped by the pirate Blackbeard and sent to Hangman 's Island. Ariel eventually finds a safe haven on the island with Eric.
Sometime later, Ariel gets accidentally trapped inside a bottle with the Jolly Roger by Elsa and is later freed by Hook and then helps him by bringing King Poseidon to Storybrooke.
Alice meets her upon attempting to locate the Knave of Hearts after the two split up. She tells Alice that she and the Knave were great friends in his earlier days, assisting him with many battles in Wonderland. She also reveals of his love for Anastasia, and this being the real reason that he escaped Wonderland... to forget her abandonment of him. Lizard later attempts to help Alice rescue the Knave, though she is knocked out by Jafar. She does regain consciousness where she sees Anastasia looking at the Knave 's petrified form.
Later after bathing in the river, Elizabeth finds Cyrus ' lamp where the Knave of Hearts is now residing. She does make some wishes which improves a nearby town. Elizabeth then admits to the Knave of Hearts that she has feelings for him. After unwittingly making her third wish for the Knave of Hearts to feel something for her, Elizabeth falls dead. The Jabberwocky later finds Elizabeth 's dead body and takes her eyes so that Jafar can track down Cyrus ' lamp.
After Amara was badly injured in a house fire, her sons steals the healing waters of the Well of Wonders to cure her, but her sons are turned into genies by Nyx, the guardian of the well and are scattered across Agrabah. Since then, she became a powerful sorcerer in Agrabah in a bit to find her sons. She is approached by Jafar who wishes to learn magic from her in order to enact revenge on the Sultan. Years later, after much training, she gets involved in a romantic relationship with Jafar. Eventually, she tells Jafar on changing the laws of magic which requires the power of three genies but leaves out details of the genies origin, being her sons. After helping Jafar to retrieve two of the bottles, she is eventually betrayed by him after Jafar pins the final bottle 's whereabout. Jafar poisons her and turns her into a serpent staff which he uses to channel her magic and uses it to his wish. As a staff, she is briefly destroyed by Aladdin after he snapped the staff into half but eventually restored by Jafar.
Many years later, the Jabberwocky helps Alice and Cyrus turn Amara back to human form to fight against Jafar in Wonderland. In the fight, Cyrus is brutally injured, leaving Amara with no choice but to join forces with Jafar to change the laws of magic. Amara then escapes with Cyrus and Alice on a magic carpet to the White Rabbit 's house where she heals Cyrus. She later joins Cyrus on their trip to the Well of Wonders to return the stolen water to Nyx to break the genie curse. Amara sacrifices herself to Nyx, causing her to turn into a pool of water. Despite Jafar 's interference, the water is eventually returned to Nyx.
When Baelfire breaks into her house, she takes him in and hides him in her room. Everyday, secretly, she would bring him food, but is caught one day by her parents whom lets Baelfire stay with the family. One night, she tells Balefire about the Shadow who possesses magic. She is warned by Baelfire to never associate herself with magic, but she ignores his warning and goes with the Shadow to Neverland. The next day, she tells Baelfire that the Shadow is coming for her brothers. Together, they fight off the Shadow, but Baelfire lets the Shadow takes him in order to protect Wendy and her family. When Baelfire fails to return, Wendy and her brothers goes to Neverland to save him, but gets caught by Peter Pan. Wendy is kept as prisoner for over a century while her brothers does Pan 's bidding to keep her alive.
A year after the curse broke, Wendy is still a prisoner of Pan, who is using an adult John and Michael to head to Storybrooke to prevent Belle and Ariel from giving Mr. Gold Pandora 's box, which he and Regina are seeking in order to defeat Pan in exchange for Wendy 's freedom. Pan later forces Wendy to pretend to be ill in order for Henry to harness his belief in magic, before she is returned to her cage. Mr. Gold is instructed by Ariel to attempt to save Wendy on his quest to kill Pan. Wendy is later saved by Bae, and in return she informs him and the rest of the group of Pan 's intentions to kill Henry. She is then rescued and escapes Neverland and reunites with her brothers in Storybrooke. After Regina undoes her original curse, Wendy, along with the other inhabitants of Storybrooke, is send back to their home world.
Sarah married Edwin and together they got a daughter, Millie. Years later, Sarah meets Alice upon returning from Wonderland after she loses her true love Cyrus. She is shown to be strict and forceful, disbelieving her stories of Wonderland, much like Alice 's father Edwin. Sarah is adamant on protecting Millie from Alice 's theories.
Many years later, Sarah is seen at Alice 's and Cyrus ' wedding, finally believing the existence of Wonderland.
In Wonderland, she is stronger than an entire army and it took one army to imprison her with a blade in her chest.
Many years later, she is freed by Jafar who requires her help. After finding Elizabeth 's dead body, she takes her eyes in order for Jafar to locate the third genie 's lamp. Learning that the Red Queen has it, the Jabberwocky hunts down the Red Queen and steals the bottle from her. She brings the Red Queen to Jafar as a prisoner and later taunts the Red Queen on her past history, as requested by Jafar. Eventually, the Jabberwocky successfully makes the Red Queen use all of her wishes. Later, after Jafar changed the laws of magic, he uses the Vorpal Blade to pin the Jabberwocky to the dungeon walls upon her serving her purpose. The Jabberwocky is later freed.
As a young woman, her parents travel on a mission to the Enchanted Forest, searching for a cure to Elsa 's powers. However, they are involved in a storm and die in a shipwreck. Elsa discovers this years later, leading Anna to venture to the Enchanted Forest to fulfill their parents ' last mission. Upon her return with remaining questions, Anna is suspicious of Ingrid who has befriended Elsa after revealing she is their aunt. Ingrid attempts to prove to Elsa that people will turn on her for her powers by cursing Anna to turn on her. However, Anna inadvertnalty traps Elsa within a magical urn which is then taken by Rumplestiltskin and placed within the Dark One 's vault.
After Emma Swan and Captain Hook are dragged into a time portal to the past, they bring Elsa to Storybrooke upon their return. Initially frightened of the new land, Elsa eventually befriends Emma who she helps accept her powers similar to her own. Attempting to locate her sister, she uses Anna 's necklace to bring her to Storybrooke. Elsa soon learns that Ingrid wants to make Emma and Elsa her new sisters having lost her own as a young woman. However, Anna finds their mother 's last letter, explaining her forgiveness towards Ingrid for their past in Arendelle. Realising what she has become, Ingrid destroys herself, leaving Elsa, Anna and Krisoff to return to Arendelle and reclaim the kingdom from Hans and his brothers, and restore the memories of her mother and her sisters to their kingdom. Some time later, after Blackbeard attacked her sister and her fiancé Elsa manages to defeat Blackbeard and his crew and then traps Hook 's ship the Jolly Roger in a bottle.
Princess Anna is the second daughter of the King and Queen of Arendelle, sister of Elsa, niece of Ingid and Helga and fiancè of Kristoff.
As a young girl, her parents travel on a mission to the Enchanted Forest, searching for a cure to her sister 's powers. However, they are involved in a storm and die in a shipwreck. Elsa discovers this years later, leading Anna to venture to the Enchanted Forest to fulfill their parents ' last mission, delaying her wedding to Kristoff. Returning to Arendelle with questions outstanding, Anna becomes suspicious of Ingrid (the Snow Queen) who claims to be her aunt. Ingrid imprisons Anna, using a spell to have her turn on Elsa, resulting in Anna trapping Elsa in the urn. Ingrid then freezes Anna and Kristoff and the kingdom of Arendelle.
Thirty years later, Arendelle thaws and Anna and Kristoff escape from Anna 's sinister previous lover Prince Hans. With help from Blackbeard, Prince Hans captures the pair who then are placed in a trunk and thrown off the ship. In Storybrooke, Elsa discovers Anna 's necklace in Mr. Gold 's pawn shop and vows to find her. When Elsa wishes for Anna to return using her Wishing Star necklace, she inadvertently brings Anna from Arendelle to Storybrooke. Anna discovers her mother 's letter, leading Ingrid to destroy herself and be with her sisters once more. Anna, along with Elsa and Kristoff, return to Arendelle and reclaim the kingdom from Hans and his brothers and just in time for her wedding.
Initially the target for the affection of the Sheriff of Nottingham, she runs away with Robin after falling in love with him. Sometime later, Marian is pregnant and falls ill, causing Robin Hood to obtain a magic wand from Rumplestiltskin 's castle to heal her. Marian later gives birth to a son named Roland, though she ends up wanted by the Evil Queen and is sentenced to death.
Years later, after Zelena opens a time - travel portal, Emma and Hook are dragged into it and sent to the Enchanted Forest of the past. Emma decides to rescue Marian, but she is later killed by Zelena who also traveled by in time with Emma and Hook. She then takes the form of Marian and returns to Storybrooke with them but is eventually discovered by Regina and Robin later on.
Originally set to marry Anna, she puts the wedding on hold in order to find the truth behind her parents ' death. After Ingrid attempts to harm Anna, Kristoff attempts to save her, only to be frozen by Ingrid.
Thirty years later, Arendelle thaws and Anna and Kristoff escape from the sinister Prince Hans, having now taken over the kingdom. With help from Blackbeard, Prince Hans capture Anna and Kristoff, who are thrown from his ship inside a trunk. In Storybrooke, Elsa using Anna 's necklace to unintentionally save Anna and Kristoff and bring them to the town. After Ingrid destroys herself, Kristoff returns to Arendelle with Anna and Elsa and claims backs the kingdom and just in time for his wedding.
As a child, Ingrid discovers that she has inherited ice magic. Her sisters Helga and Gerda, takes her to see Rumplestiltskin for help where Ingrid gets a magical gloves and an urn as a fail safe through a deal. One day, by accident, Ingrid kills Helga with her ice magic, prompting Gerda to trap her in the urn and hiding it in the North Valley. Years later, delevoping her powers as the Snow Queen, Ingrid is freed unintentionally and is reunited with her nieces Elsa and Anna, who she plans to replace as her new sisters. After Anna proofs as unfit, she strikes a deal with the Apprentice for a third magical sister. When a cursed Anna traps Elsa in the urn, Ingrid freezes all of Arendelle but loses the urn to Rumplestiltskin. Years later, with the Apprentice 's help, Ingrid goes to the Land Without Magic where she becomes Emma 's foster parent, but loses her. In 2001, Ingrid goes to Storybrooke and takes over an ice - cream parlor as Sarah Fisher while awaiting for Elsa and Emma 's arrival.
When Elsa is brought to the town, Ingrid sees her opportunity to finally complete her family. Attempting to show Emma her true abilities, Ingrid eventually causes her to lose control of her magic, though Elsa helps Emma to accept herself and her powers. Ingrid then places magical ribbons on the three of them, allowing her to harness their powers. She casts the Spell of Shattered Sight over Storybrooke, attempting to have the residents kill one another, leaving only her, Elsa and Emma remaining. However, when Anna arrives, reading her mother Helga 's last words of regret and forgiveness, Ingrid undoes the Spell of Shattered Sight by destroying herself. Before she dies, Ingrid returns the memories of Emma and Elsa, disappearing to the afterlife, where she is happy to join Gerda and Helga.
He protects his teacher 's creation, a box capable of transforming into a hat for absorbing and accumulating magic, from each person that takes on the Dark One 's powers. A version of the Dark One, Rumplestiltskin manages to steal the hat, but it is then taken by Princess Anna of Arendelle. Some time later, Ingrid obtains the hat and gives it back to the Apprentice in exchange for a portal to the real world in order for Ingrid to complete her family. Snow White and Prince Charming also cross paths with the Apprentice, offering them a spell to remove any potential darkness from their expected baby. After they obtain Maleficent 's egg, the Apprentice places the darkness inside and transports it to the real world. The Apprentice later confronts the Author for manipulating the transportation of Maleficent 's egg and imprisons him for his irresponsibility.
In Storybrooke, the Apprentice is visited by Mr. Gold, who uses the hat to place the Apprentice inside and utilize its power to be cleaved of the Dark One 's dagger 's control. Mother Superior later frees the Apprentice from the hat. He later helps to save Mr. Gold 's life by placing the Dark One 's dark powers into the hat. Unfortunately, the darkness escapes and enters the Apprentice 's body which weakens him. While in a weakened state, he reveals that Merlin is the only one who can stop the darkness forever after it is taken in by Emma Swan. He then procures a wand to assist the residents in their transport to Camelot to find him. Afterwards, the Apprentice takes his last breath and passes away. Henry later encounters the Apprentice in the Underworld where he learns that the Apprentice 's unfinished business is to make sure Henry does the right thing if he happens to get the key to the Sorcerer 's Mansion from Sheriff James where the Magic Quill is contained.
Failed to curse Queen Briar Rose, Maleficent curses both Princess Aurora and Prince Phillip after gaining strength from Regina. In dragon form, Maleficent become pregnant after intimacy with Zorro. After this, Prince David places a true love potion into Maleficent 's dragon form. Some time later, Regina visits Maleficent and steals the Dark Curse from her. After laying her egg, it is stolen by Snow White and Prince David and unintentionally send to the Land Without Magic by the Apprentice. When the Dark Curse is cast, Maleficent is sent to the Land Without Magic.
In Storybrooke, Regina traps Maleficent in her dragon form beneath Storybrooke 's abandoned library and is slain by Emma to retrieve the true love potion, leaving her in an undead form. When Cruella and Ursula arrive in Storybrooke with Rumplestiltskin, they resurrect Maleficent to get even with the heroes. At this time, Maleficent reunites with her daughter Lilith and together, they locates Lilith 's father: Zorro. After the creation of the United Realms, Maleficent is invited for Regina 's coronation, but does not RSVP.
In the Oceanic Realm, as a mermaid, she is forced by her father to sing and lure pirates to their death. Hoping for a better life, Ursula joins Killian to travel far from her realm. But with interruptions from her father, she loses her voice to Killian. Out for vengeance, she turns herself into a sea witch and takes over the Oceanic Realm. She then befriends Maleficent and Cruella and works to escape Regina 's curse. Unintentionally, she is sent to the Land Without Magic with Cruella and Maleficent 's egg where she uses the egg to keep herself from ageing.
Many years later, Ursula works as an aquarium worker in New York. Rumplestiltskin finds her and offers her happy ending if she works with him, Cruella and Maleficent. Entering Storybrooke, Killian makes a deal with Ursula for information regarding Rumplestiltskin 's plan in - exchange for her singing voice. When this fails, Killian retrieves King Poseidon with Ariel 's help, who apologises to Ursula for his past actions. Reconciling with her father upon having her singing voice returned, Ursula leaves with him to return to the Oceanic Realm.
In 1920s England, Cruella poison her father and stepfathers and is locked away by Madeline. Years later, Isaac Heller frees her and gives her the ability to control animals using magic. Using magic, she kills her mother and her Dalmatian dogs, making Isaac to seal her fate: where she can never kill a living soul ever again. Cruella then travels to the Enchanted Forest and teams up with Maleficent and Ursula. She, along with Ursula and Maleficent 's baby egg, is unintentionally sent to the Land Without Magic by the Apprentice.
In the Land Without Magic, Cruella marries a rich man, Mr. Feinberg and takes on the identity of Cruella Feinberg. Years later, Rumplestiltskin brings her and Ursula to Storybrooke where they resurrect Maleficent to find the Author to rewrite their endings but is killed by Emma after being pushed off a cliff, ending up in the Underworld. When the heroes ends up in the Underworld to save Killian, she tries to prevent them from leaving, but fails. In Sir Mordred 's bar, she expresses her dissatisfaction of the Underworld, but refuses to move on.
Working as a television sales person in the Land Without Magic, Isaac is offered the position of being an author by the Apprentice who takes him to Fairy Tale Land to record stories of its inhabitants. During his time as the author, he manipulates his power to alter the life of many, including Cruella De Vil, Snow White, Prince Charming, Maleficent, Ursula, and Lilith, prompting the Apprentice to trap Isaac in the Once Upon a Time book as punishment. Despite being trapped, the book is constantly updated until the Dark Curse is cast, and Isaac 's writing comes to a halt.
Years later, he is sought by many wanting to alter their fate for a happy ending. Isaac is freed from the book and aligns himself with Rumplestiltskin as he too wishes to alter his own fate. Once obtaining ink for his quill, Isaac alters the Storybrooke inhabitants ' fate, sucking everyone but Henry into the World Within the Book. His wrong doing is then undone by Henry and he is imprisoned by David and Snow. He is later freed by Regina in - exchange for information about the ending of the Once Upon a Time book. After revealing the fate of the Savior and the book 's Final Battle, Isaac leaves Storybrooke back into the Land Without Magic.
Born inside an egg, she is transported from the Enchanted Forest to the Land Without Magic after Snow White and Prince Charming attempt to rid their daughter Emma Swan of any potential darkness. As an orphan, Lilith is adopted into the Page Family in Hopkins, Minnesota, though she runs away after feeling alone. She meets a similar aged Emma who befriends her after realizing their supposed similar orphan situation but part ways after Emma finds out that Lilith has a family of her on. Lilith later tracks Emma down at her new foster family and after unintentionally destroying Emma 's life with them, Lilith decides to part ways with Emma for good. Abort a bus, she is approached by the Apprentice who tells her about her origin and how Emma 's parents are responsible for the damage of her family. Lilith later begins plotting a way to Storybrooke to get even.
Years later, per Maleficent 's request, Emma tracks Lilith down and convinces her to go back with her to Storybrooke. Lilith lies to her and convinces Emma that her life turned out fine, but later steals Emma 's car with the Sorcerer 's scroll to get into Storybrooke. The two eventually make amends and Lilith is reunited with Maleficent in Storybrooke. She convinces Maleficent to get revenge on Prince Charming and Snow White, but Maleficent chooses to let it go, causing her to down the revenge pay on her own by turning into a dragon. Eventually, she listens to Maleficemt by giving up on revenge. Briefly, Lilith, along the other Storybrooke inhabitants, is sent to the Alternate World after Isaac Heller rewrites the Once Upon a Time book, but is returned shortly afterwards. Following Isaac 's defeat, Lilith decides to stay in Storybrooke permanently with Maleficent, at the same time, to locate her father.
By the end of the series, it was revealed that Maleficent reunited with the father of Lily who turns out to be someone named Zorro.
Running in a desert, Merlin is gifted water in the form of a Holy Grail due to thirst by the Gods which gives him magical ability. Merlin uses his magic to help others in - need in Camelot. One day, he is approached by Nimue who needed help from Vortigan, a man who attacked her village. Eventually, Nimue becomes power hungry after drinking the water from the Holy Grail and Merlin is forced to tender her to a dagger, making her the first Dark One. Some time later, Nimue gets even with Merlin and turns him into a tree. Trapped in the tree, Merlin prophecies the future of Camelot, where Arthur would become the King of the realm.
In the Land Without Magic, briefly by unknown means, Merlin appears as an usher to a young Emma Swan, warning her to never pull Excalibur from its stone in the future.
Years later, he is freed from his imprisonment by Regina and Emma, causing King Arthur and his knights to rebel against him for aiding Regina and Emma. Merlin tried to remove the darkness from Emma, but Emma refused as it would result in the death of Hook. When Hook becomes a Dark One as well, Merlin records a message for the heroes on how to defeat the darkness, but is interrupted by Hook, who wishes to cast the Dark Curse to send everyone back to Storybrooke to get revenge on Mr. Gold. Hook, as Nimue, rips Merlin 's heart and crushes it into a pot with the curse 's ingredients which enacts the curse.
As a young boy, it was prophesied by Merlin that he will become the King of Camelot. Sometime later, he pulls Excalibur out from the stone, but notices that half of the sword is missing. He then marries Guinevere and makes her Queen of Camelot. Later on, using the Sands of Avalon, he turns his tower into a castle.
Years later, he greets the inhabitants of Storybrooke into Camelot, who are seeking Merlin. While there are in Camelot, he discovers the missing piece of Excalibur -- the dagger of the Dark One. He manipulates events in order to get the dagger, eventually working with Zelena and binding Merlin to Excalibur, forcing him to kill the heroes. Emma intervenes, forcing Arthur and Zelena to retreat. He later works with Zelena to get an Enchanted Helm from DunBroch, but is defeated by Merida and her clans. Later, when Hook -- the newest Dark One cast another curse, Arthur is sent to Storybrooke.
In Storybrooke, Arthur reunites with the other inhabitants of Camelot and forms a camp nearby. He also works with the heroes to find out what happened back in Camelot, due to everyone 's memories of their time in Camelot being erased by the curse. He is later arrested by David for deceiving the heroes but escapes sometime later. He is then killed by Hades ending up in the Underworld. There, he help Hook to send a message to Emma on a way to defeat Hades. After succeeding, a portal to Mount Olympus opened for both of them, but Arthur chose to stay back and make the Underworld his new kingdom. This worked as he has overthrown Cruella and ruled of the Underworld for over fifty years.
When her mother is transformed into a bear by the Witch of DunBroch, she helps transform her back to human form. Years later, she witness the death of her father, resulting in her being the next Queen of DunBroch. When the United Clans claims that she 's unfit to rule, they kidnaps her triplet brothers in a form of protest. While searching for her brothers, she meets Emma, the new Dark One. At first, she was willing to help Emma, but eventually betrays her after a misunderstanding. She is later jailed by Arthur, but is freed by Merlin. Kidnapping Belle, she makes her help in the search of her brothers, eventually rescuing them. She also finds out that Arthur was responsible for the death of her father. On horseback riding to Camelot, she is swept away to Storybrooke by the curse cast by Hook.
In Storybrooke upon being brought there by the Dark Curse, Merida became a minion for Emma as she has her heart in order to train Mr. Gold to become heroic enough to release Excalibur and at the same time use him in order to kill Emma. Mr. Gold passed this event by defeating Merida 's bear form. Upon releasing Mr. Gold and Merida from her clutches, Emma then tells Merida that her three brothers are safe with their mother in DunBroch. She is then asked by Regina to guard Emma but ends up being knocked out by Hook. Merida then receives her memories back along with everyone else by Emma, and is later ask to watch Arthur in his jail cell while they travel to Underworld to bring Hook back. Eventually, the heroes open a portal for her, the Camelot inhabitants, and the Merry Men to return to the Enchanted Forest where she later returns home to DunBroch.
From an unknown realm, Nurse Ratched is brought over to the newly created town of Storybrooke, working at Storybrooke General Hospital as the Severe Nurse. Following the breaking of the curse, she resumes her original identity as Nurse Ratched and continues working at the psychiatric ward. Later on, after Regina reversed the curse, Nurse Ratched is sent back to her homeworld along with the rest of the inhabitants of Storybrooke.
With the new curse cast by Snow White, she is brought back to Storybrooke and resumes her job as the psychiatric nurse at the hospital. She is later seen in charged of the prison ward underneath the hospital too. During Fiona 's curse, Nurse Ratched is cursed into working with Fiona to keep Emma from remembering her past life by heavily giving Emma pills. After the curse breaks, Nurse Ratched resumes her ordinary life.
As a young girl, she believed in Arthur 's dreams of becoming a king, and upon returning with Excalibur she became his wife. Unfortunately, she would become neglected by Arthur 's obsession with Excalibur, resulting in her falling for Lancelot. The two even went on a mission to seek out the Dark One 's dagger. Thanks to a deal made by Rumplestiltskin, she traded the gauntlet in exchange for the magical sands that came from the sap of a tree that is found on Avalon. When Arthur finds out about her feelings for Lancelot, he takes the sands and uses it on Guinevere to make her follow his orders and then they both use it to fix Camelot and make it into a castle. She then uses the sand on David and Mary Margaret so they can follow Arthur 's orders but they are later free from it thanks to Merlin. Guinevere later watches in horror when the Dark Curse consumes all of Camelot and takes them to Storybrooke.
When Captain Hook 's Dark One form evoked the Dark Curse, Guinevere is among those that ended up in Storybrooke with her memory of the last six weeks erased. She is later send to the Enchanted Forest and then back to Camelot with her people and the Merry Men and Merida.
During his tenure, Lancelot witnesses Arthur free Excalibur from its stone, though abandons his place on the Round Table after falling in love with Arthur 's wife Guinevere, this after they went on a quest to find the dagger, which resulted in a deal with Rumplestiltskin that Lancelot was against. After leaving Camelot, he became a servant of King George under the alias of Leviathan. Under the orders of King George, Lancelot captures Snow White and brings her to him, unintentionally allowing King George to curse her with water that makes her barren forever, with no chance of producing children. Lancelot revisits Snow, mentioning that he had no knowledge of the water 's content. Using the remnants of the water in Lake Nostos, Lancelot is able to undo the curse on Snow White.
After the curse, Cora masquerades as Lancelot, claiming that he 's dead. Lancelot turns up alive. At some point, he returns to Camelot and sneaks into King Arthur 's castle. During the night where David is bestowed the Siege Perilous seat by Arthur, Snow White goes out to the hallway to calm down her crying baby son where she sees a shadowy figure walk past. When she calls out to the person, Lancelot steps out much to her astonishment. He assures her it is truly him. After putting aside the story of his struggles, Lancelot warns her about a villain that is currently in the castle. At first, Snow assumes he is speaking about Emma. Instead, Lancelot reveals that King Arthur is the villain and Camelot is not what it seems. When Arthur found out that Lancelot was alive and confronted him and Mary Margaret in the Dark One 's Vault, David found out where the suspicions towards King Arthur were confirmed. When the rest of the Knights arrive at Granny 's to help King Arthur, Lancelot also discovered that Guinevere was under Arthur 's command thanks to the sand dust that was used on her by King Arthur. Lancelot is locked up in the dungeon where he meets Merida as they both plan to find a way to defeat King Arthur. Both of them are freed by David 's group with the help of Merlin. Following Captain Hook being tethered to Excalibur, Merlin sends Sir Lancelot to his mother, the Lady of the Lake which is a two - day journey to help stop the darkness. He is too late to help and is not swept up by the third Dark Curse back to Storybrooke like everyone else.
As an avid horse rider, she hopes to follow her late mother 's footsteps as a champion horseback rider. When the Storybrooke inhabitants comes to Camelot, she becomes Henry 's crush, sharing a passion for music. She also played a part in Emma 's quest to free Merlin in Camelot by using her to break Henry 's heart so she can obtain Henry 's teardrop in order to free Merlin. Later on, when the Dark Curse is cast, Violet is send to the Land Without Magic.
Arriving in Storybrooke, Henry develops a crush on her again. After her horse Nicodemus goes missing, Henry catches him and returns Nicodemus to Violet during the town party, impressing her father, Sir Morgan. Sir Morgan departs with Nicodemus to the stables while Henry and Violet share a kiss. Later, Violet follows Henry out of Storybrooke to New York City to destroy magic. She, along with Henry, is brought back to Storybrooke by the heroes where she shares a passionate kiss with Henry. She, along with her father, chooses to stay in Storybrooke. She later becomes a student at Storybrooke High. She continues to date Henry after the Final Battle, but eventually they break up.
Robin is born out of wedlock because of Zelena 's trickery towards Robin Hood. As a baby, Zelena raises her in Storybrooke after the town once again found peace after the Final Battle was won. Shortly afterwards, Robin is brought to the New Enchanted Forest, where due to the time difference, grows into a twenty - five year old women who specializes in archery. She also engages in a relationship with Alice. After the Dark Curse is cast, Robin ends up in the Land Without Magic.
In Hyperion Heights, Robin is now Margot and is Kelly 's daughter. However, with involvement from Roni, she goes to Amsterdam with tickets from Roni. She afterwards ends up in Phuket for a foam party and never returns home.
At some point, the Blind Witch comes to possess the Evil Queen 's poisoned apple. One day, the Evil Queen bargains with two young children, named Hansel and Gretel, to find their lost father, in return for stealing a poisoned apple from the witch. However, despite the Queen 's warning not to eat anything, Hansel licks some frosting off a cupcake, awaking the witch. She tries to eat Hansel and Gretel but they trick her and lock her in her own oven. The Queen, who was watching the events through her mirror, sends a bolt of fire through the mirror and lights the oven on fire.
Since her death, the Blind Witch works at the Underworld 's version of Granny 's Diner when she encounters Mary Margaret. She has n't forgiven Regina for sending Hansel and Gretel to retrieve the apple and for burning her alive. Mary Margaret gets the Blind Witch to tell them where they can find Hercules. She tips them off by stating that he comes in from the shipyards during his lunch hour. The Blind Witch later informs Emma, Regina, and Red about where they can find Auntie Em stating that where she works is the competition to her business. She later acquired powers from Hades to keep the outsiders from escaping the Underworld in exchange for taking over the realm with Cruella when Hades leaves, this after Regina discovered that she was n't supposed to have any ability to obtain magic. After the heroes escape the Underworld, she continues her work in the Underbrooke diner at the time when King Arthur arrived after he was killed by Hades.
After his father Cronus appoints Zeus as the next ruler of Mount Olympus, he kills him. Zeus then stops his heart from beating and banishes him to the Underworld to be its ruler. One day, he appeared before Liam Jones and offered to let the ship sink in exchange that Liam and Killain be spared and the Eye of the Storm will be in their possession. Years later, he meets Zelena in the Land of Oz and was interested in her time travelling spell. He fell in love with her but Zelena saw it as a trick and asked him to go back to the Underworld.
When Emma and her allies arrive in the Underworld, he forces Cora to get rid of the heroes from his land. Failing, he turns Cora back into a miller and forces her to work at an underground mill for her failure. After Hercules and Megara ascend to Mount Olympus, Hades decides to trap the heroes in the Underworld by forcing Hook to write a new name on a gravestone for each souls that leaves. When Hook refuses, he hangs Hook over the River of Lost Souls. He also sends Captain Silver to the Worst Place and tries sending Hook, later Liam, there but fails. He also buys the contract made by Rumplestiltskin years ago with Fendrake, threatening to take Mr. Gold 's second unborn child with Belle. He is later reunited with Zelena, who falls in love with him. When she gets kidnap, he asks Emma 's help to get her back. Later, after his heart starts beating again due to true love 's kiss, a portal is opened. He turns over the Underworld to Cruella as he leaves for Storybrooke with Zelena and her child. There, he kills King Arthur and hopes to take over Storybrooke. Using the Olympian Crystal, he kills Robin Hood. Zelena then kills him with the Olympian Crystal.
In Victorian England, he tries to join the Academy of Sciences run by Dr. Lydgate but he turns him down, claiming that his experiments is too dangerous. With Rumplestiltskin 's help, Dr. Jekyll uses a serum to change his personality, along with his looks and shows up uninvited at a party hosted by Dr. Lydgate. He also ends up in a relationship with Mary while as Mr. Hyde. When Mary finds out that he used the serum to pose as Mr. Hyde, the both has a rough fight, leading to Dr. Jekyll accidentally pushing her from her bedroom window, falling to her death. He later goes to the Land of Untold Stories.
When David, Snow, Zelena and Hook accidentally get sent there through a portal, Dr. Jekyll meets them but is afraid to help them because of what the Warden might do to him. Later, he finishes the serum he developed to separate his good side and his evil side and Hyde separates from him. He is later rescued by David, Snow, Zelena and Hook and is taken along with them to Storybrooke to live a better life. He later works with Dr. Whale in his garage to make a new serum to defeat the Evil Queen (Serum). He later tries to hurt Belle, resulting in Hook killing him. The side effect also kills Mr. Hyde.
In Victorian England, after Dr. Jekyll, with the help of Rumplestiltskin, creates a serum, he uses it to transform himself to Mr. Hyde. He threatens to expose Dr. Lydgate 's affair with his assistant if he does not give a place in the academy for Dr. Jekyll. He then ends up in a relationship with Mary, but she is later killed by Dr. Jekyll. He later confronts Rumplestiltskin about the incident and makes his way to the Land of Untold Stories.
Years later in the Land of Untold Stories, Hyde steals the Pandora 's Box containing Belle and her unborn child from Gold by using the Apprentice 's Wand after he is told the Dark One has found love. After he is separated from Dr. Jekyll, Mr. Hyde makes a deal with Gold telling him on where to travel to find a way to free Belle from her sleeping curse. In return, he travels to Storybrooke with his fellow Untold Stories and announces to Regina Mills it is his. After a dirigible from the Land of Untold Stories arrives, Dr. Jekyll, David Nolan, and Regina were able to subdue Mr. Hyde with special shackles despite Emma having some hand tremors at the time. While locked up in the psychiatric ward of the Storybrooke Hospital, Mr. Hyde states that Emma should follow a red bird if she wants to find the answers to her hand tremors. He is later freed by the Evil Queen (Serum). When Hook kills Dr. Jekyll, he also dies as he is Dr. Jekyll 's alter ego.
Separated from Regina, the Evil Queen wages war on her and heads to Storybrooke. She then begins manipulating events in - order to turn Regina dark, but her priorities shifts to avenging Daniel 's death by destroying Snow White 's happiness. She places a joint curse on Mary Margaret and David, making it impossible to break. Regina, however, wishes to make peace with the Evil Queen. While dueling, Regina rips the Evil Queen 's heart and balances the darkness with her own lightness so that the Evil Queen can feel some form of love. In order to start fresh, she leaves Storybrooke for the Wish Realm and engages in a relationship with Robin of Locksley. However, the villages believe she is responsible for the death of King David and Queen Snow White, forcing them both to retreat to the Enchanted Forest, in Regina 's former palace.
During the Black Fairy 's curse, as all the realms began to crumble, the former Evil Queen works alongside Regina and Zelena to find a way to get back to Storybrooke to reunite with Emma and Henry to stop the destruction of their world. When all fails, the Queen helps halt the curse as Regina gathers everyone at the center of her palace. The curse engulfs the Queen into nothingness. However, once the curse breaks, the Queen reforms. Sometime afterwards, Robin of Locksley proposes to her.
Kidnapped by the Black Fairy upon birth in Storybrooke, he is brought to the Dark Realm. Due to the time difference, he grows a full twenty - eight years and is forced to return to Storybrooke when the Black Fairy rips his heart and controls it. In Storybrooke, he manipulates events in order to open a portal from the Dark Realm to bring over the Black Fairy, something which he successfully does with the blood of Emma.
During the Black Fairy 's curse, he is led into thinking that his mother left him and his father and is later commanded by the Black Fairy to kill Emma. As the two duel, Emma is struck, and Gideon disappears, turning back into a baby for Mr. Gold and Belle to have a second chance in raising him. During a victorious dinner at Granny 's Diner, Belle and Mr. Gold brings Gideon to join the others. Eventually, after his first birthday, he is taken to various worlds by Mr. Gold and Belle. In one of those worlds, Gideon gets accepted into Elphame Academy and bids farewell to his parents to attend his lessons. While his parents spends time in the Edge of Realms, Gideon occasionally visits them, with each time, Belle is older than before due to the time different in that world. After Belle dies, Gideon visits her grave with his father to say his goodbyes to her.
As a thief, Aladdin is hired by Princess Jasmine to locate the Diamond in the Rough at the Cave of Wonders, but Jasmine after reveals that she had been looking for Aladdin as the Savior of Agrabah. When the Capital Palace is attacked by Jafar, Aladdin saves the Sultan and Jasmine by breaking Jafar 's staff. After Jafar escapes, Aladdin hunts him down, but is gifted a pair of scissors which can cut his fate of being the Savior, which Aladdin uses. Knowing that Jasmine is looking for him to save Agrabah, Aladdin retreats to the Enchanted Forest and is swept by the Dark Curse to the Land Without Magic.
Years later, Emma finds Aladdin in an underground cemetery. He gives her the scissors as a back up plan for her as she is the current Savior. He then reunites with Princess Jasmine and becomes a genie to help locate Agrabah 's whereabouts. However, he gets captured by the Evil Queen and becomes her slave. When she is temporarily defeated, Aladdin is freed. Together with Jasmine, they returns to Fairy Tale Land to locate Agrabah. With help from Hook and Ariel, they find Jafar 's genie lamp and discovers that Agrabah is inside the Crown Jewel of Agrabah. After freeing their realm, Aladdin rules Agrabah with Jasmine but is threaten with the Black Fairy 's curse, which destroys all of Agrabah, forcing Aladdin, Jasmine, and a few of their citizens to retreat into the Portal of Doors. After the curse is lifted, and all the realms are restored, Aladdin and Jasmine returns home. Standing atop the palace 's balcony, Aladdin and Jasmine looks upon their realm with much happiness.
When Jafar began residing at the Capital of Agrabah, he uses his serpent staff to control the Sultan of Agrabah, Jasmine 's father. To save her father and all of Agrabah, she recruits Aladdin to help her obtain the Diamond in the Rough from the Cave of Wonders, where she reveals to Aladdin that he is to be the Savior of Agrabah. She is later confronted by Jafar and placed in an hour glass as Jafar proceeds with plans to take over the realm. She is rescued by Aladdin as Jafar flees the capital to a neighbouring kingdom. She does not joins Aladdin in his mission to locate Jafar and stays back at the capital to undo Jafar 's doing. Some time later, Jafar tricks Jasmine into marriage in order to get the Crown Jewel of Agrabah, which he uses to remove Agrabah from man 's reach. Jasmine consults the Oracle and decides to find Aladdin. By unknown means, she, along with the Oracle, goes to the Land of Untold Stories.
When Mr. Hyde brings the Land of Untold Stories refugees to Storybrooke, Jasmine takes on the identity as Shirin and becomes an assistant teacher at Storybrooke Elementary School. She is then framed for the murder of the Oracle, but freed afterwards. During her time in Storybrooke, she reunites with Aladdin and requests his help to find Agrabah. Together, they return to Fairy Tale Land and finds Jafar 's genie lamp. Jasmine learns from Jafar that Agrabah is trapped in the Crown Jewel of Agrabah. After transforming Jafar into a staff, Jasmine frees Agrabah and rules the realm with Aladdin, but faces threats from the Black Fairy vis her Dark Curse, which destroys Agrabah. Jasmine then helps the heroes in the Enchanted Forest to defeat the curse. After the curse breaks, and Agrabah is restored, Jasmine and Aladdin returns home. Standing atop the palace 's balcony, Jasmine and Aladdin looks upon their realm with much happiness.
With Malcolm, Fiona gives birth to a son, but grows obsessed in protecting him after his fairy godmother, Tiger Lily, riveals that her son is destined to die as the Savior in the far future. She tricks Tiger Lily into breaking into the Sacred Vault of the Fairies to create a curse to banish all the children of their land to the Land Without Magic, however, the Blue Fairy banishes her to the Dark Realm where she becomes the cruel Black Fairy and kidnaps children from various realms and forces them to mine dark fairy dust.
About thirty years later, the Black Fairy arrives in Storybrooke after the birth of her grandson, Gideon, and kidnaps him to the Dark Realm and raises him. After twenty - eight years, according to the time in the Dark Realm, the Black Fairy rips his heart out and commands him to return to Storybrooke to kill the Savior. Since then, the Black Fairy had been manipulating events from her domain and eventually frees herself from the Dark Realm with Gideon 's help. She arrives in Storybrooke and prepares for the final battle between her and Emma, and eventually casting the curse to separate Emma 's love one 's before the battle. The curse reverts Storybrooke back to its original self during the first curse and the destruction of all lands with magic begins, however, after Mr. Gold kills her, her curse comes to an end.
After the birth of Fiona 's son, Tiger Lily and the Blue Fairy visits Fiona and Tiger Lily is revealed as the child 's fairy godmother. Later on, after Fiona learned of her son 's fate as the Savior, Tiger Lily helps her to find the child destined to kill Fiona 's son in the far future. Breaking into the Sacred Vault of the Fairies, Tiger Lily is tricked by Fiona, who intends to create a curse to banish all the children of their land to the Land Without Magic. With the Blue Fairy 's help, Fiona is banished to the Dark Realm, and Tiger Lily and the Blue Fairy reveals Fiona 's fate to her husband, Malcolm. Since then, Tiger Lily removes her fairy status and relocates to Neverland.
Years later, she comes across Captain Hook and teams up with him to send word to the current savior, Emma, that Fiona, now known as the Black Fairy, intends to kill her during the Final Battle. Tiger Lily helps Hook escape from the Lost Boys into a portal back to Storybrooke. Tiger Lily eventually regains her fairy status and helps Henry and his daughter Lucy in the far future to locate a magical wardrobe in the New Enchanted Forest. However, after Henry is captured by the Coven of the Eight, Tiger Lily brings Lucy to her mother at Tiana 's castle.
As a child, Drizella had a strong bond with her sister, promising to always be there for one another. After her mother 's disappearance, Drizella loses hope on ever reuniting with her and replaces Cecelia as her motherly figure, despite Rapunzel 's return six years after. Drizella refuses to acknowledge Rapunzel as her mother, and after Anastasia 's death, her mother began despising her. Drizella, hoping to make her mother suffer, joins the Coven of the Eight and together with Gothel and six other witches, cast the Dark Curse which sends everyone to the Land Without Magic.
In Hyperion Heights, she is known as Ivy Belfrey, an assistant to her mother at Belfrey Towers. Ivy pretends that her memories are wiped by the curse as a ploy to make her mother believe that she is in - charge. Ivy works alongside Eloise and gets Victoria arrested in - order make her suffer. However, Eloise betrays her and entraps both Victoria and herself at the bottom of a well. When her mother sacrifices herself to save her, Ivy began to realize the wrongdoings of her ways and make amends with Henry, Jacinda, and Roni. She then saves Anastasia from Eloise and Mr. Samdi. After making amends, Ivy and Anastasia uses a magic bean to return to the New Enchanted Forest.
Born in a tower, Alice is used by Gothel to escape the tower, replacing Alice as its prisoner. Hoping to not abandon her, Hook stays behind to take care of her. However, Gothel separates them with the Curse of the Poisoned Heart. Eventually, a giant troll frees Alice from the tower during her seventeenth birthday. Her freedom leads to a romantic relationship with Robin after crossing paths with her. When the Dark Curse is cast, Alice is sent to the Land Without Magic.
In Hyperion Heights, she is known as Tilly, who works with Detective Weaver and frequents the statue site that the Troll became. Tilly is forced into taking pills, which prevents herself from remembering her past life. Once when she refuses, she remembered Rumplestiltskin and shot Detective Weaver. She later becomes a suspect in the murders of Dr. Sage and Hilda, but Detective Rogers proved that she had an alibi and was being framed. Gothel later orchestrated events that would bring Tilly to the where the Coven of Eight is. During the final battle with Gothel where Henry 's kiss on an unconscious Roni breaks the spell, Tilly regains her memories and turns Gothel into a tree. While apologizing to Gothel for what was brought onto her, Tilly grows Lupinus pilosus at the base of the tree. Afterwards, she and Margot embraced each other.
Eloise Gardener later enchanted the desk sergeant into setting a trap that would get Rogers caught and Tilly in her clutches.
Despite her mother 's disappearance, Anastasia refuses to give up hope, unlike Drizella. After six years, Anastasia lures her mother back by using lanterns, an idea Drizella gave. However, one winter, Anastasia falls into thin ice along with Ella. As Marcus dove in to rescue Ella first, Anastasia 's life was at the brink of death. Rapunzel brings her to Gothel, who preserves her last breath until she can be awaken. Her mother places her in a coffin and vows to do what it takes to awake her. When the Dark Curse is cast, Anastasia and her coffin is sent to the Land Without Magic.
In Hyperion Heights, the coffin is buried deep in a community garden. Victoria Belfrey hires some contractors to dig up the garden in - search of Anastasia 's coffin. After finding it, she has the coffin transported to Belfrey Tower, where she presents the coffin to Eloise Gardener. Victoria requests help from the Eloise to help awaken Anastasia, however, the woman declines. Victoria later uses a tear of Lucy 's lack of believe and awakens Anastasia. After double - crossing Victoria and Ivy, Eloise plans to use Anastasia to gather the other witches of her coven. However, Ivy rescue her from Eloise and make amends with Anastasia. Using a magic bean, they both return to the New Enchanted Forest.
Living as a tree nymph in the Land Without Magic, Gothel is to ascend her mother in the far future, but Gothel wishes to be among mankind. Befriending a group of young women, Gothel is tricked into attending a ball where she is humiliated by her new found friends. Upon learning that they burnt down her home and killed her family, Gothel returns to the ball and kills everyone but Seraphina who possesses magic. Disappointed with mankind, she wipes out humanity upon the land and uses a magic bean to travel to the New Enchanted Forest with Seraphina. In the new realm, Gothel becomes a famed Mother Nature while creating the Coven of Eight to find powerful witches in order to return to the Land Without Magic to reclaim the land. Upon finding seven suitable candidates, Gothel helps cast the Dark Curse to return to the Land Without Magic.
In Hyperion Heights, Gothel ends up as a prisoner of Victoria Belfrey as Eloise Gardener and maintains her memories. With help from Ivy and a tricked Detective Rogers, Eloise escapes Victoria and begins her plot to reclaim the Land Without Magic from the humans. She intends to awaken her coven members, but the arrival of a witch hunter temporarily puts a stop to her plan. Instead, Eloise goes after an awaken Anastasia for her Guardian powers to gain the Dark One dagger. However, after being betrayed by Ivy and Anastasia, Eloise hires Samuel B. Ryce to awaken the remaining coven members. Eloise also keep Tilly hostage and forces her to help the coven bring back magic to the land. All the coven members succeeds in their share of the spell, but the breaking of the Dark Curse prevents Tilly from doing so, and everyone regains their memories. Eloise, now back to being known as Gothel, battles with Alice after Alice refuses to join her reclaim their home, resulting in Gothel transforming into a tree.
Turning Robert into a human and entrapping his lover in a cage, Dr. Facilier tricks Princess Tiana into finding Robert, who is forced to work for him as Prince Marias. When Tiana finds out about this, she confronts him and makes a deal with him: her father 's war medal for Robert 's caged lover. Dr. Facilier agrees to this deal and after getting the medal, he removes the ruby, quoting that the ruby is indeed magical and powerful. Tina then swings out her sword to attack him. Not too shocked, he takes out a voodoo doll and pricks it in the leg, injuring Tiana, who pushes down a table, releasing his grip to the doll. With no where to turn, he teleports away with the ruby. He later interrupts Tiana 's coronation day and bears a warning of the future Queen 's fate before manifesting away. When Prince Naveen is in the brink of death following an attack by an alligator, Dr. Facilier saves him, but then sends Naveen away until he 's able to pay is debt. As for the alligator, Dr. Facilier wanted it dead after it swallowed a necklace of his. Eventually, the Dark Curse is cast, and Dr. Facilier is sent to the Land Without Magic.
In Hyperion Heights, he is Mr. Baron Samdi, the CEO of Samdi Holdings. Victoria Belfrey pushed him out of the neighborhood years before but following her death, Mr. Samdi returns to Hyperion Heights. During a weird power failure at Roni 's, he offers help to Henry by handing over his business card and later speaking to both owners Roni and Kell, about his proposition. He is later visited by Roni who believes that Mr. Samdi is awake from the curse. Mr. Samdi reveals to her that he is indeed awake by calling her "Regina '' and invites her into his apartment to share his plans. Be is also aware of the murders taking place, helping Ivy and Anastasia return to their realm, as well as dealing with Rumpelstiltskin / Weaver, as he also wants to acquire the Dagger the latter has in possession. After Nick was apprehended for the attempted murder of Kelly, Samdi appears in the interrogation room where he revealed that he was the one who awoken Nick 's memories. Using a voodoo doll and a pin, Samdi tells Nick that he has been discarded from his deck as he sticks a pin in him causing Nick to collapse dead. When Jacinda and Sabine arrive at Baron Samdi 's apartment, they find Drew in his closet as Samdi locks them in. After the spell is broken and Baron Samdi senses Gothel 's defeat, Jacinda breaks down the door to confront Samdi only for him to get away. Weaver later confronted Samdi about the stolen Dark One 's Dagger. Before Samdi could answer, he is stabbed in the back by Rumpelstiltskin 's Wish Realm counterpart.
Living together with their father in the Land of Oz, Hansel and his sister Gretel cross paths with the Blind Witch who wishes to cook them. They narrowly escape and tell their father about Ivo. Hansel tried to retaliate against Zelena only for her to burn parts of his arms. Sometime afterwards, Hansel leaves Gretel to travel the realms. Now going by the name of Jack, he continues to harbour a hatred for witches, especially after learning of Gretel 's death during an initiation. When Henry arrives in the New Enchanted Forest, he makes friends with Jack and bonded. After fighting off giants, Jack makes plans to head over to New Agrabah as Henry decides to leave for Storybrooke. Sometime later, Jack makes his way to a resistance camp lead by Princess Tiana and reunites with Henry and is introduced to Ella. He then helps the heroes prevent Drizella 's curse from happening, but fails to do so and is sent to the Land Without Magic after the curse is cast.
In Hyperion Heights, he is known as Nick Branson, a man who thinks he is Lucy 's father. He is sought by Jacinda when child services takes Lucy away after Victoria is arrested for the kidnapping of Eloise Gardner. As a lawyer, Nick takes on the case and wins it, reuniting Jacinda with Lucy. Nick later goes on a witch hunt, hunting down witches from the Coven of the Eight cursed in Hyperion Heights. He kills Dr. Sage with poison and tries to kill Hilda Braeburn with carbon monoxide in her bakery. However, Hilda survives and is brought to the hospital where Jack stabs her to death. Jack later goes after Ivy in a parking lot, but she fights him off and escapes. When Henry, who was reconsidering staying in Seattle rather than leaving for a new job, discovers scars on Nick, Nick poisons Henry and takes him as prisoner, vowing to continue his witch hunt and to make Henry aware of his true identity. While Rogers freed Henry, Nick abducts Chad and holds him for the ransom of Kelly. The two of them fight in the basement beneath Roni 's bar which ends with Kelly knocking him out. Nick is then arrested by the police. While in the interrogation room, Nick is approached by Baron Samdi where he revealed that he was the one who awoken Nick 's memories. Using a voodoo doll and a pin, Samdi tells Nick that he has been discarded from his deck as he sticks a pin in him causing Nick to collapse dead.
In the Land of Oz, the Witch owns a gingerbread house and gains a reputation as a children eater. One day, she kidnaps Hansel and Gretel with hopes of eating them, but the two children escapes from her. The Witch also crosses paths with the Wicked Witch of the West, who have recently taken over all of the Land of Oz, who removes her sight, becoming the Blind Witch. Years afterwards, she is recruited into the Coven of the Eight and relocates to the New Enchanted Forest. Together with the other witches, they help Gothel free Drizella from her statue state. The Blind Witch then offers an ingredient to cast the Dark Curse which sends them all to the Land Without Magic.
In Hyperion Heights, she is Hilda Braeburn, a baker and owner of "The Bakery @ Hyperion Heights ''. During her time at the bakery, Dr. Sage visits occasionally to buy some treats for herself. After Dr. Sage 's death, Hilda is visited by Detective Rogers and Detective Weaver. Hilda claims that she heard about Dr. Sage 's death, but never seen a thing due to being blind. Once the detectives leave, she is attacked and left for dead. Her still breathing body is later found by Rogers and Weaver when the two broke into her bakery to find any evidence to link her to Dr. Sage 's murder. Hilda is then brought to the hospital for treatment, where she is eventually killed.
After his brother died from an Alligator attack, Prince Naveen tracks the beast from Maldonia to the New Enchanted Forest. He teams up with Princess Tiana to kill it, but due to a misunderstanding, he is attacked by the Alligator. Once it 's dead, Tiana brings him to Dr. Facilier, who fixes Naveen but send some him someplace hard to reach until he can pay is debt. Eventually, Naveen is sent to the Land Without Magic after the Dark Curse is cast.
In Hyperion Heights, he is known as Drew, a food truck operator. Blackmailed by Mr. Samdi, he reunites with Sabine, his old friend. When Sabine 's food truck is shut down by the Police Department due to a lack of a safety permit, Drew agrees to help her despite her believing that he was behind it. After the night is over, Drew confronts Mr. Samdi about his plan, but Mr. Samdi reveals that Sabine is an important part in his plan.
After Prince David proposes to Snow While, the Bishop officiates their wedding at a chapel at the Royal Castle. During the ceremony, he is interrupted by Regina, who threatens him and everyone present, about a curse that she plans to enact that will take away their happiness.
Years later, after Issac rewrites the Once Upon a Time book, the Bishop is sent to the World Within the Book. There, he remains his role as a bishop and officiates Robin Hood and Zelena 's wedding. Once Henry undoes Isaac 's damage, the Bishop is sent back to his original home.
Living in Boston, Ryan goes on a date with Emma Swan, who is a bounty hunter. Halfway through the date, Emma reveals that she was hired by his wife to track him down after fleeing. Horrified, Ryan escapes the restaurant to his car to escape jail time, but finds his car tire booted. When Emma approaches to take him in, he sarcastically remarks her orphaned self, forcing Emma to slam his head on the steering wheel.
As one of the darkest souls of the Enchanted Forest, she is invited by Regina to participate in the enactment of the Dark Curse and joins with other dark souls. As each had to sacrifice a piece of themselves, the Blind Witch cuts off a lock of her hair. However, the first enactment fails, displeasing her and various others. Eventually, Regina casts the curse and she, along with the rest of the Enchanted Forest, is consumed by the curse and is sent to the Land Without Magic.
In Storybrooke, she is Miss Ginger, a bespectacled busybody that is always lurking around whenever there 's trouble. However, after the appearance of Peter Pan in Storybrooke and the casting of another curse, Regina is forced to undo her curse. The price of it is the destruction of Storybrooke. Via the reversal curse, Miss Ginger is sent back to the Enchanted Forest.
After receiving an invitation from Regina, the Gnome meets up with other dark souls of the Enchanted Forest in preparation for the casting of the Dark Curse. Regina threatens them to sacrifice a lock of hair to enact the curse which she then uses to enact the curse. The casting fails, promoting the Gnome to laugh at Regina. Angered, she petrified him. When the Dark Curse is properly cast, the Gnome, in petrified form, is sent to the Land Without Magic.
In Storybrooke, the Gnome appears as a garden gnome at Regina 's home. Later on, when Regina is forced to reverse her curse, all of Storybrooke, including the petrified Gnome is sent back to their respective worlds.
After the death of her second husband, Lady Tremaine ends up with his daughter, Ella. One day, the footman from a nearby kingdom arrives at her estate, inviting her and her family to a royal ball held at the King 's castle. On the night of the ball, she takes her daughters, Clorinda and Tisbe, and leaves Ella to do chores. When Ella shows up at the ball, she mocks her, telling her that the Prince will never choose her, despite him dancing with her. Later, after finding out that the Prince is falling for Ella, she breaks Ella 's glass slipper, the only proof of Ella being the women that the Prince danced with at the ball. She then prevents Clorinda from marrying Jacob, the footman by opening a portal to the Land of Untold Stories and banishes her daughter, along with herself there.
When Mr. Hyde brings the inhabitants from the Land of Untold Stories to Storybrooke, Lady Tremaine is among the inhabitants. Duping Clorinda into helping her, Lady Tremaine tries to enact revenge on Ella at Jacob 's pumpkin farm. After Lady Tremaine threatens to kill Clorinda 's lover, Jacob, Clorinda tries to stop her. Instead, Lady Tremaine stabs Ella. She is then arrested and sentenced to do community service under Storybrooke 's law.
In the Enchanted Forest, Clorinda is engaged to Prince Thomas ' footman Jacob, but is too scared to tell her mother, and tells Ella instead. With help from Ella, Clorinda and Jacob plans to go to the Land of Untold Stories, but are prevented by Lady Tremaine. Clorinda is then forced to go to the Land of Untold Stories with her mother.
Years later, arriving in Storybrooke from the Land of Untold Stories, Clorinda is duped into helping her mother get revenge on Ella. During a confrontation at a pumpkin farm run by Jacob, Lady Tremaine injures Ella. With the intervention of Emma, Henry, and Hook, Clorinda is happily reunited with Ella and Jacob.
After receiving an invitation to a royal ball, her mother instructs her and her sister Clorinda to dress proper to meet the Prince. When Ella voices her interest to attend the ball too, Tisbe and her family destroys Ella 's dress and abandons her for the ball at the King 's castle. There, she meets and falls for a duke. When her mother and sister goes to the Land of Untold Stories, Tisbe remains in the Enchanted Forest.
While being a fairy, the Fairy Godmother also works as a patron to King George and his family. For unknown reasons, Rumplestiltskin seeks her whereabouts and gains knowledge of it from King George. When Ella is left behind by her step - family for a royal ball at the King 's castle, the Fairy Godmother appears to help her out. The Fairy Godmother intends to transform Ella into a princess for the ball. Before she could do it, Rumplestiltskin kills her and takes her wand.
Prince Thomas meets Ella at his father 's ball after she makes a deal with Rumplestiltskin. After Ella thinks he loves Clorinda, she leaves the ball, leaving behind her glass slipper. He then searches the entire kingdom for her with Snow White 's help. They eventually find her and he proposals to her and they marry. During their wedding reception, Rumplestiltskin informs Ella that he owes her her first - born child in exchange for her lavish life. Thomas comforts a frightened Ella, devising a plan with Prince Charming to capture Rumplestiltskin. The plan succeeds, but Thomas disappears, with Rumplestiltskin vowing that she will never see Thomas again until the contract is fulfilled. After the Evil Queen cast the Dark Curse, Thomas is sent to the Land Without Magic.
In Storybrooke, he is Sean Herman, a cannery worker who is forced by his father Mitchell to leave Ashley after she falls pregnant. Sean eventually decides to go against his father 's wishes and visits Ashley to reconcile with her and to see his new - born daughter. A few months later, he proposes to Ashley and the pair are engaged. After the curse breaks, he regains his memories as Prince Thomas. Eventually, he is send back to the Enchanted Forest after Regina undoes her curse, but returns after a new curse is cast. He also reunites with Ella 's stepsister Clorinda after she comes from the Land of Untold Stories, and his footman Jacob.
The King holds a royal ball at his castle for his son, Prince Thomas, to find a possible suitor. Eventually, his son chooses Ella, and the King gives his blessing to the happy couple, and later is expected to become a grandfather. However, this is halted when the Evil Queen cast the Dark Curse that sends the King to the Land Without Magic.
In Storybrooke, he is Mitchell Herman, father of Sean. He disapproves Sean of having contact with Ashley after he gets her pregnant. He makes a deal with Mr. Gold to take Ashley 's child to lessen the girl 's burden, but eventually, the deal is not fulfied. After the curse breaks, he is reunited with his loved ones and is eventually sent back to the Enchanted Forest after Regina reversed her curse.
Martin works as a con artist alongside his wife and son to make a living. They occasionally get involved in various schemes around the Enchanted Forest and believes that Jiminy would take over the family business once he 's an adult. Martin later learns about his son 's disapproval of their way of living when Jiminy tried to poison him and Myrna from a deal with Rumplestiltskin. He switches the poison with a couple and happily confronts Jiminy about the switch, which turned the couple into puppets.
Working as con artists with Martin and her son, they are involved in various schemes around the Enchanted Forest. Myrna occasionally wants Jiminy to involve himself in their crimes as he is to take over the family business when he 's older, despite not wanting to. Hoping for an out, Jiminy makes a deal with Rumplestiltskin for a poison, but Myrna and Martin finds out and switches the poison with another family, with ended up turning the unfortunate couple into puppets.
After James and David were born, in order save their farm, Robert and Ruth makes a deal with Rumplestiltskin to give up James to King George. Afterwards, James, being unhappy with his life, runs away to Pleasure Island but is found by Robert who wants to bring him home but they are both stopped by King George who offers Robert gold to give James back but Robert refuses. King George orders for him to be executed and James is taken back home. Years later, King George 's kingdom struggles financially, prompting James and his lover Jacqueline into tricking Anton, a giant, by stealing treasure from his beanstalk home. He later competes in a battle which ends in a mutual kill, causing King George to use his twin brother David to pose as him in order to save the kingdom.
Mary Margaret later encounters Prince James in the Underworld where he is operating as sheriff and is envious of David, who was chosen over James to be raised by their parents. While in the Underworld, James has a romantic relationship with Cruella De Vil. In order to ruin David 's life, James assumes David 's identity in order to help Cruella obtain Zelena 's baby. When he and Cruella have Emma Swan and Robin Hood at the Underbrooke Harbor, David arrives upon escaping his cell where he fights James who states that his unfinished business is to kill David. Before James can kill David, he gets knocked into Underbrooke Harbor by David ending up in the River of Lost Souls. Although David commented about how his brother did n't deserve that, Emma states that some people are n't meant to move on.
When she and Robert are about to lose their farm they make a deal with Rumplestiltskin and give up their son James. She later loses Robert when he died and is told his death was caused by an accidental overdose. Later on she and David continue to live on the farm but are tormented by a warlord named Bo Peep who brands them if they do n't give her their weekly pay but they are freed from her when David gains the strength and bravery from a girl named Anna. When James is killed in battle, Ruth tries to convince her second son, David, to marry King Midas ' daughter in order to save their farm. She tells David of James whom he originally had no knowledge of, informing him that she gave him away as an heir to King George to keep their farm. Later on, Ruth gives David her wedding ring to pass on to his true love, Snow White. Ruth is later shot by a poisoned arrow from King George 's knights when David arranges to meet his mother. David, Snow and Lancelot attempt to cure her with the water of Lake Nostos, but unbeknownst to them, she instead gives Snow the healing water to make her fertile again following King George 's potion. As her dying wish, Ruth witnesses Snow marry her son, before passing away.
Possessing powers to turn all he touches to gold, he had one hand cut off and has a special glove over his other hand to hold back the Golden Touch. Due to this, he accidentally transforms his daughter 's true love, Fredrick, into a statue whilst protecting him. After a dragon terrorizes King Midas ' kingdom, he enlists King George 's son James to kill the creature. After James is killed, his twin brother David takes his place, slaughtering the dragon, leading King Midas to offer David his daughter 's hand in marriage. However, Abigail chooses to marry Frederick, who is turned back into human, for love while David weds Snow White.
When Prince Charming tries to free Frederick from his golden statue state, he comes to Lake Nostos to retrieve its waters. This awakens the Siren who attacks Charming for trying to steal her waters without permission. Charming and the Siren fights off, and she dies in the hands of Charming. Her waters his then used to free Frederick. Following her death, Lake Nostos dries up.
Years later, Cora and Captain Hook comes to Lake Nostos and finds the remains of the Siren, with a dried up lake. However, with Cora 's interruption, she restores Lake Nostos 's magical waters despite the Siren remaining dead.
After the Evil Queen captures his father, he and Gretel work for the Evil Queen to obtain a special apple from the Blind Witch in her gingerbread house. However, he and his sister is warned to not eat anything in the Blind Witch 's house. After breaking in, Hansel does not heed the Evil Queen 's warning and eats a cupcake, waking the Blind Witch who plans to cook and eat them. However, Hansel and his sister turn the tables on the Blind Witch by locking her in the oven. Afterwards, the Evil Queen offers them a place to stay in her palace for a job well done, but Hansel and his sister refuses, wishing to be with their father. Angered at their decision, the Evil Queen banishes them both to the Infinite Forest. Eventually, the Dark Curse is cast and Hansel is sent to the Land Without Magic.
In Storybrooke, he is Nicholas Zimmer, who have never met his father and live on their own since their mother died. In order to avoid him from being separated from his sister by social services, Emma finds their father and persuades him to take care of them.
After the Evil Queen Regina captures their father in the forest, they are forced to retrieve a small black sack (something precious) for her from the Blind Witch. After they succeed, the Queen invites them to live with her in her palace but they refuse, stating they want to be reunited with their father. She reacts to this by transporting them to the infinite forest. Their father is then brought to the Queen and released, without knowing where his children are located.
In Storybrooke, they are siblings Ava Zimmer, who have never met their father and live on their own since their mother died. In order to avoid them being separated by social services, Emma finds their father and convinces him to take care of them.
While in the woods of the Enchanted Forest, he is captured by the Evil Queen 's guards. After banishing Hansel and Gretel to the Infinite Forest for refusing to live with her, the Evil Queen releases him, while telling him that he and his children can live together as a family, once they find one another.
In Storybrooke, he is a mechanic named Michael Tillman who is the owner of Marine Garage. He is the father of Nicholas and Ava (Hansel and Gretel) whom he is n't aware of until Sheriff Emma Swan informs him. At first, he refuses to take them in because he fears that he would not be able to support them. Later, when Emma is forced to take them to social services in Boston, she pretends that her car breaks down and calls him. When he arrives to tow her car, she tells him to at least see them before making a decision, he chooses to take them in.
Zoso is a slave to the Duke, who wields the Dark One 's dagger which enables anyone who possesses it to control them, that resided in the frontlands. Seeking freedom from the Duke, Zoso manipulates Rumplestiltskin while in the form of a beggar by telling him to burn down the Duke 's castle and steal the Dark One 's dagger. After the objectives are filled, Rumplestiltskin stabs him with the dagger, killing him, which allows Rumplestiltskin to become the new Dark One.
Years later, Zoso is temporarily resurrected from the Underworld by Hook and joins the other former Dark Ones in Storybrooke, seeking to exchange their life by branding others. Eventually, he and the others, are sucked into the Dark One 's dagger, whisking them from existence.
As a Prince, Leopold meets Cora after she is betrayed by Jonathan, a man claiming to be a Prince. The two form a strong bond until Cora learns he is engaged to Princess Eva, who informs Leopold of her secret child, leading him to remove Cora from his kingdom. Becoming King, he marries Eva and the two have a daughter named Snow White, though Eva later dies after being poisoned by Cora. The latter later sets up her daughter Regina to marry King Leopold by getting Regina to save Snow 's life. Upon finding the Genie 's lamp, he can not think of anything he desires, so instead frees the Genie and invites him to his castle to work with him. These actions end in disaster when the Genie falls in love with Regina and plots to kill the King to free her from the loveless marriage. The Genie places poisonous vipers from Agrabah in the King 's bed, killing him.
He once introduces Belle to Gaston at the time when the Ogre Wars were starting. During one of the Ogre attacks, Maurice lost Colette to the invading Ogres. He later enlists Rumplestiltskin to save his people from the Ogre Wars. He agrees on the condition that Belle must leave her family and become the caretaker of his estate. Maurice declines, but Belle agrees to the bargain. Years later, the Evil Queen casts the Dark Curse that sends Maurice to the Land Without Magic.
In Storybrooke, he is Moe French, a florist. Mr. Gold (Rumplestiltskin) repossesses the shop 's van, leading to Moe robbing his house and being beaten viciously. After the curse is broken, Moe begins to search for Belle, hiring Mr. William Smee to locate her. Initially they are reunited, but when Moe learns that Belle still has feelings for Rumplestiltskin, he tries to send her across town lines in order to have her forget him. After Gold rescues Belle, she tells both him and her father that she wishes to never see them again. Belle and Moe later reconcile and Moe gives his blessing for Belle to marry Mr. Gold. After returning from the Underworld, Mr. Gold pays him a visit and Moe is displeased to see him again. Moe is asked to wake Belle up from her sleeping curse, but refuses to wake her until Gold is gone.
Hoping to reunite their kingdoms, Sir Maurice wants Belle to marry Gaston. As Belle is reluctant to marry him, Gaston decides to spend time with her. On a walk in the forest, they find a young ogre trapped in an underground hole. Without Belle 's knowledge, Gaston tortures the ogre. When Belle uses an enchanted mirror to disclose the culprit, Gaston is revealed. Despite this, Sir Maurice still persuades to give Gaston a second chance. Sometime later, Gaston becomes Belle 's fiancé. During the ogre raid, Belle is given to Rumplestiltskin in exchange for the kingdom 's safety. Gaston later goes to Rumplestiltskin 's castle to save her, but is turned into a rose. Unknown to her, Belle cuts the rose 's stem to place it in a vase, killing him. His soul is then sent to the Underworld.
In the Underworld, Gaston works at the Underbrooke Pet Shelter. Hades approaches him with a deal to get his revenge on Mr. Gold. Hades gives him arrows that were dipped into the River of Lost Souls. Anyone who is hit by the arrows ends up in the River of Lost Souls. Belle figures out that she is the unfinished business that Gaston has. Near the Underbrooke Harbor which the River of Lost Souls flows through, Mr. Gold has Gaston in a stranglehold until Belle arrives. Belle uses the Dark One 's Dagger to have him release Gaston. When Gaston starts to attack Mr. Gold, Belle accidentally knocks Gaston into the Underbrooke Harbor causing him to end up in the River of Lost Souls.
The Chief resides in an unknown realm. When the Evil Queen casts the Dark Curse in the Enchanted Forest, somehow, the Chief gets swept by the curse, along with various inhabitants of the Enchanted Forest. The curse sends the Chief to the Land Without Magic.
In Storybrooke, the Chief is known as a Mop Patient in Storybrooke 's Mental Facility, located under Storybrooke 's General Hospital. Locked in a wad at one of the corridors, he is always seen mopping the hallway. After the curse is broken, he regains his memories as the Chief, but maintains as a patient in the facility. After the curse is reversed, the Chief is returned to him homeland, but returned to Storybrooke after another curse is cast, ending up back in the facility.
In the Enchanted Forest, when he first meets Regina, Rumplestiltskin has Jefferson bring Dr. Frankenstein to the Enchanted Forest to pretend failing to revive her true love Daniel, in order to make her become evil. In his later life, he lives with his daughter Grace, selling fungus to survive. He initially refuses to help Regina, though later agrees if his daughter will want for nothing. He takes Regina to Wonderland, where she rescues her father Henry and abandons Jefferson, who is beheaded by the knights of the Queen of Hearts. His head is reattached and he is ordered to make another hat to return home. Although he makes thousands of hats, none take him home, leading him into insanity and earning his alias as the Mad Hatter.
In Storybrooke, he remembers his pre-cursed life and lives in a large house. He captures Mary Margaret Blanchard and abducts Emma, ordering her to make a hat that will take him home. Emma knocks him out and when he awakens to kill Emma, Mary Margaret pushes him out of a window. He disappears, leaving nothing but his hat. Jefferson returns upon request of Regina to remove Emma, promising a new life with his daughter. He retrieves the apple that cursed Snow White into a deathlike sleep from the Enchanted Forest. However, after Henry is cursed, Regina refuses to reward Jefferson, who later frees Belle from her cell and instructs her to tell Mr. Gold that Regina held her captive. After the curse is broken, he initially avoids Grace, feeling guilty for unintentionally abandoning her, but they eventually happily reunite.
When Regina was a teenager, he gave her riding lessons and was also her secret lover. After Regina saves a young Snow White 's life, King Leopold proposes to her. To avoid the unwanted marriage, Regina devises a plan to run away with Daniel, but Cora kills him upon learning of their relationship from Snow White. After Regina learns basic magic, she uses a preservation spell on Daniel 's body, keeping him in a glass case and dedicating her time to finding a way to bring him back to life. Jefferson brings Dr. Victor Frankenstein to her from his world and he performs an experiment on Daniel 's body, failing. It is later revealed that he failed on purpose as part of a deal with Rumplestiltskin, who wanted Regina to give into her dark side.
After the curse in Storybrooke is broken, Dr. Whale wishes for Regina to return him to his world. In order to persuade her, he attempts the experiment on Daniel again, this time succeeding. However, the pain of resurrection turns Daniel into a monster who rips off Whale 's arm. During a brief moment of painful lucidity, Daniel tells Regina to forget their love and love again, before lapsing back into psychotic behavior and attempting to attack her; a heartbroken Regina turns Daniel to dust. Daniel briefly spends his time in the Underworld before moving on into Mount Olympus.
Sometime during the Ogre Wars, Milah gave birth to Baelfire. She and Rumplestiltskin come to the aid of Baelfire when he gets bitten by an Atlantean Rat Snake. As the cure to the 24 - hour venom owned by Fendrake the Healer is expensive, both of them had to come up with a plan to obtain it. Unwilling to murder Fendrake, Rumplestiltskin had to make a deal with him to obtain the cure, which they administer it to Baelfire. While at a bar, a drunk threatened Milah until she is saved by Captain Hook. At some point, Rumplestiltskin finds out that Milah has been having an affair with Captain Hook and she secretly leaves with Captain Hook on his journey out to sea. Rumplestiltskin is left believing that Captain Hook kidnapped her for the use of his "lonely '' crew. Upon becoming the Dark One, Rumplestiltskin catches up to Captain Hook, discovering Milah also. She reveals that Captain Hook did n't kidnap her. Milah states that she abandoned Baelfire because the marriage made her miserable. This causes an angry Rumplestiltskin to pull out her heart and crush it, killing Milah.
In the Underworld, Mr. Gold encounters Milah as a crossing guard and enlists her to help him and Emma rescue Captain Hook from his prison near the River of Lost Souls. While waiting for Emma 's return, she admits to Mr. Gold that her guilt over leaving Baelfire is keeping her in the Underworld and that she regrets treating her son poorly because she hated her husband. Recalling that Baelfire forgave him for betraying him, Mr. Gold offers her hope about their son forgiving her as well. Since she now knows Baelfire is happy and in a better place, she has hopes her unfinished business is done, and that she can move on. Milah is temporarily frozen by Hades so that he can make a deal with Mr. Gold. After the discussion, Mr. Gold was forced to destroy the boat. Then Mr. Gold regrettably sends Milah into the River of Lost Souls at Hades ' command, all the while feeling remorse. When Emma and Captain Hook arrive, Mr. Gold tells them that Hades attacked and sent Milah into the River of Lost Souls.
Anton resides in a realm of giants which could only be accessed via a large beanstalk. His brothers Abraham and Arlo referred to him as "Tiny '' and often mocked his love for knowing more of the outside world. In retaliation, he journeyed down the beanstalk and befriended Prince James and his lover Jacqueline, who gave Anton a piece of mushroom from Wonderland that shrinks him to human size. Jack tells Anton James ' kingdom is on the verge of bankruptcy and needs money. Anton offers to give them treasure from his home, however, they betray him and lead an army to fight against the Giants, causing the death of all his kind except for Anton. He develops a hatred towards humans for what happened to his family.
Years later after the Evil Queen 's curse is broken, Emma Swan and Captain Hook journey up the beanstalk to retrieve a magic compass. Anton attacks them, but Emma pleads with him that she needs the compass to get back to her son. He reluctantly gives the compass to Emma, stating that all humans are alike. However, Emma responds by stating that he is wrong to generalize.
Back in Storybrooke, Captain Hook reveals that Cora shrunk Anton to bring him to the new land. Regina Mills (the Evil Queen) restores his giant size, and he rampages through Storybrooke, attempting to kill David, who he mistakes for James. However, when the magic wears off, he falls into a pit. David rescues him, convincing him to trust them all. Anton reveals to the group that he owns a magic bean and works with the Seven Dwarfs to harvest beans as portals until Regina destroys them during the time when Greg and Tamara have infiltrated Storybrooke.
Anton succeeds to produce only one magic bean on the burnt - out fields. As a token of appreciation for her work, Anton gives the magic bean to Ruby which she uses to come back to the Enchanted Forest in order to find any other werewolves.
Years after the predictions come true and he is parted from his son, Rumplestiltskin returns as The Dark One and the now adult Seer gives him the ideas for the evil curse. At the time, he was quite angry since all this happened because he acted without getting all the possible information. Before she dies, she transfers her powers to him telling him the person who will lead him to his son is a young boy. That young boy will be the undoing of The Dark One. However, he is unaware that the boy would later turn out to be his grandson Henry Mills.
As a Princess, Eva is spoiled and selfish, forced into an arranged marriage to Prince Leopold, who simultaneously falls in love with Cora. However, Eva learns of Cora 's secret child with Jonathan, a man claiming to be a Prince, and informs Leopold, leading him to remove Cora from his kingdom.
She later trips Cora during her visit to King Xavier causing Eva to fly into a "rage ''. As a changed, mature adult, she teaches her daughter, Snow White, kindness, respect for service, and to avoid dark magic. She unexpectedly falls ill before Snow 's birthday. The Royal Doctor can not heal her, so her servant Johanna informs Snow that she should talk to the Blue Fairy. The fairy offers Snow a magic candle which would save the life of her mother at the cost of another 's life. She refuses the candle which pleases Eva, who eventually dies. Following the Queen 's funeral, the "Blue Fairy '' is revealed to be Cora in disguise. Over the corpse of Eva, she confesses to poisoning her in order to place Regina on the throne as well as to turn Snow White evil.
When Snow White was possessed by Cora 's ghost as part of Regina 's plan to get answers about Zelena, Snow White learned of her mother 's dark past.
Sometime ago, the Dragon had a daughter, but due to a mistake, he loses her. He then starts a healing clinic, healing uncured diseases using magic he obtained from another realm. While being a healer, the Dragon also took some interest in the Author, mainly researching about him.
While the Dark Curse is intact, he is visited by Tamara who is on the hunt for magical creatures. When she finds out that the Dragon is magical, she tries to kill him. As he tries to reveal to her his true self, she kills him with a magical taser and his corpse is found by August. A few years later, it is revealed that he survived Tamara 's attack and moved to New York City. Mr. Gold and Regina seeks his help to open a portal to the Land of Untold Stories, but due to the limited magic scope, he fails, but he gives them some words of encouragement. Later at night, he is visited by the Evil Queen who hopes to make a deal with him. As he refused, she traps him in the World Behind the Mirror, but is later freed by Regina in Storybrooke.
He originally loved Marian, but loses her love to Robin Hood. Cora later encountered the Sheriff of Nottingham while looking for Robin Hood to please her daughter Regina. Upon being unable to find his location, Cora had the Sheriff of Nottingham pose as Robin, though Regina discovers the ruse and locked him up in one of her dungeons. Cora later teleported him out of the dungeon when confronted by Regina.
As Nottingham, he attempted to exchange information with Rumplestiltskin for "a night with (his) wench, '' with obvious connotations. Rumplestiltskin denied and, after Nottingham pushed for hours or minutes with Belle, punished him by magically removing his tongue, which was later returned. In Storybrooke, he is Keith, a frequent patron of the Rabbit Hole bar. In the bar 's alley, he crosses paths with Lacey, whom he knows as Belle, and takes the opportunity of her memory loss to make out with her. Mr. Gold catches him and he flees. Gold later beats Keith with his cane in the parking lot for taking advantage of her.
After Regina undoes her curse, Keith is send back to the Enchanted Forest and is returned by a new curse. Keith is then almost killed by Robin of Locksley, the Wish Realm version, but is saved and send someplace safe by Regina.
As a child, he lives with his sister Wendy and brother Michael in the Land Without Magic. Baelfire saves him and his family from being taken to Neverland by the Shadow. Later on, he, along with Wendy and Michael goes to Neverland to save Baelfire, but Wendy ends up being captured by Pan. In order to keep her alive, John and Michael does Pan 's bidding. Later, Pan pinned the heart of the truest believer in a child who is yet to be born in the Land Without Magic. Sometime before Regina 's curse, he sends both John and Michael back to the Land Without Magic to retrieve it.
Eighteen years later, John and Michael tries to adopt a baby infant who has the heart of the truest believer but failed after Regina decides to keep him after her initial struggle. A few years later, John goes to Storybrooke with Michael before Belle casts a cloaking spell around the town which damaged the rear of their car. He and Michael find Belle and Ariel in Mr. Gold 's shop and retrieve Pandora 's Box from them, revealing that they were sent by Peter Pan to prevent the two giving the item to Mr. Gold. Belle and Ariel later stop the pair from destroying the box with a dwarf axe. It is then revealed that the brothers wanted to destroy the object in a deal to save Wendy, who is being held prisoner by Peter Pan in Neverland. Mr. Gold is instructed by Ariel to attempt to save Wendy on his quest to kill Pan. John is later reunited with Wendy after she is rescued from Neverland in Storybrooke. Together, they leave Storybrooke and return to London.
As a child, he lives with his sister Wendy and brother John in the Land Without Magic. Baelfire saves him and his family, from being taken to Neverland by the Shadow. He later goes to Neverland with Wendy and John to save him, but Wendy ends up being captured by Pan. To keep her alive, he and John does Pan 's bidding. When Pan pins the heart of the truest believer on a child yet to be born, he sends Michael and John back to the Land Without Magic to retrieve it before Regina 's curse.
Eighteen years later, Michael and John tries to adopt a baby infant who has the heart of the truest believer but failed after Regina decides to keep him after her initial struggle. A few years later, Michael goes to Storybrooke with John before Belle casts a cloaking spell around the town which damaged the rear of their car. He and John find Belle and Ariel in Mr. Gold 's shop and retrieve Pandora 's Box from them, revealing that they were sent by Pan to prevent the two giving the item to Mr. Gold. Belle and Ariel later stop the pair from destroying the box with a dwarf axe. It is then revealed that the brothers wanted to destroy the object in a deal to save Wendy, who is being held prisoner by Peter Pan in Neverland. Mr. Gold is instructed by Ariel to attempt to save Wendy on his quest to kill Pan. Michael reunites with Wendy after she is rescued from Neverland. Together, they leave Storybrooke and return to London.
When Alice returns to Wonderland, she finds the Cheshire Cat in large form where the Red Queen told him that Alice would be a better food for him. The Cheshire Cat attempts to kill her, though he is fed a piece of mushroom by the Knave of Hearts which shrinks him back to normal size as he flees.
He was raised by Robin Hood after the death of his mother. They later end up in Storybrooke, where he becomes close to Regina, his new mother figure. After his father 's death he is later taken back to the Enchanted Forest by Little John and the rest of the Merry Men, to be raised in Sherwood Forest as his father 's successor.
Liam and Killian are sold into servitude, one ship they served on was owned by Captain Silver. During Captain Silver 's mission to infiltrate the hurricane to obtain a sapphire called the Eye of the Storm, Liam orchestrated a mutiny to save his fellow workers from their doom. While reading the sea maps, Liam is approached by Hades who warns him that his mutiny wo n't work for him while asking for the cargo on the ship in the form of the souls that are on the ship. Hades offers Liam a deal to let the ship sink in exchange for Killian and Liam being spared and the Eye of the Storm being given to him. Liam gives in to Hades ' deal and gives Killian his lucky ring. As part of Hades ' deal, Killian and Liam survived and the sailors with them perished. Upon reaching shore, they are greeted by the soldiers that provide them a ship for them to work on that is in services of the soldiers ' king.
With assistance from Killian, he worked for an unknown King where they are sent to Neverland to retrieve a plant called Dreamshade. In Neverland, he gets poisoned by the Dreamshade. With Peter Pan 's help, he and Hook retrieve some magical waters to cure him. Upon returning to the Enchnated Forest, he dies as the cure will only work in Neverland.
Emma Swan and Captain Hook later reunited with Liam in the Underworld. He helps them to locate the Underworld 's version of the Once Upon a Time book. After finding the book, he rips pages that contains Hades ' story per deal with Hades. He, along with Hook, later gets kidnapped by Captain Silver and his crew with hopes of sending them both to the Worst Place. The group is interrupted by Hades who then tries to banish Hook to the Worst Place. To protect Hook, Liam persuades Hades to send him instead, which Hades obeys to. However, due to him resolving his unfinished business, a portal to Mount Olympus opens instead. Liam and Captain Silver 's crews leaves the Underworld for Mount Olympus as he bids farewell to Hook.
Whilst summoning Ariel in Neverland, Regina (the Evil Queen) mentions that Eric was transported to Storybrooke, where she locates Ariel to in order to retrieve an item from Mr. Gold 's shop. Later, Eric is reunited with Ariel (who is now permanently human thanks to the spell on the special bracelet) in Storybrooke where she finds him working as a fisherman near the Storybrooke Docks. After Peter Pan enacts his curse, Eric, along with the other inhabitants, are returned to their original worlds. It is later revealed that Eric was kidnapped by the pirate Blackbeard and sent to Hangman 's Island, in a bid to steal the Jolly Roger from Captain Hook. Ariel later finds Eric and the two live together on the island.
As a deity, Ursula is known by humans and mermaids, notably in Prince Eric 's kingdom and the Oceanic Realm. As she is a famed goddess, King Poseidon names his daughter after her. Ursula also grants mermaids a chance to live life as a human by giving them legs during the Sea Celebration that happens once a year. Ariel seeks guidance from Ursula, but believes that she is fictional. To get to Snow White, Regina impersonates Ursula in order to lure Ariel with an offer to remain human permanently, but the cost is someone else must take her place. Ariel follows suit by clasping a magical bracelet on a human friend, Snow White, which causes her legs to turn into a mermaid tail. Eventually, Ariel discovers the truth and distracts Regina so she and Snow White can escape. However, Regina gets back at Ariel by stealing her voice and returns to her palace. In one of the mirrors, Ursula makes herself known and plunges out her tentacles to entrap Regina. Deeply offended at the masquerading ploy, she threatens if it happens again, Regina will find out exactly how real she is.
After Alice returns from Wonderland, Sarah arranges a date for Alice with Mr. Darcy. Alice, still grief - stricken after losing her true love Cyrus, declines a date with him.
When Jafar, the Sultan 's bastard son, arrives to live with his father in the palace, he is appointed as the family 's servant boy. Mirza abuses him, which the Sultan approves of, telling Jafar that he will have to make people fear him in order to become a Sultan. Many years later, the Sultan is accosted by a grown - up Jafar in his palace. Jafar threatens to kill him and challenges Mirza to a duel. This results in Mirza fleeing only to be murdered by Jafar 's sorcery.
When Alice is injured by swordsmen who attempt to use the Genie to make wishes for them, Cyrus takes Alice to Percy 's home where Mrs. Rabbit tends to her successfully healing her. Mrs. Rabbit and her children are later captured by the Red Queen who uses them as hostages to force Percy to assist in helping her on her mission to make Alice make her wishes to return to the Knave.
Years later, the Knave figured out where the Red Queen is holding Mrs. Rabbit and her children and Alice was able to rescue them.
In Oz, he becomes the Wizard of Oz, a supposedly powerful sorcerer in the land by tricking Glinda. When Zelena requests the truth of her upbringing, she visits the Wizard who gives her a pair of slippers that send Zelena to the Enchanted Forest. Returning with knowledge of how her mother abandoned her in favor of her sister Regina, Zelena learns the truth about the Wizard 's true identity. Zelena transforms Walsh into a flying monkey to serve in her revenge plot against Regina. After Dorothy Gale supposedly defeats Zelena, she poses as the Wizard to send Dorothy back to Kansas using the pair of slippers.
In the real world, he appears in his original human form, as the owner of a furniture shop called "The Wizard of Oak. '' Sent by Zelena to New York City to persuade Emma Swan to stay away from her family in Storybrooke, he becomes her boyfriend. When Emma receives her pre-existing real memories from Hook, she realizes she must return to Storybrooke. When she declines Walsh 's offer of marriage, he appears angered and transforms into his cursed flying monkey form. Emma fights off Walsh after he begins to attack her, pushing him from her apartment roof, unintentionally killing him where he turns to smoke upon hitting the ground.
Nyx would allow the water to be used on anyone who is worthy of it and curses anyone who misuses it. She cursed Cyrus, Taj, and Rafi by turning them into genies with their lamps being scattered after they took her water to heal their mother Amara.
Years later, Alice learns of Cyrus ' curse revolving around the Well of Wonders as they head there to find a way to break the curse. After Alice solves the riddle of which door to take, Cyrus tells Alice to stay behind so that he can atone for his sins. Upon arriving at the Well of Wonders, Nyx emerges as Cyrus asks for Nyx 's mercy and to get his brothers free from Jafar. While Cyrus states that he has learned his lesson, Nyx states that the water was used on his mother and tells Cyrus that she is still alive. Nyx still states that the water should be returned to her as she withdraws back into the Well of Wonders. When Cyrus brings Amara to the Well of Wonders for Amara to surrender herself to Nyx, Jafar interferes and prevents Amara from returning the water to Nyx. When Alice arrives and tries to do the job, Jafar ends up stealing the water from Alice which ended up incurring the wrath of Nyx. Nyx then traps Jafar in a genie bottle and makes it disappear which undoes the changes to the Laws of Magic that Jafar and Amara had done and freeing Will, Taj, and Rafi from the genie curse. Upon foreseeing that the Red Queen will live, Nyx gave Alice and Cyrus some water from the Well of Wonders so that the Red Queen can be resurrected.
One day, despite her parents warning, Rapunzel swims in a dangerous stream, resulting in her brother 's death after saving her. Years later, afraid that she will not become a proper Queen like her mother, she digs up a plant called night root to take away her fears, but it has no effect on her. Disappointed, she decides to head home, but is chased by a witch to a tower. The Witch traps her in the tower and refuses to free her. Unbeknownst to her, the Witch is a manifestation of herself as her own greatest fear as a consequence of consuming the night root.
Years later, after the Storybrooke inhabitants returns to the Enchanted Forest, Rapunzel shouts for help from atop the tower after noticing a man nearby. The man, Prince Charming, climbs the tower using Rapunzel 's long braided hair and learns the truth about Rapunzel 's imprisonment. Charming fights off the Witch, and finds out that the Witch is a manifestation of Rapunzel 's fear. The Witch climbs onto Rapunzel 's hair to get to her as Charming advises Rapunzel to fend off her fear. Rapunzel promptly does so by cutting off her hair, letting the Witch fall down to her death. Charming than reunites her with her parents.
Some time later, Anna and Kristoff visit Blackbeard requesting the Wishing Star which was what Anna and Elsa 's parents wanted to rid Elsa of her Ice powers. However, he is revealed to be in allegiance with Anna 's sinister ex-lover Hans and told her that her parents could n't use the Wishing Star because it only could be use by someone with a pure soul. Anna and Kristoff are then placed in a trunk and thrown aboard, though they survive when they are transported to Storybrooke by Anna 's sister Elsa.
Returning to Arendelle, Anna and Elsa later cause the Jolly Roger gets trapped inside a bottle while Blackbeard escapes.
Captain Hook later encounters Blackbeard and plays him in a poker game where Captain Hook 's victory would enable Blackbeard to grant him a Magic Bean while Blackbeard 's victory would grant him the Jolly Roger. When Blackbeard wins, Captain Hook tells him that the Jolly Roger is in another realm causing Blackbeard to use the Magic Bean to go to Storybrooke. However, the two of them ended up in Neverland where they were chased by the remnants of the Lost Boys. Blackbeard turns against Captain Hook during the chase and steals a boat as he plans to find another way to the Jolly Roger. Captain Hook vows to make Blackbeard pay for his treachery the next time they meet.
After a cyclone destroys her farmhouse, Dorothy ends up in the Land of Oz. There, she meets Glinda and the Sisterhood of Witches. Fearing that Dorothy would take over her seat as the Witch of the West, Zelena tries to kill her. However, Dorothy splashes a bucket of water over Zelena, causing her to physically melt. She is later sent back home to Kansas with the Silver Slippers by the Wizard of Oz, not knowing at it as Zelena impersonating as him. Back home, her family calls her insane and tries to put her in an asylum, but her Aunt Em prevents them from doing so. Eventually, her aunt gives her Toto -- a pet dog, before dying. She later gets word from the Munchkins that Zelena is still alive. Donning the slippers, she returns to the Land of Oz with Toto and saves the Scarecrow from Zelena, but Zelena eventually rips his brain out.
More than twenty - eight years later, Dorothy finds Mulan and Ruby in the Land of Oz. She also clashes with the return of Zelena. When Toto is taken by Zelena, she befriends Mulan and Ruby and schemes a way to get Toto back. She then develops feelings for Ruby and fearing for her safety, Dorothy takes the fight to Zelena alone, resulting in her being placed in a Sleeping Curse. She is later awoken by Ruby with true love 's kiss.
As a witch, she rules part of the Land of Oz, mainly the South, alongside with the Witch of the North and Witch of the East. Together, they form the Sisterhood of Witches and protects all of the land from the Heart of Oz, patiently waiting for a replacement witch for the West. One day, Glinda approaches Zelena at Emerald City after Zelena dethrones the Wizard of Oz. Glinda believes that Zelena is the prophesied Witch of the West and invites her to join the Sisterhood of Witches and gives Zelena a pendant to harness her magic. While showing Zelena the West side of the land, they both witness a cyclone and proceeds to the wreckage site, where Glinda finds Dorothy from Kansas. Glinda brings Dorothy to the Heart of Oz, and secretly believes Dorothy is the actual prophesied Witch of the West. Following Zelena 's apparent death in the hands of Dorothy, Glinda pulls through Dorothy 's wish to return home by bringing her to Emerald City to meet the restored Wizard. After Dorothy is sent back, Zelena shows herself as the Wizard and had been masquerading him all along after her apparent death. With Glinda determined to find another witch to defeat Zelena, Zelena banishes Glinda to the Enchanted Forest. Since being banished, Glinda creates a pocket dimension for herself south of the Dark Castle.
Years later, she is approached by Prince Charming and Snow White who seeks her knowledge on defeating Zelena. Glinda sadly says that even her magic is n't strong enough to defeat Zelena, and tells them only light magic can defeat the Witch.
Originally a good witch, she rules the North region of the Land of Oz and is part of the Sisterhood of Witches. One day, she is introduced to Zelena, the new Witch of the West, appointed by Glinda. She approves Zelena and welcomes her into the Sisterhood of Witches. After Zelena banishes Glinda and becomes the Wicked Witch of the West, the Witch of the North relocates to the North permanently and is known by all as a wicked witch. One day, Stanum cuts down a tree in her region. As punishment, she curses Stanum, who would slowly turn to tin. Eventually, all the witches, including herself, is banished from the Land of Oz by Zelena.
As the Witch of the East, she rules the East region of the Land of Oz. She is also part of the Sisterhood of Witches, along with Glinda and the Witch of the North. She works alongside the other witches to find the prophesied Witch of the East, and eventually is greeted to Zelena. However, Zelena turns wicked and takes over all of the Land of Oz, and the Witch of the East is relocated to the East permanently. Eventually, all the witches, including herself, is banished from the Land of Oz by Zelena.
The youngest of the three sisters, Gerda and her sisters seeks Rumplestiltskin 's help in controlling Ingrid 's magic. Unfortunately, after seeing Helga 's destroyed frozen body, Gerda, realizing Ingrid, whether intentionally or not, killed Helga, exiles Ingrid into a magical urn. Gerda then requests a memory spell from Grand Pabbie to have Arendelle and everyone outside forget about the existence of Helga and Ingrid. Years later, Gerda and her husband leave on a mission to find a way to remove their daughter Elsa 's powers, only to die in a shipwreck.
Arriving at David and his mother Ruth 's farm, she seeks payment from them. Knowing that they do n't have the money at that time, she brands them using her crook and leaves. At that time, a travelling visitor, Anna, witness the confrontation. Anna then teaches David to sword fight in order to go against Bo Peep. Anna is later imprisoned by Bo Peep after knowing about this. Bo Peep later battle 's with David, leading to her weapon getting stuck in a pillar at her base, losing the battle. David takes her crook and uses it to find Anna, rescuing her. Sometime later, Bo Peep is taken to Storybrooke by the Dark Curse.
In Storybrooke, she is a butcher at Chop Shop. One day, she is visited by David and Captain Hook, asking for her help. She refuses to help him, demanding that she owes him none. David interrogates her demanding to know about Anna, whom she branded years ago. Claiming that she had branded many people and that she could n't remember the girl, David instructs Hook to take her crook. Angered by their actions, Bo Peep mocks David for being a hero in this world.
After Gerda seals her sister Ingrid in a mystical urn following Ingrid 's unintentional murder of her sister, she requests Grand Pabbie give her a memory potion for Arendelle to forget the existence of Helga and Ingrid. Gerda later dies in a shipwreck, leaving her daughters Elsa and Anna as orphans. When Belle visits Arendelle, Anna takes her to see Grand Pabbie to give her a stone that will restore her memories of her mother 's death.
Hans and his brothers locate a mystical urn to imprison Elsa within, though when Hans opens it, he unknowingly releases Ingrid (the Snow Queen), who freezes Hans. After thirty years, Arendelle awakens from Ingrid 's frozen spell. Hans reunites with his brothers and becomes the new King of Arendelle, with his first act being to arrest Anna and her love Kristoff. Hans plans to send the pair to their deaths by throwing them into the sea. Meanwhile, in Storybrooke, Elsa transports Anna and Kristoff to the town, saving them. Reunited, the trio return to Arendelle and banish Hans and his brothers, taking back the kingdom.
During an ogre attack at her castle, she is alerted by the guards to evacuate the palace. Busily collecting books she deems too valuable to leave behind, Colette orders them to take the filled trunks to the carriage. She calls to Belle, who scurries over with the book her mother once read to her. Before they can leave, an ogre enters the room as the two hide under a table. The ogre rips away the table obscuring the mother - daughter pair from view. To save Belle, Colette sacrifices herself to the ogre as the guards pulls Belle out of the room. Soon after this, she is killed by the ogres.
Arriving at Arendelle Castle during King Harald 's birthday, he soon became attracted to the King 's middle child, Helga. He is introduced to the King by Helga and the two share a dance together. He later comes across Ingrid, the heir to Arendelle 's throne. He remarks on her incredible beauty. As he makes advances on her, Ingrid rebuffs him, and out of panic, she blasts him away with ice magic. Helga then comes to the Duke 's aid, where he accuses Ingrid of trying to win his romantic affection. Helga claims that he is lying and believes her sister. The Duke threatens to expose Ingrid to everyone in Arendelle because he believes the people deserve to know their future queen is a monster. At this, an angered Ingrid attempts to blast him, but the Duke uses Helga as a shield and she takes the magical hit while the Duke escapes. Later, his memories of this incident is wiped out when Gerda urges Grand Pabbie to erase memories of the existence of Ingrid and Helga over the realm.
She is unlike her sister Gerda who was a little scared of Ingrid 's ice powers was not afraid at all and loved her no matter what. After seeking help from Rumplestiltskin to control Ingrid 's powers, the Duke of Weselton who proposed to Helga attempts to seduce Ingrid but is pushed down by Ingrid 's magic. After seeing this he blames Ingrid and says she tried to seduced him but Helga knows he 's lying and turns down his proposal but he threatens to tell Arendelle about Ingrid 's powers and Ingrid tries to freeze him but Helga is pushed in front of him and is frozen instead. Her body is then turn to ice and crumbles in Ingrid 's hands.
In 1982 in Boston, after Ingrid arrive in the Land Without Magic, she visits Madame Faustina to see the future on a yet - to - be born child. Madame Faustina agrees to use her crystal ball to see the child 's future. Halfway, Madame Faustina mistakenly tells the child name as "Susan '' when the child to - be 's name is "Emma ''. Angrily, Ingrid storms out of the shop and tries to use her ice magic on Madame Faustina. As Ingrid does not have her magic in this land, Madame Faustina chases her away with a broomstick.
Years ago, when Queen Briar Rose was inflicted with the Sleeping Curse by Maleficent, King Stefan breaks it with true love 's kiss. Years later, he captures Maleficent and Regina and sentences them to execution but fails when Maleficent turns into a dragon and attacks them. King Stefan and his men escaped so instead, Maleficent curses Princess Aurora, his daughter.
Ursula had a disagreement with her father where she was to user her voice to harm people as long as she is in his ocean. Glowerhaven. With help from his men, King Poseidon had Captain Hook brought to the Jolly Roger where King Poseidon wants him to give Ursula an enchanted sea shell to take away her singing voice so that she can give up her dream and return to the ocean. After Ursula meets with Captain Hook with the squid ink, King Poseidon arrived where he claimed that he did n't want to lose Ursula like how he lost her mother. To make King Poseidon suffer after ruining his plans, Captain Hook was forced to take away Ursula 's voice as she flees into the ocean. Back at his lair, King Poseidon apologized to Ursula for what happened. Ursula decides to form his own side and grabs his trident which she uses to transform herself into an appearance similar to the Ursula of legend.
Many years later, Captain Hook enlists Ariel to find King Poseidon. Once that was done, Captain Hook arrives with King Poseidon (who was brought here by Ariel) who tries to reason with Ursula while mentioning that he has a part of his wife in Ursula. King Poseidon manages to successfully return Ursula 's voice. Afterwards, Ursula reconciles with her father. King Poseidon and Ursula then return to their ocean.
As a young women, Madeline marries and has a daughter, Cruella, but loses her husband one day by poison. She remarries again, but both of her husbands dies of poisoning. She later discovers that Cruella poisoned her father and stepfathers. Refusing to go to the authorities, she locks Cruella away in the attic of her mansion. Years later, she becomes known for her dog training skills all around 1920s England. An author, Isaac Heller, arrives at her mansion hoping to write a juicy story on her life. After he makes an inappropriate comment on her deceased husbands, Madeline kicks him out. Madeline later confronts Isaac and pleads with him to stay away from Cruella as she is a vicious murderer, but ultimately, she is killed by her dalmatian dogs that was controlled by Cruella with her persuasion magic gifted to her by Isaac.
As an adult, he attempts to claim Excalibur from its stone in Camelot. Though he is unable to causing the spell to disintegrate him.
In a chamber at the Capital of Camelot 's castle, Grif brings in a relic chest for King Arthur and David before their quest to retrieve the Crimson Crown. He is later seen along with the other knights when King Arthur entitles David as a Knight of the Round Table. When Hook cast the third curse, Grif is brought over to Storybrooke with his memories of the six weeks erased. Under King Arthur 's order, he pretends to steal a magic bean from King Arthur 's relic chest. After David captures him and places him in jail, King Arthur confronts him about the situation and Grif mentions to King Arthur that there was no bean in the chest. Hoping to keep this a secret, King Arthur makes Grif drink viper poison for the sake of Camelot.
Originally from the Land Without Magic, Hank ended up in Camelot where he married and had Violet as his only child and becomes Sir Morgan, a knight in the Round Table. He later loses his wife to magic. Years later, he meets Henry Mills in the stables when he, alongside with the others, came to Camelot. As Henry is clumsily wielding a sword, Sir Morgan looks down on him stating that he would not be a good match for Violet. He then tells Henry to leave before he causes too much damage. When Dark Curse is cast, Sir Morgan is transported to Storybrooke.
Sometime later after ending up in Storybrooke, Sir Morgan struggled to find Violet 's horse Nicodemus after it had gone missing. Later that night, Sir Morgan takes Violet to the town party where Henry managed to find Nicodemus and bring him back to Violet. Sir Morgan was pleased with Henry returning Nicodemus and states that he would be a good knight someday. When he leaves to take Nicodemus back to the stables, he leaves Henry and Violet alone. After Robin Hood 's funeral, the people of Camelot return home except Sir Morgan and Violet who both wish to stay in Storybrooke.
After her village is attacked by Vortigan, she came to Merlin looking for the Holy Grail to defeat him, forcing Merlin to forge the grail into Excalibur, but Nimue drank from the grail before he forced it, giving her magic and tempted her into killing Vortigan. Becoming the first Dark One, Merlin tethers her to a dagger, taken from the tip of Excalibur. Nimue then turns Merlin into a tree as punishment. She eventually dies, as the power of the Dark One moves to another soul, but her spirit remains to other Dark Ones while she lives in the Underworld.
With Hook 's help, Nimue is returned to the land of the living from the Underworld and helps the rest of the Dark Ones place the Mark of Charon on Emma 's family and friends to bring them to the Underworld and switch places with them. When Emma tries to stop them, Nimue chokes her to prevent them from stopping them but Hook then uses Excalibur to absorb her and all the Dark Ones into himself and have Emma kill him to destroy the Darkness and set them free. After Hook 's death Mr. Gold reveals to Emma that he used a magic potion to turn Excalibur into a conduit to transfer all the Dark Ones magic including Nimue, Emma, and Hook back into him, making him more powerful than ever.
Vortigan destroyed Nimue 's village of Oxleigh which led to her enlisting Merlin to help her. Merlin eventually figured out that Vortigan wanted to obtain the Holy Grail. While at the ruins of Nimue 's village, Merlin sensed that Vortigan was on their trail. At the Flame of Prometheus, Nimue ripped out Vortigan 's heart and crushed it, killing him for revenge of him destroying her village. She then claimed Vortigan 's mask and cloak.
In a war against King Arthur and his knights, King Fergus was killed. It was revealed that he once visited the Witch of DunBroch where he did n't use the Enchanted Helm that she once loaned to him. Since then, his daughter, Merida, became Queen of DunBroch. Sometime later, the Witch gave Merida some Ale of Seonaidh to talk to her father from the afterlife.
Years before the curse, she was cursed by the Witch who Merida wanted her to change her mother but instead was turned into a bear. The curse was later reversed by Merida after they mended their mother and daughter bond.
Sometime after King Fergus ' death, her daughter reunited the divided clans of their kingdom and became Queen of DunBroch.
The Witch once cursed Queen Elinor by turning her into a bear. The curse is then reversed by Merida, although it remains unknown how. The Witch 's curse is known by King Ferguson and all parts of DunBroch comes to know about her magic.
Years later, she is visited by King Fergus at her cottage. He requests something to allow him to defeat the incoming invaders from the south and ensure the fate of his kingdom. She requests payment and has him sign a contract as an "I.O.U. '' before getting to work, and presents him with an Enchanted Helm that will cause any army to willingly follow the wearer into battle, no matter the dangers. During Merida 's coronation, the Witch insists that the clans pay her the price Fergus owed her. However, when she names the price, Merida argues that it will make the clans broke three times over and the Witch requests that she simply return the helm instead, and gives her until the following sunset to do so, lest the Witch turn her entire kingdom into bears. While she 's back at her cottage, she 's visited by King Arthur and Zelena, whom also wishes to find the Enchanted Helm. The Witch returns a couple hours early the next day to see if Merida succeeded, but instead of returning the helm, Merida decides to destroy it. However, much to her surprise, the Witch does not cast the spell and turn the kingdom into bears. Instead, she reveals that this was her plan the entire time. Merida realizes that the quest for the helm taught her how to lead the kingdom, thus ensuring the fate of the kingdom, just as Fergus requested, and Elinor scolds the Witch for not being straightforward. The Witch shrugs it off, and gives Merida the Ale of Seonaidh that can bring the spirit of anyone who has passed on into the Underworld back temporarily so that she can speak with her father.
Brennan took his two young sons with him and they traveled the seas. He had to calm Killian down when the ship was in a storm. Upon arriving at the latest port, Brennan learned that the authorities want to apprehend him. He sold the servitude of his sons to the boat while he escaped.
For a brief while, Brennan was captured and put under a sleeping curse until he was awoken by his nurse. Upon changing his ways, Brennan and the nurse got married and had a son that Brennan named Liam, after his first born son. Brennan later got a job as a bartender. While cleaning up the bar around closing time, Brennan encountered a grown - up Killian who was sent by the Evil Queen to kill him. Brennan explains what happened after he disappeared from the ship and the path that led him to changing into a better person. Seeing his father regret that he was n't the parent he should have been, Killian softens towards him, deciding to spare him by giving him passage to elsewhere as a way to trick the Evil Queen into believing that he killed Brennan. Brennan thanks him and asks him for a second transportation permit for Liam. After tucking Liam in his bed, Killian arrived with the transportation permits where he overhears his father 's words to Liam. This made Killian angry at Brennan 's lies enough to destroy the transportation permits. Then he chooses to follow the Evil Queen 's orders by killing Brennan, despite the fact that Liam II needed someone to provide for him. Before he dies, Brennan tells Killian that it 's not too late to become the man that he wants to be.
As a boy, he is left orphaned when his father is killed. Struggling with life at the docks, he is taken by Captain Nemo and raised as his own son. Captain Nemo also teaches him that seeking revenge for his father 's killer is no use. When the Evil Queen cast her curse, somehow, Captain Nemo managed to escape the curse 's scope with Liam by fleeing from the Enchanted Forest. The curse then freezes the Enchanted Forest and many other lands in time. Liam, however, was the only one who aged during the twenty - eight years of the Dark Curse.
When Emma Swan enters Storybrooke in 2011, the curse is weakened and time resumes back in the Enchanted Forest. At the time, after Captain Nemo brings Captain Hook to join him in the Nautilus, he finds out that Hook is his elder half - brother and their father 's killer. Attempt to kill Hook, he accidentally stabs Captain Nemo instead as Hook flees. In order to save Nemo, Liam uses a key and opens a portal to the Land of Untold Stories, halting both of their stories.
Years later, Liam ends up in Storybrooke when Mr. Hyde brings some of the refugees from the Land of Untold Stories to Storybrooke. Liam kidnaps Hook as payback for killing their father and for the "death '' of Captain Nemo. With Henry 's help, Hook knocks down Liam, leaving him unconscious. Liam is then taken to the hospital by Hook where they both bond and forgive one another. Hook also reveals to him that Captain Nemo is still alive as Captain Nemo is wheeled into the room reunited.
After Gideon commandeered the Nautilus to take off, Liam helped Captain Hook and Captain Nemo into finding a Kraken where they would obtain its blood to refuel the Nautilus component that enables it to travel to the oceans of the different worlds. During this time, Captain Nemo and Liam met Aladdin and Jasmine. Due to the Nautilus having taken damage from the Kraken attacks, Jasmine used Aladdin 's genie abilities to wish herself, Aladdin, Captain Hook, Captain Nemo, and Liam to the nearest island which happens to be Hangman 's Island. Before heading off to find where Jafar 's lamp is held, Captain Hook parted ways with Captain Nemo and Liam who remained on shore with the Nautilus ' crew where they are working to salvage the Nautilus.
In his earlier life, he had saved a younger Snow White from a beast trap and trained her in being a warrior. He showed Snow White his medals for his labours where the 12th one that he is going to do is to defeat Cerberus. After her first attempt with the bandits that were plaguing Snow White 's kingdom failed, Hercules punched the ground hard enough to send the bandits running. After some persuasion, Snow White was successful at fending off the bandits the next time they showed up. When he ends up where Cerberus was, he bought Megara some time to get away from Cerberus. Hercules fought Cerberus the best he could before being slain followed by Megara getting killed afterwards.
In the Underworld, Hercules works at Underbrooke 's docks and visits the Underworld 's version of Granny 's during his lunch break. Upon being tipped off on how to find him by the second Blind Witch, Mary Margaret found him and persuaded him to help find Captain Hook while planning to have his unfinished business of defeating Cerberus be resolved. When Cerberus later attacks, Hercules works with Mary Margaret and Megara where they managed to defeat Cerberus. Afterwards, Hercules and Megara ascended to Mount Olympus.
In the Enchanted Forest, after Hercules was killed, Cerberus caught up to Megara and killed her as well. She then was sent to the Underworld.
In the Underworld, Megara was a prisoner in one of the tunnels where Hades keeps his prisoners. She meets Captain Hook who manages to buy her some time to get away. She is founded by Emma Swan and Regina Mills. When Cerberus catches up to Megara, Mary Margaret and Hercules had to work hard to keep her safe. With some persuasion from Mary Maraget, Megara helps Mary Margaret and Hercules defeat Cerberus. Being reunited with Hercules was her unfinished business, she got it resolved. Afterwards, Megara and Hercules ascended to Mount Olympus.
In the Enchanted Forest, he is approached by Rumplestiltskin and Milah who requires his help to heal their son Baelfire. However, when the price for the healing potion is too high, Milah suggests that Rumplestiltskin to kill him. However, instead of killing him, Rumplestiltskin makes a deal with him for his second - born child. Years later, Rumplestiltskin, now the Dark One pays a visit to Fendrake 's tent, where he kills him. After his death, Fendrake goes to the Underworld.
In the Underworld, he sells the contract he did with Rumplestiltskin years ago to Hades.
After overhearing that Liam Jones has plans to enlist himself and his brother Killian to the King 's Navy, he tricks Killian into spending his silver coins need to enlist himself into the navy. Later, he commands the ship into a disastrous storm, but Liam later takes over the command of the ship. The ship eventually is destroyed in the storm killing Captain Silver and all of his crew except Liam and Killian who survived due to a deal made by Liam with Hades. Captain Silver then ends up in the Underworld.
In the Underworld, he and his crew reveals to Killian, now known as Hook, that Liam made a deal with Hades to spare them both leaving him and the rest to die. He and his crew then kidnap both Hook and Liam and brings them to the Fiery Cave hoping to send them both to the Worst Place. Angered that Captain Silver did not invite him to see this, Hades arrived and uses his magic and pushes Captain Silver into the fiery pit, sending him to the Worst Place.
Many years ago, Zelena targeted the Scarecrow in order to use his brain as part of her first attempt to cause a time - travel spell. Before Zelena can remove the brain, Dorothy and Toto intervened where they managed to get away. With help from Hades enchanting a bicycle, Zelena tracked down where Dorothy and Scarecrow were hiding out. After Zelena used her magic to magically freeze Dorothy, Zelena successfully removed Scarecrow 's brain and was about to show it to Hades only to find that he is not there. It is unknown what happen to the Scarecrow or his brain because when Zelena had attempted her time travel spell in Storybrooke, she planned on using Gold 's brain.
After Dorothy returns from her trip to Oz, Dorothy tells her family about her trip. While the rest of the family refuses to believe, Aunt Em was the only one who believed Dorothy and refuses to send Dorothy to an asylum after she was doomed insane by the others. Sometime later, Aunt Em dies, gifting Toto to Dorothy.
In the Underworld, Aunt Em runs a diner called "Auntie 's Chicken and Waffles '' that the Blind Witch considers as the competition. Emma, Mary Margaret, and Red make an attempt to use a bottle given to them by the Blind Witch to have Aunt Em blow some kisses in there as part of an attempt for Ruby to wake Dorothy from the Sleeping Curse as part of her unfinished business of knowing that Dorothy is alright. Before she can do, Aunt Em 's body turned to water before dissolving. Hades appears stating that he has spiked her soup with the River of Lost Souls as Regina stated that they were trying to help Dorothy. After mopping up the watery remains of Aunt Em and putting them in a jar, Hades informs the other souls present to let Aunt Em 's fate be a warning to anyone who turn to the Underworld visitors for hope. Later on while meeting with Zelena, Hades dumped Aunt Em 's watery remains into the River of Lost Souls.
Cleo was tracking Emma after she was wanted in a series of robberies in Phoenix sometime after being released from prison. When she caught up with Emma who was looking for her birth parents in 2009, Cleo arrested her and was preparing to extradite Emma back to Arizona. Afterwards, the two became friends and despite going against her principles, Cleo help Emma search for her parents even going far as helping Emma escape authorities after she broke into a building to obtain information. When they escaped the building, Cleo started to die after having a shard of glass stab into her stomach and before Cleo let her go, she told Emma that she had a daughter that she gave up ten years earlier and told her to run as she died.
When Emma became a bondswoman a year later, she returned the favor and found Cleo 's daughter Tasha and told her about Cleo. At the store where Tasha worked, Emma spotted the red jacket and it became her outfit ever since.
In his early life, Zeus became the ruler of Mount Olympus while Hades became ruler of the Underworld. Hades has since been jealous of his brother 's position.
After Captain Hook completed his unfinished business where Emma and Zelena had defeated Hades, he arrived on Mount Olympus where he met Zeus who congratulated Captain Hook for his involvement in his misguided brother 's defeat. Zeus then takes Captain Hook to his reward. That reward turned out to be Captain Hook getting a second chance at life as he is reunited with Emma.
When David, Mary Margaret, Zelena and Hook ends up in the Land of Untold Stories, Poole zaps them with his baton and keeps them in a cell protected by a magical barrier. Later, after becoming drunk, Dr. Jekyll steals the keys to the cell, freeing them and escaping to Dr. Jekyll 's apartment. Poole later alerted Mr. Hyde and they both shows up at Dr. Jekyll 's apartment. Poole is later knock unconscious by Zelena.
Sir Mordred is the former Knight of the Round Table.
After betraying King Arthur, Sir Mordred briefly takes over Camelot as its new King. However, King Arthur fights back and eventually kills Mordred. Mordred is then sent to the Underworld due to his unfinished business.
About fifty years after King Arthur becomes the ruler of the Underworld, he meets Cruella De Vil in his bar, where they discuss his past with King Arthur and about moving on, which both him and Cruella chooses not to do.
After Aladdin develops a hand tremor from his role as the Savior, the Oracle becomes his caretaker, hiding out at a cottage somewhere in the desert. One day, a man from a kingdom in Agrabah comes to the cottage for help, but is killed by Jafar moments later. Jafar also knocks out the Oracle with his magic before seeking an audience with Aladdin. Sometime later, by unknown means, the Oracle goes to the Land of Untold Stories for unknown reasons.
Years later, Mr. Hyde brings her and some other folks from the Land of Untold Stories to Storybrooke. There, she meets Emma, the current Savior and shows Emma her future, where she is destined to die in the hands of an unknown person. She later secretly meets with Princess Jasmine and discuss about Aladdin 's presence in Storybrooke. She is later visited by the Evil Queen offscreen, hoping to find out about Emma Swan 's vision. As the Oracle refuses to help, the Evil Queen kills her. Emma and Archie later find her dead body.
When Edmond 's fiancèe is murdered by Baron Danglars and his home is burned down by him, Edmond is framed and imprisoned for the murder. After escaping, he becomes the Count of Monte Cristo. During a party hosted by him, he kills Baron Danglers in - front of the other guests fulfilling his revenge for what Danglers did to him. The Evil Queen appears and recruits him to kill Snow White and Prince Charming. He then leaves to the Enchanted Forest with the Evil Queen. However, after seeing Snow White 's handmaiden Charlotte, he rethinks his action and refuses to kill them with the Agrabahn Viper Poison. Rumplestiltskin thinks that he will interrupt his plan to make the Queen cast the curse, so he poisons Charlotte with the same poison. As there is no cure for the poison, Rumplestiltskin tells the Count that the only way to save her is to halt her story. He gives the Count and Charlotte a passageway to the Land of Untold Stories.
Years later, Mr. Hyde brings the Count and various other refugees from the Land of Untold Stories to Storybrooke. During his time in Storybrooke, he meets Regina 's former counterpart -- the Evil Queen, who rips his heart out and forces him to kill David and Mary Margaret. He is then killed by Regina, unintentionally, who throws her sword into his back in order to save David and Mary Margaret.
In the Enchanted Forest, after becoming Snow White 's handmaiden, she travels with them to a nearby burned - down village where they meet the Count, who introduces himself as Edmond. Sometime after Edmond starts working at the castle, he began to see the resemblance in Charlotte 's eyes similar to his deceased fiancèe. When he tries to kill Snow White and Prince Charming with the Agrabahn Viper Poison, he rethinks after seeing Charlotte 's eyes. Later, Charlotte is poisoned by Rumplestiltskin and states to Edmond that there is no cure for the poison. In order to save her, Rumplestiltskin tells the Count that he needs to halt her story, therefore, taking her to the Land of Untold Stories.
Years later, Charlotte is among the refugees brought to Storybrooke from the Land of Untold Stories by Mr. Hyde. After arriving in Storybrooke, her story continues resulting in her dying from the poison years ago.
In the Enchanted Forest, he falls in love with Clorinda and gets into a secret relationship with her. One day, he arrives at Lady Tremaine 's estate, inviting the family to a royal ball at Prince Thomas ' castle. Later, both he and Clorinda plans to runaway together to start a little farm, but Cinderella gives a key to the Land of Untold Stories to Clorinda. Instead, Clorinda suggests to Jacob to travel there. However, their plan was put to a stop when Lady Tremaine found out. She injures Jacob and then banishes Clorinda and herself to the Land of Untold Stories. When the Evil Queen cast the curse, Jacob is sent to the Land Without Magic.
In Storybrooke, Jacob is a pumpkin farmer. When Lady Tremaine and Clorinda end up in Storybrooke, Lady Tremaine tries to kill him with Jacob and Cinderella in her clutches, but Clorinda gets in the way. She stabs Ashley instead, but Emma cures her and Lady Tremaine is arrested. Jacob and Clorinda then catches up alongside with Ashley and Sean.
In Victorian England, she initially fell in love with Dr. Henry Jekyll, but eventually ends up falling in love with Dr. Jekyll 's alter ego Mr. Hyde. She later finds out that Mr. Hyde is actually Dr. Jekyll and confronts him, leading to a heated argument resulting in Mary falling from her bedroom window to her death.
After Jafar dethrones his father who ruled one of Agrabah 's kingdoms, Jafar travels to the Capital of Agrabah where he uses the Serpent Staff to control the Sultan of Agrabah. Obeying to Jafar, the Sultan of Agrabah makes Jafar his Vizier, unknown to him about Jafar 's plan for Agrabah. When Aladdin breaks the Serpent Staff into half, the spell on the Sultan of Agrabah is lifted and is reunited with Princess Jasmine while Jafar escapes.
At the time when the Sultan was meeting with possible suitors for Princess Jasmine, Jafar crashed the meeting where he mentioned that Aladdin is too broken to help them. The Sultan of Agrabah also witnesses Jafar using a transformation potion on Prince Achmed which turned him into a wooden staff that has a wooden carving of his head on it.
Following the closure of Any Given Sundae sometime after Ingrid 's death, Goldilocks takes over the property and opens her spa. One day, the Evil Queen and Zelena visits her spa where she and an unnamed co-worker tender to their requirements.
In the Enchanted Forest, he meets a young orphaned boy named Liam who is struggling with life at the docks. Feeling sorry for the boy, Captain Nemo takes Liam in and raises him as his son. He also teaches the boy to never go on the path of revenge. When the Evil Queen cast her curse, Captain Nemo and Liam somehow manage to escape the curse 's scope by fleeing from the Enchanted Forest as the rest of the land and other worlds freezes in time.
When Emma Swan enters Storybrooke in 2011, the curse is weakened and time resumes back in the Enchanted Forest. One of Captain Nemo 's men kidnaps Captain Hook and Captain Nemo asks him to join him and Liam to find for a magical key for a second chance in life at the Mysterious Island. Eventually, Hook finds out about Liam 's identity, resulting in Liam accidentally stabbing Captain Nemo. As Captain Nemo bleeds, Liam uses the key to open a portal to the Land of Untold Stories which used the "Mysterious Island '' alias. Arriving there, Captain Nemo stop bleeding as their story had been halted.
Years later, Captain Nemo ends up in Storybrooke when Mr. Hyde brings some of the refugees from the Land of Untold Stories to Storybrooke. As his story is no longer halted, he continues to bleed and is found by David Nolan. He is brought to the hospital and into surgery. After the surgery done by Dr. Whale, he is wheeled into a ward room where his bed roommate is Liam, reuniting with him.
Captain Hook is later visited by Captain Nemo who gives him some advice on how to tell Emma about how he had previously killed David 's father Robert. In addition, Captain Nemo states that he, Liam Jones II, and his crew are heading out of Storybrooke. After a disastrous outcome with Emma upon being unable to come clean in the first place, Captain Hook informs Captain Nemo about it and asks if there is room for one more. Captain Nemo states that there is always a place for him on the Nautilus. After some talking with Mary Margaret Blanchard, Captain Hook meets with Captain Nemo to see him off only for Gideon to commandeer the Nautilus where he has it leave Storybrooke.
After ending up off the coast of the Enchanted Forest, Captain Nemo worked with Captain Hook into finding a Kraken where they would obtain it 's blood to refuel the Nautilus component that enables it to travel to the oceans of the different worlds. During this time, Captain Nemo and Liam met Aladdin and Jasmine. Due to the Nautilus having taken damage from the Kraken attacks, Jasmine used Aladdin 's genie abilities to wish herself, Aladdin, Captain Hook, Captain Nemo, and Liam to the nearest island which happens to be Hangman 's Island. Before heading off to find where Jafar 's lamp is held, Captain Hook parted ways with Captain Nemo and Liam who remained on shore with the Nautilus ' crew where they are working to salvage the Nautilus.
Gabriel takes up the bounty to apprehend Snow White for the Evil Queen where his first attempt resulted in Snow White getting away with help from the Blue Fairy. Then he encounters David and his sheepdog Wilby where he gives him drugged water and uses Wilby to lure Snow White into a trap. After Gabriel traps Snow White against a tree and locking her in his wagon, David stumbled onto the wagon where he is attacked by Gabriel. With some inside help from Snow White, David kills Gabriel.
Since banishing the Evil Queen before she could cast her curse, King David rules the Wish Realm peacefully with Queen Snow White and has a child, Princess Emma, and later a grandson, Prince Henry. On the day of Prince Henry 's ascendancy to knighthood, Regina, disguised as the Evil Queen, storms into the chamber, hoping Emma would remember her past as the Savior. As she fails, Regina takes David and Snow to her palace and keeps them as hostage. In order to make Emma remember, Regina rips out David 's and Snow 's heart and crushes it.
When the Evil Queen (Serum) makes a wish for Emma to had never become the Savior, the Wish Realm is formed as a world of its own. Here, Queen Snow rules the realm alongside King David. In this alternate timeline, King David and Queen Snow had defeated the Evil Queen and banished her.
Later in order to make Princess Emma embrace her role as the Savior and to retain her memories of her life, Regina captures King David and Queen Snow the same day when Henry was becoming a knight. During Emma 's confrontation with her, Regina unintentionally crushes King David and Queen Snows hearts in an attempt to snap Emma out of this illusion.
When the Evil Queen (Serum) makes a wish for Emma to had never become the Savior, the Wish Realm is formed as a world of its own. Here, Prince Henry trains to be a knight and arrives late at Princess Emma 's birthday celebration. On the day of his assertion to knighthood, Regina (masquerading as the Evil Queen of the Wish Realm), shows up uninvited where she takes King David and Queen Snow as prisoners. Prince Henry later follows his mother to the Dark Palace to seek the Evil Queen. After Regina unintentionally kills King David and Queen Snow by crushing their heart, Prince Henry lures his sword towards Regina with intentions of killing her, but Princess Emma stops the act with her magic, fully aware of the situation and remembers her life back in her own world.
Prince Henry later lead his army to look for the Evil Queen in order to punish her for what she did to his grandparents. In addition, he has sent out word to have his mother brought back to him.
Later on in season 7, Prince Henry is revealed to be out on revenge on Regina for killing his grandparents by crushing their heart and is helping Wish Realm Rumpelstiltskin to destroy Weaver 's chance to being with Belle in the afterlife as well as being alive still as to manage of finding his happy ending by soughting out destruction on Regina 's loved ones, her, and Older Henry. They even managed to steal an Author 's Pen from Henry.
Henry eventually duels with Regina. Even though he defeats Regina, what she says to him causes Henry to hesitate and spare her life. Following the deaths of both Rumplestitlskins, Henry and his original counterpart are present when Regina works on a spell to unite the story worlds into one location at Storybrooke. He was even present at Regina 's coronation at Storybrooke.
After giving the Evil Queen a Dark Curse, he is imprisoned underneath her Dark Palace. One day, he is listed by his long time enemy, Hook, who makes a deal with him for his freedom. Agreeing to the agreement, Rumplestiltskin reveals to Hook the whereabout of Captain Ahab, who possesses an enchanted talisman that Hook requires. Rumplestiltskin is then visited by Hook once again after acquiring the item, ready to deliver his part of the bargain. However, due to Ahab 's interruption, Rumplestiltskin remains in his jail cell.
Years after the Dark Curse breaks, Rumplestiltskin is visited by Regina who needs help in saving Emma. Rumplestiltskin shares some encouragement to Regina to bring in fear upon the realm in order to save Emma, in - exchange for his freedom. Regina toughens the bargain by seeking a magic bean from him. Happy with the agreement, Rumplestiltskin is released from his jail cell. He then meets up with Regina and Emma and hands over the magic bean. However, after finding out that Belle died due to starvation, and as he could n't locate the Wish Realm 's Evil Queen, Rumplestiltskin captures Regina, along with Robin of Locksley, with intention to punish her, but Regina escapes from him with Robin, and later with Emma back to Storybrooke.
Sometime later, Rumplestiltskin is summoned to Hyperion Heights by Baron Samdi. When Weaver confronts Baron Samdi about the stolen Dark One 's Dagger, the Wish Realm Rumplestilstkin shows up and stabs Baron Samdi in the back. During Henry 's birthday, the Wish Realm Rumplestiltskin abducts Lily and Jacinda where he ransoms them in exchange for the Dark One 's Dagger. He even trapped them in a frigid snow globe that only he can open while also having trapped his father and enlisted the Wish Realm 's Cruella de Ville to serve him. To make things worse, he has allied with the Wish Realm 's Prince Henry in order to fulfill his revenge on Regina for what happened to King Charming and Queen Snow White.
During the final showdown, Weaver crushes his own heart which kills himself and his Wish Realm counterpart.
As Emma and Regina tries to get back to Storybrooke through a portal, Robin appears to rob them. Regina, shocked to see Robin alive, approaches him, causing the portal to close. Robin robs them and leaves them as soon as Prince Henry and the knights approach. In the tavern, Regina approaches him and asks him about his life in the Wish Realm, and after figuring out that he is happy, she leaves him, but they are both captured by the Sheriff of Nottingham. Robin and Regina is then saved by Rumplestiltskin, who then captures them and locks them away in a prison cell. Robin breaks open the lock and escapes with Regina. After Emma and Pinocchio create a portal with an enchanted tree, Robin volunteers himself to follow them for a fresh start.
Landing in Storybrooke, Regina welcomes him and lets him stay at her place. However, he gets uncomfortable with Regina comparing him to her Robin. He teams up with Zelena to leave town, but is confronted by Regina who agrees to help him leave town by figuring a way to take down the protection spell surrounding town. After the Evil Queen, still in cobra form, escapes her coil cage, she pays Robin a visit in the woods where she bites his hand to transform herself back to human form.
She recruits Robin to dig up the Shears of Destiny and then uses him to lure Regina. However, as Robin pleas to return him home to his land, the Evil Queen helps him go home. Later in the tavern in the Wish Realm, he is reunited with the Evil Queen, who had a change of heart, wishing for a fresh start. The two talk, with the Evil Queen finally getting her happy ending with Robin.
Upon becoming a real boy and growing up to be a woodcarver upon Geppetto 's passing, Emma Swan and Regina Mills approaches him to see if he still has the Wardrobe. He states that he dismantled it sometime after the Evil Queen 's defeat. Upon taking Emma to the enchanted grove, they are ambushed by Killian Jones. After Emma made Killian disappear back to the Jolly Roger, it was revealed that Pinocchio 's magic chisel was broken during the scuffle. Emma later convinces Pinocchio to take another shot at the magical tree. Pinocchio manages to obtain the wood in order to make a Magic Wardrobe. Then Pinocchio constructs the Magic Wardrobe just as Regina and the alternate Robin of Locksley arrive. Before entering the Magic Wardrobe, Emma and Regina thank Pinocchio for his help.
He and his men ambush Regina Mills and Robin of Locksley at the bar. While having captured Robin of Locksley, he states to Regina that they have been prepared for the Evil Queen 's arrival. The Sheriff of Nottingham and his men are defeated by Rumplestiltskin.
Brought over to the Dark Realm by the Black Fairy, Roderick is forced to work in the mines digging for dark fairy dust. As a child, he is placed in a cell next to Gideon 's and became friends. One day, the Black Fairy finds out about Gideon 's plan to become a hero, so the Black Fairy takes Roderick away and whips him to prove Gideon wrong. As Roderick grows into a young adult, he began to rebel against the Black Fairy 's reign. He gets Gideon to side with him and together, her break into the Black Fairy 's chamber and uses a crystal ball to contact a savior in another realm. The Black Fairy finds out about it and foils their plan. Using the fairy dust, she turns Roderick into a bug and squishes him to death.
He is shown drinking at a tavern when King George arrives announcing his son James is missing and an reward for whoever can bring him home so Robert plans to find him and bring him back to him and his family. After saying goodbye to his family he leaves to visits Rumplestiltskin to know where James is and reveals he ran away to a place called Pleasure Island. After making a deal with him he gives Robert a ticket to enter the place and after talking with Pinocchio who saw James, he finds him and tells him he 's bringing him home but when they start to leave they run into King George and his men. As Robert refused to give up James, King George had his men kill Robert and have it look like an accident. Just before the guards are about to kill Robert Captain Hook and his crew arrive and kill the two guards and plan to take the gold. Believing he is safe, Robert begs Hook to set him free. Hook kills him upon quoting "Dead Men Tell No Tales '' and tells him men to take his body and make it look like an accident occurred.
Years later, David Nolan was told by the Evil Queen a brief info on what happened to his father. When David starts to see the ghost of his father who tells him he wants him to know the truth about him and his death, David asks Hook for his help in finding out who killed his father. After talking with August about his meeting with Robert, David believes King George killed his father and goes to fight and kill him but is stopped by Hook and Robert 's ghost is able to find peace with David knowing that his father fought to keep his family together.
During the First Ogre Wars, Bewoulf was the commander of an army where he inspired them to fight against the invading Ogres where he wielded the sword Hrunting. When disarmed of the weapon by a helmeted Ogre, he and his surviving soldiers were saved by Rumplestiltskin who killed the Ogres and claimed Hrunting.
Consumed by his anger and jealousy of Rumplestiltskin, Beowulf faked a Grendel attack where he secretly killed some people claiming that the Grendl killed them. This was a trap so that he can claim the Dark One 's Dagger, reclaim Hrunting, and frame Rumplestiltskin for the murders. Upon Baelfire reclaiming the Dark One 's Dagger, he summoned Rumplestiltskin who defeated him yet spared his life. Rumplestiltskin told him to take his leave and Beowulf does while pushing Baelfire aside. Consumed at the anger of what Beowulf did to him, Baelfire used the Dark One 's Dagger to make his father kill Beowulf. Rumplestiltskin regrettably did that by snapping his neck.
Prince Achmed comes to the Capital of Agrabah with hopes to marry Princess Jasmine and earn the Crown Jewel of Agrabah. During a meeting with the Sultan of Agrabah, Princess Jasmine and the other suitors, Jafar storms into the throne room and confronts Princess Jasmine about Aladdin, during in which Jafar insults the suitors. Angered with Jafar 's remarks, Prince Achmed stands up to Jafar, only to be transformed into a staff by Jafar as punishment.
As a teenager, he befriends Zelena and protects her from bullies who thinks she is a freak because of her magical abilities.
Years later, he cuts down a tree in the North. Furious, the Wicked Witch of the North curses him to turn to tin. Before the transformation completes, Stanum goes to Emerald City to seek help from Zelena. Although she initially refuse to help him, she then agrees to do so out of bravery. When Stanum is attacked by the Cowardly Lion, Zelena rescues him and aids him to find the Crimson Heart. Despite finding it, Zelena finds out that she will have to give up her powers to save Stanum, and she refuses to do so. She leaves Stanum be as he fully transforms into tin while suggesting he ask Dorothy for help if she meets him.
When Jacinda shows up late for work one day, Louie scolds her and offends her by mentioning the stereotypical view of a single mother in his point of view. Angered with his remarks, Jacinda calls him a jerk much to his dismay. Threatening Jacinda to apologise or risk losing her job, Jacinda chooses the latter. Later on, Jacinda is forced to get her job back from Louie after Victoria decides to take Lucy away from her. Despite their differences, Louie takes her back.
After helping Cinderella get ready for a royal ball, the Fairy Godmother is caught by Lady Tremaine, who cuts off her wings as punishment for helping Cinderella. Lady Tremaine then takes her wand and calls for Drizella to explain about never using magic as power as it can be taken away, like the Fairy Godmother 's wand. Making an exception, the Fairy Godmother is killed by Lady Tremaine, in front of Drizella, with her own wand.
After betraying Ella, the Prince is responsible for the death of her father, damning Ella to a life of cleaning Lady Tremaine 's chambers. One day, he hosts a ball at his castle, hoping to find a suitor. He is presented with Drizella, but he rejects her. Ella later crashes his ball and tries to kill him to get her revenge, but backs away from the plan at the last minute, with the Prince thankful that she spared him. However, Lady Tremaine uses this opportunity by stabbing the Prince to death and pins the murder on Ella.
In order to speed up the demolition of a community garden, Victoria bribes Michael to get the proper documents needed to start digging the site. Detective Rogers investigates this and witness the exchange of cash between the two. Afar, Detective Weaver always witness this while spying on Detective Rogers. Tracking Michael down to a restaurant, Detective Rogers questions Michael 's role in helping Victoria, something which Michael denies, but Detective Rogers searches him and reveals the bribe money on him. Michael is then arrested and taken to the station. While Detective Rogers is away, Detective Weaver makes a deal with Michael, freedom for loyalty to him by giving information on Victoria whenever she makes a bribery with him. Accepting the deal, Michael leaves the station, smirking to a confused Detective Rogers as he passes him.
After the death of her husband, Queen Eudora is forced to auction items of her castle to pay taxes after the King of their land raises them. Eudora suggests to her daughter that if she found a Prince to marry, then their financial problems may be solved. After Princess Tiana finds out that Prince Marias is just a commoner named Robert, Eudora consoles her daughter, regretting for ever telling Tiana to get married to solve their financial problems. Eudora eventually steps down as Queen as her daughter ascends her.
Cursed by Dr. Facilier into being a human, Robert is forced to work for Dr. Facilier as his lover is held captive by him. Robert poses as Prince Marias to lure Princess Tiana into falling for him in - order to steal Tiana 's father 's war medal. The ruse is then revealed to Tiana after she catches him stealing the medal. Initially not willing to give up her father 's medal, Tiana eventually trades the medal for Robert 's lover from Dr. Facilier. Robert is then reunited with his lover, who is a frog. With true love 's kiss, Robert is turned back to a frog and together with his lover, they return to the swamp.
Originally forced into getting married to him, Drizella takes advantage of the situation in order to threaten her mother. After acquiring better magic skills from Regina, Drizella goes to Prince Gregor for help to take down her mother. Gregor, after learning secrets of Lady Tremaine, heads over to her manor with Drizella by his side to confront Lady Tremaine, As he pulls out his sword against the women, Regina immortalises him to stop him and Drizella from killing Lady Tremaine. However, Drizella reveals that she never intended to do so, instead, she uses her magic and kills Gregor to darken her heart.
In the Wish Realm, while Hook tells Smee and the other crews to prepare his ship for a trip to a new land, the Evil Queen shows up, telling them about her failure to cast her curse because of Snow White and Prince Charming. Due to a deal between Hook and the Evil Queen, Smee goes to the New Enchanted Forest with Hook to obtain a magical flower to defeat Rumplestiltskin. Despite Hook obtaining it, Hook decides to stay in the new realm for a while as Smee returns home. Briefly, he gambles with the Evil Queen as they wait for Hook to return. When Hook decides to stay in the New Enchanted Forest, Smee is given the Jolly Roger and he offers a ride to the Evil Queen to escape the Wish Realm. Sometime later, Hook returns hoping to find Maui 's Fish Hook. Smee helps hook locate it, although they both are disturb with Captain Ahab 's presence, leading to a duel.
Before the Evil Queen got to cast her curse in the Wish Realm, she is defeated by Snow White and Prince Charming. She is unseated from the throne as Snow takes over as Queen and her magic is stripped off. With no where to turn too, she goes to Hook for help to secure a way out of the Wish Realm, making a deal with him to obtain some powerful magic in the New Enchanted Forest to defeat Rumplestiltskin. While Hook is away, she gambles with his crew and later finds out that he gave up on revenge, giving his ship to Smee. He then offers to free her from the Wish Realm, but she is eventually captured by the now Queen Snow and King David and banished from the Wish Realm for good, prevented from ever returning.
Via his first marriage with Rapunzel, he gains two daughters. One day, he falls deadly ill, resulting in Rapunzel to make a deal secure his health. Due to the deal, Rapunzel is captured by Gothel and Marcus is led to believe that she is dead. Marcus eventually falls in love with Cecelia and gains a step - daughter via the second marriage. Six years since Rapunzel 's disappearance, she returns after escaping her captivity, with Marcus welcoming her back home. When Cecelia is cursed by Rapunzel and runs away to New Wonderland, Marcus follows after her to bring her back, but returns home empty - handed. During winter, while playing, Anastasia and Ella falls into thin ice, and Marcus saves Ella first, angering Rapunzel for not saving their daughter first. As Anastasia is in a deep coma, Rapunzel kills Marcus with the help of a Prince out of anger.
After Rapunzel 's disappearance, Marcus falls in love with Cecelia and marries her, gifting her a locket which shows their power of love. Cecelia and her daughter, Ella, then moves into Marcus ' manor where she bonds and eventually gains the approval of his daughters. While Anastasia has hopes of Rapunzel 's return, Drizella warms up to Cecelia as her new mother. Following Rapunzel 's return, Cecelia tries to adjust her life to the new situation, however, she is cursed by a jealous Rapunzel after Drizella refers to her as mother. Forced to be separated from Marcus, Cecelia runs away to New Wonderland and ends up in the Infinite Maze, where she joins Alice in a tea party. One day, they were attacked by a Jabberwock and Cecelia gives up her life to kill it.
During her time in the New Enchanted Forest, the Hedge Witch is sought by Gothel, who recruits her into the Coven of the Eight. Together with the other members, they help Gothel free Drizella from her statue state. She then contributes in the casting of the Dark Curse by providing an ingredient. Once the curse is cast, she is sent to the Land Without Magic.
In Hyperion Heights, she is Dr. Andrea Sage and works at the hospital of Seattle. After Lucy collapses, she is brought to Dr. Sage who tends to Lucy 's unconsciousness. After admitting Lucy, and with her condition not improving, Dr. Sage takes blood samples from Nick, Jacinda, and Henry for future usage. After the blood sample results are sent to her, she examines it in her office and notices that Henry is Lucy 's biological father. However, she finds that someone had poisoned her drink as she collapses onto the floor to her death. An unidentified person then cuts of a lock of her hair for unknown reasons. Detectives Weaver and Rogers learn of her connection to a cult that they 've been investigating as they also found her tattoo connected to the cult surgically - erased.
Living in the Land Without Magic, Seraphina gains the ability of magic, but decides to keep it as a secret and becomes friends with Isla and a few people that hates magic. One day, her group of friends crosses paths with Gothel, who also possess magic. However, it was a ploy to humiliate Gothel for being different. During a ball, Isla and her group pours mud onto Gothel as Seraphina watches on. Seraphina feels bad for Gothel, but decides to stick with Isla. Gothel later returns to the ball after finding out that Isla sent people to burn down her home and kill her family. After killing Isla, Gothel tries to kill Seraphina but finds out that she has magic too. Seraphina is given a second chance by Gothel as she murders everyone in the ballroom. Seraphina then travels to Gothel 's former home with Gothel where Gothel tells her that humans have cleansed the land of magic, but they will return once they assemble a powerful army to take back the Land Without Magic. Using a magic bean, they retreat for the New Enchanted Forest. Many years afterwards, Seraphina is recruited as the first member of Gothel 's Coven of the Eight and aids the coven in freeing Drizella from her frozen state and contributing an ingredient to cast the Dark Curse and is sent back to the Land Without Magic.
In Hyperion Heights, Seraphina gets a new life with new memories, but regains them with the help from Samuel B. Ryce and reunites with Gothel and the coven witches. She helps the coven to threaten Alice into helping them cast a spell to bring magic back into the Land Without Magic. While giving everything she can into the spell, she eventually completes her part of the spell and transforms into a plant, earning a place in the afterlife.
Stuck in a crystal ball, Madame Leota is found by Gothel who wishes to help free her to lure her into the Coven of the Eight. Gothel tricks Robin Hood into helping her and brings her to Leota 's lair at Memento Mori. Robin 's mother Zelena and Hook comes to rescue her, only for Leota to torment them with her powers prompting them to leave. Tricking Robin, Gothel tries to use a resurrection amulet to free Leota, but fails after Zelena and Hook returns, forcing Gothel and Leota to leave. Leona eventually is not resurrected and not brought into Gothel 's coven.
During his time as a pirate, he acquires Maui 's Fish Hook, an enchanted talisman. Hook, after returning to the Wish Realm from the New Enchanted Forest, gambles with Ahab to get ahold of the item. Once Ahab loses, Hook gains possession of it, however, Ahab has doubts that Hook intends to use it for revenge. Following Hook to an underground prison, Ahab learns that Hook has gone soft and was willing to spare Rumplestiltskin. Ahab then offers another deal, a gun duel in brought daylight, an agreement that Hook agrees in order to defend his pride. During the duel, Ahab manages to shoot Hook, but he himself got shot too. As his First Mate tends to his injury, Hook steals Maui 's Fish Hook and escape the realm.
In the New Enchanted Forest, during a giant troll attack, Clayton leads an angry mob of villagers to hunt for the giant troll that have been tearing down villages. The attack was brutal, leaving many hurt, forcing Clayton to retreat to the nearest tavern to seek shelter for the injured villagers. As he tends to their injury, Robin Hood and Alice walks into the tavern, with the former wanting to hunt down the giant troll, and the latter claiming the Troll is harmless. Thinking Alice is crazy, he orders his men to imprison both Robin and Alice while he lead another group of villagers after the giant troll. As the mob gathers in the wood, Robin and Alice interrupts them. Clayton then orders the villagers to hunt then down, although the giant roll is eventually defeated by Alice.
Living in the Land of Oz, Gretel and her brother crosses paths with the Blind Witch in a gingerbread house. The Blind Witch tried to cook them both, but they narrowly escapes. The experience left Gretel thinking about her future and ways to protect herself, leading to magic for help. While Gretel learns candy - based magic, Hansel eventually leaves her to travel the realms with a new name.
Years later, Gretel learns about the Coven of the Eight in the New Enchanted Forest and wishes to join them. Along with other witches, Gretel compete in a test to find a golden flower to win a spot in the coven. However, during the test, she learns from Gothel that the real test requires her to kill the other witches. As she was accompanying Drizella during the test, Gretel attacks Drizella not knowing that Gothel had gone to her too. As the two fight, Drizella stabs Gretel to death enabling Drizella to pass the initiation.
Sought by Hook in a ploy to give Henry an adventure, Black Beard pretends to be an evil captain who had stolen the Jolly Roger from Smee. When Henry and Hook makes their presence on the ship, Black Beards and his crew captures them and ties them up, but makes sure the knot is loose enough to be opened. Henry and Hook then fights off Black Beard and his crew and upon defeat, Black Beard accidentally mentions about Henry 's future bride when talking about a ring, revealing the ploy. As they batter, their ship approaches a storm and Black Beard tries to steer the ship away. He is knocked out by Hook, who has a different plan with Henry. After the storm is avoided, Black Beard awakens.
While Zelena was under the influence of the Dark Curse, Chad meets her counterpart, Kelly. The two falls in love and Chad eventually proposes to Kelly. Once Kelly regains her memories as Zelena, she reveals that she still indeed truly loves Chad. Nick then abducts Chad in order to get a ransom from Kelly. While Chad is tied up beneath Roni 's bar, he witnesses Kelly fighting Nick which ends with Nick being knocked out. Chad is freed by Kelly who is now aware of her true form. Still choosing to be with Kelly, the two returns to San Francisco.
Living in the Land of Oz, Ivo is a woodcutter who barely pays any attention to his children. One day, in a woodcutting accident, he loses his sight and begins to care for his children. However, a Witch kidnaps them, and ever since, Ivo always searches for them everyday. One night, he finds an unconscious Zelena and brings her to his home and nurture Zelena back to health while talking about his children. Zelena goes to the Witch 's home and steals her sight for Ivo, turning her into the Blind Witch and attempts to save Ivo 's children. Though they had long escaped and told Ivo about Zelena being a witch. When Zelena returns to Ivo 's home, he angrily chases her out, refusing to give her a second chance. Before leaving, Zelena gave Hansel some burns.
She was suspicious of humans while Gothal wanted to know more about them. She was among the Tree Nymphs that were slaughtered by humans.
She pretended to befriend a young Gothel after seeing her abilities only to later humiliate her by dumping dirt on her. After her fellow nymphs were killed, Gothel crashed a party where she used her vine magic to kill Isla and everyone else except for Seraphina.
Living in the Land Without Magic before it loses its magic, Flora is the leader of the Tree Nymphs and is known by all as Mother Nature. As a leader, she teachers her people to show nothing but love for their realm, despite the evolvement of humans and their hatred of magic. However, Flora cautions them from ever trying to make contact with humans. She also grooms her daughter Gothel to ascend her in the future. However, her daughter wishes to travel into the human world to befriend them. Without Flora 's permission, Gothel leaves their home and befriends a group of "sisters '', which later turned out to be a trick. The group of women brings humans into Flora 's realm and injures her and kills her people with fire and axes. As Flora lay on her deathbed, she comforts a saddened Gothel and hopes that Gothel would not get revenge. Instead, Flora tells her daughter to forgive, and to find another safe haven to rejoice once again. Flora then succumbs to her death, and with her death, magic throughout the realm weakens. Gothel refuses to listen to her mother 's dying words and wipes humanity from the land and promises to avenge Flora 's death once humanity evolves again in the realm.
Hired by Rumplestiltskin in the Wish Realm, Cruella guards the Dark Castle from any intruders. One day, the castle is visited by Regina and Henry, both looking for Ella and Lucy. Cruella reveals herself to them and engages in a sword fight with Henry for trespassing. During the duel, Cruella is defeated, and before she can do anything to harm Henry, Regina manifests her into a cell and demands Rumplestiltskin 's whereabouts before leaving. Henry later pays her a visit and steals the magic ink from her hair, turning it to pure white. As Henry leaves her cell, Cruella vows to skin him alive as revenge.
Horses exist in numerous realms in Fairy Tale Land as the mode of transportation in Arendelle, Camelot, DunBroch, the Empire, and the Enchanted Forest. Horse racing is also a thing, especially in Camelot as Violet Morgan, an avid horse racer, is gifted Nicodemus by her dying mother. Horses also possess an enchanted heart, just like humans in realms with magic, which can be crushed. The Evil Queen demonstrates this when trying to enact the Dark Curse by using her prized steed, which ultimately fails. When the Dark Curse is cast, some horses are sent to the Land Without Magic.
In Storybrooke, the horses end up in the stables, living a new life. Violet 's horse, Nicomedus, also ends up in Storybrooke. When it goes missing, Henry helps Violet lure him back to her as a romantic gesture. During Henry 's time in New Fairy Tale Land, a horse is used sometimes as a mode of transport.
There are only male dwarfs and they hatch from eggs, fully grown. If Fairy Dust is sprinkled on an egg, it will hatch earlier with a very positive dwarf, one different than the others, possibly described as special, capable of feeling love an emotion most Dwarfs can not experience. Dreamy / Grumpy is the example seen so far. So far, the lifespan and aging of a Dwarf are left unexplained. Since the casting of the first Dark Curse, only two years of actual time have passed for any of the dwarfs seen in the series since then. Their life 's work in the Enchanted Forest lives work in the Enchanted Forest as well as occasionally in StoryBrook for the fairy dust the fairies depend on each year. Upon their first day of work they are given a dwarf pickaxe which will be inscribed with their new name. The pickaxe is known never to lie. Should an important change in a dwarfs life or change their personality, such as loss, heartbreack, love etc. their pickaxe will follow in suit, possibly with a new name. Again Grumpy / Dreamy is an example.
Pongo is presumedly an Enchanted Forest inhabitant. After the Evil Queen casts the Dark Curse, Pongo, along with the other inhabitants, are sent to the Land Without Magic.
In Storybrooke, Pongo becomes Archie 's companion dog and lives an unchanging life for twenty - eight years. After Emma Swan breaks the curse, Pongo remains with Archie until his apparent death and ends up with Henry temporarily until Archie is found alive. After the undoing of the curse, Pongo is sent back to the Enchanted Forest, but back to Storybrooke after a new curse is cast. During his walking hour, Pongo, along with Archie and Emma, finds the Oracle 's body in the woods of Storybrooke.
There has been a wolf that appear whenever Emma is traveling, as a vision. It is seen when she first approached the Storybrooke town line and again later on as a sign that Emma was on the right path at the time when Emma and Regina were looking for Lily Page.
As Granny implies, she could take wolf form in her prime, but lost the ability with age retaining only the benefit of enhanced senses.
Only female fairies have appeared so far, and it is not known whether there are any male fairies in existence. However, unlike dwarves, fairies are capable of falling in love, and have been known to enter into relationships with humans.
Fairies have their own special form of magic called Fairy Magic. If a fairy strays too far from their chosen path, their leader may stop believing in them, and they will lose their wings, along with their powers, and will no longer be a fairy. However, it is possible for a fairy to regain their powers if their leader and the fairy herself starts believing in her again. A fairy can also give up her wings voluntarily, after which she will no longer be a fairy. According to the Blue Fairy, Fairy Magic is the purest of all light magic. A human who is versed in fairy language can transform herself into a fairy by using another fairy 's wand and the special spell "Le sgiathan cumhachd draoidheil '', which is Scottish Gaelic for "winged magic ''.
Fairies generally spend little time outside their own realm. They go through a training program with other, more experienced fairies, until they are able to work on their own. Fairies dedicate themselves to helping others and doing good. The more experienced fairies often become protectors of children, families, and other people in need, and become their "fairy godmothers ''. Fairies have to respect some rules, including a curfew, dust discipline and not taking on human size for no reason. If a fairy stops being good, she may be exiled. A fairy can not take the heart of any one and try to crush it because its corrupt her magic, and creating a new spell is forbidden. Fairies appear to be a long - lived species.
When a dragon terrorizes a village in King Midas ' kingdom, King George agrees to have his son Prince David slay the beast in exchange for gold, which he successfully manages. King Midas later uses his Golden Touch on the dragon 's head.
The witch Maleficent also has the ability to shape - shift into a dragon. She used this form to give birth to an egg, which would later hatch into her daughter Lily. After having her hand cut by Regina, Lily 's anger caused her to transform into a dragon until she calmed down.
When the Dark Curse is enacted, some dragons are among the wildlife shown trying to evade the cloud that is associated with it.
In "I 'll Be Your Mirror '', the Evil Queen used her magic to turn The Dragon into a Chinese dragon to attack Emma Swam and Regina Mills at the time when they were transported to the Land Behind the Mirror. The Evil Queen tells Henry that he can stop The Dragon by using the Hammer of Hephaestus on The Dragon 's heart. Instead, Henry uses the Hammer of Hephaestus on the nearby mirror to crack it. While saving The Dragon 's heart, Emma and Regina trick The Dragon 's Chinese dragon form into attacking the intact mirror enough for Emma and Regina to escape from the Land Behind the Mirror.
Captain Hook and David later encountered a dragon at the top of the beanstalk that attacked them after they claimed a magic bean. They managed to get away from the dragon.
In the Once Upon a Time in Wonderland episode "Bad Blood '', Jafar in the form of Alice 's father Edwin summoned a dragon (the version that has wings in place of its arms) to attack Alice and the Knave of Hearts. Alice and the Knave of Hearts were able to slay that dragon.
When someone grabs onto a unicorn 's horn, that person can see vision of one 's future.
In the Dark Castle there is a tapestry with a unicorn in a gate. The tapestry is from this world, it is the last tapestry of the series called The Hunt of the Unicorn. The story says that the unicorn was enchanted into the tapestry (reference to Bizard of the Blue Moon). The tapestry can be seen in "Skin Deep '' when Rumplestiltskin yells at the mirror, it can be seen in the reflection.
During the First Ogre Wars, Rumplestiltskin used his magic to slay the Ogres that fought against Beowulf.
During a ride with Belle, Gaston find a young injured Ogre as Belle wanted to know its purpose. Both of them researched a book that told about every magical item listed where Belle found a mirror called the Mirror of Souls. When Belle and Sir Maurice went to where the young Ogre was, Gaston claimed that the young Ogre attacked him leading Sir Maurice to lead a hunting party. When Sir Maurice, Gaston, and the soldiers with them caught up to the young Ogre, Belle arrived stating that she still wants to find the young Ogre 's purpose. When Gaston fires an arrow at the young Ogre, the Mirror of Souls takes the brunt of the attack as the young Ogre gets away. The Mirror of Souls revealed that Gaston tortured the young Ogre.
A band of Ogres invaded Sir Maurice 's castle, but Belle could n't remember what happened to her mother Colette that day. After her visit to Arendelle, Belle learned from Sir Maurice that Colette fought the invading Ogres while Belle was being evacuated by the guards. By the time the guards returned for Colette, she had already been killed by the Ogres. Keeping Belle alive was considered a heroic act by Sir Maurice.
A Scarred Ogre (played by C. Ernst Harth) was among the villains present at the Evil Queen 's first attempt to enact the Dark Curse. In Storybrooke, he is known as the Burly Man.
After Emma Swan and Mary Margaret Blanchard (Snow White) are transported back to the Enchanted Forest in the aftermath of breaking the Dark Curse, Emma is attacked by an Ogre. She is saved by Mary Margaret who slays the creature with an arrow through the eye.
The Bride Trolls are a type of troll that reside under bridges and are based on the troll from Three Billy Goats Gruff. Bridge Trolls enjoy dealing with jewels and would often barter with humans for gold. According to Snow White, Bridge Trolls do not like horses. Snow White comes across a group of Bridge Trolls on the Troll Bridge, attempting to make a deal with them to buy back Prince Charming 's mother 's ring which she had traded after stealing. The Bridge Troll Leader (portrayed by Mark Gibbon) suspects that it is a trap with Charming present and Prince Charming ends up captured. Using fairy dust, Snow turns the Bridge Trolls into cockroaches where they are stepped upon by Charming. When Emma and Captain Hook traveled back to the past, Snow White had already used the dark fairy dust to escape from the Evil Queen 's execution. This time, she had fooled the Bridge Trolls into thinking that she had dark fairy dust with her where it was actually sand. This caused the Bridge Trolls to retreat. The Evil Queen was the one who turned the Bridge Trolls into cockroaches and stepped on them following their failure.
The Rock Trolls are a type of troll in Arendelle that can turn into rocks. They are said to be more friendly than the Bridge Trolls, which is true as they are not aggressive or rude. Grand Pabbie is the leader of the Rock Trolls, and Kristoff 's foster father. A unique magic belonging to Rock Trolls is the ability to manipulate memories, either to recover or erase. A stone is needed as a medium for the magic, given Ingrid used a similar spell on Emma and Elsa.
The Giant Trolls are a type of troll that is larger than normal. One particular Giant Troll freed Alice from Gothel 's tower on one of her lonely birthdays. Sometime later, a Giant Troll was causing havoc in some of the New Enchanted Forest 's villages. Alice met Robin Hood 's daughter of the same name who was hunting the Giant Troll and did not want the villagers harming it. When Alice returned to the tower, the Giant Troll appeared and wrecked. Alice was able to talk the Giant Troll down and it crouched down where it turned into a stone formation. This stone formation became a landmark in Hyperion Hights which Tilly frequents. When the story worlds are united with Storybrooke, the same Giant Troll is seen near the same tower.
Aladdin was mentioned to have been friends with a genie until he set him free upon using his third wish.
The Magic Mirror was originally a genie from Agrabah who came into the Evil Queen 's possession. Using the last wish of his lamp, the genie accidentally trapped himself within every reflective surface the Queen would gaze into, as it was his desire to always see her. Another wish that backfired came from Will Scarlet; he wished for Alice 's suffering to be brought to an end, but since it was mental and physical (she was dying), he ended up taking Cyrus ' place as genie as the price to heal her.
In Once Upon a Time in Wonderland, it was also shown that if someone takes water from the Well of Wonders without Nyx 's approval, Nyx will invoke the genie curse which transforms the person responsible into a genie where their lamp is teleported to another location. Only upon returning the water to the Well of Wonders will the curse be undone. In a twist, Cyrus attempts to return the water, but Jafar destroys it. The Nyx invokes the genie curse on Jafar while freeing her previous victims. Though Jafar later finds his way out of the genie curse by the time Aladdin and Princess Jasmin find his lamp.
In Storybrooke, Henry Mills unleashes the Agrabahn Vipers from their box in the Queen 's vault, which corner him until David Nolan (Prince Charming) appears and closes the box. Years later, King Arthur forces his incarcerated squire Grif to commit suicide via Agrabahn viper venom in order to further his goals to make Storybrooke the new Camelot.
While in the New Enchanted Forest, Henry mentioned that he and Jack once fought off some giants.
According to Adam Horowitz and Edward Kitsis, Giants are vegetarians.
Yaoguai is a Chinese term that means "demon. ''
The mermaids of Neverland are unpleasant and dangerous. Regina turns one mermaid to wood in an attempt to stop a storm summoned by the mermaid. Captain Hook has said that Neverland mermaids are liars and holding one hostage is good leverage. He also has said mermaids are the most dangerous creatures in all the sea.
Ariel is a mermaid in the oceans near the Enchanted Forest who is known to rescue those who are drowning like she did with Prince Eric and Snow White. King Poseidon is suggested to also reside here, or someplace between realms.
Revering the sea goddess Ursula, King Poseidon named his daughter after her. In a fit of rage after losing her singing voice as part of Captain Hook 's vengeance on King Poseidon, Ursula used her father 's trident to transform herself with octopus tentacles replacing her mermaid tail.
Percy the White Rabbit and his family are known Wonderland Rabbits.
Gorgon the Invincible is a previous Dark One, who was able to take the appearance of a fire - breathing Bandersnatch. Some time after becoming the Dark One, Gorgon tried to steal the Sorcerer 's Hat created by Merlin, but he failed. Eventually, Gorgon is killed or died. He was succeeded by a man named Zoso.
Jafar once used a Blood Scarab to help him find Cyrus ' bottle when he thought it was located under the Tum Tum Tree.
Using a conch shell, Neal Cassidy (Baelfire) had to lure, spear, and reel in a giant squid so that Mr. Gold (Rumplestiltskin) could harvest their ink (which can temporarily paralyze any magical creature) in a plot to disable Peter Pan. The very same kind of ink was used by Prince Thomas and Cinderella in their plan to outwit and imprison Rumplestiltskin before the first Dark Curse.
At one point, King Poseidon offered some to Hook in exchange for stealing Ursula 's singing voice. Both attempted to double - cross King Posideon and take the ink, but it was destroyed and Ursula 's voice was stolen in Captain Hook 's vengeance on King Poseidon.
A mermaid named Ursula (the daughter of the King Poseidon who was named after the Sea Goddess) turned herself into a cecaelia with King Poseidon 's trident after the loss of her singing voice.
Ursula is seen briefly in Season 3 where she warns Regina against impersonating her again.
In Season 4, the Sea Witch version was named after her by the King Poseidon who revered the goddess.
In Season 5, Hades is introduced as the ruler of the Underworld. However, his position was later given to Cruella De Vil and (later) King Arthur. Zeus runs Mount Olympus. Kronos was revealed in a text in the Once Upon a Time book as the former ruler of Mount Olympus.
Hades has mentioned to Zelena that he is n't the Devil, though he implies that the Devil is a real person. Nothing is known about him, however.
Morpheus: God of Dreams was referenced in the episode "The Savior. '' Though the unborn child of Rumplestiltskin and Belle French named Gideon impersonated him in order to convince his mother not to be fooled by his father again, the real Morpheus has not yet appeared and very little is known about him.
Medusa lives in a cavern near the old Summer Palace of the Enchanted Forest. She gains a notorious reputation as a creature who can turn anyone into stone if the person looks straight into her eyes. One day, she chases two intruders, Snow White and Prince Charming, after they purposely enter into her home. While Prince Charming goads Medusa into coming after him, Snow White hides in wait to cut off her head. Surprisingly, the sword has no effect on Medusa and she entraps Prince Charming, forcing him to meet her gaze, and thus transforming him into a stone statue. Medusa goes after Snow White next, but is tricked into meeting her own reflection and immobilizing herself into stone. As a result of this, Prince Charming is freed.
According to Snow White, legends say that Medusa is immortal.
Zelena once sent a Flying Monkey to capture the Scarecrow in order to harvest his brain as part of an attempt to create a time - traveling spell.
Later overtaking her half - sister Regina 's castle, she sends a Flying Monkey to retrieve a sample of her blood. Another monkey later attacks Snow White 's group, attempting to harm Robin Hood 's son Roland. Regina transforms it into a stuffed toy.
In New York City, Zelena sends Walsh in his human form to the location to maintain a relationship with Emma Swan and keep her away from Storybrooke. After Emma rejects his marriage proposal, he reveals his true form and attacks her. Emma fights back and pushes him from her apartment roof, vanishing into smoke before he can hit the ground. In Storybrooke, Zelena abducts the inhabitants and transforms them into Flying Monkeys. Little John is the first to be converted into one of the creatures, who are unaware of their friends and relatives. The Flying Monkeys returned to human form when Zelena was defeated.
Upon Zelena 's return to Oz, the Flying Monkey 's resurfaced where they tried to attack Dorothy and Ruby. Though it was n't confirmed if they were made from humans like the previous ones.
According to the Red Queen, their mouths are full of fangs, which give the appearance they are pressed together by two beds of nails. They are also attracted to bright lights.
In "Forget Me Not '', the Mome Rath was one of the creatures that was among Jafar and the Red Queen 's choices to send after Alice. The illustration in Jafar 's creature book depicted the Mome Rath as a three - headed monster.
In "Nothing to Fear '', five Mome Raths (which look like big black wolves with two sparkling violet eyes) attacked the Red Queen, Alice and Cyrus when they were tied to a post by the local peasants (who are angry at the Red Queen for not aiding them against the wild beasts that attacked their land during her reign). The lit fires surrounding the trio attract them. Even though they put out the torches, they were still attracted to the glow of Alice 's necklace. She throws the pendant at the Mome Raths who then begin fighting over the object while the three of them flee.
In Storybrooke, David faces his own doppelganger after the Wicked Witch of the West spikes his drinking tea with Nightroot. He is taunted by the figure before stabbing and killing it with his sword. However, the sword then disappears and becomes a symbol of courage obtained by the Wicked Witch.
In "Bleeding Through '', Regina had to invoke a seance in order to contact Cora 's ghost and have her tell Regina about why Cora had to abandon Zelena. Regina ended up learning about her mother 's past when Cora possessed Mary Margaret who experienced a flashback of Cora 's early life that led up to Zelena 's birth.
During Amara 's duel with Jafar, she used her magic to summon some Giant Cobras to attack Jafar. Jafar used his magic to vanquish them.
Elsa creates him in order to defend herself and help her find Anna. Marshmallow causes a rampage in Storybrooke and ends up heading towards the forest where he attacks the Merry Men. He nearly kills Marian (actually Zelena in disguise) before being destroyed by Regina Mills.
Deep within Bald Mountain, the Chernabog stands guard over a curse within a crystal ball. Three great obstacles block those who attempt to venture in. However, whoever manages to bypass them and steal the curse incurs the wrath of the Chernabog who serves as the failsafe for the thef. Through Rumplestiltskin 's false promises to provide them with happy endings, Cruella De Vil, Maleficent and Ursula help him nab the curse, but this awakens an angry Chernabog. Before making his own hasty exit, Rumplestiltskin advises the trio about the beast 's ability to detect whoever has the heart with the greatest potential for evil and devour it. Left to the creature 's mercy, the women hide behind rock pillars as they brainstorm a plan to let the Chernabog choose who it wants to kill first while the other two climb up a crack in the ceiling and then rescue the remaining person. Soon, the women step out into view, allowing the Chernabog a good look at each one of them, to which the beast settles for Maleficent, who combats with magic blasts. Once Cruella and Ursula reach safety, Maleficent reminds them of the plan, but when they do not save her, she grudgingly accepts her fate. As the Chernabog lunges at her, she is suddenly grabbed by Ursula 's tentacles and lifted to safety. Unable to reach the intruders, the Chernabog glares up at them with its red glowing eyes and roars in anger.
At some point, the Chernabog ends up trapped in the Sorcerer 's Hat. After the nuns are absorbed in as well, Belle and Hook research for a spell to free them. Belle consults a professor from Oxford to translate the spell, but little does she know, the man who helps her via email is none other than the banished Mr. Gold. Regina succeeds in releasing the nuns, but the Chernabog is also freed and flies off without anyone 's notice. Later, the winged beast perches atop the clock tower and lets out a vicious growl, which attracts much fear and shock from the townspeople. Working together, Emma and Regina combine their magic to physically stun it temporarily. While the Chernabog is still on the loose, the pair gain knowledge from Cruella De Vil and Ursula about the creature 's knack for finding and consuming the heart of a person with the greatest potential for evil. Since the Chernabog is magical, the demon must go across the town line as there is no magic outside of Storybrooke which will cause Chernabog to disappear. Believing that Chernabog wants her, Regina joins Emma in her car as they lure it out of Storybrooke. Instead, the Chernabog is actually stalking Emma and after it causes damage to the car windshield, Regina teleports to the town line and offers herself as bait. While Chernabog is on the car roof, Emma rapidly accelerates the vehicle speed, and then halts the car abruptly, which throws the Chernabog across the town barrier where it disappears.
To keep Nimue from causing damage, Merlin created the Dark One 's Dagger via a tethering spell to control her. However, she stole it and later used it to turn Merlin into a tree. Nimue would later be stabbed by the dagger, allowing her magic and consciousness to possess her attacker. Thus anyone who killed a Dark One gained magic and the Darkness grew more powerful with each new Dark One. This began the Dark One line. Between Nimue and Gorgon the Invincible, there were at least 18 Dark Ones. After these 20 came Zoso and Rumplestiltskin.
When Mr. Gold 's heart is in danger of being devoured by the Darkness, the Apprentice attempts to seal it in the Sorcerer 's Hat; it escapes and fatally wounds him in an attempt to make him its new host. It tries using Regina next, but Emma uses the dagger to force the Darkness to possess her instead.
Though it 's believed Emma has fallen under the Darkness 's sway, flashbacks reveal that she remains un-corrupted by it; in truth she was planning to transfer the Darkness into Zelena after she gives birth, and then slay her to put an end to the Darkness. The reason for this is that half of the Darkness was transferred into Hook to save his life; he had received a wound to his neck from Excalibur, which was unable to be healed, thus forcing Emma to do this out of love.
Unfortunately, Hook has surrendered to the Darkness (and acts quirky as Rumplestiltskin when around Mr. Gold), continuing Nimue 's plan to destroy light magic; he manages to open a portal to the Underworld, bringing back every Dark One from Nimue to Zoso. Luckily, Hook 's love for Emma allows him to see that revenge is not the right path, allowing him to seal all the Dark Ones into Excalibur; rather than have Emma sacrifice herself, as she has family, Hook offers his own life, freeing her of the Darkness. With this, both the Darkness and Excalibur vanish into nothingness.
Unfortunately, Mr. Gold created a new Dark One 's Dagger to absorb all the Dark Ones ' magic making him even stronger than Emma.
Merida once caught a wisp so that it can tell her where the United Clans are holding her three brothers.
The Fury appeared in Camelot when Emma (who was the current Dark One) healed Robin Hood on Regina 's behalf.
In Storybrooke, the Fury arrived where it snatched up Robin Hood. Upon arriving near the lake with Robin Hood 's body, the Fury begins to take Robin Hood 's body only for Regina, Mary Margaret, David, King Arthur, and Leroy to offer themselves enough for the Fury to be overwhelmed and to retreat back to the Underworld. However, it 's possible that she took an equal amount of life from the five of them to pay off the debt.
Furies serve him to a certain degree as they bring him those who were healed from death 's door, but did n't give up something of equal value.
He can be summoned by dropping blood from someone who has come back from the Underworld via proper resurrection into a lake.
At some point in his life, Hercules was on his 12th Labor to defeat Cerberus. When Megara was being pursued by Cerberus, Hercules held Cerberus off for as long as he could where both of them perished offscreen. The reason being all three heads must be destroyed. Hercules ' lesson was to rely on the help of others. Hades could only laugh that Cerberus killing his nephew is what allowed them to be "reunited as a family '' as this sent Hercules to the Underworld.
Captain Hook and Megara were once guarded by him in the Underworld 's tunnels. After Megara got away followed by Captain Hook 's failed attempt to buy her some time, Cerberus pursued Megara into the town where he ran into Hercules and Mary Margaret. With some persuasion from Mary Margaret, Megara helped Hercules and Mary Margaret defeat Cerberus as it disappears in a black smoke upon its defeat. The defeat of Cerberus enabled Hercules to have his unfinished business completed.
Hercules is a known demigod who is the son of Zeus and a mortal woman. He has the power of super strength and is invulnerable to being wounded by mortal means; he was able to hold onto the blade of his sword to lift Snow White of a pit.
During Zelena 's return to Oz, she captured Toto in order to get Dorothy to give up the Silver Slippers. Toto was in a cage at the time when Zelena put a Sleeping Curse on Dorothy.
Following Dorothy 's return to Oz, Zelena confronted the Munchkins to find out which one told Dorothy that she was still alive. When a Munchkin named Boq spoke out against her demands, Zelena turned him to ash. The rest of the Munchkins fled when Hades came into view.
Hook mistakenly referred to a normal giant squid as a Kraken. The same mistake was used by Charming in the third season after the Jolly Roger was attacked by mermaids.
Aladdin and Princess Jasmine were attacked by a Kraken off the coast of the Enchanted Forest until they were saved by Captain Hook and the Nautilus crew.
It was revealed that a component on the Nautilus that enables it to travel to any ocean in any of the known worlds is powered by the blood of a Kraken.
With some help from the Black Fairy, Gideon summoned the Great Spider from the book in a secret plot to kill Emma Swan. Upon Gideon getting away upon revealing this motive and trapping Emma in one of the webs, the Great Spider started to fully web up Emma. Before the Great Spider could eat her, Emma is saved by Mr. Gold. With help from Mr. Gold, Emma shrunk the Great Spider to the size of a normal spider and stepped on it. After this Emma quipped "I 'll never look at Spider - Man the same way again. ''
Fireflies are normally seen at a bayou nearby Princess Tiana 's kingdom. During Tiana 's conversation with Queen Eudora, as well as Regina 's confrontation with Dr. Facilier, the Fireflies can be seen outside the castle 's window, indicating that there 's a bayou nearby.
Somewhere in the realm of Maldonia, the Alligator attacks Prince Naveen 's brother and kills him. Angered by the beast, Naveen tracks down the Alligator to the New Enchanted Forest with plans to kill it. The Alligator, during its time in the New Enchanted Forest, swallows a necklace belonging to the Evil Queen that Dr. Facilier was keeping. It then retreats to an ocean nearby Princess Tiana 's kingdom. When Tiana and Naveen were fighting on a boat at the ocean, the Alligator rocks the boat, causing Naveen to fall in. The Alligator attacks Naveen, badly injuring him, but is killed by Tiana before it got to further damage Naveen. Once dead, Dr. Facilier is able to retrieve the Evil Queen 's necklace from it.
In his wolf pack, lead by Anita, they shelter and take care of a young child that later grew into the Huntsman, who leaves the pack. This betrayal hits Adair hard, especially after Anita 's death. Adair then takes over Anita 's responsibilities to make sure the pack stays united. One day, the pack attack the Huntsman in the woods, but they are turned into their human selves by the Evil Queen. As Adair confronts the Huntsman for abandoning them, the Evil Queen makes a deal with them: hunt Snow White for their safety. The hunt results in the Huntsman, Red, and Snow White falling into thin ice, presumed dead. Afterwards, when Adalyn is poisoned and the Evil Queen refuses to help, Adair questions her motive, but Adair is soon incinerated to death by the Evil Queen.
After Anita 's death, Adalyn helps Adair to keep the pack united. Following an agreement with the Evil Queen, the pack, including Adalyn, hunts down Snow White to guarantee their safety from the Evil Queen. After Snow White, along with Red and the Huntsman, falls into thin ice, she assume the trio died. However, one of a silver arrow poisons her, furiating the pack when the Evil Queen refuses to help.
As part of the crew of the Jewel of the Realm, Lewis witnesses the death of Liam Jones and joins forces with Killian, who renames the ship as the Jolly Roger. On a journey to the Southern Isles in Arendelle, the ship is caught in a storm and Lewis tries to keep the ship steady. Lewis eventually leads the ship to Leviathan Shoals where the crew began work on the ship to set sail after the storm. They are greeted by another ship, with an alive Liam. Lewis believes that Liam is just an enchantment made by the mist, despite Killian not believing. They then proceed to leave the shoals, but are attacked by the Leviathan. During the attack, Lewis assures Killian that Liam is just an hallucination as the Leviathan is killed by dynamite.
Resides in Leviathan Shoals, the Leviathan produces a green illusion - casting mist on the Jolly Roger crew, luring them to the shoal. He also makes an hallucination out of Killian 's deceased brother and attacks the ship as they tied to leave. However, he is killed by dynamite, with ends the hallucination.
Growing up as Belle 's friend, he learns about Belle 's captivity by Rumplestiltskin at his castle. Hoping to free her, Samuel learns about a dagger that can control Rumplestiltskin and immediately decides to find a way to seize it so he can take charge of the Enchanted Forest. Faking an injury so that Belle would take pity on him, Samuel is brought into Rumplestiltskin 's castle with open arms. While healing him, Belle learns about Samuel 's true intention, despite him claiming that her father sent him to rescue her. Belle sends him away so that he can do no harm to Rumplestiltskin, but Rumplestiltskin learns about Samuel 's plan and takes Pandora 's Box from Samuel and imprisons him in a swamp without Belle 's knowledge.
William leaves Daniel when he was still a child to seek fortunes. He begins working with Jefferson and steals treasures from various realms. One day, he learns that Daniel had died and believes that his fiancè Regina is responsible for his death. While making plans to return to the Enchanted Forest, William learns that the Clock of Evermore, which has the ability to manipulate time, is currently in Wonderland and alerts Jefferson to retrieve it while he exact revenge on Regina. Gaining magical sand from a sea nymph, William returns to the Enchanted Forest and confronts Regina, who blames Daniel 's death on Snow White. During the confrontation, William tries to sprinkle the magical sand on her, and she counters it with magic, accidentally harming him to death.
In Camelot, she shows up at a castle at one of its kingdom with plans of stealing riches. During her arrival, another thief, Jefferson, also arrives with plans of his own. In order to scare him off, Priscilla pretends to be a Royal Guard, but Jefferson sees through the disguise. This alerts the actual guards to come after them. Before the guards can get to them, Jefferson considers escaping to another realm via his hat, but Priscilla hauls him and herself out through a window. Outside, Jefferson convinces her to join him in his thieving adventures, in - which Priscilla agrees. Priscilla falls in - love with Jefferson after their many adventures and eventually settles down in the Enchanted Forest to take care of their daughter. Two years later, facing finance problems, Jefferson leaves Priscilla to Wonderlands to gain the Clock of Evermore to sell it for money for the family, but fails to return. Learning that her husband is being h led by the March Hare, Priscilla then seeks the White Rabbit 's help to get to Wonderland. She rescues Jefferson, but is fatally shot by an arrow. Not wanting Grace to grow up as an orphan, she urges Jefferson to leave her and return to Grace. After a tearful goodbye, Jefferson returns to the Enchanted Forest as she dies
Walking on a pavement, the Dodo is greeted by Jefferson who wishes to get to the mansion of the March Hare. He gives Jefferson directions to the mansion, but cautionary warns him about the March Hare, who does not kindly welcome visitors.
Years later, the Red Queen 's Jubjub kills the Dodo by eating him. One of the peasants angrily confronts the Red Queen about the Dodo 's death at Wonderland Castle, among others.
Somehow obtaining the Clock of Evermore, the March Hare stores it safely in his mansion. One day, he catches Jefferson breaking into his mansion to steal the Clock of Evermore. He knocks Jefferson out and ties him to a chair, and takes away his portal hat. He uses the Clock of Evermore and rewinds time so that tea time is never over, as he forces Jefferson to keep him company. Finally getting bored, he leaves a restrained Jefferson for hunting. Upon return, he learns that Jefferson had escaped with his hat with an accomplice and sends his guards after them. Priscilla is harmed by the guards ' arrow, but Jefferson escapes with Priscilla 's blessing.
As a young child, Claire 's father abandons her family, forcing her mother to take care of her brother and herself. During the Ogre Wars, her brother dies in - battle. Her brother 's ring is given to her, which Claire wears as a necklace. Claire then crosses paths with Cora, who promises to help her ride up in the society chain, in return, to befriend and spy on Regina. During a ball at King Leopold 's palace, Claire learns about Cora 's past with the Royal Family and speaks out, something that strengthens her bond with Regina, which eventually leads to a narrow escape from the Blind Witch during one of their adventures. However, the bond is eventually broken after Cora rips Claire 's heart out in another deal. Regina, hoping that Claire gets what she deserves for spying on her, alters Prince Benjamin 's memories into believing that Claire is his bride - to - be, forcing her into marriage.
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when did apple computer change to apple inc | History of Apple Inc. - Wikipedia
Apple Inc., formerly Apple Computer, Inc., is a multinational corporation that creates consumer electronics, personal computers, servers, and computer software, and is a digital distributor of media content. The company also has a chain of retail stores known as Apple Stores. Apple 's core product lines are the iPhone smart phone, iPad tablet computer, iPod portable media players, and Macintosh computer line. Founders Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak created Apple Computer on April 1, 1976, and incorporated the company on January 3, 1977, in Cupertino, California.
For more than three decades, Apple Computer was predominantly a manufacturer of personal computers, including the Apple II, Macintosh, and Power Mac lines, but it faced rocky sales and low market share during the 1990s. Jobs, who had been ousted from the company in 1985, returned to Apple in 1996 after his company NeXT was bought by Apple. The following year he became the company 's interim CEO, which later became permanent. Jobs subsequently instilled a new corporate philosophy of recognizable products and simple design, starting with the original iMac in 1998.
With the introduction of the successful iPod music player in 2001 and iTunes Music Store in 2003, Apple established itself as a leader in the consumer electronics and media sales industries, leading it to drop "Computer '' from the company 's name in 2007. The company is now also known for its iOS range of smart phone, media player, and tablet computer products that began with the iPhone, followed by the iPod Touch and then iPad. As of 30 June 2015, Apple was the largest publicly traded corporation in the world by market capitalization, with an estimated value of US $695 billion as of February 9, 2017. Apple 's worldwide annual revenue in 2010 totaled US $65 billion, growing to US $127.8 billion in 2011 and $156 billion in 2012.
Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak had withdrawn from Reed College and UC Berkeley respectively by 1975. Wozniak designed a video terminal that he could use to log on to the minicomputers at Call Computer. Alex Kamradt commissioned the design and sold a small number of them through his firm. Aside from their interest in up - to - date technology, the impetus for "the two Steves '' seems to have had another source. In his essay From Satori to Silicon Valley (published 1986), cultural historian Theodore Roszak made the point that the Apple Computer emerged from within the West Coast counterculture and the need to produce print - outs, letter labels, and databases. Roszak offers a bit of background on the development of the two Steves ' prototype models.
In 1976, Wozniak started attending meetings of the Homebrew Computer Club. New microcomputers such as the Altair 8800 and the IMSAI inspired him to build a microprocessor into his video terminal and have a complete computer.
At the time the only microcomputer CPUs generally available were the $179 Intel 8080 (equivalent to $797 in 2016), and the $170 Motorola 6800 (equivalent to $757 in 2016). Wozniak preferred the 6800, but both were out of his price range. So he watched, and learned, and designed computers on paper, waiting for the day he could afford a CPU.
When MOS Technology released its $20 (equivalent to $84 in 2016) 6502 chip in 1976, Wozniak wrote a version of BASIC for it, then began to design a computer for it to run on. The 6502 was designed by the same people who designed the 6800, as many in Silicon Valley left employers to form their own companies. Wozniak 's earlier 6800 paper - computer needed only minor changes to run on the new chip.
Wozniak completed the machine and took it to Homebrew Computer Club meetings to show it off. At the meeting, Wozniak met his old friend Jobs, who was interested in the commercial potential of the small hobby machines.
Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak had been friends for some time, having met in 1971, when their mutual friend, Bill Fernandez, introduced 21 - year - old Wozniak to 16 - year - old Jobs. They began their partnership when Wozniak, a talented, self - educated electronics engineer, began constructing boxes which enabled one to make long - distance phone calls at no cost, and sold several hundred models. Later, Jobs managed to interest Wozniak in assembling a computer machine and selling it.
Jobs approached a local computer store, The Byte Shop, who said they would be interested in the machine, but only if it came fully assembled. The owner, Paul Terrell, went further, saying he would order 50 of the machines and pay US $500 each on delivery (equivalent to $2,100 in 2016). Jobs then took the purchase order that he had been given from the Byte Shop to Cramer Electronics, a national electronic parts distributor, and ordered the components he needed to assemble the Apple I Computer. The local credit manager asked Jobs how he was going to pay for the parts and he replied, "I have this purchase order from the Byte Shop chain of computer stores for 50 of my computers and the payment terms are COD. If you give me the parts on a net 30 - day terms I can build and deliver the computers in that time frame, collect my money from Terrell at the Byte Shop and pay you. ''
The credit manager called Paul Terrell, who was attending an IEEE computer conference at Asilomar in Pacific Grove, and verified the validity of the purchase order. Amazed at the tenacity of Jobs, Terrell assured the credit manager if the computers showed up in his stores, Jobs would be paid and would have more than enough money to pay for the parts order. The two Steves and their small crew spent day and night building and testing the computers, and delivered to Terrell on time to pay his suppliers and have a tidy profit left over for their celebration and next order. Steve Jobs had found a way to finance his soon - to - be multimillion - dollar company without giving away one share of stock or ownership.
The machine had only a few notable features. One was the use of a TV as the display system, whereas many machines had no display at all. This was not like the displays of later machines, however; text was displayed at 60 characters per second. However, this was still faster than the teleprinters used on contemporary machines of that era. The Apple I also included bootstrap code on ROM, which made it easier to start up. Finally, at the insistence of Paul Terrell, Wozniak also designed a cassette interface for loading and saving programs, at the then - rapid pace of 1200 bit / s. Although the machine was fairly simple, it was nevertheless a masterpiece of design, using far fewer parts than anything in its class, and quickly earning Wozniak a reputation as a master designer.
Joined by another friend, Ronald Wayne, the three started to build the machines. Using a variety of methods, including borrowing space from friends and family, selling various prized items (like calculators and a VW bus) and scrounging, Jobs managed to secure the parts needed while Wozniak and Wayne assembled them. But the owner of the Byte Shop was expecting complete computers, not just printed circuit boards. The boards still being a product for the customers, Terrell still paid them. Eventually, 200 of the Apple I 's were built.
Wozniak had already moved on from the Apple I. Many of the design features of the I were due to the limited amount of money they had to construct the prototype, but with the income from the sales he was able to start construction of a greatly improved machine, the Apple II; it was presented to the public at the first West Coast Computer Faire on April 16 and 17, 1977. On the first day of exhibition, Jobs introduced Apple II to a Japanese chemist named Toshio Mizushima who became the first authorized Apple dealer in Japan.
The main difference internally was a completely redesigned TV interface, which held the display in memory. Now not only useful for simple text display, the Apple II included graphics, and, eventually, color. Jobs meanwhile pressed for a much improved case and keyboard, with the idea that the machine should be complete and ready to run out of the box. This was almost the case for the Apple I machines sold to The Byte Shop, but one still needed to plug various parts together and type in the code to run BASIC.
Building such a machine was going to be financially burdensome. Jobs started looking for cash, but Wayne was somewhat gun - shy due to a failed venture four years earlier, and eventually dropped out of the company. Banks were reluctant to lend Jobs money; the idea of a computer for ordinary people seemed absurd at the time. Jobs eventually met Mike Markkula who co-signed a bank loan for $250,000 (equivalent to $1,050,000 in 2016), and the three formed Apple Computer on April 1, 1976. The name Apple was chosen because the company to beat in the technology industry at the time was Atari, and Apple Computer came before Atari alphabetically and thus also in the phone book. Another reason was that Jobs had happy memories of working on an Oregon apple farm one summer.
With both cash and a new case design in hand thanks to designer Jerry Manock, the Apple II was released in 1977 and was one of the three "1977 Trinity '' computers generally credited with creating the home computer market (the other two being the Commodore PET and the Tandy Corporation TRS - 80). Millions were sold well into the 1980s. A number of different models of the Apple II series were built, including the Apple IIe and Apple IIGS, which continued in public use for nearly two decades thereafter.
While the Apple II was already established as a successful business - ready platform because of Visicalc, Apple was not content. The Apple III was designed to take on the business environment. The Apple III was released on May 19, 1980.
The Apple III was a relatively conservative design for computers of the era. However, Steve Jobs did not want the computer to have a fan; rather, he wanted the heat generated by the electronics to be dissipated through the chassis of the machine, forgoing the cooling fan.
However, the physical design of the case was not sufficient to cool the components inside it. By removing the fan from the design, the Apple III was prone to overheating. This caused the integrated circuit chips to disconnect from the motherboard. Customers who contacted Apple customer service were told to "raise the computers six inches in the air, and then let go '', which would cause the ICs to fall back into place.
Thousands of Apple III computers were recalled. A new model was introduced in 1983 to try and rectify the problems, but the damage was already done.
In the July 1980 issue of Kilobaud Microcomputing, publisher Wayne Green stated that "the best consumer ads I 've seen have been those by Apple. They are attention - getting, and they must be prompting sale. '' In August, the Financial Times reported that
Apple Computer, the fast growing Californian manufacturer of small computers for the consumer, business and educational markets, is planning to go public later this year. (It) is the largest private manufacturer in the U.S. of small computers. Founded about five years ago as a small workshop business, it has become the second largest manufacturer of small computers, after the Radio Shack division of the Tandy company.
On December 12, 1980, Apple launched the Initial Public Offering of its stock to the investing public. When Apple went public, it generated more capital than any IPO since Ford Motor Company in 1956 and instantly created more millionaires (about 300) than any company in history. Several venture capitalists cashed out, reaping billions in long - term capital gains.
In January 1981, Apple held its first shareholders meeting as a public company in the Flint Center, a large auditorium at nearby De Anza College (which is often used for symphony concerts) to handle the larger numbers of shareholders post-IPO. The business of the meeting had been planned so that the voting could be staged in 15 minutes or less. In most cases, voting proxies are collected by mail and counted days or months before a meeting. In this case, after the IPO, many shares were in new hands.
Steve Jobs started his prepared speech, but after being interrupted by voting several times, he dropped his prepared speech and delivered a long, emotionally charged talk about betrayal, lack of respect, and related topics.
By August 1981 Apple was among the three largest microcomputer companies, perhaps having replaced Radio Shack as the leader. IBM entered the personal computer market that month with the IBM PC, but Apple had many advantages. While IBM began with one microcomputer, little available hardware or software, and a couple of hundred dealers, Apple had five times as many dealers in the US and an established international distribution network. The Apple II had an installed base of more than 250,000 customers, and hundreds of independent developers offered software and peripherals; at least ten databases and ten word processors were available, while the PC had no databases and one word processor. The company 's customers gained a reputation for devotion and loyalty. BYTE in 1984 stated that
There are two kinds of people in the world: people who say Apple is n't just a company, it 's a cause; and people who say Apple is n't a cause, it 's just a company. Both groups are right. Nature has suspended the principle of noncontradiction where Apple is concerned.
Apple is more than just a company because its founding has some of the qualities of myth... Apple is two guys in a garage undertaking the mission of bringing computing power, once reserved for big corporations, to ordinary individuals with ordinary budgets. The company 's growth from two guys to a billion - dollar corporation exemplifies the American Dream. Even as a large corporation, Apple plays David to IBM 's Goliath, and thus has the sympathetic role in that myth.
The magazine noted, however, that the loyalty was not entirely positive for Apple; customers were willing to overlook real flaws in its products, even while comparing the company to a higher standard than for competitors. The Apple III was an example of the company 's reputation among dealers that one described as "Apple arrogance ''. After examining a PC and finding it unimpressive, Apple confidently purchased a full - page advertisement in The Wall Street Journal with the headline "Welcome, IBM. Seriously ''. Microsoft head Bill Gates was at Apple headquarters the day of IBM 's announcement and later said "They did n't seem to care. It took them a full year to realize what had happened ''. By 1983 the PC surpassed the Apple II as the best - selling personal computer. By 1984 IBM had $4 billion in annual PC revenue, more than twice that of Apple and as much as the sales of it and the next three companies combined. Most Apple II sales had been to companies, but a Fortune survey found that 56 % of American companies with personal computers used IBM PCs, compared to 16 % for Apple. Small businesses, schools, and some homes became the II 's primary market.
Apple Computer 's business division was focused on the Apple III, another iteration of the text - based computer. Simultaneously the Lisa group worked on a new machine that would feature a completely different interface and introduce the words mouse, icon, and desktop into the lexicon of the computing public. In return for the right to buy US $1,000,000 of pre-IPO stock, Xerox granted Apple Computer three days access to the PARC facilities. After visiting PARC, they came away with new ideas that would complete the foundation for Apple Computer 's first GUI computer, the Apple Lisa.
The first iteration of Apple 's WIMP interface was a floppy disk where files could be spatially moved around. After months of usability testing, Apple designed the Lisa interface of windows and icons.
The Lisa was introduced in 1983 at a cost of US $9,995 (equivalent to $24,000 in 2016). Because of the high price, Lisa failed to penetrate the business market.
The Macintosh 128k was announced to the press in October 1983, followed by an 18 - page brochure included with various magazines in December. Its debut, however, was announced by a single national broadcast of the now famous US $1.5 million television commercial, "1984 '' (equivalent to $3,500,000 in 2016). It was directed by Ridley Scott, aired during the third quarter of Super Bowl XVIII on January 22, 1984, and is now considered a "watershed event '' and a "masterpiece. '' 1984 used an unnamed heroine to represent the coming of the Macintosh (indicated by her white tank top with a Picasso - style picture of Apple 's Macintosh computer on it) as a means of saving humanity from "conformity '' (Big Brother). These images were an allusion to George Orwell 's noted novel, Nineteen Eighty - Four, which described a dystopian future ruled by a televised "Big Brother. ''
For a special post-election edition of Newsweek in November 1984, Apple spent more than US $2.5 million to buy all 39 of the advertising pages in the issue. Apple also ran a "Test Drive a Macintosh '' promotion, in which potential buyers with a credit card could take home a Macintosh for 24 hours and return it to a dealer afterwards. While 200,000 people participated, dealers disliked the promotion, the supply of computers was insufficient for demand, and many were returned in such a bad shape that they could no longer be sold. This marketing campaign caused CEO John Sculley to raise the price from US $1,995 (equivalent to $4,600 in 2016) to US $2,495 (equivalent to $5,800 in 2016).
Two days after the 1984 ad aired, the Macintosh went on sale. It came bundled with two applications designed to show off its interface: MacWrite and MacPaint. Although the Mac garnered an immediate, enthusiastic following, it was too radical for some, who labeled it a mere "toy ''. Because the machine was entirely designed around the GUI, existing text - mode and command - driven applications had to be redesigned and the programming code rewritten; this was a challenging undertaking that many software developers shied away from, and resulted in an initial lack of software for the new system. In April 1984 Microsoft 's MultiPlan migrated over from MS - DOS, followed by Microsoft Word in January 1985. In 1985, Lotus Software introduced Lotus Jazz after the success of Lotus 1 - 2 - 3 for the IBM PC, although it was largely a flop. Apple introduced Macintosh Office the same year with the lemmings ad, infamous for insulting potential customers. It was not successful.
Macintosh also spawned the concept of Mac evangelism which was pioneered by Apple employee, and later Apple Fellow, Guy Kawasaki.
Despite initial marketing difficulties, the Macintosh brand was eventually a success for Apple. This was due to its introduction of desktop publishing (and later computer animation) through Apple 's partnership with Adobe Systems which introduced the laser printer and Adobe PageMaker. Indeed, the Macintosh would become known as the de facto platform for many industries including cinema, music, advertising, publishing and the arts.
Sculley and Jobs ' visions for the company greatly differed. The former favored open architecture computers like the Apple II, sold to education, small business, and home markets less vulnerable to IBM. Jobs wanted the company to focus on the closed architecture Macintosh as a business alternative to the IBM PC. President and CEO Sculley had little control over Chairman of the Board Jobs ' Macintosh division; it and the Apple II division operated like separate companies, duplicating services. Although its products provided 85 % of Apple 's sales in early 1985, the company 's January 1985 annual meeting did not mention the Apple II division or employees. Many left, including Wozniak, who stated that the company had "been going in the wrong direction for the last five years '' and sold most of his stock.
The Macintosh 's failure to defeat the PC strengthened Sculley 's position in the company. In June 1985, the board of directors sided with Sculley and Jobs was stripped of all duties. Jobs, while taking the position of Chairman of the firm, had no influence over Apple 's direction and subsequently resigned. Sculley reorganized the company, unifying sales and marketing in one division and product operations and development in another. In a show of defiance at being set aside by Apple Computer, Jobs sold all but one of his 6.5 million shares in the company for $70 million. Jobs then acquired the visual effects house, Pixar for $5 M (equivalent to $10,900,000 in 2016). He also went on to found NeXT Inc., a computer company that built machines with futuristic designs and ran the UNIX - derived NeXTstep operating system. NeXTSTEP would eventually be developed into Mac OS X. While not a commercial success, due in part to its high price, the NeXT computer would introduce important concepts to the history of the personal computer (including serving as the initial platform for Tim Berners - Lee as he was developing the World Wide Web).
Under leadership of John Sculley, Apple issued its first corporate stock dividend on May 11, 1987. A month later on June 16, Apple stock split for the first time in a 2: 1 split. Apple kept a quarterly dividend with about 0.3 % yield until November 21, 1995. Between March 1988 and January 1989, Apple undertook five acquisitions, including software companies Network Innovations, Styleware, Nashoba Systems, and Coral Software, as well as satellite communications company Orion Network Systems.
Apple continued to sell both lines of its computers, the Apple II and the Macintosh. A few months after introducing the Mac, Apple released a compact version of the Apple II called the Apple IIc. And in 1986 Apple introduced the Apple IIgs, an Apple II positioned as something of a hybrid product with a mouse - driven, Mac - like operating environment. Even with the release of the first Macintosh, Apple II computers remained the main source of income for Apple for years.
At the same time, the Mac was becoming a product family of its own. The original model evolved into the Mac Plus in 1986 and spawned the Mac SE and the Mac II in 1987 and the Mac Classic and Mac LC in 1990. Meanwhile, Apple attempted its first portable Macs: the failed Macintosh Portable in 1989 and then the more popular PowerBook in 1991, a landmark product that established the modern form and ergonomic layout of the laptop. Popular products and increasing revenues made this a good time for Apple. MacAddict magazine has called 1989 to 1991 the "first golden age '' of the Macintosh.
On February 19, 1987, Apple registered the "Apple.com '' domain name, making it one of the first hundred companies to register a. com address on the nascent Internet.
In the late 1980s, Apple 's fiercest technological rivals were the Amiga and Atari ST platforms. But computers based on the IBM PC were far more popular than all three, and by the 1990s, they finally had a comparable GUI thanks to Windows 3.0, and were out - competing Apple.
Apple 's response to the PC threat was a profusion of new Macintosh lines such as Quadra, Centris, and Performa. However, these new lines were marketed poorly by what was now "arguably one of the worst - managed companies in the industry ''. For one, there were too many models, differentiated by very minor graduations in their tech specs. The excess of arbitrary model numbers confused many consumers and hurt Apple 's reputation for simplicity. Apple 's retail resellers like Sears and CompUSA often failed to sell or even competently display these Macs. Compounding matters was the fact that, although the machines were cheaper than a comparable PC (when taken into account all the components built - in which had to be added to the ' bare bones PC '), the poor marketing gave the impression that the machines were more expensive. Inventory grew as Apple consistently underestimated demand for popular models and overestimated demand for others.
In 1991, Apple partnered with long - time competitor IBM and Motorola to form the AIM alliance. The ultimate goal was to create a revolutionary new computing platform, known as PReP, which would use IBM and Motorola hardware and Apple software. As the first step toward the PReP platform, Apple started the Power Macintosh line in 1994, using PowerPC processors from Motorola and IBM. These processors used a RISC architecture, which differed substantially from the Motorola 680X0 series that were used by all previous Macs. Parts of Apple 's operating system software were rewritten so that most software written for older Macs could run in emulation on the PowerPC series. Apple also refused IBM 's offer to purchase the company, but later unsuccessfully sought another offer from IBM, and at one point was "hours away '' from an acquisition by Sun Microsystems.
In addition to computers, Apple has also produced consumer devices. In 1993, Apple released the Newton, an early personal digital assistant (PDA). It defined and launched the PDA category and was a forerunner and inspiration of devices such as Palm Pilot and Pocket PC.
In 1994 Apple launched eWorld, an online service providing email, news and a bulletin board system to replace AppleLink. It was shut down in 1996.
During 1995, a decision was made to (officially) start licensing the Mac OS and Macintosh ROMs to 3rd party manufacturers who started producing Macintosh "clones ''. This was done in order to achieve deeper market penetration and extra revenue for the company. This decision lead to Apple having over a 10 % market share until 1997 when Steve Jobs was re-hired as interim CEO to replace Gil Amelio. Jobs promptly found a loophole in the licensing contracts Apple had with the clone manufacturers and terminated the Macintosh OS licensing program, ending the Macintosh clone era. The result of this action was that Macintosh computer market share quickly fell from 10 % to around 3 %.
In 1996, the struggling NeXT company beat out Be Inc. 's BeOS in its bid to sell its operating system to Apple. Apple purchased Steve Jobs ' company, NeXT on December 10, 1996, and its NeXTstep operating system. This would not only bring Steve Jobs back to Apple 's management, but NeXT technology would become the foundation of the Mac OS X operating system.
On July 9, 1997, Gil Amelio was ousted as CEO of Apple by the board of directors. Jobs stepped in as the interim CEO to begin a critical restructuring of the company 's product line. He would eventually become CEO and served in that position until August 2011. On August 24, 2011 Steve Jobs resigned his position as chief executive officer of Apple before his long battle with pancreatic cancer took his life on October 5, 2011.
On November 10, 1997, Apple introduced the Apple Store, an online retail store based upon the WebObjects application server the company had acquired in its purchase of NeXT. The new direct sales outlet was also tied to a new build - to - order manufacturing strategy.
At the 1997 Macworld Expo, Steve Jobs announced that Apple would be entering into a partnership with Microsoft. Included in this was a five - year commitment from Microsoft to release Microsoft Office for Macintosh as well as a US $150 million investment in Apple. As part of the deal Apple and Microsoft agreed to settle a long - standing dispute over whether Microsoft 's Windows operating system infringed on any of Apple 's patents. It was also announced that Internet Explorer would be shipped as the default browser on the Macintosh, with the user being able to have a preference. Microsoft chairman Bill Gates appeared at the expo on - screen, further explaining Microsoft 's plans for the software they were developing for Mac, and stating that he was very excited to be helping Apple return to success. After this, Steve Jobs said this to the audience at the expo:
If we want to move forward and see Apple healthy and prospering again, we have to let go of a few things here. We have to let go of this notion that for Apple to win, Microsoft has to lose. We have to embrace a notion that for Apple to win, Apple has to do a really good job. And if others are going to help us that 's great, because we need all the help we can get, and if we screw up and we do n't do a good job, it 's not somebody else 's fault, it 's our fault. So I think that is a very important perspective. If we want Microsoft Office on the Mac, we better treat the company that puts it out with a little bit of gratitude; we 'd like their software.
So, the era of setting this up as a competition between Apple and Microsoft is over as far as I 'm concerned. This is about getting Apple healthy, this is about Apple being able to make incredibly great contributions to the industry and to get healthy and prosper again.
The day before the announcement Apple had a market cap of $2.46 billion, and had ended its previous quarter with quarterly revenues of US $1.7 billion and cash reserves of US $1.2 billion, making the US $150 million amount of the investment largely symbolic. Apple CFO Fred Anderson stated that Apple would use the additional funds to invest in its core markets of education and creative content.
While discontinuing Apple 's licensing of its operating system to third - party computer manufacturers, one of Jobs 's first moves as new acting CEO was to develop the iMac, which bought Apple time to restructure. The original iMac integrated a CRT display and CPU into a streamlined, translucent plastic body. The line became a sales smash, moving about one million units each year. It also helped re-introduce Apple to the media and public, and announced the company 's new emphasis on the design and aesthetics of its products.
In 1999, Apple introduced the Power Mac G4, which utilized the Motorola - made PowerPC 7400 containing a 128 - bit instruction unit known as AltiVec, its flagship processor line. Also that year, Apple unveiled the iBook, its first consumer - oriented laptop that was also the first Macintosh to support the use of Wireless LAN via the optional AirPort card that was based on the 802.11 b standard; it helped popularize the use of Wireless LAN technology to connect computers to networks.
In 2001, Apple introduced Mac OS X (now known as macOS), an operating system based on NeXT 's NeXTSTEP and incorporating parts of the FreeBSD kernel. Aimed at consumers and professionals alike, Mac OS X married the stability, reliability and security of Unix with the ease of a completely overhauled user interface. To aid users in transitioning their applications from Mac OS 9, the new operating system allowed the use of Mac OS 9 applications through the Classic environment. Apple 's Carbon API also allowed developers to adapt their Mac OS 9 software to use Mac OS X 's features.
In May 2001, after much speculation, Apple announced the opening of a line of Apple retail stores, to be located throughout the major U.S. computer buying markets. The stores were designed for two primary purposes: to stem the tide of Apple 's declining share of the computer market and to respond to poor marketing of Apple products at third - party retail outlets.
In October 2001, Apple introduced its first iPod portable digital audio player. Then iPod started as a 5 gigabyte player capable of storing around 1000 songs. Since then it has evolved into an array of products including the Mini (now discontinued), the iPod Touch, the Shuffle (now discontinued), the iPod Classic (also discontinued), the Nano (now discontinued), the iPhone and the iPad. Since March 2011, the largest storage capacity for an iPod has been 160 gigabytes. Speaking to software developers on June 6, 2005, Steve Jobs said the company 's share of the entire portable music device market stood at 76 %.
The iPod gave an enormous lift to Apple 's financial results. In the quarter ending March 26, 2005, Apple earned US $290 million, or 34 ¢ a share, on sales of US $3.24 billion. The year before in the same quarter, Apple earned just US $46 million, or 6 ¢ a share, on revenue of US $1.91 billion.
In early 2002, Apple unveiled a completely redesigned iMac, using the G4 processor and LCD display. The new iMac G4 design had a white hemispherical base and a flat panel all - digital display supported by a swiveling chrome neck. After several iterations increasing the processing speed and screen sizes from 15 '' to 17 '' to 20 '' the iMac G4 was discontinued and replaced by the iMac G5 in the summer of 2004.
In 2002, Apple also released the Xserve 1U rack mounted server. Originally featuring two G4 chips, the Xserve was unusual for Apple in two ways. It represented an earnest effort to enter the enterprise computer market and it was also relatively cheaper than similar machines released by its competitors. This was due, in no small part, to Apple 's use of Fast ATA drives as opposed to the SCSI hard drives used in traditional rack - mounted servers. Apple later released the Xserve RAID, a 14 drive RAID which was, again, cheaper than competing systems.
In mid-2003, Steve Jobs launched the Power Mac G5, based on IBM 's G5 processor. Its all - metal anodized aluminum chassis finished Apple 's transition away from colored plastics in their computers. Apple claims this was the first 64 - bit computer sold to the general public. The Power Mac G5 was also used by Virginia Tech to build its prototype System X supercomputing cluster, which at the time garnered the prestigious recognition of the third fastest supercomputer in the world. It cost only US $5.2 million to build, far less than the previous No. 3 and other ranking supercomputers. Apple 's Xserves were soon updated to use the G5 as well. They replaced the Power Mac G5 machines as the main building block of Virginia Tech 's System X, which was ranked in November 2004 as the world 's seventh fastest supercomputer.
A new iMac based on the G5 processor was unveiled August 31, 2004 and was made available in mid-September. This model dispensed with the base altogether, placing the CPU and the rest of the computing hardware behind the flat - panel screen, which is suspended from a streamlined aluminum foot. This new iMac, dubbed the iMac G5, was the "world 's thinnest desktop computer '', measuring in at around two inches (around 5 centimeters).
2004, however, was a turning point for Apple. After creating a sizable financial base to work with, the company began experimenting with new parts from new suppliers. As a result, Apple was able to produce new designs quickly over a short amount of time, with the release of the iPod Video, then the iPod Classic, and eventually the iPod touch and iPhone.
On April 29, 2005, Apple released Mac OS X v10. 4 "Tiger '' to the general public.
Apple 's wildly successful PowerBook and iBook products relied on Apple 's previous generation G4 architecture which were produced by Freescale Semiconductor, a spin - off from Motorola. Engineers at IBM had minimal success in making their PowerPC G5 processor consume less power and run cooler but not enough to run in iBook or PowerBook formats. As of the week of October 24, 2005 Apple released the Power Mac G5 Dual that features a Dual - Core processor. This processor contains two cores in one rather than have two separate processors. Apple has also developed the Power Mac G5 Quad that uses two of the Dual - Core processors for enhanced workstation power and performance. The new Power Mac G5 Dual cores run individually at 2.0 GHz or 2.3 GHz. The Power Mac G5 Quad cores run individually at 2.5 GHz and all variations have a graphics processor that has 256 - bit memory bandwidth.
Initially, the Apple Stores were only opened in the United States, but in late 2003, Apple opened its first Apple Store abroad, in Tokyo 's Ginza district. Ginza was followed by a store in Osaka, Japan in August 2004. In 2005, Apple opened stores in Nagoya, the Shibuya district of Tokyo, Fukuoka, and Sendai. Another store was opened in Sapporo in 2006. Apple 's first European store opened in London, on Regent Street, in November 2004. A store in the Bullring shopping centre in Birmingham opened in April 2005, and the Bluewater shopping centre in Dartford, Kent opened in July 2005. Apple opened its first store in Canada in the middle of 2005 at the Yorkdale Shopping Centre in North York, Toronto. Later on in 2005 Apple opened the Meadowhall Store in Sheffield and the Trafford Centre Store in Manchester (UK). Recent additions in the London area include the Brent Cross Apple Store (January 2006), the Apple Store in Westfield in Shepherd 's Bush (September 2008) and the Apple Store in Covent Garden (August 2010), which is currently the largest store in the world.
Also, in an effort to court a broader market, Apple opened several "mini '' stores in October 2004 in an attempt to capture markets where demand does not necessarily dictate a full scale store. The first of these stores was opened at Stanford Shopping Center in Palo Alto, California. These stores follow in the footsteps of the successful Apple products: iPod mini and Mac mini. These stores are only one half the square footage of the smallest "normal '' store and thus can be placed in several smaller markets.
In 2000, Apple introduced its iTools service, a set of free web - based tools that included an email account, internet greeting cards called iCards, a service called iReview that gave internet users a place to read and write reviews of Web sites, and a tool called KidSafe which promised to prevent children from browsing inappropriate portions of the web. The latter two services were eventually canceled because of lack of success, while iCards and email became integrated into Apple 's. Mac subscription based service introduced in 2002 and discontinued in mid-2008 to make way for the release of the new MobileMe service, coinciding with the iPhone 3G release. MobileMe, which carried the same US $99.00 annual subscription price as its. Mac predecessor, featured the addition of "push '' services to instantly and automatically send emails, contacts and calendar updates directly to users ' iPhone devices. Some controversy surrounded the release of MobileMe services to users resulting in expected downtime and a significantly longer release window. As a result of this, Apple extended the subscriptions of existing MobileMe subscribers by an additional 30 days free - of - charge. At the WWDC event in June 2011, Apple announced its most up to date cloud service, iCloud, replacing MobileMe. This service kept most of the core services that MobileMe offered, however dropping iDisk, Gallery, and iWeb. Additionally, it added a number of other features to the group, including Find my Mac, iTunes Match, Photo Stream, Documents & Data Backup, and iCloud backup for iOS devices. The service requires users to be running iOS 5 and OS X 10.7 Lion.
The iTunes Music Store was launched in April 2003, with 2 million downloads in the first 16 days. Music was purchased through the iTunes application, which was initially Macintosh - only; in October 2003, support for Windows was added. Initially, the music store was only available in the United States due to licensing restrictions.
In June 2004 Apple opened their iTunes Music Store in the United Kingdom, France, and Germany. A version for the European Union version opened October 2004, but it was not initially available in the Republic of Ireland due to the intransigence of the Irish Recorded Music Association (IRMA) but was opened there a few months later on Thursday January 6, 2005. A version for Canada opened in December 2004. On May 10, 2005, the iTunes Music Store was expanded to Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland.
On December 16, 2004, Apple sold its 200 millionth song on the iTunes Music Store to Ryan Alekman from Belchertown, Massachusetts. The download was The Complete U2, by U2. Just under three months later Apple sold its 300 millionth song on March 2, 2005. On July 17, 2005, the iTunes Music Store sold its 500 millionth song. At that point, songs were selling at an accelerating annualized rate of more than 500 million.
On October 25, 2005, the iTunes Store went live in Australia, with songs selling for A $ 1.69 each, albums at (generally) A $16.99 and music videos and Pixar short films at A $3.39. Briefly, people in New Zealand were able to buy music off the Australian store. However, that loophole was quickly closed.
On February 23, 2006, the iTunes Music Store sold its 1 billionth song.
The iTunes Music Store changed its name to iTunes Store on September 12, 2006 when it began offering video content (TV shows and movies) for sale. Since iTunes ' inception it has sold over 2 billion songs, 1.2 billion of which were sold in 2006. Since downloadable TV and movie content was added 50 million TV episodes and 1.3 million movies have been downloaded.
In early 2010, Apple celebrated the 10 billionth song downloaded from the iTunes Music Store.
In a keynote address on June 6, 2005, Steve Jobs officially announced that Apple would begin producing Intel - based Macintosh computers beginning in 2006. Jobs confirmed rumors that the company had secretly been producing versions of its current operating system Mac OS X for both PowerPC and Intel processors over the past 5 years, and that the transition to Intel processor systems would last until the end of 2007. Rumors of cross-platform compatibility had been spurred by the fact that Mac OS X is based on OpenStep, an operating system that was available for many platforms. In fact, Apple 's own Darwin, the open source underpinnings of Mac OS X, was also available for Intel 's x86 architecture.
On January 10, 2006, the first Intel - based machines, the iMac and MacBook Pro, were introduced. They were based on the Intel Core Duo platform. This introduction came with the news that Apple would complete the transition to Intel processors on all hardware by the end of 2006, a year ahead of the originally quoted schedule.
On January 9, 2007, Apple Computer, Inc. shortened its name to simply Apple Inc. In his Macworld Expo keynote address, Steve Jobs explained that with their current product mix consisting of the iPod and Apple TV as well as their Macintosh brand, Apple really was n't just a computer company anymore. At the same address, Jobs revealed a product that would revolutionize an industry in which Apple had never previously competed: the Apple iPhone. The iPhone combined Apple 's first widescreen iPod with the world 's first mobile device boasting visual voicemail, and an internet communicator able to run a fully functional version of Apple 's web browser, Safari, on the then - named iPhone OS (later renamed iOS).
The first version of the iPhone became publicly available on June 29, 2007 in selected countries / markets. It was another 12 months before the iPhone 3G became available on July 11, 2008. Apple announced the iPhone 3GS on June 8, 2009, along with plans to release it later in June, July, and August, starting with the U.S., Canada and major European countries on June 19. This 12 - month iteration cycle has continued with the iPhone 4 model arriving in similar fashion in 2010, a Verizon model was released in February 2011, and a Sprint model in October 2011, shortly after Jobs ' death.
On February 10, 2011, the iPhone 4 was made available on both Verizon Wireless and AT&T. Now two iPod types are multi-touch: the iPod nano and the iPod touch, a big advance in technology. Apple TV currently has a 2nd generation model, which is 4 times smaller than the original Apple TV. Apple has also gone wireless, selling a wireless trackpad, keyboard, mouse, and external hard drive. Wired accessories are, however, still available.
The Apple iPad was announced on January 27, 2010 with retail availability commencing in April and systematically growing in markets throughout 2010. The iPad fits into Apple 's iOS product line, being twice the screen size of an iPhone without the phone abilities. While there were initial fears of product cannibalisation the FY2010 financial results released in Jan 2011 included commentary of a reverse ' halo ' effect, where iPad sales were leading to increased sales of iMacs and MacBooks.
Since 2005, Apple 's revenues, profits, and stock price have grown significantly. On May 26, 2010, Apple 's stock market value overtook Microsoft 's, and Apple 's revenues surpassed those of Microsoft in the third quarter of 2010. After giving their results for the first quarter of 2011, Microsoft 's net profits of $5.2 billion were lower for the quarter than those of Apple, which earned $6 billion in net profit for the quarter. The late April announcement of profits by the companies marked the first time in 20 years that Microsoft 's profits had been lower than Apple 's, a situation described by Ars Technica as "unimaginable a decade ago ''.
The Guardian reported that one of the reasons for the change was because PC software, where Microsoft dominates, has become less important compared to the tablet and smartphone markets, where Apple has a strong presence. One reason for this was a surprise drop in PC sales in the quarter. Another issue for Microsoft was that its online search business had lost a lot of money, with a loss of $700 million in the first quarter of 2010.
On March 2, 2011, Apple unveiled the iPad 's second generation model, the iPad 2. Like the 4th generation iPod Touch and iPhone, the iPad 2 comes with a front - facing camera as well as a rear - facing camera, along with three new apps that utilize these new features: Camera, FaceTime, and Photo Booth.
On August 24, 2011, Steve Jobs resigned from his position as CEO with Tim Cook taking his place. On October 29, 2012, Apple announced structural changes to increase collaboration between hardware, software and services. This involved the departure of Scott Forstall, responsible for the launch of iOS (iPhone OS at the time of launch), who was replaced with Craig Federighi as head of iOS and OS X teams. Jony Ive became head of HI (Human Interface), whilst Eddy Cue was announced as head of online services including Siri and Maps. The most notable short term difference of this restructuring was the launch of iOS 7, the first version of the operating system to use a drastically different design to its predecessors, headed by Jony Ive., followed by OS X Yosemite a year later with a similar design.
During this time, Apple released the iPhone 5, the first iPhone to have a screen larger than 3.5 ", the iPod Touch 5, also with a 4 '' screen, the iPhone 5S with fingerprint scanning technology in the form of Touch ID, and iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus, with screens at 4.7 '' and 5.5 ". They released the iPad 3rd generation with Retina Display, followed by the iPad (4th generation) just half a year later. The iPad Mini was announced alongside the iPad 4th gen, and was the first to feature a smaller screen than 9.7 ''. This was followed by the iPad Mini 2 with Retina Display in 2013, alongside the iPad Air, a continuation of the original 9.7 '' range of iPads, which was subsequently followed by the iPad Air 2 with Touch ID in 2014. Apple also released various major Mac updates, including the MacBook Pro with Retina Display, whilst also discontinuing the original MacBook range for a short period, before reintroducing it in 2015 with various new features, a Retina Display and a new design that implemented USB - C, while removing all other ports. Apple also updated the Mac Pro and iMac lines with a drastically different smaller / thinner, but more powerful designs.
On November 25, 2013, Apple acquired a company called PrimeSense. On May 28, 2014, Apple acquired Beats Electronics, producers of the popular Beats by Dre headphone and speaker range, as well as streaming service Beats Music.
On September 9, 2014, Apple announced the Apple Watch, the first new product range since the departure of Steve Jobs. The product can not function beyond basic features without being within Bluetooth or WiFi range to an iPhone, and contains basic applications (many acting as a remote for other devices, such as a music remote, or a control for an Apple TV) and fitness tracking. The Apple Watch received mixed reviews, with critics suggesting that whilst the device showed promise, it lacked a clear purpose, similar to many of the devices already on the market. The Apple Watch was released on April 24, 2015.
On September 9, 2015, Apple announced the iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus with 3D Touch, the iPad Pro, and the fourth - generation Apple TV, along with the fourth - generation iPad Mini. On March 21, 2016, Apple announced the iPhone SE and the smaller iPad Pro.
On September 7, 2016, Apple announced the iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus with an improved camera and a faster processor than the previous generation. The iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus have high storage options. On October 27, 2016, Apple announced the new 13 and 15 inch Macbook Pro with a retina Touch Bar. On March 21, 2017, Apple announced the iPad (2017). This is the iPad Air 2 successor, equipped with a faster processor, and starts at $329. Apple also announced the (Product) RED iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus.
On June 5, 2017, Apple announced iOS 11 as well as new versions of macOS, watchOS, and tvOS. Apple also released updated versions of the iMac, MacBook Pro, and MacBook. Apple also released the new 10.5 and 12.9 inch iPad Pro. Apple also released a Siri speaker similar to the Amazon Echo called HomePod.
As cash reserves increased significantly in 2006, Apple created Braeburn Capital on April 6, 2006 to manage its assets.
' AAPL ' is the stock symbol under which Apple Inc. trades on the NASDAQ stock market. Apple originally went public on December 12, 1980, with an initial public offering at US $22.00 per share. The stock has split 2 for 1 three different times on June 15, 1987, June 21, 2000 and February 28, 2005. Apple initially paid dividends from June 15, 1987 to December 15, 1995. On March 19, 2012, Apple announced that it would again start paying a dividend of $2.65 per quarter (beginning in the quarter that starts in July 2012) along a $10 billion share buyback which would commence September 30, 2012, the start of its fiscal 2013 year.
Gene Munster and Michael Olson of Piper Jaffray are the main analysts who track Apple stock. Piper Jaffray estimate future stock and revenue of Apple annually, and have been doing so for several years.
Apple Inc. Complete Documentation since 1976. These Pictures Of Apple 's First Employees Are Absolutely Wonderful
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where is the lost city of el mirador | El Mirador - wikipedia
Coordinates: 17 ° 45 ′ 18.18 '' N 89 ° 55 ′ 13.55 '' W / 17.7550500 ° N 89.9204306 ° W / 17.7550500; - 89.9204306
El Mirador (which translates as "the lookout, '' "the viewpoint, '' or "the belvedere '') is a large pre-Columbian Maya settlement, located in the north of the modern department of El Petén, Guatemala.
El Mirador was first discovered in 1926, and was photographed from the air in 1930, but the remote site deep in the jungle had little attention paid to it until Ian Graham spent some time there making the first map of the area in 1962. A detailed investigation was begun in 1978 with an archaeological project under the direction of Bruce Dahlin (The Catholic University of America) and Ray Matheny (Brigham Young University). Dahlin 's work focused primarily on the bajo swamps and mapping, while Matheny 's team focused primarily on excavations in the site center and architecture. This project ended in 1983. To the surprise of the archaeologists, it was found that a large amount of construction was not contemporary with the large Maya classic cities in the area, like Tikal and Uaxactun, but rather from centuries earlier in the pre-classic era (see: Mesoamerican chronology).
In 2003, Richard D. Hansen, a Senior Scientist from Idaho State University, initiated major investigation, stabilization, and conservation programs at El Mirador with a multi-disciplinary approach, including staff and technical personnel from 52 universities and research institutions from throughout the world. By August 2008, the team had published 168 scientific papers, and produced many technical reports and scientific presentations as well as documentary films in the History Channel, National Geographic, the Learning Channel, BBC, ABC 's 20 / 20 and Good Morning America, 60 Minutes (Australia), and the Discovery Channel.
El Mirador flourished from about the 6th century BCE, reaching its height from the 3rd century BCE to the 1st century CE. Then it experienced a hiatus of construction and perhaps abandonment for generations, followed by re-occupation and further construction in the Late Classic era, and a final abandonment about the end of the 9th century. The civic center of the site covers some 10 square miles (26 km) with several thousand structures, including monumental architecture from 10 to 72 meters high.
One of the key elements for this tremendous rise in human population was the many bajos, seasonal swamps, in the region. Tropical - forest soil contains hardly any nutrients and most of the nutrients present get washed away by rain. Yet the Maya developed a system that was highly productive. In the Mirador basin, the swamps provided the solution. By importing mud from the swamps by the thousands of tonnes, the Maya created mud - covered terraces ready for agriculture. By adding lime to the soil, they elevated the pH, making it suitable for a variety of crops: corn, squash, beans, cacao, cotton and palm. When the ground was depleted of nutrients, adding another layer of mud reinvigorates the fields.
There is a number of "triadic '' structures (around 35 structures), consisting of large artificial platforms topped with a set of 3 summit pyramids. The most notable of such structures are three huge complexes; one is nicknamed "El Tigre '', with height 55 metres (180 ft); the other is called "La Danta '' (or Danta) temple. The La Danta temple measures approximately 72 metres (236 ft) tall from the forest floor, and considering its total volume (2,800,000 cubic meters) is one of the largest pyramids in the world. When the large man - made platform that the temple is built upon (some 18,000 square meters) is included in calculations, La Danta is considered by some archeologists to be one of the most massive ancient structures in the world. Also the "Los Monos '' complex is very large (48 meters high) although not as well known. Most of the structures were originally faced with cut stone which was then decorated with large stucco masks depicting the deities of Maya mythology. According to Carlos Morales - Aguilar, a Guatemalan archaeologist from Pantheon - Sorbonne University, the city appears to have been planned from its foundation, as extraordinary alignments have been found between the architectural groups and main temples, which were possibly related to solar alignments. The study reflects an importance of urban planning and sacred spaces since the first settlers.
An additional feature of El Mirador is the quantity and size of causeways, internally linking important architectural compounds, and externally linking the numerous major ancient cities within the Mirador Basin during the latter part of the Middle and Late Preclassic periods. The causeways are commonly referred to as sacbeob (the plural form of sacbe, meaning "white road '' in Mayan, from sac "white '' and be "road ''). These are raised stone causeways raising 2 to 6 meters above the level of the surrounding landscape and measuring from 20 to 50 meters wide. One sacbe links El Mirador to the neighbouring site of Nakbe, approximately 12 km away, while another joined El Mirador to El Tintal, 20 km away.
While the city and the sister centers of the Mirador Basin thrived between 300 BCE and the Common Era (CE), apparently, the site was abandoned, as were nearly all other major sites in the area, by about 150 CE. A large wall, which must have been as high as 3 to 8 meters, had been constructed on the entire northern, eastern, and southern portions of the West Group of the city prior to its abandonment in the terminal Preclassic period, suggesting a possible threat that had been perceived by this time.
Another aspect that may have led to the downfall of the system, was soil erosion due to deforestation. The Maya were fond of plastering buildings, houses, floors and even ceramics with layers of lime plaster called stucco. This plaster created a nice smooth surface which facilitated painting. With this stucco, the Maya created many astonishingly beautiful artifacts, as well as smooth - walled pyramids and ' paved ' roads. But a darker side to this production became evident when consumption started to evolve into conspicuous consumption. The production of lime needs a large amount of wood. Archeologists have calculated that for the production of 1 ton of lime cement, 5 tonnes of limestone and 5 tonnes of wood were needed. Also, dry wood was not suitable due to the large fluctuations in temperature, as a stable temperature was needed to properly burn the limestone. To accomplish this, green wood was needed. So the Maya cut down every available green tree in the area.
Excavations in and around the bajos (swamps) revealed the effects of deforestation. When trees vanish, the soil becomes loose and is easily transported by water (e.g. rain). Also, water flows downhill, and the only places in the Basin where it could flow to, were these bajos. The nutrient - rich muck that was so vigorously imported from the bajos was now buried under a 2 to 3 metre thick layer of sterile clay. This cut - off the driving force behind the sustainable agricultural fields. When you can not replenish your crop fields, more and more harvests start to fail. In the end the failing crop fields led to starvation and collapse of society.
In the Late Classic period, ca 700 CE, portions of the site were reoccupied on a more modest scale, with small structures nestled among the ruins of the great preclassic center. The largest structure from this time period is scarcely more than 8 meters high, and many of the preclassic building were plundered for stone materials for construction and lime making. The Late Classic occupants however, were noted scribes and artists. The area of the Mirador Basin is the only known source of the "codex - style ceramics '', a particularly fine polychrome ceramic consisting of black line drawings on a cream colored background. The Late Classic occupation was brief, and by about 900 CE, the area was again nearly completely abandoned, and remains so until the present time.
Richard D. Hansen, an archaeologist from Idaho State University, is the current director of the Mirador Basin Project, and according to his discoveries here, he thinks that the more than 45 mapped sites in the Mirador Basin may have formed the earliest well - defined political state in Mesoamerica.
Although containing striking examples of Preclassic Maya civilization, the remote location of El Mirador has prevented it from becoming a popular tourist site. Major plans by the current government of Guatemala include El Mirador as an important center of the Cuatro Balam Conservation and Development project.
This large concentration of Preclassic Maya cities in Mesoamerica is threatened by massive deforestation, looting, and destruction caused by equipment used in logging road construction, which itself facilitates intrusive settlements. The Mirador Basin in the far northern Petén region of Guatemala is known for its abundance of sites, many of which are among the largest and earliest in the Maya world. Of 26 known sites, only 14 have been studied; an estimated 30 more await discovery. By the time scholars get there, looters may already have plundered them:
"Trafficking in Maya artifacts is big business. George S. Stuart of the National Geographic Society has suggested that 1,000 pieces of fine pottery leave the Maya region each month, not an unreasonable estimate in light of the site damage observed. The most sought - after finds are codex - style ceramics, Late Classic (600 - 900 CE) black - line - on - cream pottery depicting mythological and historical events. Looters are often paid between $200 and $500 per vessel. Collectors may pay more than $100,000 for the same pieces in a gallery or at auction. At even minimal prices this amounts to a $10 - million - a-month business in stolen cultural property. Collecting Precolumbian art is often viewed as a justifiable means of preserving the past. It is, in fact, a destructive and sometimes violent business, as attested to by the recent assassination in Carmelita of Carlos Catalán, a local chiclero who had become a staunch opponent of looting in Petén. ''
Since 2003, California - based non-profit organization Global Heritage Fund (GHF) has been working to preserve and protect Mirador. In an October 2010 report titled Saving Our Vanishing Heritage, GHF listed Mirador as one of 12 worldwide heritage sites most "On the Verge '' of irreparable loss and destruction, citing deforestation, fires, major logging, poaching, looting, and narcotics trafficking as major threats to the region.
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who was responsible for the initial work on measuring intelligence | Alfred Binet - wikipedia
Alfred Binet (French: (binɛ); July 8, 1857 -- October 18, 1911) was a French psychologist who invented the first practical IQ test, the Binet -- Simon test. In 1904, the French Ministry of Education asked psychologist Alfred Binet to devise a method that would determine which students did not learn effectively from regular classroom instruction so they could be given remedial work. Along with his collaborator Théodore Simon, Binet published revisions of his test in 1908 and 1911, the last of which appeared just before his death.
Binet attended law school in Paris, and received his degree in 1878. He also studied physiology at the Sorbonne. His first formal position was as a researcher at a neurological clinic, Salpêtrière Hospital, in Paris from 1883 -- 1889. From there, Binet went on to being a researcher and associate director of the Laboratory of Experimental Psychology at the Sorbonne from 1891 -- 1894. In 1894, he was promoted to being the director of the laboratory until 1911 (his death). Binet also educated himself by reading psychology texts at the National Library in Paris. He soon became fascinated with the ideas of John Stuart Mill, who believed that the operations of intelligence could be explained by the laws of associationism. Binet eventually realized the limitations of this theory, but Mill 's ideas continued to influence his work.
In 1883, years of unaccompanied study ended when Binet was introduced to Charles Féré, who introduced him to Jean - Martin Charcot, the director of a clinic called La Salpêtrière, Paris. Charcot became his mentor and in turn, Binet accepted a job offer at the clinic, working in his neurological laboratory. At the time of Binet 's tenure, Charcot was experimenting with hypnotism. Binet was strongly influenced by Charcot, and published four articles about his work in this area. Unfortunately, Charcot 's conclusions did not hold up under professional scrutiny, and Binet was forced to make an embarrassing public admission that he had been wrong in supporting his teacher. Nevertheless, he had established his name internationally in the field, Morton Prince for example stating in 1904 that "certain problems in subconscious automatism will always be associated with the names of Breuer and Freud in Germany, Janet and Alfred Binet in France ''.
When his involvement with hypnosis waned as a result of failure to establish professional acceptance, he turned to the study of development spurred on by the birth of his two daughters, Marguerite and Armande (born in 1885 and 1887, respectively), calling Armande a subjectivist and Marguerite an objectivist, and developing the concepts of introspection and externospection in an anticipation of Carl Jung 's psychological types. In the 21 - year period following his shift in career interests, Binet "published more than 200 books, articles, and reviews in what now would be called experimental, developmental, educational, social, and differential psychology '' (Siegler, 1992). Bergin and Cizek (2001) suggest that this work may have influenced Jean Piaget, who later studied with Binet 's collaborator Théodore Simon in 1920. Binet 's research with his daughters helped him to further refine his developing conception of intelligence, especially the importance of attention span and suggestibility in intellectual development.
Despite Binet 's extensive research interests and wide breadth of publications, today he is most widely known for his contributions to intelligence. Wolf (1973) postulates that this is the result of his not being affiliated with a major university. Because Binet did not have any formalized graduate study in psychology, he did not hold a professorship with a prestigious institution where students and funds would be sure to perpetuate his work (Siegler, 1992). Additionally, his more progressive theories did not provide the practical utility that his intelligence scale would evoke.
Binet and his coworker Fere discovered what they called transfer and they also recognized perceptual and emotional polarization. Binet and Fere thought their findings were a phenomenon and of utmost importance. After investigations by many, the two men were forced to admit that they were wrong about their concepts of transfer and polarization. Basically, their patients had known what was expected, what was supposed to happen, and so they simply assented. Binet had risked everything on his experiment and its results, and this failure took a toll on him.
In 1890, Binet resigned from La Salpêtrière and never mentioned the place or its director again. His interests then turned towards the development of his children, Madeleine and Alice, who were two years apart. This research presages that done by Jean Piaget just a short time later, regarding the development of cognition in children.
A job presented itself for Binet in 1891 at the Laboratory of Physiological Psychology at the Sorbonne. He worked for a year without pay and by 1894, he took over as the director. This was a position that Binet held until his death, and it enabled him to pursue his studies on mental processes. While directing the Laboratory, Theodore Simon applied to do doctoral research under Binet 's supervision. This was the beginning of their long, fruitful collaboration. During this time he also co-founded the French journal of psychology, L'Annee psychologique, serving as the director and editor - in - chief of the journal that was the first scientific journal in this domain.
In 1899, Binet was asked to be a member of the Free Society for the Psychological Study of the Child. French education changed greatly during the end of the nineteenth century, because of a law that passed which made it mandatory for children ages six to fourteen to attend school. This group to which Binet became a member hoped to begin studying children in a scientific manner. Binet and many other members of the society were appointed to the Commission for the Retarded. The question became "What should be the test given to children thought to possibly have learning disabilities, that might place them in a special classroom? '' Binet made it his problem to establish the differences that separate the normal child from the abnormal, and to measure such differences. L'Etude experimentale de l'intelligence (Experimental Studies of Intelligence) was the book he used to describe his methods and it was published in 1903.
Development of more tests and investigations began soon after the book, with the help of a young medical student named Theodore Simon. Simon had nominated himself a few years before as Binet 's research assistant and worked with him on the intelligence tests that Binet is known for, which share Simon 's name as well. In 1905, a new test for measuring intelligence was introduced and simply called the Binet -- Simon scale. In 1908, they revised the scale, dropping, modifying, and adding tests and also arranging them according to age levels from three to thirteen.
In 1904 a French professional group for child psychology, La Société Libre pour l'Etude Psychologique de l'Enfant, was called upon by the French government to appoint a commission on the education of retarded children. The commission was asked to create a mechanism for identifying students in need of alternative education. Binet, being an active member of this group, found the impetus for the development of his mental scale.
Binet and Simon, in creating what historically is known as the Binet - Simon Scale, comprised a variety of tasks they thought were representative of typical children 's abilities at various ages. This task - selection process was based on their many years of observing children in natural settings. They then tested their measurement on a sample of fifty children, ten children per five age groups. The children selected for their study were identified by their school teachers as being average for their age. The purpose of this scale of normal functioning, which would later be revised twice using more stringent standards, was to compare children 's mental abilities relative to those of their normal peers (Siegler, 1992).
The scale consisted of thirty tasks of increasing difficulty. The easier ones could be done by everyone. Some of the simplest test items assessed whether or not a child could follow a beam of light or talk back to the examiner. Slightly harder tasks required children to point to various named body parts, repeat back a series of 2 digits, repeat simple sentences, and define words like house, fork or mama. More difficult test items required children to state the difference between pairs of things, reproduce drawings from memory or to construct sentences from three given words such as "Paris, river and fortune. '' The hardest test items included asking children to repeat back 7 random digits, find three rhymes for the French word "obéisance '' and to answer questions such as "My neighbor has been receiving strange visitors. He has received in turn a doctor, a lawyer, and then a priest. What is taking place? '' (Fancher, 1985).
For the practical use of determining educational placement, the score on the Binet - Simon scale would reveal the child 's mental age. For example, a 6 - year - old child who passed all the tasks usually passed by 6 year - olds -- but nothing beyond -- would have a mental age that exactly matched his chronological age, 6.0. (Fancher, 1985).
Binet was forthright about the limitations of his scale. He stressed the remarkable diversity of intelligence and the subsequent need to study it using qualitative, as opposed to quantitative, measures. Binet also stressed that intellectual development progressed at variable rates and could be influenced by the environment; therefore, intelligence was not based solely on genetics, was malleable rather than fixed, and could only be found in children with comparable backgrounds (Siegler, 1992). Given Binet 's stance that intelligence testing was subject to variability and was not generalizable, it is important to look at the metamorphosis that mental testing took on as it made its way to the U.S.
While Binet was developing his mental scale, the business, civic, and educational leaders in the U.S. were facing issues of how to accommodate the needs of a diversifying population, while continuing to meet the demands of society. There arose the call to form a society based on meritocracy (Siegler, 1992) while continuing to underline the ideals of the upper class. In 1908, H.H. Goddard, a champion of the eugenics movement, found utility in mental testing as a way to evidence the superiority of the white race. After studying abroad, Goddard brought the Binet - Simon Scale to the United States and translated it into English.
Following Goddard in the U.S. mental testing movement was Lewis Terman, who took the Simon - Binet Scale and standardized it using a large American sample. The new Stanford - Binet scale was no longer used solely for advocating education for all children, as was Binet 's objective. A new objective of intelligence testing was illustrated in the Stanford - Binet manual with testing ultimately resulting in "curtailing the reproduction of feeble - mindedness and in the elimination of an enormous amount of crime, pauperism, and industrial inefficiency ''.
It follows that we should question why Binet did not speak out concerning the newfound uses of his measure. Siegler (1992) pointed out that Binet was somewhat of an isolationist in that he never traveled outside France and he barely participated in professional organizations. Additionally, his mental scale was not adopted in his own country during his lifetime and therefore was not subjected to the same fate. Finally, when Binet did become aware of the "foreign ideas being grafted on his instrument '' he condemned those who with ' brutal pessimism ' and ' deplorable verdicts ' were promoting the concept of intelligence as a single, unitary construct (White, 2000).
He did a lot of studies of children. His experimental subjects ranged from 3 to 18 years old. Binet published the third version of the Binet - Simon scale shortly before his death in 1911. The Binet - Simon scale was and is hugely popular around the world, mainly because of the vast literature it has fostered, as well as its relative ease of administration.
Since his death, many people in many ways have honored Binet, but two of these stand out. In 1917, the Free Society for the Psychological Study of the Child, of which Binet became a member in 1899 and which prompted his development of the intelligence tests, changed their name to La Société Alfred Binet, in memory of the renowned psychologist. The second honor was not until 1984, when the journal Science 84 picked the Binet - Simon scale as one of twenty of the century 's most significant developments or discoveries.
He studied sexual behavior, coining the term erotic fetishism to describe individuals whose sexual interests in nonhuman objects, such as articles of clothing, and linking this to the after - effects of early impressions in an anticipation of Freud.
He also studied abilities of Valentine Dencausse, the most famous chiromancer in Paris in those days.
Binet had done a series of experiments to see how well chess players played when blindfolded. He found that only some of the master chess players could play from memory and a few could play multiple games simultaneously without looking at the boards. To remember the positions of the pieces on the boards, some players envisioned exact replicas of specific chess sets, while others envisioned an abstract schema of the game. Binet concluded that extraordinary feats of memory such as blind chess playing could take a variety of mnemonic forms. He recounted his experiments in a book entitled Psychologie des grands calculateurs et joueurs en echec (Paris: Hachette, 1894).
Alfred Binet was one of the founding editors of L'année psychologique, a yearly volume comprising original articles and reviews of the progress of psychology still in print.
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who won the ncaa women's basketball tournament | NCAA Division I women 's basketball tournament - wikipedia
The NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament is an annual college basketball tournament for women. Held each March, the Women 's Championship was inaugurated in the 1981 -- 82 season. The NCAA tournament was preceded by the AIAW Women 's Basketball Tournament, which was held annually from 1972 to 1982. Basketball was one of 12 women 's sports added to the NCAA championship program for the 1981 -- 82 school year, as the NCAA engaged in battle with the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women for sole governance of women 's collegiate sports. The AIAW continued to conduct its established championship program in the same 12 (and other) sports; however, after a year of dual women 's championships, the NCAA prevailed, while the AIAW disbanded.
Attendance and interest in the Women 's Division I Championship have grown over the years, especially from 2003 to 2016, when the final championship game was moved to the Tuesday following the Monday men 's championship game. The women 's championship game is the penultimate overall game of the college basketball season since 2017. From 1982 to 1990, 1996 to 2002, and since 2017 the Women 's Final Four is usually played on the Friday before the Men 's Final Four or the hours before the men played on the final Saturday of the tournament. The final was usually played the Sunday afternoon following the Men 's Final Four; since 2017, Sunday evening.
The tournament bracket is made up of champions from each Division I conference, which receive automatic bids. The remaining slots are at - large bids, with teams chosen by an NCAA selection committee. The selection process and tournament seedings are based on several factors, including team rankings, win - loss records, and Ratings Percentage Index (RPI) data.
Unlike the men 's tournament, there are only 32 at - large bids (since 2014), and no play - in game. The women 's tournament, like the men 's, is staged in a single elimination format and is part of the media and public frenzy known colloquially as March Madness or The Big Dance.
All 63 games have been broadcast on television since 2003 on ESPN and ESPN2. Similar to the pre-2011 men 's tournament coverage on CBS, local teams are shown on each channel when available, with "whip - around '' coverage designed to showcase the most competitive contests in the rest of the country.
A total of 64 teams qualify for the tournament played in March and April. Of these teams, 32 earn automatic bids by winning their respective conference tournaments. Since 2017 the Ivy League conducts their own post-season tournament. The remaining teams are granted "at - large '' bids, which are extended by the NCAA Selection Committee. Dr. Marilyn McNeil, vice president / director of athletics at Monmouth University is the current chairwoman. On March 1, 2011, Bowling Green State University 's director of intercollegiate athletics, Greg Christopher, was appointed chair of the NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Committee during the 2011 -- 12 academic year.
The tournament is split into four regional tournaments, and each regional has teams seeded from 1 to 16, with the committee ostensibly making every region as comparable to the others as possible. The top - seeded team in each region plays the # 16 team, the # 2 team plays the # 15, etc.
The first NCAA women 's basketball tournament was held in 1982. The AIAW also held a basketball tournament in 1982, but most of the top teams, including defending AIAW champion Louisiana Tech, decided to participate in the NCAA tournament.
The championship consisted of 32 teams from 1982 -- 1985 (in 1983, 36), 40 teams from 1986 -- 1988, and 48 teams from 1989 -- 1993. Since 1994, 64 teams compete in each tournament.
Prior to 1996, seeding was conducted on a regional basis. The top teams (eight in the 32 -, 40 -, and 48 - team formats, and 16 in the 64 - team format) were ranked and seeded on a national basis. The remaining teams were then seeded based on their geographic region. Teams were moved outside of its geographic region only if it was necessary to balance the bracket, or if the proximity of an opponent outside of its region would be comparable and a more competitive game would result. In 1993, all teams except for the top four were explicitly unseeded. The regional seeding resumed in 1994. In 1996, seeds were assigned on a national basis using an "S - Curve '' format similar to the process used in selecting the field for the men 's tournament.
The following table summarizes some of the key attributes of the seeding process:
† Some exceptions. Due to venue availability, in some cases, the lower seed hosted, or the game was played at a neutral site. ‡ From 2003 -- 2014, sixteen predetermined sites were selected for first and second - round games. Teams were allowed to play at home, if hosting. Between 2005 and 2008, eight sites were used for first - round games.
A special selection committee appointed by the NCAA determines which 64 teams will enter the tournament, and where they will be seeded and placed in the bracket. Because of the automatic bids, only 32 teams (the at - large bids) rely on the selection committee to secure them a spot in the tournament.
Note: Conferences are listed by all champions ' affiliations at that time; these do not necessarily match current affiliations.
Since the women 's tournament began in 1982, 16 teams have entered the tournament ranked # 1 in at least 1 poll and gone on to win the tournament:
Only once has the reigning champion (the previous year 's winner) not made it to the tournament the next year.
Since 1982, at least one # 1 seed has made the Final Four every year.
Under coach Geno Auriemma, Connecticut has been seeded # 1 a record 22 times. Tennessee is second with 21 # 1 seeds.
All four # 1 seeds have made it to the Final Four 4 times (champion in bold):
The championship game has matched two # 1 seeds 13 times:
Three teams have beaten three # 1 seeds during the course of a tournament (the largest number of such teams that can be faced) (all three teams won the national championship as beating a 3rd # 1 seed in a single tournament can only happen in the finals):
Prior to the expansion of the tournament to 64 teams, all four # 1 seeds advanced to the Sweet Sixteen with three exceptions. Notably, the first two times this occurred were at the hands of the same school:
Lowest seeds to reach each round since the expansion to 64 teams:
Unlike in the men 's tournament, no # 14 seed has beaten a # 3 and no # 15 seed has beaten a # 2 seed, but they have come close.
Since the expansion to 64 teams in 1994, each seed - pairing has played 100 first - round games with these results:
Since the expansion to 64 teams in 1994, the following results have occurred for each pairing:
note: The 3 losses by the # 1 seed vs # 8 / 9 were: Duke (vs Michigan St, 2009), Ohio St (vs Boston College, 2006), Texas Tech (vs Notre Dame, 1998). note: The # 9 vs. # 16 game was Arkansas over Harvard in 1998.
Of the 18 teams who have entered the tournament unbeaten, 9 went on to win the National Championship.
Only one team has ever played the Final Four on its home court. Two other teams have played the Final Four in their home cities, and seven others have played the Final Four in their home states.
The only team to play on its home court was Texas in 1987, which lost its semifinal game at the Frank Erwin Special Events Center.
Old Dominion enjoyed nearly as large an advantage in 1983 when the Final Four was played at the Norfolk Scope in its home city of Norfolk, Virginia, but also lost its semifinal. The Scope has never been the Lady Monarchs ' regular home court. ODU has always used on - campus arenas, first the ODU Fieldhouse and since 2002 the Ted Constant Convocation Center. The following year, USC won the national title at Pauley Pavilion, the home court of its Los Angeles arch - rival UCLA.
Of the other teams to play in their home states, Stanford (1992) won the national title; Notre Dame (2011) lost in the championship game; and Western Kentucky (1986), Penn State (2000), Missouri State (2001), LSU (2004), and Baylor (2010) lost in the semifinals.
6 championship games have featured two teams from the same conference (winner in bold):
267 teams have appeared in the NCAA Tournament in at least a year, since 1982 (the initial year that the post-season tournament was under the auspices of the NCAA). The results for all years are shown in this table below.
The code in each cell represents the furthest the team made it in the respective tournament:
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the old northwest territory was composed of what is today | Northwest Territory - wikipedia
The Northwest Territory in the United States (also known as the Old Northwest) was formed after the American Revolutionary War (1775 - 1783), and was known formally as the Territory Northwest of the River Ohio. It encompassed most of the pre-war British colonial territory north of the Ohio River of the Ohio Country, parts of Illinois Country, and parts of old French Canada (New France) below the Great Lakes. (These had been under French royal claims before 1763.) It was an organized incorporated territory of the United States spanning most or large parts of six eventual U.S. States. It existed legally from July 13, 1787, until March 1, 1803, when the southeastern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the state of Ohio, and the remainder was reorganized by additional legislative actions.
In the 18th century, Great Britain and France disputed for control of this region. The French had claimed it in the 17th century as part of New France. The competition between these empires resulted in the Seven Years ' War in Europe. In North America, the war front was known as the French and Indian War. After Britain gained control following its defeat of France in 1763, it attempted to reserve much of this territory for use by Native Americans, under the Royal Proclamation of 1763, and for a new colony, the British Province of Quebec. This aroused resentment among the British colonists of the Thirteen Colonies, who were already seeking to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains.
The region was assigned to the United States in the Treaty of Paris of 1783, but sporadic westward emigrant settlements had already resumed late in the war after the Iroquois Confederacy 's power was broken and the tribes scattered by the 1779 Sullivan Expedition. Soon after the Revolution ended, land - hungry migrants started moving west. A gateway trading post developed as the town of Brownsville, Pennsylvania, which was a key outfitting center west of the mountains. Other wagon roads, such as the Kittanning Path surmounting the gaps of the Allegheny in central Pennsylvania, or trails along the Mohawk River in New York, enabled a steady stream of settlers to reach the near west and the lands bordering the Mississippi. This activity stimulated the development of the eastern parts of the eventual National Road by private investors. The Cumberland -- Brownsville toll road linked the water routes of the Potomac River with the Monongahela River of the Ohio / Mississippi riverine systems in the days when water travel was the only good alternative to walking and riding. Most of the territory and its successors was settled by emigrants passing through the Cumberland Narrows, or along the Mohawk Valley in New York State.
The Congress of the Confederation enacted the Northwest Ordinance in 1787 to provide for the administration of the territories and set rules for admission of jurisdictions as states. On August 7, 1789, the new U.S. Congress affirmed the Ordinance with slight modifications under the Constitution. The territory included all the land of the United States west of Pennsylvania and northwest of the Ohio River. It covered all of the modern states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, as well as the northeastern part of Minnesota. The area covered more than 260,000 square miles (670,000 km).
European exploration of the region began with French - Canadian voyageurs in the 17th century, followed by French missionaries and French fur traders. French - Canadian explorer Jean Nicolet was the first recorded European entrant into the region, landing in 1634 at the current site of Green Bay, Wisconsin (although Étienne Brûlé is stated by some sources as having explored Lake Superior and possibly inland Wisconsin in 1622). The French exercised control from widely separate posts in the region, which they claimed as New France; among these was the post at Fort Detroit, founded in 1701. France ceded the territory to the Kingdom of Great Britain as part of the Indian Reserve in the 1763 Treaty of Paris, after being defeated in the French and Indian War (and Seven Years ' War in Europe).
From the 1750s to the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812, the British had a long - standing goal of creating an Indian barrier state, a large "neutral '' Indian state that would cover most of the Old Northwest. It would be independent of the United States and under the tutelage of the British, who would use it to block American expansion and to build up their control of the fur trade headquartered in Montreal.
A new colony, named Charlotina, was proposed for the southern Great Lakes region. However, facing armed opposition by Native Americans, the British issued the Proclamation of 1763, which prohibited white colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. This action angered American colonists interested in expansion, as well as those who had already settled in the area. In 1774, by the Quebec Act, Britain annexed the region to the Province of Quebec in order to provide a civil government and to centralize British administration of the Montreal - based fur trade. The prohibition of settlement west of the Appalachians remained, contributing to the American Revolution.
In February 1779, George Rogers Clark of the Virginia Militia captured Kaskaskia and Vincennes from British commander Henry Hamilton. Virginia capitalized on Clark 's success by laying claim to the whole of the Old Northwest, calling it Illinois County, Virginia, until 1784, when Virginia ceded its land claims to the federal government.
The Old Northwest Territory included all the then - owned land of the United States west of Pennsylvania, east of the Mississippi River, and northwest of the Ohio River. It covered all of the modern states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, as well as the northeastern part of Minnesota. The area included more than 260,000 square miles (670,000 km) and was a significant addition to the United States. It was inhabited by about 45,000 Native Americans and 4,000 traders, mostly Canadien and British -- although both groups included the Metis, a sizeable group descended from Native women married to European or Canadian traders who established a unique culture that ruled the Upper Midwest for more than a century.
Britain officially ceded the area north of the Ohio River and west of the Appalachians to the United States at the end of the American Revolutionary War with the Treaty of Paris (1783), but the British continued to maintain a presence in the region as late as 1815, the end of the War of 1812.
Several states (Virginia, Massachusetts, New York, and Connecticut) had competing claims on the territory. Other states, such as Maryland, refused to ratify the Articles of Confederation so long as these states were allowed to keep their western territory, fearing that those states could continue to grow and tip the balance of power in their favor under the proposed system of federal government. As a concession to obtain ratification, these states ceded their claims on the territory to the federal government: New York in 1780, Virginia in 1784, and Massachusetts and Connecticut in 1785. So the majority of the territory became public land owned by the U.S. government. Virginia and Connecticut reserved the land of two areas to use as compensation to military veterans: The Virginia Military District and the Connecticut Western Reserve. In this way, the United States included territory and people outside any of the states.
Thomas Jefferson 's Land Ordinance of 1784 was the first organization of the territory by the United States. The Land Ordinance of 1785 established a standardized system for surveying the land into saleable lots, although Ohio would be partially surveyed several times using different methods, resulting in a patchwork of land surveys in Ohio. Some older French communities ' property claims based on earlier systems of long, narrow lots also were retained. The rest of the Northwest Territory was divided into roughly uniform square townships and sections, which facilitated land sales and development. The ordinance also stipulated that the territory would eventually form at least three but not more than five new states. American settlement officially began at Marietta, Ohio, on April 7, 1788, with the arrival of forty - eight pioneers.
The young United States government, deeply in debt following the Revolutionary War and lacking authority to tax under the Articles of Confederation, planned to raise revenue from the methodical sale of land in the Northwest Territory. This plan necessarily called for the removal of both Native American villages and squatters from the Eastern U.S. Difficulties with Native American tribes and a supporting British military presence presented continuing obstacles for American expansion. As late as 1791, Rufus Putnam wrote to President Washington that "we shall be so reduced and discouraged as to give up the settlement. '' The military campaign of General "Mad '' Anthony Wayne against the Native Americans, who were supported by a British company, eventually culminated with victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794 and the Treaty of Greenville of 1795. Jay 's Treaty, in 1794, temporarily helped to smooth relations with British traders in the region, where British citizens outnumbered American citizens throughout the 1790s.
Furthermore, in regards to the Leni Lenape Native Americans living in the region, Congress decided that 10,000 acres on the Muskingum River in the present state of Ohio would "be set apart and the property thereof be vested in the Moravian Brethren... or a society of the said Brethren for civilizing the Indians and promoting Christianity. ''
The first governor of the Northwest Territory, Arthur St. Clair, formally established the government on July 15, 1788, at Marietta. His original plan called for the organization of five initial counties: Washington (Ohio east of the Scioto River), Hamilton (Ohio between the Scioto and the Miami Rivers), Knox (Indiana and eastern Illinois), St. Clair (Illinois and Wisconsin), and Wayne (Michigan).
Under the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, which created the Northwest Territory, General St. Clair was appointed governor of what is now Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan, along with parts of Wisconsin and Minnesota. He named Cincinnati, Ohio, after the Society of the Cincinnati, and it was there that he established his home. When the territory was divided in 1800, he served as governor of the Ohio Territory.
As Governor, he formulated the Maxwell Code (named after its printer, William Maxwell), the first written laws of the territory. He also sought to end Native American claims to Ohio land and clear the way for white settlement. In 1789, he succeeded in getting certain Indians to sign the Treaty of Fort Harmar, but many native leaders had not been invited to participate in the negotiations or had refused to do so. Rather than settling the Indians ' claims, the treaty provoked them to further resistance in what is sometimes known as the "Northwest Indian War '' (or "Little Turtle 's War ''). Mutual hostilities led to a campaign by General Josiah Harmar, whose 1,500 militiamen were defeated by the Indians in October 1790.
In March 1791, St. Clair succeeded Harmar as commander of the United States Army and was commissioned as a major general. He led a punitive expedition involving two Regular Army regiments and some militia. In October 1791 as an advance post for his campaign, Fort Jefferson (Ohio) was built under the direction of General Arthur St. Clair. Located in present - day Darke County in far western Ohio, the fort was built of wood and intended primarily as a supply depot; accordingly, it was originally named Fort Deposit. One month later, near modern - day Fort Recovery, his force advanced to the location of Indian settlements near the headwaters of the Wabash River, but on November 4 they were routed in battle by a tribal confederation led by Miami Chief Little Turtle and Shawnee chief Blue Jacket. More than 600 soldiers and scores of women and children were killed in the battle, which has since borne the name "St. Clair 's Defeat '', also known as the "Battle of the Wabash, '' the "Columbia Massacre, '' or the "Battle of a Thousand Slain. '' It remains the greatest defeat of a US Army by Native Americans in history, with about 623 American soldiers killed in action and about 50 Native American killed. Although an investigation exonerated him, St. Clair resigned his army commission in March 1792 at the request of President Washington, but continued to serve as Governor of the Northwest Territory.
A Federalist, St. Clair hoped to see two states made of the Ohio Territory to increase Federalist power in Congress. However, he was resented by Ohio Democratic - Republicans for what was perceived as his partisanship, high - handedness and arrogance in office. In 1802, his opposition to plans for Ohio statehood led President Thomas Jefferson to remove him from office as territorial governor. He thus played no part in the organizing of the state of Ohio in 1803. The first Ohio Constitution provided for a weak governor and a strong legislature, in part due to a reaction to St. Clair 's method of governance.
On July 4, 1800, in preparation for Ohio 's statehood, the Indiana Territory was decreed by an act of the U.S. Congress, signed into law by President John Adams on May 7, 1800, effective on July 4. The Congressional legislation encompassed all land west of the present Indiana -- Ohio border and its northward extension to Lake Superior, reducing the Northwest Territory to present - day Ohio and the eastern half of Michigan 's Lower Peninsula. Ohio was admitted as a state on March 1, 1803, at the same time the remaining land was annexed to Indiana Territory, and the Northwest Territory went out of existence. Ongoing disputes with the British over the region was a contributing factor to the War of 1812. Britain irrevocably ceded claim to the former Northwest Territory with the Treaty of Ghent in 1814.
The 1784 Northwest Ordinance called for a public university for the education, settlement and eventual statehood of the frontier of Ohio and beyond. Article 3 stated, "Religion, morality, and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged. '' In 1786, Manasseh Cutler became interested in the settlement of western lands by American pioneers to the Northwest Territory. The following year, as agent of the Ohio Company of Associates that he had been involved in creating, he organized a contract with Congress whereby his associates (former soldiers of the Revolutionary War) might purchase one and a half million acres (6,000 km2) of land at the mouth of the Muskingum River with their Certificate of Indebtedness. Cutler greatly impacted the Ordinance of 1787 for the government of the Northwest Territory, which was finally presented to Congress by Massachusetts delegate Nathan Dane. To smooth passage of the Northwest Ordinance, Cutler bribed key members of Congress by making them partners in his land company. In changing the office of provisional governor from an elected to an appointed position, Cutler was able to offer the position to the president of Congress, Arthur St. Clair.
The Land Ordinance of 1785 created an innovation in public education when it reserved resources for local public schools. The ordinance divided the territory into 36 mile townships, and each township was further divided into 36 one mile tracts for purposes of sale. The ordinance then stated that "there shall be reserved from sale the lot No. 16 of every township for the maintenance of public schools within the said township. ''
In 1801, Jefferson Academy was established in Vincennes. As Vincennes University, it remains the oldest public institution of higher learning from the Northwest Territory.
The next year, American Western University was created in Athens, Ohio, upstream of the Hocking River, due to its location directly between Chillicothe (an original capital of Ohio) and Marietta. It was formally established on February 18, 1804, as Ohio University, when its charter instrument was approved by the Ohio General Assembly. Its establishment came 11 months after Ohio was admitted to the Union. The first three students enrolled in 1808. Ohio University graduated two students with bachelor 's degrees in 1815.
At first, the territory had a modified form of martial law. The governor was also the senior army officer within the territory, and he combined legislative and executive authority. But a supreme court was established, and he shared legislative powers with the court. County governments were organized as soon as the population was sufficient, and these assumed local administrative and judicial functions. Washington County was the first of these, at Marietta in 1788. This was an important event, as this court was the first establishment of civil and criminal law in the pioneer country.
As soon as the number of free male settlers exceeded 5,000, the territorial legislature was to be created, and this happened in 1798. The full mechanisms of government were put in place, as outlined in the Northwest Ordinance. A bicameral legislature consisted of a House of Representatives and a Council. The first House had 22 representatives, apportioned by population of each county. The House then nominated 10 citizens to be Council members. The nominations were sent to the U.S. Congress, which appointed five of them as the Council. This assembly became the legislature of the Territory, although the governor retained veto power.
Article VI of the Articles of Compact within the Northwest Ordinance prohibited the owning of slaves within the Northwest Territory. However, territorial governments evaded this law by use of indenture laws. The Articles of Compact prohibited legal discrimination on the basis of religion within the territory.
The township formula created by Thomas Jefferson was first implemented in the Northwest Territory through the Land Ordinance of 1785. The square surveys of the Northwest Territory would become a hallmark of the Midwest, as sections, townships, counties (and states) were laid out scientifically, and land was sold quickly and efficiently (although not without some speculative aberrations).
Arthur St. Clair was the territory 's governor until November 1802, when President Thomas Jefferson removed him from office and appointed Charles Willing Byrd, who served the position until Ohio became a state and elected its first governor, Edward Tiffin, on March 3, 1803. The Supreme Court consisted of (1) John Cleves Symmes; (2) James Mitchell Varnum, who died in 1789, replaced by George Turner, who resigned in 1796, and was replaced by Return Jonathan Meigs, Jr.; and (3) Samuel Holden Parsons, who died in 1789, replaced by Rufus Putnam, who resigned 1796, and was replaced by Joseph Gilman. There were three secretaries: Winthrop Sargent (July 9, 1788 -- May 31, 1798); William Henry Harrison (June 29, 1798 -- December 31, 1799); and Charles Willing Byrd (January 1, 1800 -- March 1, 1803).
The territory 's first common pleas court opened at Marietta on September 2, 1788. Its first judges were General Rufus Putnam, General Benjamin Tupper, and Colonel Archibald Crary. Ebenezer Sproat was the first sheriff, Paul Fearing became the first attorney to practice in the territory, and Colonel William Stacy was foreman of the first grand jury. Griffin Greene was appointed justice of the peace.
Winthrop Sargent, the first secretary of the territory, married Roewena Tupper, daughter of Gen. Benjamin Tupper, on February 6, 1789 at Marietta in the first Western marriage ceremony held within the Northwest Territory.
The General Assembly of the Northwest Territory consisted of a Legislative Council (five members chosen by Congress) and a House of Representatives consisting of 22 members elected by the male freeholders in nine counties. The first session of the Assembly was held in September 1799. Its first important task was to select a non-voting delegate to the U.S. Congress. Locked in a power struggle with Governor St. Clair, the legislature narrowly elected William Henry Harrison as the first delegate over the governor 's son, Arthur St. Clair, Jr. Subsequent congressional delegates were William McMillan (1800 -- 1801) and Paul Fearing (1801 -- 1803).
The first session of the First Territorial Legislature met from September 16 to December 19, 1799 at Cincinnati.
The second session of the First Territorial Legislature met from November 3 to December 9, 1800 at Chillicothe.
The first session of the Second Territorial Legislature met from November 23, 1801, to January 23, 1802, at Chillicothe.
The second session of the Second Territorial Legislature was scheduled to begin the fourth Monday in November 1802 at Cincinnati. As the Ohio Constitutional Convention was then in session, no attempt was made to convene the body by members or the territorial governor.
13 counties were formed by Governor Arthur St. Clair during the territory 's existence:
Knox, Randolph and St. Clair counties were separated from the territory effective July 4, 1800, and, along with the western part of Wayne County, and unorganized lands in what are now Minnesota and Wisconsin, became the Indiana Territory.
The Northwest Territory ceased to exist upon Ohio statehood on March 1, 1803; the lands in Ohio that were previously part of Wayne County but not included in Trumbull County reverted to an unorganized status until new counties could be formed. The remainder of Wayne County, roughly the eastern half of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan and the eastern tip of the Upper Peninsula, was attached to Indiana Territory.
Coordinates: 41 ° N 86 ° W / 41 ° N 86 ° W / 41; - 86
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who argued that class struggles were what led to historical progress and development | Class conflict - wikipedia
Class conflict, frequently referred to as class warfare or class struggle, is the tension or antagonism which exists in society due to competing socioeconomic interests and desires between people of different classes. The view that the class struggle provides the lever for radical social change for the majority is central to the work of Karl Marx and the anarchist Mikhail Bakunin.
Class conflict can take many different forms: direct violence, such as wars fought for resources and cheap labor; indirect violence, such as deaths from poverty, starvation, illness or unsafe working conditions; coercion, such as the threat of losing a job or the pulling of an important investment; or ideologically, such as with books and articles. Additionally, political forms of class conflict exist; legally or illegally lobbying or bribing government leaders for passage of desirable partisan legislation including labor laws, tax codes, consumer laws, acts of congress or other sanction, injunction or tariff. The conflict can be direct, as with a lockout aimed at destroying a labor union, or indirect, as with an informal slowdown in production protesting low wages by workers or unfair labor practices by capital.
In the past the term Class conflict was a term used mostly by socialists, who define a class by its relationship to the means of production -- such as factories, land and machinery. From this point of view, the social control of production and labor is a contest between classes, and the division of these resources necessarily involves conflict and inflicts harm. It can involve ongoing low - level clashes, escalate into massive confrontations, and in some cases, lead to the overall defeat of one of the contending classes. However, in more contemporary times this term is striking chords and finding new definition amongst capitalistic societies in the United States and other Westernized countries.
The anarchist Mikhail Bakunin argued that the class struggle of the working class, peasantry and poor had the potential to lead to a social revolution involving the overthrow of ruling elites, and the creation of libertarian socialism. This was only a potential, and class struggle was, he argued, not always the only or decisive factor in society, but it was central. By contrast, Marxists argue that class conflict always plays the decisive and pivotal role in the history of class - based hierarchical systems such as capitalism and feudalism. Marxists refer to its overt manifestations as class war, a struggle whose resolution in favor of the working class is viewed by them as inevitable under plutocratic capitalism.
Where societies are socially divided based on status, wealth, or control of social production and distribution, class structures arise and are thus coeval with civilization itself. It is well documented since at least European Classical Antiquity (Conflict of the Orders, Spartacus, etc.) and the various popular uprisings in late medieval Europe and elsewhere.
One of the earliest analysis of these conflicts is Friedrich Engels ' The Peasant War in Germany. One of the earliest analyses of the development of class as the development of conflicts between emergent classes is available in Peter Kropotkin 's Mutual Aid. In this work, Kropotkin analyzes the disposal of goods after death in pre-class or hunter - gatherer societies, and how inheritance produces early class divisions and conflict.
Billionaire and friend to Warren Buffett, George Soros addresses the pejorative use of the term by the conservative - right by stating, "Speaking as a person who would be most hurt by this, I think my fellow hedge fund managers call this class warfare because they do n't like to pay more taxes. ''
Bill Moyers, for example, gave a speech at Brennan Center for Justice in December 2013 which was titled "The Great American Class War, '' referring to the current struggle between democracy and plutocracy in the U.S. Chris Hedges wrote a column for Truthdig called "Let 's Get This Class War Started, '' which was a play on Pink 's song "Let 's Get This Party Started. ''
Historian Steve Fraser, author of The Age of Acquiescence: The Life and Death of American Resistance to Organized Wealth and Power, asserts that class conflict is an inevitability if current political and economic conditions continue, noting that "people are increasingly fed up... their voices are not being heard. And I think that can only go on for so long without there being more and more outbreaks of what used to be called class struggle, class warfare. ''
The typical example of class conflict described is class conflict within capitalism. This class conflict is seen to occur primarily between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, and takes the form of conflict over hours of work, value of wages, division of profits, cost of consumer goods, the culture at work, control over parliament or bureaucracy, and economic inequality. The particular implementation of government programs which may seem purely humanitarian, such as disaster relief, can actually be a form of class conflict. In the USA class conflict is often noted in labor / management disputes. As far back as 1933 representative Edward Hamilton of ALPA, the Airline Pilot 's Association, used the term "class warfare '' to describe airline management 's opposition at the National Labor Board hearings in October of that year. Apart from these day - to - day forms of class conflict, during periods of crisis or revolution class conflict takes on a violent nature and involves repression, assault, restriction of civil liberties, and murderous violence such as assassinations or death squads. (Zinn, People 's History)
Although Thomas Jefferson (1743 -- 1826) led the United States as president from 1801 -- 1809 and is considered one of the founding fathers, he died with immense amounts of debt. Regarding the interaction between social classes, he wrote,
I am convinced that those societies (as the Indians) which live without government enjoy in their general mass an infinitely greater degree of happiness than those who live under the European governments. Among the former, public opinion is in the place of law, & restrains morals as powerfully as laws ever did anywhere. Among the latter, under pretence of governing they have divided their nations into two classes, wolves & sheep. I do not exaggerate. This is a true picture of Europe. Cherish therefore the spirit of our people, and keep alive their attention. Do not be too severe upon their errors, but reclaim them by enlightening them. If once they become inattentive to the public affairs, you & I, & Congress & Assemblies, judges & governors shall all become wolves. It seems to be the law of our general nature, in spite of individual exceptions; and experience declares that man is the only animal which devours his own kind, for I can apply no milder term to the governments of Europe, and to the general prey of the rich on the poor.
The investor, and billionaire, and philanthropist Warren Buffett, one of the 10 wealthiest persons in the world, voiced in 2005 and once more in 2006 his view that his class -- the "rich class '' -- is waging class warfare on the rest of society. In 2005 Buffet said to CNN: "It 's class warfare, my class is winning, but they should n't be. '' In a November 2006 interview in The New York Times, Buffett stated that "(t) here 's class warfare all right, but it 's my class, the rich class, that 's making war, and we 're winning. '' Later Warren gave away more than half of his fortune to charitable causes through a program developed by himself and computer software tycoon Bill Gates. In 2011 Buffett called on government legislators to, "... stop coddling the super rich. ''
Noam Chomsky, American linguist, philosopher, and political activist has criticized class war in the United States:
Well, there 's always a class war going on. The United States, to an unusual extent, is a business - run society, more so than others. The business classes are very class - conscious -- they 're constantly fighting a bitter class war to improve their power and diminish opposition. Occasionally this is recognized... The enormous benefits given to the very wealthy, the privileges for the very wealthy here, are way beyond those of other comparable societies and are part of the ongoing class war. Take a look at CEO salaries...
-- Noam Chomsky in OCCUPY: Class War, Rebellion and Solidarity, Second Edition (November 5, 2013)
Max Weber (1864 -- 1920) agrees with the fundamental ideas of Karl Marx about the economy causing class conflict, but claims that class conflict can also stem from prestige and power. Weber argues that classes come from the different property locations. Different locations can largely affect one 's class by their education and the people they associate with. He also states that prestige results in different status groupings. This prestige is based upon the social status of one 's parents. Prestige is an attributed value and many times can not be changed. Weber states that power differences led to the formation of political parties. Weber disagrees with Marx about the formation of classes. While Marx believes that groups are similar due to their economic status, Weber argues that classes are largely formed by social status. Weber does not believe that communities are formed by economic standing, but by similar social prestige. Weber does recognize that there is a relationship between social status, social prestige and classes.
Numerous factors have culminated in what 's known as the Arab Spring. Agenda behind the civil unrest, and the ultimate overthrow of authoritarian governments throughout the Middle - East included issues such as dictatorship or absolute monarchy, human rights violations, government corruption (demonstrated by Wikileaks diplomatic cables), economic decline, unemployment, extreme poverty, and a number of demographic structural factors, such as a large percentage of educated but dissatisfied youth within the population. Also, some, like Slovenian philosopher Slavoj Žižek attribute the 2009 Iranian protests as one of the reasons behind the Arab Spring. The catalysts for the revolts in all Northern African and Persian Gulf countries have been the concentration of wealth in the hands of autocrats in power for decades, insufficient transparency of its redistribution, corruption, and especially the refusal of the youth to accept the status quo. as they involve threats to food security worldwide and prices that approach levels of the 2007 -- 2008 world food price crisis. Amnesty International singled out Wikileaks ' release of US diplomatic cables as a catalyst for the revolts.
Karl Marx (1818 -- 1883) was a German born philosopher who lived the majority of his adult life in London, England. In The Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx argued that a class is formed when its members achieve class consciousness and solidarity. This largely happens when the members of a class become aware of their exploitation and the conflict with another class. A class will then realize their shared interests and a common identity. According to Marx, a class will then take action against those that are exploiting the lower classes.
What Marx points out is that members of each of the two main classes have interests in common. These class or collective interests are in conflict with those of the other class as a whole. This in turn leads to conflict between individual members of different classes.
Marxist analysis of society identifies two main social groups:
Not all class struggle is violent or necessarily radical, as with strikes and lockouts. Class antagonism may instead be expressed as low worker morale, minor sabotage and pilferage, and individual workers ' abuse of petty authority and hoarding of information. It may also be expressed on a larger scale by support for socialist or populist parties. On the employers ' side, the use of union busting legal firms and the lobbying for anti-union laws are forms of class struggle.
Not all class struggle is a threat to capitalism, or even to the authority of an individual capitalist. A narrow struggle for higher wages by a small sector of the working - class, what is often called "economism '', hardly threatens the status quo. In fact, by applying the craft - union tactics of excluding other workers from skilled trades, an economistic struggle may even weaken the working class as a whole by dividing it. Class struggle becomes more important in the historical process as it becomes more general, as industries are organized rather than crafts, as workers ' class consciousness rises, and as they self - organize away from political parties. Marx referred to this as the progress of the proletariat from being a class "in itself '', a position in the social structure, to being one "for itself '', an active and conscious force that could change the world.
Marx largely focuses on the capital industrialist society as the source of social stratification, which ultimately results in class conflict. He states that capitalism creates a division between classes which can largely be seen in manufacturing factories. The proletariat, is separated from the bourgeoisie because production becomes a social enterprise. Contributing to their separation is the technology that is in factories. Technology de-skills and alienates workers as they are no longer viewed as having a specialized skill. Another effect of technology is a homogenous workforce that can be easily replaceable. Marx believed that this class conflict would result in the overthrow of the bourgeoisie and that the private property would be communally owned. The mode of production would remain, but communal ownership would eliminate class conflict.
Even after a revolution, the two classes would struggle, but eventually the struggle would recede and the classes dissolve. As class boundaries broke down, the state apparatus would wither away. According to Marx, the main task of any state apparatus is to uphold the power of the ruling class; but without any classes there would be no need for a state. That would lead to the classless, stateless communist society.
A variety of predominantly trotskyist and anarchist thinkers argue that class conflict existed in Soviet - style societies. Their arguments describe as a class the bureaucratic stratum formed by the ruling political party (known as the Nomenklatura in the Soviet Union) -- sometimes termed a "new class ''. -- that controls and guides the means of production. This ruling class is viewed to be in opposition to the remainder of society, generally considered the proletariat. This type of system is referred by them as state socialism, state capitalism, bureaucratic collectivism or new class societies. (Cliff; Ðilas 1957) Marxism was such a predominate ideological power in what became the Soviet Union since a Marxist group known as the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party was formed in the country, prior to 1917. This party soon divided into two main factions; the Bolsheviks, who were led by Vladimir Lenin, and the Mensheviks, who were led by Julius Martov.
However many Marxist argue that unlike in Capitalism, the Soviet elites did n't own the Means of production, or generated surplus value for their personal wealth like in capitalism, as the generated profit from the economy was equally distributed into Soviet society. Even some trotskyist like Ernest Mandel criticized the concept of a new ruling class as an oxymoron. He said: "The hypothesis of the bureaucracy 's being a new ruling class leads to the conclusion that, for the first time in history, we are confronted with a "ruling class '' which does not exist as a class before it actually rules. ''
Social commentators, historians and socialist theorists had commented on class struggle for some time before Marx, as well as the connection between class struggle, property, and law: Augustin Thierry, François Guizot, François - Auguste Mignet and Adolphe Thiers. The Physiocrats, David Ricardo, and after Marx, Henry George noted the inelastic supply of land and argued that this created certain privileges (economic rent) for landowners. According to the historian Arnold Toynbee, stratification along lines of class appears only within civilizations, and furthermore only appears during the process of a civilization 's decline while not characterizing the growth phase of a civilization.
Proudhon, in What is Property? (1840) states that "certain classes do not relish investigation into the pretended titles to property, and its fabulous and perhaps scandalous history. '' While Proudhon saw the solution as the lower classes forming an alternative, solidarity economy centered on cooperatives and self - managed workplaces, which would slowly undermine and replace capitalist class society, the anarchist Mikhail Bakunin while influenced by Proudhon, insisted that a massive class struggle, by the working class, peasantry and poor, was essential to the creation of libertarian socialism. This would require a (final) showdown in the form of a social revolution.
Fascists have often opposed class struggle and instead have attempted to appeal to the working class while promising to preserve the existing social classes and have proposed an alternative concept known as class collaboration.
Consistent with its internationalist perspective, Orthodox Marxism, and most left tendencies, reject racism, sexism, etc. as struggles within the capitalist order which are distractions from class struggle, the real conflict, which prevent the purported antagonists from acting in their common class interest.
According to Michel Foucault, in the 19th century the essentialist notion of the "race '' was incorporated by racists, biologists, and eugenicists, who gave it the modern sense of "biological race '' which was then integrated to "state racism ''. On the other hand, Foucault claims that when Marxists developed their concept of "class struggle '', they were partly inspired by the older, non-biological notions of the "race '' and the "race struggle ''. In a letter to Friedrich Engels in 1882 Karl Marx wrote: You know very well where we found our idea of class struggle; we found it in the work of the French historians who talked about the race struggle. For Foucault, the theme of social war provides the overriding principle that connects class and race struggle.
Moses Hess, an important theoretician and labor zionist of the early socialist movement, in his "Epilogue '' to "Rome and Jerusalem '' argued that "the race struggle is primary, the class struggle secondary... With the cessation of race antagonism, the class struggle will also come to a standstill. The equalization of all classes of society will necessarily follow the emancipation of all the races, for it will ultimately become a scientific question of social economics. ''
In modern times, emerging schools of thought in the U.S. and other countries hold the opposite to be true. They argue that the race struggle is less important, because the primary struggle is that of class since labor of all races face the same problems and injustices.
Riots with a basically nationalist background are not included.
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in keeping with the general indian notion of samsara jainism | Karma in Jainism - Wikipedia
Karma is the basic principle within an overarching psycho - cosmology in Jainism. Human moral actions form the basis of the transmigration of the soul (jīva). The soul is constrained to a cycle of rebirth, trapped within the temporal world (saṃsāra), until it finally achieves liberation (mokṣa). Liberation is achieved by following a path of purification.
Jains believe that karma is a physical substance that is everywhere in the universe. Karma particles are attracted to the soul by the actions of that soul. Karma particles are attracted when we do, think, or say things, when we kill something, when we lie, when we steal and so on. Karma not only encompasses the causality of transmigration, but is also conceived of as an extremely subtle matter, which infiltrates the soul -- obscuring its natural, transparent and pure qualities. Karma is thought of as a kind of pollution, that taints the soul with various colours (leśyā). Based on its karma, a soul undergoes transmigration and reincarnates in various states of existence -- like heavens or hells, or as humans or animals.
Jains cite inequalities, sufferings, and pain as evidence for the existence of karma. Various types of karma are classified according to their effects on the potency of the soul. The Jain theory seeks to explain the karmic process by specifying the various causes of karmic influx (āsrava) and bondage (bandha), placing equal emphasis on deeds themselves, and the intentions behind those deeds. The Jain karmic theory attaches great responsibility to individual actions, and eliminates any reliance on some supposed existence of divine grace or retribution. The Jain doctrine also holds that it is possible for us to both modify our karma, and to obtain release from it, through the austerities and purity of conduct.
According to Jains, all souls are intrinsically pure in their inherent and ideal state, possessing the qualities of infinite knowledge, infinite perception, infinite bliss and infinite energy. However, in contemporary experience, these qualities are found to be defiled and obstructed, on account of the association of these souls with karma. The soul has been associated with karma in this way throughout an eternity of beginningless time. This bondage of the soul is explained in the Jain texts by analogy with gold ore, which -- in its natural state -- is always found unrefined of admixture with impurities. Similarly, the ideally pure state of the soul has always been overlaid with the impurities of karma. This analogy with gold ore is also taken one step further: the purification of the soul can be achieved if the proper methods of refining are applied. Over the centuries, Jain monks have developed a large and sophisticated corpus of literature describing the nature of the soul, various aspects of the working of karma, and the ways and means of attaining mokṣa.
Jainism speaks of karmic "dirt '', as karma is thought to be manifest as very subtle and sensually imperceptible particles pervading the entire universe. They are so small that one space - point -- the smallest possible extent of space -- contains an infinite number of karmic particles (or quantity of karmic dirt). It is these karmic particles that adhere to the soul and affect its natural potency. This material karma is called dravya karma; and the resultant emotions -- pleasure, pain, love, hatred, and so on -- experienced by the soul are called bhava karma, psychic karma. The relationship between the material and psychic karma is that of cause and effect. The material karma gives rise to the feelings and emotions in worldly souls, which -- in turn -- give rise to psychic karma, causing emotional modifications within the soul. These emotions, yet again, result in influx and bondage of fresh material karma. Jains hold that the karmic matter is actually an agent that enables the consciousness to act within the material context of this universe. They are the material carrier of a soul 's desire to physically experience this world. When attracted to the consciousness, they are stored in an interactive karmic field called kārmaṇa śarīra, which emanates from the soul. Thus, karma is a subtle matter surrounding the consciousness of a soul. When these two components -- consciousness and ripened karma -- interact, the soul experiences life as known in the present material universe.
According to Indologist Robert J. Zydenbos, karma is a system of natural laws, where actions that carry moral significance are considered to cause certain consequences in the same way as physical actions. When one holds an apple and then lets it go, the apple will fall. There is no judge, and no moral judgment involved, since this is a mechanical consequence of the physical action. In the same manner, consequences occur naturally when one utters a lie, steals something, commits senseless violence or leads a life of debauchery. Rather than assume that these consequences -- the moral rewards and retributions -- are a work of some divine judge, Jains believe that there is an innate moral order in the cosmos, self - regulating through the workings of the law of karma. Morality and ethics are important in Jainism not because of a God, but because a life led in agreement with moral and ethical principles (mahavrata) is considered beneficial: it leads to a decrease -- and finally to the total loss of -- karma, which in turn leads to everlasting happiness. The Jain conception of karma takes away the responsibility for salvation from God and bestows it on man himself. In the words of the Jain scholar, J.L. Jaini:
Jainism, more than any other creed, gives absolute religious independence and freedom to man. Nothing can intervene between the actions which we do and the fruits thereof. Once done, they become our masters and must fructify. As my independence is great, so my responsibility is co-extensive with it. I can live as I like; but my voice is irrevocable, and I can not escape the consequences of it. No God, his Prophet or his deputy or beloved can interfere with human life. The soul, and it alone is responsible for all it does.
According to Jainism, karmic consequences are unerringly certain and inescapable. No divine grace can save a person from experiencing them. Only the practice of austerities and self - control can modify or alleviate the consequences of karma. Even then, in some cases, there is no option but to accept karma with equanimity. The second - century Jain text, Bhagavatī Ārādhanā (verse no. 1616) sums up the predominance of karma in Jain doctrine:
There is nothing mightier in the world than karma; karma tramples down all powers, as an elephant a clump of lotuses.
This predominance of karma is a theme often explored by Jain ascetics in the literature they have produced, throughout all centuries. Paul Dundas notes that the ascetics often used cautionary tales to underline the full karmic implications of morally incorrect modes of life, or excessively intense emotional relationships. However, he notes that such narratives were often softened by concluding statements about the transforming effects of the protagonists ' pious actions, and their eventual attainment of liberation.
The biographies of legendary persons like Rama and Krishna, in the Jain versions of the epics Ramayana and Mahabharata, also have karma as one of the major themes. The major events, characters and circumstances are explained by reference to their past lives, with examples of specific actions of particular intensity in one life determining events in the next. Jain texts narrate how even Māhavīra, one of the most popular propagators of Jainism and the 24th tīrthaṇkara (ford - maker), had to bear the brunt of his previous karma before attaining kevala jñāna (enlightenment). He attained it only after bearing twelve years of severe austerity with detachment. The Ācāranga Sūtra speaks of how Māhavīra bore his karma with complete equanimity, as follows:
He was struck with a stick, the fist, a lance, hit with a fruit, a clod, a potsherd. Beating him again and again many cried. When he once sat without moving his body many cut his flesh, tore his hair under pain, or covered him with dust. Throwing him up they let him fall, or disturbed him in his religious postures; abandoning the care of his body, the Venerable One humbled himself and bore pain, free from desires. As a hero at the head of the battle is surrounded by all sides, so was there Māhavīra. Bearing all hardships, the Venerable One, undisturbed, proceeded on the road to nirvāṇa.
Karma forms a central and fundamental part of Jain faith, being intricately connected to other of its philosophical concepts like transmigration, reincarnation, liberation, non-violence (ahiṃsā) and non-attachment, among others. Actions are seen to have consequences: some immediate, some delayed, even into future incarnations. So the doctrine of karma is not considered simply in relation to one life - time, but also in relation to both future incarnations and past lives. Uttarādhyayana - sūtra 3.3 -- 4 states:
The jīva or the soul is sometimes born in the world of gods, sometimes in hell. Sometimes it acquires the body of a demon; all this happens on account of its karma. This jīva sometimes takes birth as a worm, as an insect or as an ant.
The text further states (32.7):
Karma is the root of birth and death. The souls bound by karma go round and round in the cycle of existence.
There is no retribution, judgment or reward involved but a natural consequences of the choices in life made either knowingly or unknowingly. Hence, whatever suffering or pleasure that a soul may be experiencing in its present life is on account of choices that it has made in the past. As a result of this doctrine, Jainism attributes supreme importance to pure thinking and moral behavior.
The Jain texts postulate four gatis, that is states - of - existence or birth - categories, within which the soul transmigrates. The four gatis are: deva (demi - gods), manuṣya (humans), nāraki (hell beings) and tiryañca (animals, plants and micro-organisms). The four gatis have four corresponding realms or habitation levels in the vertically tiered Jain universe: demi - gods occupy the higher levels where the heavens are situated; humans, plants and animals occupy the middle levels; and hellish beings occupy the lower levels where seven hells are situated.
Single - sensed souls, however, called nigoda, and element - bodied souls pervade all tiers of this universe. Nigodas are souls at the bottom end of the existential hierarchy. They are so tiny and undifferentiated, that they lack even individual bodies, living in colonies. According to Jain texts, this infinity of nigodas can also be found in plant tissues, root vegetables and animal bodies. Depending on its karma, a soul transmigrates and reincarnates within the scope of this cosmology of destinies. The four main destinies are further divided into sub-categories and still smaller sub -- sub categories. In all, Jain texts speak of a cycle of 8.4 million birth destinies in which souls find themselves again and again as they cycle within samsara.
In Jainism, God has no role to play in an individual 's destiny; one 's personal destiny is not seen as a consequence of any system of reward or punishment, but rather as a result of its own personal karma. A text from a volume of the ancient Jain canon, Bhagvati sūtra 8.9. 9, links specific states of existence to specific karmas. Violent deeds, killing of creatures having five sense organs, eating fish, and so on, lead to rebirth in hell. Deception, fraud and falsehood leads to rebirth in the animal and vegetable world. Kindness, compassion and humble character result in human birth; while austerities and the making and keeping of vows leads to rebirth in heaven.
According to the Jain theory of karma, the karmic matter imparts a colour (leśyā) to the soul, depending on the mental activities behind an action. The coloring of the soul is explained through the analogy of crystal, that acquires the color of the matter associated with it. In the same way, the soul also reflects the qualities of taste, smell and touch of associated karmic matter, although it is usually the colour that is referred to when discussing the leśyās. Uttarādhyayana - sūtra 34.3 speaks of six main categories of leśyā represented by six colours: black, blue, grey, yellow, red and white. The black, blue and grey are inauspicious leśyā, leading to the soul being born into misfortunes. The yellow, red and white are auspicious leśyās, that lead to the soul being born into good fortune. Uttarādhyayana - sūtra describes the mental disposition of persons having black and white leśyās:
The Jain texts further illustrate the effects of leśyās on the mental dispositions of a soul, using an example of the reactions of six travellers on seeing a fruit - bearing tree. They see a tree laden with fruit and begin to think of getting those fruits: one of them suggests uprooting the entire tree and eating the fruit; the second one suggests cutting the trunk of the tree; the third one suggests simply cutting the branches; the fourth one suggests cutting the twigs and sparing the branches and the tree; the fifth one suggests plucking only the fruits; the sixth one suggests picking up only the fruits that have fallen down. The thoughts, words and bodily activities of each of these six travellers are different based on their mental dispositions and are respectively illustrative of the six leśyās. At one extreme, the person with the black leśyā, having evil disposition, thinks of uprooting the whole tree even though he wants to eat only one fruit. At the other extreme, the person with the white leśyā, having a pure disposition, thinks of picking up the fallen fruit, in order to spare the tree.
The role of intent is one of the most important and definitive elements of the karma theory, in all its traditions. In Jainism, intent is important but not an essential precondition of sin or wrong conduct. Evil intent forms only one of the modes of committing sin. Any action committed, knowingly or unknowingly, has karmic repercussions. In certain philosophies, like Buddhism, a person is guilty of violence only if he had an intention to commit violence. On the other hand, according to Jains, if an act produces violence, then the person is guilty of it, whether or not he had an intention to commit it.
John Koller explains the role of intent in Jainism with the example of a monk, who unknowingly offered poisoned food to his brethren. According to the Jain view, the monk is guilty of a violent act if the other monks die because they eat the poisoned food; but according to the Buddhist view he would not be guilty. The crucial difference between the two views is that the Buddhist view excuses the act, categorising it as non-intentional, since he was not aware that the food was poisoned; whereas the Jain view holds the monk to have been responsible, due to his ignorance and carelessness. Jains argue that the monk 's very ignorance and carelessness constitute an intent to do violence and hence entail his guilt. So the absence of intent does not absolve a person from the karmic consequences of guilt either, according to the Jain analysis.
Intent is a function of kaṣāya, which refers to negative emotions and negative qualities of mental (or deliberative) action. The presence of intent acts as an aggravating factor, increasing the vibrations of the soul, which results in the soul absorbing more karma. This is explained by Tattvārthasūtra 6.7: "(The) intentional act produces a strong karmic bondage and (the) unintentional produces weak, shortlived karmic bondage. '' Similarly, the physical act is also not a necessary condition for karma to bind to the soul: the existence of intent alone is sufficient. This is explained by Kundakunda (1st Century CE) in Samayasāra 262 -- 263: "The intent to kill, to steal, to be unchaste and to acquire property, whether these offences are actually carried or not, leads to bondage of evil karmas. '' Jainism thus places an equal emphasis on the physical act as well as intent for binding of karmas.
Although the doctrine of karma is central to all Indian religions, it is difficult to say when and where in India the concept of karma originated. In Jainism, it is assumed its development took place in an era from which the literary documents are not available, since the basics of this doctrine were present and concluded even in the earliest documents of Jains. Acaranga Sutra and Sutrakritanga, contain a general outline of the doctrines of karma and reincarnation. The roots of this doctrine in Jainism might be in the teachings of Parsva, who is said to have lived about two hundred fifty years before Mahavira. The Jain conception of karma -- as something material that encumbers the soul -- has an archaic nature which justifies the hypothesis that it goes back to 8th or 9th century BCE.
The present form of the doctrine seems to be unchanged at least since the time of Bhadrabahu (c. 300 BCE) who is respected by both the sects. This is supported by the fact that both Svetambara and Digambara sects agree on the basic doctrine, giving indication that it reached in its present form before the schism took place. Bhadrabahu is usually seen as the last leader of united Jain sangh. Detailed codification of types of karma and their effects were attested by Umasvati who is regarded by both Digambara and Svetambara as one of theirs.
Jain and Buddhist scholar Padmanabh Jaini observes:
We are not yet in a position to explain definitivetly the earlier and more intense interest in karma shown by Jaina thinkers (and, to a lesser extent, by those of Buddhists) relative to their Brahmanic counterparts. Perhaps the entire concept that a person 's situation and experiences are in fact the results of deeds committed in various lives may not be Aryan origin at all, but rather may have developed as a part of the indigenous Gangetic traditions from which the various Sramana movements arose. In any case we shall see, Jaina views on the process and possibilities of rebirth are distinctly non-Hindu; the social ramifications of these views, moreover, have been profound.
With regards to the influence of the theory of karma on development of various religious and social practices in ancient India, Dr. Padmanabh Jaini states:
The emphasis on reaping the fruits only of one 's own karma was not restricted to the Jainas; both Hindus and Buddhist writers have produced doctrinal materials stressing the same point. Each of the latter traditions, however, developed practices in basic contradiction to such belief. In addition to śrāddha (the Hindi ritual of offering to the dead ancestors), we find among Hindus widespread adherence to the notion of divine intervention in one 's fate, while (Mahayana) Buddhists eventually came to propound such theories like boon - granting Bodhisattvas, transfer of merit and like. Only Jainas have been absolutely unwilling to allow such ideas to penetrate their community, despite the fact that there must have been tremendous amount of social pressure on them to do so.
The Jain socio - religious practices like regular fasting, practicing severe austerities and penances, the ritual death of Sallekhana and rejection of God as the creator and operator of the universe can all be linked to the Jain theory of karma. Jaini notes that the disagreement over the karmic theory of transmigration resulted in the social distinction between the Jains and their Hindu neighbours. Thus one of the most important Hindu rituals, śrāddha was not only rejected but strongly criticised by the Jains as superstition. Certain authors have also noted the strong influence of the concept of karma on the Jain ethics, especially the ethics of non-violence. Once the doctrine of transmigration of souls came to include rebirth on earth in animal as well as human form, depending upon one 's karmas, it is quite probable that, it created a humanitarian sentiment of kinship amongst all life forms and thus contributed to the notion of ahiṃsā (non-violence).
The nature of experience of the effects of the karma depends on the following four factors:
Both emotions and activity play a part in binding of karmas. Duration and intensity of the karmic bond are determined by emotions or "kaṣāya '' and type and quantity of the karmas bound is depended on yoga or activity.
The karmic process in Jainism is based on seven truths or fundamental principles (tattva) of Jainism which explain the human predicament. Out that the seven tattvas, the four -- influx (āsrava), bondage (bandha), stoppage (saṃvara) and release (nirjarā) -- pertain to the karmic process.
The karmic bondage occurs as a result of the following two processes: āsrava and bandha. Āsrava is the inflow of karma. The karmic influx occurs when the particles are attracted to the soul on account of yoga. Yoga is the vibrations of the soul due to activities of mind, speech and body. However, the yoga alone do not produce bondage. The karmas have effect only when they are bound to the consciousness. This binding of the karma to the consciousness is called bandha. Out of the many causes of bondage, emotions or passions are considered as the main cause of bondage. The karmas are literally bound on account of the stickiness of the soul due to existence of various passions or mental dispositions. The passions like anger, pride, deceit and greed are called sticky (kaṣāyas) because they act like glue in making karmic particles stick to the soul resulting in bandha. The karmic inflow on account of yoga driven by passions and emotions cause a long term inflow of karma prolonging the cycle of reincarnations. On the other hand, the karmic inflows on account of actions that are not driven by passions and emotions have only a transient, short - lived karmic effect. Hence the ancient Jain texts talk of subduing these negative emotions:
When he wishes that which is good for him, he should get rid of the four faults -- anger, pride, deceit and greed -- which increase the evil. Anger and pride when not suppressed, and deceit and greed when arising: all these four black passions water the roots of re-birth.
The Jain theory of karma proposes that karma particles are attracted and then bound to the consciousness of souls by a combination of four factors pertaining to actions: instrumentality, process, modality and motivation.
All actions have the above four factor present in them. When different permutations of the sub-elements of the four factors are calculated, the Jain teachers speak of 108 ways in which the karmic matter can be attracted to the soul. Even giving silent assent or endorsement to acts of violence from far away has karmic consequences for the soul. Hence, the scriptures advise carefulness in actions, awareness of the world, and purity in thoughts as means to avoid the burden of karma.
According to the major Jain text, Tattvartha sutra:
Wrong belief, non-abstinence, negligence, passions, and activities are the causes of bondage.
The individual self attracts particles of matter which are fit to turn into karma, as the self is actuated by passions. This is bondage.
The causes of bandha or the karmic bondage -- in the order they are required to be eliminated by a soul for spiritual progress -- are:
Each cause presupposes the existence of the next cause, but the next cause does not necessarily pre-suppose the existence of the previous cause. A soul is able to advance on the spiritual ladder called guṇasthāna, only when it is able to eliminate the above causes of bondage one by one.
The consequences of karma are inevitable, though they may take some time to take effect. To explain this, a Jain monk, Ratnaprabhacharya says:
The prosperity of a vicious man and misery of a virtuous man are respectively but the effects of good deeds and bad deeds done previously. The vice and virtue may have their effects in their next lives. In this way the law of causality is not infringed here.
The latent karma becomes active and bears fruit when the supportive conditions arise. A great part of attracted karma bears its consequences with minor fleeting effects, as generally most of our activities are influenced by mild negative emotions. However, those actions that are influenced by intense negative emotions cause an equally strong karmic attachment which usually does not bear fruit immediately. It takes on an inactive state and waits for the supportive conditions -- like proper time, place, and environment -- to arise for it to manifest and produce effects. If the supportive conditions do not arise, the respective karmas will manifest at the end of maximum period for which it can remain bound to the soul. These supportive conditions for activation of latent karmas are determined by the nature of karmas, intensity of emotional engagement at the time of binding karmas and our actual relation to time, place, surroundings. There are certain laws of precedence among the karmas, according to which the fruition of some of the karmas may be deferred but not absolutely barred.
Jain texts distinguish between the effect of the fruition of karma on a right believer and a wrong believer:
The ignorant, engrossed in the nature of various species of karmas, enjoys the fruits of karmas (in the form of pleasure and pain), and the knowledgeable is aware of the fruits of karmas but does not enjoy them
Although the Jains believe the karmic consequences as inevitable, Jain texts also hold that a soul has energy to transform and modify the effects of karma. Karma undergoes following modifications:
The Jain karmic theory, thus speaks of great powers of soul to manipulate the karmas by its actions.
Jain philosophy assert that emancipation is not possible as long as the soul is not released from bondage of karma. This is possible by samvara (stoppage of inflow of new karmas) and nirjarā (shedding of existing karmas through conscious efforts). Samvara is achieved through practice of:
Nirjarā is possible through tapas, austerities and penances. Tapas can be either external or internal. Six forms of external tapas are -- fasting, control of appetite, accepting food under certain conditions, renunciation of delicious food, sitting and sleeping in lonely place and renunciation of comforts. Six forms of internal tapas are -- atonement, reverence, rendering of service to worthy ones, spiritual study, avoiding selfish feelings and meditation.
Justice Tukol notes that the supreme importance of the doctrine of karma lies in providing a rational and satisfying explanation to the apparent unexplainable phenomenon of birth and death, of happiness and misery, of inequalities and of existence of different species of living beings. The Sūtrakṛtāṅga, one of the oldest canons of Jainism, states:
Here in the east, west, north, and south many men have been born according to their merit, as inhabitants of this our world -- some as Aryas, some as non-Aryas, some in noble families, some in low families, some as big men, some as small men, some of good complexion, some of bad complexion, some as handsome men, some as ugly men. And of these men one man is king.
Jains thus cite inequalities, sufferings, and pain as evidence for the existence of karma. The theory of karma is able to explain day - to - day observable phenomena such as inequality between the rich and the poor, luck, differences in lifespan, and the ability to enjoy life despite being immoral. According to Jains, such inequalities and oddities that exist even from the time of birth can be attributed to the deeds of the past lives and thus provide evidence to existence of karmas:
One is stout while another is lean; one is a master while another is a slave and similarly we find the high and the low, the mutilated and the lame, the blind and the deaf and many such oddities. The thrones of mighty monarchs are gone. The proud and the haughty have been humiliated in a moment and reduced to ashes. Even amongst the twins born of the same mother, we find one a dullard and another intelligent, one rich and another poor, one black and another white. What is all this due to? They could not have done any deeds while they were in their mother 's womb. Then, why then should such oddities exist? We have then to infer that these disparities must be the result of their deeds in their past births though they are born together at one time. There are many oddities in this world and it will have to be admitted that behind all this some powerful force is at work whereby the world appears to be full of oddities. This force is called ' karma '. We are unable to perceive karma by our naked eyes, yet we are able to know it from its actions.
The Jain theory of karma has been challenged from an early time by the Vedanta and Sāṃkhya branches of Hindu philosophy. In particular, Vedanta Hindus considered the Jain position on the supremacy and potency of karma, specifically its insistence on non-intervention by any Supreme Being in regard to the fate of souls, as nāstika or atheistic. For example, in a commentary to the Brahma Sutras (III, 2, 38, and 41), Adi Sankara, argues that the original karmic actions themselves can not bring about the proper results at some future time; neither can super sensuous, non-intelligent qualities like adrsta -- an unseen force being the metaphysical link between work and its result -- by themselves mediate the appropriate, justly deserved pleasure and pain. The fruits, according to him, then, must be administered through the action of a conscious agent, namely, a supreme being (Ishvara).
Jainism 's strong emphasis on the doctrine of karma and intense asceticism was also criticised by the Buddhists. Thus, the Saṃyutta Nikāya narrates the story of Asibandhakaputta, a headman who was originally a disciple of Māhavīra. He debates with the Buddha, telling him that, according to Māhavīra (Nigaṇṭha Nātaputta), a man 's fate or karma is decided by what he does habitually. The Buddha responds, considering this view to be inadequate, stating that even a habitual sinner spends more time "not doing the sin '' and only some time actually "doing the sin. ''
In another Buddhist text Majjhima Nikāya, the Buddha criticizes Jain emphasis on the destruction of unobservable and unverifiable types of karma as a means to end suffering, rather than on eliminating evil mental states such as greed, hatred and delusion, which are observable and verifiable. In the Upālisutta dialogue of this Majjhima Nikāya text, Buddha contends with a Jain monk who asserts that bodily actions are the most criminal, in comparison to the actions of speech and mind. Buddha criticises this view, saying that the actions of mind are most criminal, and not the actions of speech or body. Buddha also criticises the Jain ascetic practice of various austerities, claiming that he, Buddha, is happier when not practising the austerities.
While admitting the complexity and sophistication of the Jain doctrine, Padmanabh Jaini compares it with that of Hindu doctrine of rebirth and points out that the Jain seers are silent on the exact moment and mode of rebirth, that is, the re-entry of soul in womb after the death. The concept of nitya - nigoda, which states that there are certain categories of souls who have always been nigodas, is also criticized. According to Jainism, nigodas are lowest form of extremely microscopic beings having momentary life spans, living in colonies and pervading the entire universe. According to Jaini, the entire concept of nitya - nigoda undermines the concept of karma, as these beings clearly would not have had prior opportunity to perform any karmically meaningful actions.
Karma is also criticised on the grounds that it leads to the dampening of spirits with men suffering the ills of life because the course of one 's life is determined by karma. It is often maintained that the impression of karma as the accumulation of a mountain of bad deeds looming over our heads without any recourse leads to fatalism. However, as Paul Dundas puts it, the Jain theory of karma does not imply lack of free will or operation of total deterministic control over destinies. Furthermore, the doctrine of karma does not promote fatalism amongst its believers on account of belief in personal responsibility of actions and that austerities could expatiate the evil karmas and it was possible to attain salvation by emulating the life of the Jinas.
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list of all wide receivers in the nfl | List of National Football League career receiving yards leaders - wikipedia
In American football, yards gained on a forward pass play are credited to the receiver as receiving yards. In the National Football League (NFL), 47 players have gained at least 10,000 receiving yards in their career: all but four are wide receivers; the rest are tight ends. Wide receiver Jerry Rice is the NFL 's all - time leader in receiving yards, with 22,895. He is the only player to surpass 20,000 yards, with nearly 7,000 more yards than the next highest player on the list, Terrell Owens.
Through Week 8 of 2018 season
Through Week 8 of 2018 season
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olympic games was badminton introduce as a medal sport | Badminton at the Summer Olympics - wikipedia
Badminton had its debut at the 1992 Summer Olympics and has been contested in 6 Olympiads. 63 different nations have appeared in the Olympic badminton competitions, with 19 appearing all 6 times. It is governed by the Badminton World Federation.
The 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich saw the first appearance of badminton, as a demonstration sport. Two decades later the sport debuted in competition at the Barcelona 1992 games where 4 events were held, with singles and doubles events for both men and women. Four medals were awarded in each event, including two bronzes. The next Olympics, Atlanta 1996, had 5 events with the addition of mixed doubles. There was also now a playoff between the two semifinal losers to determine the sole winner of the bronze medal. This format has continued to 2016.
(d) = demonstration event (e) = exhibition event
Below is the gold medalists shown based by category and countries after the 2016 Summer Olympics. China has been the most successful nation in the Summer Olympics. China is the only country ever to achieve a shutout of the medals, which they did at the 2012 Summer Olympic Games.
BOLD means overall winner of Badminton at Summer Olympic Games
The Badminton World Federation 's ranking list is used to determine qualification for the Olympic tournament. For singles, 29 competitors are selected. For doubles, 19 pairs are selected.
The general method of selection is by ranking, though the selection process stops once all qualification positions are filled. All players or pairs from the top 16 places on that list qualify, though each National Olympic Committee can send a maximum of three players / pairs. Players and pairs through the 64th place on that ranking qualify, with the caveat that each NOC can send only two players / pairs from that portion of the list. Players and pairs ranked below that only qualify if they are the highest ranked competitor from their nation.
In addition, one place in each of the singles events is awarded by the Tripartite Commission. There are also regulations on minimum representation. Each continent must have at least one player / pair. This is the highest ranked player / pair from that continent if none have qualified through the standard selection process. The host nation, if it has not already qualified two competitors, receives two slots as well, either two singles players or one pair.
Olympic badminton consists of a single - elimination tournament. Each match is played to the best of three games. Games are to 21 points. Rally scoring is used, meaning a player does not need to be serving to score. A player must win by two points or be the first player to 30 points.
The following nations have taken part in the badminton competition. The numbers in the table indicate the number of competitors sent to that year 's Olympics.
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what is the latest generation of ipad 2018 | IPad (2018) - Wikipedia
Bluetooth 4.2, Broadcom BCM4359 Chip (Same as iPhone 7)
The iPad (officially sixth - generation iPad) is a 9.7 - inch (25cm) tablet computer designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc. It was announced on March 27, 2018 during an education - focused event in Chicago and it is a revision of the 2017 model, upgraded with the Apple A10 Fusion SoC and support for styluses such as Apple Pencil. The iPad is marketed towards educators and schools.
Gareth Beavis of TechRadar and Scott Stein of CNET gave the product generally positive reviews, singling out the addition of the Apple Pencil support for praise, while criticizing the fact that the model was rather similar to the previous iPad, yet cheaper compared to other iPads.
The iPad was announced by Apple on March 27, 2018 in an education - oriented event at Lane Tech High School.
The iPad is priced starting at US $329 for consumers, $309 for educators / students and $299 for schools.
The iPad shipped with the latest release of iOS 11. The iWork suite is preinstalled and included Pencil stylus support.
The iPad 's hardware is nearly identical to the previous generation, except for a few upgrades, such as Apple Pencil and stylus support and an upgraded processor, the Apple A10 Fusion. It is available in three colors, Silver, a new Gold, as well as Space Gray. The iPad has 2 gigabytes of RAM. It is 7.5 mm thick. The iPad is available in 32 and 128 gigabyte storage options. Unlike the iPad Pro, the iPad does not feature a laminated display.
Gareth Beavis of TechRadar praised the addition of the Apple Pencil and the powerful A10 chip, but noted that it was as costly as the previous generation iPad. Scott Stein of CNET also praised the addition of support for Apple Pencil and the upgrade to the A10 chip, but criticized it for lacking the Smart Connector as well as not having the same display technology as the iPad Pro, writing "the 2018 entry - level iPad does n't add much, but it makes an already excellent tablet a better buy than ever. ''
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how many players travel with a mlb team | Major League Baseball rosters - wikipedia
A Major League Baseball roster is a roster of players allowed by league agreement to play for their respective Major League Baseball team. There are two types of rosters in general, the "active roster '' of 25 players and the "expanded roster '' of 40 players.
Since 1910, when teams were first allowed to carry players under contract in excess of those allowed to participate in regular season games, the latter has been called the "active roster. '' With exceptions through the years for varying economic conditions (primarily during World War I, the Great Depression, post-World War II and from 1986 - 1989 when the limit was made 24 because of rising player salaries), the active roster has allowed up to 25 players to participate for a Major League team within specified dates, currently Opening Day to September 1. In 1968 the 25 - player maximum for active rosters was made a part of the first collective bargaining agreement between the major leagues and the Major League Baseball Players Association. Since 1977 teams have been required to carry a minimum of 24 players on their active rosters as well.
Active rosters include the starting eight (NL) or nine (AL) position players, pitchers, and reserve players on the team. Players on the active roster are also on the 40 - man roster. These players are generally the only ones who dress in uniform and are the only ones who may take the field in a game at any time.
Typically, in modern - day play, an active roster will consist of five starting pitchers, seven relief pitchers, two catchers, six infielders, and five outfielders. Teams can vary this somewhat according to preference and circumstance, and indeed the "typical '' roster makeup has changed somewhat over the years. (Starting rotations used to consist of four pitchers, not five, well into the 1970s; third - string catchers used to be much more common; many other minor variations exist.) In the American League, a full - time designated hitter is usually classified as either an infielder or an outfielder, not a DH, because most DHs do play defensive positions from time to time.
Since the 2012 season, teams have been allowed 26 - player active rosters for "day - night '' doubleheaders -- two games scheduled on the same day, but with the stadium cleared between games, and separate tickets sold for each game -- as long as the doubleheaders have been scheduled with at least 48 hours notice.
Also called the "40 - man roster '', the expanded roster is composed of all the players in a Major League club 's organization who are signed to a major - league contract. The 40 - man roster limit has been in effect since 1921, except for 1945 - 1946 when it was raised to 48 to accommodate veterans returning from military service in World War II, and from 1962 to 1965 when it was raised to 41 to add a reserve spot for first - year players acquired before implementation of a player draft was approved prior to the 1965 season.
The expanded roster includes all players who are eligible for call - up to the active roster at any given time. Also on the 40 - man are any players on the 10 - day disabled list and minor league players who are signed to a major - league contract but are on an "optional assignment '' to the minors. (Each player has three "option years '' to be sent to the minors once on the expanded roster before they must be placed on waivers to be sent there.) Players who were on the 40 - man but are placed on the 60 - day disabled list are taken off the 40 - man until the time on the DL is over. The same applies to players who are suspended. Because players on the 60 - day DL are taken off the 40 - man with no risk of losing the player, MLB teams often transfer injured players from the 10 - day DL to the 60 - day DL so that they can add another player to the 40 - man without having to designate a player for assignment. Designating for assignment ("DFA '') is the removal of a player from the expanded roster, whereby the team has 7 days to trade the player, release him, or send him to the minors.
On September 1, the Major League team 's roster expands from the 25 - man active roster to the entire 40 - man roster. At this point, any player on the expanded roster on August 31 may play for the Major League team.
September call - ups are players from the minors who are playing in September to get Major League experience and, especially for teams in contention, to provide reinforcements down the stretch. Note, however, that once the roster expands, in practice teams will utilize a number of September call - ups (typically up to six), but seldom if ever the full 15 extra players that the rules allow.
A postseason roster takes effect only if a team clinches a playoff berth. Players who are part of the team 's final roster at the end of the regular season are eligible to participate in the postseason. Any player who has been traded from a different team, spent time in the Minor Leagues, or signed later in the season with the team (no later than August 31) is eligible to participate in the postseason. A postseason roster is allowed up to 25 active players. Other players who are not on the 25 - man active roster will be assigned to the postseason secondary squad. Players who are on the disabled list or any other non-active transaction by the end of the regular season will have their transactions passed on in the postseason. Rosters for a series are set at the beginning of the series and no changes to the 25 - man active roster are allowed except when a player is moved to the disabled list or any other inactive transaction. If a player is moved to the disabled list or another inactive transaction during a series, he then becomes ineligible to be returned to the 25 - man active roster for the remainder of the series as well as the next series if applicable. If any player goes on any inactive transaction, any player from the 40 - man roster can be promoted to the 25 - man active roster for the remainder of the series if applicable.
For a player to be eligible for the postseason active roster, he must have either been on his club 's expanded roster or disabled list as of midnight ET on August 31 of that year and not placed on the 60 day disabled list after August 1. The one exception is for replacing players on the disabled list. Since the 2014 season, an injured player eligible for postseason play may be replaced by any player within his club 's organization, including players assigned to the club 's minor league affiliates who are not on the major league 40 - man roster. Prior to 2014, only players who were on a club 's 40 - man roster (including those added to the expanded roster after August 31 who would not otherwise be eligible for the postseason) at the conclusion of the regular season were eligible to replace injured players on postseason rosters. The 2015 Kansas City Royals were the first club to exploit this new provision when they added Raúl A. Mondesí -- who at the time was assigned to the Royals ' Double - A affiliate and was not on the 40 - man roster -- to their World Series roster.
All other professional players affiliated with Major League Baseball are signed to minor - league contracts. They can receive an invitation to spring training with their organization 's Major League team without being on the 40 - man roster. Two types of players generally receive a non-roster invitation: prospect players who are there to gain experience and face tougher competition as well as receive instruction from the Major League team 's coaching staff; and veteran players who were not offered any major league contract by a club. The veteran player is usually signed to a "two - way '' salary option -- one for their time in the minors and another if they are placed on the 40 - man during the season. All spring training invitees are under some sort of contract, to avoid liability if an injury were to occur to the player.
Since 1933, an annual Major League Baseball All - Star Game referred to as the "Midsummer Classic '', has been played (except 1945) during the "All - Star break '' at the middle of each baseball season. The game features an American League (AL) All - Star team versus a National League (NL) All - Star team.
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who performed at the 2016 victoria's secret fashion show | Victoria 's Secret Fashion show 2016 - wikipedia
The Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show is an annual fashion show sponsored by Victoria 's Secret, a brand of lingerie and sleepwear. Victoria 's Secret uses the show to promote and market its goods in high - profile settings. The show features some of the world 's leading fashion models, such as current Victoria 's Secret Angels Adriana Lima, Alessandra Ambrosio, Lily Aldridge, Elsa Hosk, Sara Sampaio, Taylor Hill, Stella Maxwell, Jasmine Tookes, Lais Ribeiro, Romee Strijd, Josephine Skriver and Martha Hunt. Behati Prinsloo and Candice Swanepoel both missed this year 's show due to their pregnancies. The show also featured PINK spokesmodels Rachel Hilbert, Zuri Tibby and Grace Elizabeth.
The Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show 2016 was taped in Paris, France at the Grand Palais. The show featured musical performances by Lady Gaga, The Weeknd and Bruno Mars. Angel Jasmine Tookes was wearing the Victoria 's Secret Fantasy Bra: The Bright Night Fantasy Bra worth $3,000,000.
Angels: Adriana Lima, Alessandra Ambrosio, Lily Aldridge, Martha Hunt, Stella Maxwell, Josephine Skriver, Romee Strijd, Elsa Hosk, Jasmine Tookes, Lais Ribeiro, Taylor Hill and Sara Sampaio.
Returning models: Daniela Braga, Joan Smalls, Devon Windsor, Barbara Fialho, Gigi Hadid, Kendall Jenner, Valery Kaufman, Sanne Vloet, Izabel Goulart, Maria Borges, Leomie Anderson, Flávia Lucini, Rachel Hilbert, Kate Grigorieva, Lily Donaldson, Cindy Bruna, Bridget Malcolm, Kelly Gale, Liu Wen, Sui He and Ming Xi.
Newcomers: Bella Hadid, Xiao Wen Ju, Irina Shayk, Jourdana Phillips, Keke Lindgard, Maggie Laine, Georgia Fowler, Luma Grothe, Lais Oliveira, Grace Elizabeth, Lameka Fox, Brooke Perry, Zuri Tibby, Dilone, Camille Rowe, Megan Williams, Alanna Arrington and Herieth Paul.
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who played young ralph in the new edition story | The New Edition Story - Wikipedia
The New Edition Story is an American biographical three - part miniseries about the R&B group New Edition, from their rise to fame as a boy band from the Orchard Park Projects of Roxbury, Massachusetts, to becoming a successful adult act. It was originally broadcast on BET from January 24 through January 26, 2017, becoming the network 's first scripted miniseries. All six members of New Edition served as co-producers.
Opening Sequence - Home Again Tour - New Mexico 1997
Narration by Brook Payne (Wood Harris), the group 's first manager, sets the stage: all six members of New Edition are back on tour in 1997, almost twenty years after the group 's formation, separations, and solo projects. The divisions are still present as, in addition to performing the group 's hits, the three solo acts - Ralph Tresvant, Johnny Gill, and Bobby Brown - and the trio Bell Biv DeVoe (or BBD, for short, made up by Ricky Bell (singer), Michael Bivins, and Ronnie DeVoe) also have their own scheduled sets.
Tensions reach a boiling point at the New Mexico concert. As Brown - whose decade - long selfishness and severely erratic behavior resulted in his being suspended from the group a decade prior - starts yet another song well after his scheduled time is up, DeVoe goes on stage, thanking Brown for his performance. He then directs the DJ to begin playing the BBD set. After briefly walking off stage, an enraged Brown returns and gets into a confrontation with DeVoe, as the musical performance is replaced by a wild brawl among the various New Edition members and their entourages, punctuated by a gunshot.
Payne 's narration states that ego, pride, and greed resulted in this blow up of what had once been a successful group and decides to rewind the scene nearly twenty years, back to the group 's founding in Roxbury, Massachusetts.
The rise of New Edition - Roxbury, MA - 1978 - 1983
It 's a normal day for the people of Orchard Park Housing Projects (also called "O.P. ''), in Roxbury, Massachusetts in 1978.
Despite his mother ' refusal to grant her son permission, a young Ricky Bell (played as a youth by Caleb McLaughlin) sneaks out at night to meet his friend, Michael "Mike '' Bivins (played as a youth by Dante Hoagland) to go to a local talent show, where their mutual friend, Bobby Brown (played as a youth by Tyler Marcel Williams) is scheduled to perform. Ricky and Mike are impressed by the sound of a vocal group called "The Untouchables '', while Bobby 's performance is a disappointment as he gets stage fright within the first few seconds of his song.
The next day, Bobby asks Ricky and Mike to join him on stage the next time he performs, thinking that will help him with his stage fright. Initially unsure, the pair agree as long as another kid from the neighborhood, Ralph Tresvant (played as a youth by Jahi D'Allo Winston), can join. The trio made an assumption of the fact he can be pulled away from a girl, whom he has unsuccessfully been trying to impress with his karate skills.
The quartet try to practice at Ricky 's house but squabble a fair amount. Recognizing they need some guidance, Ricky 's sister, Peanut (Bre - Z), suggests they meet with Brooke Payne (Wood Harris), a manager for several of Boston 's rising musical acts. The boys sneak into the back alley of a club to convince Brooke to manage them, finally winning him over with an a capella version of The Jackson 5 's "I Want You Back ''.
The next morning, the boys arrive on time to meet Payne. However, Payne does n't sugarcoat them, warning them they will be doing some extra hard work on their path to becoming musical artists. Payne comes up with the group 's name of New Edition, as if they were either a new version or new edition of the Jacksons. Weeks of strenuous training features time spent on choreography, physical and mental discipline, and singing, Payne prepares the quartet in for a big talent showcase at the Strand Theater, where the winning act will receive a recording contract from Maurice Starr (Faizon Love) under his independent record label.
In a format reminiscent of the Amateur Night of the Apollo Theater, New Edition dazzles the crowd. Unfortunately, the judges grant 1st prize to a hip - hop duo, "The Boston Rebels. '' The crowd booed the decision, chanting for New Edition so loudly that Maurice gives New Edition a studio recording session and a record deal as well. To strengthen the Jackson 5 connection, Maurice encourages making the group a quintet, with Brooke suggesting his nephew Ronnie DeVoe (played as a youth by Myles Truitt) as the fifth member. Ronnie 's audition is good enough for the group to accept him, completing the initial five - member formation of New Edition.
Squabbling returns at the recording session, with Ricky and Bobby fighting over a pair of headphones, while Ralph was patiently waiting his turn. Instead, Maurice decides to let Ralph sing first. As a result, the performance is so impressive that Ralph is given the lead vocals for "Candy Girl, '' which would become New Edition 's first hit. Prior to finalizing the group, Maurice offers Ralph a solo deal instead, but Ralph declines, preferring to remain part of New Edition. With their mothers ' oversight, the members of New Edition sign their record contract, receiving upfront payments of $500 each and a Betamax machine. With "Candy Girl '' a nationwide hit, New Edition now are rising young stars. The quintet begin taking photo shoots for the cover of their debut album (also named Candy Girl), while also getting ready for a nationwide tour.
First Album and Candy Girl Tour - 1983
With "Candy Girl '' # 1 on the Billboard charts (topping Michael Jackson), New Edition begins making TV and concert hall appearances, including headlining a show at the Roseland Theater in New York City with Madonna and Kurtis Blow. When the group has been on tour (with international dates added) for several weeks, the mothers of Ricky and Bobby, who are struggling financially and on food stamps, seem concerned that they have not yet received any checks their sons should have earned from the shows. Therefore, they decide to confront Brooke Payne, who says he is not in control of the group 's finances, despite being its manager. After grumbling about firing Brooke in order to get a manager who could improve the financial situation, they agree to give him a little more time to see if things improve.
Transition of Power / Boys Gone Wild - 1983 to 1984
The tour finally ends, with the teenagers leaving the high life and returning home to the poverty of Roxbury, at least until their tour checks arrive. However, when the checks finally show up, each member received $1.87 for the entire tour. Brooke, who had never had a major deal with a music industry label before New Edition and may have made some mistakes due to that inexperience, tries to explain the intricacies of the deal: the label advanced the group money that it needed to record the album and to promote the tour, with the label recouping that advance from the money the boys would have earned from the various tour dates. An emotional Brooke, who did n't even get $1.87 for all of his work on the tour, insists that he cares about the boys and would n't have intentionally made a deal that was bad for the boys. Four of the mothers vote to fire Brooke as manager. On the other hand, the lone holdout was Flo DeVoe (La La Anthony), Brooke 's sister, who threatened to pull Ronnie out of the group. Brooke, however, reminded her that the group was their only best chance at getting out of the projects.
The mothers replace Brooke as manager with Gary Evans (Michael Rapaport), who promises to replace their current deal with Maurice Starr with a better one due to his relationship with MCA Records. Jheryl Busby (Tank), an executive at MCA, privately expresses to Gary a lack of interest with New Edition, whom he views as "some ghetto kids. ''
Having tasted fame and experiencing typical teenage rebellion, the young men of New Edition are less easy to control. Both Gary and the two security guards, Jeff Dyson (Wallace Smith) and Khalil, unexpectedly walking in on some of the members having sex with female groupies. There is more tension and a lot of anxiety within the group as well. Ralph (Algee Smith) 's talent and constant professionalism result in him taking the lead vocals on most of the songs for the new album. Feeling slighted, the rest of the group focuses more on women and having fun, often without Ralph, to whom they mockingly refer as "the big star. '' This in turn makes Ralph feel betrayed by his friends and frustrated that he is carrying so much of the group 's work.
Roller coaster of troubles - 1984 - 1985
In an effort to patch things up, Ralph asks Gary if the others could have lead vocals in more songs and Gary agrees. It starts with Bobby (Woody McClain) having lead vocals on "Mr. Telephone Man '' when New Edition was working with singer - songwriter and producer Ray Parker Jr... During the recording, Bobby (perhaps letting his constant prominence go to his head) maliciously starts making fun of Mike (Bryshere Y. Gray) for being unable to correctly hold a note. Mike takes this and teasing by the other members personally. He decides to take a cab rather than get in the group 's limo, slamming the door shut in frustration. The driver, hearing the slam, assumes that Mike is in the car with them. He backs up and accidentally runs over Mike 's foot. When Bobby antagonizes Mike yet again, Mike spits in his face. This eventually triggers a fight that prompted the rest of the group to break up. Gary tells the group that their moms think Mike should be kicked out of the group due to fighting. However, the other guys (including Bobby) stick up for Mike. When Mike returns, Bobby goes up to him first and apologizes for his actions. This allows the group to move forward. While internally repaired, New Edition is clashing with their new choreographer. A frustrated Gary decides to bring in someone who can help keep the group focused: Brooke, who was back only as the choreographer, not the manager.
Echoing the concerns of MCA executive Jheryl (who, while satisfied financially, is still concerned about the "ghetto boys ' '' public persona), Gary presses New Edition to maintain a clean image and be (or at least appear to be) single, the latter of which is particularly important to their young, female fanbase. While rehearsing for the "Cool It Now '' tour, Bobby gets arrested for speeding in someone else 's car that does n't belong to him and driving without a license. When Gary comes to the station to bail him out, Bobby reveals that his girlfriend, who was in the car with him, is pregnant. Meanwhile, Ralph 's girlfriend back home is also pregnant, but he has n't told anyone yet. It was later revealed that she would have a miscarriage, partially because Ralph was n't there to support her during the pregnancy. While smoking weed backstage on tour, the group runs into Johnny Gill (Luke James). Johnny is a Washington, D.C. native, who is another young artist within the MCA family. At another stop on New Edition 's tour, no one can locate Bobby, until Gary finds him in the car doing cocaine with and receiving fellatio from female groupies. When discussing the situation with his fellow New Edition members, Bobby insists that he has his personal life under control.
Out with the old, In with the new - 1985 - 1988
After the tour, the mothers meet with Gary, frustrated yet again at their sons receiving less money than expected. Gary brings up the group 's various expenses and drug / alcohol habits as contributing to the smaller checks, despite New Edition 's self - titled second album with MCA being certified platinum.
Viewing the act as "Bobby Brown with New Edition '' instead of just "New Edition, '' Bobby 's ego continues to inflate out of control. With his personal and professional life causing two things for New Edition: disturbance and disrespect, it comes to a head at a show in Oakland, California. While enjoying the whole spotlight to himself after singing lead vocals for "Mr. Telephone Man, '' Bobby became emotionally irate. Also (in his mind, at least), he was initially upset over being quickly ignored by the crowd, who cheers for New Edition as a whole. Meanwhile, Ronnie, Mike, Ricky, and Ralph initially felt annoyed over Bobby selfishly trying to hog the entire onstage spotlight to himself. As a result, they all quickly transitioned into their next song, "Cool It Now. '' This further enrages Bobby, who has an attitude with the audience (by whom he was ignored), dictating that he would n't perform with New Edition anymore. Since Bobby does not get his way in the group, he disrespectfully tosses his mike in the air before storming off the set. Fed up with Bobby 's actions, Gary pressures Ronnie, Mike, Ricky, and Ralph into voting to kick Bobby out of the group as punishment. Despite their initial reluctance to kick him out, thinking about Bobby 's arrest, severe drug usage, continual selfishness, and disrespect eventually prompts the four to unanimously vote Bobby out instead.
While driving with Jeff (one of the group 's security guards that Gary had hired), Mike speculates on what (if any) future the group has without Bobby. Jeff makes a suggestion that Mike should consider getting in the business side of the industry, given how few broke executives there are compared to broke musicians, as well as giving him more control. Mike glances at the All For Love record, which he and the group (including Bobby) had recorded the year prior and notices "Fast Break Productions '' on the record rather than MCA Records. Mike storms into Jheryl 's office, interrupting a meeting to demand an explanation. The MCA executive explains to Mike that, rather than being signed to MCA Records, they were signed to Fast Break Productions, which was Gary 's company, which in turn had a relationship with MCA Records. In other words, rather than just being a manager who could use his connections to get the group a deal with MCA (as Gary had indicated to the mothers and the members of the group), Gary had drafted a contract that gave him two things: ownership and control of New Edition. This ensured that he got his money before the group did, as well as allowing him to do things like negotiating a shoe deal without consulting the members of the group. Still stunned that their contract with Gary was n't much better than their $1.87 contract with Maurice Starr four years ago, Mike ca n't really respond when Jheryl rhetorically asks him if he even read Gary 's contract before signing it as opposed to just relying on Gary 's explanation. Jheryl finally ends the meeting with a response, saying, "Welcome to the music business. '' This gives Mike the opportunity to see what it is like to be a music executive - with the group 's approval - meets with an attorney to fire Gary as manager and to work by getting out of their contract in order to sign directly with MCA.
Back home with his mom, Bobby is doing cocaine while watching the remaining members of New Edition perform "Count Me Out '' on Soul Train. His mom enters his room to tell him that he has a visitor: Jheryl. He feels Bobby has too much talent to waste his life to drugs and offers him a solo deal with MCA, where he eventually records his debut solo album. Having moved in together, Ralph 's girlfriend encourages him to similarly go solo. Ralph insists that while he is happy with the group, he does start to record some solo tracks without telling the rest of the group beforehand. When Ralph plays some of the solo songs for Ricky, Mike, and Ronnie, they feel betrayed. They are not very supportive even when Ralph says he would still be part of the group and just do the solo stuff as a side project, which results in Ralph feeling isolated and frustrated. When Ronnie expresses concern about how he 'd take care of his family without New Edition, Mike starts working on a plan, so that they are n't dependent on Ralph. Meanwhile, Ralph, looking forward to solo money rather than splitting with other members of New Edition, shares his feelings with Jheryl. He stresses the importance of two things: timing and positioning, which is why Ralph 's solo album will come out later after New Edition records another album. This one with Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis, who had just produced Janet Jackson 's smash album, Control a year prior.
The group arrives in Minneapolis to begin recording Heart Break with Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis. Ralph - who is known for always being on time and ready to go - travels separately and arrives late. After a chilly greeting with Ricky, Mike, and Ronnie, Ralph is baffled to see a fifth member of New Edition: Johnny Gill, who Mike and Jheryl thought would be a good fit for the group. Angered that he was n't even consulted about the decision and upset over having to split money five ways again, Ralph storms off. Johnny, Jimmy Jam, and Terry Lewis are also rattled, as they assumed Ralph knew about Johnny.
Still sulking, Ralph ca n't help but be impressed by Johnny 's voice (if not his cowboy boot fashion sense). After a recording session, the two have a private conversation (because the other three guys did n't bother to hang around for the session), with Ralph apologizing for his initial conduct. He was admitting that the situation was more about his relationship with the other guys than anything Johnny had done. Ralph and Johnny realize they have several things in common, including professionalism and being fed the same story by Jheryl about delaying a solo project until after recording a New Edition album. Now that Ralph and Johnny were cool, Ralph jokingly asked if wannabe executive Mike sold Johnny on being the next Bobby. Johnny honestly replied that Mike described it as being the next Ralph. Slightly jarred by the thought of being replaced, Ralph regains his normal focus and dedication, with the entire group contributing to a great performance of "Can You Stand The Rain '' and work well together recording the rest of the album. While preparing for Heart Break 's album cover photo shoot, the men discuss how they 've grown personally and professionally in their years in the recording business. When the photographer encourages them to smile, the group insists they know what works best for them and opts for a more serious facial expression.
While working on a music video for If It Is n't Love (with Brooke Payne once again providing choreography) and preparing for another tour, MCA 's A&R / business partner Louis Silas Jr. (Duane Martin) drops the bombshell that Bobby will be touring with them.
A Fork in the Road - 1988 - 1990
New Edition continues their preparations for the upcoming tour by releasing their new single "If It Is n't Love. '' Meanwhile, at the Paramount Pictures studio, Bobby Brown (who has skyrocketed to super-stardom with his second album Do n't Be Cruel) prepares for his "Every Little Step '' music video. Brown 's barber (DC Young Fly) is distracted by the girls that will appear in the video and accidentally cuts off a chunk of Bobby 's hair. This left a slant in Bobby 's hair that Bobby irately compares to "Gumby. '' Without time to fix it, Bobby is forced to debut what would become his signature look in the video instead.
Bobby and New Edition are generally able to work well together on the tour, which also features singer Al B. Sure! (Josh David). Despite this, Bobby bristles a bit when "his '' supposed lead vocals on Jealous Girl and Mr. Telephone Man will be both sung by Johnny even after Bobby originally offered to sing them himself. After a Washington, D.C. performance, Mike agrees to listen to a group of young men from Philadelphia sing one of New Edition 's songs for him outside the tour bus. Impressed, Mike gives them a business card and encourages the group that will become Boyz II Men to call him.
In 1989, a party to celebrate the success of the tour, revealing how the group split up again. Jheryl is leaving his job at MCA Records to take a major role at Motown and convinces Johnny to come with him and record his self - titled third album - the one Jheryl promised he would support if Johnny recorded Heart Break with New Edition - at Motown. Ralph 's similarly promised solo album will be released by MCA but must be re-recorded because Ralph and the executives felt that it would sound too much like Bobby 's Do n't Be Cruel album. Ralph is annoyed, because his album was originally ready to be released before Heart Break. However, it was delayed in favor of the New Edition album. As for Ricky, Mike, and Ronnie, Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis suggest the trio start their own group, which would become Bell Biv DeVoe, based on their last names. Finally, the arrogant and disrespectful Bobby, who made a scene by sticking his hands into both of the party 's cakes, is angry despite his individual success and being surrounded by attractive women. He almost showed constant jealousy looking out at his former group members.
In March 1990, all six members of New Edition reunite by making an appearance for Video Soul with Sherry Carter. There is clearly awkwardness and tension during the interview, with barbed comments flying all around, particularly between Ralph and Mike (still not yet over inviting Johnny to the group without consulting Ralph), as well as Bobby and everyone else. The show also airs each of the separate acts ' music videos: BBD 's "Poison '', Ralph Tresvant 's "Sensitivity '', and Johnny Gill 's "My, My, My. '' When the host asked the most anticipated question, "Would the group ever reunite for a new album?, '' Ralph suggested there was a possibility to record a reunion album in the coming future.
Are we "Home Again '' or not? - 1996 - 1997
The reunion album is made six years later, in 1996, after the various independent acts somewhat fizzled. This left several in debt, or at least precarious, financial position, especially Ricky (Elijah Kelley). Several of the group members, now approaching their 30s, are also dealing with personal issues: Ralph is struggling with the passing of his mother, while Bobby is no longer the only member with drug and alcohol issues. Also, Ricky is secretly using cocaine, popping pills, and drinking heavily, hiding his problems from his wife as well as the rest of New Edition.
As the group prepares for a tour of Home Again, Brooke is amazed at their expenses - separate tour buses, large entourages, lots of luggage - despite their limited success as independent acts, as well as being less professional than when they were kids. While the group will perform New Edition songs, they will also perform the songs of their various respective acts. Unfortunately, this tour does not go well, with Bobby 's penchant for missing various interviews and even performances annoying the rest of the group and interfering with scheduled performance times. At one stop, Bobby arrived after the rest of the group had finished performing but decided to close the show solo instead. Bobby claimed that he felt like singing, because the crowd was chanting for him.
The tour arrives in New Mexico, where the miniseries began, though with some additional details on what would lead to the massive brawl. Bobby - on time for a change - decided to sing an extra song, at least partially because Bell Biv DeVoe could n't go on as Ronnie (Keith Powers) was late. Bobby assumes that he was the real star of the tour. Thus, when Ronnie charged onto the stage to cut off Bobby, Bobby was partially angry, claiming that he was covering for Ronnie by doing an extra song. Storming backstage angry, Bobby tries to blast Bell Biv DeVoe with water from a fire hose but ca n't get the emergency device to work. Instead, he and his bodyguard march onstage, which brings in the various entourages for a chaotic scene, finally culminating with a gun shot that scatters everyone.
In the chaos, Brooke stumbles away and has a heart attack before being found by one of the members of the Bell Biv DeVoe entourage. An ambulance arrives to take him to the hospital, but wo n't allow Ronnie (who is Brooke 's nephew) in with him. Instead, both Ricky and Mike try to keep Ronnie calm while waiting for a car. Ralph and Johnny get filled in, but Ronnie nearly loses it when Bobby appears to ask what 's going on. He angrily blames Bobby for starting the fracas that led to his uncle having a heart attack. Bobby, on the hand, counter-argued that he would never hurt Brooke and that it was Ronnie who provoked the situation. Ronnie angrily storms off for good this time, saying he 's done with the tour. Also, he 's fed up with Ralph and Johnny always coddling Bobby. Ralph leaves after getting into it with Mike, and Johnny was fed up wasting his time with the hostility. A panicked Ricky asks Mike what they are going to do with so many shows left, and Mike essentially says the tour and the group are done.
Souls falling apart / Finding myself - 1998 - 2004
In the years after the tour, the New Edition members largely stay out of contact and have their lives go in different directions.
Ricky eventually has an overdose, but his wife finds him in time for help to arrive and save him. At rehab, Ricky admits that what he was chasing was the feeling of fame, fortune, and popularity that he had years prior, as well as trying to fight the fear that the feeling would n't come back. In 2004, Ronnie 's wedding planning is n't going well, with his latest concern being wasting money for inedible flowers on the wedding cake. His fiancée, Shamari, gets him to admit that his real issue is not having reunited New Edition, either as a musical group or to be his groomsmen for his rapidly approaching wedding. Concerned that their egos and behavior will both prevent any of them from showing up, Ronnie is convinced to at least invite the other five members to his wedding so that he wo n't have regrets.
I am my Brother 's Keeper / BET 25th Celebration - 2005
The day of the wedding, Ronnie is in his prep room, on his own, accepting that he 's going to be at the altar without any groomsmen. He hears a knock on the door and "Police! '', only for it to be Bobby in a dazzling all - white tuxedo. Although Bobby thanks Ronnie for the invitation to be a groomsman, he declines an offer for a drink, saying he has cooled on drugs and alcohol. The rest of New Edition arrives, including a sober Ricky, with Ralph and Mike at least able to be civil to each other. The final arrival is Brooke, back to normal, after his heart attack at the disastrous tour and ready to see his nephew Ronnie get married.
At the reception, Ralph and Mike have a longer conversation, with Mike apologizing for starting the group 's break up by bringing in Johnny to replace Ralph. Ralph counters that the group faced bigger problems than that, citing that the problems, which the members were only ready to deal with now that they were older. Rather than just a temporary truce, Ralph and Mike seem to have rekindled their friendship, ready to move forward without dwelling on negative events from the past.
Brooke toasts Ronnie and his new wife and includes New Edition in his toast by reminiscing about raising Ronnie and the other members of the group, encouraging them to be thankful for their success as a musical group and as men. New Edition reunites to serenade Ronnie 's wife with their first hit song "Candy Girl. '' A BET producer approaches Brooke with the idea of having a New Edition reunion at the channel 's 25th anniversary special. Brooke advises him to move quickly, as he does 't know the next time the group will be together like this. The producer, however, does move quickly enough, as the group agrees to reunite for the BET special.
At the special, New Edition begins to perform a medley of hit singles: "If It Is n't Love, '' "Can You Stand the Rain, '' "Candy Girl, '' and "Cool It Now '' before introducing Bobby Brown to perform "Mr. Telephone Man '' with them. After Bobby gives a solo performance of his solo classic hit single "My Prerogative, '' Bobby then invites the group along to perform a medley with him, with highlights of the miniseries airing as the group sings. They all take a bow and give props and credit to BET for giving their long standing partnership as a final sendoff.
In August 2015, it was announced that BET commissioned the television film that would air as a three night miniseries. Five of the group 's members -- Ricky Bell, Michael Bivins, Ronnie DeVoe, Johnny Gill and Ralph Tresvant, had signed on as co-producers, while Bobby Brown did not. In addition, the band 's longtime manager Brooke Payne had also been tapped as a co-producer and the film was to be written by Abdul Williams who wrote the 2010 film Lottery Ticket. Jesse Collins of the network 's Real Husbands of Hollywood would serve as executive producer. Collins later reported that production would air in 2017. In April 2016, it was confirmed that Brown had also signed on as co-producer. It was also announced that ATL director Chris Robinson would direct the film. In November 2016, it was announced that iconic producers Kenneth "Babyface '' Edmonds and Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis had been recruited to oversee the music production.
Casting for the series began in Boston in January 2016. In April 2016, the network announced that Empire star Bryshere Y. Gray would portray Michael Bivins. The rest of cast included actor and singer Elijah Kelley as Ricky, R&B singer Luke James as Johnny, Algee Smith as Ralph, Keith Powers as Ronnie, and Woody McClain as Bobby Brown. In addition, Dante Hoagland, Caleb McLaughlin, Myles Truitt, Jahi Winston, and Tyler Marcel Williams would portray younger versions of Michael, Ricky, Ronnie, Ralph and Bobby respectively. In May 2016, La La Anthony, Yvette Nicole Brown, Monica Calhoun, Lisa Nicole Carson and Sandi McCree would join the cast as the mothers of the group members: Flo DeVoe, Shirley Bivins, Patricia Tresvant, Mae Bell and Carole Brown. Several others joined the cast later that month including Wood Harris as Brooke Payne, Michael Rapaport as Gary Evans, Wallace Smith as Jeff Dyson, Faizon Love as Maurice Starr, Duane Martin as Louil Silas, singer Tank as Jheryl Busby and actress / rapper Bre - Z as Peanut Bell.
The first trailer for the film was unveiled on June 26, 2016, at the 26th annual BET Awards. In July 2016, BET released a photo of the cast recreating the group 's iconic album cover for the 1996 release Home Again. In September 2016, BET announced the official premiere date for the film which would air on January 24, 25 and 26, 2017. The network also released an extended trailer which highlighted the legendary onstage brawl between Bobby Brown and Bell Biv DeVoe after Brown went solo. The UrbanWorld Film Festival hosted an exclusive screening of several clips.
The film 's premiere was watched by 4.2 million viewers, making it BET 's most watched premiere since the 2012 season premiere of the sitcom The Game, which drew 5.2 million. The second and final episodes brought in 3.96 million and 4.23 million viewers respectively, making the miniseries the top rated cable program for three consecutive nights.
The New Edition Story has garnered positive reviews from critics. On Metacritic, the series holds a score of 76 out of 100. It currently has a 100 % rating, with an average score of 7.2 / 10 on Rotten Tomatoes, along with the consensus being, "The New Edition Story colorfully showcases its subjects with honesty and clarity while offering an entertainingly paced overview that leaves room for plenty of the group 's greatest hits ''. The film received rave reviews for the child actors who portrayed younger versions of New Edition in the first part of the series. Sylvia Obell of Buzzfeed praised the casting as "absolute perfection '' and rated it an A+. Obell compared the film to another iconic television miniseries -- "it is on its way to being the best black TV biopic since The Jacksons: An American Dream '' which aired on ABC in 1992. The most talked about similarities is the uncanny "jawdropping '' striking resemblance of the young Bobby Brown, portrayed by Tyler Marcel Williams, who nailed the looks, demeanor and Bobby 's most iconic "body roll ''. Also another uncanny resemblance were of the vocals of the young Ralph Tresvant, portrayed by Jahi Di'Allo Winston. For viewers, hearing his first lead solo appearance in the film singing "Candy Girl '' gave chills for nailing every note. Trey Mangum of Blavity said that BET "outdid '' themselves, saying "With the warm reception and open arms that the world received The New Edition Story with, it 's clear that this story needed to be told, and this was the perfect time. '' Mangum complimented the "spot - on '' casting of both the young and adult casts, as well as the fact both casts recorded their own vocals, a rarity for musical biopics.
During an interview with Bell Biv DeVoe on the radio show, The Breakfast Club, co-host Angela Yee described the casting for the film as "fantastic. '' Michael Bivins praised Algee Smith 's portrayal of Tresvant and said he was "real nice, sliding into the most difficult spot. '' Smith did an outstanding job portraying Tresvant, especially for his first major role, and displayed amazing vocals somewhat similar to Tresvant 's himself. Bivins ' own mother pushed for Gray during the casting process. In another interview, Ricky Bell along with Bivins praised Elijah Kelley for his portrayal of Ricky in the film. Bell further praised young actor Caleb McLaughlin for his portrayal as well. Bell was amazed by McLaughlin 's attention to detail.
In June 2018, it was announced that The New Edition Story will stream on Hulu.
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dead by daylight xbox one how many players | Dead by Daylight - Wikipedia
Dead by Daylight is an asymmetric survival horror online multiplayer video game developed by Behaviour Interactive and published by Starbreeze Studios. Dead by Daylight was released for the Microsoft Windows operating system in June 2016, and released for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One home consoles in June 2017. The game is 4v1 with one player acting as the killer and four players acting as survivors, whose sole intent is to kill or survive, respectively.
A group of up to four survivors must elude one killer, in an enclosed area at night. The survivors ' perspectives are third - person, while the killer 's perspective is first - person.
When playing as a survivor, players assume the role of Dwight Fairfield, Meg Thomas, Claudette Morel, Jake Park, Nea Karlsson, Laurie Strode, William ' Bill ' Overbeck, Ace Visconti, Feng Min, David King, or Quentin Smith. The goal of the survivors is to escape the enclosed area, which can be done in one of two ways: either by repairing a certain number of disabled generators (usually, the number of generators is one greater than the number of survivors playing) to provide power to switches which open large, metal doors leading out of the area; or by escaping through a hatch which only (barring the use of a key) opens when there is one survivor left and at least two generators have been successfully repaired. The hatch will appear at one of several predetermined locations. The survivors ' movement options consist of sprinting, walking, crouch - walking, or crawling. They must elude the killer by using the darkness, crouching behind objects, and hiding in buildings, foliage, or inside lockers.
The survivors have the option to utilize up to four perks per match that affect how they play each game. Each of the survivors has a set of three unique - to - them perks that are only available to that survivor until the ability to teach them to other survivors is unlocked. These perks can be unlocked and upgraded in the Bloodweb using bloodpoints and each blood web can only hold up to two perks. These perks can range from giving a burst of speed when running from the killer, to being able to self - heal without a first aid kit, to unlocking the ability to sabotage meat hooks without a toolbox. There are also a multitude of ' universal ' perks that are available to unlock by any survivor.
In dealing with the killer, survivors can also make use of a handful of items and traps in the area -- searching chests inside buildings will sometimes yield first - aid kits (which allow the survivors to heal themselves rather than wait for a teammate), flashlights (which can be used to temporarily blind the killer), toolboxes (which can be used both to repair generators faster and to disable the sacrificial meat hooks), broken key (does a variety of things depending on its addons), maps (which locate all the generators or more depending on its rarity and addons), dull key (which can be used to open the hatch whenever it 's found), and skeleton key (which does a variety of things depending on its addons and can be used to open the hatch). One trap that survivors can use is a massive wooden pallet, which are placed upright, and can be pulled down when a survivor runs past them -- if the killer is right behind them, the pallet will stun the killer for a brief period of time. The survivors can vault over fallen pallets, while the killer has to destroy them or go around. They can also climb through windows. The killer can go through windows too, but does it significantly slower.
Other technical advantages that survivors have include the ability to see the aura of downed and hooked teammates -- thus easily drawing them to their location for a rescue -- and can similarly see the locations of newly repaired generators and the exit doors for a short period of time once all necessary generators are repaired. When the killer is near, the survivors will hear a heartbeat, and eventually tense music, both of which increase in intensity with proximity to the killer. They can also see a red light emanating from the killer 's eyes, which shows his / her approximate field of view.
As the killer, players assume the role of either the Trapper, the Wraith, the Hillbilly, the Nurse, the Shape, the Hag, the Doctor, the Huntress, the Cannibal, or the Nightmare; each of which has his / her own unique ability. The killer can not run or crouch, but simply walks at a very fast pace which is slightly faster than the pace of a sprinting survivor. When hunting the survivors, the killer must capture them by either striking them twice with his / her weapon (the first hit reduces the survivor to a limp, while the second hit drops them to crawling on the ground), or can grab them in one move by either catching them inside lockers, while attempting to vault over pallets or through windows, while repairing a generator, trying to save a fellow survivor on a hook or attempting to escape through a trap door.
The killer can initially only kill the survivors by throwing them on one of the many meat hooks in the area and waiting for the claws of the ' Entity ' to eventually finish off the survivor, carrying their soul into the sky. After a player has earned enough experience points as the killer, however, certain single - use items called ' Mori 's can be unlocked that include the ability to finish off survivors instantly with their weapon, rather than the lengthy process of taking them to the meat hooks.
The first time a survivor is hooked they enter the first phase. In this phase only, the player can try for a low (4 %) chance of escaping the hook at the cost of accelerating their death upon failure to escape based on their ' hook health ' (at full, granting up to four chances). Players can also be rescued by fellow survivors. If the player escapes or is saved and is hooked a second time they will enter the struggle state, in which the player has to resist the entity trying to stab him / her by pressing the spacebar continuously until saved by an ally or killed by the ' Entity '. If the player escapes or is saved again and is hooked a third time they will die instantly with no opportunity of survival.
The killer, despite walking at a fast pace, is slower in most other movements: After striking a player, the killer will slow their movement to wipe the blood off their weapon. The killer is also slower in climbing through windows, and can not leap over the pallets survivors can lay into their path, but can spend a lengthy amount of time destroying the barricades. The killer also has an aura reading ability similar to the survivors, only for the killer it can be used to see the locations of every single generator, totem and meat hook on the map. A new mechanic was also added in update 1.5. 0 which introduced bloodlust. Twelve seconds into a chase, the killer gets a 0.2 m / s boost; 24 seconds into a chase gives the killer a 0.6 m / s boost; and finally, if a chase lasts for 32 seconds, the killer gets a 1.2 m / s boost. These effects only last until a chase ends in which the effects go down 10 % every second spent not chasing a survivor, a pallet is broken (this lowers bloodlust down 1 level), and when a survivor is hit (this removes bloodlust completely). This was added to prevent a time wasting mechanic known as "pallet looping '', which is when a survivor runs around pallets for an extended period of time so the rest of the team can complete generators, and instead encourages the survivor to break line of sight and completely escape from the killer.
Interacting with most objects and actions in the game causes random Skill Checks to trigger. When a skill check triggers, a needle appears within a circle on - screen and quickly spins around, the player must hit either the space bar or the left mouse button when the needle is within a certain randomly chosen section of the circle before the needle passes it. Failing a skill check has multiple consequences based on the action being taken.
Repairing each generator takes a lengthy period of time and makes a rather small mechanical noise during the process. Failing a repair skill check will cause an explosion that will set the progress of the generator repair back and make a loud noise alerting the killer where the player is and what they are up to. The killer has also been granted the ability to damage generators at a very slow rate for 90 seconds. This process can be stopped simply by survivors fixing the generator for a second. If nothing is done for 90 seconds, the process of the generator is reduced by 25 %, putting survivors in a disadvantage for waiting too long.
Sabotaging a hook takes a significantly shorter amount of time than repairing a generator but is considerably louder. To sabotage a hook, survivors must be equipped with a ' tool kit ' or have the Saboteur perk active. Skill checks are more common during this action than when repairing a generator. Failing a sabotage skill check makes a loud banging sound, also setting back progress and alerting the killer.
Healing yourself or your allied survivors can take drastically different lengths of time depending on multiple factors such as if they have a first aid kit, certain perks active, killer debuffs and whether the player is healing themselves or an ally. Skill checks are as common as when repairing but have a slightly less severe consequence when failed. Failing a healing skill check still reduces the progress of the action but the wail made by the survivor being healed is quieter than the other explosions and bangs, but still alerts the killer of your location within a certain range.
If a survivor is caught by the killer, they are picked up and usually carried to the nearest meat hook. During this time they can attempt to wiggle out of the killer 's grasp before they reach the hook, and attempt to run away. If the killer succeeds in impaling a survivor on one of the many meat hooks in the area, a teammate can rescue the impaled survivor or, more rarely, the impaled survivor (with a 4 % chance) can pull themselves off the hook (although attempting this is likely to backfire and injure the survivor further, drawing them closer to death).
Once all generators are repaired, a survivor must find a switch next to one of two the possible exit doors and hold it for 10 seconds in order to open the door. The game only ends when all survivors have either escaped or have been killed -- thus, while some survivors may escape and finish early, those still inside must keep playing. Players who have escaped or died have the ability to observe the remaining players through the game 's conclusion, or return to the menu and join a new game.
If only one survivor remains then repairing generators can become nearly impossible. An alternative escape method would be to use the "Black Lock '' which is a hatch on the ground that spawns in a random area after the number of generators repaired equals one more than there are survivors left alive in the game (i.e. 3 generators repaired with only 2 survivors still living). The hatch spawns closed but when only one survivor remains then it will open automatically. While closed it can be opened if one survivor has a "Dull Key '' or a "Skeleton Key '' and will remain open for 30 seconds, allowing any remaining survivors to hop in and escape.
Both survivors and killers are able to unlock items, perks, and offerings through the Bloodweb. Every action performed in a match gives the player a number of Bloodpoints, and the sum are added to the player 's total at the end of the match. Each level of the Bloodweb is procedurally generated, and gets larger as the character gains levels. The rewards are connected to each other in a radial tree, and players must purchase rewards along the progression path to gain access to others. Once every reward on the tree has been purchased, the Bloodweb will generate a new level for the player to progress to, increasing that character 's level. Once the character reaches level 50 they will be given the option to prestige. While given the option, they will still be able to buy things from the blood web but will not increase their level. Once prestiged, characters will reset their level, items, offerings, and addons in exchange for a better chance for rarer items in the bloodweb and a bloody coat (prestige one), bloody trousers or weapon for killer (prestige two), and a bloody face (prestige three). These effects are irreversible and can not be undone.
The Bloodweb may contain items, add - ons for items that increase their efficiency, offerings that can be spent at the start of the round to influence the match 's conditions, and perks that make the character more powerful. Offerings and add - ons may only be used in one match, whereas items can be re-used until the player dies or loses them, and perks are permanent. Items can also be acquired from chests on the map, but this does not affect the character 's Bloodweb. Since a killer 's special ability is tied to their item and killers are invulnerable, their items are permanent and can not be changed.
The game takes place across seven locales which are based on the places the killers became murderers: The MacMillan Estate (Trapper), Autohaven Wreckers (Wraith), Coldwind Farm (Hillbilly), Crotus Prenn Asylum (Nurse), Haddonfield (Shape), Backwater Swamp (Hag), Léry 's Memorial Institute (Doctor), the Red Forest (Huntress), and Badham Preschool (Nightmare). Over time, the evilness of their actions accumulated there until it attracted the attention of the Entity, an unknown force of darkness from a place with no name. Most locales are split into multiple maps with similar features but small variations.
Every locale and map features a map - specific building or landmark that remains in the same place in the map every game. Every map also features a building known as "The Shack '' which is the same throughout all maps and appears a different one of a few predetermined locations in the map. Every new game, a room known as the "Basement '' is placed under either the map - specific building or the shack.
The Basement is a special room consisting of 1 item chest for the survivors to scavenge in, and 4 cabinets for them to hide in. It 's also home to a special 4 - pointed hook that can not be sabotaged and does not break after a survivor has been sacrificed on it. The basement is a favourite tool of the killers and a feared landmark for the survivors as there is only one way in and one way out, making it a very secure place for killers to bring their victims without fear of other survivors saving them. Because of this danger, survivors are awarded a small number of points for even venturing into the basement.
The Entity, a supernatural being hailing from the ancient blood web, is awakened from its slumber whenever it is summoned by actions of great violence and malice. The killers, exclusively serial murderers, are pulled out of reality by it and convinced to do its bidding. In order to maintain its existence, the Entity requires sacrifices, and demands that they hunt and kill the survivors so it can feed off their hope and steal a piece of their soul upon death. Then they are brought back to life to repeat the trial, endlessly attempting to escape.
The survivors are pulled into the Entity 's constructed world when they wander too close to the places the killers were taken from, disappearing from the real world without a trace. They end up at a lonely campfire, where they rest between trials, until a killer pursues them again. Escaping from the grounds always takes the survivors back to the campfire, and offerings can be created to be burnt at it and appeal for the Entity 's favour. Since the Entity feeds off the hope of the survivors to escape, it helps them just as much as the killers, acting as an impartial observer of the hunt, stepping in only to claim those hanged on its hooks.
Dead by Daylight received "mixed '' reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic. GameSpot awarded it a score of 6 out of 10, saying "Dead by Daylight executes the concept of a competitive horror game well, but only to a point. ''
Dead by Daylight sales topped one million units two months after its release and had reached 1.8 million units on PC by the end of 2016.
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for the love of money by the ojays | For the Love of Money - wikipedia
"For the Love of Money '' is a soul / funk song that was written and composed by Kenneth Gamble, Leon Huff, and Anthony Jackson; it was recorded by Philadelphia soul group The O'Jays for the album Ship Ahoy. Produced by Gamble and Huff for Philadelphia International Records, "For the Love of Money '' was issued as a single in late 1973 (see 1973 in music), with "People Keep Tellin ' Me '' as its b - side. The single peaked at number three on the U.S. Billboard R&B chart, and at No. 9 on Billboard 's Pop Singles chart in spring 1974. Though the album version of the song was over seven minutes long, it received substantial radio airplay. The song 's title comes from a well - known Bible verse, 1 Timothy 6: 10: "For the love of money is the root of all evil: which while some coveted after, they have erred from the faith, and pierced themselves through with many sorrows. '' (This translation is from the King James Version of the Bible.)
Anthony Jackson played bass guitar on the song. One day during fall 1973, producer / keyboardist Leon Huff was leading the members of the MFSB rhythm section and Jackson through a rehearsal. Sigma Sound Studios owner / engineer Joe Tarsia noticed that Jackson had a wah - wah pedal attached to his Fender Precision Bass. Tarsia decided to run Jackson 's bassline through a phaser, giving it a swishing sound and later mixed in echo. During the final mixing of the track, Kenny Gamble impulsively reached over to the echo button and added echo to Jackson 's opening riffs.
"For the Love of Money '' was nominated for the 1975 Grammy Award for Best R&B Vocal Performance -- Duo, Group or Chorus, losing to "Tell Me Something Good '' by Rufus. However, despite the 1975 snub, in 2016 The O'Jays ' For The Love of Money was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame
The song is sampled in Grandmaster Melle Mel 's 1985 single "Step Off, '' and Funky Four 's "King Heroin '' (1983). It has also been sampled by Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch 's single "I Need Money '' and Charli Baltimore 's single "Money. '' The Happy Mondays 's "Rave On '' (1989) intro was also based on the opening riff to "For The Love of Money. '' The British R&B singer / rapper Jentina sampled the money line for the chorus of her debut single "Bad Ass Strippa '' in 2004. The rhythm and vocals are also used as the main backing track to Bone Thugs N ' Harmony 's 1995 single "Foe tha Love of $, '' featuring Eazy E. The song was sampled for the Papoose featuring Remy Ma single "What 's My Name '' in 2013. The song was sampled by Dr. Dre on the 2015 album "Compton '' in the eponymous song "For the Love of Money. ''
Stand - up comedian Sinbad had the song briefly play in the background at one point during his 1993 television special Afros and Bellbottoms, while he changed into a different pair of shoes to illustrate a point about how people typically walked in the 1970s.
The song was featured at the beginning of the 1997 comedy film For Richer or Poorer.
Beginning in 2004, the song was used as the theme to the reality television show The Apprentice, with Donald Trump, and later as the theme to The Celebrity Apprentice, and also some international versions of the show, such as the Brazilian version of The Apprentice, called O Aprendiz, hosted by Roberto Justus.
The song was also briefly used during Trump 's stint with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) as his entrance theme before he changed to a different song, and it was subsequently incorporated into a series of sketches on Late Night with Conan O'Brien in which O'Brien would perform an impression of Trump.
Brian Griffin sings the chorus of the song whilst drunk in the episode of Family Guy titled "Peter, Peter, Caviar Eater. '' The song was also featured on two episodes of The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air and Martin.
A small extract was also used when Monica, Chandler and Phoebe enter the casino in the finale of season 5 of the popular TV show Friends.
The song was parodied as "Cash Cash Cashety Cash '' in the Drawn Together episode "The One Wherein There Is a Big Twist. ''
Bone Thugs N ' Harmony used the first line as their chorus to the song "Foe Tha Love of Money, '' released in 1993.
The song was also played at Camp Randall Stadium in Madison, Wisconsin when Wisconsin Badgers football kicker Taylor Mehlhaff converted field goal attempts.
On May 1, 2010, Floyd Mayweather, Jr. came out to this song before beating "Sugar '' Shane Mosley in their 12 - round bout.
Chad Mendes also previously used this song as his entrance music in the UFC.
The Rare Blend cover of "For the Love of Money '' was used during a driving sequence ("Joe 's Coin Bit '') in the 2001 movie Driven.
The chorus of the song is sung by Whoopi Goldberg in the opening medley of songs in the film Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit.
The song appears in Season 2 of Moonlighting, in the eighth episode, titled "Brother, Can You Spare a Blonde? '' after Maddie Hayes (Cybill Shepherd) empties a suitcase of money to a waiting crowd below her.
The song was used for an H&R Block ad campaign beginning in 2014 called "Get your billion back America. ''
The lead singer of the O'Jays, Eddie Levert, once complained that in the years since the song became a hit, its message has been spun into one of pro-idolatry and has thus ceased to be one of awareness and self - control.
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cornell university - johnson graduate school of management | Samuel Curtis Johnson Graduate School of Management - wikipedia
Coordinates: 42 ° 26 ′ 45 '' N 76 ° 28 ′ 59 '' W / 42.44583 ° N 76.48306 ° W / 42.44583; - 76.48306 The Samuel Curtis Johnson Graduate School of Management is the graduate business school in the SC Johnson College of Business at Cornell University, a private Ivy League university located in Ithaca, New York. It was founded in 1946 and renamed in 1984 after Samuel Curtis Johnson, founder of S.C. Johnson & Son, following his family 's $20 million endowment gift to the school in his honor -- at the time, the largest gift to any business school in the world.
The school is housed in Sage Hall and supports 58 full - time faculty members. There are about 600 Master of Business Administration (MBA) students in the full - time two - year (2Y) and Accelerated MBA (1Y) programs and 375 Executive MBA students. The school counts over 15,200 alumni and publishes the academic journal Administrative Science Quarterly.
The Johnson School traces its beginnings to the university 's founding in 1865. University co-founder Ezra Cornell proposed a Department of Trade and Commerce for the new university, which was "a radical departure from the day 's conventional notions about higher education, '' as this proposal was made "sixteen years before Joseph Wharton endowed the nation 's first collegiate business school at the University of Pennsylvania. '' At a university faculty meeting on October 2, 1868, Cornell co-founder and first president Andrew Dickson White, suggested the creation of a professorship in bookkeeping in the context of a larger proposal: the creation of a "commercial college. '' In the meantime, the Agriculture College continued to have a Department of Agricultural Economics and the Arts College continued to have a Department of Economics.
Formal movements towards a business school began in 1914, when faculty in the College of Agriculture (which today offers an undergraduate business major) convened the first meeting of the "Committee on a Commercial College. '' Led by economics professor Allyn Young, the committee recommended the creation of a "two - year graduate course leading to the Master 's degree '' in both business and public administration. Young had been trained at Harvard University, and the influence on the committee 's discussion of its business school 's creation only six years prior was apparent, as the committee 's recommendations included instruction for graduate students only, selectivity in admissions, and integration into the larger university community.
The idea of a business school took a backseat to World War I and its effects on the Cornell population. Following the Armistice of 1918, second university president Jacob Gould Schurman called for the establishment of such a school, which he estimated would require $1 million to establish. However, financial difficulties surrounding the Great Depression would further delay its creation.
In 1941, the university faculty recommended the creation of a School of Business and Public Administration, and it was unanimously approved on December 10, 1941, three days after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Cornell courted Paul M. O'Leary, who earned his doctorate at Cornell and was a member of Franklin D. Roosevelt 's "brain trust, '' to be dean of the new school. O'Leary leveraged an offer to be dean of the business school at the University of Minnesota in negotiations for the Cornell position, ultimately signing for a salary of $9,000.
In 1946, Cornell University opened the School of Business and Public Administration, holding classes in McGraw Hall and charging $200 for tuition for the first year. The school awarded two degrees -- MBA and MPA -- and its primary national recruiters included the Guaranty Trust Company of New York, Eastman Kodak, DuPont, General Electric, AT&T, and IBM. In 1950 it gained acceptance of the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business. O'Leary stepped down as dean of the business school in 1951 to become dean of the College of Arts and Sciences. Melvin G. deChazeau was appointed acting dean until 1954, when Edward H. Litchfield became dean. Under Lichfield 's tenure, a Ph. D. program was established, the academic journal Administrative Science Quarterly was created, a joint JD / MBA program with the Law School was organized, and the school was renamed the Graduate School of Business and Public Administration. Litchfield left three years later for the chancellorship at the University of Pittsburgh and was replaced by C. Stewart Sheppard in 1957, followed by William D. Carmichael in 1962. In 1964, the school was relocated to Malott Hall, which was specifically designed to house it.
During this period faculty divisions began to emerge, with three distinct groups vying for resources: business management, public administration, and healthcare administration (the Sloan Program). In 1983, the faculty voted to end instruction in the latter two fields and to change the school 's name to the Graduate School of Management. That same year, the school began offering a dual - degree MBA / MA in Asian Studies with Cornell 's FALCON (Full - year Asian Language CONcentration) program, with the aim of producing American MBAs with some knowledge of Japanese language and culture gained through coursework in Ithaca and a required summer internship in Japan. The school also created an MBA / MEng, originally called the Program in Manufacturing Management (PIMM). At the same time, Curtis W. Tarr was appointed the dean of the school.
In 1984, Samuel Curtis Johnson, Jr. and his family donated $20 million to the school, which was renamed the S.C. Johnson Graduate School of Management in honor of Johnson 's grandfather, Samuel Curtis Johnson, Sr., the founder of S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. The endowment gift to the university was, at the time, the largest gift to any business school in the world. In 1989, Alan G. Merten was appointed dean of the Johnson School. The year 1995 saw the creation of the Johnson School 's first website, as well as the launch of its first 12 - month option class. Merten left in 1996 to be President of George Mason University.
In 1998, the school was relocated to the newly renovated Sage Hall, the school started the student - managed Cayuga MBA Fund, and the Parker Center for Investment Research was established. In 1999, the JGSM began offering an Executive MBA. In 2004, the Center for Sustainable Global Enterprise was established. L. Joseph Thomas was appointed interim dean in 2007 and eventually the official dean in 2008. In Fall 2010, the school was rebranded in logo and in name: the Samuel Curtis Johnson Graduate School of Management at Cornell University, or simply Johnson at Cornell University or Johnson.
In 2011, Johnson hosted Facebook - sponsored 3 - Day Startup (3DS), an event where participants worked to start a technology company over the course of three days. Later that year, a Johnson team consisting of student portfolio managers in the school 's $10 million Cayuga MBA Fund won second place in CNBC 's "MBA Face - Off '' edition of its Million Dollar Portfolio Challenge, a nine - week, real - time fantasy stock and currency trading competition.
In 2012, Soumitra Dutta became dean of the school, followed by Mark W. Nelson in 2016 after Dutta became dean of the new Cornell College of Business. In 2016, the Johnson School joined two other Cornell schools - the Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management and the Cornell University School of Hotel Administration - in the newly created College of Business that boasts nearly 3,000 students and 220 faculty - creating the country 's third largest business school faculty. In January 2017, Herbert Fisk Johnson III of S.C. Johnson & Son committed $150 million for the newly formed College of Business. In recognition of this gift, the college was named the Cornell SC Johnson College of Business.
Johnson is housed entirely in Sage Hall, a 19th - century High Victorian Gothic building which was originally built as a dormitory. It is located near the center of Cornell 's main campus, across the street from the Cornell School of Hotel Administration and the four - diamond Statler Hotel. Inside Sage is a management library, a café, an atrium, classrooms, an executive lounge, a trading floor, student and faculty lounges, and a parlor. There are 38 breakout rooms and two phone booths, all of which can be reserved through the schools Microsoft Exchange Server using Microsoft Outlook. The building also has showers, shoe shining, and out - service dry cleaning. Offices are provided for all faculty and doctoral students, and MBA students are all assigned a locker.
The Boas Trading Room has technology providing real - time stock quotes, international data feeds, and financial analysis software and data valued at more than $1.8 million per year in licensing fees.
In 2015, the City of Ithaca 's Planning board approved the construction of a six - story office / classroom building to rise at 209 - 215 Dryden Road in Collegetown, Ithaca that will house the Samuel Curtis Johnson Graduate School of Management upon completion. The business school will also utilize classrooms and offices at Cornell 's Governors Island campus upon completion of construction.
Johnson offers a two - year full - time MBA program, which consists of one semester of mandatory courses (core), one semester in an immersion, and an optional second - year concentration. Unlike other MBA programs whose mandatory courses occupy the entire first year, Johnson utilizes an intense first semester core model, allowing students to engage in an immersion (concentration) and specialize prior to interviewing for summer internships. Students who do not have a business background prior to matriculating at Johnson may attend a week - long MBA math boot camp to get up to speed, and orientation consists of a two - week leadership course that culminates in the Johnson Outdoor Experience (JOE), a two - day adventure - based activity in the Finger Lakes foothills. Recent admission to Johnson has suffered from a steep decline in applications. Applications to the school 's MBA program declined by 21 % in the 2014 - 2015 admissions season, one of the largest drops among top schools, pushing the acceptance rate to a high of 30 %, up from only 22.1 % a year earlier and significantly above the 16.4 % average acceptance rate for the Top 10 U.S. schools. Entrance statistics for the Class of 2013 include a median score of 700 on the GMAT (90th percentile), and a median of four years of work experience. The student body is international and diverse, with 40 % of students holding citizenship outside the United States. Women comprise 30 % of the Class of 2015.
The core curriculum consists of one semester, divided into two halves. The first half focuses primarily on the internal aspects of the company and includes the courses Managing and Leading in Organizations 1, Microeconomics for Management, Financial Accounting, and Marketing Management. The first half then culminates in the Marketing Case Competition, sponsored by S.C. Johnson & Son. The second semester focuses on the external aspects and includes the courses Statistics for Management, Managerial Finance, and Strategy. This half culminates each year in the Integrative Case Competition, sponsored by Citi.
The elective curriculum can be chosen from over 80 courses within Johnson and over 4,000 offered across the Cornell campus. Within Johnson, the diverse selection includes courses such as: Applied Portfolio Management, Behavioral Finance, Estate Planning, Power and Politics, Corporate Social Responsibility, Strategy & Tactics of Pricing, Entrepreneurship & Private Equity, Six - Sigma Quality & Process Implementation, and International Mergers and Acquisitions. Johnson students are allowed to matriculate in graduate - level courses in any Cornell college, including Cornell Law School, Cornell School of Hotel Administration, Cornell School of Industrial & Labor Relations, and Cornell College of Engineering. Elective curriculum students can also complete a field study or independent student research project in lieu of a class. Field studies allow students to work together in a team closely with faculty members to launch a product, develop a new business, or research a real world issue. Independent student research projects provide an opportunity for a student to work with a faculty member to develop deep insights on a particular topic of interest. These options allow students to create a second year curriculum that is aligned with their personal and professional interests.
MBA students at Johnson are graded on a curve, with fixed grade point averages set at 3.3 for core courses and 3.5 for electives. In most courses, the grade consists of roughly 10 % class participation, 10 percent individual case assignments, 40 percent exams, and 40 percent team presentations or papers. In order to graduate, students must have grade point averages of at least 2.7 overall and 2.5 in core courses. If a student drops below or near these thresholds, he or she receives an academic warning. The student is offered help in the form of academic counseling and tutors to improve academic performance. For the Class of 2011, 89 percent of students had job offers at graduation, with compensation packages including a $103,600 annual salary and a $23,200 signing bonus, on average.
A unique aspect of the Johnson MBA experience is a completion of an intense, hands - on semester of integrated course and field work in a specific industry or career interest, prior to setting out for a mid-MBA summer internship. Immersions consist of interrelated electives, several site visits to regional companies, and live cases.
The Johnson curriculum offers 8 unique immersions:
Students may also choose to pursue up to two optional academic concentrations, in Depth or Breadth, during their second year of the program.
The 5 initial Depth Concentrations include:
The 7 initial Breadth Concentrations include:
For those with advanced science or technical degrees, Johnson offers a one - year Accelerated MBA. AMBAs begin in May and graduate in May of the following year. AMBAs finish their core in the summer and join the second year MBAs in the fall. About 12 percent of the student body chooses to enroll in a dual degree program. The MBA / JD program has 3 - and 4 - year tracks, and the MBA / MPS program is for those who want to specialize in real estate. The MBA / MILR is a 2 1 / 2 program and has been termed the "crown jewel for aspiring human resources professionals. '' Johnson also has MBA exchange programs with 21 universities in Europe, Asia, and Latin America.
Johnson is consistently ranked among the top programs nationally and worldwide. For 2015, national rankings of Johnson 's MBA program include # 10 by Forbes, # 16 for 2015 by Bloomberg BusinessWeek, and # 14 by U.S. News and World Report. In global rankings Johnson is a top 30 program: for 2015, Johnson was ranked # 15 by Business Insider, # 23 by The Economist, and # 27 by Financial Times.
Additionally, the Aspen Institute, which until Spring 2012 ranked institutions on how well schools incorporate issues concerning social and environmental stewardship into the curriculum, ranked Johnson # 8 worldwide for 2011. Similarly, Bloomberg BusinessWeek ranked Johnson # 2 for MBA specialty in sustainability in 2013. Recently, Poets&Quants included Johnson in its list of 10 Business Schools to Watch in 2017.
Students can join one or more of the more than 100 clubs within Johnson and hundreds of others that accommodate a university - wide membership. Clubs within Johnson range in interest from entrepreneurship to wine tasting to international affairs to skiing. The clubs invite speakers to campus, organize trips, social events, and help forming bonds between students of similar interests. In 2009, Johnson 's chapter of Net Impact hosted the organization 's annual conference, where GE CEO Jeff Immelt was the keynote speaker.
Johnson students are represented to faculty / administration by an elected Student Council, and many students choose to take part in intramurals. Basketball, flag football, volleyball, soccer, and hockey are the main intramural sports that are offered. Many students also take part in not - for - credit Physical Education courses through the university, taking classes sail boating, fencing, massage therapy, horseback riding, and squash. The rigorous schedule of class work is often tempered by high energy social functions and perennial events such as the Immersion Olympics and Johnson Prom. Every Thursday afternoon, the entire Johnson student body and faculty also enjoys a catered and themed social called Sage Social.
Johnson offers a Doctor of Philosophy in the field of management, with primary concentrations in five areas:
Doctoral students select two minor areas of concentration in addition to their primary field. Secondary fields offered by Johnson include behavioral science, managerial economics, and quantitative analysis; however, students may select a minor concentration outside of Johnson if desired. The program is small, with about 40 students in residence at any given time. Students are provided a full tuition waiver, a stipend, and health insurance.
The doctoral program takes at least four years to complete, and the average time spent is five years. Students ' first examination, admission to candidacy, is taken at or near the conclusion formal course work (typically following year three). This examination ascertains competence in students ' chosen field and is administered in written and oral components. The second examination is a thesis defense, which is administered once the dissertation is complete.
For 2010, Johnson 's Ph. D. program was ranked # 1 for experimental financial accounting. For finance, Johnson 's Ph. D. program was ranked # 6 according to a 2006 study.
Johnson has three off - campus Executive MBA programs:
Established in 1999, the Cornell Executive MBA in Metro NY is based in Palisades, New York, approximately 15 miles north of Manhattan. This program uses a traditional classroom setting at the IBM Executive Education Center. Classes are held every other weekend, all day Saturday and Sunday morning, in addition to four residence sessions on the Cornell University campus, and the program duration is 22 months. For 2010, Johnson 's Executive MBA program was ranked # 24 worldwide by Financial Times.
In 2005, Johnson launched the Cornell Executive MBA Americas program (originally called the Cornell - Queens Executive MBA program) in partnership with Queen 's University in Kingston, Ontario. This program organizes participants into teams of 6 - 8 people in cities across the USA, Canada and Latin America, linking these teams via multi-point, interactive video conferencing for class sessions. Classes are typically held three Saturdays per month, in addition to three residence sessions on the Cornell and Queen 's University campuses. Graduates earn two MBAs, one from each institution, and the program duration is 17 months.
In September 2016, Weill Cornell Medicine and the Samuel Curtis Johnson Graduate School of Management announced a new dual - degree program that will provide the next generation of health care leaders with a broad set of skills for success in a rapidly changing environment. Students participating in the two - year Healthcare Leadership program will receive a Master of Science degree from the Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences and an MBA from Johnson. The program will focus on health care throughout the United States, in particular, health care systems that are experiencing vast changes in structure, payment, and regulatory requirements. Program duration is 20 months (with breaks), consisting of two semesters per year (fall and spring). You will take courses for ten weekends per semester at the Weill Cornell Medicine campus in New York City.
In addition to formal education programs, Johnson offers tailored executive education training sessions, both on - and off - campus.
Johnson courses are organized under nine academic departments: accounting, communications, economics, entrepreneurship, finance, global business, management and organizations, marketing, operations management, and technology. Johnson 's interdisciplinary centers include the Center for Leadership, the Center for Manufacturing Enterprise, the Center for Sustainable Global Enterprise and the Parker Center for Investment Research.
The Center for Sustainable Global Enterprise promotes various sustainability issues and enables students to have greater insights and knowledge in working for sustainability developments and causes.
Johnson publishes top - tier academic journal Administrative Science Quarterly (ASQ). For 2007, ASQ had the highest "article influence score '' according to Eigenfactor, and it was ranked as the # 16 academic journal in business by Financial Times.
Since 2001, Johnson has also hosted its annual MBA Stock Pitch Challenge (SPC), a 12 - hour competition in which teams of finance students from twelve top MBA programs prepare and present buy / hold / sell recommendations and vigorously defend them. The names of the winning schools are inscribed on the Jack M. Ferraro Trophy. The winningest school is Kellogg, which has claimed first place three times (2004, 2005, 2006). The most recent winner is Chicago Booth (2010).
The Emerging Markets Institute was founded in 2010 to investigate the role of emerging markets in the global economy, and to educate current and future business leaders in this area. "The Institute brings together preeminent practitioners and academics from around the world to develop the next generation of global business leaders and create the premier research center on the role of emerging markets in the global economy. ''
Professors at Johnson include former school dean Robert J. Swieringa, member of the Board of Directors for General Electric; author and The New York Times columnist Robert H. Frank; Maureen O'Hara, who was the first female president of the American Finance Association; and Robert Jarrow, co-author of the Heath - Jarrow - Morton (HJM) framework for pricing interest rate derivatives. Popular favorites among the students include Risa Mish and recently retired Nate Peck.
The school 's graduates have served in executive leadership positions for numerous corporations. Alumni include Kraft Foods CEO Irene Rosenfeld (Ph. D. ' 80), Aetna CEO Mark Bertolini (MBA ' 84), Silicon Valley venture capitalist Mary Meeker (MBA ' 86), Ocean Spray CEO Randy Papadellis (MBA), co-founder of PeopleSoft David Duffield (MBA ' 62), Strategy& Middle East Chairman Joe Saddi (MBA ' 83), former Chevron CEO Ken Durr (MBA ' 60), former Cargill CEO Warren Staley (MBA ' 67), former CEO of Emerson Charles F. Knight (MBA ' 59), former Applied Materials CEO James C. Morgan (MBA ' 63), Rock and Roll Hall of Fame President Terry C. Stewart (MBA ' 72), Sprint Nextel CEO Dan Hesse (MBA ' 77), BP CFO Byron Grote (Ph. D. ' 81), Comcast CIO Andrew Baer (MBA ' 82), S.C. Johnson & Son CEO Fisk Johnson (MBA ' 84), and Nancy Schlichting (MBA ' 79), CEO of Detroit 's Henry Ford Hospital.
Johnson graduates are represented in academia and government by Robert S. Kaplan (Ph. D. ' 68), HBS professor, former Dean of the Tepper School of Business at Carnegie Mellon, and co-creator of the balanced scorecard; Robert Sullivan (M.S. ' 68), Dean of the Rady School of Management at UC San Diego; Ned C. Hill (Ph. D. ' 76), 7th Dean of the Marriott School of Management at Brigham Young University; and John Hillen (EMBA ' 04), former Assistant Secretary of State.
Fictional alumni include Christina Pagniacci, portrayed by Cameron Diaz, in Any Given Sunday.
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when did man utd win the european cup | Manchester United F.C. in European Football - wikipedia
Manchester United Football Club is an English football club based in Old Trafford, Greater Manchester. They were the first English club to enter European competition, entering the European Cup in 1956. Since then, the club has competed in every UEFA - organised competition, with the exception of the now - defunct Intertoto Cup.
The competition in which the club has had the most success is the European Cup (now known as the UEFA Champions League); they have won three European Cups, the first of which came in 1968; this win made them the first English club to win the European Cup. The other two victories came in 1999 and 2008. The club has also won the Cup Winners ' Cup, which they won in 1991; the Super Cup, also won in 1991; the Intercontinental Cup, which they won in 1999; and the Europa League, which they won in 2017.
After their Champions League wins in 1999 and 2008, Manchester United also competed as UEFA 's representatives at the 2000 FIFA Club World Championship and the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup. They were knocked out of the 2000 tournament at the group stage, but went on to win the 2008 competition, becoming the first English side to do so.
Following their league title win the previous season, Manchester United first competed in European football competition in 1956 -- 57. 1954 -- 55 Football League winners Chelsea had been denied the opportunity to take part in the inaugural European Cup by The Football League 's chairman Alan Hardaker, who feared that European football would damage the integrity of the English game. However, Matt Busby, the manager of Manchester United, was a forward - thinking man and was determined to have his team compete on the European stage. With the backing of The Football Association 's chairman, Stanley Rous (who would later go on to become the president of FIFA), Manchester United were allowed to compete in the 1956 -- 57 European Cup.
The club 's first match in European competition was a European Cup preliminary round tie against Anderlecht at Parc Astrid in Brussels; Manchester United won the match 2 -- 0 in front of 35,000 spectators. The return leg was played at Maine Road, the home of Manchester United 's local rivals Manchester City, as United 's stadium, Old Trafford, had not yet been fitted with the necessary floodlighting for evening games. The match finished as a 10 -- 0 win for Manchester United, a result that still stands as the club 's record win in all competitions. A long run in the European Cup followed, including wins over Borussia Dortmund and Athletic Bilbao and culminating with a semi-final tie against Real Madrid. The first leg took United to the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, where they were defeated 3 -- 1 in front of a record away crowd of 135,000 spectators. However, they were only able to draw 2 -- 2 in the second leg back at Old Trafford, and the club 's first European season came to an end as Real Madrid went on to record the second of their five consecutive European Cup titles.
United won the league title again that season, and were therefore eligible to compete in the European Cup for the second consecutive year. After dispatching Shamrock Rovers 9 -- 2 on aggregate in the preliminary round, United were paired with Dukla Prague for the first round. After the second leg in Prague, the team was scheduled to fly back to Manchester the following day, but fog over Manchester prevented this and they were forced to make hasty arrangements to travel back via ferry from the Hook of Holland to Harwich and then by train up to Manchester. This long - winded journey took its toll on the players, who were only able to manage a 1 -- 1 away draw against Birmingham City two days later.
Eager to avoid such a scenario again, the club 's management chartered a plane for the quarter - final second leg away to Red Star Belgrade. Following a 2 -- 1 win in the first leg at Old Trafford, a 3 -- 3 draw in Belgrade was enough to secure passage to the semi-finals. On the return flight to Manchester, British European Airways Flight 609 stopped over in a snow - covered Munich for refuelling. Once the refuelling was complete, the pilot was given clearance to take off, only to be halted by a fault with the plane 's engine. A second attempt was made a few seconds later, but the same fault kept the plane grounded. Half an hour later, after inspection by the airport 's engineers, the plane was given clearance for another take - off attempt. The suggested solution was to have the plane accelerate more slowly, but this meant that the take - off velocity would not be reached until the plane was even further down the runway. Once the plane reached 117 knots -- the speed at which it was no longer safe to abort the take - off -- the pilot would have expected the plane 's velocity to continue to increase; however, there was a sudden drop in velocity and the plane was unable to take off before the end of the runway. It skidded off the end of the runway, through a wire fence and across a road before crashing into a house.
The impact of the crash and the subsequent explosion of fuel killed 21 of the 44 people on board instantly, and another two died in hospital a few days later. Eight of those who died were Manchester United players, among them Duncan Edwards, Roger Byrne and Tommy Taylor, while club secretary Walter Crickmer, trainer Tom Curry and coach Bert Whalley were also killed. Matt Busby was also severely injured, but he made a full recovery after two months in hospital. With eight of the club 's first team having been killed in the accident, and several more still recuperating, a threadbare side took to the field for the semi-final matches against Milan. A 2 -- 1 win at Old Trafford in the first leg gave the team hope of a place in the final, but a 4 -- 0 defeat back at the San Siro put paid to those dreams. In honour of those who died, UEFA offered United a berth in the 1958 -- 59 European Cup, drawing them against BSC Young Boys in the preliminary round, but the Football League denied United entry to the competition as they had not won the Football League the previous season after their league campaign crumbled in the aftermath of the disaster. The games against Young Boys went ahead as friendlies.
Victory in the 1962 -- 63 FA Cup meant that United returned to European competition after a five - year absence for the 1963 -- 64 Cup Winners ' Cup. After sweeping aside Willem II of the Netherlands and the defending champions, England 's Tottenham Hotspur, United were drawn against Sporting CP in the quarter - finals. A 4 -- 1 home win in the first leg meant that United needed to avoid defeat by more than three goals at Estádio José Alvalade to progress to the semi-finals; however, the team succumbed to their heaviest defeat in European competition to date, losing 5 -- 0 on the night and 6 -- 4 on aggregate.
A second - place finish in the league in 1963 -- 64 meant that United qualified for the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1964 -- 65. They reached the semi-finals, knocking out Djurgården, Borussia Dortmund, Everton and Strasbourg before losing 2 -- 1 to Ferencváros in a play - off after a 3 -- 3 aggregate draw over two legs.
The following season saw United return to the European Cup for the first time since Munich after they had beaten Leeds United to top spot in the Football League on goal average. After seeing off Finland 's HJK Helsinki and Vorwärts Berlin of East Germany in the first two rounds, Manchester United were drawn against four - time finalists, two - time winners and the previous season 's runners - up, Benfica. Benfica 's most famous player, the Portuguese international Eusébio, had just been named the European Footballer of the Year and his team went into the tie as favourites. Despite this tag, United ran out 3 -- 2 winners in the first leg at Old Trafford, before beating the Lisbon side 5 -- 1 back at the Estádio da Luz, in what is considered to be the greatest match of George Best 's career. The result set up a semi-final tie with Partizan, a tie that would take United back to for the first time since the tragedy in Munich. Best had injured his knee in an FA Cup Sixth Round match against Preston North End a couple of weeks before, and although he played in the first leg against Partizan, he was not fully fit and United struggled, losing 2 -- 0 at the JNA Stadium. A goal from Nobby Stiles secured a 1 -- 0 win in the second leg back at Old Trafford, but it was not enough and Matt Busby, believing that his dream of winning the European Cup was over, considered retirement; however, he resolved to win another league title and have one last shot at Europe 's biggest prize.
Manchester United won the 1966 -- 67 Football League title by four points over Nottingham Forest with a game to spare; this secured their second European Cup appearance in three seasons for 1967 -- 68. After overcoming the Maltese champions, Hibernians, in the first round, United were handed yet another trip to Yugoslavia, this time to take on FK Sarajevo. The Red Devils faced a long journey to Sarajevo for the first leg, and they were held to a 0 -- 0 draw in a very physical match. The second leg was equally robust, but United took control of the tie with goals from John Aston and George Best. Sarajevo were only able to pull back one goal and United went through to the quarter - finals, where they were drawn against Polish side Górnik Zabrze. United won the first leg at Old Trafford 2 -- 0; an own goal from Stefan Florenski put them 1 -- 0 up after an hour, and Brian Kidd doubled their lead in the final minute. The Poles had come to be considered one of the better sides in the last eight, and they were able to come away with a 1 -- 0 win in the second leg, but it was not enough to prevent United from progressing to a semi-final tie with Real Madrid. United 's 1 -- 0 win in the first leg at Old Trafford was all that separated the sides after a 3 -- 3 draw at the Bernabéu, setting up a meeting with Benfica in the final at Wembley Stadium. Best was again on the scoresheet, along with two goals from Charlton and one from Kidd on his 19th birthday, as United beat the Portuguese champions 4 -- 1 after extra time to claim their first European trophy.
United reached the semi-finals of the European Cup as holders in the 1968 -- 69 season, but lost to Milan. They would not compete in Europe for another seven years.
Following the retirement of Sir Matt Busby as manager at the end of the 1968 -- 69 season, United entered a barren period that culminated in relegation to the Second Division in 1974. Promotion was achieved at the first attempt under the management of Tommy Docherty, who had taken over in December 1972, and in that first season back in the top flight, United finished third in the league to qualify for the UEFA Cup.
Although United did qualify for the European Cup Winners ' Cup as FA Cup winners in 1977 and for the UEFA Cup in 1980 and 1982 with top - five finishes, they failed to make an impact on European competitions until the 1983 -- 84 season, when they qualified for the European Cup Winners ' Cup as FA Cup winners under Ron Atkinson. The United squad of this era was arguably the finest of the post-Busby era, containing star players including Ray Wilkins, Bryan Robson, Frank Stapleton and teenage forward Norman Whiteside. United achieved a famous victory over Barcelona in the quarter - finals of the 1983 -- 84 European Cup Winners ' Cup, winning the second leg 3 -- 0 at Old Trafford after being beaten 2 -- 0 in Spain in the first leg, made all the more impressive by the fact that Barcelona 's team contained Diego Maradona, rated by many as the best footballer in the world at the time.
United reached the quarter - finals of the UEFA Cup in 1984 -- 85, but this would be their last contribution to European football for half a decade; the subsequent Heysel Stadium disaster at the European Cup final, in which rioting by Liverpool fans resulted in the death of 39 spectators and led to a ban on all English clubs in European competitions which would not be lifted in 1990. This resulted in United missing out on qualification for the European Cup Winners ' Cup in 1985, and the UEFA Cup in 1986 and 1988. During this exile from Europe, United replaced Ron Atkinson with Alex Ferguson as their manager, and he remained in charge more than a quarter of a century later.
When the ban on English clubs in European competitions was lifted for the 1990 -- 91 season, United were England 's representatives in the European Cup Winners ' Cup, as FA Cup winners, and they marked their return to Europe by winning the competition, with a 2 -- 1 win over Barcelona (by now without Maradona) in the final, in which Mark Hughes scored twice. Their defence of the trophy in the 1991 -- 92 season was short - lived, ending at the hands of Atlético Madrid in the second round, and they lost at the first hurdle in the 1992 -- 93 UEFA Cup. League title glory in 1993 saw United enter the European Cup (now branded the Champions League) for the first time in 25 years, but in spite of their excellent domestic form during this era, they failed to make much of an impact in European competitions until the 1996 -- 97 season, when they reached the semi-finals of the Champions League and were beaten by Borussia Dortmund. This campaign in Europe also saw them suffer their first defeat home in a European competition, 40 years after first competing on the continent, losing 1 -- 0 to Turkish side Fenerbahçe in the group stage.
They finally ended a 31 - year wait for a second European Cup in 1999 when stoppage - time goals from Teddy Sheringham and Ole Gunnar Solskjær gave them a 2 -- 1 win over Bayern Munich in the final in Barcelona. In 2003 -- 04, United were beaten by Porto in the last 16 of the Champions League, ending a seven - year run of quarter - final appearances in the competitions, which also included one run to the final and a further two to the semi-finals.
After three short - lived Champions League campaigns, United made an impact on the competition in the 2006 -- 07 season. After going down 2 -- 1 in Italy to Roma in the quarter - final first leg, they triumphed 7 -- 1 in the second leg to reach the semi-finals for the first time in five years. They took a 3 -- 2 lead against Milan in the first leg, only for their hopes of an all - English final with Liverpool to be ended by a 3 -- 0 second leg defeat. A year later, however, they won the trophy for the third time, beating fellow English side Chelsea on penalties in Moscow after a 1 -- 1 draw in the first all - English European Cup final.
United reached two European Cup finals in the next three years, but lost to Barcelona on both occasions; first in the 2009 final in Rome, and then in the 2011 final at the new Wembley Stadium in London. Poor performances in the 2011 -- 12 UEFA Champions League group stage saw United finish third, giving them another chance in Europe via the UEFA Europa League. This was the first time United competed in the competition since its rebrand from the UEFA Cup in 2009, which they last competed in in 1995 -- 96. They were eventually knocked out in the round of 16, losing 5 -- 3 on aggregate to Athletic Club. After finishing seventh in the Premier League in 2013 -- 14 under David Moyes, United missed out on European football in 2014 -- 15 for the first time in 25 years, but returned to European action the following season after Moyes ' replacement Louis van Gaal guided the club to fourth in the league and a place in the Champions League play - off round. It was the first time that Manchester United had played in the qualifying phase of the Champions League since beating Hungarian side Debrecen in the 2005 -- 06 competition.
By virtue of winning the 2015 -- 16 FA Cup (compounded by a 5th - place finish in the Premier League that season), United started their European campaign for 2016 -- 17 in the Europa League for the first time since 1995 -- 96. United won the competition after defeating AFC Ajax 2 -- 0 in the final, giving them their first win of the competition and becoming the fifth club to win all three of UEFA 's major titles.
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story of kuch rang pyar ke aise bhi | Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi - Wikipedia
Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi (English: A few colors of love can be like this too) was an Indian romance television series, which originally aired on Sony TV from February 29, 2016, to November 2, 2017, lasting two seasons.
Shaheer Sheikh, Erica Fernandes and Supriya Pilgaonkar play the lead roles. The series is a realistic take on the romantic relationship between Dev and Sonakshi. Their love story and how it will impact the unique, close - knit relationship between Dev and his mother is the main theme of the show.
Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi has been dubbed in Tamil as Ini Ellam Vasanthame (Hereafter Only Spring) and broadcast on Polimer TV, and in Telugu as Amma Nenu O Ammayi on Gemini TV. It is also dubbed in Malayalam as Pranayavarnangal (Colours Of Love) and is currently airing on Kairali TV. It is dubbed in Arabic as well as وجوه الحب (The Faces of Love) and airs on MBC Bollywood. Due to Sheikh 's popularity in Indonesia, the show has also been dubbed in Bahasa as Dev & Sona and airs on ANTV.
The series has received positive critical response, with some praise directed at Sheikh 's performance and his chemistry with Erica Fernandes. In late November 2016, there were reports stating that the show is going to go off air giving way to historical drama Peshwa Bajirao, but rejecting the reports the channel briefed that, "Kuch Rang is one of our best shows. It is doing great on the TRP charts and also has a dedicated fan following. People love the characters. There 's no question of ending the show. ''
In January 2017, after Dev and Sonakshi 's separation in the show a 7 - year leap was introduced. Dev was shown as a person who cares only about himself and Sonakshi turned into a mature businesswoman and a single mother. The show became the most popular feature show on Indian Television on the basis of The Times of India 's conducted poll on twitter in late March 2017.
On 31 August 2017, the channel announced that because of viewer demand the show would be brought back, with an estimated air date in mid-September 2017.
The show is set in Delhi, and revolves around Mr. Devrath Dixit, a business tycoon and Dr. Sonakshi Bose, a nutritionist.
Dev is a successful business tycoon who lives with his mother Ishwari, whom he 's devoted to and his three beloved sisters, Neha, Nikki and Riya, his uncle, aunt and their son Vicky. Sonakshi, on the other hand is a consulting nutritionist, who hails from a middle class Bengali family of five, and is appointed by Dev as Ishwari 's permanent consulting nutritionist. Initially, both Ishwari and Dev are indifferent to Sonakshi but gradually form a bond with her. Sona falls for Dev but Dev has become engaged to business partner Natasha. Just before his engagement, Dev realises his love for Sona and they confess their feelings to each other. Meanwhile, Dev 's sister Neha gets married to Ranveer, her English tutor who is from a lower - middle - class family.
Ishwari finds out about Dev and Sonakshi 's relationship and reluctantly agrees to their alliance but soon succumbs to depression finding it hard to make room for another woman in her son 's life. Sensing his mother 's disapproval, Dev breaks up with Sona. Dev and Sona fail to move on in their lives and seeing Dev 's condition, Ishwari agrees to their marriage. Dev 's aunt Radha Rani, manipulates her sister - in - law Ishwari to have Dev make her son Vicky a project head at the office. Their marriage on the rocks, Ranveer files a harassment case against Neha, leading to their divorce. Sona 's cousin Elena elopes with Vicky shocking the Bose family. Dev resolves Bose family 's financial crisis. Sona comes to know from Dev that she has only a 7 % chance of conceiving. Sona agrees to undergo fertility treatment as decided by Ishwari. Dev 's aunt continues stoking fires and misrepresents how Dev helped Sona 's brother with a huge loan leading to tensions between the Dixit and Bose families. A number of misunderstandings initially conducted by Radharani and Vicky leads Dev and Sonakshi to separate and she leaves Delhi.
A seven - year leap is introduced in the story line. Sonakshi is now the mother of her and Dev 's daughter, six - year old Suhana, and has become a successful businesswoman in her field. The family returns to Delhi from Kolkata due to Sonakshi 's work, and Sonakshi tells Suhana that her father lives in Delhi. Elena and Vicky are now the parents of six - year old Golu. Sonakshi and Dev meet after years at an award function, and as fate has it, Suhana and Golu study in the same school. Soon, Dev realizes that Suhana is his daughter, and he reveals his identity to her. After much hesitation, the girl accepts Dev as her father. For their daughter, Dev and Sonakshi make a deal to live together, while Saurabh gets married to Ronita. Gradually, Dev 's love for his ex-wife starts rekindling. Sonakshi becomes involved in dealing with a dangerous man called Khatri who had been blackmailing Ishwari. Ishwari starts liking Sona and realizes her mistake. Dev and Sonakshi soon reunite as they realize their love for each other. Season 1 ends with Sonakshi giving birth to Shubh, her and Dev 's son, while Saurabh and Ronita gives birth to a girl, Sonita.
Season 2 starts with a leap of six months. Dev and Sonakshi are finding it difficult to handle the kids and work simultaneously. Ishwari, being tensed about the upbringing of the children tells Sonakshi to quit her job and stay at home to look after Shubh and Suhana. However, Dev is well aware of Sonakshi 's love for her work, so he tells her to resume her job. He himself stops working and stays at home to manage the household. Initially there is a lot of conflict seen among the members of the family and other people but Dev and Sonakshi leave no stone unturned to justify their decision. Finally, after a lot of struggle, people understand their point and Dev is immensely praised by his family and others. Season 2 ends on a happy note with Shubh speaking his first words ' Papa ', ' Ma ', and everyone is overwhelmed.
After successful completion of one year of the TV series, Yash Patnaik, Chairman and Managing Director of Beyond Dreams Entertainment known for showcasing "simple yet strong story telling '' shows stated that he is happy as viewers quickly accepted the "experiment with conviction '' show. He further said that the positive way of showing the "simplicity clubbed with beauty '' series along with a slight gambling with characters, plots and story telling paid off in the end. Thanking Sony TV 's management for giving the show one - year extension, he said the credit goes to his wife, Mamta Yash A Patnaik, Producer, Chief Creative Director of Entertainment and co-founder of Beyond Dreams Entertainment for being the actual person behind the show 's success.
On 10 February 2017 the channel released a compilation of show 's romantic songs on YouTube as Valentine 's Day special. "Tu Mujhme Mujhse Zyaada Hai (Duet) '' is one of the "Most Romantic Hindi Title Songs '' among the shows telecasted by the channel.
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where did the term merry xmas come from | Xmas - wikipedia
Xmas is a common abbreviation of the word Christmas. It is sometimes pronounced / ˈɛksməs /, but Xmas, and variants such as Xtemass, originated as handwriting abbreviations for the typical pronunciation / ˈkrɪsməs /. The "X '' comes from the Greek letter Chi, which is the first letter of the Greek word Χριστός, which in English is "Christ ''. The "- mas '' part is from the Latin - derived Old English word for Mass.
There is a common misconception that the word Xmas stems from a secular attempt to remove the religious tradition from Christmas by taking the "Christ '' out of "Christmas '', but its use dates back to the 16th century.
"Xmas '' is deprecated by some modern style guides, including those at the New York Times, The Times, The Guardian, and the BBC. Millicent Fenwick, in the 1948 Vogue 's Book of Etiquette, states that "' Xmas ' should never be used '' in greeting cards. The Cambridge Guide to Australian English Usage states that the spelling should be considered informal and restricted to contexts where concision is valued, such as headlines and greeting cards. The Christian Writer 's Manual of Style, while acknowledging the ancient and respectful use of "Xmas '' in the past, states that the spelling should never be used in formal writing.
Early use of "Xmas '' includes Bernard Ward 's History of St. Edmund 's college, Old Hall (originally published circa 1755). An earlier version, "X'temmas '', dates to 1551. Around 1100 the term was written as "Xp̄es mæsse '' in the Anglo - Saxon Chronicle. "Xmas '' is found in a letter from George Woodward in 1753. Lord Byron used the term in 1811, as did Samuel Coleridge (1801) and Lewis Carroll (1864). In the United States, the fifth American edition of William Perry 's Royal Standard English Dictionary, published in Boston in 1800, included in its list of "Explanations of Common Abbreviations, or Contraction of Words '' the entry: "Xmas. Christmas. '' Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. used the term in a letter dated 1923. Since at least the late 19th century, "Xmas '' has been in use in various other English - language nations. Quotations with the word can be found in texts first written in Canada, and the word has been used in Australia, and in the Caribbean. Merriam - Webster 's Dictionary of English Usage stated that modern use of the term is largely limited to advertisements, headlines and banners, where its conciseness is valued. The association with commerce "has done nothing for its reputation '', according to the dictionary.
In the United Kingdom, the former Church of England Bishop of Blackburn, Alan Chesters, recommended to his clergy that they avoid the spelling. In the United States, in 1977 New Hampshire Governor Meldrim Thomson sent out a press release saying that he wanted journalists to keep the "Christ '' in Christmas, and not call it Xmas -- which he called a "pagan '' spelling of Christmas.
The abbreviation of Christmas as "Xmas '' is the source of disagreement among Christians who observe the holiday. Dennis Bratcher, writing for a website for Christians, states "there are always those who loudly decry the use of the abbreviation ' Xmas ' as some kind of blasphemy against Christ and Christianity ''. Among them are evangelist Franklin Graham and CNN journalist Roland S. Martin. Graham stated in an interview:
"for us as Christians, this is one of the most holy of the holidays, the birth of our savior Jesus Christ. And for people to take Christ out of Christmas. They 're happy to say merry Xmas. Let 's just take Jesus out. And really, I think, a war against the name of Jesus Christ. ''
Roland Martin likewise relates the use of "Xmas '' to his growing concerns of increasing commercialization and secularization of one of Christianity 's highest holy days. Bratcher posits that those who dislike abbreviating the word are unfamiliar with a long history of Christians using X in place of "Christ '' for various purposes.
The word "Christ '' and its compounds, including "Christmas '', have been abbreviated in English for at least the past 1,000 years, long before the modern "Xmas '' was commonly used. "Christ '' was often written as "Xρ '' or "Xt ''; there are references in the Anglo - Saxon Chronicle as far back as 1021. This X and P arose as the uppercase forms of the Greek letters χ (Ch) and ρ (R) used in ancient abbreviations for Χριστος (Greek for "Christ ''). The labarum, an amalgamation of the two Greek letters rendered as ☧, is a symbol often used to represent Christ in Catholic, Protestant, and Orthodox Christian Churches.
The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) and the OED Supplement have cited usages of "X - '' or "Xp - '' for "Christ - '' as early as 1485. The terms "Xtian '' and less commonly "Xpian '' have also been used for "Christian ''. The OED further cites usage of "Xtianity '' for "Christianity '' from 1634. According to Merriam - Webster 's Dictionary of English Usage, most of the evidence for these words comes from "educated Englishmen who knew their Greek ''.
In ancient Christian art, χ and χρ are abbreviations for Christ 's name. In many manuscripts of the New Testament and icons, Χ is an abbreviation for Χριστος, as is XC (the first and last letters in Greek, using the lunate sigma); compare IC for Jesus in Greek.
Other proper names containing the name "Christ '' besides those mentioned above are sometimes abbreviated similarly, either as "X '' or "Xt '', both of which have been used historically, e.g., "Xtopher '' or "Xopher '' for "Christopher '', or "Xtina '' or "Xina '' for the name "Christina ''.
In the 17th and 18th centuries, "Xene '' and "Exene '' were common spellings for the given name Christine. The American singer Christina Aguilera has sometimes gone by the name "Xtina ''. Similarly, Exene Cervenka has been a noted American singer - songwriter since 1977.
This usage of "X '' to spell the syllable "kris '' (rather than the sounds "ks '') has extended to "xtal '' for "crystal '', and on florists ' signs to "xant '' for "chrysanthemum '', even though these words are not etymologically related to "Christ '': "crystal '' comes from a Greek word meaning "ice '' (and not even using the letter χ), and "chrysanthemum '' comes from Greek words meaning "golden flower '', while "Christ '' comes from a Greek word meaning "anointed ''.
In the animated television series Futurama, which is set in the 31st century, Xmas / ˈɛksməs / is the official name for the day formerly known as Christmas (which, in the episode "Xmas Story '', is said to have become an "archaic pronunciation '').
In the American version of the board game Monopoly, players can draw a card from the Community Chest which reads: "Xmas fund matures. Collect $100 ''.
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where did the city of peshawar obtain its great wealth | History of Peshawar - wikipedia
The history of Peshawar, a region of modern - day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, covers thousands of years. The region was known as Puruṣapura in Sanskrit, literally meaning "city of men ''. It also found mention in the Zend Avesta as Vaēkərəta, the seventh most beautiful place on earth created by Ahura Mazda. It was known as the "crown jewel '' of Bactria and also held sway over Takshashila (modern Taxila). Being among the most ancient cities of the region between Central and South Asia, Peshawar has for centuries been a center of trade between Bactria, South Asia, and Central Asia.
Peshawar was known in Sanskrit as Puruṣapura (पुरुषपुर), literally meaning "city of men ''. It also found mention in the Zend Avesta as Vaēkərəta, the seventh most beautiful place on earth created by Ahura Mazda It was known as the "crown jewel '' of Bactria and also held sway over Takshashila (modern Taxila). Being among the most ancient cities of the region between Central and South Asia, Peshawar has for centuries been a center of trade between Bactria, South Asia and Central Asia. As an ancient center of learning, the 2nd century BC. Bakhshali Manuscript used in the Bakhshali approximation was found nearby.
Vedic mythology refers to an ancient settlement called Pushkalavati in the area, after Pushkal, presently known as Charsadda. In recorded history, the earliest major city established in the general area of Peshawar was called Puruṣapura (Sanskrit for City of Men), from which the current name "Peshawar '' is likely derived and was western capital of Ghandhara civilization after Pushkalavati.
The city that would become Peshawar, called Puruṣapura, was actually founded by the Kushans, a Central Asian tribe, over 2,000 years ago. Prior to this period the region was affiliated with Gandhara and was annexed first by the Persian Achaemenid Empire and then the Hellenic empire of Alexander the Great. The city passed into the rule of Alexander 's successor, Seleucus I Nicator who ceded it to Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of the Indian Maurya Empire. The inhabitants of Peshewar were mostly Hindu and Buddhist before the arrival of Islam and Christianity. The area that Peshawar occupies was then seized by the Greco - Bactrian king Eucratides I (c. 170 - c. 159 BCE), and was controlled by a series of Greco - Bactrian kings. It was later held for some time by several Indo - Parthian kings, the most famous of whom, Gondophares, was still ruling c. 46 CE, and was briefly followed by two or three of his descendants before they were displaced by the first of the "Great Kushans '', Kujula Kadphises, around the middle of the 1st century.
Peshawar formed the eastern capital of the empire of Gandhara under the Kushan emperor Kanishka I who reigned from at least 127 CE and, perhaps, for a few years prior to this. Peshawar also became a great centre of Buddhist learning.
Kanishka built what was probably the tallest building in the world at the time, the giant Kanishka stupa, to house the Buddha 's relics, just outside the Ganj Gate of the old city of Peshawar.
The Kanishka stupa was said to be an imposing structure as one travelled down from the mountains of Afghanistan onto the Gandharan plains. The earliest account of the famous building is by the Chinese Buddhist pilgrim monk, Faxian, who visited it in 400 and described it as being over 40 chang in height (probably about 120 m. or 394 ft.) and adorned "with all precious substances ''. "Of all the stûpas and temples seen by the travellers, none can compare with this for beauty of form and strength. '' It was destroyed by lightning and repaired several times. It was still in existence at the time of Xuanzang 's visit in 634.
From the ruined base of this giant stupa there existed a jewelled casket containing relics of the Buddha, and an inscription identifying Kanishka as the donor, and was excavated from a chamber under the very centre of the stupa 's base, by a team under Dr. D.B. Spooner in 1909. The stupa was roughly cruciform in shape with a diameter of 286 ft (87 m.) and heavily decorated around the sides with stucco scenes. The relics contained in the famous Kanishka casket, said to be those of the Buddha, were removed to Mandalay, Burma for safekeeping.
Sometime in the 1st millennium BCE (or perhaps much earlier), the group that now dominates Peshawar began to arrive from the Suleiman mountains to the south and southwest, the Pakhtuns. It is debatable as to whether or not the Pakhtuns existed in the region even earlier as evidence is difficult to attain. Some writers such as Sir Olaf Caroe write that a group that may have been the Pakhtuns existed in the area and were called the Paktye by Herodotus and the Greeks, which would place the Pakhtuns in the area of Peshawar much earlier along with other Indo - Iranian tribes.
The Greco - Bactrian Kingdom was -- along with the Indo - Greek Kingdom -- the easternmost part of the Hellenistic world, covering Bactria and Sogdiana in Central Asia from 250 to 125 BC. It was centered around the north of present - day Afghanistan and North Pakistan. The expansion of the Greco - Bactrians into northern India from 180 BC established the Indo - Greek Kingdom, which was to last until around AD 10.
Peshawar was part of the Graeco - Indian Kingdom, it was a Hellenistic kingdom covering various parts of the northwest regions of the Indian subcontinent (modern Afghanistan, Pakistan and North Western India) during the last two centuries BC, and was ruled by more than 30 kings, often in conflict with each other.
The kingdom was founded when the Graeco - Bactrian king Demetrius invaded the subcontinent early in the 2nd century BC. The Greeks in South Asia were eventually divided from the Graeco - Bactrians centered in Bactria (now the border between Afghanistan and Uzbekistan). But, the Greeks failed to establish a united rule in north - western India. The most famous Indo - Greek ruler was Menander (Milinda). He had his capital at Sakala in Punjab, modern Pakistan, and he successfully invaded the Ganges - Yamuna doab.
The expression "Indo - Greek Kingdom '' loosely describes a number of various dynastic polities, traditionally associated with a number of regional capitals like ancient Taxila, (modern Punjab (Pakistan)), Pushkalavati and Sagala. Other potential centers are only hinted at; for instance, Ptolemy 's Geographia and the nomenclature of later kings suggest that a certain Theophila in the south of the Indo - Greek sphere of influence may also have been a satrapal or royal seat at one time.
During the two centuries of their rule, the Indo - Greek kings combined the Greek and Indian languages and symbols, as seen on their coins, and blended ancient Greek, Hindu and Buddhist religious practices, as seen in the archaeological remains of their cities and in the indications of their support of Buddhism, pointing to a rich fusion of Indian and Hellenistic influences. The diffusion of Indo - Greek culture had consequences which are still felt today, particularly through the influence of Greco - Buddhist art.
The Indo - Greeks ultimately disappeared at Peshawar as a political entity around 10 AD following the invasions of the Indo - Scythians, although pockets of Greek populations probably remained for several centuries longer under the subsequent rule of the Indo - Parthians and Kushans.
The city was then conquered by the Kushans, a Central Asian tribe identified with the Yuezhi of Chinese histories. The Kushan King Kanishka, who ruled from 127 AD, moved the capital from Pushkalavati (present - day Charsadda district, in the Peshawar Valley) to Gandhara (Peshawar city) in the 2nd century AD. Buddhist missionaries arrived at Vedic, and animist Peshawar, seeking counsel with the Kushan rulers. Their teachings were embraced by the Kushans, who converted to Buddhism, assigning the religion with great status in the city. Following this move by the Kushans, Peshawar became a center of Buddhist learning.
The giant Kanishka stupa at Peshawar, which may have been the tallest building in the world at the time, was built by King Kanishka to house Buddhist relics just outside the present - day Ganj Gate of the old city of Peshawar. The Kanishka stupa was said to be an imposing structure, as one traveled down from the Hindu Kush mountains onto the Gandharan plains. The earliest account of the famous building was documented by Faxian, the Chinese Buddhist pilgrim, who was also a monk, who visited the structure in 400 AD and described it as being over 40 chang in height (approximately 120 metres (390 ft)) and adorned "with all precious substances ''. Faxian continued: "Of all the stûpas and temples seen by the travelers, none can compare with this for beauty of form and strength. '' The stupa was eventually destroyed by lightning, but was repaired several times; it was still in existence at the time of Xuanzang 's visit in 634 AD. A jeweled casket containing relics of the Gautama Buddha, and an inscription identifying Kanishka as the donor, existed at the ruined base of this giant stupa -- the casket was excavated, by a team supervised by Dr D.B. Spooner in 1909, from a chamber under the very centre of the stupa 's base.
The Buddhist and Zoroastrian Pashtuns began converting to Islam following the early annexation by the Arab Empire from Khurasan (in what is Afghanistan, Turkmenistan and northeastern Iran). In 1001, Peshawar was made part of the Muslim world with the conquest of Peshawar by the Ghaznavid ruler Mahmud of Ghazni. The Ghaznavids further expanded their empire from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa into the Punjab region.
During the early reign of this celebrated invader, major battles again occurred on the plains of Peshawar, and Mahmud was opposed by the Hindu Shahi King Jayapala; it was a constant endeavour of King Jayapala to recover the country that had been wrested from him by Sebuktagin. The King was aided by some Pashtuns (also historically known as Afghans), whose allegiance to the (Muslim governor of Peshawar did not continue in the long - term.
The Jayapala - initiated battle occurred during the month of November and the king, himself, was taken prisoner -- upon his release, Jayapala resigned the crown to his son, Anandpal. On this occasion, Mahmud punished the Pathans, who had sided with the enemy, and, as they had converted entirely to Islam, the Pathans remained loyal to their new allegiance.
Peshawar was a northwestern regional center of the Pashtun Lodi Empire which was founded by Bahlul Lodi in 1451 and centered at Delhi. Peshawar was also incorporated into the Mughal domains by the mid of 16th century. The founder of the Mughul dynasty that would conquer South Asia, Babur, who hailed from the area that is currently Uzbekistan, arrived in Peshawar and founded a city called Bagram, where he rebuilt a fort in 1530 AD.
The Pashtun emperor Sher Shah Suri, who founded the Sur Empire centered at Delhi, turned Peshawar 's renaissance into a boom when he ran his Delhi - to - Kabul Shahi Road as a northwestern extension of the Grand Trunk Road through the Khyber Pass and Peshawar in the 16th century. Later Babur 's grandson, Akbar the Great, recorded the name of the city as Peshawa, meaning "The Place at the Frontier '' or "Near Water '' and expanded the bazaars and fortifications. The Muslim technocrats, bureaucrats, soldiers, traders, scientists, architects, teachers, theologians and Sufis flocked from the rest of the Muslim world to the Islamic Sultanate in South Asia, with many settling in the Peshawar region.
Khushal Khattak, the Pashtun warrior poet, was born near Peshawar, and his life was intimately tied to the city. As an advocate for Afghan independence, he was an implacable foe of the Mughal rulers, especially Aurangzeb.
The Marathas defeated the Durranis in the Battle of Peshwar in 1758 as a part of their Northwest expansion campaign. When Raghunathrao and Malhar Rao Holkar had left Punjab they appointed Tukoji Sindhia as their representative in this north - western province of our country. He along with Khandoji Kadam defeated the Afghan garrison.
As Mughal power declined in 1747, following a loya jirga, Peshawar would join the Pashtun Durrani Empire of Ahmad Shah Durrani. Peshawar was attacked and captured by the Maratha Empire of western India, which conquered Peshawar on 8 May 1758. A large force of Pashtuns under Ahmad Shah Durrani then re-conquered Peshawar in early 1759. Peshawar remained under Afghan (Durrani) rule till the conquest by the Sikhs in 1818.
In 1776, Ahmad Shah 's son, Timur Shah Durrani, chose Peshawar as his winter capital and the Bala Hissar Fort in Peshawar was used as the residence of Durrani kings. Pashtuns from Peshawar participated in the incursions of South Asia during the Durrani Empire. Peshawar remained the winter capital until the Sikhs of the Punjab region rose to power in the early nineteenth century.
Until 1818, Peshawar was controlled by Afghanistan, but was invaded by the Sikh Empire of Punjab. The arrival of a party led by British explorer and former agent of the East India Company, William Moorcroft was seen as an advantage, both in dealings with Kabul and for protection against the Sikhs of Lahore. Moorcroft continued to Kabul in the company of Peshawari horses and thence to the Hindu Kush. In 1818, Peshawar was captured by Maharaja Ranjit Singh and paid a nominal tribute until it was finally annexed in 1834 by the Sikhs, after which the city fell into steep decline. Many of Peshawar 's famous Mosques and gardens were destroyed by the Sikhs at this time. An Italian was appointed by the Sikhs as administrator. Acting on behalf of the Sikhs, Paolo Avitabile, unleashed a reign of fear -- his time in Peshawar is known as a time of "gallows and gibbets. '' The city 's famous Mahabat Khan, built in 1630 in the Jeweler 's Bazaar, was badly damaged and desecrated by the Sikh conquerors.
The Gurdwara Bhai Joga Singh and Gurdwara Bhai Beeba Singh were constructed in the city by Hari Singh Nalwa to accommodate the influx of Sikh immigrants from the Punjab. While the city 's Sikh population drastically declined after the partition of India, Peshawar 's Sikh community has re-established itself, bolstered by Sikh refugees and by approximately 4,000 refugees from the Tribal Areas; in 2008, the largest Sikh population in Pakistan was located in Peshawar. Sikhs in Peshawar self - identify as Pashtuns and speak Hindko and Pashto as their mother tongues.
An 1835 attempt to re-occupy the city by the Afghan Emir Dost Mohammad Barakzai failed when his army declined to engage in combat with the Dal Khalsa. However Barakzai 's son, Wazir Akbar Khan, succeeded in regaining control of the city in the Battle of Jamrud of 1837. Following this, Peshawar was annexed by the British East India Company after the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in the Second Anglo - Sikh War of 1849.
Following the defeat of the Sikh 's in the Second Anglo - Sikh War in 1849, territories in the Punjab were also captured by British East India company. During the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857, the 4,000 members of the native garrison were disarmed without bloodshed; the absence of brutality meant that Peshawar was not affected by the widespread devastation that was experienced throughout the rest of British India and local chieftains sided with the British after the incident. British control remained confined within the city walls as vast regions of the Frontier province outside the city were claimed by the Kingdom of Afghanistan. The vast mountainous areas outside of the city were mapped out only in 1893 by Sir Mortimer Durand, foreign secretary of the British Indian government, who collaboratively demarcated the boundary of British - controlled areas with the Afghan ruler at the time, Abdur Rahman Khan.
The British laid out the vast Peshawar Cantonment to the west of the city in 1868, and made the city its frontier headquarters. Additionally, several projects were initiated in Peshawar, including linkage of the city by railway to the rest of British India and renovation of the Mohabbat Khan mosque that had been desecrated by the Sikhs. The British also constructed Cunningham clock tower, in celebration of the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria, and, in 1906, constructed Victoria Hall (now home of the Peshawar Museum) in memory of Queen Victoria. The British greatly contributed to the establishment of Western - style education in Peshawar with the establishment of Edwardes College and Islamia College in 1901 and 1913, respectively -- these were established in addition to numerous other schools, many of which are run by the Anglican Church. For better administration of the region, Peshawar and the adjoining districts were separated from the Punjab Province in 1901.
Peshawar emerged as a centre for both Hindko and Pashtun intellectuals. Hindko speakers, also referred to as Khaarian ("city dwellers '' in Pashto), were responsible for the dominant culture for most of the time that Peshawar was under British rule. Where as before it was the Pashtuns and Mughals who beautified and brought culture to the region, until the Sikhs brought the city to shambles and deterioration.
Peshawar was the scene of a non-violent resistance movement that was led by Ghaffar Khan, a disciple of Mohandas Gandhi. In April 1930, Khan led a large group of locals, in a peaceful protest in Qissa Khawani Bazaar, against discriminatory laws that had been enacted by the British rulers -- hundreds were killed when British horses opened fire on the demonstrators.
After the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan in 1979 Peshawar served as a political centre for anti-Soviet Mujahideen, and was surrounded by huge camps of Afghan refugees. Many of the refugees remained there through the civil war which broke out after the Soviets were defeated in 1989, the rule of the Taliban, and the invasion by allied forces in late 2001. Peshawar would replace Kabul and Qandahar as the centre of Pakhtun cultural development during this tumultuous period. Additionally, Peshawar managed to assimilate many of the Pakhtun Afghan refugees with relative ease, while many other Afghan refugees remained in camps awaiting a possible return to Afghanistan.
Peshawar continues to be a city that links Pakistan to Afghanistan and has emerged as an important regional city in Pakistan and remains a focal point for Pakhtun culture.
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who led the champaran satyagraha why was it started | Champaran Satyagraha - Wikipedia
The Champara Sa
tyagraha of 1917, in the Champaran district of Bihar, India during the period of the British Raj, was the first Satyagraha movement inspired by Mohandas Gandhi and a major revolt in the Indian Independence Movement. Another important Satyagraha just after this revolt was Kheda Satyagraha.
Champaran Satyagraha was the first to be started, but the word Satyagraha was used for the first time in Anti Rowlatt Act agitation.
Champaran is a district in the state of Bihar. Under Colonial era laws, many tenant farmers were forced to grow some indigo on a portion of their land as a condition of their tenancy. This indigo was used to make dye. The Germans had invented a cheaper artificial dye so the demand for indigo fell. Some tenants paid more rent in return for being let off having to grow indigo. However, during the First World War the German dye ceased to be available and so indigo became profitable again. Thus many tenants were once again forced to grow it on a portion of their land - as was required by their lease. Naturally, this created much anger and resentment.
Many tenants alleged that Landlords had used strong - arm tactics to exact illegal cesses and to extort them in other ways. This issue had been highlighted by a number of lawyer / politicians and there had also been a Commission of Inquiry. Raj Kumar Shukla, a money lender who also owned some land, persuaded Gandhi to go to Champaran and thus, the Champaran Satyagraha began. Gandhi arrived in Champaran 10 April 1917 with a team of eminent lawyers: Brajkishore Prasad, Rajendra Prasad, Anugrah Narayan Sinha Ramnavmi Prasad, and others including J.B. Kripalani.
Gandhi established the first - ever basic school at Barharwa Lakhansen village, 30 km east from the district headquarters at Dhaka, East Champaran, on November 13, 1917, organising scores of his veteran supporters and fresh volunteers from the region. His handpicked team of eminent lawyers comprising Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Dr. Anugrah Narayan Sinha & Babu Brajkishore Prasad organised a detailed study and survey of the villages, accounting the atrocities and terrible episodes of suffering, including the general state of degenerate living.
Building on the confidence of villagers, he began leading the clean - up of villages, building of schools and hospitals and encouraging the village leadership to undo purdah, untouchability and the suppression of women. Gandhi set up two more basic schools at Bhitiharwa in West Champaran and Madhuban in this district on November 30, 1917 and January 17, 1918. The purpose behind setting up these schools was to fight illiteracy and generate awareness among the rural people. He was joined by many young nationalists from all over India, including Brajkishore Prasad, Rajendra Prasad, Anugrah Narayan Sinha, Acharya Kriplani, Ram Navami Prasad and later Jawaharlal Nehru.
But his main assault came as he was arrested by police on the charge of creating unrest and was ordered to leave the province. Hundreds of thousands of people protested and rallied outside the jail, police stations and courts demanding his release, which the court unwillingly did. Gandhi led organised protests and strike against the landlords, who with the guidance of the British government, signed an agreement granting more compensation and control over farming for the poor farmers of the region, and cancellation of revenue hikes and collection until the famine ended. It was during this agitation, that Gandhi was addressed by the people as Bapu (Father) and Mahatma (Great Soul).
The series of celebration began on 10 April 1917 with a National Conclave or Rashtritya Vimarsh where eminent Gandhian thinkers, philosophers and scholars participated. The Conclave facilities was inaugurated for this purpose. The event was organised by Education Department and Directorate of Mass Education being the nodal office.
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when was the first ant and decs saturday night takeaway | Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway - wikipedia
Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway (referred to simply as Saturday Night Takeaway or SNT) is a British television variety show, presented by Ant & Dec, both of whom also act as the show 's executive producers, and broadcast on ITV since its premiere on 8 June 2002. Its format is heavily influenced by previous Saturday night light entertainment shows, most notably Noel 's House Party and Do n't Forget Your Toothbrush, while individual items often pay homage to Saturday night TV of the past, such as Opportunity Knocks. The show is notable for a quiz show in which a random member of the studio audience can win prizes based on television adverts, and for a competition in each series between the two presenters. An official Saturday Night Takeaway iOS app for iPod, iPhone and iPad was released on 15 February 2013. In the 2017 season, after Anthony McPartlin was arrested for drink driving, the show was presented by Declan Donnelly, Stephen Mulhern and Scarlett Moffatt.
Despite the programme enduring a three - year hiatus between 2010 -- 2012, while its presenters worked on other projects, it was an immense success for the broadcaster since its launch. Over the course of its history, it earned notable awards, including Best Presenters at the 18th National Television Awards on 23 January 2013, and the BAFTA for Entertainment Programme, alongside the presenters winning the award for Entertainment Performance in 2014 and 2015 respectively.
Since its thirteenth series in 2016, the show has aired its series finale outside of the UK - in 2017, Saturday Night Takeaway became the first UK show to be aired live from Walt Disney World, which it repeated again in 2018 for its series finale being aired live from Universal Orlando. On 3 March 2018, the show celebrated its 100th episode, while the penultimate episode of the fifteenth series on 31 March was the final one to be aired from The London Studios, before the studio 's closure for redevelopment as had been announced in February 2017. Starting from the sixteenth series, the programme will be aired from the newly redeveloped Television Centre.
The general set up for each episode is a selection of segments consisting of specially crafted games, comedy / entertainment films, participation by either a studio audience member, or unsuspecting viewer / public member, and a show finale consisting of a performance by a musician, dance group, singer, or group performers. Episodes of Saturday Night Takeaway are broadcast live during the weekend, during a prime time slot on Saturday evenings for the entire run of a series. Each episode is introduced with a line - up of what segments will be featured during its broadcast, along with an introduction of the hosts themselves - from the seventh series onwards, this responsibility was given to a special celebrity announcer, who would not only give an introduction of themselves and the hosts, but would also state what viewers would expect in the show for that episode, along with an update on what was still to come before each commercial break in the programme. In the majority of episodes, the opening titles are preceded by a cold open scene involving the hosts performing a comedy sketch, similar to the cold openings of US light entertainment programme Saturday Night Live and usually with celebrity guests for the episode, which ended with them or the celebrities saying - "Roll the titles! ''
Throughout the show 's history, the programme has featured a variety of different segments, some based on notable elements in Saturday night TV. However, Saturday Night Takeaway features a regular selection of segments that it uses frequently in the majority of its episodes. These segments include:
The following is a list of segments used on the programme in the course of its history, that have since been retired:
During the thirteenth series, the show aired a mini-serial of a spoof "whodunnit '', comedy drama, starring Ant & Dec. Entitled "Who Shot Simon Cowell? '', the serial focused on the pair becoming caught up in a mystery surrounding an incident at Cowell 's birthday party, in which Cowell is mysteriously gunned down, leading to them working together to solve who did the deed. Along with themselves, the serial also featured appearances from a variety of celebrities, many of whom either worked with / had worked with the pair and / or Cowell. The format was well liked, and led to a second mini-serial being created for the fourteenth series, entitled "The Missing Crown Jewels '', in which the presenters became members of a special organisation called "Honoured '', after receiving OBEs, whereupon their first mission is to recover the crown jewels from a mysterious villain. Both mini-serial were later condensed into a special feature - length episodes under the title of Ant and Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway Presents..., and broadcast in late December 2017. A third mini-serial was later created for the fifteenth series, entitled "Saturday Knight Takeaway '', with the plot focusing on the presenters ' tackling their second mission for the Honoured by finding out who is kidnapping its members, including the organisations ' leader.
Episodes
On 31 October 2013, it was announced that a live tour of the show, under the title "Takeaway on Tour '', would be co-produced between Ant & Dec, James Grant Live, and ITV Studios. Presented by the show 's hosts, with Kim Gavin as the tour 's artistic director, it featured appearances by various celebrities and performers and a number of segments from the programme, including an appearance by Ashley Roberts as the host of the tour 's version of "Ant vs. Dec ''.
Demand for tickets was high, and led to extra dates and venues being added on 28 November 2013, along with some shows having their dates rearranged. The tour ran for only one series of shows, between August - September 2014 across various cities in the United Kingdom, including London, Cardiff, Birmingham, Manchester, and Glasgow, and also in Dublin, Ireland.
A board game of the show was released in 2016, under licensing by Paul Lamond Games.
The success of Saturday Night Takeaway led to the creation of a number of international versions:
In October 2015, Australian network Seven announced plans to create an Australian version of the British original, intended to be aired on Sundays under the title of Sunday Night Takeaway. However, no further information was given after this announcement on the show 's details, including who the hosts would be. As of the beginning of 2018, no evidence has emerged to detail the status of the programme.
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who attended the globe theatre in the 1600s | Groundling - wikipedia
A groundling was a person who visited the Globe Theatre in the early 17th century. They were too poor to pay to be able to sit on one of the three levels of the theatre. If they paid one penny, they could stand in "the pit '', also called "the yard '', just below the stage to watch the play. Standing in the pit was uncomfortable, and people were usually packed in tightly. The groundlings were commoners who were also referred to as stinkards or penny - stinkers. The name ' groundlings ' came about after Hamlet referenced them as such when the play was first performed around 1600. At the time, the word had entered the English language to mean a small type of fish with a gaping mouth - from the vantage point of the actor playing Hamlet, set on a stage raised around 5 feet from the ground, the sea of upturned faces may have looked like wide - mouthed fish. They were known to misbehave and are commonly believed to have thrown food such as fruit and nuts at characters they did not like, although there is no evidence of this. They would watch the plays from the cramped pits with sometimes over 500 people standing there.
In 1599, Thomas Platter mentioned the cost of admission at contemporary London theatres in his diary:
"There are separate galleries and there one stands more comfortably and moreover can sit, but one pays more for it. Thus anyone who remains on the level standing pays only one English penny: but if he wants to sit, he is let in at a farther door, and there he gives another penny. If he desires to sit on a cushion in the most comfortable place of all, where he not only sees everything well, but can also be seen then he gives yet another English penny at another door. And in the pauses of the comedy food and drink are carried round amongst the people and one can thus refresh himself at his own cost. ''
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rock on my baby on the treetop lyrics | Rock - a-bye baby - wikipedia
' Rock - a-bye Baby ' is a nursery rhyme and lullaby. The melody is a variant of the English satirical ballad Lillibullero. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 2768.
The first printed version from Mother Goose 's Melody (London, c. 1765), has the following lyrics:
The version from Songs for the Nursery (London, 1805), contains the wording:
Alternate Lyrics as shown in The Real Mother Goose published in 1916:
The most common version used today is:
The full versions lyrics are:
Various theories exist to explain the origins of the rhyme.
One theory suggests the rhyme narrates a mother gently rocking her baby to sleep, as if the baby were riding the treetops during a breeze; then, when the mother lowers the baby to her crib, the song says "down will come baby. ''
Another identifies the rhyme as the first poem written on American soil, suggesting it dates from the 17th century and that it may have been written by an English immigrant who observed the way native - American women rocked their babies in birch - bark cradles, which were suspended from the branches of trees, allowing the wind to rock the baby to sleep. A difficulty with this theory is that the words appeared in print first in England c. 1765.
In Derbyshire, England, local legend has it that the song relates to a local character in the late 18th century, Betty Kenny (Kate Kenyon), who lived with her charcoal - burner husband, Luke, and their eight children in a huge yew tree in Shining Cliff Woods in the Derwent Valley, where a hollowed - out bough served as a cradle. However this "late 1700s '' date is incompatible with the poem 's appearance in print c. 1765.
Yet another theory has it that the lyrics, like the tune "Lilliburlero '' it is sung to, refer to events immediately preceding the Glorious Revolution. The baby is supposed to be the son of James VII and II, who was widely believed to be someone else 's child smuggled into the birthing room in order to provide a Roman Catholic heir for James. The "wind '' may be that Protestant "wind '' or force "blowing '' or coming from the Netherlands bringing James ' nephew and son - in - law William of Orange, who would eventually depose King James II in the revolution (the same "Protestant Wind '' that had saved England from the Spanish Armada a century earlier). The "cradle '' is the royal House of Stuart. The earliest recorded version of the words in print appeared with a footnote, "This may serve as a warning to the Proud and Ambitious, who climb so high that they generally fall at last '', which may be read as supporting a satirical meaning. It would help to substantiate the suggestion of a specific political application for the words however if they and the ' Lilliburlero ' tune could be shown to have been always associated.
Another possibility is that the words began as a "dandling '' rhyme - one used while a baby is being swung about and sometimes tossed and caught. An early dandling rhyme is quoted in The Oxford Nursery Rhyme Book which has some similarity:
The words first appeared in print in Mother Goose 's Melody (London, c. 1765), possibly published by John Newbery (1713 -- 1767), and which was reprinted in Boston in 1785. Rock - a-bye as a phrase was first recorded in 1805 in Benjamin Tabart 's Songs for the Nursery, (London, 1805).
It is unclear though whether these early rhymes were sung to either of the now - familiar tunes. At some time, however, the Lilliburlero - based tune and the 1796 lyric, with the word "Hush - a-bye '' replaced by "Rock - a-bye '', must have come together and achieved a new popularity. A possible reference to this re-emergence is in an advertisement in The Times newspaper in 1887 for a performance in London by a minstrel group featuring a "new '' American song called ' Rock - a-bye ':
"Moore and Burgess Minstrels, St James 's - hall TODAY at 3, TONIGHT at 8, when the following new and charming songs will be sung... The great American song of ROCK - A-BYE... ''
This minstrel song, whether substantially the same as the nursery rhymes quoted above or not, was clearly an instant hit: a later advertisement for the same company in the paper 's October 13 edition promises that "The new and charming American ballad, called ROCK - A-BYE, which has achieved an extraordinary degree of popularity in all the cities of America will be SUNG at every performance. ''
If this is, in fact, the same song, then this implies that it was an American composition and already popular there. An article in the New York Times of August 1891 (p. 1) refers to the tune being played in a parade in Asbury Park, N.J. and clearly by this date the song was well established in America. Newspapers of the period, however, credit its composition to two separate persons, both resident in Boston: one is Effie Canning (later referred to as Mrs. Effie D. Canning Carlton and the other the composer Charles Dupee Blake.
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great food truck race do they get to keep the car | The Great food truck Race - wikipedia
The Great Food Truck Race is a reality television and cooking series that originally aired on August 15, 2010, on Food Network, with Tyler Florence as the host. Billed as a cross between Cannonball Run and Top Chef, this late summer show features several competing teams of three who drive across the United States in their food trucks and make stops every week to sell food in different cities.
Every season, between six and eight food truck teams compete in a race where they must cook, sell, and adapt to different challenges in the hopes of winning $50,000 (and in some cases, their very own food truck). Starting off on the west coast and driving east, every week the food truck that makes the least profit is eliminated and sent home, while the rest of the food trucks continue on to the next city. They 're usually given "seed money '' at the beginning of each episode that goes towards grocery shopping. The teams are assigned different challenges every week for a chance to earn more money (usually in the form of selling the most of a special dish or making a version of a local delicacy for Tyler and a guest judge). They 're also thrown obstacles that hinder their ability to make normal sales (examples: switching their menu to vegan food or being unable to restock supplies for the day.)
In the first two seasons of the Great Food Truck Race, the competitors were seasoned, professional food truck operators who were competing for a cash prize (first season was $50,000 and second season was $100,000). In the following seasons (save for season six), food trucks were provided to novices (from home cooks to former restaurateurs) who have dreamt of owning and operating their very own food truck. In seasons three, four, and five, the winning team got the money and got to keep the food truck they were provided by the show. In season six and onward, the show reverted to awarding the winning teams only the $50,000.
Bob Tuschman, general manager of the Food Network, had gotten several pitches for a food truck themed competition show before settling on the show that would become The Great Food Truck Race. He believed it to be ideal because it combined the Survivor - style reality show competition with the rising trend of food trucks. Tyler Florence was immediately on board and as the show grew and got renewed, so did the food truck scene. Florence believed the food truck trend grew in large part because of the economic slump around the early 2000s, and his show "helped invent an entirely new genre of restaurants ''.
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where is the big 12 championship game going to be played | Big 12 championship game - wikipedia
The Big 12 Championship Game is a college football game held by the Big 12 Conference. The game was played each year since the conference 's formation in 1996 until 2010 and returned during the 2017 season. From 1996 to 2010 the championship game pitted the Big 12 North Division champion against the South Division champion in a game held after the regular season was completed. From 2017 onward, the game features the two teams with the best conference records.
The Big 12 South led the series 11 -- 4 and outscored the Big 12 North 463 -- 324 in the first 15 years the game was held. In the first eight Big 12 championship games, from 1996 to 2003, the divisions split four games each, with the north champion winning in every odd - numbered year and the south champion winning in every even - numbered year. However, the North division champion did not win after # 13 Kansas State 's 35 -- 7 upset victory over # 1 Oklahoma in 2003.
The first championship game was played after the 1996 regular season, the first year of play for the Big 12 (which was created from the merger of the Big Eight Conference and four teams from the Southwest Conference). Like the SEC Championship Game (which has been played since 1992), the game matched the winners of the conference 's two six - team divisions. The championship game was held at several sites within the Big 12 states, with Arrowhead Stadium in Kansas City, Missouri, hosting more often than any other venue.
The 2008 Big 12 Championship Game was notable for the controversy over choosing the South Division representative. The Oklahoma Sooners, Texas Longhorns, and Texas Tech Red Raiders all finished with identical records and had each recorded a win and loss amongst one another. The Sooners earned a berth to the title game because they had the highest Bowl Championship Series ranking of the three at the time of selection. Oklahoma defeated the Missouri Tigers and earned a berth in the 2009 BCS National Championship Game.
From 2009 through 2013, the game was scheduled to be played at Cowboys Stadium, now known as AT&T Stadium, in Arlington, Texas. During June 2010, however, Nebraska and Colorado announced that they would leave the Big 12 for other conferences (the Big Ten Conference and the Pac - 12 Conference, respectively) in 2011. Because NCAA rules at the time required that a conference have 12 members in order to stage a football championship game that was exempt from NCAA limits on regular - season games, the conference dropped the championship game following the 2010 season. During this time, Oklahoma and Texas had expressed that a conference title game hurt the chances of the conference to have a representative in the BCS National Championship Game, and now the College Football Playoff, which started in 2014.
In December 2014 after completing the first season with the College Football Playoff, Baylor and TCU both finished the season with an 8 -- 1 conference record and were declared co-champions by the conference despite Baylor 's head - to - head win over TCU. When the selection committee met to set the teams for the first playoff, both Baylor and TCU were overlooked in favor of teams that competed in and won their conference 's championship game, leaving the Big 12 out of the playoffs. This led to criticism of how the Big 12 determined its champion.
In April 2015, legislation was developed by the ACC and the Big 12 to deregulate conference championship games. It was announced by NCAA officials as being expected to pass in time for the start of the 2016 season. The legislation passed on January 14, 2016 allowing a conference with fewer than twelve teams to stage a championship game between the top two teams, so long as they play a round - robin schedule. In late 2016, the Big 12 decided to bring back the championship game in 2017.
Rankings are from the AP Poll released prior to the game
List of NCAA Division I FBS conference championship games
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what is kevin spacey in house of cards | House of Cards (U.S. TV series) - Wikipedia
House of Cards is an American political thriller web television series created by Beau Willimon. It is an adaptation of the 1990 BBC miniseries of the same name, based on the novel by Michael Dobbs. The first 13 - episode season premiered on February 1, 2013, on the streaming service Netflix.
Set in Washington, D.C., House of Cards is the story of Congressman Frank Underwood (Kevin Spacey), a Democrat from South Carolina 's 5th congressional district and House Majority Whip. After being passed over for appointment as Secretary of State, he initiates an elaborate plan to attain power, aided by his wife, Claire Underwood (Robin Wright). The series deals with themes of ruthless pragmatism, manipulation, and power.
House of Cards has received positive reviews and several award nominations, including 33 Primetime Emmy Award nominations, including Outstanding Drama Series, Outstanding Lead Actor for Spacey, and Outstanding Lead Actress for Wright, for each of its first five seasons. It is the first original online - only web television series to receive major Emmy nominations. The show also earned eight Golden Globe Award nominations, with Wright winning for Best Actress -- Television Series Drama in 2014 and Spacey winning for Best Actor -- Television Series Drama in 2015.
On October 30, 2017, following sexual misconduct allegations against Spacey, Netflix announced that the sixth season, scheduled for 2018, would be the final season. On November 3, 2017, Netflix announced that Spacey had been fired from the show. On December 4, 2017, Netflix announced that an eight - episode sixth season would start production in early 2018 without Spacey 's involvement.
Frank Underwood, a power - hungry Democratic congressman from South Carolina and House majority whip, celebrates the election of President Garrett Walker, whose campaign he aided to get himself appointed Secretary of State. However, Underwood learns that the President wants him to promote his agenda in Congress and will not honor their agreement. Inwardly seething, Underwood presents himself as a helpful lieutenant to Walker. In reality, Underwood begins an elaborate plan behind the President 's back, with the ultimate goal of gaining a cabinet position. Frank 's wife Claire runs an NGO, the Clean Water Initiative, which she uses to cultivate her own power, yet its ultimate purpose remains unknown. Despite the success of the operation, Claire seeks to expand its scope to the international stage, often using Frank 's connections. It is clear from the outset that Claire shares both her husband 's cold - hearted, ruthless pragmatism and lust for power, and they frequently scheme together to ensure the success of each other 's ventures. They both work with Remy Danton, a corporate lobbyist and former Underwood staffer, to secure funds for their operations and expand their influence.
Underwood begins a symbiotic, and ultimately sexual, relationship with Zoe Barnes, a young political reporter, secretly feeding her damaging stories about his political rivals to sway public opinion as needed. Meanwhile, he manipulates Peter Russo, a troubled alcoholic and congressman from Pennsylvania, into helping him undermine Walker 's pick for Secretary of State, Senator Michael Kern. Underwood eventually has Kern replaced with his own choice, Senator Catherine Durant. Underwood also uses Russo in a plot to end a teachers ' strike and pass an education bill, which improves Underwood 's standing with Walker. Because the new vice president is the former governor of Pennsylvania, a special election is to be held for his successor. Underwood helps Russo get clean and props up his candidacy, but later uses call girl Rachel Posner to break his sobriety and trigger his downfall shortly before the election. When Russo decides to come clean about his role in Underwood 's schemes, Frank kills Russo and stages his death as a suicide. With the special election in chaos, Underwood convinces the vice president to step down and run for his old position of governor -- leaving the vice presidency open to Underwood, as was his plan all along. Underwood is introduced to Missouri billionaire Raymond Tusk, Walker 's friend and advisor. Tusk reveals that he has been influencing Walker 's decisions all along and convinced him to cancel the original agreement, and explains he will influence Walker to nominate Underwood for vice president if he does a favor benefiting Tusk 's interests. Underwood counter-proposes to Tusk that they work together to fulfill both their interests, which Tusk accepts. Meanwhile, after Underwood ends their affair, Zoe begins piecing together clues about Underwood 's various plots. The season ends when Underwood accepts the nomination for vice president.
Zoe and two colleagues, Lucas Goodwin and Janine Skorsky, continue investigating Frank and ultimately locate Rachel. As a protective measure, Frank 's aide Doug Stamper brings Rachel to a safe house while Frank lures Zoe to a Metro station and, unseen by witnesses or security cameras, pushes her in front of an oncoming train. Zoe 's death compels Janine to abandon the investigation, but Lucas continues the search alone. He solicits the help of a hacker to retrieve Frank 's text history. However, the hacker, Gavin Orsay, actually works for Doug and frames Lucas for cyberterrorism. Later, Gavin uses Rachel to extort Doug. Fearing potential harm and Doug 's growing obsession with her, Rachel hits Doug with a brick and leaves him for dead. After Frank begins his vice presidential duties, Claire becomes close with the First Lady and learns Walker 's marriage is strained. Meanwhile, Frank aims to drive a wedge between Walker and Tusk. He meets Xander Feng, a Chinese businessman and ally of Tusk 's, to engage in back - channel negotiations that Frank intentionally scuttles at the expense of Tusk 's credibility. In the resulting trade war with China, Tusk opposes Walker 's efforts to deal with the crisis and begins having a tribal casino funnel money into Republican PACs in retaliation. When Frank discovers that Feng is the source of the donations, he gets Feng to end his partnership with Tusk in exchange for a lucrative contract for a bridge over Long Island Sound.
The Justice Department investigates the White House 's ties to Feng and Tusk. Frank manipulates Walker into volunteering his travel records, which reveal his visits to a marriage counselor and raise questions about whether the donations were discussed. Wishing to avoid public disclosure of his personal issues, Walker has the White House Counsel coach the counselor, which the special prosecutor interprets as witness tampering. As the House Judiciary Committee begins drafting articles of impeachment, both Walker and Frank offer Tusk a presidential pardon in exchange for implicating each other. Tusk sides with Walker at first, leaving Frank no other option than to regain the president 's trust as a friend. Walker then calls off his deal with Tusk, who testifies against him. With Walker forced to resign, Frank is sworn in as president.
Six months into his presidency, Frank pushes for a controversial jobs program called America Works. Determined to not be a "placeholder '' president, Underwood reverses his previous pledge and runs in the 2016 election, competing against Heather Dunbar in the Democratic primaries. When Frank refuses to reinstate Doug as his Chief of Staff, Doug appears to switch sides and begins working for Dunbar. Gavin helps Doug track down Rachel and delivers findings purporting that she is dead, causing Doug to suffer a relapse. When Gavin reveals that Rachel is really alive, Doug brutalizes him into divulging her location. Doug finds Rachel living under a false identity in New Mexico, drives her into the desert, and eventually kills her. He returns to work as Frank 's Chief of Staff after Remy resigns. Meanwhile, Claire is named the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and faces a crisis in the Jordan Valley, which pits Frank against Russian President Viktor Petrov. When Petrov has an American gay rights activist arrested in Russia, the Underwoods persuade him to secure a release. However, Petrov demands that the activist apologize on Russian television, leading the activist to kill himself while being visited by Claire. Later, after Russian troops are killed in the Jordan Valley, Petrov convinces Frank to remove Claire as ambassador in exchange for a peaceful resolution. Claire resigns, giving the reason that she wants to be more active in Frank 's campaign.
Throughout the season, a writer named Thomas Yates is hired by Frank to write a biography for the purpose of promoting America Works. Yates, a fiction writer with a dark past of his own, decides to put a different spin on the book and writes less about Frank and more about his marriage with Claire. Yates reads Frank a prologue that he does not understand at first, but agrees is a decent beginning. By the end of the season, Yates has the first chapter written and Frank, not liking the direction the book is taking, fires Yates. By the season finale, tensions between the Underwoods reach a point where Claire states her intent to leave Frank.
Claire relocates to Dallas and runs for Congress in her home district. The incumbent, Doris Jones, plans to retire and endorse her daughter Celia as her successor. Claire offers them federal funding for a key Planned Parenthood clinic in exchange for stepping down, but they refuse the offer. Frank wins back Claire 's support by promising not to sabotage her campaign in Texas, but he later publicly endorses Celia in his State of the Union address. Frank and Claire travel to South Carolina for a primary, but a series of scandals causes Frank to narrowly lose the state to Dunbar. Frank discovers that Claire had been leaking information to Dunbar, and she threatens to continue unless he names her as his running mate. Frank refuses. Lucas is released from prison and seeks revenge against Frank. He explains his story to Dunbar, but she turns him away. Desperate, he attempts to assassinate Frank, wounding the president in the abdomen and killing bodyguard Edward Meechum, but not before Meechum kills Lucas. While Frank remains comatose, Donald Blythe is sworn in as acting president. Blythe is indecisive during a military crisis involving Russia, and turns to Claire for guidance. Claire goes against Frank 's wishes by convincing Blythe to involve China and secure a meeting with Petrov, where she brokers an ambitious peace deal. Doug leaks information about Dunbar 's secret meeting with Lucas and forces her to suspend her campaign. Frank recovers and resumes his position as president, agreeing to put Claire on the ticket for the upcoming election.
Tom Hammerschmidt, Zoe and Lucas 's former editor, digs deeper into the latter 's claims of Frank 's misdeeds. He approaches Remy and, with his help, starts to piece together Frank 's corruption. Tom also meets with Walker, convincing him to help by appealing to his anger for being forced to resign. Danton and Jackie Sharp also decide to go on the record against Frank to lend credibility to the story. An American family is kidnapped in Tennessee by two supporters of a radical Islamist group called the Islamic Caliphate Organization (ICO), who agree to negotiate only with the ambitious Republican nominee, Governor Will Conway. Frank invites Conway to the White House to assist in the negotiations as a publicity stunt, and Conway helps buy critical time in locating the suspects. However, tensions between the Conways and Underwoods lead to the governor ending his role in the crisis. Frank and Claire allow the kidnappers to speak to the deposed leader of ICO, Yusuf al Ahmadi, after successfully obtaining the release of two of the hostages. Instead of defusing the situation as he agreed, al Ahmadi urges the kidnappers to kill the remaining hostage and broadcast the killing to the public. Meanwhile, Hammerschmidt publishes his story and threatens to end Frank 's campaign weeks before the election. Claire urges Frank to use a heavier hand in the situation, and they decide to fight back by creating chaos. Frank addresses the public declaring that the nation is at total war, ordering the full force of the military be used to combat global terrorism regardless the cost. The season ends with Frank and Claire watching the live execution of the hostage together, and Claire breaking the fourth wall for the first time by looking into the camera along with Frank.
In the weeks before the 2016 election, Frank uses ICO as a pretext to enacting martial law in urban areas and consolidating polling places in key states. Done mainly through back channels with Democratic governors, this is officially done in the name of safety, but in practice disenfranchises rural Republican voters. To keep the strategy of fear going, Doug blackmails hacker Aidan Macallan into launching a massive cyberattack on the NSA, slowing down Internet traffic and wiping out hundreds of thousands of files. The Underwood Administration pins the attack on ICO. On Election Day, the result hinges on Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Ohio. Contrary to the Underwoods ' desired plans, the early returns seem to favor Conway. Underwood 's political machine stages a terrorist attack in Knoxville, Tennessee, which is pinned on a local suspected ICO sympathizer. With Pennsylvania secured by Conway and Ohio seeming to swing his way, Frank unofficially calls Conway directly to concede. However, this is merely a tactic to put Conway off guard, as the Underwoods contact Ohio 's governor and convince him to close the polls early on the pretense of a terrorist threat. Ohio and Tennessee refuse to certify the election, and neither candidate reaches the requisite number of electoral votes.
Nine weeks after the unresolved election, the Twelfth Amendment is invoked, with the vote being put up to members of Congress. During a meeting with the Congressional Black Caucus, cracks begin to appear in Conway 's facade as he loses his cool. In spite of this, Frank 's own baggage and 12 % approval rating only allows him a tie with Conway in the House, while Claire manages to secure the Senate vote, becoming acting president. In light of the tie, Claire orders a special election for Ohio and Tennessee. Meanwhile, Jane Davis, a low - ranking Commerce Department official who has a wide - ranging network of connections and influence, begins working closely with the Underwoods. As a private citizen for the time being, Frank attends a meeting of powerful men at a secret society known as Elysian Fields, in an effort to secure their influence for votes in the upcoming special election. Meanwhile, Conway has a mental breakdown on his private plane due to feeling that the election was stolen from him. Eventually, this and other leaks from his campaign are slowly dripped to the media in a manner that seems unconnected to the Underwoods. Seeing that his candidate is losing, Conway 's campaign manager, Mark Usher, switches sides to the Underwoods. The Underwood ticket wins both Ohio and Tennessee, and Frank is sworn in as president and Claire as vice president.
Meanwhile, Hammerschmidt continues to investigate Zoe 's death, and is given information by an unknown leaker within the White House. Major document dumps are made available to Hammerschmidt, which, among other charges, prompts an impeachment hearing against Frank. In response, the Underwoods set up extensive surveillance on all White House personnel. Eventually, the leaker makes a voice - modulated call to Hammerschmidt, implicating Doug in Zoe 's murder. The Underwoods convince Doug to take the fall for killing Zoe, and the leaker is revealed to be Frank himself. The leaks are revealed to be part of Frank 's master plan to resign the presidency to Claire, believing his thirst for power can be better achieved in the private sector, working alongside his wife 's presidency. Frank, concerned about Durant 's intention to testify at the impeachment hearing, pushes her down a short flight of stairs upon accepting her resignation, hospitalizing her. Claire poisons Yates with an overdose of Gelsemium provided to her by Jane, concerned that he knows too much. Finally, contractors working for the Underwoods eliminate LeAnn by ramming her car off the road into a guard rail. Frank resigns, and the two await the proper moment for Claire to pardon him. This comes in the form of a military special operations unit finding and taking out the leader of ICO, which moves media focus away from Frank. Standing in the Oval Office, Claire appears to reconsider pardoning Frank, and ignores multiple concerned calls from him regarding the matter. The season ends with Claire ignoring Frank 's call, then breaking the fourth wall to tell the viewers, "My turn. ''
Independent studio Media Rights Capital (MRC), founded by Mordecai Wiczyk and Asif Satchu, producer of films such as Babel, purchased the rights to House of Cards with the intention to create a series. While finishing production on his 2008 film The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, David Fincher 's agent showed him House of Cards, a BBC miniseries starring Ian Richardson. Fincher was interested in producing a potential series with Eric Roth. Fincher said that he was interested in doing television because of its long - form nature, adding that working in film does not allow for complex characterizations the way that television allows. "I felt for the past ten years that the best writing that was happening for actors was happening in television. And so I had been looking to do something that was longer form, '' Fincher stated.
MRC approached different networks about the series, including HBO, Showtime and AMC, but Netflix, hoping to launch its own original programming, outbid the other networks. Ted Sarandos, Netflix 's Chief Content Officer, looked at the data of Netflix users ' streaming habits and concluded that there was an audience for Fincher and Spacey. "It looked incredibly promising, '' he said, "kind of the perfect storm of material and talent. '' In finding a writer to adapt the series, Fincher stated that they needed someone who could faithfully translate parliamentary politics to Washington. '' Beau Willimon, who has served as an aide to Chuck Schumer, Howard Dean and Hillary Clinton, was hired and completed the pilot script in early 2011. Willimon saw the opportunity to create an entirely new series from the original and deepen its overall story.
The project was first announced in March 2011, with Kevin Spacey attached to star and serve as an executive producer. Fincher was announced as director for the first two episodes, from scripts by Willimon. Netflix ordered 26 episodes to air over two seasons.
Spacey called Netflix 's model of publishing all episodes at once a "new perspective. '' He added that Netflix 's commitment to two full seasons gave the series greater continuity. "We know exactly where we are going, '' he said. In a speech at the Edinburgh International Television Festival, he also noted that while other networks were interested in the show, they all wanted a pilot, whereas Netflix -- relying solely on their statistics -- ordered the series directly. In January 2016, show creator, executive producer and showrunner Beau Willimon 's departure following season 4 was announced.
Fincher stated that every main cast member was their first choice. In the first read through, he said "I want everybody here to know that you represent our first choice -- each actor here represents our first choice for these characters. So do not fuck this up. '' Spacey, whose last regular television role was in the series Wiseguy, which ran from 1987 until 1990, responded positively to the script. He then played Richard III at The Old Vic, which Fincher said was "great training. '' Spacey supported the decision to release all of the episodes at once, believing that this type of release pattern will be increasingly common with television shows. He said, "When I ask my friends what they did with their weekend, they say, ' Oh, I stayed in and watched three seasons of Breaking Bad or it 's two seasons of Game of Thrones. '' He was officially cast on March 18, 2011. Robin Wright was approached by Fincher to star in the series when they worked together in The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo. She was cast as Claire Underwood in June 2011. Kate Mara was cast as Zoe Barnes in early February 2012. Mara 's sister, Rooney, worked with Fincher in The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, and when Kate Mara read the part of Zoe, she "fell in love with the character '' and asked her sister to "put in a word for me with Fincher. '' The next month, she got a call for an audition.
Principal photography for the first season began in January 2012 in Harford County, Maryland, on the Eastern seaboard of the United States. Filming of exterior scenes in 2013 centered primarily in and around the city of Baltimore, Maryland, which is about 40 miles northeast of Washington, D.C.
Among the numerous exteriors filmed in Baltimore, but set in Washington, D.C., are: Francis and Claire Underwood 's residence, Zoe Barnes ' apartment, Freddy 's BBQ Rib Joint, The Clean Water Initiative building where Claire works, The Washington Herald offices, the Washington Opera House, the Secretary of State 's building, Hotel Cotesworth, The Georgetown Hotel, Werner 's Bar, Tio Pepe 's, the DuPont Circle Bar, as well as scenes set in other locations, including Peter Russo 's campaign rally in Pennsylvania and The Sentinel (military academy) 's Francis J. Underwood Library and Waldron Hall in South Carolina.
Most of the interior scenes in House of Cards are filmed in a large industrial warehouse, which is located in Joppa, Maryland, also in Harford County, which is about 17 miles north east of Baltimore. The warehouse is used for the filming of some of the most iconic scenes of the series, such as the full - scale reconstruction of most of the West Wing of the White House, including the Oval Office, the Congressional offices and corridors, the large ' Slugline ' open - plan office interior, and domestic interiors such as the large townhouse rooms of the Underwood residence and a large loft apartment. Extensive filming for season 5 was also done at the Maryland Historical Society in Mount Vernon, Baltimore.
The series uses green screen to augment the live action, inserting views of outdoor scenes in windows and broadcast images on TV monitors, often in post-production. The Production Designer, Steve Arnold, also describes in detail the use of a three - sided green screen to insert street scenes outside car windows, with synchronized LED screens above the car (and out of camera shot), that emit the appropriate light onto the actors and parts of the car, such as window frames: "All the driving in the show, anything inside the vehicle is done on stage, in a room that is a big three - sided green screen space. The car does not move, the actors are in the car, and the cameras are set up around them. We have very long strips of LED monitors hung above the car. We had a camera crew go to Washington, D.C. to drive around and shoot plates for what you see outside when you 're driving. And that is fed into the LED screens above the car. So as the scene is progressing, the LED screens are synched up to emit interactive light to match the light conditions you see in the scenery you 're driving past (that will be added in post). All the reflections on the car windows, the window frames and door jambs is being shot while we 're shooting the actors in the car. Then in post the green screens are replaced with the synced up driving plates, and it works really well. It gives you the sense of light passing over the actors ' faces, matching the lighting that is in the image of the plate ''.
In June 2014, filming of three episodes in the UN Security Council chamber was vetoed by Russia at the last minute. However the show was able to film in other parts of the UN Building. In August 2014, the show filmed a "mock - motorcade scene '' in Washington, D.C. In December 2014, the show filmed in Española, Santa Fe, and Las Vegas, New Mexico.
According to the Maryland Film Office, the state provided millions in tax credits to subsidize the production costs.
On October 11, 2017, The Baltimore Sun reported that House of Cards had been renewed for a sixth season and that filming would begin by the end of October 2017. On October 30, 2017, Netflix cancelled House of Cards, announcing that the upcoming sixth season would be its last. The cancellation was announced 12 hours after actor Anthony Rapp publicly stated that lead actor Spacey had made a sexual advance on him at a 1986 party when Rapp was 14. Multiple sources stated that the decision to end the series was made prior to Rapp 's accusation, but the announcement nevertheless caused suspicions for its timing. The following day, it was announced that production on the season would be temporarily suspended, according to an official joint statement from Netflix and MRC, "to give us time to review the current situation and to address any concerns of our cast and crew ''. On November 3, 2017, Netflix announced that they will no longer be associated with Spacey in any capacity whatsoever. On December 4, 2017, Ted Sarandos, Netflix 's chief content officer, announced that production will restart in 2018 with Robin Wright in the lead, without Spacey 's involvement, and revealed that the sixth and final season of the show will consist of eight episodes.
In Australia, where Netflix was not available prior to 2015, the series was broadcast on Showcase, premiering on May 7, 2013. Australian subscription TV provider Foxtel, and owner of Showcase, offered the entire first season to Showcase subscribers via their On Demand feature on Foxtel set - top boxes connected to the internet, as well as through their Xbox 360, Internet TV, and mobile (Foxtel Go) services. Although the entire season was made available, it maintained its weekly timeslot on Showcase. Season two returned to Showcase on February 15, 2014. As with season one, the entire season was made available on demand to Showcase subscribers while also retaining a weekly timeslot. The series has also been made available to non-Foxtel subscribers through Apple 's Apple TV service. Prior to Netflix 's Australian launch on March 28, 2015, Netflix renounced Showcase 's rights to House of Cards, with season 3 premiering on Netflix at launch.
In New Zealand, where Netflix was unavailable prior to 2015, season 1 premiered on TV3 in early 2014, followed immediately by season 2. Netflix launched in New Zealand on March 24, 2015, and unlike Australia (which had Netflix launch on the same day) where House of Cards season 3 was available at launch, the series was unavailable and the premiere date and network of season 3 is unknown.
In India, where Netflix was unavailable prior to January 2016, House of Cards premiered on February 20, 2014, on Zee Café. Seasons 1 and 2 were aired back -- to -- back. The channel aired all 13 episodes of season 3 on March 28 and 29, 2015. This marked the first time that an English - language general entertainment channel in India aired all episodes of the latest season of a series together. The move was intended to satisfy viewers ' urge to binge - watch the season. Although Netflix launched in India in January 2016, House of Cards was not available on the service until March 4. All episodes of season 4 had their television premiere on Zee Café on March 12 and 13, 2016.
House of Cards was acquired by Canadian superstation CHCH for broadcast beginning September 13, 2017, making the program available throughout Canada on cable and free - to - air in CHCH 's broadcast region, which includes portions of the United States. However, the show was removed from the CHCH primetime schedule two months later, following the sexual assault allegations towards Kevin Spacey.
Season 1 was released on DVD and Blu - ray Disc by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment in region 1 on June 11, 2013, season 2 was released on June 17, 2014, season 3 was released on July 7, 2015, season 4 was released on July 5, 2016, and season 5 was released on October 3, 2017.
The first season received positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the first season holds a rating of 85 %, based on 39 reviews, with an average rating of 8.2 / 10. The site 's consensus reads, "Bolstered by strong performances -- especially from Kevin Spacey -- and surehanded direction, House of Cards is a slick, engrossing drama that may redefine how television is produced. '' On Metacritic, the first season has a score of 76 out of 100, based on 25 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews ''.
USA Today critic Robert Bianco praised the series, particularly Spacey 's and Wright 's lead performances, stating "If you think network executives are nervous, imagine the actors who have to go up against that pair in the Emmys. '' Tom Gilatto of People Weekly lauded the first two episodes, calling them "cinematically rich, full of sleek, oily pools of darkness. '' In The Denver Post, critic Joanne Ostrow said the series is "Deeply cynical about human beings as well as politics and almost gleeful in its portrayal of limitless ambition. '' She added: "House of Cards is a wonderfully sour take on power and corruption. ''
Writing in The New York Times, critic Alessandra Stanley noted that the writing in the series sometimes fails to match the high quality of its acting: "Unfortunately Mr. Spacey 's lines do n't always live up to the subtle power of his performance; the writing is n't Shakespeare, or even Aaron Sorkin, and at times, it turns strangely trite. '' Nevertheless, she lauded House of Cards as an entertainment that "revels in the familiar but always entertaining underbelly of government. '' Andrew Davies, the writer of the original UK TV series, stated that Spacey 's character lacks the "charm '' of Ian Richardson 's, while The Independent praised Spacey 's portrayal as a more "menacing '' character, "hiding his rage behind Southern charm and old - fashioned courtesy. '' Randy Shaw, writing for The Huffington Post, criticized House of Cards for glorifying "union bashing and entitlement slashing within a political landscape whose absence of activist groups or anyone remotely progressive resembles a Republican fantasy world ''. Critics such as Time television critic James Poniewozik and Hank Stuever of The Washington Post compare the series to Boss. Like the UK show and novel of the same name many critics have noted that it is heavily influenced by both Macbeth and Richard III, In addition, some critics find elements of Othello, such as Iago 's bitter ire.
The second season received positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes the season has a rating of 88 %, based on 42 reviews, with an average rating of 8 / 10. The site 's critical consensus reads, "House of Cards proves just as bingeworthy in its second season, with more of the strong performances, writing, and visual design that made the first season so addictive ''. On Metacritic the season has a score of 80 out of 100, based on 25 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews ''.
But as the season progressed, reviews became more mixed. Jen Chaney of Vulture wrote that the second season "felt kind of empty '' and that "the closest it came to feeling emotionally rich was when it focused on Claire ''. At the end of the second season, Alan Sepinwall of HitFix wrote that show is a "A ridiculous political potboiler that takes itself too seriously ''; he gave the overall season a C -.
The third season received mostly positive reviews, although many critics noted it felt repetitive. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a rating of 77 %, based on 52 reviews, with an average rating of 7 / 10. The site 's consensus reads, "Season three introduces intriguing new political and personal elements to Frank Underwood 's character, even if it feels like more of the same for some. '' On Metacritic, the season has a score of 76 out of 100, based on 24 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews ''.
Negative reviews came from Nick Gillespie of The Daily Beast who accused the writers of "descending into prosaic moralism '' in season 3 and asserts that it deviates from the show 's original intent, and Michael Wolff of USA Today plainly asserts that "the third season of House of Cards is no good... not just no good, but incompetent, a shambles, lost ''. IndieWire named the season one of the most disappointing shows of 2015.
The fourth season received positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a rating of 88 %, based on 32 reviews, with an average rating of 7.8 / 10. The site 's critical consensus reads, "House of Cards retains its binge - worthiness by ratcheting up the drama, and deepening Robin Wright 's role even further. '' On Metacritic, the season has a score of 76 out of 100, based on 17 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews ''.
Ben Travers of IndieWire had a positive response to season four, calling it an upgrade from what he perceived as a "messy and unsatisfying melodramatic '' third season, writing that "House of Cards is aiming at authenticity, and -- for what feels like the first time -- consistently finding it. ''
Todd Van DerWerff of Vox had a mixed review to season four, criticizing the repetitive and predictable nature of the series, writing: "There 's no such mystery with House of Cards, where you know exactly what will happen as surely as you do on NCIS. Obstacles will present themselves, but Frank (the hammy Kevin Spacey) and Claire (the almost perfect Robin Wright) Underwood will overcome. What you see is what you get. ''
The choice to have Frank and Claire run as running mates was highly criticized by some reviewers. Jonathan Holmes of Radio Times wrote that "there are limits to the stupidity viewers are willing to accept, and with season four (House of Cards) may have stepped over the line. Claire demanding her selection as Frank 's running mate is stupid. Moronic. It turns a canny political operator into a ham - brained fish - eyed jar - opener. '' Spencer Kornhaber of The Atlantic wrote that "in moments like this it 's good to remember that Cards really, fundamentally is a stupid TV show instead of a particularly cunning comment on political reality. ''
The fifth season received mixed to positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an approval rating of 70 % based on 33 reviews, with an average rating of 7.4 / 10. The site 's critical consensus reads, "House of Cards enjoys a confident return to form this season, though its outlandish edge is tempered slightly by the current political climate. '' On Metacritic, the season has a score of 60 out of 100, based on 11 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews ''.
After the fifth season received a Best Drama Series nomination at the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards, Brian Grubb of Uproxx wrote:
House of Cards has not been very good for multiple seasons now, if it was ever that good. I can understand the original excitement about it. Kevin Spacey and Robin Wright were on television. And not even "television, '' really. They were on a big budget series that was made for and by a streaming service. David Fincher was involved and even directed a few episodes. This was a borderline revolutionary development. (...) I do n't see how anyone who watched it can think it deserves a place in the best six or seven dramas on television.
For its first season, House of Cards received nine nominations for the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards in 2013, to become the first original online - only web television series to receive major nominations. Among House of Cards ' nine nominations, "Chapter 1 '' received four nominations for the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards and 65th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards becoming the first webisode (online - only episode) of a television series to receive a major Primetime Emmy Award nomination: Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series for David Fincher. This episode also received several Creative Arts Emmy Award nominations, including Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series, Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series, and Outstanding Music Composition for a Series (Original Dramatic). Although Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series is not a category that formally recognizes an episode, Spacey submitted "Chapter 1 '' for consideration to earn his nomination. At the Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Award presentation, "Chapter 1 '' and Eigil Bryld earned the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series, making "Chapter 1 '' the first Emmy - awarded webisode. At the Primetime Emmy Awards ceremony, Fincher won for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series for directing the pilot episode "Chapter 1 '' in addition to the pair of Creative Arts Emmy Awards, making "Chapter 1 '' the first Primetime Emmy - awarded webisode. None of the Emmy awards were considered to be in major categories.
For the 71st Golden Globe Awards, House of Cards received four nominations. Among those nominations was Wright for Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Television Series Drama for her portrayal of Claire Underwood, which she won. In so doing she became the first actress to win a Golden Globe Award for an online - only web television series.
For its second season, House of Cards received 13 Primetime Emmy Award nominations, including Outstanding Drama Series, Kevin Spacey for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series, Robin Wright for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series, Kate Mara for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series, and Reg E. Cathey for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series. At the 72nd Golden Globe Awards, the series was nominated for Best Drama Series and Wright was nominated for Best Drama Actress, while Spacey won for Best Drama Actor.
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how are red giants different from main sequence stars | Red giant - Wikipedia
A red giant is a luminous giant star of low or intermediate mass (roughly 0.3 -- 8 solar masses (M)) in a late phase of stellar evolution. The outer atmosphere is inflated and tenuous, making the radius large and the surface temperature around 5,000 K (8,540 ° F) or lower. The appearance of the red giant is from yellow - orange to red, including the spectral types K and M, but also class S stars and most carbon stars.
The most common red giants are stars on the red - giant branch (RGB) that are still fusing hydrogen into helium in a shell surrounding an inert helium core. Other red giants are the red - clump stars in the cool half of the horizontal branch, fusing helium into carbon in their cores via the triple - alpha process; and the asymptotic - giant - branch (AGB) stars with a helium burning shell outside a degenerate carbon -- oxygen core, and a hydrogen burning shell just beyond that.
Red giants are stars that have exhausted the supply of hydrogen in their cores and have begun thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen in a shell surrounding the core. They have radii tens to hundreds of times larger than that of the Sun. However, their outer envelope is lower in temperature, giving them a reddish - orange hue. Despite the lower energy density of their envelope, red giants are many times more luminous than the Sun because of their great size. Red - giant - branch stars have luminosities up to nearly three thousand times that of the Sun (L), spectral types of K or M, have surface temperatures of 3,000 -- 4,000 K, and radii up to about 200 times the Sun (R). Stars on the horizontal branch are hotter, with only a small range of luminosities around 75 L. Asymptotic - giant - branch stars range from similar luminosities as the brighter stars of the red giant branch, up to several times more luminous at the end of the thermal pulsing phase.
Among the asymptotic - giant - branch stars belong the carbon stars of type C-N and late C-R, produced when carbon and other elements are convected to the surface in what is called a dredge - up. The first dredge - up occurs during hydrogen shell burning on the red - giant branch, but does not produce a large carbon abundance at the surface. The second, and sometimes third, dredge up occurs during helium shell burning on the asymptotic - giant branch and convects carbon to the surface in sufficiently massive stars.
The stellar limb of a red giant is not sharply - defined, contrary to their depiction in many illustrations. Rather, due to the very low mass density of the envelope, such stars lack a well - defined photosphere, and the body of the star gradually transitions into a ' corona '. The coolest red giants have complex spectra, with molecular lines, emission features, and sometimes masers, particularly from thermally pulsing AGB stars.
Another noteworthy feature of red giants is that, unlike Sun - like stars whose photospheres have a large number of small convection cells (solar granules), red - giant photospheres, as well as those of red supergiants, have just a few large cells, the features of which cause the variations of brightness so common on both types of stars.
Red giants are evolved from main - sequence stars with masses in the range from about 0.3 M to around 8 M. When a star initially forms from a collapsing molecular cloud in the interstellar medium, it contains primarily hydrogen and helium, with trace amounts of "metals '' (in stellar structure, this simply refers to any element that is not hydrogen or helium i.e. atomic number greater than 2). These elements are all uniformly mixed throughout the star. The star reaches the main sequence when the core reaches a temperature high enough to begin fusing hydrogen (a few million kelvin) and establishes hydrostatic equilibrium. Over its main sequence life, the star slowly converts the hydrogen in the core into helium; its main - sequence life ends when nearly all the hydrogen in the core has been fused. For the Sun, the main - sequence lifetime is approximately 10 billion years. More - massive stars burn disproportionately faster and so have a shorter lifetime than less massive stars.
When the star exhausts the hydrogen fuel in its core, nuclear reactions can no longer continue and so the core begins to contract due to its own gravity. This brings additional hydrogen into a zone where the temperature and pressure are adequate to cause fusion to resume in a shell around the core. The outer layers of the star then expand greatly, thus beginning the red - giant phase of the star 's life. As the star expands, the energy produced in the burning shell of the star is spread over a much larger surface area, resulting in a lower surface temperature and a shift in the star 's visible light output towards the red -- hence it becomes a red giant. At this time, the star is said to be ascending the red - giant branch of the Hertzsprung -- Russell (H -- R) diagram.
The evolutionary path the star takes as it moves along the red - giant branch, that ends finally with the complete collapse of the core, depends on the mass of the star. For the Sun and stars of less than about 2 M the core will become dense enough that electron degeneracy pressure will prevent it from collapsing further. Once the core is degenerate, it will continue to heat until it reaches a temperature of roughly 10 K, hot enough to begin fusing helium to carbon via the triple - alpha process. Once the degenerate core reaches this temperature, the entire core will begin helium fusion nearly simultaneously in a so - called helium flash. In more - massive stars, the collapsing core will reach 10 K before it is dense enough to be degenerate, so helium fusion will begin much more smoothly, and produce no helium flash. The core helium fusing phase of a star 's life is called the horizontal branch in metal - poor stars, so named because these stars lie on a nearly horizontal line in the H -- R diagram of many star clusters. Metal - rich helium - fusing stars instead lie on the so - called red clump in the H -- R diagram.
An analogous process occurs when the central helium is exhausted and the star collapses once again, causing helium in a shell to begin fusing. At the same time hydrogen may begin fusion in a shell just outside the burning helium shell. This puts the star onto the asymptotic giant branch, a second red - giant phase. The helium fusion results in the build up of a carbon -- oxygen core. A star below about 8 M will never start fusion in its degenerate carbon -- oxygen core. Instead, at the end of the asymptotic - giant - branch phase the star will eject its outer layers, forming a planetary nebula with the core of the star exposed, ultimately becoming a white dwarf. The ejection of the outer mass and the creation of a planetary nebula finally ends the red - giant phase of the star 's evolution. The red - giant phase typically lasts only around a billion years in total for a solar mass star, almost all of which is spent on the red - giant branch. The horizontal - branch and asymptotic - giant - branch phases proceed tens of times faster.
If the star has about 0.2 to 0.5 M, it is massive enough to become a red giant but does not have enough mass to initiate the fusion of helium. These "intermediate '' stars cool somewhat and increase their luminosity but never achieve the tip of the red - giant branch and helium core flash. When the ascent of the red - giant branch ends they puff off their outer layers much like a post-asymptotic - giant - branch star and then become a white dwarf.
Very low mass stars are fully convective and may continue to fuse hydrogen into helium for up to a trillion years until only a small fraction of the entire star is hydrogen. Luminosity and temperature steadily increase during this time, just as for more - massive main - sequence stars, but the length of time involved means that the temperature eventually increases by about 50 % and the luminosity by around 10 times. Eventually the level of helium increases to the point where the star ceases to be fully convective and the remaining hydrogen locked in the core is consumed in only a few billion more years. Depending on mass, the temperature and luminosity continue to increase for a time during hydrogen shell burning, the star can become hotter than the Sun and tens of times more luminous than when it formed although still not as luminous as the Sun. After some billions more years, they start to become less luminous and cooler even though hydrogen shell burning continues. These become cool helium white dwarfs.
Very - high - mass stars develop into supergiants that follow an evolutionary track that takes them back and forth horizontally over the HR diagram, at the right end constituting red supergiants. These usually end their life as a type II supernova. The most massive stars can become Wolf -- Rayet stars without becoming giants or supergiants at all.
Red giants with known planets: the M - type HD 208527, HD 220074 and, as of February 2014, a few tens of known K - giants including Pollux, Gamma Cephei and Iota Draconis.
Although traditionally it has been suggested the evolution of a star into a red giant will render its planetary system, if present, uninhabitable, some research suggests that, during the evolution of a 1 M star along the red - giant branch, it could harbor a habitable zone for several times 10 years at 2 AU out to around 10 years at 9 AU out, giving perhaps enough time for life to develop on a suitable world. After the red - giant stage, there would for such a star be a habitable zone between 7 and 22 AU for an additional 10 years. Later studies have refined this scenario, showing how for a 1 M star the habitable zone lasts from 10 years for a planet with an orbit similar to that of Mars one to 7015662709600000000 ♠ 2.1 × 10 yr for one that orbits at Saturn 's distance to the Sun, the maximum time (7016116763120000000 ♠ 3.7 × 10 yr) corresponding for planets orbiting at the distance of Jupiter. However, for planets orbiting a 0.5 M star in equivalent orbits to those of Jupiter and Saturn they would be in the habitable zone for 7017183034080000000 ♠ 5.8 × 10 yr and 7016662709600000000 ♠ 2.1 × 10 yr respectively; for stars more massive than the Sun, the times are considerably shorter.
As of June 2014, 50 giant planets have been discovered around giant stars. However, these giant planets are more massive than the giant planets found around solar - type stars. This could be because giant stars are more massive than the Sun (less massive stars will still be on the main sequence and will not have become giants yet) and more massive stars are expected to have more massive planets. However, the masses of the planets that have been found around giant stars do not correlate with the masses of the stars; therefore, the planets could be growing in mass during the stars ' red giant phase. The growth in planet mass could be partly due to accretion from stellar wind, although a much larger effect would be Roche lobe overflow causing mass - transfer from the star to the planet when the giant expands out to the orbital distance of the planet.
Many of the well known bright stars are red giants, because they are luminous and moderately common. The asymptotic giant branch variable star Gamma Crucis is the nearest M class giant star at 88 light years. The K0 red giant branch star Arcturus is 36 light years away.
In about 5 to 6 billion years, the Sun will have depleted the hydrogen fuel in its core and will begin to expand. At its largest, its surface (photosphere) will approximately reach the current orbit of Earth. It will then lose its atmosphere completely; its outer layers forming a planetary nebula and the core a white dwarf. The evolution of the Sun into and through the red - giant phase has been extensively modelled, but it remains unclear whether Earth will be engulfed by the Sun or will continue in orbit. The uncertainty arises in part because as the Sun burns hydrogen, it loses mass causing Earth (and all planets) to orbit farther away. There are also significant uncertainties in calculating the orbits of the planets over the next 5 -- 6.5 billion years, so the fate of Earth is not well understood. At its brightest, the red - giant Sun will be several thousand times more luminous than today but its surface will be at about half the temperature.
Media related to Red giants at Wikimedia Commons
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where did julia roberts go shopping in pretty woman | Pretty Woman - wikipedia
Pretty Woman is a 1990 American romantic comedy film directed by Garry Marshall from a screenplay by J.F. Lawton. The film stars Richard Gere and Julia Roberts, and features Hector Elizondo, Ralph Bellamy (in his final performance), Laura San Giacomo and Jason Alexander in supporting roles. Its story centers on down - on - her - luck Hollywood hooker Vivian Ward, who is hired by Edward Lewis, a wealthy businessman, to be his escort for several business and social functions, and their developing relationship over the course of her week - long stay with him.
Originally intended to be a dark cautionary tale about class and sex work in Los Angeles, the film was reconceived as a romantic comedy with a large budget. It was widely successful at the box office and became one of the highest - grossing films of 1990. The film saw the highest number of ticket sales in the U.S. ever for a romantic comedy, with Box Office Mojo listing it as the # 1 romantic comedy by the highest estimated domestic tickets sold at 42,176,400, slightly ahead of My Big Fat Greek Wedding (2002) at 41,419,500 tickets. The film received positive reviews, with Roberts 's performance being praised, for which she received a Golden Globe Award and a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress. In addition, screenwriter J.F. Lawton was nominated for a Writers Guild Award and a BAFTA Award.
At the beginning of the film, Edward Lewis accidentally ends up on Hollywood Boulevard in the city 's red - light district, after breaking up with his girlfriend during an unpleasant phone call in which he appears highly controlling; he asks her to escort him during his trip, but she is offended that he treats her as his ' beck and call girl '. Leaving a party, he takes his lawyer 's Lotus Esprit luxury car, and encounters a prostitute, Vivian Ward. He stops for her, having difficulties driving the car, and asks for directions to Beverly Hills. He asks her to get in and guide him to the Beverly Hills Regent Hotel, where he is staying. It becomes clear that Vivian knows more about the Lotus than he does, and he lets her drive. Vivian charges Lewis $20 for the ride, and they separate. She goes to a bus stop, where he finds her and offers to hire her for the night; later, he asks Vivian to play the role his girlfriend has refused, offering her $3000 to stay with him for the next six days as well as paying for a new, more acceptable wardrobe for her. That evening, visibly moved by her transformation, Edward begins seeing Vivian in a different light. He begins to open up to her, revealing his personal and business lives.
Edward takes Vivian to a polo match in hopes of networking for his business deal. His attorney, Phillip, suspects Vivian is a corporate spy, and Edward tells him how they truly met. Phillip later approaches Vivian, suggesting they do business once her work with Edward is finished. Insulted, and furious that Edward has revealed their secret, Vivian wants to end the arrangement. Edward apologizes, and admits to feeling jealous of a business associate to whom Vivian paid attention at the match. Vivian 's straightforward personality is rubbing off on Edward, and he finds himself acting in unaccustomed ways. Clearly growing involved, Edward takes Vivian in his private jet to see La Traviata in San Francisco. Vivian is moved to tears by the story of the prostitute who falls in love with a rich man. Vivian breaks her "no kissing on the mouth '' rule (which her friend Kit taught her) and they have sex; in the aftermath, Vivian tells Edward she loves him, but he does not respond. Edward offers to put her up in an apartment so she can be off the streets. Hurt, she refuses, says this is not the "fairy tale '' she dreamed of as a child, in which a knight on a white horse rescues her.
Meeting with the tycoon whose shipbuilding company he is in the process of "raiding, '' Edward changes his mind. His time with Vivian has shown him a different way of looking at life, and he suggests working together to save the company rather than tearing it apart and selling off the pieces. Phillip, furious at losing so much money, goes to the hotel to confront Edward, but finds only Vivian. Blaming her for the change in Edward, he attempts to rape her. Edward arrives and throws Phil out of the room.
With his business in L.A. complete, Edward asks Vivian to stay one more night with him -- because she wants to, not because he 's paying her. She refuses. At the end of the film, Edward re-thinks his life and has the hotel chauffeur detour to Vivian 's apartment building, where he leaps from out the white limo 's sun roof and "rescues her '', an urban visual metaphor for the knight on a white horse of her dreams. The film ends with the famous last line from Vivian:
Edward Lewis: So what happens after he climbed up the tower and rescues her? Vivian: She rescues him right back.
The film was initially conceived as a dark drama about sex work in Los Angeles in the 1980s. The relationship between Vivian and Edward also originally involved controversial themes, including Vivian being addicted to drugs; part of the deal was that she had to stay off cocaine for a week. Edward eventually throws her out of his car and drives off. The original script ended with Vivian and her sex - worker friend on the bus to Disneyland. Producer Laura Ziskin considered these elements detrimental to a sympathetic portrayal of Vivian, and they were removed or assigned to Kit. The deleted scenes have been found, and some were included on the DVD released for the film 's 15th anniversary. In one, Vivian tells Edward, "I could just pop ya good and be on my way '', indicating her disinterest in "pillow talk ''. In another, she is confronted by drug dealers, then rescued by Edward.
The film bears striking resemblances to Pygmalion myths: particularly George Bernard Shaw 's play of the same name, which also formed the basis for the Broadway musical My Fair Lady. It was Walt Disney Studios then - president Jeffrey Katzenberg who insisted the film be re-written as a modern - day fairy tale and love story, as opposed to the original dark drama. It was pitched to Touchstone Pictures and re-written as a romantic comedy. The original script was titled $3,000, in reference to the amount Edward pays for a week 's company from Vivian. However, this title was changed because Disney executives thought it sounded like a title for a science fiction film. The script also has unconfirmed references to That Touch of Mink, starring Doris Day and Cary Grant.
The film is one of two movies that triggered a resurgence of romantic comedy in Hollywood, the other being When Harry Met Sally. After the 1960s Doris Day / Rock Hudson romantic comedies, the genre had fallen out of favor. Following this film 's success, Roberts became the romantic comedy queen of the 1990s.
Casting of the film was a rather lengthy process. Marshall had initially considered Christopher Reeve, Daniel Day - Lewis, and Denzel Washington for the role of Edward, and Al Pacino and Burt Reynolds turned it down. Pacino went as far as doing a casting reading with Roberts before rejecting the part. Gere initially refused but when he met with Roberts, she persuaded him and he eventually agreed to play Lewis. He reportedly started off much more active in his role; but Garry Marshall took him aside and said "No, no, no, Richard. In this movie, one of you moves and one of you does not. Guess which one you are? '' Julia Roberts was not the first choice for the role of Vivian, and was not wanted by Disney. Many other actresses were considered. Marshall originally envisioned Karen Allen for the role; when she declined, auditions went to many better - known actresses of the time including Molly Ringwald, who turned it down because she felt uncomfortable playing a sex worker. Winona Ryder auditioned, but was turned down because Marshall felt she was "too young ''. Jennifer Connelly was also dismissed for the same reason.
Meg Ryan, who was a top choice of Marshall 's, turned it down as well. According to a note written by Marshall, Mary Steenburgen was also among the first choices. Diane Lane came very close to being cast (the script was much darker at the time); they had gone as far as costume fittings, but due to scheduling conflicts she could not accept. Michelle Pfeiffer turned the role down, saying she did not like the script 's "tone. '' Daryl Hannah was also considered, but believed the role was "degrading to women ''. Valeria Golino declined, doubting it would work with her thick Italian accent. And Jennifer Jason Leigh had auditioned. When all the other actresses turned down the role, 21 - year - old Julia Roberts, a relative unknown, with only the sleeper hit Mystic Pizza (1988) and the yet - to - be-released Steel Magnolias (1989) to her credit, won the role of Vivian. Her performance made her a star.
The film 's budget was substantial, at $14 million, so producers could shoot in many locations. Most filming took place in Los Angeles, California, specifically in Beverly Hills, and inside soundstages at Walt Disney Studios in Burbank. The escargot restaurant the "Voltaire '' was shot at the restaurant "Rex, '' now called "Cicada ''. Scenes set in the Beverly Wilshire Hotel lobby were shot at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles. Filming commenced on July 24, 1989, but was immediately plagued by problems. These included Ferrari and Porsche declining the product placement opportunity for the car Edward drove, neither firm wishing to be associated with sex workers. Lotus Cars saw the placement value, and supplied a Silver 1989.5 Esprit SE (which was later sold).
Shooting was a generally pleasant, easy - going experience, as the budget was broad and the shooting schedule was not tight. While shooting the scene where Vivian is lying down on the floor of Edward 's penthouse, watching reruns of I Love Lucy, Garry Marshall had to tickle Roberts ' feet (out of camera range) to get her to laugh. The scene in which Gere playfully snaps the lid of a jewelry case on her fingers was improvised, and her surprised laugh was genuine. The red dress Vivian wears to the opera has been listed among the most unforgettable dresses of all time.
During the scene in which Roberts sang to a Prince song in the bathtub, slid down and submerged her head under the bubbles; she emerged to find the crew had left except for the cameraman, who captured the moment on film. In the love scene, she was so stressed that a vein become noticeable on her forehead and had to be massaged by Marshall and Gere. She also developed a case of hives, and calamine lotion was used to soothe her skin until filming resumed. The filming was completed on October 18.
In its opening weekend, the film was at number one at the box office, grossing $11,280,591 and averaging $8,513 per theater. Despite dropping to number two in its second weekend, it grossed more with $12,471,670. It was number one at the box office for four non-consecutive weeks, and in the Top 10 for 16 weeks. It has grossed $178,406,268 in the United States and $285,000,000 in other countries for a total worldwide gross of $463,406,268. It was also the fourth highest - grossing film of the year in the United States and the third highest - grossing worldwide. The film remains Disney 's highest - grossing R - rated release ever.
The film received mixed to positive reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 61 % of 55 film critics have given it a positive review, with a rating average of 5.7 out of 10. Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, gives it a score of 51 based on 17 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews. ''
Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a D, saying it "starts out as a neo-Pygmalion comedy '' and with "its tough - hooker heroine, it can work as a feminist version of an upscale princess fantasy. '' Gleiberman also said it "pretends to be about how love transcends money, '' but "is really obsessed with status symbols. '' On its twentieth anniversary, Gleiberman wrote another article, saying that while he felt he was right, he would have given it a B today. Carina Chocano of The New York Times said the movie "was n't a love story, it was a money story. Its logic depended on a disconnect between character and narrative, between image and meaning, between money and value, and that made it not cluelessly traditional but thoroughly postmodern. ''
The film is noted for its musical selections. The hugely successful soundtrack features the song "Oh, Pretty Woman '' by Roy Orbison, which inspired its title. Roxette 's "It Must Have Been Love '' reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 in June 1990. The soundtrack also features "King of Wishful Thinking '' by Go West, "Show Me Your Soul '' by Red Hot Chili Peppers, "No Explanation '' by Peter Cetera, "Wild Women Do '' by Natalie Cole and "Fallen '' by Lauren Wood. The soundtrack went on to be certified triple platinum by the RIAA.
The opera featured in the film is La Traviata, which also served as inspiration for its plot. The highly dramatic aria fragment that is repeated is the end of "Dammi tu forza! '' ("Give me strength! ''), from the opera. The piano piece Gere 's character plays in the hotel lobby was actually composed by and performed by him. Roberts sings the song "Kiss '' by Prince while she is in the tub and Gere 's character is on the phone. Background music is composed by James Newton Howard. Entitled "He Sleeps / Love Theme '', this piano composition is inspired by Bruce Springsteen 's "Racing in the Street ''.
The soundtrack was released on March 13, 1990 by EMI.
A stage musical adaptation of the film is scheduled to open on Broadway in the fall of 2018. This follows an out - of - town tryout at the Oriental Theatre in Chicago, which will run from March 13 to April 15, 2018. The musical has music and lyrics by Bryan Adams and Jim Vallance; the late Garry Marshall and J.F. Lawton will co-write the book and Jerry Mitchell is the director and choreographer. The Chicago and Broadway casts will feature Samantha Barks, in her Broadway debut as Vivian and Steve Kazee as Edward. Orfeh will portray Kit, and Jason Danieley will play Philip Stuckey. Eric Anderson will portray the role of Mr. Thompson.
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what are the main uses of water in california | Water in California - Wikipedia
California 's interconnected water system serves over 30 million people and irrigates over 5,680,000 acres (2,300,000 ha) of farmland. As the world 's largest, most productive, and most controversial water system, it manages over 40,000,000 acre feet (49 km) of water per year.
Water and water rights are among the state 's divisive political issues. Due to the lack of reliable dry season rainfall, water is limited in the most populous U.S. state. An ongoing debate is whether the state should increase the redistribution of water to its large agricultural and urban sectors, or increase conservation and preserve the natural ecosystems of the water sources.
California 's limited water supply comes from two main sources: surface water, or water that travels or gathers on the ground, like rivers, streams, and lakes; and groundwater, which is water that is pumped out from the ground. California has also begun producing a small amount of desalinated water, water that was once sea water, but has been purified.
Groundwater is a critical element of the California water supply. During a normal year, 30 % of the state 's water supply comes from groundwater (underground water). In times of intense drought, groundwater consumption can rise to 60 % or more. Over 850,000,000 acre feet (1,050 km) of water is stored in California 's 450 known groundwater reservoirs. However, not all the water is usable. Over half of the groundwater is unavailable due to poor quality and the high cost of pumping the water from the ground. While surface water is concentrated mostly in the northern part of the state, groundwater is more evenly distributed.
The largest groundwater reservoirs are found in the Central Valley. The majority of the supply there is in the form of runoff that seeps into the aquifer. The freshwater is usually found in deposits of gravel, silt, and sand. Below these deposits lies a layer of deep sediment, a relic of the era when the Pacific Ocean covered the area.
Though California has laws governing surface water usage and quality, there exist no statewide groundwater management laws. Each groundwater basin is individually adjudicated to determine water rights. Otherwise, for all practical purposes, land ownership implicitly carries the right to virtually unlimited groundwater pumping.
The large quantity of water beneath the surface has given rise to the misconception that groundwater is a sort of renewable resource that can be limitlessly tapped. Calculations assuming that groundwater usage is sustainable if the rate of removal equals the rate of recharge are often incorrect as a result of ignoring changes in water consumption and water renewal.
While the volume of groundwater in California is very large, aquifers can be over drafted when groundwater is removed more rapidly than it is replenished. In 1999, it was estimated that the average, annual overdrafting was around 2,200,000 acre feet (2.7 km) across the state, with 800,000 acre feet (0.99 km) in the Central Valley. Since then, overdrafting had significantly increased. Satellite measurements found that in just the combined Sacramento and San Joaquin River basins, including the Central Valley, overdrafting between 2011 and 2014 was 12,000,000 acre feet (15 km) of water per year.
California has ten major drainage basins defined for convenience of water management. These basins are divided from one another by the crests of mountains. From north to south the basins are: North Coast, Sacramento River, North Lahontan, San Francisco Bay, San Joaquin River, Central Coast, Tulare Lake, South Lahontan, South Coast, and Colorado River regions. Each region incorporates watersheds from many rivers of similar clime.
The Central Valley watershed, which incorporates the Sacramento River, San Joaquin River and Tulare Lake regions, is the largest in California, draining over a third of the state -- 60,000 square miles (160,000 km) -- and producing nearly half the total runoff. The Sierra Nevada snowpack feeds Central Valley river systems and is a critical source of water in the state 's long dry season when little if any precipitation falls. Up to 30 percent of California 's water supply is from snowpack. Much of California 's extensive reservoir and aqueduct system is designed to store and capture runoff from the Central Valley watershed. The Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers converge at the Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta, a large fresh - water estuary from where much of the state 's water supply is withdrawn. The Central Valley watershed provides most of the water for Northern and Central California, as well as a significant chunk of Southern California 's usage.
The North Coast watershed receives the highest annual precipitation of any California watershed. It incorporates many large river systems such as the Klamath, Smith and Eel, and produces over a third of the runoff in the state. With a few exceptions, the North Coast watersheds are relatively undeveloped and provides water only to local communities. The vast majority of water flows uncontrolled into the Pacific Ocean. There have been many proposals to divert water from North Coast rivers to increase water supplies in the rest of California, but these projects were never realized, both due to cost and potential environmental harm.
The Colorado River originates more than 1,000 miles (1,600 km) from California in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado and Wyoming and forms the state 's southeastern border in the Mojave Desert. Unlike the other California watersheds, essentially all of the water flowing in the Colorado originates outside the state. The Colorado is a critical source of irrigation and urban water for southern California, providing between 55 and 65 percent of the total supply.
The Central and South Coast watersheds include the most populous regions of California -- the San Francisco Bay Area, Los Angeles and San Diego -- but have relatively little natural runoff, requiring the importation of water from other parts of the state.
Rivers of the Lahontan watersheds in eastern California are part of the high desert Great Basin and do not drain to the Pacific. Most of the water is used locally in eastern California and western Nevada for irrigation. The Owens River of the South Lahontan region, however, is a principal source of water for Los Angeles.
Rain typically falls in California only during the winter and spring months, from October through May, with more rain falling on the northern half of the state than the southern. Approximately 75 percent of the total precipitation volume occurs north of Sacramento, while 75 percent of the total water demand is in the south. With very rare exceptions, summers are dry throughout the state. Precipitation falling as snow in the Sierra and other mountain ranges feeds the network of reservoirs and surface water sources that supply the state; a low rainfall or light snowfall year can result in drought.
Rivers in northern and coastal California are mainly rain fed, peaking from January to April and falling to very low levels between June and November. Snowmelt has a significant influence on the Sierra Nevada rivers from east of Sacramento to east of Bakersfield, which typically peak between April and July. Snowmelt is also the primary water source for the Colorado River which supplies southern California.
California precipitation and snowpack is measured by the state of California by "water year '', which runs from October 1 to September 30.
In response to water shortages in the state, some water districts are looking to desalination as a way to provide water for residents. Supporters view seawater desalination as a safer water source, since it draws its water from the ocean and thus, is not affected by periods of drought like other sources of water are. Another incentive for desalination is the ability for localities to be more self - sufficient with their water supply, thus improving their drought resilience. However, desalination has been the subject of scrutiny by opponents, who believe that the costs and possible environmental effects of desalination are indicators that California should continue to pursue other alternatives.
Although the response to desalination has been mixed, some areas of California are moving forward with seawater desalination. In December 2015, Poseidon Water completed the construction of the Claude "Bud '' Lewis Carlsbad Desalination Plant. This facility, which was approved by the San Diego Water Authority, is responsible for providing water for about 8 % of San Diego County 's water by the year 2020. As of December 2015, there are 6 additional seawater desalination plants currently in operation in the state of California. As of May 2016, there are also 9 more proposed desalination plants.
Water always gets recycled, via rivers, aquifers, and the atmosphere, but we can also do this directly and intentionally. Water reuse in California is increasingly important, with reclaimed water being used preferably for agricultural irrigation, toilet flushing, and industry (e.g., making concrete, cooling), although some apply direct and indirect potable reuse, risking environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutant s and other constituents of emerging concern. Treatment should be in accordance with the use and, in many cases, water can be safely and productively recycled back to the same non-potable use.
Water use in California is divided into approximately 51 % for environmental uses, 39 % agricultural use and 11 % urban uses, though that varies considerably between regions and between wet and dry years. Solely relying on these statewide volumes is controversial because they do n't consider the fact that most of the volume of water used for environmental purposes includes flows down Wild and Scenic Rivers in the North Coast where there is no practical way to recover it for either agricultural or urban use because it lacks many connections to the statewide water supply system. It also does n't factor in the amount of water required to keep salty water from the Pacific Ocean from intruding into the Delta beyond a certain small concentration. Otherwise, "reduced water quality resulting from large amounts of salt water drawn into the Delta could shut down the export pumps that supply fresh water to agriculture and cities. ''
Around 75 % of California 's water supply comes from north of Sacramento, while 80 % of the water demand occurs in the southern two - thirds of the state. The Sacramento - San Joaquin River Delta Estuary located between San Francisco Bay and Sacramento receives about 40 % of California 's total precipitation and 50 % of its total streamflow. It is a critical hub used by the federal Central Valley Project and California State Water Project to connect water collected and stored in the north regions of the state with aqueducts and canals that transport it to users in the North Bay, South Bay, East Bay, and Greater Southern California. In a typical year, about 10.8 million acre - feet are exported from the Delta: 67 % is delivered by the Central Valley Project, 26 % by the State Water Project and the remainder to other federal water project users. Those flows are greatly reduced in drought years. About 16.5 million acre - feet of water entering the Delta in a typical year flows through the Delta into San Francisco Bay, including 6.3 million acre - feet in governmentally mandated environmental flows; 22.4 million acre - feet is used for other environmental purposes, and 1.6 million acre - feet supplies water to managed wetlands and wildlife preserves.
In an average year, about 39 % of California 's water consumption, or 34.1 million acre - feet, is used for agricultural purposes. Of that total, 11 %, or 8.9 million acre - feet is not consumed by the farms for crop production but is instead recycled and reused by other water users, including environmental use, urban use, and agricultural use, yielding net water consumption for food and fiber production equal to 28 % of California 's water consumption, or 25.2 million acre - feet. This water irrigates almost 29 million acres (120,000 km), which grows 350 different crops. Agricultural water usage varies depending on the amount of rainfall each year.
Alfalfa uses about 18 % of California irrigation water and produces 4 % of California 's farm-gate revenue, most of which is used as livestock feed. In 2015, California exported one - fourth of its total alfalfa production of roughly 2 million tons. About one - third of that, around 700,000 tons, went to China, Japan took about the same amount and Saudi Arabia bought 5,000 tons. Alfalfa farmers pay about $70 an acre - foot, in Los Angeles that same amount of water is worth $1000 per acre - foot. In 2012, California exported 575,000 tons of alfalfa to China, for $586 million. Other common crop water use, if using all irrigated water: fruits and nuts with 34 % of water use and 45 % of revenue, field crops with 14 % of water and 4 % of revenue, pasture forage with 11 % of water use and 1 % of revenue, rice with 8 % of water use and 2 % of revenue (despite its lack of water, California grows nearly 5 billion pounds of rice per year, and is the second largest rice - growing state), and truck farming of vegetables and nursery crops with 4 % of water use and 42 % of revenue; head of broccoli: 5.4 gallons; one walnut: 4.9 gallons; head of lettuce: 3.5 gallons; one tomato: 3.3 gallons; one almond 1.1 gallon; one pistachio: 0.75 gallon; one strawberry 0.4 gallon; one grape: 0.3 gallon.
Horses, based on the amount of alfalfa they eat, use about 1.9 million acre feet of water -- about 7 % of irrigated water in the state. There are 698,000 horses in California.
Cheap agricultural water paired with a mild climate has allowed farmers to produce widely in California. Jane Dye Gussow discusses California 's agricultural water in her book This Organic Life. She argues the farms that use precious water in California produces food in an area that "was never intended to be a garden. '' The Central Valley, where the majority of this agricultural water is used, is the most threatened agricultural land in the nation.
Urban and industrial use of water consumes about 11 %, or 8.9 million acre - feet, of total water consumption in an average year. A 2011 study of a sampling of 735 California homes across ten water districts found that the weighted average annual total water use of these homes was 132,000 US gallons (0.41 acre ⋅ ft) per year or 362 US gallons (0.00111 acre ⋅ ft) per household per day. The study found that about 53 % of total average household water use, or more than 192 US gallons (0.00059 acre ⋅ ft) per household per day, was used for landscaping and other outdoor uses. Meanwhile, indoor use accounted for more than 170 US gallons (0.00052 acre ⋅ ft) per household per day. The most in - home water consumption is toilet flushes, using 20 % of the water. After toilets, 20 % is used for showers and 18 % goes to leaks inside homes.
In Sacramento, in 2012 before the severe drought started, residents were using 217 US gallons (0.00067 acre ⋅ ft) a day per - capita. Many homes in Sacramento did n't have water meters until recently. They now are gradually being installed after former Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger signed a 2004 law mandating meters statewide by 2025.
After Folsom, a city of 72,000 east of Sacramento, installed meters in 2011 and adopted tiered rates that charge more for people who consume the most water, per - capita use started falling steadily.
In response to the severe California drought, in April 2015, Governor Jerry Brown issued an executive order mandating statewide reductions in water use. The mandate aimed to reduce the amount of water consumed statewide in urban areas by 25 % from 2013 levels. The State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) proposed regulatory instructions that grouped urban water utilities into nine tiers, with conservation standards ranging from 8 % to 36 %.
There are six main systems of aqueducts and infrastructure that redistribute and transport water in California: the State Water Project, the Central Valley Project, several Colorado River delivery systems, the Los Angeles Aqueduct, the Tuolumne River / Hetch Hetchy system, and the Mokelumne Aqueduct.
The California State Water Project is the largest multipurpose, state - built water project in the United States. The SWP transports water from the Feather River watershed to agriculture, and some of the water goes to industrial and urban users. More than two - thirds of Californians receive some water from the SWP. The system was designed and contracted to deliver 4,200,000 acre feet (5.2 km), but in an average year delivers only 2,300,000 acre feet (2.8 km) because many of the original planned features were never built. Twenty - nine agencies hold contracts for SWP water. The contractors pay for SWP 's major operating costs and have gradually reduced the $1.75 billion bond debt that supplied funds for initial construction. In the years since 1960, SWP has built 29 dams, 18 pumping plants, five hydroelectric power plants, and around 600 miles (970 km) of canals and pipelines.
The SWP system begins with reservoirs on upper tributaries of the Feather River. Oroville Dam creates the largest SWP reservoir. At 770 feet (230 m) above the riverbed, the dam is the tallest in the United States. The reservoir covers 15,000 acres (61 km) and holds 3,500,000 acre feet (4.3 km). Water travels from Lake Oroville to the Sacramento River. At Harvey O. Banks Delta Pumping Plant, which pulls SWP water into the Bethany Reservoir, around 2,200,000 acre feet (2.7 km) are extracted from the Delta each year. Water that flows to the south end of the San Joaquin Valley must be pumped over the Tehachapi Mountains. Because of this, the SWP is California 's largest energy consumer, and even though the hydroelectric plants of the SWP generate 5,900 GWh per year, that is only a fraction of the energy needed to lift water over the Tehachapis. Below the Tehachapis the California Aqueduct splits, with the west branch storing water in Castaic and Pyramid Lake, and the east branch storing water in the Silverwood Lake reservoir.
The CVP 's original purpose was to tame seasonal flooding and to direct water to the south to irrigate 3 million acres (12,000 km) of farmland. The CVP is operated by the United States Bureau of Reclamation. As one of the largest water systems in the world it stores over 7,000,000 acre feet (8.6 km) of water, or 17 percent of the state 's developed water. The CVP dams and diverts five major rivers: the Trinity, the Sacramento, the American, the Stanislaus, and the San Joaquin. Friant Dam, on the San Joaquin, was completed in 1944, forming Millerton Lake. This was one of 20 reservoirs in the CVP. Shasta Dam, the largest CVP storage facility, was completed in 1945. At Sacramento, American River water stored by Folsom Dam is added. 2,500,000 acre feet (3.1 km) are annually pumped from the Delta into the Delta - Mendota Canal. New Melones Dam on the Stanislaus River was finished in 1979, and the reservoir was filled in 1982.
The CVP has generated some controversy about environmental damage, prices charged to farmers, and lax enforcement of farm size limitations. Bureau of Reclamation water was supposed to be used for farms limited to 160 acres (see Homestead Act). Under Spanish and Mexican land grants, however, there were only a few land owners, all of whom owned large tracts of land. A 1982 reform increased CVP area limits to 960 acres (3.9 km). In 1992, the Central Valley Project Improvement Act made fish and wildlife protection and restoration an authorized purpose of the CVP on an equal footing with other authorized purposes. 800,000 acre feet (0.99 km) of annual runoff were dedicated to environmental usage, which generated intense controversy.
The Colorado River is the source of 4,400,000 acre feet (5.4 km) per year for California. Six other states along the river 's watershed (Wyoming, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona) and Mexico, share allocated portions of river water. The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, or MWD, holds priority water rights on the Colorado. It sells water to 95 percent of the South Coast region. Lake Mead, formed by Hoover Dam, is the primary reservoir in the Colorado River basin. The Colorado River Aqueduct begins 155 miles (249 km) downstream from Hoover Dam, and can carry 1,200,000 acre feet (1.5 km) annually.
An additional system diverts water from the Colorado River at the Imperial Diversion Dam provides waters to the Imperial and Coachella valleys as well as Yuma, Arizona, via the Alamo Canal, the Coachella Canal and the All - American Canal, which runs alongside the Mexican border. This system was also responsible for the accidental re-creation of the Salton Sea in 1905.
The Colorado is considered over-allocated, because apportionments were made on inaccurate measurements of annual runoff. Marc Reisner in Cadillac Desert noted that the Colorado is "unable to satisfy all the demands on it, so it is referred to as a ' deficit ' river, as if the river were somehow at fault for its overuse ''. For years California took more than its share of the apportionment, because other states were not prepared to use their entire allotments. MWD became used to 800,000 acre feet (0.99 km) excess of water. Pressure from other Colorado river states caused the Secretary of the Interior to order California to show progress towards decreasing its dependency on the excess 800,000 acre feet (0.99 km), or face cuts. The Colorado River Water Use Plan called for Imperial and Coachella Valley agriculture to give up water in order to reallocate 800,000 acre feet (0.99 km) within the state. The plan 's proposals generated much controversy, and the deadline arrived with no agreement reached. The Department of the Interior reduced MWD 's access by 415,000 acre feet (0.512 km).
The Los Angeles Aqueduct carries water from the Eastern Sierra Nevada to Los Angeles. The construction of the aqueduct marked the first major water delivery project in California. The city purchased 300,000 acres (1,200 km) of land in the Owens Valley in order to gain access to water rights. The Los Angeles Department of Water and Power transports 400,000 acre feet (0.49 km) of Eastern Sierra Nevada water to the city each year. This growth clearly shows William Mulholland 's observation that "Whoever brings the water, brings the people. ''
After four decades of diversion from the Mono Lake area, environmental damage created an environmental battle in the 1980s, with a victory for the Mono Lake proponents in 1994. Other problems arose when dust from the bed of Owens Lake (completely dried up by diversions) became a major source of air pollution in the southern Owens Valley. To restore Mono Lake, correct air - quality law violations, and rewater portions of the Owens River, Los Angeles has begun to reduce its dependence on Eastern Sierra Nevada water. This has mostly been achieved through water conservation. The city enacted a program offering free low - flow toilets to its customers.
The Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct carries water from the Tuolumne River to San Francisco and other Bay Area regions. The system starts in Hetch Hetchy Valley, inside Yosemite National Park. The system also generates up to 400MW of electrical power, depending on rainfall, most of which is sent to San Francisco via city - owned power lines. After water leaves Hetch Hetchy, it passes through tunnels towards powerhouses. Three pipes then bring the water across the Central Valley. Concerns about the Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct 's ability to withstand earthquakes led to a $1.7 billion bond, approved by voters in November 2002.
The East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD) serves 35 communities in Alameda and Contra Costa Counties, including Berkeley and Oakland. The Mokelumne River in the central Sierra Nevada is the source for almost all of EBMUD 's water. EBMUD built the Pardee Dam across the Mokelumne in the foothills northeast of Stockton. South of Pardee is Camanche Reservoir, which regulates releases to serve downstream water rights holders. EBMUD holds almost 30,000 acres (120 km) in the Mokulumne River watershed and 25,000 acres (100 km) in other watersheds. EBMUD also has an American River water right that could be sent to the Mokelumne Aqueduct through the Folsom South Canal. The only time this has been done was during the drought years of 1977 -- 78, when the water was actually pumped from the Delta. This generated controversy, as EBMUD preferred the cleaner water from the American River, but environmentalists and Sacramento had concerns about the impacts such a diversion would have on the river. The legal battle led to affirmation of EBMUD 's water right, but modifications were also negotiated. The intake point was moved downstream, to maintain minimum flows in the American River before it merges with the Sacramento.
The North Bay Aqueduct of the California State Water Project delivers an annual average of 39,309 acre - feet of water to urban communities and agricultural users in Napa, Solano, Sonoma and Marin counties. That water is diverted from the Sacramento - San Joaquin River Delta Estuary, a water hub that serves as the junction of south -, west, and north - flowing rivers draining the Cascade and Sierra Nevada mountain ranges.
Certain municipalities north of San Francisco Bay, including Santa Rosa and Petaluma, are served by the Sonoma County Water Agency. Their primary water source is the Russian River. However, it must be noted that the Russian River owes its summer flow in large part to the Eel, which is bled off via a tunnel into Potter Valley (via the Potter Valley Project) and flows to a reservoir near Ukiah, Lake Mendocino. PG&E now owns the rights to this delivery system, as well as the long controversial history. There are many along the Eel who would like their water back.
The cities of Vallejo, Fairfield, and Vacaville are served by the Solano County Water Agency, which transports water from Lake Berryessa and moves it south along the Putah South Canal. Marin County has the Marin Municipal Water District and the North Marin Water District.
The planning and management of water in California is subject to a vast number of laws, regulations, management plans, and historic water rights. The state agency responsible for water planning is the California Department of Water Resources.
There have been several documents known as the "California Water Plan '', with the most recent being published in 2013. Before the state of California started drafting comprehensive plans for the management of water in the state, the earliest plan for water distribution in California was an 1873 report. This was followed by a 1919 report called "Irrigation of Twelve Million Acres in the Valley of California ''. The 1919 report is this first comprehensive plan, and is often called the "Marshall Plan '', after its author Col. Robert Bradford Marshall. There have been many subsequent water plans and water plan updates, which were often issued as California Department of Water Resources bulletins. California Water Code provides guidance or the plan updates. Beginning in 1957, early Water Plan Updates were largely technical and focused on water supply development. Plans gradually became more comprehensive to address the state 's growing conflicts over limited resources. Updates now present the status and trends of California 's water - dependent natural resources; water supplies; and agricultural, urban, and environmental water demands for a range of plausible future scenarios. They also evaluate different combinations of regional and statewide resource management strategies to reduce water demand, increase water supply, reduce flood risk, improve water quality, and enhance environmental and resource stewardship. The evaluations and assessments performed for the updates help identify effective actions and policies for meeting California 's resource management objectives in the near term and for several decades to come.
Since 2000, another major goal for each update has been to receive broad input and support from Californians. Preparation of these new millennial Water Plan updates has been widely viewed as exceptionally transparent and collaborative as the consensus seeking process is routinely cited by other agencies and states as a model for policy planning efforts. The approach involves: interest based dialog and exchange among teams, committees and the public to develop work products; multiple opportunities for review by different audiences; and integration and reconciliation of feedback from a variety of perspectives.
Update 2013 leverages the clear guidance Governor Edmund G. Brown Jr. (Jerry Brown) forged with his California Water Action Plan. That five - year plan, released in January 2014, outlines a succinct set of actions that together bring reliability, restoration, and resilience to California water resources, even as the state 's population is expected to grow from 38 million to 50 million by 2049.
Three related themes distinguish Update 2013 from Update 2009. The five year time span reinforced the value of integrated water management, and Update 2013 closely examines the practices and policies that allow water managers to combine flood management, environmental stewardship, and surface water and groundwater supply actions to deliver multiple benefits across a region. Fundamental to that integrated approach is better alignment in the management of data, planning, policy - making, and regulation across local, State, tribal, and federal governments.
On more than one occasion, the California Supreme Court has noted that "the scope and technical complexity of issues concerning water resource management are unequalled by virtually any other type of activity presented to the courts. '' An example of this complexity is demonstrated in the case of National Audubon Society v. Superior Court.
Water rights are divided in multiple ways. Water rights to surface water and underground sources are separate. Also, California recognizes four distinct types of water rights to surface water in its statutory and common law: pueblo, riparian, prior appropriation, and water reserved by the US. A fifth statutory right also provides area of origin watershed rights.
California recognizes water rights granted to pueblos (settlements) under the Spanish and Mexican governments, prior to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Under the doctrine, pueblos organized under the laws of Mexico or Spain have a water right to the yield of all streams and rivers flowing through the city and the groundwater aquifers lying below. Pueblo water rights are superior to all riparian and appropriative rights and can not be lost by a failure to assert an interest or use the water. In addition, the pueblo 's claim expands with the needs of the city and may be used to supply the needs of areas that are later annexed to the city. Los Angeles and San Diego are the only original pueblos to exercise their pueblo water rights in the courts.
Pueblo water rights are controversial. Some modern scholars and courts argue that the pueblo water rights doctrine lacks a historical basis in Spanish or Mexican water law.
Under the riparian doctrine, "the owner of land has the right to divert the water flowing by his land for use upon his land, without regard to the extent of such use or priority in time ''. "Riparians on a stream system are vested with a common ownership such that in times of water shortage all riparians must reduce their usage proportionately. ''
Riparian water rights were inherited from the common law of England. Under the doctrine, property owners have correlative rights to the reasonable use of the water passing through their land adjacent to the watercourse. The right is part and parcel with the land itself and, in California, only accompanies those tracts that have always directly touched the water.
The English focus on landownership differs sharply from the "first in time, first in right '' approach 49ers, who were generally trespassing on federal land, developed to wash hills into rivers. In Lux v. Haggin (1886) the California Supreme Court resolved the conflict by finding that riparian water rights are superior even to older prior appropriations. When in 1926 the Court went so far as to find that riparian owners did not need to put their water to beneficial use, the People amended the California Constitution to reverse the decision, establishing that no water in the state may be wasted.
While riparian rights are superior to appropriative rights and may survive dormant and unused, in 1979 the California Supreme Court found that the California State Water Resources Control Board has the power to assign unused riparian rights lower priority than existing prior appropriations.
"The appropriation doctrine confers upon one who actually diverts and uses water the right to do so provided that the water is used for reasonable and beneficial uses, '' regardless of whether that person owns land contiguous to the watercourse. In addition, all appropriative rights are subordinate to riparians or earlier appropriators. In times of shortage riparians are entitled to fulfill their needs before appropriators are entitled to any use of the water. "And, as between appropriators, the rule of priority is ' first in time, first in right. ' '' Beginning in 1914, a statutory scheme has provided the exclusive method of acquiring appropriation rights through the California State Water Resources Control Board. The modern system of prior appropriation water rights followed by California is characterized by five principles:
Beneficial use is defined as agricultural, industrial, or urban use. Environmental uses, such as maintaining body of water and the wildlife that use it, were not initially regarded as beneficial uses in some states but have been accepted in some areas. Every water right is parameterized by an annual yield and an appropriation date. When a water right is sold, it maintains its original appropriation date.
Lands reserved by the United States government are accompanied by a corresponding reservation of water rights for as much water is needed to fulfill the purpose for which the reservation was made. Such reservations were made on behalf of Native American tribes, national parks, monuments and forests. Water rights reserved by the United States are defined by and controlled by federal law. And because reserved water rights are not riparian nor appropriative, they may conflict with state law.
California provides communities and other water users within watersheds senior status over appropriative water rights in limited circumstances. California area of origin laws include The County of Origin Law (1931), The Water Protection Statute (1933), and The Delta Protection Act (1959).
Area of origin water rights parallel pueblo water rights. In both cases, water is reserved for future growth of the local community. In other words, appropriations may be subject to a water rights claim from people / government in the area of origin. That later claim would be senior despite its temporal disconnect. As a result of its pueblo rights, Los Angeles has rights to all or almost all water from the Los Angeles River. In the same way, communities along major water sources such as the Sacramento River theoretically have senior water rights to support growth despite a downstream user holding otherwise senior appropriative water rights.
Area of origin laws were passed in reaction to the controversies related to Los Angeles diverting water from the Owens Valley. Despite being on the books for generations, the area of origin statutes were not used until 2000. In addition, there currently are no court opinions regarding area of origin watershed rights.
Since under the law, landowners can extract as much groundwater from their property as they can put to beneficial use, adjudication was used to determine who had the right to pump how much and to audit such usage. The courts appoint water masters to audit usage and otherwise enforce water rights, who are often management boards, the federal United States Department of the Interior, the California Department of Water Resources, or an individual.
The California Water Wars, a struggle between Los Angeles and certain parties within the Owens Valley, for water rights is but one of examples of the alleged wrongdoings of municipalities and people in securing adequate water supplies. The city of Los Angeles bought 300,000 acres (1,200 km) of land from residents of the Owens Valley and the water rights attached with them, for a fair price. The diverting of this water from the valley, transformed it from an agricultural valley into a dust bowl.
The electricity produced by the hydroelectric plants drawing their water from the Hetch Hetchy reservoir became the subject of controversy when it was reported by the San Francisco Bay Guardian that the city of San Francisco sold roughly 500 megawatts of power to the PG&E, supposedly in violation of the Raker Act, which specifies that because the source of water and power was on public land, no private profit could be gained from such sales. Whether or not the Raker Act is indeed being violated is still a matter of controversy.
The creation of so many dams in California in order to enact a pragmatic water supply program has been met with criticism from some environmentalists, who have decried the negative effects of dams on ecosystems, particularly on migratory fish populations.
It is projected that California 's population will grow to almost 50 million by 2050. If the prediction comes true and there is no action to increase the water supply, the difference between water demand and supply would be between 2,000,000 and 6,000,000 acre feet (7.4 km) in the year 2020. Over the past five years California voters have approved $3 billion in bonds for water development and management. Many of these projects are incorporated in the CALFED Bay - Delta program, a federal - state program designed to reduce water supply conflicts. In August 2000 the state and federal governments approved the CALFED plan for water quality, water conservation and recycling, watershed administration, ecosystem re-establishment, delta levees, surface and groundwater storage, water transportation, and science. The plan has a thirty - year implementation period and designed to incorporate changes in conditions and knowledge about the effects of specific projects. Stage 1 was initiated in 2000 and was designed as a seven - year program. The cost is estimated to be $8.7 billion. Stage 1 water yield within the next seven to ten years is estimated to be 2,900,000 acre feet (3.6 km) per year. As part of Stage 1, an Environmental Water Account was established through the purchase of 350,000 acre feet (0.43 km) of water. The EWA is used to protect fish and other wildlife without reducing water allocations to farms and municipalities.
A $7.5 billion water bond was approved in November 2014 with a 2 to 1 ratio. The bond - financing has been contentiously debated by the legislature and Governor Jerry Brown for the past few years, was said to improve the water quality, supply and infrastructure, if passed by voters.
The California Water Documents collection in the Claremont Colleges Digital Library is a valuable online resource of archived materials related to California 's water history. Additionally, the collection has digitized materials relating to the creation and operation of both the Central Valley Project and the California State Water Project as well as their component units. The items represented in the Claremont Colleges Digital Library are part of a larger collection entitled the Water Resources Collection in Special Collections at Claremont Colleges ' Honnold / Mudd Library. The Water Resources Collection was started in the 1930s by Librarian Willis Holmes Kerr and Librarian and Claremont Colleges ' Trustee John Treanor. These librarians ' interest in California 's water problem led them to start collecting a variety of documents related to water history and usage from around the state. It includes reports of engineers, annual reports and minute books of boards of directors of water companies, documents of federal and state governments, promotional pamphlets, and newspaper clippings. Most of the documents focus on the water history from the first half of the 20th century, but there are additional, more recent publications included, which have been donated by Claremont Graduate University Professor Merrill Goodall. The California Water Documents collection is currently a work in progress at the Claremont Colleges Digital Library.
The Water Resources Collections and Archives is located at the University of California, Riverside and features a comprehensive collection of water - resource related documents.
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what's the name of the cat with no hair | Sphynx cat - wikipedia
The Sphynx cat is a breed of cat known for its lack of coat (fur). It was developed through selective breeding, starting in the 1960s. The skin should have the texture of chamois, as it has fine hairs. Whiskers may be present, either whole or broken, or may be totally absent. Their skin is the color that their fur would be, and all the usual cat markings (solid, point, van, tabby, tortie, etc.) may be found on the Sphynx cat 's skin. Because they have no coat, they lose more body heat than coated cats. This makes them warm to the touch as well as heat - seeking.
These breed standards are defined by The International Cat Association (TICA):
Sphynxes are known for their extroverted behavior. They display a high level of energy, intelligence, curiosity, and affection for their owners. They are one of the more dog - like breeds of cats, frequently greeting their owners at the door and friendly when meeting strangers.
Although hairless cats have been reported throughout history, breeders in Europe have been working on the Sphynx breed since the early 1960s. Two different sets of hairless felines discovered in North America in the 1970s provided the foundation cats for what was shaped into the existing Sphynx breed.
The contemporary breed of Sphynx cat, also known as the Canadian Sphynx, is distinct from the Russian hairless cat breeds like Peterbald and Donskoy.
The current American and European Sphynx breed is descended from two lines of natural mutations:
The Canadian Sphynx breed was started in 1966 in Toronto when a hairless kitten named Prune was born to a black and white domestic shorthair queen (Elizabeth). The kitten was mated with its mother (something called backcrossing), which produced one more naked kitten. Together with a few naked kittens found later, the cat Prune marked the first attempt to create a hairless breed.
After purchasing these cats in 1966 and initially referring to them as "Moonstones '' and "Canadian Hairless, '' Ridyadh Bawa, a science graduate of the University of Toronto, combined efforts with his mother Yania, a long time Siamese breeder, and Kees and Rita Tenhoves to develop a breed of cats which was subsequently renamed as "Sphynx ''. It 's apparent that the Bawas and the Tenhoves were the first individuals able to determine the autosomal recessive nature of the Sphynx gene for hairlessness while also being successful in transforming this knowledge into a successful breeding program with kittens which were eventually capable of reproducing. The Tenhoves were initially able to get the new breed provisional showing status through the Cat Fanciers ' Association (CFA) but ultimately had the status revoked in 1971, when it was felt by the CFA Board that the breed had concerns over fertility.
The first breeders had rather vague ideas about Sphynx genetics and faced a number of problems, the genetic pool was very limited and many kittens died. There was also a problem with many of the females suffering convulsions. In 1978, cat breeder Shirley Smith of Ontario, Canada, found three hairless kittens on the streets of her neighborhood. In 1983 she sent two of them to Dr. Hugo Hernandez in the Netherlands to bred the two kittens, named Punkie and Paloma, to a white Devon Rex named Curare van Jetrophin. The resulting litter produced five kittens, two males from this litter (Q. Ramses and Q. Ra) were used, along with Punkie 's half - sister, Paloma.
The first noted naturally occurring foundation Sphynx originated as hairless stray barn cats in Wadena, Minnesota, at the farm of Milt and Ethelyn Pearson. The Pearson 's identified hairless kittens occurring in several litters of their Domestic Shorthair (DSH) barn cats in the mid-1970s. Two hairless female kittens born in 1975 and 1976, Epidermis and Dermis, both cats were sold to Oregon breeder Kim Mueske and became an important part of the Sphynx breeding program. Also worked with the Pearson line of cats was breeder Georgiana Gattenby of Brainerd, Minnesota who outcrossed with Cornish Rex cats.
Other hairless breeds might have body shapes or temperaments that differ from those described above. There are, for example, new hairless breeds, including the Don Sphynx and the Peterbald from Russia, which arose from their own spontaneous mutations. The standard for the Sphynx differs between cat associations such as The International Cat Association (TICA), Fédération Internationale Féline (FIFE) and Cat Fanciers ' Association (CFA).
In 2010, DNA analysis confirmed that Sphynx hairlessness was produced by an allele of the same gene that produces the Devon Rex (re), with the Sphynx allele being incompletely dominant over the Devon allele and both recessive to the wild type. However a different genetic symbol (hr) is given to the Sphynx gene and it is more likely that these are different genes interacting with each other. The only allowable outcross breeds in the CFA are now the American Shorthair and Domestic Shorthair. Other associations may vary and the Russian Blue is a permitted outcross in the Governing Council of the Cat Fancy (GCCF). In Europe, mainly Devon Rex has been used for outcrosses.
In 1999 SGC Apophis Nordstrom of Classical Cats won the TICA International Alter of the Year. In 2006 SGC Classical Cats Valentino) won the TICA International Cat of the Year. In the CFA, GC, RW, NW Majikmoon Will Silver With Age was Cat of the Year for 2006. The following year, GC, RW, NW Enchantedlair NWA Cornflake Girl was Kitten of the Year. These awards are handed out for the highest scoring cats, across all breeds during the current show seasons. Regardless, Sphynx cat remain one of the rarest housecats.
Though Sphynx cats lack a coat to shed or groom, they are not maintenance - free. Body oils, which would normally be absorbed by the hair, tend to build up on the skin. As a result, regular bathing is usually necessary weekly or bi-weekly. Care should be taken to limit the Sphynx cat 's exposure to outdoor sunlight at length, as they can develop sunburn and skin damage similar to that of humans. In general, Sphynx cats should never be allowed outdoors unattended, as they have limited means to conserve body heat when it is cold. In some climates, owners provide coats or other clothing in the winter to help them conserve body heat.
While they lack much of the fur of other cat breeds, Sphynxes are not necessarily hypoallergenic. Allergies to cats are triggered by a protein called Fel d1, not cat hair itself. Fel d1 is a protein primarily found in cat saliva and sebaceous glands. Those with cat allergies may react worse to direct contact with Sphynx cats than other breeds; even though reports exist that some people with allergies successfully tolerate Sphynx cats, they are fewer than those who have allergic reactions, according to David Rosenstreich, MD, the director of the Division of Allergy and Immunology at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center in the Bronx, New York City, New York. These positive reports may be cases of desensitizing, wherein the "hairless '' cat gave the owner optimism to try to own a cat, eventually leading to the positive situation of their own adaptation.
Sphynx cats can also have more ear wax than most hairy domestic cats because they have little to no hair in their ears to catch and protect them from a build up of impurities in their ears, like dirt, skin oils (sebum), and ear wax which accumulates more frequently in the hairless sphynx breed. The Sphynx cat 's ears will need to be cleaned on a weekly basis, usually before bath time.
The Sphynx breed also tends to accumulate oils and debris under their nails as well as the skin fold above the nail due to the lack of fur, so, like the ears, the nails and surrounding skin folds need to be cleaned properly as well. Due to these factors the breed may require more grooming than a typical domestic cat with fur. Specialty products for this cat have been developed, though they still require more grooming than most breeds.
The Canadian Sphynx face challenges unique to their nature. Because of their lack of protective fur, skin cancer may be a problem if exposed to sunlight for long durations of time.
The lack of hair can cause health issues with kittens in the first weeks of life because of susceptibility to respiratory infections. Reputable breeders should not let their kittens go to new homes without being at least 14 weeks of age to ensure the kitten is mature enough to cope in a new environment.
The breed does have instances of the genetic disorder hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Studies are being undertaken to understand the links in breeding and the disorder. The Sphynx cat has a high rate of heart disease, either HCM or mitral valve dysplasia. In a study of 114 cats, 34 % were found to have an abnormal heart. 16 had mitral valve dysplasia and 23 had HCM. These prevalences were found in cats with an average age of 2.62 years.
A type of muscular dystrophy associated with alpha - dystroglycan deficiency, and similar to that seen in Devon Rex cats, has also been described, but is rarely seen.
The Sphynx hairlessness is produced by the same gene as the Devon Rex phenotype. Moreover, it was found that the curly coat of Selkirk Rex cats is also associated with this gene. In detail the gene encodes Keratin 71 (KRT71) and is responsible for the keratinization of the hair follicle. The Sphynx mutation leads to a complete loss - of - function where the structure of the hair is damaged so that i.e. the hair can be formed but is easily dislodged. In the Devon Rex mutation a residual activity of the protein still exists. The Selkirk Rex allele (sadr) is dominant over the wild type gene, which is dominant over the Devon Rex allele (re) and the Sphynx (hr) which forms an allelic series of: KRT71SADRE > KRT71+ > KRT71re > KRT71hr.
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who plays wallander in the british tv series | Wallander (UK TV series) - wikipedia
Wallander is a British television series adapted from the Swedish novelist Henning Mankell 's Kurt Wallander novels and starring Kenneth Branagh as the eponymous police inspector. It is the first time the Wallander novels have been adapted into an English - language production. Yellow Bird, a production company formed by Mankell, began negotiations with British companies to produce the adaptations in 2006. In 2007, Branagh met with Mankell to discuss playing the role. Contracts were signed and work began on the films, adapted from Sidetracked, Firewall and One Step Behind, in January 2008. Emmy - award - winning director Philip Martin was hired as lead director. Martin worked with cinematographer Anthony Dod Mantle to establish a visual style for the series.
The first three - episode series, produced by Yellow Bird, Left Bank Pictures and TKBC for BBC Scotland, was broadcast on BBC One from November to December 2008. The second series was filmed from July to October 2009 and was broadcast in January 2010. The third series was filmed in the summer of 2011 in Ystad, Scania, Sweden, and Riga, Latvia, and aired in July 2012. The fourth and final series was shot from October 2014 to January 2015 and premiered on German TV, dubbed into German, in December 2015. The final series aired in the original English on BBC One in May 2016. Critics have written positively of the series, which has won a Broadcasting Press Guild Award (Best Actor for Branagh) and six British Academy Television Awards, including Best Drama Series.
The series is based on Kurt Wallander (Branagh), a detective and police inspector in the small town of Ystad, Sweden. Branagh describes Wallander as "an existentialist who is questioning what life is about and why he does what he does every day, and for whom acts of violence never become normal. There is a level of empathy with the victims of crime that is almost impossible to contain, and one of the prices he pays for that sort of empathy is a personal life that is a kind of wasteland. '' In the novels, Wallander regularly listens to opera in his apartment and his car. This signature hobby has been dropped for this adaptation; producer Francis Hopkinson believes it would make Wallander too similar to Inspector Morse, whose love of opera is already familiar to British viewers. Branagh did not watch any of the Swedish Wallander films before playing the role, preferring to bring his own interpretation of the character to the screen.
Wallander 's team at the Ystad police station is made up of: Anne - Britt Hoglund (Smart), Kalle Svedberg (Beard), and Magnus Martinsson (Hiddleston). Of Wallander and Hoglund, Smart said, "Our relationship is based on this impeccable mutual respect which is all very Scandinavian and, actually, more interesting to play. '' The team is joined at murder scenes by Nyberg (McCabe), a forensics expert. The team is overseen by Lisa Holgersson (Shimmin), Ystad 's chief of police. Away from the police station, Wallander has a tempestuous relationship with his daughter Linda (Spark) and his father Povel (Warner), who Wallander discovers in Sidetracked has recently been diagnosed with Alzheimer 's disease. Wallander 's father spends his days sitting in an art studio, painting the same landscape repeatedly while in the care of his new wife Gertrude (Hemingway).
In 2006, Yellow Bird managing director Morten Fisker opened discussions with British production companies about developing English - language adaptations of the Kurt Wallander novels, to which Yellow Bird holds the distribution rights. The BBC and Channel 4 were believed to be involved in discussions; the BBC had already announced plans to adapt Mankell 's The Return of the Dancing Master. Fisker wanted to bring a new detective to British screens to replace Inspector Morse, who had been killed off on - screen in 2000. Actors proposed to play Wallander were Trevor Eve, Neil Pearson, Jason Isaacs, David Morrissey, Clive Owen and Michael Gambon. Negotiations were still under way in 2007, when Kenneth Branagh met Henning Mankell at an Ingmar Bergman film festival and asked to play Wallander. Branagh had started reading the Wallander books "relatively late '' but enjoyed them, and read all nine translated novels in a month. Mankell agreed to let Branagh play the role, and Branagh visited Ystad in December to scout for locations and meet Film i Skånes chief executive Ralf Ivarsson.
A series of three 90 - minute adaptations was commissioned by BBC Scotland 's Anne Mensah and BBC Controller of Fiction Jane Tranter in January 2008. Like Morten Fisker, the BBC wanted a returning series that would have the same audience appeal as Inspector Morse, Prime Suspect and Cracker. Yellow Bird was contracted as a co-producer, working with Left Bank Pictures, a production house formed in 2007 by former ITV Controller of Comedy, Drama and Film Andy Harries. Harries described Wallander as "more than just a detective series '' and that it would be visually "very picture postcard ''. The first series consists of adaptations of Sidetracked, Firewall and One Step Behind. Philip Martin was hired as lead director of the series, and met with Branagh, Harries and Left Bank producer Francis Hopkinson in January. The four discussed how the adaptations would appear on screen, agreeing that the characterisations, atmosphere and ideas would be difficult to portray on screen. Richard Cottan was hired to adapt Mankell 's novels, and delivered his first scripts in February. Cottan changed the plots of some of the books in order to fit them into a 90 - minute adaptation, though made sure the scripts retained Wallander 's "journey ''. The following month, Martin began discussions with cinematographer Anthony Dod Mantle about what visual style the films would have. They agreed to use the Red One digital camera to shoot on, which has a near - 35 mm resolution and is not as expensive as 35 mm; Dod Mantle said that the BBC "has politics '' about the cheaper 16 mm and Super 16. Casting of British actors, which was done in London, was completed by April, and the whole crew moved over to Ystad to begin rehearsals. Martin wanted the actors playing police officers to know how to fire a gun, so arranged for them to spend time at a firing range using live ammunition. Wallander 's distinctive mobile phone ringtone was specially composed by Lee Crichlow.
A £ 6 million budget was originally assigned to the first series, which increased to £ 7.5 million. Half of that came from the BBC, and the rest from pre-sale co-production funding from American WGBH Boston and German ARD Degeto, and a tax deduction for filming in Sweden. ARD Degeto and WGBH are credited as co-producers for their budget contribution. Using scripts adapted by Richard Cottan and Richard McBrien, filming ran for 12 weeks from April to July 2008 in Wallander 's hometown of Ystad, Sweden.
Location filming was principally set in Ystad. Interior sets were constructed at Ystad Studios under the supervision of Anders Olin, who also designed the sets of the Swedish Wallander films. The main police station set is 500 square metres, twice the size of Olin 's previous sets. For exterior shots of the police station, a combination of the Ystad railway station and swimming pool was used. Mock - ups of Ystads Allehanda, a local newspaper, were produced as working props. Producer Simon Moseley explained that the mock - ups use Swedish words that can be understood by English - speaking audiences. Moseley also explained that some pronunciations of Swedish words are Anglicised (such as the pronunciation of "Ystad '' and "Wallander ''), as "the authentic local accent is very strange to English ears and we did n't want to stray into Allo! Allo! territory ''. Like Branagh, Philip Martin did not watch any of the Swedish - language Wallander films so that he could bring a fresh interpretation to the films. Filming was scheduled for 66 days over 12 weeks in Sweden; each film would be shot back - to - back over 22 days. Martin directed the first and third films and Niall MacCormick directed the second. Dod Mantle was keen to conceive a good style for what could become a long - running series.
Filming on Sidetracked commenced on 14 April on location at a townhouse in Södra Änggatan, Ystad. The same week, filming was done at Häckeberga Castle near Genarp. Another castle was going to be used, but the deal fell through. The manager of Häckeberga Castle, which had been turned into a hotel, allowed filming to take place there on the night of 17 April, though guests had to be moved to stables for the night. Scenes set in the rapeseed field were filmed at Charlottenlund Mansion. Location scouts had been impressed with the look of the winter rapeseed. The team from Danish Special Effects had difficulty setting the field on fire. Using the Red One digital camera meant that rushes could be viewed on set, saving time on the already tight schedule. Martin and Dod Mantle believed that the Red captured the Swedish light well, so there was no need to use big lighting rigs. The cheaper filming option meant that the budget could be used on other things.
One Step Behind was filmed in May. The opening scene, featuring a multiple murder and burial in the woods, was filmed on location at the Hagestads nature reserve. A large hole was needed for the shallow grave, so Yellow Bird approached the local authority for permission. The request was granted on the same day as it was lodged, with the stipulation that the hole be filled in after filming. Niall MacCormick arrived in Sweden to film Firewall in June, concluding in the third week of July. Danish Special Effects also worked on body squibs, bullet hits and atmospheric effects. Their post-production work was completed in August. While the crew were in Sweden, editing was done at The Chimney Pot in Stockholm. Post-production was completed by The Farm in London. Martin Phipps composed the soundtrack to the series. A version of "Nostalgia '' by Australian singer - songwriter Emily Barker is the opening theme. The three films of series 1 were broadcast on BBC One on 30 November, 7 December, and 14 December 2008 respectively.
The production of three new films based on Faceless Killers, The Fifth Woman and The Man Who Smiled was confirmed by the BBC in May 2009 to start in the summer in Ystad. The BBC broadcast the series in January 2010. Richard Cottan wrote Faceless Killers and The Fifth Woman, while Simon Donald wrote The Man Who Smiled. Hettie MacDonald directed Faceless Killers, Andy Wilson handled The Man Who Smiled while Aisling Walsh directed The Fifth Woman. Photographer Igor Martinovic (director of photography on Man on Wire) worked with Macdonald and Wilson while Lukas Strebel, who won an Emmy in 2009 for Little Dorrit, was in charge of photography for "The Fifth Woman. ''
The second series started shooting on 22 June 2009. The film crew consisted of slightly more Britons, as the Swedish - language films were still filming in the area until December 2009. Yellow Bird 's Daniel Ahlqvist said, "It is a quite special that we are doing two different Wallander productions at the same time. So it has been a little bit tougher to recruit competent personnel here in Skåne. We came to the conclusion that if we can not get people from Skåne, we might as well bring in folks from the UK rather than Stockholm. '' The landscape of Skåne will be a big part of the second series. Shooting will start in the outskirts of Ystad but a big scene in Ystad city square is planned. Scenes are also planned to be filmed at the summer residence that served as the home for Wallander 's father. Faceless killers, was first in the shooting schedule, followed by The Fifth Woman and last The Man Who Smiled. As with Series 1, each episode is filmed over approximately 22 -- 23 days, with just 3 -- 5 days set aside for studio recording, and the rest for location shooting. On 23 June, the film team spent all day in Simrishamn, a coastal town north east of Ystad. Scenes were shot at the local police station and in the town square. Production Manager Nina Sackmann explained that "the town was perfect for what we needed to convey with this film ''. On 21 July, the portions of road 1015 passing by the Karlsfält Farmland Estate north of Ystad was closed from 11 p.m. until midnight to accommodate the film crew.
On 18 August, closing scenes of The Fifth Woman, where Kurt Wallander is dragged away at gunpoint, were shot on location at Ystad railway station. On the right side of the railway track, this dramatic scene was being filmed and on the left side, commuters were exiting the train. About 40 metres away, the Swedish language Wallander film Vålnaden (The Ghost) was being filmed at the same time. Earlier in the week, scenes were shot at an old automobile repair and maintenance shop from 1928 in Hammenhög village. Part of the building had served as a flower shop when Mankell wrote The Fifth Woman and, since a murder victim is a flower shop owner, it was convenient to shoot in the now abandoned building.
Filming on The Man Who Smiled began at the beginning of September. Location production on the episode concluded on 2 October. The first couple of weeks featured location work outside of the swimming baths -- which doubles as the exterior of the police station. For the last two weeks, production moved to locations around the countryside of Österlen. On Monday evening 14 September, the Ystad city square was closed off to film an important action scene from The Man Who Smiled where Kurt Wallander comes running across the square as a car explodes. The clear blue September sky caused problems with the lighting and they had to wait until the sun started to set.
Kenneth Branagh explained that the challenge for filming series one was to "create '' the strange world of Ystad, in part as Henning Mankell sees it, in part as script writer Rick Cottan saw it, and then upon arrival to realise that the town looks different. "To get all these different visions to work together was a bit nervous last year. This year the pressure is to develop the style of this show and develop the characters, for example the other policemen at the station. Branagh claimed that there had been no problems shooting due to weather conditions except the last day of filming: "Henning Mankell often writes about the long Swedish summer rains, but during two years of filming we have not seen any of that. No wonder British tourists like to visit. '' He also stated that there is a possibility of a third series. "It all depends on how these new episodes are received, but I think I really would like to film more episodes. But we also need to feel that we have something more to offer, more to tell and that the scripts are good. '' Any filming on a third series would be postponed until 2011, to allow Branagh to work on Thor. Yellow Bird 's Daniel Ahlqvist believes that The White Lioness 's South African setting will make it difficult to film, and the post-Cold War plot of The Dogs of Riga is no longer relevant, but sees no reason why Before the Frost and some new story ideas, in the same vein as the original Yellow Bird films could not be developed for the BBC.
Local politicians supported and invested 8,000,000 Swedish kronor (roughly £ 750,000) in the second Wallander series through Film i Skåne, a regional resource and production centre.
Series 2 features some interesting choices of actors for minor roles. Fredrik Gunnarsson features in Faceless Killers as Valfrid Strom, Gunnarson appears in 17 episodes of Yellow Bird 's Swedish language TV series as uniformed police officer Svartman. Rune Bergman had a minor role in the Swedish language adaptation of Faceless Killers and also featured in the TV film Luftslottet. Patrik Karlson featured in the Swedish language adaptation of The Man Who Smiled as well as the TV film Mastermind. Bergman and Karlson have the distinction of appearing in films starring the three different Kurt Wallander actors. Karin Bertling also appears in the English language Faceless Killers and has previously worked on the Swedish - language TV film Before the Frost.
The third series aired in July 2012. Screenwriter Peter Harness wrote the scripts for all three films that will make up Series 3. Mankell has worked closely with Harness on the scripts. "He is too busy to talk to me all the time. But we have met to discuss the material, so he is involved in what happens '', Harness told Ystads Allehanda.
Hiddleston and Shimmin did not return for this series. Actress Rebekah Staton portrays a new character, Kristina, in all three episodes of the new season. Mark Hadfield joins the cast as police officer Stefan Lindeman, one of the main characters in the first season of the Swedish Wallander TV series and the lead character in Mankell novel The Return of the Dancing Master (a book that has already been filmed in Swedish and German versions). Barnaby Kay plays Lennart Mattson, who is Chief Holgerson 's successor.
On 4 August 2011 it was made official that three new films were in production. The filming of The Dogs of Riga started in Latvia on 1 August at The Hotel Riga, and concluded on 20 August. More scenes were shot in Ystad the following week. This film is directed by Esther May Campbell, and features cinematography by Lukas Strebel who worked on the second Wallander series. The production tried to use as many Latvian actors as possible but a problem arose as most Latvian actors had a very limited knowledge of English. Latvian actor Artūrs Skrastiņš was the only native actor that landed a speaking role in the film. He portrayed Colonel Putnis. Romanian Actor Dragos Bucur portrays Sergei Upitis, an investigative journalist. The film was partially funded by The Riga Film Fund and co-stars Lithuanian actress Ingeborga Dapkūnaitė.
On 10 August, several scenes were shot outside the Latvian Parliament and outside a building on Jēkaba street that was decorated with Swedish flags, to stand in for the Swedish embassy in Riga. On 13 August, the city closed down several streets to accommodate the filming. On 16 August scenes were filmed at Riga 's central station. The national police cars used in for this production had been equipped with stickers that said Rīgas pilsētas policijas (Riga City Police). These stickers covered up the usual coat of arms that Latvian police cars are decorated with, these stickers were designed specifically for the film and are easily removed. Nothing on Latvian police cars specifies what city they serve in.
On 22 August the film team was back in Sweden to film for one week. The shooting started at a football pitch in Kåseberga, which has been converted into a filming area. Producer Hillary Benson explained to local press that once The Dogs of Riga had wrapped up, the film team would be back in mid October to start filming the other two episodes. The first two series were filmed in the summer, this time around the aim was to film in autumn and winter.
The other two films in the series are Before The Frost, based on the novel of the same name, and An Event in Autumn, which is based on the short story Händelse om hösten (The Grave), a short story from 2004 published only in the Netherlands.
Before The Frost was directed by Charles Martin. Filming started in Ystad on 12 October 2011. The first days of shooting were stunts and scenes with an animal trainer as Kenneth Branagh did not arrive until 17 October. Scenes were also shot at The Chemistry Hall at the Macklean School in Skurup Municipality. With the local firefighters on standby, a stunt man poured petrol over himself and then set himself alight. This three - minute long film sequence took nine and a half hours to shoot. Filming began on Friday October 14 at 6 pm and wrapped at 3: 30 am on Saturday morning. The film crew later came back at the end of October to shoot a scene using headmaster Christin Stigborgs ' office. From Tuesday, 24 October and until the end of the week, three streets in central Ystad (Lilla Norregatan, Stora Norregatan and Sladdergatan) had to be closed down for a short time to shoot several scenes.
Parts of the film were shot in the Snogeholm nature conservation area, Sjöbo Municipality. Filming took place for several days along the roads and a parking space. This was mainly shots of the environment and the nature of the conversation area and the Snogeholm lake, according to production manager Martin Ersgård.
An Event in Autumn was the last film. Filming started 14 November and was directed by Toby Haynes According to Yellow Bird producer Daniel Ahlqvist, An Event In Autumn is about how "Kurt tries to take charge of his own life by getting a new house but gets interrupted and is more or less forced back to his job ''.
On 21 and 23 October the crew was filming at an old small farm in the small village of Svarte. It is around the corner from the house where Wallander 's father lived in the previous films. The small farm house is Wallander 's new home but the remains of a dead woman are found on the property. Due to time constraints and unusually for a BBC production, all scenes were filmed with two cameras to provide more material for post production and cutting. The last week of shooting included filming some scenes in Germany.
With the previous two series, the Skåne Regional Council invested 7 and 8 million Swedish Krona through its subsidiary Film i Skåne. With the third series, the Skåne Regional Council only wanted to invest 2 million Krona. They later signed on to support the production by other means such as letting BBC and Yellow Bird use Ystad Studios for free, worth about half a million Swedish Krona. City of Ystad - Österlens Film Bond also invested 2 million Swedish Krona.
On 8 October 2014, the BBC announced that principal photography of the final three - episode fourth series had started.
The first episode, The White Lioness, is written by James Dormer (Strike Back, Outcast), and directed by Benjamin Caron (Tommy Cooper: Not Like That, Like This, Skins, My Mad Fat Diary). Most of the book takes place in South Africa and the episode was filmed in Cape Town in January 2015.
The final two installments in the Wallander series, A Lesson in Love and The Troubled Man were written by Peter Harness, not Ronan Bennett, as previously announced, and also directed by Benjamin Caron, and adapted from the final Wallander novel, The Troubled Man. These two episodes were filmed on location in Skåne, Sweden, and Copenhagen, Denmark.
Returning cast include Jeany Spark as Linda Wallander, Richard McCabe as Nyberg, Barnaby Kay as Lennart Mattson, and Ingeborga Dapkunaite as Baiba Liepa.
Shooting took place in Ystad Studios, simultaneously with the third season of Swedish - Danish crime drama The Bridge. The budget for the final season is 100 million Swedish kronor. The tax funded entities Ystad - Österlens filmfond and Film i Skåne have put three million Swedish kronor into the production according to Sveriges Radio.
The new series was shot on several locations surrounding Ystad, including Mossbystrand, Östra Hoby, Vårhallen Beach, Tunbyholm Castle plus Blekinge Province and the Danish island of Zealand. On 30 October, several scenes were shot at the Norreportskolan, a local Ystad middle school. Several of the students participated as extras.
The final three episodes had their world première dubbed into German on German network ARD, which co-produced them. They aired over three nights, on December 25, 26 and 27, 2015. In Poland, the episodes aired on Ale Kino+ on March 11, 18 and 25, 2016. They made their English language première on BBC UKTV New Zealand on April 11. In the US, 80 - minute - long re-edited versions of the episodes aired as "Wallander, The Final Season '' on the PBS anthology series Masterpiece Mystery! on May 8, 15, and 22. BBC One broadcast the full 89 - minute episodes in the UK beginning on May 22, 2016.
A public screening of Sidetracked was given by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts on 10 November 2008, and was followed by a question - and - answer session with Philip Martin and Kenneth Branagh. A gala premiere of Sidetracked was held in Ystad on 23 November, a week before it was broadcast in Britain. Sidetracked 's first British broadcast came on BBC One on 30 November, followed by Firewall on 7 December, and One Step Behind on 14 December. Episodes were simulcast on BBC HD. BBC Four broadcast programmes and films to complement the series; the schedule included a documentary by John Harvey entitled Who is Kurt Wallander, as well as the Swedish adaptation of the Linda Wallander novel Before the Frost, and Mastermind, an installment of the Mankell 's Wallander film series starring Krister Henriksson.
The series has already been sold to 14 countries and territories across the world, including TV4 Sweden, TV2 Norway, DR Denmark, MTV3 Finland, France on M6, Canada, Slovenia, Australia, Poland, Lumiere Benelux and Svensk Film for its pan Scandinavian feed. BBC Worldwide, the BBC 's commercial arm, sold the series to further buyers at the Mipcom television festival in October 2008. In the United States, PBS secured the broadcast rights through the co-production deal struck between its affiliate WGBH Boston and the BBC. It aired as part of WGBH 's Masterpiece Mystery! in May 2009. In advance of the broadcast, Branagh and WGBH Boston 's Rebecca Eaton presented a screening of an episode at The Paley Center for Media on 29 April. In Germany, ARD broadcast the first series episodes on 29 and 30 May, and 1 June 2009. TV4 broadcast the first series in Sweden from 11 October 2009.
The series received a positive reception from critics, who praised both Branagh 's performance and the character he played; in a preview of the BBC 's Autumn season, Mark Wright of The Stage Online wrote that Branagh was "a good fit '' for the character and had "high hopes for the success of (the) series ''. Previewing Sidetracked, The Times 's David Chater called Branagh "superb as Kurt Wallander '', and the series "one of those superior cop shows in which the character of the detective matters more than the plot ''. In a feature in The Knowledge, a supplement of The Times, Paul Hoggart called Branagh 's performance "understated, ruminative, warm, sensitive and depressed '' and wrote positively of the design and cinematography and concluded by writing that "Wallander is that rare treasure: a popular form used for intelligent, thoughtful, classy drama and superbly shot ''. At the time the series was commissioned, Scottish author Ian Rankin expressed disappointment to The Scotsman that BBC Scotland was producing adaptations of Swedish literature; "My main caveat is that there 's so much good, complex and diverse Scottish crime writing going on right now that I 'd like to have seen BBC Scotland pick up on that ''.
Reviewing Sidetracked after it aired, Tom Sutcliffe for The Independent called it, "often a visually dazzling experience, the camerawork as attentive to the contours of Branagh 's stubbly, despairing face as it was to the Swedish locations in which the action took place or the bruised pastels of a Munch sunset ''. He praised Branagh 's acting but felt the Wallander character was "shallower than the performance, the disaffection and Weltschmerz just another detective gimmick ''. The Guardian 's Kira Cochrane was also complimentary to Branagh, calling him "faultless '', but was not impressed with the scenes between Wallander and his father, which she believed slowed the pace of the film, as she did not want to learn Wallander 's entire backstory immediately. Like Sutcliffe, Cochrane praised the cinematography and was pleased that the ending "tied up nicely ''. Andrew Billen of The Times wrote, "This distinctly superior cop show is both spare and suggestive, and brilliantly acted. '' He took time to adjust to Kenneth Branagh as Wallander, and found the warm blue skies of Sweden unexpected. Billen 's and Cochrane 's opinions of the child abuse storyline differed; Billen believed that it was "used too often in fiction, but here it meant something '', though Cochrane called it a "familiar element ''. In The Daily Telegraph, James Walton was disappointed with the revelation that the crimes stemmed from sexual abuse; "once quite a daring TV subject, now a rather clichéd short cut to the black recesses of the human heart ''. Walton, like others, was complimentary of Branagh, and concluded by writing, "The series still probably wo n't appeal to fans of Heartbeat, but if you fancy an undoubtedly classy antidote to the cosy cop show, you could do a lot worse. '' The broadcast had an average 6.2 million viewers and 23.9 % audience share. The episode began with a peak of 6.9 million (25.4 %) but dropped to 5.8 million (24.6 %) at the end. 57.2 % of the audience was from the upmarket ABC1 demographic and 6.1 % were in the age 16 -- 34 demographic. The average viewer rating was down 300,000 on the same timeslot in the previous week. Final ratings, incorporating those who watched via DVR, was 6.54 million, making it the eighth-most - watched programme on BBC One that week. An editorial in The Independent complained that the episode 's closing credits ran too fast; a hundred names were displayed in 14 seconds. Branagh called the speed of the credits "insulting ''. The actors ' union Equity also complained to BBC director general Mark Thompson.
Firewall was seen by 5.6 million (23 % share), 600,000 viewers and one share point down on the previous week. Final ratings boosted it to 5.90 million and the tenth-most - watched broadcast on BBC One that week. In The Guardian, Sam Wollaston wrote, "with the greyness, the cold, the Scandinavian sadness, and a troubled Kenneth Branagh mooching around in the gloom trying to figure out who killed these people so horribly, it 's all pretty perfect. '' Andrew Billen wrote in The Times that Wallander and Ella 's relationship not working out is conventional for a television detective drama, though liked how Wallander 's depression "has grown out of the failure of his marriage and the experiences of his career ''. On TV Scoop website, John Beresford wrote that the episode "went quickly downhill '' from the murder of the taxi driver in the opening minutes; "Pedestrian plots, characters that wander aimlessly about with next to nothing to do or say, and a format that seems better fitted for radio than it is for television. By that I mean the endless shots where there 's a someone on the left of the screen, someone on the right, and they stand there for hours tal... king... verrrry... slow... ly to each other with absolutely nothing else happening. '' One Step Behind received overnight ratings of 5.6 million (22.4 %). Final ratings were recorded as 5.66 million, making it the week 's twelfth-most - watched programme on BBC One. David Chater 's Times preview called Branagh "a masterpiece of vulnerability and despair ''. He wrote of the conclusion: "a climactic scene that has been done dozens of times in thrillers, on this one occasion it felt entirely believable ''. The Daily Record named it "Best of this week 's TV '' though it was criticised in The Herald; David Belcher called it "far worse than initially reckoned. Never has there been a less observant, more irritating fictional detective ''. Belcher hoped that no more adaptations would be made.
In a review called "Wåll - and - ör -- den äkta Wallander '' (the title is first poking fun at Branagh 's pronunciation of Wallander while at the same time calling the version the real or proper Wallander), Martin Andersson of southern Sweden 's main daily newspaper Sydsvenskan was very positive to Branagh 's interpretation of Wallander, and thought the BBC series to be of better quality than the current Swedish - language series. He emphasised that not only was Branagh 's performance of higher quality than the current Swedish Wallander actor Krister Henriksson, but the BBC series really understood how to use the nature and environment of the Skåne province to tell the proper story and added that, as a person from southern Sweden, he recognised all the settings and they had never looked as beautiful as in this production.
Branagh won the award for best actor at the 35th Broadcasting Press Guild Television and Radio Awards (2009). It is his first major television award win in the UK. The series was nominated for Best Drama Series but lost to The Devil 's Whore. The series, represented by Sidetracked, won the British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Series. Richard Cottan, Branagh, Philip Martin and Francis Hopkinson are named as the nomination recipients. At the BAFTA Television Craft Awards, the series won four of five nominations: Martin Phipps for Original Television Music, Anthony Dod Mantle for Photograph & Lighting (Fiction / Entertainment), Jacqueline Abrahams for Production Design, and Bosse Persson, Lee Crichlow, Iain Eyre and Paul Hamblin for Sound (Fiction / Entertainment). Ray Leek was also nominated for his opening titles work.
In May 2009, PBS distributed promotional DVDs of One Step Behind to members of the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences for nomination consideration at the 61st Primetime Emmy Awards. The episode was not nominated, but Branagh was nominated for his performance in the Outstanding Actor, Miniseries or Movie category and Philip Martin was nominated for Outstanding Directing For A Miniseries, Movie Or A Dramatic Special. Branagh was placed on longlist in the Best Actor category of the 2010 National Television Awards. The series was nominated for The TV Dagger at the 2009 Crime Thriller Awards.
In November 2009, the Royal Television Society presented the series with two awards at the 2009 RTS Craft & Design Awards; Aidan Farrell at post-production house The Farm was presented with the Effects (Picture Enhancement) award, and Martin Phipps and Emily Barker with the Music (Original Title) award for the opening theme. Anthony Dod Mantle was also nominated in the Lighting, Photography & Camera (Photography) -- Drama category, and Bosse Persson, Lee Crichlow, Iain Eyre and Paul Hamblin in the Sound (Drama) category. The series was nominated in the Best Drama Series / Serial category at the Broadcast Awards 2010. The International Press Academy nominated the series for the Satellite Award for Best Miniseries and Branagh for the Satellite Award for Best Actor -- Miniseries or Television Film. The Hollywood Foreign Press Association nominated Branagh for the Golden Globe Award for Best Miniseries or Television Film for his performance in One Step Behind.
In a Radio Times interview, Henning Mankell announced that he has a new Wallander book in the works. Several Swedish media outlets have speculated that the renewed Wallander interest in the UK and the warm reception of the BBC adaptations has sparked a new motivation in writing further Wallander novels; Mankell 's last book starring the Ystad inspector was originally published in 1999. The new and final Kurt Wallander book, The Troubled Man, was published in Swedish in August 2009.
The increase in sales of the novels already published in the UK was also attributed to the television series.
The series has resulted in a new interest among British tourists to visit Sweden, and especially Ystad and the Skåne province according to Itta Johnson, Marketing Strategist with Ystad County. Johnson reports that in the past British people were reluctant to visit Sweden since they saw the country as cold and expensive, but now questions are mostly about the light and the nature seen in the BBC series. Statistics Sweden reports that Skåne is the only Swedish region that has seen an increase in hotel visits during the first quarter of 2009. The largest increase in non-Scandinavian tourists is seen among Britons, who now count for 12 % which is almost as large as the percentage of visitors from Germany, at 13 %. In 2009, Ystad saw an increase of tourists from the UK with 18 %, and local politicians credit the BBC Wallander series with attracting British tourists.
Johnson estimates that 2 - 3 % of the people who watched the first series of Wallander on the BBC decided to visit the region. In 2008 tourism brought into Ystad 51 million Swedish kronor (c. £ 4.4 million) and with the influx of British tourists this number could very likely be higher for 2009.
"A lot of travel organisers from the UK call and want to include Ystad in what they can offer their clients '' says Marie Holmström, tourism coordinator with Ystad tourism agency. "This year (2009) we have 30 % more hotel bookings from Great Britain, compared to last year. Kenneth Branagh says many good things about this town and we have received many requests from British press ''. Jolanta Olsson, tourism coordinator with Ystad tourism agency, says they get many requests from visiting Britons concerning shooting locations and where the film crew reside.
Starting in October 2009, Ystad will start hosting a film festival with a focus on crime fiction. The festival is kick started with a marathon of series one and a speech by Yellow Bird producer Daniel Ahlqvist.
Ystad was awarded the 2009 Stora Turismpriset (The Great Tourism Award). "The brand of Ystad as a film - and tourism town has been strengthened due consequent and longsighted film investments '' said Pia Jönsson - Rajgård, President of Tourism in Skåne.
Vintage published paperbacks of the first three adapted novels in Series One with tie - in covers featuring Branagh on 20 November 2008. The Series One DVD was published by 2 Entertain Video on 26 December 2008. It features all three films, the Who is Kurt Wallander? documentary, and a 55 - minute documentary entitled The Wallander Look. Half of The Wallander Look features Branagh and Mankell discussing Wallander. The DVD was released in the United States on 2 June 2009.
Tie - in editions of the novels adapted for Series 2 were published on 31 December 2009. The second series was released on DVD and Blu - ray on 8 February 2010.
No tie - in editions of the two full novels adapted for the third series were released, and the short story "An Event In Autumn '' was not even available in English at the time.
The third series was released on DVD and Blu - ray on 23 July 2012. The fourth series was released on DVD in the US on 21 June 2016.
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the lord of the rings the fellowship of the ring book | The Fellowship of the Ring - wikipedia
The Fellowship of the Ring is the first of three volumes of the epic novel The Lord of the Rings by the English author J.R.R. Tolkien. It is followed by The Two Towers and The Return of the King. It takes place in the fictional universe of Middle - earth. It was originally published on 29 July 1954 in the United Kingdom. The volume consists of a prologue titled "Concerning Hobbits, and other matters '' followed by Book I and Book II.
Tolkien envisioned The Lord of the Rings as a single volume work divided into six sections he called "books '' along with extensive appendices. The original publisher made the decision to split the work into three parts. It was also the publisher 's decision to place the fifth and sixth books and the appendices into one volume under the title The Return of the King, in reference to Aragorn 's assumption of the throne of Gondor. Tolkien indicated he would have preferred The War of the Ring as a title, as it gave away less of the story.
Before the decision to publish The Lord of the Rings in three volumes was made, Tolkien had hoped to publish the novel in one volume, possibly also combined with The Silmarillion. However, he had proposed titles for the individual six sections. Of the two books that comprise what became The Fellowship of the Ring the first was to be called The First Journey or The Ring Sets Out. The name of the second was The Journey of the Nine Companions or The Ring Goes South. The titles The Ring Sets Out and The Ring Goes South were used in the Millennium edition.
The Prologue is meant partly to help people who have not read The Hobbit to understand the events of that book. It also contains other background information to set the stage for the novel.
The first chapter in the book begins in a light vein, following the tone of The Hobbit. Bilbo Baggins celebrates his 111th (or eleventy - first, as it is called in Hobbiton) birthday on the same day, 22 September, that his younger cousin and adopted heir Frodo Baggins celebrates his coming of age at thirty - three. At the birthday party, Bilbo departs from the Shire, the land of the Hobbits, for what he calls a permanent holiday. Bilbo does so by using the magic ring (that he had found on his journey) to disappear and is aided by Gandalf the Wizard with a flash and puff of smoke, leading many in the Shire to believe he has gone mad. He leaves Frodo his remaining belongings, including his home, Bag End, and the Ring. It becomes apparent that Bilbo has been strained over the past several years, and he is at first unwilling to give up the Ring, which concerns Gandalf. Eventually, he gives up the Ring and appears to be relieved of a huge burden. Gandalf leaves on his own business, warning Frodo to keep the Ring secret.
Over the next seventeen years, Gandalf periodically pays short visits to Bag End. One spring night, he arrives to enlighten Frodo about Bilbo 's ring; it is the One Ring of Sauron the Dark Lord. He proves this by flinging the Ring into the fireplace, the heat of which causes the Ring to display Elf - writing in the language of Mordor. Sauron had forged the Ring to subdue and rule Middle - earth, but in the War of the Last Alliance, he had been defeated by Gil - galad the Elven King and Elendil, High King of Arnor and Gondor, though they themselves perished in the deed. Isildur, Elendil 's son, cut the Ring from Sauron 's finger. Sauron was overthrown, but the Ring itself was not destroyed as it should have been, for Isildur kept it for himself. Isildur was slain soon afterwards in the Battle of the Gladden Fields, and the Ring was lost in Great River Anduin. Thousands of years later, it was found by the hobbit Déagol; but Déagol was thereupon murdered by his friend Sméagol, who wanted the Ring for himself. Sméagol took the Ring and kept it for hundreds of years, and under its influence he became a wretched creature named Gollum. The Ring was found by Bilbo Baggins, as told in The Hobbit, and Bilbo left it behind for Frodo. Frodo wonders why Bilbo did not kill the creature when he had the chance, but Gandalf reminds him that Bilbo 's pity saved him in the end and did not make him like Gollum.
Gandalf tells how Sauron has risen again and has returned to his stronghold in Mordor and is bending all his power toward the hunting of the Ring. Gandalf speaks of the evil powers of the Ring and its ability to influence the bearer and those near him if it is worn for too long. Gandalf warns Frodo that the Ring is no longer safe in the Shire. He has learned through his investigations that Gollum had gone to Mordor, where he was captured and tortured until he revealed to Sauron that the Ring was in the keeping of a hobbit named Baggins from the Shire. Gandalf hopes Frodo can reach the elf - haven Rivendell, east of the Shire, where he believes Frodo and the Ring will be safe from Sauron, and where the Ring 's fate can be decided. Samwise Gamgee, Frodo 's gardener and friend, is discovered eavesdropping on the conversation. Out of loyalty to his master, Sam agrees to accompany Frodo on his journey.
Over the summer, Frodo makes plans to leave his home at Bag End, under the pretence that he is moving to the eastern end of the Shire (Buckland) to retire. Helping with the plans are Frodo 's friends Sam, Peregrin Took (Pippin for short), Meriadoc Brandybuck (Merry), and Fredegar Bolger (Fatty), though Frodo does not tell them of the Ring or of his intention to leave the Shire. At midsummer, Gandalf leaves on pressing business, but promises to return before Frodo leaves.
Frodo 's birthday and the date of his departure approach, but Gandalf does not appear, so Frodo decides to leave without him. Black Riders pursue Frodo 's party. These turn out to be Nazgûl or Ringwraiths, "the most terrible servants of the Dark Lord '' (men who have been corrupted by Sauron through the Nine Rings), who are searching for "Baggins '' and the Ring. One of the Riders comes to the door of Sam 's father, the Gaffer, the very evening before they depart. With the help of some elves led by Gildor and a hobbit named Farmer Maggot, the hobbits cross the Brandywine River and reach Crickhollow on the eastern border of the Shire. There Merry, Pippin, and Fatty reveal that they know of the Ring and of Frodo 's plan to leave the Shire. Merry and Pippin decide to join Frodo and Sam, while Fatty stays behind as a decoy.
In hopes of eluding the Nazgûl, the hobbits travel through the Old Forest. There the group fall asleep by a willow - tree and wake up to realize that its roots are trying to strangle them, but luckily Tom Bombadil comes to their aid. They then go to the house of Bombadil and meet his wife Goldberry. There they discover that the Ring has no power over Bombadil -- he does not disappear while wearing it and can see Frodo even after he has vanished from his friends ' sight. In the evening, Frodo has a dream about Gandalf standing on the pinnacle of a tower and then a vision of a rain curtain in front of a ship on which he is sailing. They then leave Bombadil 's only to be captured by a barrow wight in the Barrow - downs, but they again escape with help from Tom and finally reach the gate of the village of Bree.
In Bree, the hobbits go to The Prancing Pony Inn, where Barliman Butterbur is the owner. Frodo goes by the name of "Underhill '' rather than Baggins. While visiting with other hobbits and men from Bree, Frodo makes eye contact with a mysterious - looking man in the corner. The man then warns Frodo that Pippin is close to revealing who the hobbits really are, so Frodo begins to recite a poem that earns the applause of everyone in the inn. When he recites it a second time, Frodo gets carried away and falls off the table and accidentally lets the Ring slip on his finger causing him to disappear. The incident causes a major commotion, and several rough - looking men leave the inn. Frodo reappears and said that he slipped away out of embarrassment, but few buy the explanation. The hobbits then retire from the common room only to find that they have been followed by the mysterious man, who goes by the name Strider, a Ranger. He claims to be a friend of Gandalf and warns that the Nazgûl are after them and only he can guide them to Rivendell. Frodo doubts Strider until Butterbur comes in with a note from Gandalf to Frodo left some time earlier. Gandalf says to trust Strider and ask him his real name. Without even being asked, Strider reveals his name as Aragorn son of Arathorn and is the heir of Isildur in the North. Merry then comes in and says he was waylaid by the Nazgûl. Strider has them spend the night in another room.
The Nazgûl then attack both the house at Crickhollow and the inn at Bree but do not find Frodo in either spot. The next morning, Frodo learns that their riding ponies have been driven off by the Nazgûl and their allies. They manage to secure one beast from one of the Nazgûl collaborators, Bill Ferny, one of the men of Bree. Curious because of all the events, the whole town turns out to see them off. The hobbits and Strider make their way cross-country, through the Midgewater Marshes, to the hill of Weathertop, where they spot five of the Nazgûl on the road below. They then see evidence of a major fire fight and a stone that might indicate Gandalf got there ahead of them.
That night, five of the Nazgûl attack the travellers. Frodo yields to the temptation and puts on the Ring, and see the Nazgûl in their full form. He attempts to attack them, but the chief of the Nazgûl stabs Frodo in the shoulder with a cursed knife before Aragorn drives them off with torches. A splinter of the blade remains within the wound, causing Frodo to fall very ill as they travel to Rivendell. Aragorn warns them that, unless treated soon, Frodo will become a wraith like the Nazgûl himself. As the travellers near their destination, they meet Glorfindel, an elf - lord from Rivendell, who helps them reach the River Bruinen near Rivendell. But the Nazgûl, all nine now gathered together, ambush the party at the Ford of Bruinen. Glorfindel 's horse outruns the pursuers and carries Frodo across the Ford. As the Nazgûl attempt to follow, a giant wave commanded by Elrond, the lord of Rivendell, sweeps them away and Frodo collapses.
Book II opens in Rivendell at the house of Elrond. Frodo is healed by Elrond and discovers that Bilbo has been residing there. Bilbo asks to see the Ring again, but Frodo resists because of the Ring 's power, which leads Bilbo to understand at last. Frodo also meets many notable figures, including Glóin -- one of the dwarves who accompanied Bilbo on his journey to the Lonely Mountain -- and Legolas, Prince of the Silvan Elves of Mirkwood. Frodo learns about the remaining dwarves, including Balin, Ori, and Óin who had not been heard from in some time.
Elrond convenes a Council, attended by Gandalf, Bilbo, Frodo, Aragorn and many others, including Boromir, son of Denethor, the Steward of Gondor. Glóin explains that Balin had led an expedition to reclaim the old dwarf kingdom of Moria, but they had not heard from him in years. Furthermore, Glóin tells the group that the Nazgûl had come to Dale and the Lonely Mountain looking for Bilbo and the Ring. Legolas then tells the council that Gollum had escaped from his captivity with the Elves and was also abroad and hunting for the Ring. Boromir then stands and relates the details of a dream he and his brother Faramir both received, telling them to seek "the Sword That Was Broken '' and "Isildur 's Bane '' in Rivendell. Elrond then has Frodo bring out the Ring, which is revealed as "Isildur 's Bane ''.
Gandalf explains that he had gone to Isengard, where the wizard Saruman, the chief of all wizards in Middle - earth, dwells, to seek help and counsel. However, Saruman had turned against them, desiring the Ring for himself. Saruman imprisoned Gandalf in his tower, Orthanc, rightly suspecting that Gandalf knew where the Ring was. Gandalf, however, did not yield and managed to escape from Orthanc. He learns that Saruman is not yet in Sauron 's service, and is mustering his own force of Orcs.
As the Council of Elrond concludes, a plan is hatched to cast the One Ring into the fires of Mount Doom in Mordor, which will destroy the Ring and end Sauron 's power for good. Boromir objects and argues for using the Ring to overcome Sauron and relieve Gondor, but Elrond says that the Ring can not be used for good because of its intrinsic evil and its corrupting power even on those with the best intentions. Frodo offers to undertake this dangerous quest, and is thus chosen to be the Ring - bearer.
Frodo sets forth from Rivendell with eight companions: two Men, Aragorn and Boromir; Legolas; Gandalf; Gimli the Dwarf, the son of Glóin; and Frodo 's three Hobbit companions. These Nine Walkers (called the Fellowship or, more properly, the Company of the Ring) are chosen to represent all the free races of Middle - earth and as a balance to the Nazgûl. They are also accompanied by Bill the Pony, whom Aragorn and the Hobbits acquired in Bree as a pack horse.
The Fellowship attempt to cross the Misty Mountains is foiled by heavy snow, and then they are attacked by a host of Wargs that have moved west of the Mountains to hunt for the Ring. Thus, they are forced to take a path under the mountains, through the mines of Moria, the ancient dwarf kingdom. There, they discover that Balin, Ori, and Óin were all killed by Orcs and other evil creatures that thwarted their attempt to retake Moria. Those same orcs then attack the travellers, and during the battle that ensues, Gandalf encounters a Balrog of Morgoth, an ancient demon of fire and shadow. Gandalf challenges the Balrog, but both fall into an abyss.
The remaining eight members of the Fellowship escape from Moria and head toward the elf - haven of Lothlórien, where they are given gifts from the rulers Celeborn and Galadriel that in many cases prove useful later during the Quest.
After leaving Lothlórien the Fellowship reach Amon Hen. There Frodo tries to decide the future course of the Fellowship. Boromir succumbs to the Ring 's corruptive influence and tries to take it for himself, and Frodo ends up putting on the Ring to escape from Boromir. While the rest of the Fellowship scatters to hunt for Frodo, Frodo decides the Fellowship has to be broken, and he must depart secretly for Mordor alone to prevent the rest of his companions from becoming enslaved by the influence of the Ring. Sam insists on coming along, however, and they set off together to Mordor. The Fellowship is thus broken.
The Company was formed at Rivendell in late T.A. 3018 following the Council of Elrond. It was decided that it should be a relatively small company; the number was set at nine to symbolically oppose the nine Nazgûl. In order of announcement the members of the Fellowship were:
In The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien speaks more often of "the Company '' of the Ring rather than "the Fellowship '', as reflected in the page references in Robert Foster 's The Complete Guide to Middle - earth. The Jackson film adaptions have resulted in "the Fellowship '' becoming the more familiar, if less correct term.
The poet W.H. Auden wrote a positive review in The New York Times, praising the excitement and saying "Tolkien 's invention is unflagging, and, on the primitive level of wanting to know what happens next, The Fellowship of the Ring is at least as good as The Thirty - Nine Steps. '' However, he noted that the light humour in the beginning was "not Tolkien 's forte ''. It was also favourably reviewed by nature writer Loren Eiseley. Literary critic Edmund Wilson titled his unflattering review Oo, those awful Orcs.
Some editions are listed below. A more complete list, including non-English editions, may be found at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database.
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who was the first president to be assasinated | List of Presidents of the United States who died in office - wikipedia
During the history of the United States, eight presidents have died in office. Of those eight, four were assassinated and four died of natural causes. In all eight cases, the Vice President of the United States took over the office of presidency as part of the United States presidential line of succession.
William Henry Harrison holds the record for shortest term served, holding the office of presidency for 31 days before dying. Harrison was the first president to die while in office when he caught pneumonia and died on April 4, 1841. On July 9, 1850, Zachary Taylor died from acute gastroenteritis. Abraham Lincoln was the first president to be assassinated. He was shot by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865. Sixteen years later, on September 19, 1881, President James A. Garfield was assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau. Nearly twenty years after that, President William McKinley died from complications after being shot twice by Leon Czolgosz. President Warren G. Harding suffered a heart attack, and died on August 2, 1923. On April 12, 1945, Franklin D. Roosevelt collapsed and died as a result of a cerebral hemorrhage. The most recent president to die in office was John F. Kennedy, who was assassinated with two rifle shots on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas.
On March 26, 1841, William Henry Harrison became ill with a cold. According to the prevailing medical misconception of that time, it was believed that his illness was directly caused by the bad weather at his inauguration; however, Harrison 's illness did not arise until more than three weeks after the event. The cold worsened, rapidly turning to pneumonia and pleurisy. He sought to rest in the White House, but could not find a quiet room because of the steady crowd of office seekers. His extremely busy social schedule made any rest time scarce.
Harrison 's doctors tried cures, applying opium, castor oil, leeches, and Virginia snakeroot. But the treatments only made Harrison worse, and he became delirious. He died nine days after becoming ill, at 12: 30 am on April 4, 1841, of right lower lobe pneumonia, jaundice, and overwhelming septicemia. He was the first United States president to die in office. His last words were to his doctor, but assumed to be directed at Vice President John Tyler, "Sir, I wish you to understand the true principles of the government. I wish them carried out. I ask nothing more. '' Harrison served the shortest term of any American president: March 4 -- April 4, 1841, 30 days, 12 hours, and 30 minutes.
Harrison 's funeral took place in the Wesley Chapel in Cincinnati, Ohio, on April 7, 1841. His original interment was in the public vault of the Congressional Cemetery in Washington, D.C. He was later buried in North Bend, Ohio. The William Henry Harrison Tomb State Memorial was erected in his honor.
On July 4, 1850, Taylor was known to have consumed copious amounts of ice water, cold milk, green apples, and cherries after attending holiday celebrations and the laying of the cornerstone of the Washington Monument. That same evening, he became severely ill with an unknown digestive ailment. Doctors used popular treatments of the time. Taylor died in the White House at 10: 35 p.m. on July 9, five days after becoming ill. Contemporary reports listed the cause of death as "bilious diarrhea, or a bilious cholera ''. He was succeeded by Vice President Millard Fillmore.
The cause of Zachary Taylor 's death was fully established in 2001. Almost immediately after his death, rumors began to circulate that Taylor was poisoned by pro-slavery Southerners, and similar theories persisted into the twentieth century. The remains were exhumed and transported to the Office of the Kentucky Chief Medical Examiner on June 17, 1991. Neutron activation analysis conducted at Oak Ridge National Laboratory revealed no evidence of poisoning, as arsenic levels were too low. The analysis concluded Taylor had contracted "cholera morbus, or acute gastroenteritis '', as Washington had open sewers, and his food or drink may have been contaminated.
Taylor was interred in the Public Vault of the Congressional Cemetery in Washington, D.C. from July 13, 1850 to October 25, 1850. (It was built in 1835 to hold remains of notables until either the grave site could be prepared or transportation arranged to another city.) His body was transported to the Taylor Family plot where his parents are buried, on the old Taylor homestead plantation known as ' Springfield ' in Louisville, Kentucky.
The assassination of Abraham Lincoln took place on Good Friday, on April 14, 1865, as the American Civil War was drawing to a close. The assassination occurred five days after the commanding General of the Army of Northern Virginia, Robert E. Lee, surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant and the Army of the Potomac. Lincoln was the first American president to be assassinated, though an unsuccessful attempt had been made on Andrew Jackson 30 years before in 1835.
The assassination of Lincoln was planned and carried out by the well - known stage actor John Wilkes Booth, a Confederate sympathizer, vehement in his denunciation of Lincoln, and a strong opponent of the abolition of slavery in the United States. Booth and a group of co-conspirators originally plotted to kidnap Lincoln, but later planned to kill him, Vice President Andrew Johnson, and Secretary of State William H. Seward in a bid to help the Confederacy 's cause. (Vice President Johnson 's assailant did not carry out his part of the plan, and Johnson succeeded Lincoln as President.)
Lincoln was shot once in the back of his head while watching the play Our American Cousin with his wife Mary Todd Lincoln at Ford 's Theatre in Washington, D.C. at around 10: 15 pm on the night of April 14, 1865. An army surgeon who happened to be at Ford 's, Doctor Charles Leale, assessed Lincoln 's wound as mortal. The unconscious President was then carried across the street from the theater to the Petersen House, where he remained in a coma for nine hours before dying the following morning at 7: 22 a.m. on April 15.
The assassination of James A. Garfield took place in Washington, D.C. on July 2, 1881. Garfield was shot by Charles J. Guiteau at 9: 30 am, less than four months into Garfield 's term as the 20th President of the United States. Garfield died eleven weeks later on September 19, 1881. His Vice President, Chester A. Arthur, succeeded Garfield as President. Garfield also lived the longest after the shooting, compared to other assassinated Presidents. Garfield was scheduled to leave Washington on July 2, 1881 for his summer vacation. On that day, Guiteau lay in wait for the President at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad station, on the southwest corner of present - day Sixth Street and Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, D.C.
President Garfield came to the Sixth Street Station on his way to his alma mater, Williams College, where he was scheduled to deliver a speech. Garfield was accompanied by two of his sons, James and Harry, and Secretary of State Blaine. Secretary of War Robert Todd Lincoln waited at the station to see the President off. Garfield had no bodyguard or security detail; with the exception of Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War, early U.S. presidents never used any guards.
As President Garfield entered the waiting room of the station Guiteau stepped forward and pulled the trigger from behind at point - blank range. "My God, what is that? '' Garfield cried out, flinging up his arms. Guiteau fired again and Garfield collapsed. One bullet grazed Garfield 's shoulder; the other hit him in the back, passing the first lumbar vertebra but missing the spinal cord before coming to rest behind his pancreas.
Garfield, conscious but in shock, was carried to an upstairs floor of the train station. One bullet remained lodged in his body, but doctors could not find it. Young Jim Garfield and James Blaine both broke down and wept. Robert Todd Lincoln, deeply upset and thinking back to the death of his father, said "How many hours of sorrow I have passed in this town. ''
Garfield was carried back to the White House. Although doctors told him that he would not survive the night, the President remained conscious and alert. The next morning his vital signs were good and doctors began to hope for recovery. A long vigil began, with Garfield 's doctors issuing regular bulletins that the American public followed closely throughout the summer of 1881. His condition fluctuated. Fevers came and went. Garfield struggled to keep down solid food and spent most of the summer eating little, and that only liquids.
Garfield had been a regular visitor to the shore town of Long Branch, NJ, one of the nation 's premier summer vacation spots until World War I. In early September, it was decided to bring him to Elberon, a quiet beach town just to the south of Long Branch, in hopes that the beach air would help him recover. When they heard that the president was being brought to their town, local citizens built more than half a mile of tracks in less than 24 hours, enabling Garfield to be brought directly to the door of the oceanfront Franklyn cottage, rather than being moved by carriage from the local Elberon train station. However, Garfield died 12 days later. A granite marker on Garfield Rd identifies the former site of the cottage, which was demolished in 1950.
Chester Arthur was at his home in New York City on the night of September 19, when word came that Garfield had died. After first getting the news, Arthur said "I hope -- my God, I do hope it is a mistake. '' But confirmation by telegram came soon after. Arthur took the presidential oath of office, administered by a New York Supreme Court judge, then left for Long Branch to pay his respects before going on to Washington. Garfield 's body was taken to Washington, where it lay in state for two days in the Capitol Rotunda before being taken to Cleveland, where the funeral was held on September 26.
When the tracks that had been hastily built to the Franklyn cottage were later torn up, actor Oliver Byron bought the wooden ties, and had local carpenter William Presley build them into a small tea house, in commemoration of the president. The red & white (originally red, white & blue) "Garfield Tea House '' still survives, resting a couple of blocks away from the site of the cottage on the grounds of the Long Branch Historical Museum, a former Episcopal Church. The church is nicknamed "The Church of the Presidents '', as it had been attended by, in addition to Garfield, Presidents Chester A. Arthur, Ulysses S. Grant, Benjamin Harrison, Rutherford Hayes, William McKinley, and Woodrow Wilson, during their own visits to Long Branch.
William McKinley was assassinated on September 6, 1901, inside the Temple of Music on the grounds of the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. McKinley was shaking hands with the public when he was shot by Leon Czolgosz, an anarchist. The President died eight days later on September 14 from gangrene caused by the bullet wounds.
McKinley had been elected for a second term in 1900. He enjoyed meeting the public, and was reluctant to accept the security available to his office. The Secretary to the President, George B. Cortelyou, feared an assassination attempt would take place during a visit to the Temple of Music, and twice took it off the schedule. McKinley restored it each time.
Czolgosz had lost his job during the economic Panic of 1893 and turned to anarchism, a political philosophy whose adherents had killed foreign leaders. Regarding McKinley as a symbol of oppression, Czolgosz felt it was his duty as an anarchist to kill him. Unable to get near McKinley during the earlier part of the presidential visit, Czolgosz shot McKinley twice as the President reached to shake his hand in the reception line at the temple. One bullet grazed McKinley; the other entered his abdomen and was never found.
McKinley initially appeared to be recovering, but took a turn for the worse on September 13 as his wounds became gangrenous, and died early the next morning; Vice President Theodore Roosevelt succeeded him. Roosevelt was hiking near the top of Mt. Marcy, in New York State 's Adirondack region, when a runner located him to convey the bad news. After McKinley 's murder, for which Czolgosz was put to death in the electric chair, the United States Congress passed legislation to officially charge the Secret Service with the responsibility for protecting the president.
Warren G. Harding died from a sudden heart attack in his hotel suite while visiting San Francisco at around 7: 35 p.m. on August 2, 1923. His death quickly led to theories that he had been poisoned or committed suicide. Rumors of poisoning were fueled, in part, by a book called The Strange Death of President Harding, in which the author (convicted criminal, former Ohio Gang member, and detective Gaston Means, hired by Mrs. Harding to investigate Warren Harding and his mistress) suggested that Mrs. Harding had poisoned her husband after learning of his infidelity. Mrs. Harding 's refusal to allow an autopsy on President Harding only added to the speculation. According to the physicians attending Harding, however, the symptoms in the days prior to his death all pointed to congestive heart failure. Harding 's biographer, Samuel H. Adams, concluded that "Warren G. Harding died a natural death which, in any case, could not have been long postponed ''.
Immediately after President Harding 's death, Mrs. Harding returned to Washington, D.C., and briefly stayed in the White House with the new President Calvin Coolidge and First Lady. For a month, former First Lady Harding gathered and destroyed by fire President Harding 's correspondence and documents, both official and unofficial. Upon her return to Marion, Mrs. Harding hired a number of secretaries to collect and burn President Harding 's personal papers. According to Mrs. Harding, she took these actions to protect her husband 's legacy. The remaining papers were held and kept from public view by the Harding Memorial Association in Marion.
On March 29, 1945, Franklin D. Roosevelt went to the Little White House at Warm Springs, Georgia, to rest before his anticipated appearance at the founding conference of the United Nations. On the afternoon of April 12, Roosevelt said, "I have a terrific pain in the back of my head. '' He then slumped forward in his chair, unconscious, and was carried into his bedroom. The president 's attending cardiologist, Dr. Howard Bruenn, diagnosed a massive cerebral hemorrhage (stroke). At 3: 35 pm that day, Roosevelt died without regaining consciousness. As Allen Drury later said, "so ended an era, and so began another. '' After Roosevelt 's death, an editorial by The New York Times declared, "Men will thank God on their knees a hundred years from now that Franklin D. Roosevelt was in the White House ''.
In his later years at the White House, when Roosevelt was increasingly overworked, his daughter Anna Roosevelt Boettiger had moved in to provide her father companionship and support. Anna had also arranged for her father to meet with his former mistress, the now widowed Lucy Mercer Rutherfurd. A close friend of both Roosevelt and Mercer who was present, Elizabeth Shoumatoff, rushed Mercer away to avoid negative publicity and implications of infidelity. When Eleanor heard about her husband 's death, she was also faced with the news that Anna had been arranging these meetings with Mercer and that Mercer had been with Franklin when he died.
On the morning of April 13, Roosevelt 's body was placed in a flag - draped coffin and loaded onto the presidential train. After a White House funeral on April 14, Roosevelt was transported back to Hyde Park by train, guarded by four servicemen, one each from the Army, Navy, Marines, and Coast Guard. As was his wish, Roosevelt was buried in the Rose Garden of the Springwood estate, the Roosevelt family home in Hyde Park on April 15. Eleanor died in November 1962 and was buried next to him.
Roosevelt 's death was met with shock and grief across the U.S. and around the world. His declining health had not been known to the general public. Roosevelt had been president for more than 12 years, longer than any other person, and had led the country through some of its greatest crises to the impending defeat of Nazi Germany and within sight of the defeat of Japan as well.
Less than a month after his death, on May 8, the war in Europe ended. President Harry S. Truman, who turned 61 that day, dedicated Victory in Europe Day and its celebrations to Roosevelt 's memory, and kept the flags across the U.S. at half - staff for the remainder of the 30 - day mourning period. In doing so, Truman said that his only wish was "that Franklin D. Roosevelt had lived to witness this day. ''
John F. Kennedy was assassinated at 12: 30 p.m. Central Standard Time (18: 30 UTC) on Friday, November 22, 1963, in Dealey Plaza, Dallas, Texas. Kennedy was fatally shot while traveling with his wife Jacqueline, Texas Governor John Connally, and the latter 's wife Nellie, in a Presidential motorcade. The ten - month investigation by the Warren Commission of 1963 -- 1964 concluded that President Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald and that Oswald had acted entirely alone. It also concluded that Jack Ruby acted alone when he killed Oswald in police custody. Nonetheless, polls conducted from 1966 to 2004 found that as many as 80 percent of Americans have suspected that there was a plot or cover - up.
Most current John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories put forth a criminal conspiracy involving parties as varied as the CIA, the Mafia, anti-Castro Cuban exile groups, the military industrial complex, sitting Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, Cuban President Fidel Castro, FBI director J. Edgar Hoover, the KGB, or some combination of those entities. In an article published prior to the 50th anniversary of Kennedy 's assassination, author Vincent Bugliosi estimates that a total of 42 groups, 82 assassins, and 214 people have been accused in conspiracy theories challenging the "lone gunman '' theory.
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miranda lambert - the weight of these wings | The Weight of These Wings - wikipedia
The Weight of These Wings is the sixth studio album by American country music artist Miranda Lambert, released on November 18, 2016, by RCA Records Nashville. The album consists of two discs, with Disc 1 titled The Nerve, and Disc 2 titled The Heart. The album debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard Country Albums chart and No. 3 on the all - genre US Billboard 200 chart, and has been certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). In addition to winning Album of the Year at the 2017 ACM Awards, it is considered by several music publications as one of 2016 's best country albums.
In an August 2016 interview with Billboard, Lambert stated she had been working on the album for a year, which included writing and recording. She admitted she was nervous about her new music since she had mostly stayed quiet while writing it. Songwriter Luke Dick was one of the musicians who worked on the album. He co-wrote "Highway Vagabond '' with Natalie Hemby and Shane McAnally. He found the line "I want to go somewhere nobody knows; and I want to know somewhere that nobody goes '' while waiting at a deli and not willing to mix with other people. This became a road song with the word "vagabond '' at the center, with a production sounding like country Siouxsie and the Banshees.
The album 's content is about her divorce with Blake Shelton and her current relationship with Anderson East.
The album was released on November 18, 2016, through RCA Records Nashville.
"Vice '' was released as the album 's lead single on July 18, 2016. In its first week it sold 64,000 copies and debuted (and peaked) at number 2 on the Hot Country Songs chart. It ultimately reached a peak of number 11 on the Country Airplay chart. As of March 2017, the song has sold 508,000 copies in the United States.
"We Should Be Friends '' was released as the second single on December 12, 2016. It was a Top 30 hit on the Hot Country Songs and Country Airplay charts.
"Tin Man '' was released as the third single on April 3, 2017, immediately following Lambert 's acoustic performance of the song on 52nd Academy of Country Music Awards.
The Weight of These Wings received highly positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has an average score of 81 out of 100, which indicates "universal acclaim '' based on 11 reviews. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic rated the album four out of five stars and states: "It may have mainstream songs, but The Weight of These Wings is n't produced like a country - pop album, so it demands attention and rewards close listening. '' Paul Grein of HITS Daily Double predicted the album to be in contention for Album of the Year at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards.
The Weight of These Wings won the award for Album of the Year at the 2017 ACM Awards. It marks Lambert 's fifth consecutive album to win the award, a record for any artist or group.
Credits adapted from AllMusic. Vocals
Musicians
Production and imagery
The Weight of These Wings debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard Country Albums chart and No. 3 on the all - genre US Billboard 200 chart, moving 133,000 equivalent album units in its first week of release. It sold 122,000 copies, with the remainder of its unit total reflecting the album 's streaming activity and track sales. It is Lambert 's fifth straight album to debut in the top ten of the Billboard 200, following Platinum (No. 1, 2014), Four the Record (No. 3, 2011), Revolution (No. 8, 2009) and Crazy Ex-Girlfriend (No. 6, 2007). In its second week of release, the album moved 36,000 units and was in the No. 9 position on the Billboard 200 chart. Following the 52nd Academy of Country Music Awards on April 2, 2017, where Lambert won multiple awards and performed "Tin Man '', the album moved 31,000 units, including 23,000 in pure sales, and jumped from No. 192 to No. 12 on the Billboard 200 chart. As of January 2018 the album has sold 418,300 copies in the United States.
sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone
Source: Amazon.com
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when are they going to stop making pennies | Penny debate in the United States - wikipedia
A debate exists within the United States government, and American society at large, over whether the one - cent coin, commonly called the penny, should be eliminated as a unit of currency in the United States. Two bills introduced in the US Congress would have ceased production of pennies, but neither bill was approved. Such a bill would leave the nickel, at five cents, as the lowest - value coin. On February 15, 2013, President Barack Obama stated his willingness to eliminate the penny. Although a 2015 memo revealed that Secretary of the Treasury Jack Lew has considered eliminating the penny, there are currently no plans to abolish the penny.
In 1990, United States Representative Jim Kolbe (R - AZ) introduced the Price Rounding Act of 1989, HR 3761 to eliminate the penny in cash transactions, rounding to the nearest nickel. In 2001, Kolbe introduced the Legal Tender Modernization Act of 2001, HR 5818, and in 2006, he introduced the Currency Overhaul for an Industrious Nation (COIN) Act, HR 5818. While the bills received much popular support from the public, and therefore from their representatives, the bills were not made to law when Congress adjourned. There are public pressures on many Representatives to reintroduce these bills to the legislature. One such example is the constituency of the 2nd District of Colorado, represented by Jared Polis.
As of 2013, nickels cost around 9.4 cents to produce, providing an argument for elimination similar to the penny 's production at a loss. The nickel 's face value is also well below that of the lowest - denomination coin (the penny) at the time of the half - cent 's elimination in 1857. Unlike the penny, the nickel is also mostly redundant (when exchanging d dollars and c cents, if c is not 5 -- 9 or 15 -- 19, the amount can be given without nickels and still weigh less, with at most one additional coin, than if a nickel is included) and less commonly used; the nickel is nonetheless accepted by most vending machines while the penny is not. No bills have yet been proposed to remove the nickel from circulation.
Economist François R. Velde has suggested an alternative plan in which the government would make the penny worth five cents. This change would cause minor monetary inflation of $5.6 billion.
Congress passed the Coin Modernization, Oversight, and Continuity Act of 2010 requiring Treasury reports on possible new metallic coin materials.
Many countries outside the United States have chosen to remove low - value coins from circulation:
However, many nations still use coins of similar or smaller value to the US cent. In some cases, while the nominal value of the coin may be smaller than that of a US cent, the purchasing power may be higher:
On April 17, 2007, a Department of the Treasury regulation went into effect prohibiting the treatment, melting, or mass export of pennies and nickels. Exceptions were allowed for numismatists, jewelry makers, and normal tourism demands. The reason given was that the price of copper was rising to the point where these coins could be melted for their metal content. In 1969, a similar law regarding silver coinage was repealed. Because their silver content frequently exceeds collector value, silver coins are often sold by multiplying their "face value '' times a benchmark price that floats relative to the spot silver price per ounce. According to US law, US citizens are allowed to melt foreign coinage (e.g. Canadian pennies) for personal or commercial use.
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when did the royal family stop ruling britain | Monarchy of the United Kingdom - wikipedia
The monarchy of the United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the British monarchy, is the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom, its dependencies and its overseas territories. The current monarch and head of state, Queen Elizabeth II, ascended the throne on the death of her father, King George VI, on 6 February 1952.
The monarch and his or her immediate family undertake various official, ceremonial, diplomatic and representational duties. As the monarchy is constitutional, the monarch is limited to non-partisan functions such as bestowing honours and appointing the Prime Minister. The monarch is commander - in - chief of the British Armed Forces. Though the ultimate formal executive authority over the government of the United Kingdom is still by and through the monarch 's royal prerogative, these powers may only be used according to laws enacted in Parliament and, in practice, within the constraints of convention and precedent.
The British monarchy traces its origins from the petty kingdoms of early medieval Scotland and Anglo - Saxon England, which consolidated into the kingdoms of England and Scotland by the 10th century AD. In 1066, the last crowned Anglo - Saxon monarch, Harold Godwinson, was defeated and killed during the Norman conquest of England and the English monarchy passed to the Normans ' victorious leader, William the Conqueror, and his descendants.
From the 1080s, the lordships of South Wales were held by a succession of Norman families inter-married with older Welsh houses loyal to the English throne, with many lordships also held by the English King in his own right. The process was completed in the 13th century when the north of Wales, as a principality, became a client state of the English kingdom, while Magna Carta began a process of reducing the English monarch 's political powers.
From 1603, when the Scottish monarch James VI inherited the English throne as James I, both the English and Scottish kingdoms were ruled by a single sovereign. From 1649 to 1660, the tradition of monarchy was broken by the republican Commonwealth of England, which followed the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. The Act of Settlement 1701 excluded Roman Catholics, or those who married Catholics, from succession to the English throne. In 1707, the kingdoms of England and Scotland were merged to create the Kingdom of Great Britain, and in 1801, the Kingdom of Ireland joined to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The British monarch became nominal head of the vast British Empire, which covered a quarter of the world 's surface at its greatest extent in 1921.
In the early 1920s, five - sixths of Ireland seceded from the Union as the Irish Free State, and the Balfour Declaration recognised the evolution of the dominions of the empire into separate, self - governing countries within a Commonwealth of Nations. After the Second World War, the vast majority of British colonies and territories became independent, effectively bringing the empire to an end. George VI and his successor, Elizabeth II, adopted the title Head of the Commonwealth as a symbol of the free association of its independent member states.
The United Kingdom and fifteen other Commonwealth monarchies that share the same person as their monarch are called Commonwealth realms. The terms British monarchy and British monarch are frequently still employed in reference to the shared individual and institution; however, each country is sovereign and independent of the others, and the monarch has a different, specific, and official national title and style for each realm.
In the uncodified Constitution of the United Kingdom, the Monarch (otherwise referred to as the Sovereign or "His / Her Majesty '', abbreviated H.M.) is the Head of State. Oaths of allegiance are made to the Queen and her lawful successors. "God Save the Queen '' (or "God Save the King '') is the British national anthem, and the monarch appears on postage stamps, coins and banknotes.
The Monarch takes little direct part in Government. The decisions to exercise sovereign powers are delegated from the Monarch, either by statute or by convention, to Ministers or officers of the Crown, or other public bodies, exclusive of the Monarch personally. Thus the acts of state done in the name of the Crown, such as Crown Appointments, even if personally performed by the Monarch, such as the Queen 's Speech and the State Opening of Parliament, depend upon decisions made elsewhere:
The Sovereign 's role as a constitutional monarch is largely limited to non-partisan functions, such as granting honours. This role has been recognised since the 19th century. The constitutional writer Walter Bagehot identified the monarchy in 1867 as the "dignified part '' rather than the "efficient part '' of government.
Whenever necessary, the Monarch is responsible for appointing a new Prime Minister (who by convention appoints and may dismiss every other Minister of the Crown, and thereby constitutes and controls the government). In accordance with unwritten constitutional conventions, the Sovereign must appoint an individual who commands the support of the House of Commons, usually the leader of the party or coalition that has a majority in that House. The Prime Minister takes office by attending the Monarch in private audience, and after "kissing hands '' that appointment is immediately effective without any other formality or instrument.
In a hung parliament where no party or coalition holds a majority, the monarch has an increased degree of latitude in choosing the individual likely to command the most support, though it would usually be the leader of the largest party. Since 1945, there have only been three hung parliaments. The first followed the February 1974 general election when Harold Wilson was appointed Prime Minister after Edward Heath resigned following his failure to form a coalition. Although Wilson 's Labour Party did not have a majority, they were the largest party. The second followed the May 2010 general election, in which the Conservatives (the largest party) and Liberal Democrats (the third largest party) agreed to form the first coalition government since World War II. The third occurred shortly thereafter, in June 2017, when the Conservative Party lost its majority in a snap election, though the party remained in power as a minority government.
In 1950 the King 's Private Secretary Sir Alan "Tommy '' Lascelles, writing pseudonymously to The Times newspaper asserted a constitutional convention: according to the Lascelles Principles, if a minority government asked to dissolve Parliament to call an early election to strengthen its position, the monarch could refuse, and would do so under three conditions. When Harold Wilson requested a dissolution late in 1974, the Queen granted his request as Heath had already failed to form a coalition. The resulting general election gave Wilson a small majority. The monarch could in theory unilaterally dismiss a Prime Minister, but a Prime Minister 's term now comes to an end only by electoral defeat, death, or resignation. The last monarch to remove a Prime Minister was William IV, who dismissed Lord Melbourne in 1834. The Fixed - term Parliaments Act 2011 removed the monarch 's authority to dissolve Parliament; the Act specifically retained the monarch 's power of prorogation however, which is a regular feature of the parliamentary calendar.
Some of the government 's executive authority is theoretically and nominally vested in the Sovereign and is known as the royal prerogative. The monarch acts within the constraints of convention and precedent, exercising prerogative only on the advice of ministers responsible to Parliament, often through the Prime Minister or Privy Council. In practice, prerogative powers are exercised only on the Prime Minister 's advice -- the Prime Minister, and not the Sovereign, has control. The monarch holds a weekly audience with the Prime Minister. No records of these audiences are taken and the proceedings remain fully confidential. The monarch may express his or her views, but, as a constitutional ruler, must ultimately accept the decisions of the Prime Minister and the Cabinet (providing they command the support of the House). In Bagehot 's words: "the Sovereign has, under a constitutional monarchy... three rights -- the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, the right to warn. ''
Although the Royal Prerogative is extensive and parliamentary approval is not formally required for its exercise, it is limited. Many Crown prerogatives have fallen out of use or have been permanently transferred to Parliament. For example, the monarch can not impose and collect new taxes; such an action requires the authorisation of an Act of Parliament. According to a parliamentary report, "The Crown can not invent new prerogative powers '', and Parliament can override any prerogative power by passing legislation.
The Royal Prerogative includes the powers to appoint and dismiss ministers, regulate the civil service, issue passports, declare war, make peace, direct the actions of the military, and negotiate and ratify treaties, alliances, and international agreements. However, a treaty can not alter the domestic laws of the United Kingdom; an Act of Parliament is necessary in such cases. The monarch is the Head of the Armed Forces (the Royal Navy, the British Army, and the Royal Air Force), and accredits British High Commissioners and ambassadors, and receives heads of missions from foreign states.
It is the prerogative of the monarch to summon and prorogue Parliament. Each parliamentary session begins with the monarch 's summons. The new parliamentary session is marked by the State Opening of Parliament, during which the Sovereign reads the Speech from the throne in the Chamber of the House of Lords, outlining the Government 's legislative agenda. Prorogation usually occurs about one year after a session begins, and formally concludes the session. Dissolution ends a parliamentary term, and is followed by a general election for all seats in the House of Commons. A general election is normally held five years after the previous one under the Fixed - term Parliaments Act 2011, but can be held sooner if the Prime Minister loses a motion of confidence, or if two - thirds of the members of the House of Commons vote to hold an early election.
Before a bill passed by the legislative Houses can become law, the royal assent (the monarch 's approval) is required. In theory, assent can either be granted (making the bill law) or withheld (vetoing the bill), but since 1707 assent has always been granted.
The monarch has a similar relationship with the devolved governments of Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The Sovereign appoints the First Minister of Scotland on the nomination of the Scottish Parliament, and the First Minister of Wales on the nomination of the National Assembly for Wales. In Scottish matters, the Sovereign acts on the advice of the Scottish Government. However, as devolution is more limited in Wales, in Welsh matters the Sovereign acts on the advice of the Prime Minister and Cabinet of the United Kingdom. The Sovereign can veto any law passed by the Northern Ireland Assembly, if it is deemed unconstitutional by the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland.
The Sovereign is deemed the "fount of justice ''; although the Sovereign does not personally rule in judicial cases, judicial functions are performed in his or her name. For instance, prosecutions are brought on the monarch 's behalf, and courts derive their authority from the Crown. The common law holds that the Sovereign "can do no wrong ''; the monarch can not be prosecuted for criminal offences. The Crown Proceedings Act 1947 allows civil lawsuits against the Crown in its public capacity (that is, lawsuits against the government), but not lawsuits against the monarch personally. The Sovereign exercises the "prerogative of mercy '', which is used to pardon convicted offenders or reduce sentences.
The monarch is the "fount of honour '', the source of all honours and dignities in the United Kingdom. The Crown creates all peerages, appoints members of the orders of chivalry, grants knighthoods and awards other honours. Although peerages and most other honours are granted on the advice of the Prime Minister, some honours are within the personal gift of the Sovereign, and are not granted on ministerial advice. The monarch alone appoints members of the Order of the Garter, the Order of the Thistle, the Royal Victorian Order and the Order of Merit.
Following Viking raids and settlement in the ninth century, the Anglo - Saxon kingdom of Wessex emerged as the dominant English kingdom. Alfred the Great secured Wessex, achieved dominance over western Mercia, and assumed the title "King of the English ''. His grandson Æthelstan was the first king to rule over a unitary kingdom roughly corresponding to the present borders of England, though its constituent parts retained strong regional identities. The 11th century saw England become more stable, despite a number of wars with the Danes, which resulted in a Danish monarchy for one generation. The conquest of England in 1066 by William, Duke of Normandy, was crucial in terms of both political and social change. The new monarch continued the centralisation of power begun in the Anglo - Saxon period, while the Feudal System continued to develop.
William was succeeded by two of his sons: William II, then Henry I. Henry made a controversial decision to name his daughter Matilda (his only surviving child) as his heir. Following Henry 's death in 1135, one of William I 's grandsons, Stephen, laid claim to the throne and took power with the support of most of the barons. Matilda challenged his reign; as a result, England descended into a period of disorder known as the Anarchy. Stephen maintained a precarious hold on power but agreed to a compromise under which Matilda 's son Henry would succeed him. Henry accordingly became the first Angevin king of England and the first monarch of the Plantagenet dynasty as Henry II in 1154.
The reigns of most of the Angevin monarchs were marred by civil strife and conflicts between the monarch and the nobility. Henry II faced rebellions from his own sons, the future monarchs Richard I and John. Nevertheless, Henry managed to expand his kingdom, forming what is retrospectively known as the Angevin Empire. Upon Henry 's death, his elder son Richard succeeded to the throne; he was absent from England for most of his reign, as he left to fight in the Crusades. He was killed besieging a castle, and John succeeded him.
John 's reign was marked by conflict with the barons, particularly over the limits of royal power. In 1215, the barons coerced the king into issuing Magna Carta (Latin for "Great Charter '') to guarantee the rights and liberties of the nobility. Soon afterwards, further disagreements plunged England into a civil war known as the First Barons ' War. The war came to an abrupt end after John died in 1216, leaving the Crown to his nine - year - old son Henry III. Later in Henry 's reign, Simon de Montfort led the barons in another rebellion, beginning the Second Barons ' War. The war ended in a clear royalist victory and in the death of many rebels, but not before the king had agreed to summon a parliament in 1265.
The next monarch, Edward Longshanks, was far more successful in maintaining royal power and responsible for the conquest of Wales. He attempted to establish English domination of Scotland. However, gains in Scotland were reversed during the reign of his successor, Edward II, who also faced conflict with the nobility. In 1311, Edward II was forced to relinquish many of his powers to a committee of baronial "ordainers ''; however, military victories helped him regain control in 1322. Nevertheless, in 1327, Edward was deposed by his wife Isabella. His 14 - year - old son became Edward III. Edward III claimed the French Crown, setting off the Hundred Years ' War between England and France.
His campaigns conquered much French territory, but by 1374, all the gains had been lost. Edward 's reign was also marked by the further development of Parliament, which came to be divided into two Houses. In 1377, Edward III died, leaving the Crown to his 10 - year - old grandson Richard II. Like many of his predecessors, Richard II conflicted with the nobles by attempting to concentrate power in his own hands. In 1399, while he was campaigning in Ireland, his cousin Henry Bolingbroke seized power. Richard was deposed, imprisoned, and eventually murdered, probably by starvation, and Henry became king as Henry IV.
Henry IV was the grandson of Edward III and the son of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster; hence, his dynasty was known as the House of Lancaster. For most of his reign, Henry IV was forced to fight off plots and rebellions; his success was partly due to the military skill of his son, the future Henry V. Henry V 's own reign, which began in 1413, was largely free from domestic strife, leaving the king free to pursue the Hundred Years ' War in France. Although he was victorious, his sudden death in 1422 left his infant son Henry VI on the throne and gave the French an opportunity to overthrow English rule.
The unpopularity of Henry VI 's counsellors and his belligerent consort, Margaret of Anjou, as well as his own ineffectual leadership, led to the weakening of the House of Lancaster. The Lancastrians faced a challenge from the House of York, so called because its head, a descendant of Edward III, was Richard, Duke of York. Although the Duke of York died in battle in 1460, his eldest son, Edward IV, led the Yorkists to victory in 1461. The Wars of the Roses, nevertheless, continued intermittently during his reign and those of his son Edward V and brother Richard III. Edward V disappeared, presumably murdered by Richard. Ultimately, the conflict culminated in success for the Lancastrian branch led by Henry Tudor, in 1485, when Richard III was killed in the Battle of Bosworth Field.
Now King Henry VII, he neutralised the remaining Yorkist forces, partly by marrying Elizabeth of York, a Yorkist heir. Through skill and ability, Henry re-established absolute supremacy in the realm, and the conflicts with the nobility that had plagued previous monarchs came to an end. The reign of the second Tudor king, Henry VIII, was one of great political change. Religious upheaval and disputes with the Pope led the monarch to break from the Roman Catholic Church and to establish the Church of England (the Anglican Church).
Wales -- which had been conquered centuries earlier, but had remained a separate dominion -- was annexed to England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. Henry VIII 's son and successor, the young Edward VI, continued with further religious reforms, but his early death in 1553 precipitated a succession crisis. He was wary of allowing his Catholic elder half - sister Mary I to succeed, and therefore drew up a will designating Lady Jane Grey as his heiress. Jane 's reign, however, lasted only nine days; with tremendous popular support, Mary deposed her and declared herself the lawful sovereign. Mary I married Philip of Spain, who was declared king and co-ruler, pursued disastrous wars in France and attempted to return England to Roman Catholicism, burning Protestants at the stake as heretics in the process. Upon her death in 1558, the pair were succeeded by her Protestant half - sister Elizabeth I. England returned to Protestantism and continued its growth into a major world power by building its navy and exploring the New World.
In Scotland, as in England, monarchies emerged after the withdrawal of the Roman empire from Britain in the early fifth century. The three groups that lived in Scotland at this time were the Picts in the north east, the Britons in the south, including the Kingdom of Strathclyde, and the Gaels or Scotti (who would later give their name to Scotland), of the Irish petty kingdom of Dál Riata in the west. Kenneth MacAlpin is traditionally viewed as the first king of a united Scotland (known as Scotia to writers in Latin, or Alba to the Scots). The expansion of Scottish dominions continued over the next two centuries, as other territories such as Strathclyde were absorbed.
Early Scottish monarchs did not inherit the Crown directly; instead the custom of tanistry was followed, where the monarchy alternated between different branches of the House of Alpin. As a result, however, the rival dynastic lines clashed, often violently. From 942 to 1005, seven consecutive monarchs were either murdered or killed in battle. In 1005, Malcolm II ascended the throne having killed many rivals. He continued to ruthlessly eliminate opposition, and when he died in 1034 he was succeeded by his grandson, Duncan I, instead of a cousin, as had been usual. In 1040, Duncan suffered defeat in battle at the hands of Macbeth, who was killed himself in 1057 by Duncan 's son Malcolm. The following year, after killing Macbeth 's stepson Lulach, Malcolm ascended the throne as Malcolm III.
With a further series of battles and deposings, five of Malcolm 's sons as well as one of his brothers successively became king. Eventually, the Crown came to his youngest son, David I. David was succeeded by his grandsons Malcolm IV, and then by William the Lion, the longest - reigning King of Scots before the Union of the Crowns. William participated in a rebellion against King Henry II of England but when the rebellion failed, William was captured by the English. In exchange for his release, William was forced to acknowledge Henry as his feudal overlord. The English King Richard I agreed to terminate the arrangement in 1189, in return for a large sum of money needed for the Crusades. William died in 1214, and was succeeded by his son Alexander II. Alexander II, as well as his successor Alexander III, attempted to take over the Western Isles, which were still under the overlordship of Norway. During the reign of Alexander III, Norway launched an unsuccessful invasion of Scotland; the ensuing Treaty of Perth recognised Scottish control of the Western Isles and other disputed areas.
Alexander III 's unexpected death in a riding accident in 1286 precipitated a major succession crisis. Scottish leaders appealed to King Edward I of England for help in determining who was the rightful heir. Edward chose Alexander 's three - year - old Norwegian granddaughter, Margaret. On her way to Scotland in 1290, however, Margaret died at sea, and Edward was again asked to adjudicate between 13 rival claimants to the throne. A court was set up and after two years of deliberation, it pronounced John Balliol to be king. Edward proceeded to treat Balliol as a vassal, and tried to exert influence over Scotland. In 1295, when Balliol renounced his allegiance to England, Edward I invaded. During the first ten years of the ensuing Wars of Scottish Independence, Scotland had no monarch, until Robert the Bruce declared himself king in 1306.
Robert 's efforts to control Scotland culminated in success, and Scottish independence was acknowledged in 1328. However, only one year later, Robert died and was succeeded by his five - year - old son, David II. On the pretext of restoring John Balliol 's rightful heir, Edward Balliol, the English again invaded in 1332. During the next four years, Balliol was crowned, deposed, restored, deposed, restored, and deposed until he eventually settled in England, and David remained king for the next 35 years.
David II died childless in 1371 and was succeeded by his nephew Robert II of the House of Stuart. The reigns of both Robert II and his successor, Robert III, were marked by a general decline in royal power. When Robert III died in 1406, regents had to rule the country; the monarch, Robert III 's son James I, had been taken captive by the English. Having paid a large ransom, James returned to Scotland in 1424; to restore his authority, he used ruthless measures, including the execution of several of his enemies. He was assassinated by a group of nobles. James II continued his father 's policies by subduing influential noblemen but he was killed in an accident at the age of thirty, and a council of regents again assumed power. James III was defeated in a battle against rebellious Scottish earls in 1488, leading to another boy - king: James IV.
In 1513 James IV launched an invasion of England, attempting to take advantage of the absence of the English King Henry VIII. His forces met with disaster at Flodden Field; the King, many senior noblemen, and hundreds of soldiers were killed. As his son and successor, James V, was an infant, the government was again taken over by regents. James V led another disastrous war with the English in 1542, and his death in the same year left the Crown in the hands of his six - day - old daughter, Mary I. Once again, a regency was established.
Mary, a Roman Catholic, reigned during a period of great religious upheaval in Scotland. As a result of the efforts of reformers such as John Knox, a Protestant ascendancy was established. Mary caused alarm by marrying her Catholic cousin, Lord Darnley, in 1565. After Lord Darnley 's assassination in 1567, Mary contracted an even more unpopular marriage with the Earl of Bothwell, who was widely suspected of Darnley 's murder. The nobility rebelled against the Queen, forcing her to abdicate. She fled to England, and the Crown went to her infant son James VI, who was brought up as a Protestant. Mary was imprisoned and later executed by the English queen Elizabeth I.
Elizabeth I 's death in 1603 ended Tudor rule in England. Since she had no children, she was succeeded by the Scottish monarch James VI, who was the great - grandson of Henry VIII 's older sister and hence Elizabeth 's first cousin twice removed. James VI ruled in England as James I after what was known as the "Union of the Crowns ''. Although England and Scotland were in personal union under one monarch -- James I became the first monarch to style himself "King of Great Britain '' in 1604 -- they remained two separate kingdoms. James I 's successor, Charles I, experienced frequent conflicts with the English Parliament related to the issue of royal and parliamentary powers, especially the power to impose taxes. He provoked opposition by ruling without Parliament from 1629 to 1640, unilaterally levying taxes and adopting controversial religious policies (many of which were offensive to the Scottish Presbyterians and the English Puritans). His attempt to enforce Anglicanism led to organised rebellion in Scotland (the "Bishops ' Wars '') and ignited the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. In 1642, the conflict between the King and English Parliament reached its climax and the English Civil War began.
The Civil War culminated in the execution of the king in 1649, the overthrow of the English monarchy, and the establishment of the Commonwealth of England. Charles I 's son, Charles II, was proclaimed King of Great Britain in Scotland, but he was forced to flee abroad after he invaded England and was defeated at the Battle of Worcester. In 1653, Oliver Cromwell, the most prominent military and political leader in the nation, seized power and declared himself Lord Protector (effectively becoming a military dictator, but refusing the title of king). Cromwell ruled until his death in 1658, when he was succeeded by his son Richard. The new Lord Protector had little interest in governing; he soon resigned. The lack of clear leadership led to civil and military unrest, and for a popular desire to restore the monarchy. In 1660, the monarchy was restored and Charles II returned to Britain.
Charles II 's reign was marked by the development of the first modern political parties in England. Charles had no legitimate children, and was due to be succeeded by his Roman Catholic brother, James, Duke of York. A parliamentary effort to exclude James from the line of succession arose; the "Petitioners '', who supported exclusion, became the Whig Party, whereas the "Abhorrers '', who opposed exclusion, became the Tory Party. The Exclusion Bill failed; on several occasions, Charles II dissolved Parliament because he feared that the bill might pass. After the dissolution of the Parliament of 1681, Charles ruled without a Parliament until his death in 1685. When James succeeded Charles, he pursued a policy of offering religious tolerance to Roman Catholics, thereby drawing the ire of many of his Protestant subjects. Many opposed James 's decisions to maintain a large standing army, to appoint Roman Catholics to high political and military offices, and to imprison Church of England clerics who challenged his policies. As a result, a group of Protestants known as the Immortal Seven invited James II 's daughter Mary and her husband William III of Orange to depose the king. William obliged, arriving in England on 5 November 1688 to great public support. Faced with the defection of many of his Protestant officials, James fled the realm and William and Mary (rather than James II 's Catholic son) were declared joint Sovereigns of England, Scotland and Ireland.
James 's overthrow, known as the Glorious Revolution, was one of the most important events in the long evolution of parliamentary power. The Bill of Rights 1689 affirmed parliamentary supremacy, and declared that the English people held certain rights, including the freedom from taxes imposed without parliamentary consent. The Bill of Rights required future monarchs to be Protestants, and provided that, after any children of William and Mary, Mary 's sister Anne would inherit the Crown. Mary died childless in 1694, leaving William as the sole monarch. By 1700, a political crisis arose, as all of Anne 's children had died, leaving her as the only individual left in the line of succession. Parliament was afraid that the former James II or his supporters, known as Jacobites, might attempt to reclaim the throne. Parliament passed the Act of Settlement 1701, which excluded James and his Catholic relations from the succession and made William 's nearest Protestant relations, the family of Sophia, Electress of Hanover, next in line to the throne after his sister - in - law Anne. Soon after the passage of the Act, William III died, leaving the Crown to Anne.
After Anne 's accession, the problem of the succession re-emerged. The Scottish Parliament, infuriated that the English Parliament did not consult them on the choice of Sophia 's family as the next heirs, passed the Act of Security 1704, threatening to end the personal union between England and Scotland. The Parliament of England retaliated with the Alien Act 1705, threatening to devastate the Scottish economy by restricting trade. The Scottish and English parliaments negotiated the Acts of Union 1707, under which England and Scotland were united into a single Kingdom of Great Britain, with succession under the rules prescribed by the Act of Settlement.
In 1714, Queen Anne was succeeded by her second cousin, and Sophia 's son, George I, Elector of Hanover, who consolidated his position by defeating Jacobite rebellions in 1715 and 1719. The new monarch was less active in government than many of his British predecessors, but retained control over his German kingdoms, with which Britain was now in personal union. Power shifted towards George 's ministers, especially to Sir Robert Walpole, who is often considered the first British prime minister, although the title was not then in use. The next monarch, George II, witnessed the final end of the Jacobite threat in 1746, when the Catholic Stuarts were completely defeated. During the long reign of his grandson, George III, Britain 's American colonies were lost, the former colonies having formed the United States of America, but British influence elsewhere in the world continued to grow, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was created by the Acts of Union 1800.
From 1811 to 1820, George III suffered a severe bout of what is now believed to be porphyria, an illness rendering him incapable of ruling. His son, the future George IV, ruled in his stead as Prince Regent. During the Regency and his own reign, the power of the monarchy declined, and by the time of his successor, William IV, the monarch was no longer able to effectively interfere with parliamentary power. In 1834, William dismissed the Whig Prime Minister, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, and appointed a Tory, Sir Robert Peel. In the ensuing elections, however, Peel lost. The king had no choice but to recall Lord Melbourne. During William IV 's reign, the Reform Act 1832, which reformed parliamentary representation, was passed. Together with others passed later in the century, the Act led to an expansion of the electoral franchise and the rise of the House of Commons as the most important branch of Parliament.
The final transition to a constitutional monarchy was made during the long reign of William IV 's successor, Victoria. As a woman, Victoria could not rule Hanover, which only permitted succession in the male line, so the personal union of the United Kingdom and Hanover came to an end. The Victorian era was marked by great cultural change, technological progress, and the establishment of the United Kingdom as one of the world 's foremost powers. In recognition of British rule over India, Victoria was declared Empress of India in 1876. However, her reign was also marked by increased support for the republican movement, due in part to Victoria 's permanent mourning and lengthy period of seclusion following the death of her husband in 1861.
Victoria 's son, Edward VII, became the first monarch of the House of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha in 1901. In 1917, the next monarch, George V, changed "Saxe - Coburg and Gotha '' to "Windsor '' in response to the anti-German sympathies aroused by the First World War. George V 's reign was marked by the separation of Ireland into Northern Ireland, which remained a part of the United Kingdom, and the Irish Free State, an independent nation, in 1922.
During the twentieth century, the Commonwealth of Nations evolved from the British Empire. Prior to 1926, the British Crown reigned over the British Empire collectively; the Dominions and Crown Colonies were subordinate to the United Kingdom. The Balfour Declaration of 1926 gave complete self - government to the Dominions, effectively creating a system whereby a single monarch operated independently in each separate Dominion. The concept was solidified by the Statute of Westminster 1931, which has been likened to "a treaty among the Commonwealth countries ''.
The monarchy thus ceased to be an exclusively British institution, although it is often still referred to as "British '' for legal and historical reasons and for convenience. The monarch became separately monarch of the United Kingdom, monarch of Canada, monarch of Australia, and so forth. The independent states within the Commonwealth would share the same monarch in a relationship likened to a personal union.
George V 's death in 1936 was followed by the accession of Edward VIII, who caused a public scandal by announcing his desire to marry the divorced American Wallis Simpson, even though the Church of England opposed the remarriage of divorcées. Accordingly, Edward announced his intention to abdicate; the Parliaments of the United Kingdom and of other Commonwealth countries granted his request. Edward VIII and any children by his new wife were excluded from the line of succession, and the Crown went to his brother, George VI. George served as a rallying figure for the British people during World War II, making morale - boosting visits to the troops as well as to munitions factories and to areas bombed by Nazi Germany. In June 1948 George VI relinquished the title Emperor of India, although remaining head of state of the Dominion of India.
At first, every member of the Commonwealth retained the same monarch as the United Kingdom, but when the Dominion of India became a republic in 1950, it would no longer share in a common monarchy. Instead, the British monarch was acknowledged as "Head of the Commonwealth '' in all Commonwealth member states, whether they were realms or republics. The position is purely ceremonial, and is not inherited by the British monarch as of right but is vested in an individual chosen by the Commonwealth heads of government. Member states of the Commonwealth that share the same person as monarch are known as Commonwealth realms.
In 1155 the only English pope, Adrian IV, authorised King Henry II of England to take possession of Ireland as a feudal territory nominally under papal overlordship. The pope wanted the English monarch to annex Ireland and bring the Irish church into line with Rome, despite this process already underway in Ireland by 1155. An all - island kingship of Ireland had been created in 854 by Máel Sechnaill mac Máele Ruanaid. His last successor was Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair, who had become King of Ireland in early 1166, and exiled Diarmait Mac Murchada, King of Leinster. Diarmait asked Henry II for help, gaining a group of Anglo - Norman aristocrats and adventurers, led by Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, to help him regain his throne. Diarmait and his Anglo - Norman allies succeeded and he became King of Leinster again. De Clare married Diarmait 's daughter, and when Diarmait died in 1171, de Clare became King of Leinster. Henry was afraid that de Clare would make Ireland a rival Norman kingdom, so he took advantage of the papal bull and invaded, forcing de Clare and the other Anglo - Norman aristocrats in Ireland and the major Irish kings and lords to recognise him as their overlord. English lords came close to colonising the entire island, but a Gaelic resurgence from the 1260s resulted in the island divided between Gaelic - Irish and Anglo - Irish lords by 1400. Many of the latter became completely Gaelicised, and did not recognise England 's kings except perhaps nominally. Some, such as Manus O'Donnell and Conn O'Neill, 1st Earl of Tyrone, were kings themselves.
By 1541, King Henry VIII of England had broken with the Church of Rome and declared himself Supreme Head of the Church of England. The pope 's grant of Ireland to the English monarch became invalid, so Henry summoned a meeting of the Irish Parliament to change his title from Lord of Ireland to King of Ireland. However much of the island was beyond English control, resulting in the extended Tudor conquest of Ireland that only made the Kingdom of Ireland a reality in 1603, at the conclusion of the Nine Years ' War (Ireland). Nevertheless, Ireland retained its own parliament, becoming an independent state in 1642 - 1649 (Confederate Ireland), and again in 1688 - 91. Only warfare such as the Williamite War in Ireland and subsequent occupation enabled the English crown from 1692, and successive British states from 1707, to retain the country.
In 1800, as a result of the Irish Rebellion of 1798, the Act of Union merged the kingdom of Great Britain and the kingdom of Ireland into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The whole island of Ireland continued to be a part of the United Kingdom until 1922, when what is now the Republic of Ireland won independence as the Irish Free State, a separate Dominion within the Commonwealth. The Irish Free State was renamed Éire (or "Ireland '') in 1937, and in 1949 declared itself a republic, left the Commonwealth and severed all ties with the monarchy. Northern Ireland remained within the Union. In 1927, the United Kingdom changed its name to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, while the monarch 's style for the next twenty years became "of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas, King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India ''.
In the 1990s, republicanism in the United Kingdom grew, partly on account of negative publicity associated with the Royal Family (for instance, immediately following the death of Diana, Princess of Wales). However, polls from 2002 to 2007 showed that around 70 -- 80 % of the British public supported the continuation of the monarchy.
The sovereign is the Supreme Governor of the established Church of England. Archbishops and bishops are appointed by the monarch, on the advice of the Prime Minister, who chooses the appointee from a list of nominees prepared by a Church Commission. The Crown 's role in the Church of England is titular; the most senior clergyman, the Archbishop of Canterbury, is the spiritual leader of the Church and of the worldwide Anglican Communion. The monarch takes an oath to preserve Church of Scotland and he or she holds the power to appoint the Lord High Commissioner to the Church 's General Assembly, but otherwise plays no part in its governance, and exerts no powers over it. The Sovereign plays no formal role in the disestablished Church in Wales or Church of Ireland.
The relationship between the Commonwealth realms is such that any change to the laws governing succession to the shared throne requires the unanimous consent of all the realms. Succession is governed by statutes such as the Bill of Rights 1689, the Act of Settlement 1701 and the Acts of Union 1707. The rules of succession may only be changed by an Act of Parliament; it is not possible for an individual to renounce his or her right of succession. The Act of Settlement restricts the succession to the legitimate Protestant descendants of Sophia of Hanover (1630 -- 1714), a granddaughter of James I.
Upon the death of a sovereign, his or her heir immediately and automatically succeeds (hence the phrase "The king is dead, long live the king! ''), and the accession of the new sovereign is publicly proclaimed by an Accession Council that meets at St James 's Palace. Upon their accession, a new sovereign is required by law to make and subscribe several oaths: the Accession Declaration as first required by the Bill of Rights, and an oath that they will "maintain and preserve '' the Church of Scotland settlement as required by the Act of Union. The monarch is usually crowned in Westminster Abbey, normally by the Archbishop of Canterbury. A coronation is not necessary for a sovereign to reign; indeed, the ceremony usually takes place many months after accession to allow sufficient time for its preparation and for a period of mourning.
After an individual ascends the throne, he or she reigns until death. The only voluntary abdication, that of Edward VIII, had to be authorised by a special Act of Parliament, His Majesty 's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936. The last monarch involuntarily removed from power was James VII and II, who fled into exile in 1688 during the Glorious Revolution.
Succession was largely governed by male - preference cognatic primogeniture, under which sons inherit before daughters, and elder children inherit before younger ones of the same gender. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, David Cameron, announced at the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2011 that all 16 Commonwealth realms, including the United Kingdom, had agreed to abolish the gender - preference rule for anyone born after the date of the meeting, 28 October 2011. They also agreed that future monarchs would no longer be prohibited from marrying a Roman Catholic -- a law which dated from the Act of Settlement 1701. However, since the monarch is also the Supreme Governor of the Church of England, the law which prohibits a Roman Catholic from acceding to the throne remains. The necessary UK legislation making the changes received the royal assent on 25 April 2013 and was brought into force in March 2015 after the equivalent legislation was approved in all the other Commonwealth realms.
Only individuals who are Protestants may inherit the Crown. Roman Catholics are prohibited from succeeding. An individual thus disabled from inheriting the Crown is deemed "naturally dead '' for succession purposes, and the disqualification does not extend to the individual 's legitimate descendants.
The Regency Acts allow for regencies in the event of a monarch who is a minor or who is physically or mentally incapacitated. When a regency is necessary, the next qualified individual in the line of succession automatically becomes regent, unless they themselves are a minor or incapacitated. Special provisions were made for Queen Elizabeth II by the Regency Act 1953, which stated that the Duke of Edinburgh (the Queen 's husband) could act as regent in these circumstances.
During a temporary physical infirmity or an absence from the kingdom, the sovereign may temporarily delegate some of his or her functions to Counsellors of State, the monarch 's spouse and the first four adults in the line of succession. The present Counsellors of State are: the Duke of Edinburgh, the Prince of Wales, the Duke of Cambridge, the Duke of Sussex and the Duke of York.
Until 1760 the monarch met all official expenses from hereditary revenues, which included the profits of the Crown Estate (the royal property portfolio). King George III agreed to surrender the hereditary revenues of the Crown in return for the Civil List, and this arrangement persisted until 2012. An annual Property Services Grant - in - aid paid for the upkeep of the royal residences, and an annual Royal Travel Grant - in - Aid paid for travel. The Civil List covered most expenses, including those for staffing, state visits, public engagements, and official entertainment. Its size was fixed by Parliament every 10 years; any money saved was carried forward to the next 10 - year period. From 2012 until 2020, the Civil List and Grants - in - Aid are to be replaced with a single Sovereign Grant, which will be set at 15 % of the revenues generated by the Crown Estate.
The Crown Estate is one of the largest property owners in the United Kingdom, with holdings of £ 7.3 billion in 2011. It is held in trust, and can not be sold or owned by the Sovereign in a private capacity. In modern times, the profits surrendered from the Crown Estate to the Treasury have exceeded the Civil List and Grants - in - Aid. For example, the Crown Estate produced £ 200 million in the financial year 2007 -- 8, whereas reported parliamentary funding for the monarch was £ 40 million during the same period.
Like the Crown Estate, the land and assets of the Duchy of Lancaster, a property portfolio valued at £ 383 million in 2011, are held in trust. The revenues of the Duchy form part of the Privy Purse, and are used for expenses not borne by the parliamentary grants. The Duchy of Cornwall is a similar estate held in trust to meet the expenses of the monarch 's eldest son. The Royal Collection, which includes artworks and the Crown Jewels, is not owned by the Sovereign personally and is held in trust, as are the occupied palaces in the United Kingdom such as Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle.
The sovereign is subject to indirect taxes such as value - added tax, and since 1993 the Queen has paid income tax and capital gains tax on personal income. Parliamentary grants to the Sovereign are not treated as income as they are solely for official expenditure. Republicans estimate that the real cost of the monarchy, including security and potential income not claimed by the state, such as profits from the duchies of Lancaster and Cornwall and rent of Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle, is £ 334 million a year.
Estimates of the Queen 's wealth vary, depending on whether assets owned by her personally or held in trust for the nation are included. Forbes magazine estimated her wealth at US $450 million in 2010, but no official figure is available. In 1993, the Lord Chamberlain said estimates of £ 100 million were "grossly overstated ''. Jock Colville, who was her former private secretary and a director of her bank, Coutts, estimated her wealth in 1971 at £ 2 million (the equivalent of about £ 26 million today).
The Sovereign 's official residence in London is Buckingham Palace. It is the site of most state banquets, investitures, royal christenings and other ceremonies. Another official residence is Windsor Castle, the largest occupied castle in the world, which is used principally at weekends, Easter and during Royal Ascot, an annual race meeting that is part of the social calendar. The Sovereign 's official residence in Scotland is the Palace of Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh. The monarch stays at Holyrood for at least one week each year, and when visiting Scotland on state occasions.
Historically, the Palace of Westminster and the Tower of London were the main residences of the English Sovereign until Henry VIII acquired the Palace of Whitehall. Whitehall was destroyed by fire in 1698, leading to a shift to St James 's Palace. Although replaced as the monarch 's primary London residence by Buckingham Palace in 1837, St James 's is still the senior palace and remains the ceremonial Royal residence. For example, foreign ambassadors are accredited to the Court of St James 's, and the Palace is the site of the meeting of the Accession Council. It is also used by other members of the Royal Family.
Other residences include Clarence House and Kensington Palace. The palaces belong to the Crown; they are held in trust for future rulers, and can not be sold by the monarch. Sandringham House in Norfolk and Balmoral Castle in Aberdeenshire are privately owned by the Queen.
The present Sovereign 's full style and title is "Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith ''. The title "Head of the Commonwealth '' is held by the Queen personally, and is not vested in the British Crown. Pope Leo X first granted the title "Defender of the Faith '' to King Henry VIII in 1521, rewarding him for his support of the Papacy during the early years of the Protestant Reformation, particularly for his book the Defence of the Seven Sacraments. After Henry broke from the Roman Church, Pope Paul III revoked the grant, but Parliament passed a law authorising its continued use.
The Sovereign is known as "His Majesty '' or "Her Majesty ''. The form "Britannic Majesty '' appears in international treaties and on passports to differentiate the British monarch from foreign rulers. The monarch chooses his or her regnal name, not necessarily his or her first name -- King George VI, King Edward VII and Queen Victoria did not use their first names.
If only one monarch has used a particular name, no ordinal is used; for example, Queen Victoria is not known as "Victoria I '', and ordinals are not used for English monarchs who reigned before the Norman conquest of England. The question of whether numbering for British monarchs is based on previous English or Scottish monarchs was raised in 1953 when Scottish nationalists challenged the Queen 's use of "Elizabeth II '', on the grounds that there had never been an "Elizabeth I '' in Scotland. In MacCormick v Lord Advocate, the Scottish Court of Session ruled against the plaintiffs, finding that the Queen 's title was a matter of her own choice and prerogative. The Home Secretary told the House of Commons that monarchs since the Acts of Union had consistently used the higher of the English and Scottish ordinals, which in the applicable four cases has been the English ordinal. The Prime Minister confirmed this practice, but noted that "neither The Queen nor her advisers could seek to bind their successors ''. Future monarchs will apply this policy.
Traditionally, the signature of the monarch includes their regnal name but not ordinal, followed by the letter R, which stands for rex or regina (Latin for king and queen, respectively). The present monarch 's signature is "Elizabeth R ''. From 1877 until 1948 reigning monarchs added the letter I to their signatures, for imperator or imperatrix (emperor or empress in Latin), from their status as Emperor or Empress of India. For example, Queen Victoria signed as "Victoria RI '' from 1877.
The Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom are "Quarterly, I and IV Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England); II Or a lion rampant within a double tressure flory - counter-flory Gules (for Scotland); III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent (for Ireland) ''. The supporters are the Lion and the Unicorn; the motto is "Dieu et mon droit '' (French: "God and my Right ''). Surrounding the shield is a representation of a Garter bearing the motto of the Chivalric order of the same name; "Honi soit qui mal y pense ''. (Old French: "Shame be to him who thinks evil of it ''). In Scotland, the monarch uses an alternative form of the arms in which quarters I and IV represent Scotland, II England, and III Ireland. The mottoes are "In Defens '' (an abbreviated form of the Scots "In My Defens God Me Defend '') and the motto of the Order of the Thistle; "Nemo me impune lacessit ''. (Latin: "No - one provokes me with impunity ''); the supporters are the unicorn and lion, who support both the escutcheon and lances, from which fly the flags of Scotland and England.
The monarch 's official flag in the United Kingdom is the Royal Standard, which depicts the Royal Arms in banner form. It is flown only from buildings, vessels and vehicles in which the Sovereign is present. The Royal Standard is never flown at half - mast because there is always a sovereign: when one dies, his or her successor becomes the sovereign instantly.
When the monarch is not in residence, the Union Flag is flown at Buckingham Palace, Windsor Castle and Sandringham House, whereas in Scotland the Royal Standard of Scotland is flown at Holyrood Palace and Balmoral Castle.
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different types of events in windows server 2008 | Event Viewer - wikipedia
Event Viewer is a component of Microsoft 's Windows NT line of operating systems that lets administrators and users view the event logs on a local or remote machine. In Windows Vista, Microsoft overhauled the event system.
Due to the event viewer 's routine reporting of minor start - up and processing errors (which do not in fact harm or damage the computer), the software is frequently used by technical support scammers to convince users unfamiliar with Event Viewer that their computer contains critical errors requiring immediate technical support. An example is the "Administrative Events '' field under "Custom Views '' which can have over a thousand errors or warnings logged over a month 's time.
Windows NT has featured event logs since its release in 1993. Applications and operating - system components can use this centralized log service to report events that have taken place, such as a failure to start a component or to complete an action.
The Event Viewer uses event IDs to define the uniquely identifiable events that a Windows computer can encounter. For example, when a user 's authentication fails, the system may generate Event ID 672.
Windows NT 4.0 added support for defining "event sources '' (i.e. the application which created the event) and performing backups of logs.
Windows 2000 added the capability for applications to create their own log sources in addition to the three system - defined "System '', "Application '', and "Security '' log - files. Windows 2000 also replaced NT4 's Event Viewer with a Microsoft Management Console (MMC) snap - in.
Windows Server 2003 added the AuthzInstallSecurityEventSource () API calls so that applications could register with the security - event logs, and write security - audit entries.
Versions of Windows based on the Windows NT 6.0 kernel (Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008) no longer have a 300 - megabyte limit to their total size. Prior to NT 6.0, the system opened on - disk files as memory - mapped files in kernel memory space, which used the same memory pools as other kernel components.
Event Viewer log - files with filename extension evtx typically appear in a directory such as C: \ Windows \ System32 \ winevt \ Logs \
Windows XP provides a set of three commandline tools, useful to task automation:
Event Viewer consists of a rewritten event tracing and logging architecture on Windows Vista. It has been rewritten around a structured XML log - format and a designated log type to allow applications to more precisely log events and to help make it easier for support technicians and developers to interpret the events. The XML representation of the event can be viewed on the Details tab in an event 's properties. It is also possible to view all potential events, their structures, registered event publishers and their configuration using the wevtutil utility, even before the events are fired. There are a large number of different types of event logs including Administrative, Operational, Analytic, and Debug log types. Selecting the Application Logs node in the Scope pane reveals numerous new subcategorized event logs, including many labeled as diagnostic logs. Analytic and Debug events which are high frequency are directly saved into a trace file while Admin and Operational events are infrequent enough to allow additional processing without affecting system performance, so they are delivered to the Event Log service. Events are published asynchronously to reduce the performance impact on the event publishing application. Event attributes are also much more detailed and show EventID, Level, Task, Opcode, and Keywords properties.
Users can filter event logs by one or more criteria or by a limited XPath 1.0 expression, and custom views can be created for one or more events. Using XPath as the query language allows viewing logs related only to a certain subsystem or an issue with only a certain component, archiving select events and sending traces on the fly to support technicians.
Here are examples of simple custom filters for the new Window Event Log:
Caveats:
Major event subscribers include the Event Collector service and Task Scheduler 2.0. The Event Collector service can automatically forward event logs to other remote systems, running Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008 or Windows Server 2003 R2 on a configurable schedule. Event logs can also be remotely viewed from other computers or multiple event logs can be centrally logged and monitored agentlessly and managed from a single computer. Events can also be directly associated with tasks, which run in the redesigned Task Scheduler and trigger automated actions when particular events take place.
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who wrote the song i feel the earth move under my feet | I Feel the Earth Move - wikipedia
"I Feel the Earth Move '' is a song written and recorded by pop singer - songwriter Carole King, which first appeared on her album Tapestry; additionally, the song is one half of the double A-sided single, the flip side of which was "It 's Too Late ''. Together, both "I Feel the Earth Move '' and "It 's Too Late '' became among the biggest mainstream pop hits of 1971.
Jon Landau 's review of the album Tapestry (1971) for Rolling Stone praised King 's voice on this track, saying it negotiates turns from "raunchy '' to "bluesy '' to "harsh '' to "soothing '', with the last echoing the development of the song 's melody into its chorus. Landau describes the melody of the refrain as "a pretty pop line. '' 40 years later, Rolling Stone stated the King 's "warm, earnest singing '' brought "earthy joy '' to the song. Music journalist Harvey Kubernik wrote that "I Feel the Earth Move '' was "probably the most sexually aggressive song on the Tapestry album '' and a "brave '' opening to an album whose mood is mostly "mellow confessionality. '' Allmusic critic Stewart Mason describes the song as "the ultimate in hippie - chick eroticism '' and writes that it "sounds like the unleashing of an entire generation of soft - spoken college girls ' collective libidos. ''
Author James Perone praised the way the lyrics and music work together. As a prime example, he notes the syncopated rhythm to the melody on which King sings "tumbling down. '' This rhythm, putting the accent at the end of the word "tumbling '' rather than at the beginning, produces a "musical equivalent of a tumble. '' Perone also notes that the fast tempo allows the listener to feel the singer 's excitement over being near her lover, and that the lyrics also express sexual tension even though that tension is left implicit. Perone attributes some of the song 's success to producer Lou Adler 's decision to highlight King 's piano playing in the mix, giving it a different feel from the guitar - based singer - songwriter approach King took in her prior album. Mason also attributes the song 's success to the "piano - led groove '' and to King 's vocal delivery.
King 's version of "I Feel the Earth Move '' peaked at # 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart dated June 19, 1971. It remained there for five consecutive weeks. It also peaked at # 6 in the United Kingdom.
Given its upbeat nature, Ode Records selected "I Feel the Earth Move '' as the A-side to Tapestry 's first single. It achieved airplay, but then disc jockeys and listeners began to prefer the slower, lamenting B - side "It 's Too Late ''. Both sides received airplay for a while, but eventually "It 's Too Late '' dominated. In fact, on the concurrent Cash Box singles chart, which still tracked the progress of both sides of a single separately, "It 's Too Late '' spent four weeks at number one while "I Feel the Earth Move '' did not chart at all. Regardless, since Billboard had declared the record a double A-side and their chart gradually became seen by many as the "official '' singles chart, it is generally listed in books and articles that both "I Feel the Earth Move '' and "It 's Too Late '' reached # 1.
Together with "It 's Too Late '', "I Feel the Earth Move '' was named by the RIAA as number 213 of 365 Songs of the Century.
In 2013 the song was played live and recorded by Shinedown at the Henson Recording Studios, for their performance of Warner Music 's series "The Live Room ''.
In 2015 the song was featured in an episode of the American television series Glee, "Jagged Little Tapestry '', covered by Naya Rivera and Heather Morris.
In 2018, Glim Spanky included a cover of the song on their single "Orokamono - tachi ''.
Carole King briefly covers the song herself while playing the recurring character of Sophie Bloom on Gilmore Girls: A Year in the Life episode 3 ("Summer '').
Released in summer 1989, "I Feel the Earth Move '' was the third single from Martika 's self - titled debut, Martika. "I Feel the Earth Move '' reached number 7 in the UK and number 2 in Australia. The high energy music video was shot during the promotional tour for this album. The single also reached number 25 on the pop charts in the U.S., but quickly fell down the chart after radio stations pulled it from their playlists in the wake of the 1989 San Francisco earthquake.
For the cassette or 7 '' single:
The first 22 seconds of the Carole King version is used for the earthquake room exhibit at the Oregon Museum of Science & Industry (OMSI) in Portland, Oregon.
Loretta Swit performs a cover of the song in a Season 5 episode of The Muppet Show in a "salute to the San Andreas fault ''.
Phish has teased the song in multiple improvisational jams.
The song is featured prominently in the film Slow Dancing in the Big City, but does not appear on its soundtrack.
The song was used in Japan for a Toyota RAV4 commercial in 2001.
The choral refrain and title 's namesake is used in the refrain of Amon Amarth 's "Tattered Banners and Bloody Flags '' with the accompanying variation or the melody. "The Earth moves under our feet the sky comes tumbling down (...) trembles to its knees ''. The entire chorus is aso a melodic reinterpretation of the original 's chorus. The melody is reused in the same band 's track "For Victory or Death ''.
The first 47 seconds was played during the documentary Batas Militar (1997).
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who has the power to declare war in the usa | Declaration of war by the United States - wikipedia
A declaration of war is a formal declaration issued by a national government indicating that a state of war exists between that nation and another. The document Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force: Historical Background and Legal Implications gives an extensive listing and summary of statutes which are automatically engaged upon the US declaring war.
For the United States, Article One, Section Eight of the Constitution says "Congress shall have power to... declare War. '' However, that passage provides no specific format for what form legislation must have in order to be considered a "declaration of war '' nor does the Constitution itself use this term. In the courts, the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, in Doe v. Bush, said: "(T) he text of the October Resolution itself spells out justifications for a war and frames itself as an ' authorization ' of such a war. '' in effect saying an authorization suffices for declaration and what some may view as a formal Congressional "Declaration of War '' was not required by the Constitution.
The last time the United States formally declared war, using specific terminology, on any nation was in 1942, when war was declared against Axis - allied Hungary, Bulgaria, and Romania, because President Franklin Roosevelt thought it was improper to engage in hostilities against a country without a formal declaration of war. Since then, every American president has used military force without a declaration of war.
This article will use the term "formal declaration of war '' to mean Congressional legislation that uses the phrase "declaration of war '' in the title. Elsewhere, this article will use the terms "authorized by Congress, '' "funded by Congress '' or "undeclared war '' to describe other such conflicts.
The United States has formally declared war against foreign nations five separate times, each upon prior request by the President of the United States. Four of those five declarations came after hostilities had begun. James Madison reported that in the Federal Convention of 1787, the phrase "make war '' was changed to "declare war '' in order to leave to the Executive the power to repel sudden attacks but not to commence war without the explicit approval of Congress. Debate continues as to the legal extent of the President 's authority in this regard. Public opposition to American involvement in foreign wars, particularly during the 1930s, was expressed as support for a Constitutional Amendment that would require a national referendum on a declaration of war. Several Constitutional Amendments, such as the Ludlow Amendment, have been proposed that would require a national referendum on a declaration of war.
After Congress repealed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution in January 1971 and President Richard Nixon continued to wage war in Vietnam, Congress passed the War Powers Resolution (Pub. L. 93 -- 148) over the veto of Nixon in an attempt to rein in some of the president 's claimed powers. The War Powers Resolution proscribes the only power of the president to wage war which is recognized by Congress.
The table below lists the five wars in which the United States has formally declared war against eleven foreign nations. The only country against which the United States has declared war more than once is Germany, against which the United States has declared war twice (though a case could be made for Hungary as a successor state to Austria - Hungary).
In World War II, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Germany and Italy, led respectively by Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini, declared war on the United States, and the U.S. Congress responded in kind.
In other instances, the United States has engaged in extended military combat that was authorized by Congress.
Tripolitania
Commune of Estonia Far Eastern Republic Latvia Mongolian People 's Party Russia Ukraine
Laotian Civil War
Cambodian Civil War
China National United Front of Kampuchea
North Korea North Vietnam Pathet Lao South Vietnam
al - Qaeda insurgency in Yemen
Somali Civil War
War in North - West Pakistan
Moro conflict
Iraqi Civil War
Syrian Civil War
Second Libyan Civil War
al - Qaeda
Harakat Ahrar al - Sham al - Islamiyya Hezb - e Islami Gulbuddin Islamic Jihad Union Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan Jamaat - ul - Ahrar Jundallah Lashkar - e-Islam Lashkar - e-Jhangvi Tehreek - e-Nafaz - e-Shariat - e-Mohammadi Turkistan Islamic Party Tehrik - i - Taliban Pakistan
High Council of the Islamic Emirate Fidai Mahaz
al - Itihaad al - Islamiya Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia Harakat al - Shabaab Mujahedeen Hizbul Islam Islamic Courts Union Jabhatul Islamiya Mu'askar Anole Ras Kamboni Brigades
Abu Sayyaf Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters Islamic State Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan Maute group Khalifa Islamiyah Mindanao
In many instances, the United States has engaged in extended military engagements that were authorized by United Nations Security Council Resolutions and funded by appropriations from Congress.
North Korea Soviet Union
UNSCR 426, 1978
UNSCR 1542, 2004
German auxiliaries
Native Americans
On at least 125 occasions, the President has acted without prior express military authorization from Congress. These include instances in which the United States fought in the Philippine -- American War from 1898 -- 1903, in Nicaragua in 1927, as well as the NATO bombing campaign of Yugoslavia in 1999, and the 2017 missile strikes on Syria.
The United States ' longest war was fought between 2001 and 2016 against the Taliban in Afghanistan.
The Indian Wars comprise at least 28 conflicts and engagements. These localized conflicts, with Native Americans, began with European colonists coming to North America, long before the establishment of the United States. For the purpose of this discussion, the Indian Wars are defined as conflicts with the United States of America. They begin as one front in the American Revolutionary War in 1775 and had concluded by 1918. The United States Army still maintains a campaign streamer for Pine Ridge 1890 -- 1891 despite opposition from certain Native American groups.
The American Civil War was not an international conflict under the laws of war, because the Confederate States of America was not a government that had been granted full diplomatic recognition as a sovereign nation by other sovereign states. The CSA was recognized by the United States government as a belligerent power, a different status of recognition that authorized Confederate warships to visit non-U.S. ports. This recognition of the CSA 's status as a belligerent power did not impose any duty upon the United States to recognize the sovereignty of the Confederacy, and the United States never did so.
In 1973, following the withdrawal of most American troops from the Vietnam War, a debate emerged about the extent of presidential power in deploying troops without a declaration of war. A compromise in the debate was reached with the War Powers Resolution. This act clearly defined how many soldiers could be deployed by the President of the United States and for how long. It also required formal reports by the President to Congress regarding the status of such deployments, and limited the total amount of time that American forces could be deployed without a formal declaration of war.
Although the constitutionality of the act has never been tested, it is usually followed, most notably during the Grenada Conflict, the Panamanian Conflict, the Somalia Conflict, the Persian Gulf War, and the Iraq War. The only exception was President Clinton 's use of U.S. troops in the 78 - day NATO air campaign against Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War. In all other cases, the President asserted the constitutional authority to commit troops without the necessity of Congressional approval, but in each case the President received Congressional authorization that satisfied the provisions of the War Powers Act.
On March 21, 2011, a number of lawmakers expressed concern that the decision of President Barack Obama to order the U.S. military to join in attacks of Libyan air defenses and government forces exceeded his constitutional authority because the decision to authorize the attack was made without Congressional permission. Obama explained his rationale in a two - page letter, stating that as commander in chief, he had constitutional authority to authorize the strikes, which would be limited in scope and duration, and necessary to prevent a humanitarian disaster in Libya.
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where is the basic input/output system (bios) stored | BIOS - wikipedia
For IBM PC compatible computers, BIOS (/ ˈbaɪɒs / BY - oss; an acronym for Basic Input / Output System and also known as the System BIOS, ROM BIOS or PC BIOS) is non-volatile firmware used to perform hardware initialization during the booting process (power - on startup), and to provide runtime services for operating systems and programs. The BIOS firmware comes pre-installed on a personal computer 's system board, and it is the first software run when powered on. The name originates from the Basic Input / Output System used in the CP / M operating system in 1975. Originally proprietary to the IBM PC, the BIOS has been reverse engineered by companies looking to create compatible systems. The interface of that original system serves as a de facto standard.
The BIOS in modern PCs initializes and tests the system hardware components, and loads a boot loader or an operating system from a mass memory device. In the era of MS - DOS, the BIOS provided a hardware abstraction layer for the keyboard, display, and other input / output (I / O) devices that standardized an interface to application programs and the operating system. More recent operating systems do not use the BIOS after loading, instead accessing the hardware components directly.
Most BIOS implementations are specifically designed to work with a particular computer or motherboard model, by interfacing with various devices that make up the complementary system chipset. Originally, BIOS firmware was stored in a ROM chip on the PC motherboard. In modern computer systems, the BIOS contents are stored on flash memory so it can be rewritten without removing the chip from the motherboard. This allows easy, end - user updates to the BIOS firmware so new features can be added or bugs can be fixed, but it also creates a possibility for the computer to become infected with BIOS rootkits. Furthermore, a BIOS upgrade that fails can brick the motherboard permanently, unless the system includes some form of backup for this case.
Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) is the successor to BIOS, aiming to address its technical shortcomings.
The term BIOS (Basic Input / Output System) was created by Gary Kildall and first appeared in the CP / M operating system in 1975, describing the machine - specific part of CP / M loaded during boot time that interfaces directly with the hardware. (A CP / M machine usually has only a simple boot loader in its ROM.)
Versions of MS - DOS, PC DOS or DR - DOS contain a file called variously "IO. SYS '', "IBMBIO.COM '', "IBMBIO. SYS '', or "DRBIOS. SYS ''; this file is known as the "DOS BIOS '' (also known as "DOS I / O System '') and contains the lower - level hardware - specific part of the operating system. Together with the underlying hardware - specific, but operating system - independent "System BIOS '', which resides in ROM, it represents the analogue to the "CP / M BIOS ''.
With the introduction of PS / 2 machines, IBM divided the System BIOS into real - mode and protected mode portions. The real - mode portion was meant to provide backward - compatibility with existing operating systems such as DOS, and therefore was named "CBIOS '' (for Compatibility BIOS), whereas the "ABIOS '' (for Advanced BIOS) provided new interfaces specifically suited for multitasking operating systems such as OS / 2.
The first commercial licensing of CP / M took place in 1975 with contracts between Digital Systems and Omron of America for use in their intelligent terminal, and with Lawrence Livermore Laboratories where CP / M was used to monitor programs in the Octopus network. Little attention was paid to CP / M for about a year. In my spare time, I worked to improve overall facilities... By this time, CP / M had been adapted for four different controllers... In 1976, Glenn Ewing approached me with a problem: Imsai, Incorporated, for whom Glenn consulted, had shipped a large number of disk subsystems with a promise that an operating system would follow. I was somewhat reluctant to adapt CP / M to yet another controller, and thus the notion of a separated Basic I / O System (BIOS) evolved. In principle, the hardware dependent portions of CP / M were concentrated in the BIOS, thus allowing Glenn, or anyone else, to adapt CP / M to the Imsai equipment. Imsai was subsequently licensed to distribute CP / M version 1.3 which eventually evolved into an operating system called IMDOS.
The BIOS of the original IBM PC XT had no interactive user interface. Error codes or messages were displayed on the screen, or coded series of sounds were generated to signal errors when the power - on self - test (POST) had not proceeded to the point of successfully initializing a video display adapter. Options on the IBM PC and XT were set by switches and jumpers on the main board and on peripheral cards. Starting around the mid-1990s, it became typical for the BIOS ROM to include a "BIOS configuration utility '' (BCU) or "BIOS setup utility '', accessed at system power - up by a particular key sequence. This program allowed the user to set system configuration options, of the type formerly set using DIP switches, through an interactive menu system controlled through the keyboard. In the interim period, IBM - compatible PCs -- including the IBM AT -- held configuration settings in battery - backed RAM and used a bootable configuration program on disk, not in the ROM, to set the configuration options contained in this memory. The disk was supplied with the computer, and if it was lost the system settings could not be changed. The same applied in general to computers with an EISA bus, for which the configuration program was called an EISA Configuration Utility (ECU).
A modern Wintel - compatible computer provides a setup routine essentially unchanged in nature from the ROM - resident BIOS setup utilities of the late 1990s; the user can configure hardware options using the keyboard and video display. Also, when errors occur at boot time, a modern BIOS usually displays user - friendly error messages, often presented as pop - up boxes in a TUI style, and offers to enter the BIOS setup utility or to ignore the error and proceed if possible. Instead of battery - backed RAM, the modern Wintel machine may store the BIOS configuration settings in flash ROM, perhaps the same flash ROM that holds the BIOS itself.
When we failed to produce an operating system in a timely manner, Glenn started talking with Gary about CPM... It took several months of twisting Gary 's arm to get Gary to port it to the 8080. The final success came when Glenn talked Gary into just separating the I / O from the rest of it, with Glenn promising to re-write the I / O module for the IMSAI 8080 (which he did). So CPM on the IMSAI was a joint effort between Glenn and Gary.
Glenn... would be talking with Gary, and he started twisting Gary 's arm. He said, "Hey Gary, why ca n't we run this in this IMSAI? '' "The I / O 's all different, wo n't run. '' But Glenn persists and finally makes a deal with Gary. He says, "Okay Gary, if you split out the I / O, I 'll write the BIOS, basic I / O 's system, '' and Glenn named it then. "We 'll split it out separately. I 'll write that part, as long as you can make a division in the program there. '' And he got Gary to do that and Glenn put those two pieces together and was running Gary 's CP / M on an IMSAI. Glenn let us know that, and it was n't too much later than Bill was down there making arrangements with Gary Kildall to license CP / M... Now that the BIOS is separated out, anybody could write a BIOS for their machine, if it was 8080 - based, and run this, so he started selling that separately under the company Digital Research that he formed and did quite well. ''
Early Intel processors started at physical address 000FFFF0h. When a modern x86 microprocessor is reset, it starts in pseudo 16 - bit real mode, initializing most registers to zero. The code segment register is initialized with selector F000h, base FFFF0000h, and limit FFFFh, so that execution starts at 4 GB minus 16 bytes (FFFFFFF0h). The platform logic maps this address into the system ROM, mirroring address 000FFFF0h.
If the system has just been powered up or the reset button was pressed ("cold boot ''), the full power - on self - test (POST) is run. If Ctrl + Alt + Delete was pressed ("warm boot ''), a special flag value is stored in nonvolatile BIOS memory ("CMOS '') before the processor is reset, and after the reset the BIOS startup code detects this flag and does not run the POST. This saves the time otherwise used to detect and test all memory.
The POST checks, identifies, and initializes system devices such as the CPU, RAM, interrupt and DMA controllers and other parts of the chipset, video display card, keyboard, hard disk drive, optical disc drive and other basic hardware.
Early IBM PCs had a little - known routine in the POST that would attempt to download a maintenance program into RAM through the keyboard port before performing any other elements of the boot process, such as before scanning for option ROMs or executing a boot loader. (No serial or parallel ports were standard on early IBM PCs, but a keyboard port of either the XT or AT / PS / 2 type has been standard on practically every PC and clone.) If the download was apparently successful, the BIOS would verify a checksum on it and then run it. This feature was intended for factory test or diagnostic purposes; while it was of limited utility outside of factory or repair facilities, it could be used in a proprietary way to boot the PC as a satellite system to a host machine (as it was used in the manufacturing environment).
After the option ROM scan is completed and all detected ROM modules with valid checksums have been called, or immediately after POST in a BIOS version that does not scan for option ROMs, the BIOS calls INT 19h to start boot processing. Post-boot, programs loaded can also call INT 19h to reboot the system, but they must be careful to disable interrupts and other asynchronous hardware processes that may interfere with the BIOS rebooting process, or else the system may hang or crash while it is rebooting.
When INT 19h is called, the BIOS attempts to locate boot loader software held on a storage device designated as a "boot device '', such as a hard disk, a floppy disk, CD, or DVD. It loads and executes the first boot software it finds, giving it control of the PC. This is the process that is known as booting (sometimes informally called "booting up ''), which is short for "bootstrapping ''.
The BIOS selects candidate boot devices using information collected by POST and configuration information from EEPROM, CMOS RAM or, in the earliest PCs, DIP switches. Following the boot priority sequence in effect, BIOS checks each device in order to see if it is bootable. For a disk drive or a device that logically emulates a disk drive, such as a USB flash drive or perhaps a tape drive, to perform this check the BIOS attempts to load the first sector (boot sector) from the disk into RAM at memory address 0x0000: 0x7C00. If the sector can not be read (due to a missing or unformatted disk, or due to a hardware failure), the BIOS considers the device unbootable and proceeds to check the next device. If the sector is read successfully, some BIOSes will also check for the boot sector signature 0x55 0xAA in the last two bytes of the sector (which is 512 bytes long), before accepting a boot sector and considering the device bootable.
The BIOS proceeds to test each device sequentially until a bootable device is found, at which time the BIOS transfers control to the loaded sector with a jump instruction to its first byte at address 0x0000: 0x7C00 (exactly 1 KiB below the 32 KiB mark); see MBR invocation and VBR invocation. (This location is one reason that an IBM PC requires at least 32 KiB of RAM in order to be equipped with a disk system; with 31 KiB or less, it would be impossible to boot from any disk, removable or fixed, using the BIOS boot protocol.) Most, but not all, BIOSes load the drive number (as used by INT 13h) of the boot drive into CPU register DL before jumping to the first byte of the loaded boot sector.
Note well that the BIOS does not interpret or process the contents of the boot sector other than to possibly check for the boot sector signature in the last two bytes; all interpretation of data structures like MBR partition tables and so - called BIOS Parameter Blocks is done by the boot program in the boot sector itself or by other programs loaded through the boot process and is beyond the scope of BIOS. Nothing about BIOS predicates these data structures or impedes their replacement or improvement.
A non-disk device such as a network adapter attempts booting by a procedure that is defined by its option ROM or the equivalent integrated into the motherboard BIOS ROM. As such, option ROMs may also influence or supplant the boot process defined by the motherboard BIOS ROM.
The user can control the boot process, to cause one medium to be booted instead of another when two or more bootable media are present, by taking advantage of the boot priority implemented by the BIOS. For example, most computers have a hard disk that is bootable, but usually there is a removable - media drive that has higher boot priority, so the user can cause a removable disk to be booted, simply by inserting it, without removing the hard disk drive or altering its contents to make it unbootable.
In most modern BIOSes, the boot priority order of all potentially bootable devices can be freely configured by the user through the BIOS configuration utility. In older BIOSes, limited boot priority options are selectable; in the earliest BIOSes, a fixed priority scheme was implemented, with floppy disk drives first, fixed disks (i.e. hard disks) second, and typically no other boot devices supported, subject to modification of these rules by installed option ROMs. The BIOS in an early PC also usually would only boot from the first floppy disk drive or the first hard disk drive, even if there were two drives of either type installed. All more advanced boot priority sequences evolved as incremental improvements on this basic system.
Historically the BIOS would try to boot from a floppy drive first and a hard disk second. The default for CD or DVD booting is an extension of this. With the El Torito optical media boot standard, the optical drive actually emulates a 3.5 '' high - density floppy disk to the BIOS for boot purposes. Optical disks are a special case, because their lowest level of data organization is typically a fairly high - level file system (e.g. ISO 9660 for CD - ROM).
Reading the "first sector '' of a CD - ROM or DVD - ROM is not a simply defined operation like it is on a floppy disk or a hard disk. Furthermore, the complexity of the medium makes it difficult to write a useful boot program in one sector, even though optical media sectors are typically 2048 bytes each, four times the standard 512 - byte size of floppy and legacy hard disk sectors. Therefore, optical media booting uses the El Torito standard, which specifies a way for an optical disk to contain an image of a high - density (1.44 MB) floppy disk and for the drive to provide access to this disk image in a simple manner that emulates floppy disk drive operations. Therefore, CD - ROM drives boot as emulated floppy disk drives; the bootable virtual floppy disk can contain software that provides access to the optical medium in its native format.
The behavior if the BIOS does not find a bootable device has varied as personal computers developed. The original IBM PC and XT had Microsoft Cassette BASIC in ROM, and if no bootable device was found, ROM BASIC was started by calling INT 18h. Therefore, barring a hardware failure, an original IBM PC or XT would never fail to boot, either into BASIC or from disk (or through an option ROM). One model of the original IBM PC was available with no disk drive; a cassette recorder could be attached via the cassette port on the rear, for loading and saving BASIC programs to tape. Since few programs used BASIC in ROM, clone PC makers left it out; then a computer that failed to boot from a disk would display "No ROM BASIC '' and halt (in response to INT 18h).
Later computers would display a message like "No bootable disk found ''; some would prompt for a disk to be inserted and a key to be pressed, and when a key was pressed they would restart the boot process. A modern BIOS may display nothing or may automatically enter the BIOS configuration utility when the boot process fails. Unlike earlier BIOSes, modern versions are often written with the assumption that if the computer can not be booted from a hard disk, the user will not have software that they want to boot from removable media instead. (Lately, typically it will only be a specialist computer technician who does that, only to get the computer back into a condition where it can be booted from the hard disk.)
The environment for the boot program is very simple: the CPU is in real mode and the general - purpose and segment registers are undefined, except CS, SS, SP, and DL. CS is always zero and IP is initially 0x7C00. Because boot programs are always loaded at this fixed address, there is no need or motivation for a boot program to be relocatable. DL contains the drive number, as used with INT 13h, of the boot device, unless the BIOS is one that does not set the drive number in DL -- and then DL is undefined. SS: SP points to a valid stack that is presumably large enough to support hardware interrupts, but otherwise SS and SP are undefined. (A stack must be already set up in order for interrupts to be serviced, and interrupts must be enabled in order for the system timer - tick interrupt, which BIOS always uses at least to maintain the time - of - day count and which it initializes during POST, to be active and for the keyboard to work. The keyboard works even if the BIOS keyboard service is not called; keystrokes are received and placed in the 15 - character type - ahead buffer maintained by BIOS.) The boot program must set up its own stack (or at least MS - DOS 6 acts like it must), because the size of the stack set up by BIOS is unknown and its location is likewise variable; although the boot program can investigate the default stack by examining SS: SP, it is easier and shorter to just unconditionally set up a new stack.
At boot time, all BIOS services are available, and the memory below address 0x00400 contains the interrupt vector table. BIOS POST has initialized the system timers ⟨ ⟩ 8253 or 8254 IC), interrupt controller (s), DMA controller (s), and other motherboard / chipset hardware as necessary to bring all BIOS services to ready status. DRAM refresh for all system DRAM in conventional memory and extended memory, but not necessarily expanded memory, has been set up and is running. The interrupt vectors corresponding to the BIOS interrupts have been set to point at the appropriate entry points in the BIOS, hardware interrupt vectors for devices initialized by the BIOS have been set to point to the BIOS - provided ISRs, and some other interrupts, including ones that BIOS generates for programs to hook, have been set to a default dummy ISR that immediately returns. The BIOS maintains a reserved block of system RAM at addresses 0x00400 -- 0x004FF with various parameters initialized during the POST. All memory at and above address 0x00500 can be used by the boot program; it may even overwrite itself.
Peripheral cards such as some hard disk drive controllers and some video display adapters have their own BIOS extension option ROMs, which provide additional functionality to BIOS. Code in these extensions runs before the BIOS boots the system from mass storage. These ROMs typically test and initialize hardware, add new BIOS services, and augment or replace existing BIOS services with their own versions of those services. For example, a SCSI controller usually has a BIOS extension ROM that adds support for hard drives connected through that controller. Some video cards have extension ROMs that replace the video services of the motherboard BIOS with their own video services. BIOS extension ROMs gain total control of the machine, so they can in fact do anything, and they may never return control to the BIOS that invoked them. An extension ROM could in principle contain an entire operating system or an application program, or it could implement an entirely different boot process such as booting from a network. Operation of an IBM - compatible computer system can be completely changed by removing or inserting an adapter card (or a ROM chip) that contains a BIOS extension ROM.
The motherboard BIOS typically contains code to access hardware components necessary for bootstrapping the system, such as the keyboard, display, and storage. In addition, plug - in adapter cards such as SCSI, RAID, network interface cards, and video boards often include their own BIOS (e.g. Video BIOS), complementing or replacing the system BIOS code for the given component. Even devices built into the motherboard can behave in this way; their option ROMs can be stored as separate code on the main BIOS flash chip, and upgraded either in tandem with, or separately from, the main BIOS.
An add - in card requires an option ROM if the card is not supported by the main BIOS and the card needs to be initialized or made accessible through BIOS services before the operating system can be loaded (usually this means it is required in the bootstrapping process). Even when it is not required, an option ROM can allow an adapter card to be used without loading driver software from a storage device after booting begins -- with an option ROM, no time is taken to load the driver, the driver does not take up space in RAM nor on hard disk, and the driver software on the ROM always stays with the device so the two can not be accidentally separated. Also, if the ROM is on the card, both the peripheral hardware and the driver software provided by the ROM are installed together with no extra effort to install the software. An additional advantage of ROM on some early PC systems (notably including the IBM PCjr) was that ROM was faster than main system RAM. (On modern systems, the case is very much the reverse of this, and BIOS ROM code is usually copied ("shadowed '') into RAM so it will run faster.)
There are many methods and utilities for examining the contents of various motherboard BIOS and expansion ROMs, such as Microsoft DEBUG or the Unix dd.
If an expansion ROM wishes to change the way the system boots (such as from a network device or a SCSI adapter for which the BIOS has no driver code) in a cooperative way, it can use the BIOS Boot Specification (BBS) API to register its ability to do so. Once the expansion ROMs have registered using the BBS APIs, the user can select among the available boot options from within the BIOS 's user interface. This is why most BBS compliant PC BIOS implementations will not allow the user to enter the BIOS 's user interface until the expansion ROMs have finished executing and registering themselves with the BBS API. The specification can be downloaded from the ACPICA website. The official title is BIOS Boot Specification (Version 1.01, 11 January 1996).
Also, if an expansion ROM wishes to change the way the system boots unilaterally, it can simply hook INT 19h or other interrupts normally called from interrupt 19h, such as INT 13h, the BIOS disk service, to intercept the BIOS boot process. Then it can replace the BIOS boot process with one of its own, or it can merely modify the boot sequence by inserting its own boot actions into it, by preventing the BIOS from detecting certain devices as bootable, or both. Before the BIOS Boot Specification was promulgated, this was the only way for expansion ROMs to implement boot capability for devices not supported for booting by the native BIOS of the motherboard.
After the motherboard BIOS completes its POST, most BIOS versions search for option ROM modules, also called BIOS extension ROMs, and execute them. The motherboard BIOS scans for extension ROMs in a portion of the "upper memory area '' (the part of the x86 real - mode address space at and above address 0xA0000) and runs each ROM found, in order. To discover memory - mapped ISA option ROMs, a BIOS implementation scans the real - mode address space from 0x0C0000 to 0x0F0000 on 2 KiB boundaries, looking for a two - byte ROM signature: 0x55 followed by 0xAA. In a valid expansion ROM, this signature is followed by a single byte indicating the number of 512 - byte blocks the expansion ROM occupies in real memory, and the next byte is the option ROM 's entry point (also known as its "entry offset ''). A checksum of the specified number of 512 - byte blocks is calculated, and if the ROM has a valid checksum, the BIOS transfers control to the entry address, which in a normal BIOS extension ROM should be the beginning of the extension 's initialization routine.
At this point, the extension ROM code takes over, typically testing and initializing the hardware it controls and registering interrupt vectors for use by post-boot applications. It may use BIOS services (including those provided by previously initialized option ROMs) to provide a user configuration interface, to display diagnostic information, or to do anything else that it requires. While the actions mentioned are typical behaviors of BIOS extension ROMs, each option ROM receives total control of the computer and may do anything at all, as noted with more detail in the Extensions section below; it is possible that an option ROM will not return to BIOS, pre-empting the BIOS 's boot sequence altogether.
An option ROM should normally return to the BIOS after completing its initialization process. Once (and if) an option ROM returns, the BIOS continues searching for more option ROMs, calling each as it is found, until the entire option ROM area in the memory space has been scanned.
Option ROMs normally reside on adapter cards. However, the original PC, and perhaps also the PC XT, have a spare ROM socket on the motherboard (the "system board '' in IBM 's terms) into which an option ROM can be inserted, and the four ROMs that contain the BASIC interpreter can also be removed and replaced with custom ROMs which can be option ROMs. The IBM PCjr is unique among PCs in having two ROM cartridge slots on the front. Cartridges in these slots map into the same region of the upper memory area used for option ROMs, and the cartridges can contain option ROM modules that the BIOS would recognize. The cartridges can also contain other types of ROM modules, such as BASIC programs, that are handled differently. One PCjr cartridge can contain several ROM modules of different types, possibly stored together in one ROM chip.
The BIOS ROM is customized to the particular manufacturer 's hardware, allowing low - level services (such as reading a keystroke or writing a sector of data to diskette) to be provided in a standardized way to programs, including operating systems. For example, an IBM PC might have either a monochrome or a color display adapter (using different display memory addresses and hardware), but a single, standard, BIOS system call may be invoked to display a character at a specified position on the screen in text mode or graphics mode.
The BIOS provides a small library of basic input / output functions to operate peripherals (such as the keyboard, rudimentary text and graphics display functions and so forth). When using MS - DOS, BIOS services could be accessed by an application program (or by MS - DOS) by executing an INT 13h interrupt instruction to access disk functions, or by executing one of a number of other documented BIOS interrupt calls to access video display, keyboard, cassette, and other device functions.
Operating systems and executive software that are designed to supersede this basic firmware functionality provide replacement software interfaces to application software. Applications can also provide these services to themselves. This began even in the 1980s under MS - DOS, when programmers observed that using the BIOS video services for graphics display was very slow. To increase the speed of screen output, many programs bypassed the BIOS and programmed the video display hardware directly. Other graphics programmers, particularly but not exclusively in the demoscene, observed that there were technical capabilities of the PC display adapters that were not supported by the IBM BIOS and could not be taken advantage of without circumventing it. Since the AT - compatible BIOS ran in Intel real mode, operating systems that ran in protected mode on 286 and later processors required hardware device drivers compatible with protected mode operation to replace BIOS services.
In modern personal computers running modern operating systems the BIOS is used only during booting and initial loading of system software. Before the operating system 's first graphical screen is displayed, input and output are typically handled through BIOS. A boot menu such as the textual menu of Windows, which allows users to choose an operating system to boot, to boot into the safe mode, or to use the last known good configuration, is displayed through BIOS and receives keyboard input through BIOS.
Most modern PCs can still boot and run legacy operating systems such as MS - DOS or DR - DOS that rely heavily on BIOS for their console and disk I / O, providing that the system has a BIOS or BIOS - compatible firmware, which is not necessarily the case with UEFI - based PCs.
Intel processors have reprogrammable microcode since the P6 microarchitecture. The BIOS may contain patches to the processor microcode that fix errors in the initial processor microcode; reprogramming is not persistent, thus loading of microcode updates is performed each time the system is powered up. Without reprogrammable microcode, an expensive processor swap would be required; for example, the Pentium FDIV bug became an expensive fiasco for Intel as it required a product recall because the original Pentium processor 's defective microcode could not be reprogrammed.
Some BIOSes contain a software licensing description table (SLIC), a digital signature placed inside the BIOS by the original equipment manufacturer (OEM), for example Dell. The SLIC is inserted into the ACPI table and contains no active code.
Computer manufacturers that distribute OEM versions of Microsoft Windows and Microsoft application software can use the SLIC to authenticate licensing to the OEM Windows Installation disk and system recovery disc containing Windows software. Systems with an SLIC can be preactivated with an OEM product key, and they verify an XML formatted OEM certificate against the SLIC in the BIOS as a means of self - activating (see System Locked Preinstallation, SLP). If a user performs a fresh install of Windows, they will need to have possession of both the OEM key (either SLP or COA) and the digital certificate for their SLIC in order to bypass activation. This can be achieved if the user performs a restore using a pre-customised image provided by the OEM. Power users can copy the necessary certificate files from the OEM image, decode the SLP product key, then perform SLP activation manually. Cracks for non-genuine Windows distributions usually edit the SLIC or emulate it in order to bypass Windows activation.
Some BIOS implementations allow overclocking, an action in which the CPU is adjusted to a higher clock rate than its manufacturer rating for guaranteed capability. Overclocking may, however, seriously compromise system reliability in insufficiently cooled computers and generally shorten component lifespan. Overclocking, when incorrectly performed, may also cause components to overheat so quickly that they mechanically destroy themselves.
Some operating systems, for example MS - DOS, rely on the BIOS to carry out most input / output tasks within the PC.
Because the BIOS still runs in 16 - bit real mode, calling BIOS services directly is inefficient for protected - mode operating systems. BIOS services are not used by modern multitasking operating systems after they initially load, so the importance of the primary part of BIOS is greatly reduced from what it was initially.
Later BIOS implementations took on more complex functions, by including interfaces such as Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI); these functions include power management, hot swapping, and thermal management. At the same time, since 2010, BIOS technology is in a transitional process toward UEFI.
Historically, the BIOS in the IBM PC and XT had no built - in user interface. The BIOS versions in earlier PCs (XT - class) were not software configurable; instead, users set the options via DIP switches on the motherboard. Later computers, including all IBM - compatibles with 80286 CPUs, had a battery - backed nonvolatile BIOS memory (CMOS RAM chip) that held BIOS settings. These settings, such as video - adapter type, memory size, and hard - disk parameters, could only be configured by running a configuration program from a disk, not built into the ROM. A special "reference diskette '' was inserted in an IBM AT to configure settings such as memory size.
Early BIOS versions did not have passwords or boot - device selection options. The BIOS was hard - coded to boot from the first floppy drive, or, if that failed, the first hard disk. Access control in early AT - class machines was by a physical keylock switch (which was not hard to defeat if the computer case could be opened). Anyone who could switch on the computer could boot it.
Later, 386 - class computers started integrating the BIOS setup utility in the ROM itself, alongside the BIOS code; these computers usually boot into the BIOS setup utility if a certain key or key combination is pressed, otherwise the BIOS POST and boot process are executed.
A modern BIOS setup utility has a menu - based user interface (UI) accessed by pressing a certain key on the keyboard when the PC starts. Usually the key is advertised for short time during the early startup, for example "Press F1 to enter CMOS setup ''. The actual key depends on specific hardware. Features present in the BIOS setup utility typically include:
In modern PCs the BIOS is stored in rewritable memory, allowing the contents to be replaced and modified. This rewriting of the contents is sometimes termed flashing, based on the common use of a kind of EEPROM known technically as "flash EEPROM '' and colloquially as "flash memory ''. It can be done by a special program, usually provided by the system 's manufacturer, or at POST, with a BIOS image in a hard drive or USB flash drive. A file containing such contents is sometimes termed "a BIOS image ''. A BIOS might be reflashed in order to upgrade to a newer version to fix bugs or provide improved performance or to support newer hardware, or a reflashing operation might be needed to fix a damaged BIOS.
The original IBM PC BIOS (and cassette BASIC) was stored on mask - programmed read - only memory (ROM) chips in sockets on the motherboard. ROMs could be replaced, but not altered, by users. To allow for updates, many compatible computers used re-programmable memory devices such as EPROM and later flash memory devices. According to Robert Braver, the president of the BIOS manufacturer Micro Firmware, Flash BIOS chips became common around 1995 because the electrically erasable PROM (EEPROM) chips are cheaper and easier to program than standard ultraviolet erasable PROM (EPROM) chips. Flash chips are programmed (and re-programmed) in - circuit, while EPROM chips need to be removed from the motherboard for re-programming. BIOS versions are upgraded to take advantage of newer versions of hardware and to correct bugs in previous revisions of BIOSes.
Beginning with the IBM AT, PCs supported a hardware clock settable through BIOS. It had a century bit which allowed for manually changing the century when the year 2000 happened. Most BIOS revisions created in 1995 and nearly all BIOS revisions in 1997 supported the year 2000 by setting the century bit automatically when the clock rolled past midnight, December 31, 1999.
The first flash chips were attached to the ISA bus. Starting in 1997, the BIOS flash moved to the LPC bus, a functional replacement for ISA, following a new standard implementation known as "firmware hub '' (FWH). In 2006, the first systems supporting a Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) appeared, and the BIOS flash memory moved again.
The size of the BIOS, and the capacity of the ROM, EEPROM, or other media it may be stored on, has increased over time as new features have been added to the code; BIOS versions now exist with sizes up to 16 megabytes. For contrast, the original IBM PC BIOS was contained in an 8 KiB mask ROM. Some modern motherboards are including even bigger NAND flash memory ICs on board which are capable of storing whole compact operating systems, such as some Linux distributions. For example, some ASUS motherboards included Splashtop Linux embedded into their NAND flash memory ICs. However, the idea of including an operating system along with BIOS in the ROM of a PC is not new; in the 1980s, Microsoft offered a ROM option for MS - DOS, and it was included in the ROMs of some PC clones such as the Tandy 1000 HX.
Another type of firmware chip was found on the IBM PC AT and early compatibles. In the AT, the keyboard interface was controlled by a microcontroller with its own programmable memory. On the IBM AT, that was a 40 - pin socketed device, while some manufacturers used an EPROM version of this chip which resembled an EPROM. This controller was also assigned the A20 gate function to manage memory above the one - megabyte range; occasionally an upgrade of this "keyboard BIOS '' was necessary to take advantage of software that could use upper memory.
The BIOS may contain components such as the Memory Reference Code (MRC), which is responsible for handling memory timings and related hardware settings.
IBM published the entire listings of the BIOS for its original PC, PC XT, PC AT, and other contemporary PC models, in an appendix of the IBM PC Technical Reference Manual for each machine type. The effect of the publication of the BIOS listings is that anyone can see exactly what a definitive BIOS does and how it does it.
In May 1984 Phoenix Software Associates released its first ROM - BIOS which enabled OEMs to build essentially 100 % - compatible clones without having to reverse - engineer the IBM PC BIOS themselves, as Compaq had done for the Portable, helping fuel the growth in the PC compatibles industry and sales of non-IBM versions of DOS. And the first American Megatrends (AMI) BIOS was released on 1986.
New standards grafted onto the BIOS are usually without complete public documentation or any BIOS listings. As a result, it is not as easy to learn the intimate details about the many non-IBM additions to BIOS as about the core BIOS services.
Most PC motherboard suppliers license a BIOS "core '' and toolkit from a commercial third - party, known as an "independent BIOS vendor '' or IBV. The motherboard manufacturer then customizes this BIOS to suit its own hardware. For this reason, updated BIOSes are normally obtained directly from the motherboard manufacturer. Major BIOS vendors include American Megatrends (AMI), Insyde Software, Phoenix Technologies and Byosoft. Former vendors include Award Software and Microid Research that were acquired by Phoenix Technologies in 1998; Phoenix later phased out the Award Brand name. General Software, which was also acquired by Phoenix in 2007, sold BIOS for Intel processor based embedded systems.
The open source community increased their effort to develop a replacement for proprietary BIOSes and their future incarnations with an open sourced counterpart through the libreboot, coreboot and OpenBIOS / Open Firmware projects. AMD provided product specifications for some chipsets, and Google is sponsoring the project. Motherboard manufacturer Tyan offers coreboot next to the standard BIOS with their Opteron line of motherboards. MSI and Gigabyte Technology have followed suit with the MSI K9ND MS - 9282 and MSI K9SD MS - 9185 resp. the M57SLI - S4 models.
EEPROM chips are advantageous because they can be easily updated by the user; it is customary for hardware manufacturers to issue BIOS updates to upgrade their products, improve compatibility and remove bugs. However, this advantage had the risk that an improperly executed or aborted BIOS update could render the computer or device unusable. To avoid these situations, more recent BIOSes use a "boot block ''; a portion of the BIOS which runs first and must be updated separately. This code verifies if the rest of the BIOS is intact (using hash checksums or other methods) before transferring control to it. If the boot block detects any corruption in the main BIOS, it will typically warn the user that a recovery process must be initiated by booting from removable media (floppy, CD or USB flash drive) so the user can try flashing the BIOS again. Some motherboards have a backup BIOS (sometimes referred to as DualBIOS boards) to recover from BIOS corruptions.
There are at least four known BIOS attack viruses, two of which were for demonstration purposes. The first one found in the wild was Mebromi, targeting Chinese users.
The first BIOS virus was CIH, whose name matches the initials of its creator, Chen Ing Hau. CIH was also called the "Chernobyl Virus '', because its payload date was 1999 - 04 - 26, the 13th anniversary of the Chernobyl accident. CIH appeared in mid-1998 and became active in April 1999. It was able to erase flash ROM BIOS content. Often, infected computers could no longer boot, and people had to remove the flash ROM IC from the motherboard and reprogram it. CIH targeted the then - widespread Intel i430TX motherboard chipset and took advantage of the fact that the Windows 9x operating systems, also widespread at the time, allowed direct hardware access to all programs.
Modern systems are not vulnerable to CIH because of a variety of chipsets being used which are incompatible with the Intel i430TX chipset, and also other flash ROM IC types. There is also extra protection from accidental BIOS rewrites in the form of boot blocks which are protected from accidental overwrite or dual and quad BIOS equipped systems which may, in the event of a crash, use a backup BIOS. Also, all modern operating systems such as FreeBSD, Linux, macOS, Windows NT - based Windows OS like Windows 2000, Windows XP and newer, do not allow user - mode programs to have direct hardware access.
As a result, as of 2008, CIH has become essentially harmless, at worst causing annoyance by infecting executable files and triggering antivirus software. Other BIOS viruses remain possible, however; since most Windows home users without Windows Vista / 7 's UAC run all applications with administrative privileges, a modern CIH - like virus could in principle still gain access to hardware without first using an exploit. The operating system OpenBSD prevents all users from having this access and the grsecurity patch for the linux kernel also prevents this direct hardware access by default, the difference being an attacker requiring a much more difficult kernel level exploit or reboot of the machine.
The second BIOS virus was a technique presented by John Heasman, principal security consultant for UK - based Next - Generation Security Software. In 2006, at the Black Hat Security Conference, he showed how to elevate privileges and read physical memory, using malicious procedures that replaced normal ACPI functions stored in flash memory.
The third BIOS virus was a technique called "Persistent BIOS infection. '' It appeared in 2009 at the CanSecWest Security Conference in Vancouver, and at the SyScan Security Conference in Singapore. Researchers Anibal Sacco and Alfredo Ortega, from Core Security Technologies, demonstrated how to insert malicious code into the decompression routines in the BIOS, allowing for nearly full control of the PC at start - up, even before the operating system is booted. The proof - of - concept does not exploit a flaw in the BIOS implementation, but only involves the normal BIOS flashing procedures. Thus, it requires physical access to the machine, or for the user to be root. Despite these requirements, Ortega underlined the profound implications of his and Sacco 's discovery: "We can patch a driver to drop a fully working rootkit. We even have a little code that can remove or disable antivirus. ''
Mebromi is a trojan which targets computers with AwardBIOS, Microsoft Windows, and antivirus software from two Chinese companies: Rising Antivirus and Jiangmin KV Antivirus. Mebromi installs a rootkit which infects the master boot record.
In a December 2013 interview with 60 Minutes, Deborah Plunkett, Information Assurance Director for the US National Security Agency claimed that NSA analysts had uncovered and thwarted a possible BIOS attack by a foreign nation state. The attack on the world 's computers could have allegedly "literally taken down the US economy. '' The segment further cites anonymous cyber security experts briefed on the operation as alleging the plot was conceived in China. A later article in The Guardian cast doubt on the likelihood of such a threat, quoting Berkeley computer - science researcher Nicholas Weaver, Matt Blaze, a computer and information sciences professor at the University of Pennsylvania, and cybersecurity expert Robert David Graham in an analysis of the NSA 's claims.
As of 2011, the BIOS is being replaced by the more complex Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI) in many new machines. EFI is a specification which replaces the runtime interface of the legacy BIOS. Initially written for the Intel Itanium architecture, EFI is now available for x86 and x86 - 64 platforms; the specification development is driven by The Unified EFI Forum, an industry Special Interest Group. EFI booting has been supported in only Microsoft Windows versions supporting GPT, the Linux kernel 2.6. 1 and later, and macOS on Intel - based Macs. As of 2014, new PC hardware predominantly ships with UEFI firmware. The architecture of the rootkit safeguard can also prevent the system from running the user 's own software changes, which makes UEFI controversial as a BIOS replacement in the open hardware community.
Other alternatives to the functionality of the "Legacy BIOS '' in the x86 world include coreboot and libreboot.
Some servers and workstations use a platform - independent Open Firmware (IEEE - 1275) based on the Forth programming language; it is included with Sun 's SPARC computers, IBM 's RS / 6000 line, and other PowerPC systems such as the CHRP motherboards, along with the x86 - based OLPC XO - 1.
As of at least 2015, Apple has removed legacy BIOS support from MacBook Pro computers. As such the bless utility no longer supports the -- legacy switch, and prints "Legacy mode not supported on this system ''. These Macs also can not boot from CD - ROM or USB flash drives.
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who played ernie in harry and the hendersons | Kevin Peter Hall - wikipedia
Kevin Peter Hall (May 9, 1955 -- April 10, 1991) was an American actor best known for his roles as the title character in the first two films in the Predator franchise and the title character of Harry in the film and television series, Harry and the Hendersons. He also appeared in the television series Misfits of Science and 227 along with the film, Without Warning.
Hall was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. His parents were of above - average stature; his father, Charles Hall, was 6 ft 6 in, and his mother, Sylvia Hall, was 6 ft 2 in. At 7 ft 2 in (218 cm) tall, he was the tallest of seven brothers, all over 6 ft 5 in. During his high school years at Penn Hills High School, he excelled at basketball and earned a scholarship to George Washington University in Washington, D.C. In college, Hall continued to play basketball and majored in Theatrical Arts. After graduation, Hall moved to Venezuela to play basketball. His nephew, Jamie Hall, is a stunt performer, best known as the polar bear performer in the 2015 horror / thriller film Unnatural.
Hall made his acting debut in the 1979 horror film Prophecy. Due to his height, he was often cast in monster roles. He appeared as the alien in the 1980 horror film Without Warning and as Gorvil in the 1982 television movie Mazes and Monsters. In 1985, he co-starred in the short - lived series Misfits of Science. He guest - starred on the sitcom Night Court as a huge but gentle mental patient who humorously towered over bailiff Bull Shannon, played by Richard Moll, who is 6 ft 8 in (203 cm), and a fellow mental patient, played by James Cromwell, who is 6 ft 7 in (201 cm). The next year, Hall portrayed yet another monster in the horror film Monster in the Closet, followed by the role of Harry in Harry and the Hendersons.
In 1986, Hall was cast as the main antagonist in Predator, starring Arnold Schwarzenegger. During its developmental stages, the Predator was going to be played by Jean - Claude Van Damme, who played the Predator for the first few scenes, but was not billed in the end credits. The producers decided to recast the role with Hall so that the Predator could more convincingly dominate the film 's human characters with its greater size. Hall would go on to reprise the role in the 1990 sequel.
Following his role in Predator, Hall appeared in the film Big Top Pee - wee (1988) and had a guest spot on Star Trek: The Next Generation; Hall had been one of the actors considered for the role of Geordi La Forge on the latter, before the role went to LeVar Burton. From 1989 to 1990, he had a recurring role on the NBC sitcom 227. In 1990, Hall reprised his role as Harry in the television series Harry and the Hendersons, based on the 1987 film of the same name. He died during the series ' first season.
Hall met actress Alaina Reed while taping a guest role on the television show 227. The couple would marry both on the show and in real life.
While working on the TV series Harry and the Hendersons, Hall announced that he had contracted HIV from a blood transfusion. He died from AIDS - related pneumonia on April 10, 1991, a month short of his 36th birthday.
Hall was posthumously inducted into the Penn Hills Hall of Fame as part of the inaugural class on May 8, 2009.
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actress in the movie to rome with love | To Rome with Love (film) - wikipedia
To Rome with Love is a 2012 magical realist romantic comedy film written, directed by and starring Woody Allen in his first acting appearance since 2006. The film is set in Rome, Italy; it was released in Italian theaters on April 13, 2012, and opened in Los Angeles and New York City on June 22, 2012.
The film features an ensemble cast, including Allen himself. The story is told in four separate vignettes: a clerk who wakes up to find himself a celebrity, an architect who takes a trip back to the street he lived on as a student, a young couple on their honeymoon, and an Italian funeral director whose uncanny singing ability enraptures his soon to be in - law, an American opera director.
To Rome with Love tells four unrelated stories taking place in Rome. The second story, Antonio 's, is a direct lift with some amendments of an entire Federico Fellini film, The White Sheik (1952).
American tourist Hayley falls in love with and becomes engaged to Italian pro bono lawyer Michelangelo while spending a summer in Rome. Her parents, Jerry (Woody Allen) and Phyllis, fly to Italy to meet her fiancé and his parents. During the visit, Michelangelo 's mortician father Giancarlo sings in the shower and Jerry, a retired -- and critically reviled -- opera director, feels inspired to bring Giancarlo 's gift to the public. Jerry convinces a reluctant Giancarlo to audition in front of a room of opera bigwigs, but Giancarlo performs poorly in this setting. Michelangelo accuses Jerry of embarrassing his father and trying to use him to revive his own failed career, which in turn breeds discontent between Michelangelo and Hayley.
Jerry then realizes that Giancarlo 's talent is tied to the comfort and freedom he feels in the shower; Jerry stages a concert in which Giancarlo performs at the Teatro dell'Opera while actually washing himself onstage in a purpose - built shower. This is a great success, so Jerry and Giancarlo decide to stage the opera Pagliacci, with an incongruous shower present in all scenes. Giancarlo receives rave reviews, while Jerry is unaware that he has again been slammed as he has been called "imbecille '' ("stupid '' in Italian). Giancarlo decides to retire from opera singing, because he prefers working as a mortician and spending time with his family. But he appreciates being given the chance to live his dream of performing Pagliacci, and his success has mended the relationship between Michelangelo and Hayley.
Newlyweds Antonio and Milly plan to move to Rome because Antonio 's uncles have offered him a job in their family 's business. After checking into their hotel, Milly decides to visit a salon before meeting Antonio 's relatives. She becomes lost and loses her cell phone, but ends up at a film shoot where she meets Luca Salta, an actor she idolizes. He invites her to lunch. Back at the hotel, Antonio is worried Milly will be late for their lunch date with his aunts and uncles. Anna, a prostitute, then arrives, having mistakenly been sent to his room.
Despite his protests, she wrestles him into a compromising position just as his relatives arrive; the only way he can think to save face is to introduce Anna as Milly, and he convinces her to pose as Milly. The group goes to lunch at the same restaurant Luca takes Milly. Antonio becomes jealous as Luca flirts with Milly, but they do n't see Antonio. Antonio 's uncles and aunts then take him to a party. Antonio has nothing in common with the people he 's introduced to, but most of the male guests are Anna 's clients. Anna and Antonio walk in the garden, and Antonio talks about how pure Milly is. When Anna finds out he was a virgin before meeting Milly, she seduces him in the bushes.
Meanwhile, Luca tries to seduce Milly at his hotel room. Milly decides to have sex with him, but then an armed thief emerges and demands their valuables. Suddenly, Luca 's wife and a private investigator arrive. Milly and the thief climb into bed and fool Mrs. Salta into believing the hotel room is theirs while Luca hides in the bathroom. Once his wife has left, Luca runs off. The burglar flirts with Milly and she has sex with him instead. When she returns to the hotel room, she and Antonio decide to return to their rustic hometown -- but first they begin to make love.
Leopoldo lives a mundane life with his wife and two children. The best part of his day is watching his boss 's beautiful secretary Serafina walk around the office. Inexplicably, he wakes up one morning to discover that he has become a national celebrity. Paparazzi document his every move. Reporters ask him what he had for breakfast, if he wears boxers or briefs, whether he thinks it will rain or which hand he scratches. Leopoldo even becomes a manager at his company, and Serafina sleeps with him. He begins dating models and attending fancy film premieres. The constant attention wears on him, though. One day, in the middle of interviewing Leopoldo, the paparazzi spot a man "who looks more interesting, '' and they abandon Leopoldo. At first, Leopoldo welcomes the return to his old life. But one afternoon he breaks down when no one asks for his autograph. Leopoldo has learned that life can be monotonous and wearying whether one is a celebrity or a normal man. Still, it is much better to be a weary celebrity than it is to be a weary regular man.
John (Alec Baldwin), a well - known architect, is visiting Rome with his wife and their friends. He had lived there some thirty years ago, and he would rather revisit his old haunts than go sightseeing with the others. While looking for his old apartment building, John meets Jack (Jesse Eisenberg), an American architecture student who recognizes him. Jack happens to live in John 's old building, and invites him up to the apartment he shares with his girlfriend Sally (Greta Gerwig). Throughout the rest of the story, John appears as a quasi-real and quasi-imaginary figure around Jack and makes unusually frank observations of events. Sally tells Jack that she invited her best friend Monica, an actress, to stay with them and tells him that Monica (Ellen Page) gives off a sexual vibe that drives men crazy. John predicts Monica will bring trouble, and John keeps telling Jack that Monica will lead him to trouble. Even though John cautions Jack against cheating with Monica, he begins to succumb to her charms. Sally sets Monica up with Leonardo, one of their friends, and Jack is jealous of their relationship. One night he and Monica decide to cook dinner for Sally and Leonardo. They flirt more and more until Jack kisses Monica; they go down to his car to have sex.
Jack, now besotted with her, plans to leave Sally for Monica, but they decide Jack should wait until Sally finishes her midterms for Jack to break up with her. The trio go out for lunch after Sally 's exams, and when they are alone, Jack tells Monica he plans to dump Sally that night. They make plans to travel to Greece and Sicily together. Then Monica gets a phone call from her agent who says she has been offered a role in a Hollywood blockbuster. She will film in Los Angeles and Tokyo for the next five months and she immediately becomes completely focused on preparing for the role. She forgets about traveling with Jack, who realizes how shallow she is. John and Jack walk back to the Roman street corner where they met and they part ways. It is possible that John 's whole experience was actually his memory of what happened to him 30 years ago. (It is loosely implied that Sally is now his wife.)
Grouped by storylines
"Hayley 's Story ''
"Leopoldo 's Story ''
"Antonio 's Story ''
"John 's Story ''
Financial backing for To Rome with Love came from distributors in Rome who offered to finance a film for Allen as long as it was filmed in Rome. Allen accepted, seeing the offer as a way to work in the city and "get the money to work quickly and from a single source ''. The four vignettes featured in the film were based on ideas and notes he had written throughout the year before he wrote the script. The vignettes featured in the film deal with the theme of "fame and accomplishment '', although Allen stated that he did n't intend for them to have any thematic connection. He initially named the film Bop Decameron, a reference to the 14th century book by Italian author Giovanni Boccaccio, but several people did not understand the reference, so he retitled it Nero Fiddles. The new title was still met with confusion, so he settled on the final title To Rome with Love, although he has stated that he hates this title.
In December 2011, Sony Pictures Classics acquired distribution rights to the film.
To Rome with Love was a box office success. As of November 15, 2012, it has earned $16,685,867 in the United States.
As of November 27, 2012, its worldwide total stood at $73,039,208. This is Woody Allen 's fourth best ever box office total (not counting for adjusted ticket prices).
The film has generally received mixed reviews from critics. The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 43 % based on reviews from 165 critics with an average score of 5.4 / 10. The critical consensus is that "To Rome With Love sees Woody Allen cobbling together an Italian postcard of farce, fantasy, and comedy with only middling success. '' Metacritic gives the film an average score of 54 out of 100, and thus "mixed or average reviews '', based on 38 professional critics. Roger Ebert gave the film 3 stars out of 4 writing "To Rome With Love generates no particular excitement or surprise, but it provides the sort of pleasure he seems able to generate almost on demand. ''
A.O. Scott of The New York Times found some of the scenes "rushed and haphazardly constructed '' and some of the dialogue "overwritten and under - rehearsed '', but also recommended it, writing "One of the most delightful things about To Rome With Love is how casually it blends the plausible and the surreal, and how unabashedly it revels in pure silliness. '' On the other hand, David Denby of The New Yorker thought the film was "light and fast, with some of the sharpest dialogue and acting that he 's put on the screen in years. ''
In 2016 film critics Robbie Collin and Tim Robey ranked it as one of the worst movies by Woody Allen.
Ellen Page wrote on Facebook in 2017 that working in To Rome with Love was the "biggest regret '' of her career, which the New York Daily News stated referred to sex abuse allegations made by Allen 's adopted daughter. She claimed that she felt pressured by others who told her "of course you have to say yes to this Woody Allen film ''. Page concluded "I made an awful mistake ''. In January 2018, Greta Gerwig stated she regretted working on the film, and would not work with Allen again; also stating had she known what she knew now, she would n't have done the film.
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who chooses the prime minister in the uk | Prime Minister of the United Kingdom - Wikipedia
The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the head of the United Kingdom government. The Prime Minister (informally abbreviated to PM) and Cabinet (consisting of all the most senior ministers, most of whom are government department heads) are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Monarch, to Parliament, to their political party and ultimately to the electorate. The Office is one of the Great Offices of State. The current holder of the office, Theresa May, leader of the Conservative Party, was appointed by the Queen on 13 July 2016.
The office is not established by any statute or constitutional document but exists only by long - established convention, which stipulates that the monarch must appoint as Prime Minister the person most likely to command the confidence of the House of Commons; this individual is typically the leader of the political party or coalition of parties that holds the largest number of seats in that chamber. The position of Prime Minister was not created; it evolved slowly and erratically over three hundred years due to numerous acts of Parliament, political developments, and accidents of history. The office is therefore best understood from a historical perspective. The origins of the position are found in constitutional changes that occurred during the Revolutionary Settlement (1688 -- 1720) and the resulting shift of political power from the Sovereign to Parliament. Although the Sovereign was not stripped of the ancient prerogative powers and legally remained the head of government, politically it gradually became necessary for him or her to govern through a Prime Minister who could command a majority in Parliament.
By the 1830s the Westminster system of government (or cabinet government) had emerged; the Prime Minister had become primus inter pares or the first among equals in the Cabinet and the head of government in the United Kingdom. The political position of Prime Minister was enhanced by the development of modern political parties, the introduction of mass communication (inexpensive newspapers, radio, television and the internet), and photography. By the start of the 20th century the modern premiership had emerged; the office had become the pre-eminent position in the constitutional hierarchy vis - à - vis the Sovereign, Parliament and Cabinet.
Prior to 1902, the Prime Minister sometimes came from the House of Lords, provided that his government could form a majority in the Commons. However as the power of the aristocracy waned during the 19th century the convention developed that the Prime Minister should always sit in the lower house. As leader of the House of Commons, the Prime Minister 's authority was further enhanced by the Parliament Act of 1911 which marginalised the influence of the House of Lords in the law - making process.
The Prime Minister is ex officio also First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service. Certain privileges, such as residency of 10 Downing Street, are accorded to Prime Ministers by virtue of their position as First Lord of the Treasury. The status of the position as Prime Minister means that the incumbent is consistently ranked as one of the most powerful and influential people in the world.
The Prime Minister is the head of the United Kingdom government. As such, the modern Prime Minister leads the Cabinet (the Executive). In addition, the Prime Minister leads a major political party and generally commands a majority in the House of Commons (the lower House of the legislature). The incumbent wields both significant legislative and executive powers. Under the British system, there is a unity of powers rather than separation. In the House of Commons, the Prime Minister guides the law - making process with the goal of enacting the legislative agenda of their political party. In an executive capacity, the Prime Minister appoints (and may dismiss) all other Cabinet members and ministers, and co-ordinates the policies and activities of all government departments, and the staff of the Civil Service. The Prime Minister also acts as the public "face '' and "voice '' of Her Majesty 's Government, both at home and abroad. Solely upon the advice of the Prime Minister, the Sovereign exercises many statutory and prerogative powers, including high judicial, political, official and Church of England ecclesiastical appointments; the conferral of peerages and some knighthoods, decorations and other important honours.
The British system of government is based on an uncodified constitution, meaning that it is not set out in any single document. The British constitution consists of many documents and most importantly for the evolution of the Office of the Prime Minister, it is based on customs known as constitutional conventions that became accepted practice. In 1928, Prime Minister H.H. Asquith described this characteristic of the British constitution in his memoirs:
In this country we live... under an unwritten Constitution. It is true that we have on the Statute - book great instruments like Magna Carta, the Petition of Right, and the Bill of Rights which define and secure many of our rights and privileges; but the great bulk of our constitutional liberties and... our constitutional practices do not derive their validity and sanction from any Bill which has received the formal assent of the King, Lords and Commons. They rest on usage, custom, convention, often of slow growth in their early stages, not always uniform, but which in the course of time received universal observance and respect.
The relationships between the Prime Minister and the Sovereign, Parliament and Cabinet are defined largely by these unwritten conventions of the constitution. Many of the Prime Minister 's executive and legislative powers are actually royal prerogatives which are still formally vested in the Sovereign, who remains the head of state. Despite its growing dominance in the constitutional hierarchy, the Premiership was given little formal recognition until the 20th century; the legal fiction was maintained that the Sovereign still governed directly. The position was first mentioned in statute only in 1917, in the schedule of the Chequers Estate Act. Increasingly during the 20th century, the office and role of Prime Minister featured in statute law and official documents; however, the Prime Minister 's powers and relationships with other institutions still largely continue to derive from ancient royal prerogatives and historic and modern constitutional conventions. Prime Ministers continue to hold the position of First Lord of the Treasury and, since November 1968, that of Minister for the Civil Service, the latter giving them authority over the civil service.
Under this arrangement, Britain might appear to have two executives: the Prime Minister and the Sovereign. The concept of "the Crown '' resolves this paradox. The Crown symbolises the state 's authority to govern: to make laws and execute them, impose taxes and collect them, declare war and make peace. Before the "Glorious Revolution '' of 1688, the Sovereign exclusively wielded the powers of the Crown; afterwards, Parliament gradually forced monarchs to assume a neutral political position. Parliament has effectively dispersed the powers of the Crown, entrusting its authority to responsible ministers (the Prime Minister and Cabinet), accountable for their policies and actions to Parliament, in particular the elected House of Commons.
Although many of the Sovereign 's prerogative powers are still legally intact, constitutional conventions have removed the monarch from day - to - day governance, with ministers exercising the royal prerogatives, leaving the monarch in practice with three constitutional rights: to be kept informed, to advise, and to warn.
Because the Premiership was not intentionally created, there is no exact date when its evolution began. A meaningful starting point, however, is 1688 -- 9 when James II fled England and the Parliament of England confirmed William and Mary as joint constitutional monarchs, enacting legislation that limited their authority and that of their successors: the Bill of Rights (1689), the Mutiny Bill (1689), the Triennial Bill (1694), the Treason Act (1696) and the Act of Settlement (1701). Known collectively as the Revolutionary Settlement, these acts transformed the constitution, shifting the balance of power from the Sovereign to Parliament. They also provided the basis for the evolution of the office of Prime Minister, which did not exist at that time.
The Revolutionary Settlement gave the Commons control over finances and legislation and changed the relationship between the Executive and the Legislature. For want of money, Sovereigns had to summon Parliament annually and could no longer dissolve or prorogue it without its advice and consent. Parliament became a permanent feature of political life. The veto fell into disuse because Sovereigns feared that if they denied legislation, Parliament would deny them money. No Sovereign has denied royal assent since Queen Anne vetoed the Scottish Militia Bill in 1708.
Treasury officials and other department heads were drawn into Parliament serving as liaisons between it and the Sovereign. Ministers had to present the government 's policies, and negotiate with Members to gain the support of the majority; they had to explain the government 's financial needs, suggest ways of meeting them and give an account of how money had been spent. The Sovereign 's representatives attended Commons sessions so regularly that they were given reserved seats at the front, known as the Treasury Bench. This is the beginning of "unity of powers '': the Sovereign 's Ministers (the Executive) became leading members of Parliament (the Legislature). Today the Prime Minister (First Lord of the Treasury), the Chancellor of the Exchequer (responsible for The Budget) and other senior members of the Cabinet sit on the Treasury bench and present policies in much the same way Ministers did late in the 17th century.
After the Revolution, there was a constant threat that non-government members of Parliament would ruin the country 's finances by proposing ill - considered money bills. Vying for control to avoid chaos, the Crown 's Ministers gained an advantage in 1706, when the Commons informally declared, "That this House will receive no petition for any sum of money relating to public Service, but what is recommended from the Crown. '' On 11 June 1713, this non-binding rule became Standing Order 66: that "the Commons would not vote money for any purpose, except on a motion of a Minister of the Crown. '' Standing Order 66 remains in effect today (though renumbered as no. 48), essentially unchanged for three hundred years.
Empowering Ministers with sole financial initiative had an immediate and lasting impact. Apart from achieving its intended purpose -- to stabilise the budgetary process -- it gave the Crown a leadership role in the Commons; and, the Lord Treasurer assumed a leading position among Ministers.
The power of financial initiative was not, however, absolute. Only Ministers might initiate money bills, but Parliament now reviewed and consented to them. Standing Order 66 therefore represents the beginnings of Ministerial responsibility and accountability.
The term "Prime Minister '' appears at this time as an unofficial title for the leader of the government, usually the Head of the Treasury. Jonathan Swift, for example, wrote in 1713 about "those who are now commonly called Prime Minister among us '', referring to Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin and Robert Harley, Queen Anne 's Lord Treasurers and chief ministers. Since 1721, every head of the Sovereign 's government -- with one exception in the 18th century (William Pitt the Elder) and one in the 19th (Lord Salisbury) -- has been First Lord of the Treasury.
Political parties first appeared during the Exclusion Crisis of 1678 -- 1681. The Whigs, who believed in limited monarchy, wanted to exclude James Stuart from succeeding to the throne because he was a Catholic. The Tories, who believed in the "Divine Right of Kings '', defended James ' hereditary claim.
Political parties were not well organised or disciplined in the 17th century. They were more like factions with "members '' drifting in and out, collaborating temporarily on issues when it was to their advantage, then disbanding when it was not. A major deterrent to the development of opposing parties was the idea that there could only be one "King 's Party '' and to oppose it would be disloyal or even treasonous. This idea lingered throughout the 18th century. Nevertheless it became possible at the end of the 17th century to identify Parliaments and Ministries as being either "Whig '' or "Tory '' in composition.
The modern Prime Minister is also the leader of the Cabinet. A convention of the constitution, the modern Cabinet is a group of ministers who formulate policies. As the political heads of government departments Cabinet Ministers ensure that policies are carried out by permanent civil servants. Although the modern Prime Minister selects Ministers, appointment still rests with the Sovereign. With the Prime Minister as its leader, the Cabinet forms the executive branch of government.
The term "Cabinet '' first appears after the Revolutionary Settlement to describe those ministers who conferred privately with the Sovereign. The growth of the Cabinet met with widespread complaint and opposition because its meetings were often held in secret and it excluded the ancient Privy Council (of which the Cabinet is formally a committee) from the Sovereign 's circle of advisers, reducing it to an honorary body. The early Cabinet, like that of today, included the Treasurer and other department heads who sat on the Treasury bench. However, it might also include individuals who were not members of Parliament such as household officers (e.g. the Master of the Horse) and members of the royal family. The exclusion of non-members of Parliament from the Cabinet was essential to the development of ministerial accountability and responsibility.
Both William and Anne appointed and dismissed Cabinet members, attended meetings, made decisions, and followed up on actions. Relieving the Sovereign of these responsibilities and gaining control over the Cabinet 's composition was an essential part of evolution of the Premiership. This process began after the Hanoverian Succession. Although George I (1714 -- 1727) attended Cabinet meetings at first, after 1717 he withdrew because he did not speak fluent English and was bored with the discussions. George II (1727 -- 1760) occasionally presided at Cabinet meetings but his grandson, George III (1760 -- 1820), is known to have attended only two during his 60 - year reign. Thus, the convention that Sovereigns do not attend Cabinet meetings was established primarily through royal indifference to the everyday tasks of governance. The Prime Minister became responsible for calling meetings, presiding, taking notes, and reporting to the Sovereign. These simple executive tasks naturally gave the Prime Minister ascendancy over his Cabinet colleagues.
Although the first three Hanoverians rarely attended Cabinet meetings they insisted on their prerogatives to appoint and dismiss ministers and to direct policy even if from outside the Cabinet. It was not until late in the 18th century that Prime Ministers gained control over Cabinet composition (see section Emergence of Cabinet Government below).
British governments (or Ministries) are generally formed by one party. The Prime Minister and Cabinet are usually all members of the same political party, almost always the one that has a majority of seats in the House of Commons. Coalition governments (a ministry that consists of representatives from two or more parties) and minority governments (a one - party ministry formed by a party that does not command a majority in the Commons) are relatively rare. "One party government '', as this system is sometimes called, has been the general rule for almost three hundred years.
Early in his reign, William III (1689 -- 1702) preferred "Mixed Ministries '' (or coalitions) consisting of both Tories and Whigs. William thought this composition would dilute the power of any one party and also give him the benefit of differing points of view. However, this approach did not work well because the members could not agree on a leader or on policies, and often worked at odds with each other.
In 1697, William formed a homogeneous Whig ministry. Known as the Junto, this government is often cited as the first true Cabinet because its members were all Whigs, reflecting the majority composition of the Commons.
Anne (1702 -- 1714) followed this pattern but preferred Tory Cabinets. This approach worked well as long as Parliament was also predominantly Tory. However, in 1708, when the Whigs obtained a majority, Anne did not call on them to form a government, refusing to accept the idea that politicians could force themselves on her merely because their party had a majority. She never parted with an entire Ministry or accepted an entirely new one regardless of the results of an election. Anne preferred to retain a minority government rather than be dictated to by Parliament. Consequently, her chief ministers Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin and Robert Harley, who were called "Prime Minister '' by some, had difficulty executing policy in the face of a hostile Parliament.
William 's and Anne 's experiments with the political composition of the Cabinet illustrated the strengths of one party government and the weaknesses of coalition and minority governments. Nevertheless, it was not until the 1830s that the constitutional convention was established that the Sovereign must select the Prime Minister (and Cabinet) from the party whose views reflect those of the majority in Parliament. Since then, most ministries have reflected this one party rule.
Despite the "one party '' convention, Prime Ministers may still be called upon to lead either minority or coalition governments. A minority government may be formed as a result of a "hung parliament '' in which no single party commands a majority in the House of Commons after a general election or the death, resignation or defection of existing members. By convention the serving Prime Minister is given the first opportunity to reach agreements that will allow them to survive a vote of confidence in the House and continue to govern. The last minority government was led by Labour Prime Minister Harold Wilson for eight months after the February 1974 general election produced a hung parliament. In the October 1974 general election, the Labour Party gained 18 seats, giving Wilson a majority of three.
A hung parliament may also lead to the formation of a coalition government in which two or more parties negotiate a joint programme to command a majority in the Commons. Coalitions have also been formed during times of national crisis such as war. Under such circumstances, the parties agree to temporarily set aside their political differences and to unite to face the national crisis. Coalitions are rare: since 1721, there have been fewer than a dozen.
When the general election of 2010 produced a hung parliament, the Conservative and Liberal Democrat parties agreed to form the Cameron -- Clegg coalition, the first coalition in seventy years. The previous coalition in the UK before 2010 was led by Conservative Prime Minister Winston Churchill during most of the Second World War, from May 1940 to May 1945. Clement Attlee, the leader of the Labour Party, served as deputy Prime Minister. After the general election of 2015, the nation returned to one party government after the Tories won an outright majority.
The Premiership is still largely a convention of the constitution; its legal authority is derived primarily from the fact that the Prime Minister is also First Lord of the Treasury. The connection of these two offices -- one a convention, the other a legal office -- began with the Hanoverian Succession in 1714.
When George I succeeded to the British throne in 1714, his German ministers advised him to leave the office of Lord High Treasurer vacant because those who had held it in recent years had grown overly powerful, in effect, replacing the Sovereign as head of the government. They also feared that a Lord High Treasurer would undermine their own influence with the new King. They therefore suggested that he place the office in "commission '', meaning that a committee of five ministers would perform its functions together. Theoretically, this dilution of authority would prevent any one of them from presuming to be the head of the government. The King agreed and created the Treasury Commission consisting of the First Lord of the Treasury, the Second Lord, and three Junior Lords.
No one has been appointed Lord High Treasurer since 1714; it has remained in commission for three hundred years. The Treasury Commission ceased to meet late in the 18th century but has survived, albeit with very different functions: the First Lord of the Treasury is now the Prime Minister, the Second Lord is the Chancellor of the Exchequer (and actually in charge of the Treasury), and the Junior Lords are government Whips maintaining party discipline in the House of Commons; they no longer have any duties related to the Treasury, though when subordinate legislation requires the consent of the Treasury it is still two of the Junior Lords who sign on its behalf.
Since the office evolved rather than being instantly created, it may not be totally clear - cut who was the first Prime Minister. However, this appellation is traditionally given to Sir Robert Walpole, who became First Lord of the Treasury in 1721.
In 1720, the South Sea Company, created to trade in cotton, agricultural goods and slaves, collapsed, causing the financial ruin of thousands of investors and heavy losses for many others, including members of the royal family. King George I called on Robert Walpole, well known for his political and financial acumen, to handle the emergency. With considerable skill and some luck, Walpole acted quickly to restore public credit and confidence, and led the country out of the crisis. A year later, the King appointed him First Lord of the Treasury, Chancellor of the Exchequer, and Leader of the House of Commons -- making him the most powerful minister in the government. Ruthless, crude, and hard - working, he had a "sagacious business sense '' and was a superb manager of men. At the head of affairs for the next two decades, Walpole stabilised the nation 's finances, kept it at peace, made it prosperous, and secured the Hanoverian Succession.
Walpole demonstrated for the first time how a chief minister -- a Prime Minister -- could be the actual Head of the Government under the new constitutional framework. First, recognising that the Sovereign could no longer govern directly but was still the nominal head of the government, he insisted that he was nothing more than the "King 's Servant ''. Second, recognising that power had shifted to the Commons, he conducted the nation 's business there and made it dominant over the Lords in all matters. Third, recognising that the Cabinet had become the executive and must be united, he dominated the other members and demanded their complete support for his policies. Fourth, recognising that political parties were the source of ministerial strength, he led the Whig party and maintained discipline. In the Commons, he insisted on the support of all Whig members, especially those who held office. Finally, he set an example for future Prime Ministers by resigning his offices in 1742 after a vote of confidence, which he won by just 3 votes. The slimness of this majority undermined his power, even though he still retained the confidence of the Sovereign.
For all his contributions, Walpole was not a Prime Minister in the modern sense. The King -- not Parliament -- chose him; and the King -- not Walpole -- chose the Cabinet. Walpole set an example, not a precedent, and few followed his example. For over 40 years after Walpole 's fall in 1742, there was widespread ambivalence about the position. In some cases, the Prime Minister was a figurehead with power being wielded by other individuals; in others there was a reversion to the "chief minister '' model of earlier times in which the Sovereign actually governed. At other times, there appeared to be two Prime Ministers. During Britain 's participation in the Seven Years ' War, for example, the powers of government were divided equally between the Duke of Newcastle and William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham, leading to them both alternatively being described as Prime Minister. Furthermore, many thought that the title "Prime Minister '' usurped the Sovereign 's constitutional position as "head of the government '' and that it was an affront to other ministers because they were all appointed by and equally responsible to the Sovereign.
For these reasons there was a reluctance to use the title. Although Walpole is now called the "first '' Prime Minister, the title was not commonly used during his tenure. Walpole himself denied it. In 1741, during the attack that led to Walpole 's downfall, Samuel Sandys declared that "According to our Constitution we can have no sole and prime minister. '' In his defence, Walpole said "I unequivocally deny that I am sole or Prime Minister and that to my influence and direction all the affairs of government must be attributed. '' George Grenville, Prime Minister in the 1760s, said it was "an odious title '' and never used it. Lord North, the reluctant head of the King 's Government during the American War of Independence, "would never suffer himself to be called Prime Minister, because it was an office unknown to the Constitution. ''
Denials of the Premiership 's legal existence continued throughout the 19th century. In 1806, for example, one member of the Commons said, "the Constitution abhors the idea of a prime minister ''. In 1829, Lord Lansdowne said, "nothing could be more mischievous or unconstitutional than to recognise by act of parliament the existence of such an office. ''
By the turn of the 20th century the Premiership had become, by convention, the most important position in the constitutional hierarchy. Yet there were no legal documents describing its powers or acknowledging its existence. The first official recognition given to the office had only been in the Treaty of Berlin in 1878, when Disraeli signed as "First Lord of the Treasury and Prime Minister of her Britannic Majesty ''. Incumbents had no statutory authority in their own right. As late as 1904, Arthur Balfour explained the status of his office in a speech at Haddington: "The Prime Minister has no salary as Prime Minister. He has no statutory duties as Prime Minister, his name occurs in no Acts of Parliament, and though holding the most important place in the constitutional hierarchy, he has no place which is recognised by the laws of his country. This is a strange paradox. ''
In 1905 the position was given some official recognition when the "Prime Minister '' was named in the order of precedence, outranked, among non-royals, only by the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, the Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland and the Lord Chancellor.
The first Act of Parliament to mention the Premiership -- albeit in a schedule -- was the Chequers Estate Act on 20 December 1917. This law conferred the Chequers Estate owned by Sir Arthur and Lady Lee, as a gift to the Crown for use as a country home for future Prime Ministers.
Unequivocal legal recognition was given in the Ministers of the Crown Act 1937, which made provision for payment of a salary to the person who is both "the First Lord of the Treasury and Prime Minister ''. Explicitly recognising two hundred years ' of ambivalence, the Act states that it intended "To give statutory recognition to the existence of the position of Prime Minister, and to the historic link between the Premiership and the office of First Lord of the Treasury, by providing in respect to that position and office a salary of... '' The Act made a distinction between the "position '' (Prime Minister) and the "office '' (First Lord of the Treasury), emphasising the unique political character of the former. Nevertheless, the brass plate on the door of the Prime Minister 's home, 10 Downing Street, still bears the title of "First Lord of the Treasury '', as it has since the 18th century as it is officially the home of the First Lord and not the Prime Minister.
Despite the reluctance to legally recognise the Premiership, ambivalence toward it waned in the 1780s. During the first 20 years of his reign, George III (1760 -- 1820) tried to be his own "prime minister '' by controlling policy from outside the Cabinet, appointing and dismissing ministers, meeting privately with individual ministers, and giving them instructions. These practices caused confusion and dissension in Cabinet meetings; King George 's experiment in personal rule was generally a failure. After the failure of Lord North 's ministry (1770 -- 1782) in March 1782 due to Britain 's defeat in the American Revolutionary War and the ensuing vote of no confidence by Parliament, the Marquess of Rockingham reasserted the Prime Minister 's control over the Cabinet. Rockingham assumed the Premiership "on the distinct understanding that measures were to be changed as well as men; and that the measures for which the new ministry required the royal consent were the measures which they, while in opposition, had advocated. '' He and his Cabinet were united in their policies and would stand or fall together; they also refused to accept anyone in the Cabinet who did not agree. King George threatened to abdicate but in the end reluctantly agreed out of necessity: he had to have a government.
From this time, there was a growing acceptance of the position of Prime Minister and the title was more commonly used, if only unofficially. Associated initially with the Whigs, the Tories started to accept it. Lord North, for example, who had said the office was "unknown to the constitution '', reversed himself in 1783 when he said, "In this country some one man or some body of men like a Cabinet should govern the whole and direct every measure. '' In 1803, William Pitt the Younger, also a Tory, suggested to a friend that "this person generally called the first minister '' was an absolute necessity for a government to function, and expressed his belief that this person should be the minister in charge of the finances.
The Tories ' wholesale conversion started when Pitt was confirmed as Prime Minister in the election of 1784. For the next 17 years until 1801 (and again from 1804 to 1806), Pitt, the Tory, was Prime Minister in the same sense that Walpole, the Whig, had been earlier.
Their conversion was reinforced after 1810. In that year, George III, who had suffered periodically from mental instability (due to a blood disorder now known as porphyria), became permanently insane and spent the remaining 10 years of his life unable to discharge his duties. The Prince Regent was prevented from using the full powers of Kingship. The Regent became George IV in 1820, but during his 10 - year reign was indolent and frivolous. Consequently, for 20 years the throne was virtually vacant and Tory Cabinets led by Tory Prime Ministers filled the void, governing virtually on their own.
The Tories were in power for almost 50 years, except for a Whig ministry from 1806 to 1807. Lord Liverpool was Prime Minister for 15 years; he and Pitt held the position for 34 years. Under their long, consistent leadership, Cabinet government became a convention of the constitution. Although subtle issues remained to be settled, the Cabinet system of government is essentially the same today as it was in 1830.
Under this form of government, called the Westminster system, the Sovereign is head of state and titular head of Her Majesty 's Government. She selects as her Prime Minister the person who is able to command a working majority in the House of Commons, and invites him or her to form a government. As the actual Head of Government, the Prime Minister selects his Cabinet, choosing its members from among those in Parliament who agree or generally agree with his intended policies. He then recommends them to the Sovereign who confirms his selections by formally appointing them to their offices. Led by the Prime Minister, the Cabinet is collectively responsible for whatever the government does. The Sovereign does not confer with members privately about policy, nor attend Cabinet meetings. With respect to actual governance, the monarch has only three constitutional rights: to be kept informed, to advise, and to warn. In practice this means that the Sovereign reviews state papers and meets regularly with the Prime Minister, usually weekly, when she may advise and warn him or her regarding the proposed decisions and actions of Her Government.
The modern British system includes not only a government formed by the majority party (or coalition of parties) in the House of Commons but also an organised and open opposition formed by those who are not members of the governing party. Called Her Majesty 's Most Loyal Opposition, they occupy the benches to the Speaker 's left. Seated in the front, directly across from the ministers on the Treasury Bench, the leaders of the opposition form a "Shadow Government '', complete with a salaried "Shadow Prime Minister '', the Leader of the Opposition, ready to assume office if the government falls or loses the next election.
Opposing the King 's government was considered disloyal, even treasonous, at the end of the 17th century. During the 18th century this idea waned and finally disappeared as the two party system developed. The expression "His Majesty 's Opposition '' was coined by John Hobhouse, 1st Baron Broughton. In 1826, Broughton, a Whig, announced in the Commons that he opposed the report of a Bill. As a joke, he said, "It was said to be very hard on His Majesty 's ministers to raise objections to this proposition. For my part, I think it is much more hard on His Majesty 's Opposition to compel them to take this course. '' The phrase caught on and has been used ever since. Sometimes rendered as the "Loyal Opposition '', it acknowledges the legitimate existence of the two party system, and describes an important constitutional concept: opposing the government is not treason; reasonable men can honestly oppose its policies and still be loyal to the Sovereign and the nation.
Informally recognized for over a century as a convention of the constitution, the position of Leader of the Opposition was given statutory recognition in 1937 by the Ministers of the Crown Act.
British Prime Ministers have never been elected directly by the public. A Prime Minister need not be a party leader; David Lloyd George was not a party leader during his service as prime Minister during World War I, and neither was Ramsay MacDonald from 1931 to 1935. Prime Ministers have taken office because they were members of either the Commons or Lords, and either inherited a majority in the Commons or won more seats than the opposition in a general election.
Since 1722, most Prime Ministers have been members of the Commons; since 1902, all have had a seat there. Like other members, they are elected initially to represent only a constituency. Former Prime Minister Tony Blair, for example, represented Sedgefield in County Durham from 1983 to 2007. He became Prime Minister because in 1994 he was elected Labour Party leader and then led the party to victory in the 1997 general election, winning 418 seats compared to 165 for the Conservatives and gaining a majority in the House of Commons.
Neither the Sovereign nor the House of Lords had any meaningful influence over who was elected to the Commons in 1997 or in deciding whether or not Blair would become Prime Minister. Their detachment from the electoral process and the selection of the Prime Minister has been a convention of the constitution for almost 200 years.
Prior to the 19th century, however, they had significant influence, using to their advantage the fact that most citizens were disenfranchised and seats in the Commons were allocated disproportionately. Through patronage, corruption and bribery, the Crown and Lords "owned '' about 30 % of the seats (called "pocket '' or "rotten boroughs '') giving them a significant influence in the Commons and in the selection of the Prime Minister.
In 1830, Charles Grey, the 2nd Earl Grey and a life - long Whig, became Prime Minister and was determined to reform the electoral system. For two years, he and his Cabinet fought to pass what has come to be known as the Great Reform Bill of 1832. The greatness of the Great Reform Bill lay less in substance than in symbolism. As John Bright, a liberal statesman of the next generation, said, "It was not a good Bill, but it was a great Bill when it passed. '' Substantively, it increased the franchise by 65 % to 717,000; with the middle class receiving most of the new votes. The representation of 56 rotten boroughs was eliminated completely, together with half the representation of 30 others; the freed up seats were distributed to boroughs created for previously disenfranchised areas. However, many rotten boroughs remained and it still excluded millions of working class men and all women.
Symbolically, however, the Reform Act exceeded expectations. It is now ranked with Magna Carta and the Bill of Rights as one of the most important documents of the British constitutional tradition.
First, the Act removed the Sovereign from the election process and the choice of Prime Minister. Slowly evolving for 100 years, this convention was confirmed two years after the passage of the Act. In 1834, King William IV dismissed Melbourne as Premier, but was forced to recall him when Robert Peel, the King 's choice, could not form a working majority. Since then, no Sovereign has tried to impose a Prime Minister on Parliament.
Second, the Bill reduced the Lords ' power by eliminating many of their pocket boroughs and creating new boroughs in which they had no influence. Weakened, they were unable to prevent the passage of more comprehensive electoral reforms in 1867, 1884, 1918 and 1928 when universal equal suffrage was established.
Ultimately, this erosion of power led to the Parliament Act of 1911, which marginalised the Lords ' role in the legislative process and gave further weight to the convention that had developed over the previous century that a Prime Minister can not sit in the House of Lords. The last to do so was Robert Gascoyne - Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, from 1895 to 1902. Throughout the 19th century, governments led from the Lords had often suffered difficulties governing alongside ministers who sat in the Commons.
Grey set an example and a precedent for his successors. He was primus inter pares (first among equals), as Bagehot said in 1867 of the Prime Minister 's status. Using his Whig victory as a mandate for reform, Grey was unrelenting in the pursuit of this goal, using every Parliamentary device to achieve it. Although respectful toward the King, he made it clear that his constitutional duty was to acquiesce to the will of the people and Parliament.
The Loyal Opposition acquiesced too. Some disgruntled Tories claimed they would repeal the Bill once they regained a majority. But in 1834, Robert Peel, the new Conservative leader, put an end to this threat when he stated in his Tamworth Manifesto that the Bill was "a final and irrevocable settlement of a great constitutional question which no friend to the peace and welfare of this country would attempt to disturb ''.
The Premiership was a reclusive office prior to 1832. The incumbent worked with his Cabinet and other government officials; he occasionally met with the Sovereign, and attended Parliament when it was in session during the spring and summer. He never went out on the stump to campaign, even during elections; he rarely spoke directly to ordinary voters about policies and issues.
After the passage of the Great Reform Bill, the nature of the position changed: Prime Ministers had to go out among the people. The Bill increased the electorate to 717,000. Subsequent legislation (and population growth) raised it to 2 million in 1867, 5.5 million in 1884 and 21.4 million in 1918. As the franchise increased, power shifted to the people and Prime Ministers assumed more responsibilities with respect to party leadership. It naturally fell on them to motivate and organise their followers, explain party policies, and deliver its "message ''. Successful leaders had to have a new set of skills: to give a good speech, present a favourable image, and interact with a crowd. They became the "voice '', the "face '' and the "image '' of the party and ministry.
Robert Peel, often called the "model Prime Minister '', was the first to recognise this new role. After the successful Conservative campaign of 1841, J.W. Croker said in a letter to Peel, "The elections are wonderful, and the curiosity is that all turns on the name of Sir Robert Peel. It 's the first time that I remember in our history that the people have chosen the first Minister for the Sovereign. Mr. Pitt 's case in ' 84 is the nearest analogy; but then the people only confirmed the Sovereign 's choice; here every Conservative candidate professed himself in plain words to be Sir Robert Peel 's man, and on that ground was elected. ''
Benjamin Disraeli and William Ewart Gladstone developed this new role further by projecting "images '' of themselves to the public. Known by their nicknames "Dizzy '' and the "Grand Old Man '', their colourful, sometimes bitter, personal and political rivalry over the issues of their time -- Imperialism vs. Anti-Imperialism, expansion of the franchise, labour reform, and Irish Home Rule -- spanned almost twenty years until Disraeli 's death in 1881. Documented by the penny press, photographs and political cartoons, their rivalry linked specific personalities with the Premiership in the public mind and further enhanced its status.
Each created a different public image of himself and his party. Disraeli, who expanded the Empire to protect British interests abroad, cultivated the image of himself (and the Conservative Party) as "Imperialist '', making grand gestures such as conferring the title "Empress of India '' on Queen Victoria in 1876. Gladstone, who saw little value in the Empire, proposed an anti-Imperialist policy (later called "Little England ''), and cultivated the image of himself (and the Liberal Party) as "man of the people '' by circulating pictures of himself cutting down great oak trees with an axe as a hobby.
Gladstone went beyond image by appealing directly to the people. In his Midlothian campaign -- so called because he stood as a candidate for that county -- Gladstone spoke in fields, halls and railway stations to hundreds, sometimes thousands, of students, farmers, labourers and middle class workers. Although not the first leader to speak directly to voters -- both he and Disraeli had spoken directly to party loyalists before on special occasions -- he was the first to canvass an entire constituency, delivering his message to anyone who would listen, encouraging his supporters and trying to convert his opponents. Publicised nationwide, Gladstone 's message became that of the party. Noting its significance, Lord Shaftesbury said, "It is a new thing and a very serious thing to see the Prime Minister on the stump. ''
Campaigning directly to the people became commonplace. Several 20th century Prime Ministers, such as David Lloyd George and Winston Churchill, were famous for their oratorical skills. After the introduction of radio, motion pictures, television, and the internet, many used these technologies to project their public image and address the nation. Stanley Baldwin, a master of the radio broadcast in the 1920s and 1930s, reached a national audience in his talks filled with homely advice and simple expressions of national pride. Churchill also used the radio to great effect, inspiring, reassuring and informing the people with his speeches during the Second World War. Two recent Prime Ministers, Margaret Thatcher and Tony Blair (who both spent a decade or more as prime Minister), achieved celebrity status like rock stars, but have been criticised for their more ' presidential ' style of leadership. According to Anthony King, "The props in Blair 's theatre of celebrity included... his guitar, his casual clothes... footballs bounced skilfully off the top of his head... carefully choreographed speeches and performances at Labour Party conferences. ''
In addition to being the leader of a great political party and the head of Her Majesty 's Government, the modern Prime Minister directs the law - making process, enacting into law his or her party 's programme. For example, Tony Blair, whose Labour party was elected in 1997 partly on a promise to enact a British Bill of Rights and to create devolved governments for Scotland and Wales, subsequently stewarded through Parliament the Human Rights Act (1998), the Scotland Act (1998) and the Government of Wales Act (1998).
From its appearance in the fourteenth century Parliament has been a bicameral legislature consisting of the Commons and the Lords. Members of the Commons are elected; those in the Lords are not. Most Lords are called "Temporal '' with titles such as Duke, Marquess, Earl and Viscount. The balance are Lords Spiritual (prelates of the Anglican Church).
For most of the history of the Upper House, Lords Temporal were landowners who held their estates, titles and seats as an hereditary right passed down from one generation to the next -- in some cases for centuries. In 1910, for example, there were nineteen whose title was created before 1500.
Until 1911, Prime Ministers had to guide legislation through the Commons and the Lords and obtain majority approval in both houses for it to become law. This was not always easy, because political differences often separated the chambers. Representing the landed aristocracy, Lords Temporal were generally Tory (later Conservative) who wanted to maintain the status quo and resisted progressive measures such as extending the franchise. The party affiliation of members of the Commons was less predictable. During the 18th century its makeup varied because the Lords had considerable control over elections: sometimes Whigs dominated it, sometimes Tories. After the passage of the Great Reform Bill in 1832, the Commons gradually became more progressive, a tendency that increased with the passage of each subsequent expansion of the franchise.
In 1906, the Liberal party, led by Sir Henry Campbell - Bannerman, won an overwhelming victory on a platform that promised social reforms for the working class. With 379 seats compared to the Conservatives ' 132, the Liberals could confidently expect to pass their legislative programme through the Commons. At the same time, however, the Conservative Party had a huge majority in the Lords; it could easily veto any legislation passed by the Commons that was against their interests.
For five years, the Commons and the Lords fought over one bill after another. The Liberals pushed through parts of their programme, but the Conservatives vetoed or modified others. When the Lords vetoed the "People 's Budget '' in 1909, the controversy moved almost inevitably toward a constitutional crisis.
In 1910, Prime Minister H.H. Asquith introduced a bill "for regulating the relations between the Houses of Parliament '' which would eliminate the Lords ' veto power over legislation. Passed by the Commons, the Lords rejected it. In a general election fought on this issue, the Liberals were weakened but still had a comfortable majority. At Asquith 's request, King George V then threatened to create a sufficient number of new Liberal Peers to ensure the bill 's passage. Rather than accept a permanent Liberal majority, the Conservative Lords yielded, and the bill became law.
The Parliament Act 1911 established the supremacy of the Commons. It provided that the Lords could not delay for more than one month any bill certified by the Speaker of the Commons as a money bill. Furthermore, the Act provided that any bill rejected by the Lords would nevertheless become law if passed by the Commons in three successive sessions provided that two years had elapsed since its original passage. The Lords could still delay or suspend the enactment of legislation but could no longer veto it. Subsequently the Lords "suspending '' power was reduced to one year by the Parliament Act 1949.
Indirectly, the Act enhanced the already dominant position of Prime Minister in the constitutional hierarchy. Although the Lords are still involved in the legislative process and the Prime Minister must still guide legislation through both Houses, the Lords no longer have the power to veto or even delay enactment of legislation passed by the Commons. Provided that he controls the Cabinet, maintains party discipline, and commands a majority in the Commons, the Prime Minister is assured of putting through his legislative agenda.
The classic view of Cabinet Government was laid out by Walter Bagehot in The English Constitution (1867) in which he described the prime minister as the primus ‐ inter ‐ pares ("first among equals ''). The view was questioned by Richard Crossman in The Myths of Cabinet Government (1972) and by Tony Benn. They were both members of the Labour governments of the 1960s and thought that the position of the Prime Minister had acquired more power so that Prime Ministerial Government was a more apt description. Crossman stated that the increase the power of the prime minister resulted from power of centralised political parties, the development of a unified civil service, and the grown of the Prime Minister 's private office and Cabinet secretariat. Graham Allen (a Government Whip during Tony Blair 's first government) made the case in The Last Prime Minister: Being Honest About the UK Presidency (2003) that in fact the office of prime minister has presidential powers, as did the political scientist Michael Foley in The British Presidency (2000).
In Tony Blair 's government, many sources such as former ministers have suggested that decision - making was controlled by him and Gordon Brown, and the Cabinet was no longer used for decision - making. Former ministers such as Clare Short and Chris Smith have criticised the lack of decision - making power in Cabinet. When she resigned, Short denounced "the centralisation of power into the hands of the Prime Minister and an increasingly small number of advisers ''. The Butler Review of 2004 condemned Blair 's style of "sofa government ''.
However the power that a prime minister has over his or her cabinet colleagues is directly proportional to the amount of support that they have with their political parties and this is often related to whether the party considers them to be an electoral asset or liability. Also when a party is divided into factions a Prime Minister may be forced to include other powerful party members in the Cabinet for party political cohesion. The Prime Minister 's personal power is also curtailed if their party is in a power - sharing arrangement, or a formal coalition with another party (as happened in the coalition government of 2010 to 2015).
When commissioned by the Sovereign, a potential Prime Minister 's first requisite is to "form a Government '' -- to create a cabinet of ministers that has the support of the House of Commons, of which they are expected to be a member. The Prime Minister then formally kisses the hands of the Sovereign, whose royal prerogative powers are thereafter exercised solely on the advice of the Prime Minister and Her Majesty 's Government ("HMG ''). The Prime Minister has weekly audiences with the Sovereign, whose rights are constitutionally limited: "to warn, to encourage, and to be consulted ''; the extent of the Sovereign 's ability to influence the nature of the Prime Ministerial advice is unknown, but presumably varies depending upon the personal relationship between the Sovereign and the Prime Minister of the day.
The Prime Minister will appoint all other cabinet members (who then become active Privy Counsellors) and ministers, although consulting senior ministers on their junior ministers, without any Parliamentary or other control or process over these powers. At any time, the PM may obtain the appointment, dismissal or nominal resignation of any other minister; the PM may resign, either purely personally or with the whole government. The Prime Minister generally co-ordinates the policies and activities of the Cabinet and Government departments, acting as the main public "face '' of Her Majesty 's Government.
Although the Commander - in - Chief of the British Armed Forces is legally the Sovereign, under constitutional practice the Prime Minister can declare war, and through the Secretary of State for Defence (whom the PM may appoint and dismiss, or even appoint himself or herself to the position) as chair of the Defence Council the power over the deployment and disposition of British forces. The Prime Minister can authorise, but not directly order, the use of Britain 's nuclear weapons and the Prime Minister is hence a Commander - in - Chief in all but name.
The Prime Minister makes all the most senior Crown appointments, and most others are made by Ministers over whom the PM has the power of appointment and dismissal. Privy Counsellors, Ambassadors and High Commissioners, senior civil servants, senior military officers, members of important committees and commissions, and other officials are selected, and in most cases may be removed, by the Prime Minister. The PM also formally advises the Sovereign on the appointment of Archbishops and Bishops of the Church of England, but the PM 's discretion is limited by the existence of the Crown Nominations Commission. The appointment of senior judges, while constitutionally still on the advice of the Prime Minister, is now made on the basis of recommendations from independent bodies.
Peerages, knighthoods, and most other honours are bestowed by the Sovereign only on the advice of the Prime Minister. The only important British honours over which the Prime Minister does not have control are the Order of the Garter, the Order of the Thistle, the Order of Merit, the Royal Victorian Order, and the Venerable Order of Saint John, which are all within the "personal gift '' of the Sovereign.
The Prime Minister appoints officials known as the "Government Whips '', who negotiate for the support of MPs and to discipline dissenters. Party discipline is strong since electors generally vote for individuals on the basis of their party affiliation. Members of Parliament may be expelled from their party for failing to support the Government on important issues, and although this will not mean they must resign as MPs, it will usually make re-election difficult. Members of Parliament who hold ministerial office or political privileges can expect removal for failing to support the Prime Minister. Restraints imposed by the Commons grow weaker when the Government 's party enjoys a large majority in that House, or among the electorate. In most circumstances, however, the Prime Minister can secure the Commons ' support for almost any bill by internal party negotiations, with little regard to Opposition MPs.
However, even a government with a healthy majority can on occasion find itself unable to pass legislation. For example, on 9 November 2005, Tony Blair 's Government was defeated over plans which would have allowed police to detain terror suspects for up to 90 days without charge, and on 31 January 2006, was defeated over certain aspects of proposals to outlaw religious hatred. On other occasions, the Government alters its proposals to avoid defeat in the Commons, as Tony Blair 's Government did in February 2006 over education reforms.
Formerly, a Prime Minister whose government lost a Commons vote would be regarded as fatally weakened, and the whole government would resign, usually precipitating a general election. In modern practice, when the Government party has an absolute majority in the House, only loss of supply and the express vote "that this House has no confidence in Her Majesty 's Government '' are treated as having this effect; dissenters on a minor issue within the majority party are unlikely to force an election with the probable loss of their seats and salaries.
Likewise, a Prime Minister is no longer just "first amongst equals '' in HM Government; although theoretically the Cabinet might still outvote the PM, in practice the PM progressively entrenches his or her position by retaining only personal supporters in the Cabinet. In occasional reshuffles, the Prime Minister can sideline and simply drop from Cabinet the Members who have fallen out of favour: they remain Privy Counsellors, but the Prime Minister decides which of them are summoned to meetings. The Prime Minister is responsible for producing and enforcing the Ministerial Code.
By tradition, before a new Prime Minister can occupy 10 Downing Street, they are required to announce to the country and the world that they have "kissed hands '' with the reigning monarch, and have thus become Prime Minister. This is usually done by saying words to the effect of:
Her Majesty the Queen (His Majesty the King) has asked me to form a government and I have accepted.
Throughout the United Kingdom, the Prime Minister outranks all other dignitaries except members of the Royal Family, the Lord Chancellor, and senior ecclesiastical figures.
In 2010 the Prime Minister received £ 142,500 including a salary of £ 65,737 as a member of parliament. Until 2006, the Lord Chancellor was the highest paid member of the government, ahead of the Prime Minister. This reflected the Lord Chancellor 's position at the head of the judicial pay scale. The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 eliminated the Lord Chancellor 's judicial functions and also reduced the office 's salary to below that of the Prime Minister.
The Prime Minister is customarily a member of the Privy Council and thus entitled to the appellation "The Right Honourable ''. Membership of the Council is retained for life. It is a constitutional convention that only a Privy Counsellor can be appointed Prime Minister. Most potential candidates have already attained this status. The only case when a non-Privy Counsellor was the natural appointment was Ramsay MacDonald in 1924. The issue was resolved by appointing him to the Council immediately prior to his appointment as Prime Minister.
According to the now defunct Department for Constitutional Affairs, the Prime Minister is made a Privy Counsellor as a result of taking office and should be addressed by the official title prefixed by "The Right Honourable '' and not by a personal name. Although this form of address is employed on formal occasions, it is rarely used by the media. As "Prime Minister '' is a position, not a title, the incumbent should be referred to as "the Prime Minister ''. The title "Prime Minister '' (e.g. "Prime Minister James Smith '') is technically incorrect but is sometimes used erroneously outside the United Kingdom, and has more recently become acceptable within it. Within the UK, the expression "Prime Minister Smith '' is never used, although it, too, is sometimes used by foreign dignitaries and news sources.
10 Downing Street, in London, has been the official place of residence of the Prime Minister since 1732; they are entitled to use its staff and facilities, including extensive offices. Chequers, a country house in Buckinghamshire, gifted to the government in 1917, may be used as a country retreat for the Prime Minister.
There are four living former British Prime Ministers:
Upon retirement, it is customary for the Sovereign to grant a Prime Minister some honour or dignity. The honour bestowed is commonly, but not invariably, membership of the United Kingdom 's most senior order of chivalry, the Order of the Garter. The practice of creating a retired Prime Minister a Knight (or, in the case of Margaret Thatcher, a Lady) of the Garter (KG and LG respectively) has been fairly prevalent since the mid-nineteenth century. Upon the retirement of a Prime Minister who is Scottish, it is likely that the primarily Scottish honour of Knight of the Thistle (KT) will be used instead of the Order of the Garter, which is generally regarded as an English honour.
Historically it has also been common for Prime Ministers to be granted a peerage upon retirement from the Commons, which elevates the individual to the House of Lords. Formerly, the peerage bestowed was usually an earldom, with Churchill offered a dukedom.
From the 1960s onward, life peerages were preferred, although in 1984 Harold Macmillan was created Earl of Stockton. Sir Alec Douglas - Home, Harold Wilson, James Callaghan and Margaret Thatcher accepted life peerages, although Douglas - Home had previously disclaimed his hereditary title as Earl of Home. Edward Heath did not accept a peerage of any kind and nor have any of the Prime Ministers to retire since 1990; although Heath and Major were later appointed as Knights of the Garter.
The most recent former Prime Minister to die was Margaret Thatcher (served 1979 -- 1990) on 8 April 2013, aged 87.
Prime Minister Theresa May
Chancellor of the Exchequer Philip Hammond
Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson
Home Secretary Sajid Javid
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who sings the songs in the disney movie frozen | Let It Go (Disney song) - Wikipedia
"Let It Go '' is a song from Disney 's 2013 animated feature film Frozen, whose music and lyrics were composed by husband - and - wife songwriting team Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez. The song was performed in its original show - tune version in the film by American actress and singer Idina Menzel in her vocal role as Queen Elsa. Anderson - Lopez and Lopez also composed a simplified pop version (with shorter lyrics and background chorus) which was performed by actress and singer Demi Lovato over the start of the film 's closing credits. A music video was separately released for the pop version.
The song presents the ostracized Queen Elsa, who abandons her kingdom when her magical ability to create and control ice and snow is discovered by the public. Up in the mountains, away from confused and suspicious onlookers, Elsa realizes that she no longer needs to hide her abilities, and so declares herself free from the restrictions she has had to endure since childhood. She rejoices in being able to use her power without fear or limit, to let her past go, and manipulate snow to create a living snowman and a magnificent ice castle for herself. The song also includes discarding items, most notably her glove which her parents gave her to hold back her powers, and taking her tiara off her head and throwing it over her shoulder, afterwards unraveling her braided hairstyle.
"Let It Go '' reached the top five on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, and won both the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 2014 and the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media in 2015. The song gained international recognition, becoming one of the most globally recorded Disney songs, with numerous covers being recorded in different languages.
According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry, "Let It Go '' sold 10.9 million copies in 2014, becoming the year 's fifth best - selling song.
The Daily Telegraph explained that instead of the villain originally envisioned by the producers, the songwriters saw Elsa as "a scared girl struggling to control and come to terms with her gift. '' When interviewed in January 2014 by John August and Aline Brosh McKenna, Frozen director Jennifer Lee gave her recollection of the song 's conception: "Bobby and Kristen said they were walking in Prospect Park and they just started talking about what would it feel like (to be Elsa). Forget villain. Just what it would feel like. And this concept of letting out who she is (,) that she 's kept to herself for so long (,) and she 's alone and free, but then the sadness of the fact (sic) that the last moment is she 's alone. It 's not a perfect thing, but it 's powerful. ''
"Let It Go '' was the first song written by Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez for the film that made it in, since songs composed earlier were eventually cut. The story outline they were given had a place reserved for "Elsa 's Badass Song '', which was what they were trying to write. The duo took inspiration from the songs of the Disney Renaissance such as The Little Mermaid and Beauty and the Beast and various artists including Adele, Aimee Mann, Avril Lavigne (whose 2002 debut album was titled Let Go), Lady Gaga, and Carole King. The song finally began to gel one day as the couple walked together from their home in Park Slope to nearby Prospect Park while they were "thinking from an emo kind of place. '' Anderson - Lopez explained what happened next: "We went for a walk in Prospect Park and threw phrases at each other. What does it feel like to be the perfect exalted person, but only because you 've held back this secret? Bobby came up with ' kingdom of isolation, ' and it worked. '' Lopez was able to improvise the song 's first four lines on the spot. Back at their home studio, they composed the rest of the song by alternating between improvising melodies on a piano and brainstorming lyrics on a whiteboard, and finished it within a single day.
"Let It Go '' is a power ballad in the key of A-flat major overall, but begins in the relative minor (F minor). The song is in quadruple meter, and has a fast tempo of around 137 beats per minute (allegro). The song 's vocal range spans from F to E ♭. Anderson - Lopez and Lopez specifically wrote the song for Idina Menzel, referring to her as "one of the most glorious voices of Broadway and an icon in musical theater. '' Menzel 's vocal range was taken under consideration during the music 's composition.
For each song they created, including "Let It Go '', Anderson - Lopez and Lopez recorded a demo in their studio, then emailed it to the Disney Animation production team in Burbank for discussion at their next videoconference. After the film 's release, Anderson - Lopez was shown an "explicitly honest '' fan version of the song with very colorful lyrics, and in response, she noted that in the videoconferences she herself had used similarly candid language to describe Elsa 's mindset at that point in the plot: "After a while, Chris Montan, the head of music at Disney, would be like, ' Whoa, language! ' '' She also disclosed that Disney Animation 's Chief Creative Officer John Lasseter (who served as executive producer for Frozen) was so taken with "Let It Go '' that he played her original demo of the song in his car for months.
Once approved, the song 's piano - vocal score, along with the rest of their work for Frozen, was eventually forwarded to arranger Dave Metzger at his home studio in Salem, Oregon, who orchestrated their work into a lush sound suitable for recording by a full orchestra at the Eastwood Scoring Stage on the Warner Bros. studio lot in Burbank at the end of July 2013. The song 's vocal track was recorded separately prior to orchestration at Sunset Sound in Hollywood, with the piano track from the demo playing into Menzel 's headphones. That piano track, played by Lopez himself, was not re-recorded by a session musician at the orchestral recording session; it is the same piano track heard in the final mix of the song.
Although unintentional, the song 's composition was pivotal in the film 's characterization of Elsa. Although Elsa was originally written as a villain, co-directors Chris Buck and Lee gradually rewrote Elsa into one of the film 's protagonists after "Let It Go '' was composed. About that, Lee later explained, "the minute we heard the song the first time, I knew that I had to rewrite the whole movie. '' Buck further clarified: "Jen had to go back and rewrite some pages in the first act to build up to that scene... You have to set it up well enough in advance so that when the song comes, the audience is ready for it and there 's an emotional payoff. ''
When it came to animating Elsa 's scenes for the song, Lopez and Anderson - Lopez insisted on the particular detail that Elsa should slam the palace doors on the audience at the song 's end, which they acknowledged was similar to the ending of the Broadway musical Sweeney Todd. Lopez explained that they wanted that feeling of how "this character does n't need us anymore, '' because he had always loved that feeling "when a character just kind of malevolently looks at you and slams a door in your face, '' although in the final version, Elsa 's facial expression ended up as more of a "sly smile ''. According to Lopez, it was the last line at the end, "the cold never bothered me anyway, '' that was "our little Avril Lavigne line ''.
On December 6, 2013, Walt Disney Animation Studios released a video of the entire "Let It Go '' sequence as seen in the movie, which has over 600 million views as of December 2017 on YouTube. On January 30, 2014, a sing - along version of the sequence was released and has received more than 1.3 billion views on YouTube as of December 2017.
Besides the original English version, Disney Character Voices International arranged for Frozen to be dubbed into another 47 languages and dialects worldwide. A major challenge was to find sopranos capable of matching Menzel 's warm vocal tone and vocal range in their native languages. Rick Dempsey, senior executive at Disney Character Voices International regarded the process as "exceptionally challenging '', explaining, "It 's a difficult juggling act to get the right intent of the lyrics and also have it match rhythmically to the music. And then you have to go back and adjust for lip sync! (It)... requires a lot of patience and precision. ''
On January 22, 2014, Disney released a multi-language version of the "Let It Go '' musical sequence, which featured vocal performances of 25 different voice actresses who portrayed Elsa in their respective dubbing versions of the film. At the annual meeting of the shareholders of the Walt Disney Company on March 18, 2014 in Portland, Oregon, chairman and chief executive officer Bob Iger praised the team who did "an incredible job casting fantastic international talent so that Frozen truly belongs to the world, '' then showed the entire multi-language video clip of "Let It Go '' to the assembled shareholders. On March 31, 2014, an in - studio multi-language video of the song was released, showing singers of 25 different languages recording their versions of "Let It Go ''. On April 15, 2014 a studio recording of the multi-language version was released via digital download.
In 2015, a Hindi and an Indonesian version of the movie were aired on Disney Channel. The Indonesian version features a translated pop version of "Let It Go '', sung by the ensemble of Indonesian singers Anggun, Chilla Kiana, Regina Ivanova (id), Nowela and Cindy Bernadette. The pop version was released as leading single of We Love Disney, Indonesia (id).
On April 15, 2014, Walt Disney Records released a compilation album titled Let It Go: The Complete Set, with all 42 foreign - language film versions of "Let It Go '' and nine end credit versions.
In South Korea, the pop version of the song by Hyolyn reached number six on the Gaon Music Chart in February, followed by the film version performed by Hye Na Park (ko) charting at number 80 in March. The Japanese versions of the song, performed in the film by Takako Matsu and in the end roll by May J., reached number 2 and 8 respectively on the Japan Hot 100 after the film 's Japanese release in March 2014. Matsu 's version was certified million for digital downloads in Japan in May 2014, and May J. 's version platinum for 250,000 downloads. May J. recorded a rearranged version of the song on her album Heartful Song Covers, which was released on March 26, 2014.
Since 2013, some local TV stations have been dubbing the movie in their local languages. Namely: Albanian, Arabic, Karachay - Balkar, Persian and Tagalog.
Anggun, Chilla Kiana, Regina Ivanova (id), Nowela and Cindy Bernadette (credits)
"Let It Go '' received widespread acclaim from film critics, music critics, and audiences, with some comparing it favorably to "Defying Gravity '' (also performed by Idina Menzel) from the Broadway musical Wicked. The Rochester City Newspaper called it the best song of the film 's soundtrack, writing; "Performed with belty gusto by Idina Menzel, it 's got every element needed to be a lasting favorite. (...) Menzel should be credited for providing as much power and passion to this performance as she did in her most famous role. '' Entertainment Weekly 's Marc Snetiker described the song as "an incredible anthem of liberation '' while Joe Dziemianowicz of New York Daily News called it "a stirring tribute to girl power and the need to ' let go ' of fear and shame ''.
On the other hand, Jim DeRogatis and Greg Kot of the radio show Sound Opinions criticized the song; DeRogatis labeled it "schlock '', and Kot described it as a "clichéd piece of fluff that you would have heard on a Broadway soundtrack from maybe the fifties or the sixties ''.
By spring 2014, many journalists had observed that after watching Frozen, numerous young children in the United States were becoming unusually obsessed with the film 's music, and with "Let It Go '' in particular. Columnist Yvonne Abraham of The Boston Globe called the song "musical crack '' which "sends kids into altered states. '' A similar phenomenon was described in the United Kingdom, where Lorraine Candy, editor - in - chief of Elle UK, wrote of a "musical epidemic sweeping the nation, relentlessly gathering up every child... in its cult - like grip ''.
Passenger, the singer - songwriter who rose to fame with the 2012 hit single "Let Her Go '', admitted in an August 2016 interview on The Project that his single is frequently confused with "Let It Go. '' As a result, he "always '' receives song requests for the latter, even though it is not his song.
In November 2017, Chilean pop singer Jaime Ciero sued Disney, Idina Menzel, and Demi Lovato, claiming that "Let It Go '' was extremely similar to his 2008 song "Volar ''.
Some viewers outside the film industry, including one evangelical pastor and commentators, believe that the film is a promotion for the normalization of homosexuality, while others have argued that the character of Elsa is a representation of positive LGBT youth and the song is a metaphor for coming out. The LGBT community, however, had a mixed reaction to these claims. When Frozen co-director Jennifer Lee was asked about the purported gay undertones, she stated that the film 's meaning was open to interpretation "I feel like once we hand the film over, it belongs to the world, so I do n't like to say anything, and let the fans talk. I think it 's up to them. '' Lee added that the film 's meaning was also inevitably going to be interpreted within the cultural context of being made in the year 2013.
Another interpretation for the song is that it promotes self - affirmation for people on the autism spectrum. Co-writer Kristen Andersen - Lopez has stated that her younger brother has autistic traits and that inspired the song insofar as it deals with the concept of having a "special sibling. ''
"Let It Go '' won the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 86th Academy Awards, where a shortened rendition of the show - tune version was performed live by Menzel; with the award, Robert Lopez became the 12th person, and by far the quickest (10 years), to win an Emmy, Grammy, Oscar, and Tony in their career.
The decision to release a single for "Let It Go '' was made after the song was written and was presented to Disney. Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez selected American singer and former Disney Channel star Demi Lovato, who also appears on Disney 's Hollywood Records roster, to cover the song on the soundtrack album. It was included in the deluxe edition of Demi. The Demi Lovato version was officially covered in nine other languages, eight of which are included into "Let It Go the Complete Set '': French, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Malaysian, Mandarin Chinese (China 's version), Spanish (Latin American version) and Russian. The Indonesian pop version was released as leading single of We Love Disney, Indonesia (id).
Anderson - Lopez said that Lovato was chosen because of the singer 's own personal life; "She had a past that she 's pretty open about that is similar to Elsa 's journey of letting a dark past and fear behind and moving forward with your power. '' Lovato indeed identified herself with the song 's context, stating "It 's so relatable. Elsa is finding her identity; she 's growing into who she is and she 's finally accepting her own strength and magical powers. Instead of hiding it, like she 's done all her life, she 's letting it go and embracing it. ''
Lovato 's cover version was released as a single by Walt Disney Records on October 21, 2013. While Menzel 's version is performed in the key of A-flat major and a tempo of 137 beats per minute, Lovato 's version is performed in the key of G major and a tempo of 140 beats per minute, with her vocal range spanning between G and E. In this version, the line "Let the storm rage on '' is omitted from the chorus, along with its unusual accompanying chord progression, and an extra "Let it go '' is substituted in its place.
The music video was released on November 1, 2013. It was directed by Declan Whitebloom. The video opens with Lovato sitting on the floor of an abandoned mansion lined with marble floors and dotted with furniture covered with white sheets. During the video she is wearing a black period - inspired cloak dress. She can then be seen playing a grand piano. The scenes inside the mansion are interwoven with images and clips from Frozen. Towards the end of the song, Lovato re-emerges wearing a cream - colored gown and the room seems to be new again, with the sheets thrown away revealing brightly embellished furniture.
Lovato performed the song on several occasions. Lovato first performed the track at the 2013 Disney Parks Christmas Day Parade. On November 13, 2014, she performed the song at the 2014 Royal Variety Performance. The song was also a part of Lovato 's setlist for The Neon Lights Tour and the Demi World Tour. On May 2015, she performed the song for 2nd Indonesian Choice Awards.
sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone
Menzel 's version was a single release, being promoted to adult contemporary radio by Walt Disney Records in January 2014. Disney 's music division planned to release Lovato 's version of the song before Menzel 's, as they did not consider Menzel 's version a traditional pop song.
It is the first song from a Disney animated musical to reach the top ten of the Billboard Hot 100 since 1995, when Vanessa L. Williams ' "Colors of the Wind '' from Pocahontas peaked at number four on the chart. The song is also Menzel 's first single to reach the top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, making her the first Tony Award winner for acting to ever reach the top 10. The song was the ninth best - selling song of 2014 in the United States with 3.37 million copies sold in that year. As of December 2014, the song has sold 3.5 million copies in the US. It is now the biggest - selling foreign song from any original soundtrack in South Korea as of March 12, 2014.
A remix EP was released digitally by Walt Disney Records on May 19, 2014. The EP features four remixes by Dave Audé, Papercha $ er, DJ Escape & Tony Coluccio and Corbin Hayes. Armin van Buuren produced another remix of the song for the remix album, Dconstructed.
sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone
Many cover versions have been recorded internationally. In February 2014, Alex Boyé recorded a light Africanized tribal cover of the song, featuring the One Voice Children 's Choir and Lexi Walker as Elsa.
The Piano Guys ' cover version mixes parts of Antonio Vivaldi 's Concerto No. 4 in F minor, Op. 8, RV 297, "L'inverno '' (Winter) from The Four Seasons into the original. The music videos of both covers were filmed in the ice castles in Midway, Utah.
In March 2014, Brian Hull recorded a cover of the song while impersonating various Disney characters such as Winnie the Pooh, Tigger, Mickey Mouse, Minnie Mouse and Goofy.
Norwegian YouTube singer Per Fredrik Pellek Asly or "PelleK '', covered a power metal version of the Lovato version of the song on December 16, 2013, collecting more than 4 million views.
In February 2014, a parody YouTuber by the name of Malinda Kathleen Reese used Google Translate to translate the song 's lyrics from multiple languages to English, revealing expected humorous mistranslations, with lines such as "Let us very angry '' and "Give up, tune in, slam the door. ''
It has been alleged by some commentators that one of the promotional songs for the 2022 Winter Olympics, "The Snow and Ice Dance, '' has suspicious similarities with "Let It Go. '' A Chinese media outlet cited technical analysis of the two songs: Both songs employ a piano as the major instrument, have similar prelude chords and an eight - beat introduction, and they run at almost exactly the same tempo.
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first red scare and second red scare similarities | Red Scare - wikipedia
A "Red Scare '' is promotion of widespread fear by a society or state about a potential rise of communism, anarchism, or radical leftism. The term is most often used to refer to two periods in the history of the United States with this name. The First Red Scare, which occurred immediately after World War I, revolved around a perceived threat from the American labor movement, anarchist revolution and political radicalism. The Second Red Scare, which occurred immediately after World War II, was preoccupied with national or foreign communists infiltrating or subverting U.S. society or the federal government.
The first Red Scare began following the Bolshevik Russian Revolution of 1917 and the intensely patriotic years of World War I as anarchist and left - wing social agitation aggravated national, social, and political tensions. Political scientist, and former member of the Communist Party Murray B. Levin wrote that the Red Scare was "a nationwide anti-radical hysteria provoked by a mounting fear and anxiety that a Bolshevik revolution in America was imminent -- a revolution that would change Church, home, marriage, civility, and the American way of Life. '' Newspapers exacerbated those political fears into anti-foreign sentiment because varieties of radical anarchism were becoming popular as possible solutions to poverty, often by recent European immigrants (cf. hyphenated - Americans). When the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) backed several labor strikes in 1916 and 1917, the press portrayed them as "radical threats to American society '' inspired by "left - wing, foreign agents provocateurs. '' Those on the side of the IWW claim that the press "misrepresented legitimate labor strikes '' as "crimes against society, '' "conspiracies against the government, '' and "plots to establish communism. '' Opponents, on the other hand, saw these as an extension of the radical, anarchist foundations of the IWW, which contends that all workers should be united as a social class and that capitalism and the wage system should be abolished.
In April 1919, authorities discovered a plot for mailing 36 bombs to prominent members of the U.S. political and economic establishment: J.P. Morgan Jr., John D. Rockefeller, Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, U.S. Attorney General Alexander Mitchell Palmer, and immigration officials. On June 2, 1919, in eight cities, eight bombs simultaneously exploded. One target was the Washington, D.C., house of U.S. Attorney General Palmer, where the explosion killed the bomber, who evidence indicated was an Italian - American radical from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Afterwards, Palmer ordered the U.S. Justice Department to launch the Palmer Raids (1919 -- 21).
Yet, in 1918, before the bombings, President Woodrow Wilson had pressured the Congress to legislate the anti-anarchist Sedition Act of 1918 to protect wartime morale by deporting putatively undesirable political people. Law professor David D. Cole reports that President Wilson 's "federal government consistently targeted alien radicals, deporting them... for their speech or associations, making little effort to distinguish terrorists from ideological dissidents. ''
Initially, the press praised the raids; The Washington Post said, "There is no time to waste on hairsplitting over (the) infringement of liberty '', and The New York Times said the injuries inflicted upon the arrested were "souvenirs of the new attitude of aggressiveness which had been assumed by the Federal agents against Reds and suspected - Reds. '' In the event, the Palmer Raids were criticized as unconstitutional by twelve publicly prominent lawyers, including (future Supreme Court Justice) Felix Frankfurter, who published A Report on the Illegal Practices of The United States Department of Justice, documenting systematic violations of the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution via Palmer - authorized "illegal acts '' and "wanton violence ''. Defensively, Palmer then warned that a government - deposing left - wing revolution would begin on 1 May 1920 -- May Day, the International Workers ' Day. When it failed to happen, he was ridiculed and lost much credibility. Strengthening the legal criticism of Palmer was that fewer than 600 deportations were substantiated with evidence, out of the thousands of resident aliens arrested and deported. In July 1920, Palmer 's once - promising Democratic Party bid for the U.S. presidency failed. Wall Street was bombed on September 2, 1920, near Federal Hall National Memorial and the JP Morgan Bank. Although both anarchists and Communists were suspected as being responsible for the bombing, ultimately no individuals were indicted for the bombing in which 38 died and 141 were injured.
In 1919 -- 20, several states enacted "criminal syndicalism '' laws outlawing advocacy of violence in effecting and securing social change. The restrictions included free speech limitations. Passage of these laws, in turn, provoked aggressive police investigation of the accused persons, their jailing, and deportation for being suspected of being either communist or left - wing. Regardless of ideological gradation, the Red Scare did not distinguish between communism, anarchism, socialism, or social democracy.
The second Red Scare occurred after World War II (1939 -- 45), and was popularly known as "McCarthyism '' after its most famous supporter, Senator Joseph McCarthy. McCarthyism coincided with increased popular fear of communist espionage consequent to a Soviet Eastern Europe, the Berlin Blockade (1948 -- 49), the Chinese Civil War, the confessions of spying for the Soviet Union given by several high - ranking U.S. government officials, and the Korean War.
The events of the late 1940s, early 1950s - the trial of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg (1953), the trial of Alger Hiss, the Iron Curtain (1945 -- 1991) around Eastern Europe, and the Soviet Union 's first nuclear weapon test in 1949 (RDS - 1) - surprised the American public, influencing popular opinion about U.S. National Security, that, in turn, connected to fear of the Soviet Union hydrogen - bombing the United States, and fear of the Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA).
In Canada, the 1946 Kellock -- Taschereau Commission investigated espionage after top secret documents concerning RDX, radar and other weapons were handed over to the Soviets by a domestic spy - ring.
At the House Un-American Activities Committee, former CPUSA members and NKVD spies, Elizabeth Bentley and Whittaker Chambers, testified that Soviet spies and communist sympathizers had penetrated the U.S. government before, during and after World War II. Other U.S. citizen spies confessed to their acts of espionage in situations where the statute of limitations on prosecuting them had run out. In 1949, anti -- communist fear, and fear of American traitors, was aggravated by the Chinese Communists winning the Chinese Civil War against the Western - sponsored Kuomintang, their founding of the People 's Republic of China, and later Chinese intervention in the Korean War (1950 -- 53) against U.S. ally South Korea.
A few of the events during the Red Scare were also due to a power struggle between director of FBI J. Edgar Hoover and the Central Intelligence Agency. Hoover had instigated and aided some of the investigations of members of the CIA with "leftist '' history, like Cord Meyer. This conflict could also be traced back to the conflict between Hoover and William J. Donovan, going back to the first Red Scare, but especially during World War II. Donovan ran the OSS (CIA 's predecessor). They had differing opinions on the nature of the alliance with the Soviet Union, conflicts over jurisdiction, conflicts of personality, the OSS hiring of communists and criminals as agents, etc.
By the 1930s, communism had become an attractive economic ideology, particularly among labor leaders and intellectual elites. By 1939, the CPUSA had about 50,000 members. In 1940, soon after World War II began in Europe, the U.S. Congress legislated the Alien Registration Act (aka the Smith Act, 18 USC § 2385) making it a crime to "knowingly or willfully advocate, abet, advise or teach the duty, necessity, desirability or propriety of overthrowing the Government of the United States or of any State by force or violence, or for anyone to organize any association which teaches, advises or encourages such an overthrow, or for anyone to become a member of or to affiliate with any such association '' -- and required Federal registration of all foreign nationals. Although principally deployed against communists, the Smith Act was also used against right - wing political threats such as the German - American Bund, and the perceived racial disloyalty of the Japanese - American population, (cf. hyphenated - Americans).
In 1941, after Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union, the CPUSA 's official position became pro-war, opposing labor strikes in the weapons industry and supporting the U.S. war effort against the Axis Powers. With the slogan "Communism is Twentieth - Century Americanism '', the chairman, Earl Browder, advertised the CPUSA 's integration to the political mainstream. In contrast, the Trotskyist Socialist Workers Party opposed U.S. participation in the war and supported labor strikes, even in the war - effort industry. For this reason, James P. Cannon and other SWP leaders were convicted per the Smith Act.
In March 1947, President Harry S. Truman signed Executive Order 9835, creating the "Federal Employees Loyalty Program '' establishing political - loyalty review boards who determined the "Americanism '' of Federal Government employees, and recommended termination of those who had confessed to spying for the Soviet Union, as well as some suspected of being "Un-American ''. It also was the template for several state legislatures ' loyalty acts, such as California 's Levering Act. The House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) and the committees of Senator Joseph McCarthy (R., Wisc.) conducted character investigations of "American communists '' (actual and alleged), and their roles in (real and imaginary) espionage, propaganda, and subversion favoring the Soviet Union -- in the process revealing the extraordinary breadth of the Soviet spy network in infiltrating the federal government; the process also launched the successful political career of Richard Nixon, and Robert F. Kennedy, as well as that of Joseph McCarthy. (McCarthy died in 1957) Senator McCarran introduced the McCarran Internal Security Act of 1950 that was passed by the U.S. Congress and which modified a great deal of law to restrict civil liberties in the name of security. President Truman declared the act a "mockery of the Bill of Rights '' and a "long step toward totalitarianism '' because it represented a government restriction on the freedom of opinion. He vetoed the act but his veto was overridden by Congress. Much of the bill eventually was repealed.
The Second Red Scare profoundly altered the temper of American society. Its later characterizations may be seen as contributory to works of feared communist espionage, such as the film My Son John (1952), about parent 's suspicions their son is a spy. Abundant accounts in narrative forms contained themes of the infiltration, subversion, invasion, and destruction of American society by un -- American thought. In science fiction movies like The Thing (1951), tales of alien humanoid beings abounded. Even a baseball team, the Cincinnati Reds, temporarily renamed themselves the "Cincinnati Redlegs '' to avoid the money - losing and career - ruining connotations inherent in being ball - playing "Reds '' (communists).
In 1995, the American government revealed details of the Venona Project, which when combined with the opening of the USSR ComIntern archives, provided substantial validation of intelligence gathering, outright spying, and policy influencing, by Americans on behalf of the Soviet Union, from 1940 through 1980.
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www is another name of internet true or false | Domain name - wikipedia
A domain name is an identification string that defines a realm of administrative autonomy, authority or control within the Internet. Domain names are formed by the rules and procedures of the Domain Name System (DNS). Any name registered in the DNS is a domain name. Domain names are used in various networking contexts and for application - specific naming and addressing purposes. In general, a domain name represents an Internet Protocol (IP) resource, such as a personal computer used to access the Internet, a server computer hosting a web site, or the web site itself or any other service communicated via the Internet. In 2017, 330.6 million domain names had been registered.
Domain names are organized in subordinate levels (subdomains) of the DNS root domain, which is nameless. The first - level set of domain names are the top - level domains (TLDs), including the generic top - level domains (gTLDs), such as the prominent domains com, info, net, edu, and org, and the country code top - level domains (ccTLDs). Below these top - level domains in the DNS hierarchy are the second - level and third - level domain names that are typically open for reservation by end - users who wish to connect local area networks to the Internet, create other publicly accessible Internet resources or run web sites.
The registration of these domain names is usually administered by domain name registrars who sell their services to the public.
A fully qualified domain name (FQDN) is a domain name that is completely specified with all labels in the hierarchy of the DNS, having no parts omitted. Labels in the Domain Name System are case - insensitive, and may therefore be written in any desired capitalization method, but most commonly domain names are written in lowercase in technical contexts.
Domain names serve to identify Internet resources, such as computers, networks, and services, with a text - based label that is easier to memorize than the numerical addresses used in the Internet protocols. A domain name may represent entire collections of such resources or individual instances. Individual Internet host computers use domain names as host identifiers, also called host names. The term host name is also used for the leaf labels in the domain name system, usually without further subordinate domain name space. Host names appear as a component in Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) for Internet resources such as web sites (e.g., en.wikipedia.org).
Domain names are also used as simple identification labels to indicate ownership or control of a resource. Such examples are the realm identifiers used in the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), the Domain Keys used to verify DNS domains in e-mail systems, and in many other Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs).
An important function of domain names is to provide easily recognizable and memorizable names to numerically addressed Internet resources. This abstraction allows any resource to be moved to a different physical location in the address topology of the network, globally or locally in an intranet. Such a move usually requires changing the IP address of a resource and the corresponding translation of this IP address to and from its domain name.
Domain names are used to establish a unique identity. Organizations can choose a domain name that corresponds to their name, helping Internet users to reach them easily.
A generic domain is a name that defines a general category, rather than a specific or personal instance, for example, the name of an industry, rather than a company name. Some examples of generic names are books.com, music.com, and travel.info. Companies have created brands based on generic names, and such generic domain names may be valuable
Domain names are often simply referred to as domains and domain name registrants are frequently referred to as domain owners, although domain name registration with a registrar does not confer any legal ownership of the domain name, only an exclusive right of use for a particular duration of time. The use of domain names in commerce may subject them to trademark law.
The practice of using a simple memorable abstraction of a host 's numerical address on a computer network dates back to the ARPANET era, before the advent of today 's commercial Internet. In the early network, each computer on the network retrieved the hosts file (host. txt) from a computer at SRI (now SRI International), which mapped computer host names to numerical addresses. The rapid growth of the network made it impossible to maintain a centrally organized hostname registry and in 1983 the Domain Name System was introduced on the ARPANET and published by the Internet Engineering Task Force as RFC 882 and RFC 883.
Today, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) manages the top - level development and architecture of the Internet domain name space. It authorizes domain name registrars, through which domain names may be registered and reassigned.
The domain name space consists of a tree of domain names. Each node in the tree holds information associated with the domain name. The tree sub-divides into zones beginning at the DNS root zone.
A domain name consists of one or more parts, technically called labels, that are conventionally concatenated, and delimited by dots, such as example.com.
The top - level domains (TLDs) such as com, net and org are the highest level of domain names of the Internet. Top - level domains form the DNS root zone of the hierarchical Domain Name System. Every domain name ends with a top - level domain label.
When the Domain Name System was devised in the 1980s, the domain name space was divided into two main groups of domains. The country code top - level domains (ccTLD) were primarily based on the two - character territory codes of ISO - 3166 country abbreviations. In addition, a group of seven generic top - level domains (gTLD) was implemented which represented a set of categories of names and multi-organizations. These were the domains gov, edu, com, mil, org, net, and int.
During the growth of the Internet, it became desirable to create additional generic top - level domains. As of October 2009, 21 generic top - level domains and 250 two - letter country - code top - level domains existed. In addition, the ARPA domain serves technical purposes in the infrastructure of the Domain Name System.
During the 32nd International Public ICANN Meeting in Paris in 2008, ICANN started a new process of TLD naming policy to take a "significant step forward on the introduction of new generic top - level domains. '' This program envisions the availability of many new or already proposed domains, as well as a new application and implementation process. Observers believed that the new rules could result in hundreds of new top - level domains to be registered. In 2012, the program commenced, and received 1930 applications. By 2016, the milestone of 1000 live gTLD was reached.
The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) maintains an annotated list of top - level domains in the DNS root zone database.
For special purposes, such as network testing, documentation, and other applications, IANA also reserves a set of special - use domain names. This list contains domain names such as example, local, localhost, and test. Other top - level domain names containing trade marks are registered for corporate use. Cases include brands such as BMW, Google, and Canon.
Below the top - level domains in the domain name hierarchy are the second - level domain (SLD) names. These are the names directly to the left of. com,. net, and the other top - level domains. As an example, in the domain example.co.uk, co is the second - level domain.
Next are third - level domains, which are written immediately to the left of a second - level domain. There can be fourth - and fifth - level domains, and so on, with virtually no limitation. An example of an operational domain name with four levels of domain labels is sos.state.oh.us. Each label is separated by a full stop (dot). ' sos ' is said to be a sub-domain of ' state.oh.us ', and ' state ' a sub-domain of ' oh.us ', etc. In general, subdomains are domains subordinate to their parent domain. An example of very deep levels of subdomain ordering are the IPv6 reverse resolution DNS zones, e.g., 1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa, which is the reverse DNS resolution domain name for the IP address of a loopback interface, or the localhost name.
Second - level (or lower - level, depending on the established parent hierarchy) domain names are often created based on the name of a company (e.g., bbc.co.uk), product or service (e.g. hotmail.com). Below these levels, the next domain name component has been used to designate a particular host server. Therefore, ftp.example.com might be an FTP server, www.example.com would be a World Wide Web server, and mail.example.com could be an email server, each intended to perform only the implied function. Modern technology allows multiple physical servers with either different (cf. load balancing) or even identical addresses (cf. anycast) to serve a single hostname or domain name, or multiple domain names to be served by a single computer. The latter is very popular in Web hosting service centers, where service providers host the websites of many organizations on just a few servers.
The hierarchical DNS labels or components of domain names are separated in a fully qualified name by the full stop (dot,.).
The character set allowed in the Domain Name System is based on ASCII and does not allow the representation of names and words of many languages in their native scripts or alphabets. ICANN approved the Internationalized domain name (IDNA) system, which maps Unicode strings used in application user interfaces into the valid DNS character set by an encoding called Punycode. For example, københavn.eu is mapped to xn -- kbenhavn-54a.eu. Many registries have adopted IDNA.
The first commercial Internet domain name, in the TLD com, was registered on 15 March 1985 in the name symbolics.com by Symbolics Inc., a computer systems firm in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
By 1992, fewer than 15,000 com domains had been registered.
In the first quarter of 2015, 294 million domain names had been registered. A large fraction of them are in the com TLD, which as of December 21, 2014, had 115.6 million domain names, including 11.9 million online business and e-commerce sites, 4.3 million entertainment sites, 3.1 million finance related sites, and 1.8 million sports sites. As of July 2012 the com TLD had more registrations than all of the ccTLDs combined.
The right to use a domain name is delegated by domain name registrars, which are accredited by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), the organization charged with overseeing the name and number systems of the Internet. In addition to ICANN, each top - level domain (TLD) is maintained and serviced technically by an administrative organization operating a registry. A registry is responsible for maintaining the database of names registered within the TLD it administers. The registry receives registration information from each domain name registrar authorized to assign names in the corresponding TLD and publishes the information using a special service, the WHOIS protocol.
Registries and registrars usually charge an annual fee for the service of delegating a domain name to a user and providing a default set of name servers. Often, this transaction is termed a sale or lease of the domain name, and the registrant may sometimes be called an "owner '', but no such legal relationship is actually associated with the transaction, only the exclusive right to use the domain name. More correctly, authorized users are known as "registrants '' or as "domain holders ''.
ICANN publishes the complete list of TLD registries and domain name registrars. Registrant information associated with domain names is maintained in an online database accessible with the WHOIS protocol. For most of the 250 country code top - level domains (ccTLDs), the domain registries maintain the WHOIS (Registrant, name servers, expiration dates, etc.) information.
Some domain name registries, often called network information centers (NIC), also function as registrars to end - users. The major generic top - level domain registries, such as for the com, net, org, info domains and others, use a registry - registrar model consisting of hundreds of domain name registrars (see lists at ICANN or VeriSign). In this method of management, the registry only manages the domain name database and the relationship with the registrars. The registrants (users of a domain name) are customers of the registrar, in some cases through additional layers of resellers.
In the process of registering a domain name and maintaining authority over the new name space created, registrars use several key pieces of information connected with a domain:
A domain name consists of one or more labels, each of which is formed from the set of ASCII letters, digits, and hyphens (a-z, A-Z, 0 - 9, -), but not starting or ending with a hyphen. The labels are case - insensitive; for example, ' label ' is equivalent to ' Label ' or ' LABEL '. In the textual representation of a domain name, the labels are separated by a full stop (period).
Domain names are often seen in analogy to real estate in that domain names are foundations on which a website can be built, and the highest quality domain names, like sought - after real estate, tend to carry significant value, usually due to their online brand - building potential, use in advertising, search engine optimization, and many other criteria.
A few companies have offered low - cost, below - cost or even free domain registration with a variety of models adopted to recoup the costs to the provider. These usually require that domains be hosted on their website within a framework or portal that includes advertising wrapped around the domain holder 's content, revenue from which allows the provider to recoup the costs. Domain registrations were free of charge when the DNS was new. A domain holder may provide infinite number of subdomains in their domain. For example, the owner of example.org could provide subdomains such as foo.example.org and foo.bar.example.org to interested parties.
Many desirable domain names are already assigned and users must search for other acceptable names, using Web - based search features, or WHOIS and dig operating system tools. Many registrars have implemented domain name suggestion tools which search domain name databases and suggest available alternative domain names related to keywords provided by the user.
The business of resale of registered domain names is known as the domain aftermarket. Various factors influence the perceived value or market value of a domain name. Most of the high - prize domain sales are carried out privately.
Intercapping is often used to emphasize the meaning of a domain name. However, DNS names are not case - sensitive, and some names may be misinterpreted in certain uses of capitalization. For example: Who Represents, a database of artists and agents, chose whorepresents.com, which can be misread as whore presents. Similarly, a therapists ' network is named therapistfinder.com. In such situations, the proper meaning may be clarified by use of hyphens in the domain name. For instance, Experts Exchange, a programmers ' discussion site, for a long time used expertsexchange.com, but ultimately changed the name to experts-exchange.com.
The domain name is a component of a uniform resource locator (URL) used to access web sites, for example:
A domain name may point to multiple IP addresses to provide server redundancy for the services offered, a feature that is used to manage the traffic of large, popular web sites.
Web hosting services, on the other hand, run servers that are typically assigned only one or a few addresses while serving websites for many domains, a technique referred to as virtual web hosting. Such IP address overloading requires that each request identifies the domain name being referenced, for instance by using the HTTP request header field Host:, or Server Name Indication.
Critics often claim abuse of administrative power over domain names. Particularly noteworthy was the VeriSign Site Finder system which redirected all unregistered. com and. net domains to a VeriSign webpage. For example, at a public meeting with VeriSign to air technical concerns about SiteFinder, numerous people, active in the IETF and other technical bodies, explained how they were surprised by VeriSign 's changing the fundamental behavior of a major component of Internet infrastructure, not having obtained the customary consensus. SiteFinder, at first, assumed every Internet query was for a website, and it monetized queries for incorrect domain names, taking the user to VeriSign 's search site. Unfortunately, other applications, such as many implementations of email, treat a lack of response to a domain name query as an indication that the domain does not exist, and that the message can be treated as undeliverable. The original VeriSign implementation broke this assumption for mail, because it would always resolve an erroneous domain name to that of SiteFinder. While VeriSign later changed SiteFinder 's behaviour with regard to email, there was still widespread protest about VeriSign 's action being more in its financial interest than in the interest of the Internet infrastructure component for which VeriSign was the steward.
Despite widespread criticism, VeriSign only reluctantly removed it after the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) threatened to revoke its contract to administer the root name servers. ICANN published the extensive set of letters exchanged, committee reports, and ICANN decisions.
There is also significant disquiet regarding the United States ' political influence over ICANN. This was a significant issue in the attempt to create a. xxx top - level domain and sparked greater interest in alternative DNS roots that would be beyond the control of any single country.
Additionally, there are numerous accusations of domain name front running, whereby registrars, when given whois queries, automatically register the domain name for themselves. Network Solutions has been accused of this.
In the United States, the Truth in Domain Names Act of 2003, in combination with the PROTECT Act of 2003, forbids the use of a misleading domain name with the intention of attracting Internet users into visiting Internet pornography sites.
The Truth in Domain Names Act follows the more general Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act passed in 1999 aimed at preventing typosquatting and deceptive use of names and trademarks in domain names.
absolutepoker.com
channelsurfing.net
libertyreserve.com
In the early 21st century, the US Department of Justice (DOJ) pursued the seizure of domain names, based on the legal theory that domain names constitute property used to engage in criminal activity, and thus are subject to forfeiture. For example, in the seizure of the domain name of a gambling website, the DOJ referenced 18 U.S.C. § 981 and 18 U.S.C. § 1955 (d). (1) In 2013 the US government seized Liberty Reserve, citing 18 U.S.C. § 982 (a) (1).
The U.S. Congress passed the Combating Online Infringement and Counterfeits Act in 2010. Consumer Electronics Association vice president Michael Petricone was worried that seizure was a blunt instrument that could harm legitimate businesses. After a joint operation in February 15, 2011, the DOJ and the Department of Homeland Security claimed to have seized ten domains of websites involved in advertising and distributing child pornography, but also mistakenly seized the domain name of a large DNS provider, temporarily replacing 84,000 websites with seizure notices.
In the United Kingdom, the Police Intellectual Property Crime Unit has been attempting to seize domain names from registrars without court orders.
PIPCU and other UK law enforcement organisations make domain suspension requests to Nominet which they process on the basis of breach of terms and conditions. Around 16,000 domains are suspended annually, and about 80 % of the requests originate from PIPCU.
A fictitious domain name is a domain name used in a work of fiction or popular culture to refer to a domain that does not actually exist, often with invalid or unofficial top - level domains such as ``. web '', a usage exactly analogous to the dummy 555 telephone number prefix used in film and other media. The canonical fictitious domain name is "example.com '', specifically set aside by IANA in RFC 2606 for such use, along with the. example TLD.
Domain names used in works of fiction have often been registered in the DNS, either by their creators or by cybersquatters attempting to profit from it. This phenomenon prompted NBC to purchase the domain name Hornymanatee.com after talk - show host Conan O'Brien spoke the name while ad - libbing on his show. O'Brien subsequently created a website based on the concept and used it as a running gag on the show.
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how did humanism help define the italian renaissance | Renaissance humanism - wikipedia
Renaissance humanism is the study of classical antiquity, at first in Italy and then spreading across Western Europe in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries. The term Renaissance humanism is contemporary to that period -- Renaissance (rinascimento, "rebirth '') and "humanist '' (whence modern humanism; also Renaissance humanism to distinguish it from later developments grouped as humanism).
Renaissance humanism was a response to the utilitarian approach and what came to be depicted as the "narrow pedantry '' associated with medieval scholasticism. Humanists sought to create a citizenry able to speak and write with eloquence and clarity and thus capable of engaging in the civic life of their communities and persuading others to virtuous and prudent actions. This was to be accomplished through the study of the studia humanitatis, today known as the humanities: grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry, and moral philosophy.
According to one scholar of the movement,
Early Italian humanism, which in many respects continued the grammatical and rhetorical traditions of the Middle Ages, not merely provided the old Trivium with a new and more ambitious name (Studia humanitatis), but also increased its actual scope, content and significance in the curriculum of the schools and universities and in its own extensive literary production. The studia humanitatis excluded logic, but they added to the traditional grammar and rhetoric not only history, Greek, and moral philosophy, but also made poetry, once a sequel of grammar and rhetoric, the most important member of the whole group.
Humanism was a pervasive cultural mode and not the program of a small elite, a program to revive the cultural legacy, literary legacy, and moral philosophy of classical antiquity. There were important centres of humanism in Florence, Naples, Rome, Venice, Genoa, Mantua, Ferrara, and Urbino.
Some of the first humanists were great collectors of antique manuscripts, including Petrarch, Giovanni Boccaccio, Coluccio Salutati, and Poggio Bracciolini. Of the four, Petrarch was dubbed the "Father of Humanism '' because of his devotion or loyalty to Greek and Roman scrolls. Many worked for the Catholic Church and were in holy orders, like Petrarch, while others were lawyers and chancellors of Italian cities, and thus had access to book copying workshops, such as Petrarch 's disciple Salutati, the Chancellor of Florence.
In Italy, the humanist educational program won rapid acceptance and, by the mid-15th century, many of the upper classes had received humanist educations, possibly in addition to traditional scholasticist ones. Some of the highest officials of the Catholic Church were humanists with the resources to amass important libraries. Such was Cardinal Basilios Bessarion, a convert to the Catholic Church from Greek Orthodoxy, who was considered for the papacy, and was one of the most learned scholars of his time. There were several 15th - century and early 16th - century humanist Popes one of whom, Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini (Pope Pius II), was a prolific author and wrote a treatise on The Education of Boys. These subjects came to be known as the humanities, and the movement which they inspired is shown as humanism.
The migration waves of Byzantine Greek scholars and émigrés in the period following the Crusader sacking of Constantinople and the end of the Byzantine Empire in 1453 greatly assisted the revival of Greek and Roman literature and science via their greater familiarity with ancient languages and works. They included Gemistus Pletho, George of Trebizond, Theodorus Gaza, and John Argyropoulos.
Italian humanism spread northward to France, Germany, the Low Countries, and England with the adoption of large - scale printing after the end of the era of incunabula (or books printed prior to 1501), and it became associated with the Protestant Reformation. In France, pre-eminent humanist Guillaume Budé (1467 -- 1540) applied the philological methods of Italian humanism to the study of antique coinage and to legal history, composing a detailed commentary on Justinian 's Code. Budé was a royal absolutist (and not a republican like the early Italian umanisti) who was active in civic life, serving as a diplomat for François I and helping to found the Collège des Lecteurs Royaux (later the Collège de France). Meanwhile, Marguerite de Navarre, the sister of François I, was a poet, novelist, and religious mystic who gathered around her and protected a circle of vernacular poets and writers, including Clément Marot, Pierre de Ronsard, and François Rabelais.
Many humanists were churchmen, most notably Pope Pius II (Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini), Sixtus IV, and Leo X, and there was often patronage of humanists by senior church figures. Much humanist effort went into improving the understanding and translations of Biblical and early Christian texts, both before and after the Protestant Reformation, which was greatly influenced by the work of non-Italian, Northern European figures such as Desiderius Erasmus, Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples, William Grocyn, and Swedish Catholic Archbishop in exile Olaus Magnus.
The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy describes the rationalism of ancient writings as having tremendous impact on Renaissance scholars:
Here, one felt no weight of the supernatural pressing on the human mind, demanding homage and allegiance. Humanity -- with all its distinct capabilities, talents, worries, problems, possibilities -- was the center of interest. It has been said that medieval thinkers philosophised on their knees, but, bolstered by the new studies, they dared to stand up and to rise to full stature.
Inevitably, the rediscovery of classical philosophy and science would eventually challenge traditional religious beliefs. In 1417, for example, Poggio Bracciolini discovered the manuscript of Lucretius, De rerum natura, which had been lost for centuries and which contained an explanation of Epicurean doctrine, though at the time this was not commented on much by Renaissance scholars, who confined themselves to remarks about Lucretius 's grammar and syntax. Lorenzo Valla, however, puts a defense of epicureanism in the mouth of one of the interlocutors of one of his dialogues. Valla 's defense, or adaptation, of Epicureanism was later taken up in The Epicurean by Erasmus, the "Prince of humanists: ''
If people who live agreeably are Epicureans, none are more truly Epicurean than the righteous and godly. And if it is names that bother us, no one better deserves the name of Epicurean than the revered founder and head of the Christian philosophy Christ, for in Greek epikouros means "helper. '' He alone, when the law of Nature was all but blotted out by sins, when the law of Moses incited to lists rather than cured them, when Satan ruled in the world unchallenged, brought timely aid to perishing humanity. Completely mistaken, therefore, are those who talk in their foolish fashion about Christ 's having been sad and gloomy in character and calling upon us to follow a dismal mode of life. On the contrary, he alone shows the most enjoyable life of all and the one most full of true pleasure.
This passage exemplifies the way in which the humanists saw pagan classical works, such as the philosophy of Epicurus, as being in harmony with their interpretation of Christianity.
Renaissance Neo-Platonists such as Marsilio Ficino (whose translations of Plato 's works into Latin were still used into the 19th century) attempted to reconcile Platonism with Christianity, according to the suggestions of early Church fathers Lactantius and Saint Augustine. In this spirit, Pico della Mirandola attempted to construct a syncretism of all religions (he was not a humanist but an Aristotelian trained in Paris), but his work did not win favor with the church authorities.
Historian Steven Kreis expresses a widespread view (derived from the 19th - century Swiss historian Jacob Burckhardt), when he writes that:
The period from the fourteenth century to the seventeenth worked in favor of the general emancipation of the individual. The city - states of northern Italy had come into contact with the diverse customs of the East, and gradually permitted expression in matters of taste and dress. The writings of Dante, and particularly the doctrines of Petrarch and humanists like Machiavelli, emphasized the virtues of intellectual freedom and individual expression. In the essays of Montaigne the individualistic view of life received perhaps the most persuasive and eloquent statement in the history of literature and philosophy.
Two noteworthy trends in Renaissance humanism were Renaissance Neo-Platonism and Hermeticism, which through the works of figures like Nicholas of Kues, Giordano Bruno, Cornelius Agrippa, Campanella and Pico della Mirandola sometimes came close to constituting a new religion itself. Of these two, Hermeticism has had great continuing influence in Western thought, while the former mostly dissipated as an intellectual trend, leading to movements in Western esotericism such as Theosophy and New Age thinking. The "Yates thesis '' of Frances Yates holds that before falling out of favour, esoteric Renaissance thought introduced several concepts that were useful for the development of scientific method, though this remains a matter of controversy.
Though humanists continued to use their scholarship in the service of the church into the middle of the sixteenth century and beyond, the sharply confrontational religious atmosphere following the Protestant reformation resulted in the Counter-Reformation that sought to silence challenges to Catholic theology, with similar efforts among the Protestant denominations. However, a number of humanists joined the Reformation movement and took over leadership functions, for example, Philipp Melanchthon, Ulrich Zwingli, John Calvin, and William Tyndale.
With the Counter Reformation initiated by the Council of Trent (1545 - 1563), positions hardened and a strict Catholic orthodoxy based on Scholastic philosophy was imposed. Some humanists, even moderate Catholics such as Erasmus, risked being declared heretics for their perceived criticism of the church.
The historian of the Renaissance Sir John Hale cautions against too direct a linkage between Renaissance humanism and modern uses of the term humanism: "Renaissance humanism must be kept free from any hint of either "humanitarianism '' or "humanism '' in its modern sense of rational, non-religious approach to life... the word "humanism '' will mislead... if it is seen in opposition to a Christianity its students in the main wished to supplement, not contradict, through their patient excavation of the sources of ancient God - inspired wisdom ''
The unashamedly humanistic flavor of classical writings had a tremendous impact on Renaissance scholar.
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list of police officers who died in 26/11 | 2008 Mumbai attacks - Wikipedia
The 2008 Mumbai attacks (also referred to as 26 / 11) were a group of terrorist attacks that took place in November 2008, when 10 members of Lashkar - e-Taiba, an Islamic terrorist organisation based in Pakistan, carried out a series of 12 coordinated shooting and bombing attacks lasting four days across Mumbai. The attacks, which drew widespread global condemnation, began on Wednesday, 26 November and lasted until Saturday, 29 November 2008, killing 164 people and wounding at least 308.
Eight of the attacks occurred in South Mumbai: at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, the Oberoi Trident, the Taj Palace & Tower, Leopold Cafe, Cama Hospital, the Nariman House Jewish community centre, the Metro Cinema, and in a lane behind the Times of India building and St. Xavier 's College. There was also an explosion at Mazagaon, in Mumbai 's port area, and in a taxi at Vile Parle. By the early morning of 28 November, all sites except for the Taj Hotel had been secured by Mumbai Police Department and security forces. On 29 November, India 's National Security Guards (NSG) conducted ' Operation Black Tornado ' to flush out the remaining attackers; it culminated in the death of the last remaining attackers at the Taj Hotel and ended the attacks.
Ajmal Kasab disclosed that the attackers were members of Lashkar - e-Taiba, among others. The Government of India said that the attackers came from Pakistan, and their controllers were in Pakistan. On 7 January 2009, Pakistan confirmed the sole surviving perpetrator of the attacks was a Pakistani citizen. On 9 April 2015, the foremost ringleader of the attacks, Zakiur Rehman Lakhvi, was granted bail against surety bonds of Rs 200,000 (US $1,900) in Pakistan.
There have been many terrorist attacks in Mumbai since the 13 coordinated bomb explosions that killed 257 people and injured 700 on 12 March 1993. The 1993 attacks are believed by some to have been in retaliation for the earlier demolition of Babri Mosque, while others believe it is simply part of a larger plan to target the Hindu population.
On 6 December 2002, a blast in a BEST bus near Ghatkopar station killed two people and injured 28. The bombing occurred on the 10th anniversary of the demolition of the Babri Mosque in Ayodhya. A bicycle bomb exploded near the Vile Parle station in Mumbai, killing one person and injuring 25 on 27 January 2003, a day before the visit of the Prime Minister of India Atal Bihari Vajpayee to the city. On 13 March 2003, a day after the 10th anniversary of the 1993 Bombay bombings, a bomb exploded in a train compartment near the Mulund station, killing 10 people and injuring 70. On 28 July 2003, a blast in a BEST bus in Ghatkopar killed 4 people and injured 32. On 25 August 2003, two bombs exploded in South Mumbai, one near the Gateway of India and the other at Zaveri Bazaar in Kalbadevi. At least 44 people were killed and 150 injured. On 11 July 2006, seven bombs exploded within 11 minutes on the Suburban Railway in Mumbai, killing 209 people, including 22 foreigners and more than 700 injured. According to the Mumbai Police, the bombings were carried out by Lashkar - e-Taiba and Students Islamic Movement of India (SIMI).
A group of men, sometimes stated as 24, at other times 26, received training in marine warfare at a remote camp in mountainous Muzaffarabad. Part of the training was reported to have taken place on the Mangla Dam reservoir.
The recruits went through the following stages of training, according to Indian and US media reports:
From the students, 10 were handpicked for the Mumbai mission. They also received training in swimming and sailing, besides the use of high - end weapons and explosives under the supervision of LeT commanders. According to a media report citing an unnamed former Defence Department Official of the US, the intelligence agencies of the US had determined that former officers from Pakistan 's Army and Inter-Services Intelligence agency assisted actively and continuously in training. They were given blueprints of all the four targets -- The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel, Oberoi Trident, Nariman House and Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus.
The first events were detailed around 20: 00 Indian Standard Time (IST) on 26 November, when 10 men in inflatable speedboats came ashore at two locations in Colaba. They reportedly told local Marathi - speaking fishermen who asked them who they were to "mind their own business '' before they split up and headed two different ways. The fishermen 's subsequent report to police department received little response and local police were helpless.
The Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus (CSMT) was attacked by two gunmen, Ismail Khan and Ajmal Kasab. Kasab was later caught alive by the police and identified by eyewitnesses. The attacks began around 21: 30 when the two men entered the passenger hall and opened fire, using AK - 47 rifles. The attackers killed 58 people and injured 104 others, their assault ending at about 22: 45. Security forces and emergency services arrived shortly afterwards. Announcements by a railway announcer, Vishnu Dattaram Zende, alerted passengers to leave the station and saved scores of lives. The two gunmen fled the scene and fired at pedestrians and police officers in the streets, killing eight police officers. The attackers passed a police station. Knowing that they were outgunned against the heavily armed terrorists, the police officers at the station, instead of confronting the terrorists, decided to switch off the lights and secure the gates.
The attackers then headed towards Cama Hospital with an intention to kill patients, but the hospital staff locked all of the patient wards. A team of the Mumbai Anti-Terrorist Squad led by police chief Hemant Karkare searched the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus and then left in pursuit of Kasab and Khan. Kasab and Khan opened fire on the vehicle in a lane next to the hospital, and received return fire in response. Karkare, Vijay Salaskar, Ashok Kamte and one of their officers were killed. The only survivor, Constable Arun Jadhav, was severely wounded. Kasab and Khan seized the police vehicle but later abandoned it and seized a passenger car instead. They then ran into a police roadblock, which had been set up after Jadhav radioed for help. A gun battle then ensued in which Khan was killed and Kasab was wounded. After a physical struggle, Kasab was arrested. A police officer, Tukaram Omble was also killed when he ran in front of Kasab to shoot him.
The Leopold Cafe, a popular restaurant and bar on Colaba Causeway in South Mumbai, was one of the first sites to be attacked. Two attackers, Shoaib alias Soheb and Nazir alias Abu Umer, opened fire on the cafe on the evening of 26 November, killing at least 10 people, (including some foreigners), and injuring many more.
There were two explosions in taxis caused by timer bombs. The first one occurred at 22: 40 at Vile Parle, killing the driver and a passenger. The second explosion took place at Wadi Bunder between 22: 20 and 22: 25. Three people, including the driver of the taxi were killed, and about 15 others were injured.
Two hotels, The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel and the Oberoi Trident, were among the four locations targeted. Six explosions were reported at the Taj hotel -- one in the lobby, two in the elevators, three in the restaurant -- and one at the Oberoi Trident. At the Taj, firefighters rescued 200 hostages from windows using ladders during the first night.
CNN initially reported on the morning of 27 November 2008 that the hostage situation at the Taj Hotel had been resolved and quoted the police chief of Maharashtra stating that all hostages were freed; however, it was learned later that day that there were still two attackers holding hostages, including foreigners, in the Taj Hotel.
A number of European Parliament Committee on International Trade delegates were staying in the Taj hotel when it was attacked, but none of them were injured. British Conservative Member of the European Parliament (MEP) Sajjad Karim (who was in the lobby when attackers initially opened fire there) and German Social Democrat MEP Erika Mann were hiding in different parts of the building. Also reported present was Spanish MEP Ignasi Guardans, who was barricaded in a hotel room. Another British Conservative MEP, Syed Kamall, reported that he along with several other MEPs left the hotel and went to a nearby restaurant shortly before the attack. Kamall also reported that Polish MEP Jan Masiel was thought to have been sleeping in his hotel room when the attacks started, but eventually left the hotel safely. Kamall and Guardans reported that a Hungarian MEP 's assistant was shot. Also caught up in the shooting were the President of Madrid, Esperanza Aguirre, while checking in at the Oberoi Trident, and Indian MP N.N. Krishnadas of Kerala and Gulam Noon while having dinner at a restaurant in the Taj Hotel.
Nariman House, a Chabad Lubavitch Jewish centre in Colaba known as the Mumbai Chabad House, was taken over by two attackers and several residents were held hostage. Police evacuated adjacent buildings and exchanged fire with the attackers, wounding one. Local residents were told to stay inside. The attackers threw a grenade into a nearby lane, causing no casualties. NSG commandos arrived from Delhi, and a naval helicopter took an aerial survey. During the first day, 9 hostages were rescued from the first floor. The following day, the house was stormed by NSG commandos fast - roping from helicopters onto the roof, covered by snipers positioned in nearby buildings. After a long battle, one NSG commando Havaldar Gajender Singh Bisht and both perpetrators were killed. Rabbi Gavriel Holtzberg and his wife Rivka Holtzberg, who was six months pregnant, were murdered with four other hostages inside the house by the attackers.
According to radio transmissions picked up by Indian intelligence, the attackers "would be told by their handlers in Pakistan that the lives of Jews were worth 50 times those of non-Jews. '' Injuries on some of the bodies indicated that they may have been tortured.
During the attacks, both hotels were surrounded by Rapid Action Force personnel and Marine Commandos (MARCOS) and National Security Guards (NSG) commandos. When reports emerged that attackers were receiving television broadcasts, feeds to the hotels were blocked. Security forces stormed both hotels, and all nine attackers were killed by the morning of 29 November. Major Sandeep Unnikrishnan of the NSG was killed during the rescue of Commando Sunil Yadav, who was hit in the leg by a bullet during the rescue operations at Taj. 32 hostages were killed at the Oberoi Trident.
NSG commandos then took on the Nariman house, and a Naval helicopter took an aerial survey. During the first day, 9 hostages were rescued from the first floor. The following day, the house was stormed by NSG commandos fast - roping from helicopters onto the roof, covered by snipers positioned in nearby buildings. NSG Commando Havaldar Gajender Singh Bisht, who was part of the team that fast - roped onto Nariman House, died after a long battle in which both perpetrators were also killed. By the morning of November 28, the NSG had secured the Jewish outreach centre at Nariman House as well as the Oberoi Trident hotel. They also incorrectly believed that the Taj Palace and Towers had been cleared of attackers, and soldiers were leading hostages and holed - up guests to safety, and removing bodies of those killed in the attacks. However, later news reports indicated that there were still two or three attackers in the Taj, with explosions heard and gunfire exchanged. Fires were also reported at the ground floor of the Taj with plumes of smoke arising from the first floor. The final operation at the Taj Palace hotel was completed by the NSG commandos at 08: 00 on 29 November, killing three attackers and resulting in the conclusion of the attacks. The NSG rescued 250 people from the Oberoi, 300 from the Taj and 60 people (members of 12 different families) from Nariman House. In addition, police seized a boat filled with arms and explosives anchored at Mazgaon dock off Mumbai harbour.
The Mumbai attacks were planned and directed by Lashkar - e-Taiba militants inside Pakistan, and carried out by 10 young armed men trained and sent to Mumbai and directed from inside Pakistan via mobile phones and VoIP.
In July 2009 Pakistani authorities confirmed that LeT plotted and financed the attacks from LeT camps in Karachi and Thatta. In November 2009, Pakistani authorities charged seven men they had arrested earlier, of planning and executing the assault.
Mumbai police department originally identified 37 suspects -- including two army officers -- for their alleged involvement in the plot. All but two of the suspects, many of whom are identified only through aliases, are Pakistani. Two more suspects arrested in the United States in October 2009 for other attacks were also found to have been involved in planning the Mumbai attacks. One of these men, Pakistani American David Headley (born Daood Sayed Gilani), was found to have made several trips to India before the attacks and gathered video and GPS information on behalf of the plotters.
In April 2011, the United States issued arrest warrants for four Pakistani men as suspects in the attack. The men, Sajid Mir, Abu Qahafa, Mazhar Iqbal alias "Major Iqbal '', are believed to be members of Lashkar - e-Taiba and helped plan and train the attackers.
Pakistan initially denied that Pakistanis were responsible for the attacks, blaming plotters in Bangladesh and Indian criminals, a claim refuted by India, and saying they needed information from India on other bombings first.
Pakistani authorities finally agreed that Ajmal Kasab was a Pakistani on 7 January 2009, and registered a case against three other Pakistani nationals.
The Indian government supplied evidence to Pakistan and other governments, in the form of interrogations, weapons, and call records of conversations during the attacks. In addition, Indian government officials said that the attacks were so sophisticated that they must have had official backing from Pakistani "agencies '', an accusation denied by Pakistan.
Under US and UN pressure, Pakistan arrested a few members of Jamaat ud - Dawa and briefly put its founder under house arrest, but he was found to be free a few days later. A year after the attacks, Mumbai police continued to complain that Pakistani authorities were not co-operating by providing information for their investigation. Meanwhile, journalists in Pakistan said security agencies were preventing them from interviewing people from Kasab 's village. Home Minister P. Chidambaram said the Pakistani authorities had not shared any information about American suspects Headley and Rana, but that the FBI had been more forthcoming.
An Indian report, summarising intelligence gained from India 's interrogation of David Headley, was released in October 2010. It alleged that Pakistan 's intelligence agency (ISI) had provided support for the attacks by providing funding for reconnaissance missions in Mumbai. The report included Headley 's claim that Lashkar - e-Taiba's chief military commander, Zaki - ur - Rahman Lakhvi, had close ties to the ISI. He alleged that "every big action of LeT is done in close coordination with (the) ISI. ''
According to investigations, the attackers travelled by sea from Karachi, Pakistan, across the Arabian Sea, hijacked the Indian fishing trawler ' Kuber ', killed the crew of four, then forced the captain to sail to Mumbai. After murdering the captain, the attackers entered Mumbai on a rubber dinghy. The captain of ' Kuber ', Amar Singh Solanki, had earlier been imprisoned for six months in a Pakistani jail for illegally fishing in Pakistani waters. The attackers stayed and were trained by the Lashkar - e-Taiba in a safehouse at Azizabad near Karachi before boarding a small boat for Mumbai.
David Headley was a member of Lashkar - e-Taiba, and between 2002 and 2009 Headley travelled extensively as part of his work for LeT. Headley received training in small arms and countersurveillance from LeT, built a network of connections for the group, and was chief scout in scoping out targets for Mumbai attack having allegedly been given $25,000 in cash in 2006 by an ISI officer known as Major Iqbal, The officer also helped him arrange a communications system for the attack, and oversaw a model of the Taj Hotel so that gunmen could know their way inside the target, according to Headley 's testimony to Indian authorities. Headley also helped ISI recruit Indian agents to monitor Indian troop levels and movements, according to a US official. At the same time, Headley was also an informant for the US Drug Enforcement Administration, and Headley 's wives warned American officials of Headley 's involvement with LeT and his plotting attacks, warning specifically that the Taj Hotel may be their target.
US officials believed that the Inter-Services Intelligence (I.S.I.) officers provided support to Lashkar - e-Taiba militants who carried out the attacks. Disclosures made by former American intelligence contractor Edward Snowden in 2013 revealed that the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) had intercepted communications between the Lashkar boat and the LeT headquarters in Azad Kashmir and passed the alert on to RAW on November 18, eight days before the terrorists actually struck Mumbai.
The arrest of Zabiuddin Ansari alias Abu Hamza in June 2012 provided further clarity on how the plot was hatched. According to Abu Hamza, the attacks were previously scheduled for 2006, using Indian youth for the job. However, a huge cache of AK - 47 's and RDX, which were to be used for the attacks, was recovered from Aurangabad in 2006, thus leading to the dismantling of the original plot. Subsequently, Abu Hamza fled to Pakistan and along with Lashkar commanders, scouted for Pakistani youth to be used for the attacks. In September 2007, 10 people were selected for the mission. In September 2008, these people tried sailing to Mumbai from Karachi, but could n't complete their mission due to choppy waters. These men made a second attempt in November 2008, and successfully managed to execute the final attacks. David Headley 's disclosures, that three Pakistani army officers were associated with the planning and execution of the attack were substantiated by Ansari 's revelations during his interrogation. After Ansari 's arrest, Pakistan 's Foreign Office claimed they had received information that up to 40 Indian nationals were involved in the attacks.
The attackers had planned the attack several months ahead of time and knew some areas well enough to vanish and reappear after security forces had left. Several sources have quoted Kasab telling the police that the group received help from Mumbai residents. The attackers used at least three SIM cards purchased on the Indian side of the border with Bangladesh. There were also reports of a SIM card purchased in the US state New Jersey, if this is the case, then this would go back to Iraqi Intelligence Services and Al Qaeda from 9 / 11 or Jemmah Ismaliyah and Egyptian Islamic Jihad through Iraqi Intelligence from Saddam Hussein 's old network of militants that was never proved. Police had also mentioned that Faheem Ansari, an Indian Lashkar operative who had been arrested in February 2008, had scouted the Mumbai targets for the November attacks. Later, the police arrested two Indian suspects, Mikhtar Ahmad, who is from Srinagar in Kashmir, and Tausif Rehman, a resident of Kolkata. They supplied the SIM cards, one in Calcutta, and the other in New Delhi.
The attackers used a satellite phone and cell phones to talk to each other as well as their handlers that were based in Pakistan. In transcripts intercepted by Indian authorities between the attackers and their handlers, the handlers provided the attackers with encouragement, tactical advice, and information gained from media coverage. The attackers used both personal cell phones and those obtained from their victims to communicate with each other and the news media. Although the attackers were encouraged to murder hostages, the attackers were in communication with the news media via cell phones to make demands in return for the release of hostages. This was believed to be done in order to further confuse Indian authorities that they were dealing with primarily a hostage situation.
Type 86 Grenades made by China 's state - owned Norinco were used in the attacks.
There were also indications that the attackers had been taking steroids. The gunman who survived said that the attackers had used Google Earth to familiarise themselves with the locations of buildings used in the attacks.
There were 10 gunmen, nine of whom were subsequently shot dead and one captured by security forces. Witnesses reported that they seemed to be in their early twenties, wore black T - shirts and jeans, and that they smiled and looked happy as they shot their victims.
It was initially reported that some of the attackers were British citizens, but the Indian government later stated that there was no evidence to confirm this. Similarly, early reports of 12 gunmen were also later shown to be incorrect.
On 9 December, the 10 attackers were identified by Mumbai police, along with their home towns in Pakistan: Ajmal Amir from Faridkot, Abu Ismail Dera Ismail Khan from Dera Ismail Khan, Hafiz Arshad and Babr Imran from Multan, Javed from Okara, Shoaib from Sialkot, Nazir Ahmed and Nasir from Faisalabad, Abdul Rahman from Arifwalla, and Fahadullah from Dipalpur Taluka. Dera Ismail Khan is in the North - West Frontier Province; the rest of the towns are in Pakistani Punjab.
On 6 April 2010, the Home Minister of Maharashtra State, which includes Mumbai, informed the Assembly that the bodies of the nine killed Pakistani gunmen from the 2008 attack on Mumbai were buried in a secret location in January 2010. The bodies had been in the mortuary of a Mumbai hospital after Muslim clerics in the city refused to let them be buried on their grounds.
Only one of the 10 attackers, Ajmal Kasab, survived the attack. He was hanged in Yerwada jail in 2012. Other nine attackers killed during the onslaught were Hafiz Arshad alias Abdul Rehman Bada, Abdul Rahman Chhota, Javed alias Abu Ali, Fahadullah alias Abu Fahad, Ismail Khan alias Abu Ismail, Babar Imran alias Abu Akasha, Nasir alias Abu Umar, Nazir alias Abu Umer and Shoaib alias Abu Soheb.
Ajmal Kasab was the only attacker arrested alive by police. Much of the information about the attackers ' preparation, travel, and movements comes from his confessions to the Mumbai police.
On 12 February 2009 Pakistan 's Interior Minister Rehman Malik said that Pakistani national Javed Iqbal, who acquired VoIP phones in Spain for the Mumbai attackers, and Hamad Ameen Sadiq, who had facilitated money transfer for the attack, had been arrested. Two other men known as Khan and Riaz, but whose full names were not given, were also arrested. Two Pakistanis were arrested in Brescia, Italy (east of Milan), on 21 November 2009, after being accused of providing logistical support to the attacks and transferring more than US $200 to Internet accounts using a false ID. They had Red Corner Notices issued against them by Interpol for their suspected involvement and it was issued after the last year 's strikes.
In October 2009, two Chicago men were arrested and charged by the FBI for involvement in "terrorism '' abroad, David Coleman Headley and Tahawwur Hussain Rana. Headley, a Pakistani - American, was charged in November 2009 with scouting locations for the 2008 Mumbai attacks. Headley is reported to have posed as an American Jew and is believed to have links with militant Islamist groups based in Bangladesh. On 18 March 2010, Headley pleaded guilty to a dozen charges against him thereby avoiding going to trial.
In December 2009, the FBI charged Abdur Rehman Hashim Syed, a retired Major in the Pakistani army, for planning the attacks in association with Headley.
On 15 January 2010, in a successful snatch operation R&AW agents nabbed Sheikh Abdul Khwaja, one of the handlers of the 26 / 11 attacks, chief of HuJI India operations and a most wanted suspect in India, from Colombo, Sri Lanka, and brought him over to Hyderabad, India for formal arrest.
On 25 June 2012, the Delhi Police Department arrested Zabiuddin Ansari alias Abu Hamza, one of the key suspects in the attack at the Indira Gandhi International Airport in New Delhi. His arrest was touted as the most significant development in the case since Kasab 's arrest. Security agencies had been chasing him for three years in Delhi. Ansari is a Lashker - e-Taiba ultra and the Hindi tutor of the 10 attackers who were responsible for the Mumbai attacks in 2008. He was apprehended, after he was arrested and deported to India by Saudi Intelligence officials as per official request by Indian authorities. After Ansari 's arrest, investigations revealed that in 2009 he allegedly stayed for a day in a room in Old Legislators 's Hostel, belonging to Fauzia Khan, a former MLA and minister in Maharashtra Government. The minister, however, denied having any links with him. Home Minister P. Chidambaram, asserted that Ansari was provided a safe place in Pakistan and was present in the control room, which could not have been established without active State support. Ansari 's interrogation further revealed that Sajid Mir and a Pakistani Army major visited India under fake names as cricket spectators to survey targets in Delhi and Mumbai for about a fortnight.
At least 164 victims (civilians and security personnel) and nine attackers were killed in the attacks. Among the dead were 28 foreign nationals from 10 countries. One attacker was captured. The bodies of many of the dead hostages showed signs of torture or disfigurement. A number of those killed were notable figures in business, media, and security services.
According to the then Maharashtra chief minister Vilasrao Deshmukh, 15 policemen and two NSG commandos were killed, including the following officers:
Three railway officials of Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus had also been killed in the terror strikes.
The casualties occurred in the following locations,
The government of Maharashtra announced about ₹ 500,000 (US $7,800) as compensation to the kin of each of those killed in the terror attacks and about ₹ 50,000 (US $780) to the seriously injured. In August 2009, Indian Hotels Company and the Oberoi Group received about $28 million USD as part - payment of the insurance claims, on account of the attacks on Taj and Trident, from General Insurance Corporation of India.
The attacks are sometimes referred to in India as "26 / 11 '', after the date in 2008 that the attacks began, in similar style to the 9 / 11 attacks in the United States, the 11 - M attack in Madrid, Spain, and the 7 / 7 bombings in London, United Kingdom. The Pradhan Inquiry Commission, appointed by the Maharashtra government, produced a report that was tabled before the legislative assembly more than a year after the events. The report said the "war - like '' attack was beyond the capacity to respond of any police force, but also found fault with the Mumbai Police Commissioner Hasan Gafoor 's lack of leadership during the crisis.
The Maharashtra government planned to buy 36 speed boats to patrol the coastal areas and several helicopters for the same purpose. It also planned to create an anti-terror force called "Force One '' and upgrade all the weapons that Mumbai police currently have. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh on an all - party conference declared that legal framework would be strengthened in the battle against "terrorism '' and a federal anti-terrorist intelligence and investigation agency, like the FBI, will be set up soon to co-ordinate action against "terrorism. '' The government strengthened anti-terror laws with UAPA 2008, and the federal National Investigation Agency was formed.
The attacks further strained India 's slowly recovering relationship with Pakistan. India 's then External Affairs Minister Pranab Mukherjee (ex President of India) declared that India may indulge in military strikes against terror camps in Pakistan to protect its territorial integrity. There were also after - effects on the United States 's relationships with both countries, the US - led NATO war in Afghanistan, and on the Global War on Terror. FBI chief Robert Mueller praised the "unprecedented cooperation '' between American and Indian intelligence agencies over the Mumbai terror attack probe. However, Interpol secretary general Ronald Noble said that Indian intelligence agencies did not share any information with Interpol.
A new National Counter Terrorism Centre (NCTC) was proposed to be set up by the then - Home Minister P. Chidambaram as an office to collect, collate, summarise, integrate, analyse, co-ordinate and report all information and inputs received from various intelligence agencies, state police departments, and other ministries and their departments.
Pakistan moved troops towards the border with India voicing concerns about the Indian government 's possible plans to launch attacks on Pakistani soil if it did not co-operate. After days of talks, the Pakistan government, however, decided to start moving troops away from the border.
Indians criticised their political leaders after the attacks, saying that their ineptness was partly responsible. The Times of India commented on its front page that "Our politicians fiddle as innocents die. '' Political reactions in Mumbai and India included a range of resignations and political changes, including the resignations of Minister for Home Affairs Shivraj Patil, Chief Minister Vilasrao Deshmukh and deputy chief minister R.R. Patil for controversial reactions to the attack including taking the former 's son and Bollywood director Ram Gopal Verma to tour the damaged Taj Hotel and the latters remarks that the attacks were not a big deal in such a large city. Prominent Muslim personalities such as Bollywood actor Aamir Khan appealed to their community members in the country to observe Eid al - Adha as a day of mourning on 9 December. The business establishment also reacted, with changes to transport, and requests for an increase in self - defence capabilities. The attacks also triggered a chain of citizens ' movements across India such as the India Today Group 's "War Against Terror '' campaign. There were vigils held across all of India with candles and placards commemorating the victims of the attacks. The NSG commandos based in Delhi also met criticism for taking 10 hours to reach the 3 sites under attack.
International reaction for the attacks was widespread, with many countries and international organisations condemning the attacks and expressing their condolences to the civilian victims. Many important personalities around the world also condemned the attacks.
Media coverage highlighted the use of social media and Internet social networking tools, including Twitter and Flickr, in spreading information about the attacks. In addition, many Indian bloggers offered live textual coverage of the attacks. A map of the attacks was set up by a web journalist using Google Maps. The New York Times, in July 2009, described the event as "what may be the most well - documented terrorist attack anywhere. ''
In November 2010, families of American victims of the attacks filed a lawsuit in Brooklyn, New York, naming Lt. Gen. Ahmed Shuja Pasha, chief of the I.S.I., as being complicit in the Mumbai attacks. On 22 September 2011, the attack on the American Embassy in Afghanistan, was attributed to Pakistan via cell phone records identical to the attacks in Mumbai, also linked to Pakistan. The investigation is on - going.
Kasab 's trial was delayed due to legal issues, as many Indian lawyers were unwilling to represent him. A Mumbai Bar Association passed a resolution proclaiming that none of its members would represent Kasab. However, the Chief Justice of India stated that Kasab needed a lawyer for a fair trial. A lawyer for Kasab was eventually found, but was replaced due to a conflict of interest. On 25 February 2009, Indian investigators filed an 11,000 - page chargesheet, formally charging Kasab with murder, conspiracy, and waging war against India among other charges.
Kasab 's trial began on 6 May 2009. He initially pleaded not guilty, but later admitted his guilt on 20 July 2009. He initially apologised for the attacks and claimed that he deserved the death penalty for his crimes, but later retracted these claims, saying that he had been tortured by police to force his confession, and that he had been arrested while roaming the beach. The court had accepted his plea, but due to the lack of completeness within his admittance, the judge had deemed that many of the 86 charges were not addressed and therefore the trial continued.
Kasab was convicted of all 86 charges on 3 May 2010. He was found guilty of murder for directly killing seven people, conspiracy to commit murder for the deaths of the 164 people killed in the three - day terror siege, waging war against India, causing terror, and of conspiracy to murder two high - ranking police officers. On 6 May 2010, he was sentenced to death by hanging. However, he appealed his sentence at high court. On 21 February 2011, the Bombay High Court upheld the death sentence of Kasab, dismissing his appeal.
On 29 August 2012, the Indian Supreme Court upheld the death sentence for Kasab. The court stated, "We are left with no option but to award death penalty. The primary and foremost offence committed by Kasab is waging war against the Government of India. '' The verdict followed 10 weeks of appeal hearings, and was decided by a two - judge Supreme Court panel, which was led by Judge Aftab Alam. The panel rejected arguments that Kasab was denied a free and fair trial.
Kasab filed a mercy petition with the President of India, which was rejected on 5 November. Kasab was hanged in Pune 's Yerwada jail in secret on 21 November 2012 at 7: 30 am and naming the operation as operation ' X '. The Indian mission in Islamabad informed the Pakistan government about Kasab 's hanging through letter. Pakistan refused to take the letter, which was then faxed to them. His family in Pakistan was sent news of his hanging via a courier.
Indian and Pakistani police exchanged DNA evidence, photographs and items found with the attackers to piece together a detailed portrait of the Mumbai plot. Police in Pakistan arrested seven people, including Hammad Amin Sadiq, a homoeopathic pharmacist, who arranged bank accounts and secured supplies. Sadiq and six others began their formal trial on 3 October 2009 in Pakistan. Indian authorities said the prosecution stopped well short of top Lashkar leaders. In November 2009, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh said that Pakistan had not done enough to bring the perpetrators of the attacks to justice.
An eight - member commission comprising defence lawyers, prosecutors and a court official was allowed to travel to India on 15 March 2013 to gather evidence for the prosecution of seven suspects linked to the 2008 Mumbai attacks. However, the defence lawyers were barred from cross-examining the four prosecution witnesses in the case including Ajmal Kasab. On the eve of the first anniversary of 26 / 11, a Pakistani anti-terror court formally charged seven accused, including LeT operations commander Zaki ur Rehman Lakhvi. However, the actual trial started on 5 May 2012. The Pakistani court conducting trial of Mumbai attacks accused, reserved its judgement on the application filed by Lakhvi, challenging the report of the judicial panel, to 17 July 2012. On 17 July 2012, the court refused to take the findings of the Pakistani judicial commission as part of the evidence. However, it ruled that if a new agreement, which allows the panel 's examination of witnesses, is reached, the prosecution may make an application for sending the panel to Mumbai. The Indian Government, upset over the court ruling, however, contended that evidence collected by the Pakistani judicial panel has evidential value to punish all those involved in the attack. On 21 September 2013, a Pakistani judicial commission arrived in India to carry out the investigation and to cross examine the witnesses. This is the second such visit: the one in March 2012 was not a success as its report was rejected by an anti-terrorism court in Pakistan due to lack of evidence.
The LeT operative David Headley (born Daood Sayed Gilani) in his testimony before a Chicago federal court during co-accused Tahawwur Rana 's trial revealed that Mumbai Chabad House was added to the list of targets for surveillance given by his Inter Services Intelligence handler Major Iqbal, though the Oberoi hotel, one of the sites attacked, was not originally on the list. On 10 June 2011, Tahawwur Rana was acquitted of plotting the 2008 Mumbai attacks, but was held guilty on two other charges. He was sentenced to 14 years in federal prison on 17 January 2013.
David Headley pleaded guilty to 12 counts related to the attacks, including conspiracy to commit murder in India and aiding and abetting in the murder of six Americans. On 23 January 2013, he was sentenced to 35 years in federal prison. His plea that he not be extradited to India, Pakistan or Denmark was accepted.
On the first anniversary of the event, the state paid homage to the victims of the attack. Force One -- a new security force created by the Maharashtra government -- staged a parade from Nariman Point to Chowpatty. Other memorials and candlelight vigils were also organised at the various locations where the attacks occurred.
On the second anniversary of the event, homage was again paid to the victims.
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who made the game five nights at freddy's | Five Nights at Freddy 's - wikipedia
Five Nights at Freddy 's (often abbreviated to FNaF) is a media franchise based around an indie video game series created, designed, developed, and published by Scott Cawthon for Microsoft Windows, iOS, and Android.
The series is centered on the story of a fictional restaurant named Freddy Fazbear 's Pizza, a pastiche of restaurants like Chuck E. Cheese 's and ShowBiz Pizza Place. The first three games involve the player working as a nighttime security guard, in which they must utilize several tools, most notably checking security cameras, to survive against animatronic characters, which become mobile and homicidal after - hours. The fourth game, which uses different gameplay mechanics from its predecessors, takes place in the house of a child who must defend against nightmarish versions of the animatronics by closing doors and fleeing on foot. The fifth game takes place in a maintenance facility owned by a sister company of Freddy Fazbear 's Pizza. In this game, the player character is a technician instead of a night guard, who must do different tasks each night as told by an AI voice heard in the game. The sixth game takes the genre of a business - simulation game, where the player acts as the owner of a pizzeria which they must decorate with payable items. The player must also work the night shift for their pizzeria, which plays similarly to previous games.
The series has gained widespread popularity since its release. Two novel adaptations, Five Nights at Freddy 's: The Silver Eyes and Five Nights at Freddy 's: The Twisted Ones, were released on December 17, 2015 and June 27, 2017, respectively. A guidebook for the series, The Freddy Files, was released on August 29, 2017.
A horror attraction based on the series was featured in the Adventuredome in Halloween of 2016. Additionally, the series appeared in the Guinness Book of Records: Gamer 's Edition, breaking the record for the largest number of sequels released in a year.
The idea for Five Nights at Freddy 's stems from the negative reception towards Scott Cawthon 's previous game, the family friendly Chipper & Sons Lumber Co., as players commented that the main character (a young beaver) looked like "a scary animatronic animal '', with reviewer Jim Sterling calling the game unintentionally "terrifying ''. Although initially discouraged by the poor reception to Chipper & Sons, Cawthon, who had previously mainly developed Christian - oriented games, eventually used it to inspire himself to make something intentionally scarier.
The first Five Nights at Freddy 's game was released via Desura on August 8, 2014. On August 20, 2014, after it was approved by the service 's crowdsourcing platform Greenlight, Five Nights at Freddy 's was also released via Steam. The games that followed were released on November 10, 2014; March 2, 2015; July 23, 2015; October 7, 2016; and December 4, 2017, respectively. A spin - off of the series, FNaF World was announced on a Steam post by Cawthon in September 2015, and was released in January 2017. Cawthon releases most pictorial teasers of his games to his website, "Scott Games '', and releases teaser trailers on his YouTube channel.
Cawthon uses Clickteam Fusion 2.5 to create the Five Nights at Freddy 's games and Autodesk 3ds Max to model and render the 3D graphics of the games. For the enhancement of FNaF World and Five Nights at Freddy 's: Sister Location, Cawthon hired professional voice actors. Cawthon has announced that all titles will be remade by third - party companies for release on consoles.
Cawthon posted a teaser on his official website in 2015 that announced he had plans to release his first novel called Five Nights at Freddy 's: The Untold Story (that would later be renamed to Five Nights at Freddy 's: The Silver Eyes) sometime in the near future, and that it was to be written separate - canon to the games. On June 20, 2016, Scholastic announced that it would be collaborating with Scott Cawthon on a multi-book deal. Five Nights at Freddy 's: The Silver Eyes, was to be re-printed in paperback on October that year. It was then rescheduled for release on September in the same year. The next two novels were scheduled for release in 2017 and 2018 respectively. A guidebook based on the series was also scheduled for release in 2017.
The main Five Nights at Freddy 's series consists of horror - themed video games, in which the player usually takes on the role of a night - time employee at a location canonically connected to Freddy Fazbear 's Pizza, a fictional children 's - oriented restaurant similar to Chuck E. Cheese 's and ShowBiz Pizza. The restaurant uses life - size animatronic characters that sing and dance for children 's parties. These animatronics wander in the restaurant at night, and the guard is instructed to keep watch on these, as the restaurants have had "incidents '' of previous guards being attacked and killed by the characters. To progress through the games, the player must guard themself from the animatronics by using various tools to their advantage. For the most part, however, the player must remain stationary in their defence. In the first game, the player can control the two security doors that connect the office to the adjacent hallways, and may close them to provide a barricade against any animatronics in the vicinity. Each night, the player has a limited power supply that depletes quicker when a tool is used; if the player exhausts the power supply, the doors permanently open, allowing any animatronic to breach the office.
Five Nights at Freddy 's 2 provides different tools to work with. Protective doors are not present in the office, and the player must instead defend themselves with an empty Freddy Fazbear head, which fools most animatronics. The power usage is also removed, instead being replaced with a limited flashlight, which is used to ward off one animatronic. Lights may also be used to brighten darker areas of the pizzeria. The game introduces the music box, which must be kept wound to prevent an attack from a certain animatronic. 8 - bit minigames make their inauguration, in which the player can interact with randomly after death.
Five Nights at Freddy 's 3 replaces these tools with a monitor panel, where the player must keep certain systems from malfunctioning, so as not to hinder the player 's ability to successfully complete the night. These malfunctions can be triggered randomly, or by hallucinations of past iterations of the animatronics. The ability to seal vents is also added, and must be used to prevent the sole tangible animatronic from entering the office. The player can also use an audio - based function as a means of defense, which triggers a childlike voice to play, luring the animatronic away from the player 's office. The 8 - bit minigames return, and are activated via completing certain side - tasks, such as clicking on a poster or inputting a code into the wall. If the player fully completes all minigames, they unlock a secret ending.
Five Nights at Freddy 's 4 reintroduces removed tools, specifically the doors and flashlight, albeit with slightly altered usage. The doors can only be closed when the player is next to them, and will re-open if the player moves away. However, if the player shuts the doors too early, the animatronics will jump scare the player when the door is opened. The flashlight can no - longer run out, but only alerts player to the presence of animatronics as opposed to warding them away, excluding the miniature Freddies that appear on the bed. If the player flashes the flashlight while an animatronic is in the doorway, the player will be jumpscared. There is one new mechanic, where the player must listen for breathing audio. This can determine whether to use the flashlight or close the door.
Five Nights at Freddy 's: Sister Location once again keeps the doors, albeit for the secret ending. The flashlight returns, but now loses all functionality, only being stuck permanently on when in certain rooms, and permanently off in others. An elevated control pad is introduced in the game, with the ability to light up rooms and / or shock the animatronics. Other mechanics include another control pad inside the "breaker room '', controlling the power to the whole facility, and a flash beacon, which allows the player to see in the darkened "Funtime Auditorium '' and avoid the sole animatronic in that room. Sister Location is also the only game where the player is able to move between rooms.
Freddy Fazbear 's Pizzeria Simulator provides a very different gameplay style, where the player must spend in - game money to buy features for their pizzeria in a tycoon - style gameplay. A series of minigames can be played by testing attractions used in the establishment. Once a player has completed this portion of the game, they must sit in a room and complete tasks while fending off hostile animatronics they have "salvaged '' previously. The gameplay of this portion shares many elements with Five Nights at Freddy 's 3, such as the importance of ventilation and the ability to distract the animatronics using audio.
Each game requires the player to survive five nights, with each night increasing the difficulty. There is an unlockable sixth night present in all games (excluding Sister Location), with further additional nights varying between games: the first two games feature a customizable seventh night which allows the player to customize the AI level of each animatronic. A custom night DLC is also available for Sister Location. The third game does not feature any night after the sixth, while the fourth game includes a seventh and eighth night, neither of which are customizable. The fifth game is currently the only game with only five nights, if the custom night DLC is not included.
The spin - off game, FNaF World, has the player explore a light - hearted RPG world battling for experience points. The player unlocks different areas as they continue on their adventure. Eventually, after completing certain tasks, the player wins one of eight different endings, all of which will unlock a trophy on the title screen once completed. The game also received an update titled "Update 2 '' which introduced the animatronic characters in Five Nights at Freddy 's 4 's Halloween DLC and some characters from Cawthon 's older games. The update also introduced another boss character which the player must defeat as well as minigames to unlock the aforementioned new characters.
The ability to use a security camera system is found in all of the main games except the fourth and the sixth, and is used to observe the positions of the animatronic characters through security cameras that are set throughout the location. However, only one location can be viewed at a time, and some areas are not visible on the aforementioned cameras. Most camera feeds are dull, sometimes close to black and white in color, and covered in static. In the third game, cameras become dysfunctional if the associated system fails. Security cameras are only used in Five Nights at Freddy 's: Sister Location as a mechanic in the "Fake Ending '' and custom night DLC, not in the main game.
The lights, and, by extension, the flashlight and flash beacon, are found in all main games, excluding the third. While use varies per game, lights are generally used to ward off animatronics, or warn the player of their presence. Lights in the first game and second games are activated via buttons mounted into the walls, and light up the player 's ' blind spot ', being the doorway or vent exit, respectively. The fifth game has the lights work similarly, however, they are now mounted onto a control pad, and serve no purpose other than the ability to see the animatronics, due to the different gameplay style. The flashlight in the second and fourth game works in the same fashion as its real life counterpart, in the sense that it has a limited battery life, albeit only in the second game, and must be toggled on and off. The flash beacon was introduced in Sister Location, and is used to quickly gather bearings in the pitch black room seen on the third and fifth nights.
Jumpscares are present in all of the series ' main games, and occur when any animatronic manages to reach and attack the player - character. Most jumpscares involve an animatronic character suddenly appearing in the player 's view, followed by a loud, bellowing sound. Some jumpscares, including those of Golden Freddy (In the first installment), Nightmare, and Nightmarionne, consist of a single screen supplemented with shrill, distorted audio. These jumpscares usually crash or restart the game. The player can utilise the tools listed above to prevent attacks, thus preventing any jumpscares from occurring.
In all games from the second onwards, the player will gain access to a series of (predominantly 8 - bit) minigames, sometimes randomly after death, as in the second game, and sometimes once the player has completed a specific task. These minigames usually tell a story or event relevant to the game 's lore, although mostly presented in a cryptic way. For example, minigames in Five Nights at Freddy 's 2 are speculated to portray the homicidal incidents previously mentioned in the games. Minigames in Five Nights at Freddy 's 4 tell the story of a character, possibly the player character, who dies in a tragic accident.
In all main games except for the fourth and fifth, the player receives a telephone voice message from a previous worker, or owner of the location. These "phone calls '' act as a tutorial to the player, and usually go through several gameplay mechanics, and outline the backstory of the players ' location. In the first and second game, the voice heard in the messages remains the same, while in the third game, it holds a strong Californian accent. Sister Location uses something similar, an A.I. voice which acts as a tutor for the player, although it is not from a telephone. Phone calls from the first game can be heard in Five Nights at Freddy 's 4, albeit only as an easter egg.
In the first three main games, the location in which the player character is based in closes down shortly after the end of the game. In the first Five Nights at Freddy 's, the location is said to close by the year 's end, due to a "tragedy that took place there many years ago ''. The location of Five Nights at Freddy 's 2 closes down due to malfunctions of the animatronics. Five Nights at Freddy 's 3 's location closed down after it was unexpectedly burnt down. In Sister Location 's case, the location in which the game 's story is centered around, "Circus Baby 's Pizza World '', was closed down prior to the game, apparently due to gas leaks. One possible ending of Freddy Fazbear 's Pizzeria Simulator involves the player 's restaurant being burnt down to destroy the animatronics, leading the entire company to be put out of business.
The main characters in the Five Nights at Freddy 's series are generally security guards working at a Freddy Fazbear 's Pizza or related location. None of them have distinct personalities and most of the gameplay takes place from their point of view. In Five Nights at Freddy 's, the guard 's name is Mike Schmidt. In Five Nights at Freddy 's 2, the guard is named Jeremy Fitzgerald for all of the main five nights and the bonus sixth night, though he is replaced in the custom seventh night by another guard, Fritz Smith. The security guard for Fazbear 's Fright: The Horror Attraction in Five Nights at Freddy 's 3, is unknown. The main character of Five Nights at Freddy 's 4 is an unnamed boy, who experiences nightmares of the animatronics. The player in Five Nights at Freddy 's: Sister Location is a technician who has their name jokingly autocorrected to Eggs Benedict. The technician 's name is assumed, although not confirmed to be, Mike.
Apart from Mike Schmidt, Jeremy Fitzgerald, Fritz Smith, and Michael (a character whose voice is heard in Five Nights at Freddy 's: Sister Location), none of the other human characters in the series have any real, or at least confirmed, names. In the first three games, a man simply identified as "Phone Guy '' leaves a recording over the phone at the beginning of each night which serves as advice to the player on how to deal with the animatronics. Phone Guy is present through all five nights of Five Nights at Freddy 's 2, four of the main nights in Five Nights at Freddy 's, and four of the main nights in Five Nights at Freddy 's 3 (as well as in Night 6 for the second and third games.) He is not present in the fourth and fifth games, though his first night recording from the original game is sometimes played backwards as ambiance in Five Nights at Freddy 's 4. His call at the start of Night 4 in Five Nights at Freddy 's implies that he was killed by the animatronics. In the third game, he is heard over archival recordings discovered by the creators of Fazbear 's Fright. Sister Location instead features a human A.I. named "HandUnit '', who like Phone Guy, acts as a tutor to the player. The first two nights of the third game also feature "Phone Dude '', one of the creators of Fazbear 's Fright. The sixth game introduces "Cassette Man, '' a male voice heard giving instructions to the player on a series of cassette recordings.
The main antagonist of the series is "Purple Guy '', who is presumably a former Fazbear Entertainment employee who murdered at least five children, whose spirits now inhabit the animatronics. In mini-games from the second game, he murders a child, whose spirit is largely believed to inhabit the Puppet. In the third game, it is revealed that he returned to Freddy Fazbear 's Pizza after it closed down to dismantle the animatronics. This released the spirits of the children he murdered, scaring him into hiding inside a spring lock suit, where he was crushed to death by the suit 's springlock mechanisms. It is believed that his body resides in Five Nights at Freddy 's 3 's main antagonist, Springtrap. In the novel adaptation of the series, Purple Guy receives a possible identity, with the name William Afton. It was also revealed that he was the co-owner of Fazbear Entertainment. Scott Cawthon has stated that although "the book is canon, just as the games are (, t) hat does n't mean that they are intended to fit together like two puzzle pieces ''. Most of the gaming community accepts it as Purple Guy 's true name and work. A certain "Mr. Afton '', mentioned in Sister Location 's prologue, is thought to be Purple Guy, creating the possibility of him being the creator of the animatronics seen in game. A character named Michael was introduced in Sister Location, whose is assumed to be the son of Purple Guy. The character was introduced in a cutscene, in which he seems to be speaking to his father.
There are four main animatronics in the first game: Freddy Fazbear, Bonnie the Bunny (referred to as "Bonnie the Rabbit '' in copyright catalogs), Chica the Chicken, and Foxy the Pirate Fox. A fifth animatronic, Golden Freddy, occasionally appears, albeit in the form of a hallucination. His jumpscare is capable of crashing the game. The animatronics return in various forms throughout the following games, except in the fifth installment, in which Chica is completely absent.
Despite being a prequel, the second game introduces upgraded versions of the original characters called Toy Freddy, Toy Bonnie, Toy Chica, and Mangle, along with old, ripped, and worn out versions of the original animatronics. Mangle is meant to be a "toy '' version of Foxy, but was ripped apart so much by children that the staff got tired of reassembling it and left it as a "take apart, put back together '' attraction, according to Phone Guy. He also mentions that the employees nicknamed it "the Mangle ''. Two new characters are also introduced: BB (known as Balloon Boy), who has no jumpscare but can disable the player 's lights and generate distracting laughter if he enters the office, and The Puppet (also known as The Marionette), who must be quelled by constantly winding up a music box.
The only true animatronic in the third game is Springtrap, who looks like a decayed golden version of Bonnie. Additionally, Freddy, Chica, Foxy, Balloon Boy, Mangle, and The Puppet return as hallucinations (or "phantoms ''), and although their jumpscares do n't kill the player, they can disable certain features that are essential for the player to complete the night easily.
In the fourth game, nightmare versions of the original four animatronics - Nightmare Bonnie, Nightmare Chica, Nightmare Foxy, and Nightmare Freddy -- appear, haunting a small boy. A nightmare version of Golden Freddy is also featured, identified as Nightmare Fredbear, who replaces all animatronics on the fifth night. Two new animatronics also make their debut: Plushtrap, a finger trap toy version of Springtrap, and Nightmare, a version of Nightmare Fredbear whose jumpscare causes the game to reset. The "Halloween Edition '' of the game also features Nightmare Balloon Boy (who replaces Plushtrap), Nightmare Mangle (who replaces Nightmare Foxy), and Nightmarionne, a nightmare version of the Puppet, who replaces Nightmare. Nightmare Bonnie and Nightmare Chica also receive reskins in the Halloween Edition, giving them a resemblance to Jack - O ' - Lanterns.
In the fifth game, Five Nights at Freddy 's: Sister Location, "Funtime '' versions of Freddy and Foxy appear as well as multiple new characters: Circus Baby, a female humanoid and the main animatronic, Ballora, who appears to be a dancing ballerina animatronic, BonBon, a miniature rabbit animatronic, Electrobab, a small animatronic capable of draining power in the game 's "custom night '', a bear - like endoskeleton named Yenndo, Lolbit (an alternately coloured Funtime Foxy), and Ennard, who is a hive - mind animatronic and is a hybrid of the endoskeletons of other animatronics from the game. Three of these animatronics are accompanied with smaller companion animatronics: Funtime Freddy, who is accompanied by "Bon - Bon '', a hand - puppet version of Bonnie; Ballora, who is accompanied by Minireenas (small, ballet - dancer like animatronics); and Baby, who is accompanied by multiple baby - shaped animatronics called Bidybabs.
The sixth game, Freddy Fazbear 's Pizzeria Simulator, reintroduces several animatronics from previous games that have suffered extensive damage and deterioration. The player discovers one animatronic at the end of each of the first four nights and must decide whether to salvage or discard it. These four are Springtrap, Molten Freddy (a ruined animatronic with a similar appearance to Funtime Freddy), Scrap Baby (similar to Circus Baby), and Lefty (what appears to be a recolored Toy Freddy). Any animatronics that the player attempts to salvage, or that have hidden themselves within other items purchased by the player, become a threat during all subsequent nights.
In the spin - off game, FNaF World, there are up to 30 characters the player can unlock, consisting of characters from the first four games, as well as Coffee from The Desolate Hope, Chipper from Chipper and Sons Lumber Co, Funtime Foxy from Five Nights at Freddy 's: Sister Location, and Animdude, the character in Scott Cawthon 's logo. Lolbit (a character from Five Nights at Freddy 's: Sister Location 's custom night) is also featured in its debut appearance, but is only an NPC, and thus is not playable. Enemies in FNaF World either resemble original characters in some way, for example "Ballboy '' to Balloon Boy, and "White Rabbit '' to Toy Bonnie, or are designed and named to match their home location, for example "Chop ' N Roll '' in the wood predominated forest, and "Chillax '' in the snowy fields.
After Scott Cawthon 's previous game (Chipper & Sons Lumber Co.) received bad reception for the unsettling appearance of the supposedly kid - friendly characters, Cawthon decided to use these ideas to create an intentionally scary game, Five Nights at Freddy 's.
The game involves a character, whose name is later revealed to be Mike Schmidt, who has started a job working as a night watch security guard at the restaurant Freddy Fazbear 's Pizza, where the animatronics move at night and will kill anyone they see by stuffing them in a spare animatronic suit. Apparently, this is due to their misinterpretation of the player character as a metal endoskeleton without their costume on. Animatronic movement is explained to the player as a purposely programmed "free - roaming '' mode, as to prevent animatronic servomotors from locking up. The player must survive from midnight to 6 AM.
The player is not able to leave the room, and must use a camera system and two doors with lights in order to defend themselves from the animatronics. The hostility of the animatronics appear to be the result of possession by the vengeful souls of children who were killed on the restaurant 's site. The player is guided by an unknown entity known as "Phone Guy '', who assists them in their defense from the animatronics. Mike is fired from his job after the seventh night, due to tampering with the animatronics, odor and general unprofessionalism.
Five Nights at Freddy 's was first released for Microsoft Windows on August 8, 2014, followed by ports for Android and iOS on August 27, 2014 and September 11, 2014, respectively. A version for the Windows Phone was also released, but was taken down soon after due to the down - scaled graphics of the port.
Shortly after the release of the first game, developer Cawthon began to confirm rumors of a sequel. Just one month after the original game 's release, Cawthon posted a teaser of the sequel on his webpage, and continued to post teasers until the game 's release. A teaser trailer was released on October 21, 2014, introducing various new animatronic characters and the absence of doors. Five Nights at Freddy 's 2 was first released for Microsoft Windows on November 10, 2014, earlier of its planned release of December 25, 2014. Ports for Android and iOS were released on November 13 and 20 of the same year. A Windows Phone port was also released, but was taken down for the same reasons as the first game.
Set some time before the events of the first game, the main character, whose name is later revealed to be Jeremy Fitzgerald, has started working as a night watch security guard at the "new and improved '' Freddy Fazbear 's Pizza. The "upgraded '' versions of the animatronic characters, which have special facial recognition software to protect the children from potential harm, were not programmed with a proper night mode; when things go silent, their programming tells them that they are in the wrong room and they seek out the nearest source of noise to find people to entertain, which happens to be in the player 's office. The player must again listen to the instructions of a "phone guy '', and attempt to defend themselves from the animatronics using several mechanics. Like the previous game, the player must survive from midnight to 6 AM. Jeremy is apparently moved to day shift after Night 6 as the animatronics ' hostility becomes too dangerous, with the restaurant closing down shortly after.
8 - bit minigames are made available randomly after death, which are thought to portray the restaurants ' past and the several murders that occurred on site. An entity portrayed as a purple sprite is also introduced, who is speculated to be the culpable murderer who murdered the children.
In January 2015, a new image was uploaded to Cawthon 's website, teasing a third entry in the series. Various teaser images followed, before a trailer was released on January 26, 2015. On February 15, 2015, Cawthon made a post on Steam stating that Five Nights at Freddy 's 3 had been cancelled after a hacker supposedly leaked the game. This was later discovered to be a joke, as the "leaked '' download link lead to a humorous clone of Scott 's previous game, There is No Pause Button!. Five Nights at Freddy 's 3 was legitimately released for Microsoft Windows on March 3, 2015, with Android and iOS ports following on March 7, 2015 and March 12, 2015.
Set thirty years after the events of the first game, the main character (who remains unnamed) works at "Fazbear 's Fright '', a horror attraction based off the long - gone Freddy Fazbear 's Pizza. The player must defend themselves from a deteriorated animatronic - costume hybrid known as "Springtrap '', which was the sole animatronic the attraction workers were able to discover. Burnt and tattered hallucinations of previous games ' animatronics also appear, but can not directly kill the player, and instead hinder ventilation, sound, and camera systems, which may also fail by other means. Failure to maintain these systems can create many issues for the player, including dysfunctional cameras, and the inability to play audio in order to lure away the animatronic. The player receives guidance from a founder of the horror attraction for the first couple of nights, but also listens to old tape recordings discovered by the attraction workers related to the backstory of previous locations.
The game has two endings, a good ending and a bad ending. The good ending can only be achieved by completing secret minigames, in which various animatronic characters bring a cake to what seems to be a sorrowful child 's soul. This ending is thought to imply that the souls of the murdered children have been set free, although connoted meanings are disputed.
Beginning April 27, 2015, Cawthon posted images on his website teasing at another game in the series, originally known as Five Nights at Freddy 's: The Final Chapter. A trailer was released on July 13, 2015, hinting that the game took place in the main character 's house. Five Nights at Freddy 's 4 was first announced with a release date of October 31, 2015, before being pushed forward to August 8, 2015, and again to July 23 of the same year, when the game was unexpectedly released on Microsoft Windows through Steam. Android and iOS ports were released on July 25, 2015 and August 3, 2015.
The player character is a young boy suffering from delusions of being attacked by nightmarish versions of the original animatronic characters. The player must defend themselves using only a flashlight, doors, and their sense of hearing, to attempt to locate the animatronics. The story of possibly the same young boy is told through minigames, in which he is shown to be bullied due to his irrational fear of a restaurant featuring a yellow animatronic bear and rabbit. He is guided by an animatronic plush toy, whom speaks to the character in times when he is alone. The child is eventually killed by the bear animatronic, "Fredbear '', in a freak accident.
The game received a Halloween - style DLC, in which features "nightmare '' versions of animatronics from the Five Nights at Freddy 's 2. The DLC also gives halloween - themed reskins to Nightmare Bonnie and Nightmare Chica.
In April 2016, Cawthon released a teaser image of an upcoming game on his website, entitled Five Nights at Freddy 's: Sister Location, featuring a clown - like animatronic, revealed to be named "Circus Baby ''. Several teaser images followed, revealing different characters and hints at their origins. The trailer for the game was released on Cawthon 's official YouTube page featuring new animatronics and a new location. The release date was later confirmed to be October 7, 2016. Cawthon made a joke release of the game on October 5, apparently releasing a "mature '' edition of the game after the decision to delay the game to make it more "kid friendly ''. The download link led to a clone of Cawthon 's previous game, Sit ' N Survive. Five Nights at Freddy 's: Sister Location was first released for Microsoft Windows on October 7, 2016, followed by ports for Android and iOS on December 22, 2016 and January 3, 2017, respectively.
The player character, seemingly named Mike, and jokingly referred to as "Eggs Benedict '', is a new employee of the underground Circus Baby 's Rentals and Entertainment, a sister company of Fazbear Entertainment featuring animatronics that are rented out to children 's birthday parties; they were originally intended for use in a pizzeria called Circus Baby 's Pizza World, but the pizzeria never officially opened due to gas leaks. ' Mike ' is guided by HandUnit, an AI character similar to the Phone ' Guy ' from previous games. HandUnit instructs him about his job, often telling the player to disregard safety, however, an animatronic called Circus Baby often gives instructions that directly contradict that of HandUnit 's, and are vital to survival.
The game also offers a "custom night '' DLC, in which the player is able to use mechanics reminiscing those of the first game (such as interactive doors and a camera system), which were absent from the main game. New minigames are also made available in this DLC, describing the fate of ' Mike ' after the events of Sister Location. A cutscene is also shown after the completion of the "Golden Freddy '' custom night preset, in which a character named "Michael '' speaks to his father in a foreboding manner.
In June 2017, Cawthon hinted towards the development of a sixth main game in the series. On July 2, 2017, he announced his decision to cancel this game, stating that he had been "neglecting other things in (his) life for the sake of trying to keep up with mounting expectations ''. Cawthon noted that he was not planning on abandoning the series, and may even return with a game of a different style, such as one similar to FNaF World.
On December 4, 2017, after teasing the game several days earlier, Cawthon released Freddy Fazbear 's Pizzeria Simulator for free on Steam. The game appears to play as a restaurant simulation game to plan and run one 's own pizzeria, but frequently shifts into the same vein of survival horror as the other main games in the series. Elements of the restaurant simulation portion of the game affect the portions similar to the main series. For example, a player may accept a corporate sponsor for the restaurant to help with finances, but doing so causes loud video ads from the sponsor to play during the "night - shift '' periods of the game, making it difficult for the player to hear approaching animatronics. The player is also presented with the option to salvage heavily damaged animatronics from the previous games, increasing both revenue and the possibility of being attacked during the night - shift periods.
On September 15, 2015, Cawthon announced a spin - off of his series, entitled FNaF World. Unlike the main series, the game is a RPG - based video game, using the various animatronic characters from the first four games. The game takes place in a fanciful world, where the characters must fight enemies and progress through the game by unlocking certain perks and items. Though originally planned for release on February 2, 2016, Cawthon rescheduled the release to January 22, 2016, but eventually launched yet another day earlier, on January 21, 2016, respectively.
Post-release, community and critics criticized the game for missing key features, being unstable and unfinished, for which Cawthon later apologized, stating, "I got too eager to show the things that were finished, that I neglected to pay attention to the things that were n't. '' The game was subsequently removed by Steam per Cawthon 's decision, and he stated that the game would be improved upon and re-released for no charge at a later date. Cawthon also announced that he asked Valve to refund everyone 's money who bought the game.
In February 2016, Cawthon released a free version of the game, which featured a 3D overworld and an updated character selection screen. In March 2016, Cawthon updated his website with a new teaser, which featured new characters, like the infamous "Purple Guy '' from the main series, and most of the characters from the Halloween update for Five Nights at Freddy 's 4. Cawthon also created minigames for the second update of the game, including Foxy Fighters, FOXY. exe, Chica 's Magic Rainbow, and FNaF 57: Freddy In Space.
Ambient music for the first four Five Nights at Freddy 's games consisted mostly of stock music, altered by Cawthon according to the game 's needs. Notable music found in the games include the "Toreador Song '', which is played when the player runs out of power in the first game, and a music box rendition of "My Grandfather 's Clock '', played from The Puppet 's music box as it winds down in Five Nights at Freddy 's 2.
FNaF World and Five Nights at Freddy 's: Sister Location instead receive their own OST, composed by Leon Riskin specifically for the games. Music created for FNaF World varied from battle themes to general ambience for various locations, for example "Dungeon Theme '', for when the player is in the Mysterious Mine, and "Water Theme '', for when they are in Lilygear Lake. Music in Sister Location had a variety of uses: music such as "Turtle Crusher '' and "MVP '' are used for minigames, while ambiance such as "Crumbling Dreams '' play during the main game. A musical piece titled "Dramatic Soap Opera '' was created specifically for the between - night soap opera, The Immortal and The Restless. Additional numbers were added in the Custom Night DLC, notably "Watch Your 6 '', the main ambiance for Custom Night (although this music was also used for the main game 's alternate ending), and "Demolition Inevitable '', music played in the final cutscene of the game.
Five Nights at Freddy 's: The Silver Eyes is the first novel written by Scott Cawthon and Kira Breed - Wrisley, released earlier than planned on December 17, 2015 for the Amazon Kindle and with a printed paperback released on September 27, 2016. The story follows a group of childhood friends who meet in their hometown and discover unnerving secrets of the once - loved restaurant Freddy Fazbear 's Pizza. According to Cawthon, the novel "expands the mythos and reveals a human element never before seen in the games ''. However, he stated that, though the book is technically canon to the Five Nights at Freddy 's universe, the book and the game series may not be "intended to fit together like two puzzle pieces ''. The novel became a # 1 The New York Times best seller in Young Adult Paperbacks soon after its release.
Five Nights at Freddy 's: The Twisted Ones is the second novel written by Cawthon and Breed - Wrisley. A sequel to Five Nights at Freddy 's: The Silver Eyes, the book was discovered on Amazon under Cawthon 's name on January 8, 2017. The discovery sparked controversy on the legitimacy of the product, but Cawthon confirmed that it was official shortly after. Kira Breed - Wrisley was also to return and co-write the novel. The book was released early in some bookstores, but was released publicly on June 27, 2017. The book involves Charlie, the main character from The Silver Eyes, who is "drawn back into the world of her father 's frightening creations '' trying to move on.
The Freddy Files is the first official guidebook of the series, containing character profiles, outlining several in - game mechanics, and expanding on fan theories sprouted from the games. The book was again released in some bookstores earlier than planned, but released publicly on August 29, 2017.
Survival Logbook is the second guidebook of the series. It first appeared on Amazon.com mid-2017. Unlike previous book releases, Survival Logbook has no listed Amazon Kindle editions, implying that it will have pages designed for physical writing as opposed to simply reading from a device. The book was released on December 26, 2017.
Warner Bros. Pictures announced in April 2015 that it had acquired the rights to adapt the series to film. Roy Lee, David Katzenberg, and Seth Grahame - Smith were set to produce. Grahame - Smith stated that they would collaborate with Cawthon "to make an insane, terrifying and weirdly adorable movie ''. In July 2015, Gil Kenan signed to direct the adaptation and co-write it with Tyler Burton Smith.
In January 2017, Cawthon stated that partially due to "problems within the movie industry as a whole '', the film "was met with several delays and roadblocks '' and it was "back at square one '', but he promised "to be involved with the movie from day one this time, and that 's something extremely important to me. I want this movie to be something that I 'm excited for the fanbase to see. ''
In March 2017, Cawthon tweeted a picture at Blumhouse Productions, suggesting the film had a new production company. In May 2017, producer Jason Blum confirmed the news, saying he was excited and working closely with Cawthon on the adaptation. Kenan later retreated from the film 's production due to Warner Bros. Pictures ' turnaround.
The first game has been praised by critics. Indie Game Magazine praised the first game 's artistic design, commenting that "it 's an incredibly terrifying experience to try to save yourself from the single jump scare that ends the game '' and that it was a "fantastic example of how cleverness in design and subtlety can be used to make an experience terrifying ''. PC Gamer, when reviewing the first game, commented on the fact that players will likely experience familiarity with the setting due to restaurants such as Chuck E. Cheese 's. They also noted that while "the AI is n't some masterwork of procedural unpredictability, it would (still) head straight to you and eat your face off, or it 'll play around like an innocent child before closing in for the kill. Your mind will fill in the rest. ''
The second game received mixed to positive reviews, with a reviewer from PC Gamer commenting that what he had hoped for in the sequel "was more mind games and more uncertainty. I wanted the plodding animatronic suits to find me and rip my face off in new and interesting ways. I wanted working legs '', and that "what I got was a horror game dipping heavily into deception and subtlety ''. However, he also noted that "enjoying the good parts, though, comes with a cost of a frustratingly steep difficulty ''. Destructoid also gave the game a positive review, saying that "It 's absolutely terrifying to know that you could be attacked at any moment from multiple avenues '' and also praised the introduction of new animatronics and mechanics, but also criticizing the jumpscares and calling the game "too hard for its own good ''.
The third game has, however, proven to be slightly less popular among critics, though it received similar reception to the first two games. Critics from PC Gamer stated that although they enjoyed the new reworked camera system, the jumpscares from the animatronics "felt a little stale by the third night '', to the point of becoming a mere annoyance. Destructoid commented that while Five Nights at Freddy 's 3 is "by far the most technically proficient and mechanically satisfying installment yet '', he was disappointed that Fazbear 's Fright and Springtrap "(lacked) charm of the original cast and locations ''.
The fourth game received mixed reviews from critics. Destructoid criticized the fourth game for its excessively - loud jumpscares and the breathing mechanic being too difficult and confusing for players. Despite this, it was praised by one reviewer at GameZebo for its intense environment and creepy sounds and graphics, as well as its jumpscares. It was also given a mixed review by PC Gamer, who called it "another rivet in the series ' steel - clad design which immortalized its Let 's Play legacy in a few short months '' and "certainly the scariest of the four (games) '', but also criticized the gameplay, saying that "the humdrum repetition of the same sequence over and over... is too much of a chore to fully pull me in '', as well as criticizing the game 's lack of the series 's signature camera system.
The fifth game has also received mixed reviews. Destructoid called it "slightly above average '' and noted that "fans of the genre should enjoy this game, but a fair few will be left unfulfilled. '' GameCrate summarized that "Sister Location is a fantastic horror game, even if it does n't particularly feel like the rest of the FNaF series. ''
The sixth game received mostly positive reviews, with Gamecrate calling it a "must - play game for Five Nights at Freddy 's fans '' and the "best value in gaming right now ''. Rock Paper Shotgun also gave a positive review, calling the game "spooky as hell ''.
In 2016, a horror attraction based on the series was featured in the Adventuredome during the Halloween season.
From the first game 's release, the Five Nights at Freddy 's series has become increasingly popular among a large group of people, effectively creating a "fan base '' for the game. The series is discussed by fans on many platforms such as Reddit.
The Five Nights at Freddy 's games have proven popular to be played by video streamers to their audience, so as to capture the players ' jump scares and other frightened reactions, becoming a common game for Let 's Play videos. Popular video streamers such as PewDiePie, Markiplier, and Jacksepticeye helped the games to receive additional attention through their playthroughs. In May 2015, YouTube reported that playthroughs of the Five Nights at Freddy 's series were the eighth most - watched of all video game series on the service. Channels such as Game Theory do occasionally feature Five Nights at Freddy 's related videos, although they seldom provide gameplay footage, giving more attention to discussion of the game.
There are a number of fan made games based on the series, inspired by what is often described as the viable, yet intriguing game mechanics Five Nights at Freddy 's offers.
The Five Nights at Freddy 's fandom is often criticized, mostly due to negative generalization of the community (in maturity, for example). Scott Cawthon made a post on Steam regarding these claims, defending the fandom and criticizing the wider community for the unfair generalization.
In April 2015, fans mistook random numbers that were placed by Cawthon into the source code of the game 's official website to be coordinates that pointed to a location significant to the games. Fans entered these numbers into Google Maps and consequently discovered a pizzeria in Virginia. Mass phone calls were made to the pizzeria by fans, attempting to discover if the company had a connection to the upcoming installment, Five Nights at Freddy 's 4. It was later confirmed by Cawthon that this pizzeria had no connection with the Five Nights at Freddy 's series.
In June 2016, fans discovered a pizzeria and restaurant in Long Branch, New Jersey called Freddie 's, and again called the restaurant in mass numbers to determine affiliation to Five Nights at Freddy 's. The hundreds of phone calls received by the restaurant each day caused difficulty for legitimate customers to be able to place orders through the phone line. A pizzeria called Freddie 's Pizza & Pasta in Roseville, California also suffered from this.
Cawthon has since asked fans to refrain from calling numbers that they believe are associated with the game, as seen in the footer of his webpage.
Five Nights at Freddy 's merchandise is predominantly produced by two companies, Sanshee and Funko. Products created through these companies include stuffed toys, action figures, posters, clothing, keychains, and even stationery. McFarlane Toys also has a line of Five Nights at Freddy 's merchandise, consisting mostly of construction sets. Todd McFarlane said that the line was "the single largest selling product, bar none, by a lot that I 've done in 20 - plus years. '' These merchandise items are available internationally, and have been a large factor for the franchise 's commercial success.
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when was tin foil replaced by aluminum foil | Tin foil - Wikipedia
Tin foil, also spelled tinfoil, is a thin foil made of tin. Actual tin foil was superseded after World War II by cheaper and more durable aluminium foil, which is still referred to as "tinfoil '' in many regions.
Foil made from a thin leaf of tin was commercially available before its aluminium counterpart. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, tin foil was in common use, and some people continue to refer to the new product by the name of the old one. Tin foil is stiffer than aluminium foil. It tends to give a slight tin taste to food wrapped in it, which is a major reason it has largely been replaced by aluminium and other materials for wrapping food.
The first aluminium foil rolling plant, "Dr. Lauber, Neher & Cie., Emmishofen. '' was opened in 1910 Kreuzlingen, Switzerland. The plant, owned by aluminium manufacturers J.G. Neher & Sons, was founded in 1886 in Schaffhausen, Switzerland, at the foot of the Rhine Falls -- capturing the falls ' energy to produce aluminium. Neher 's sons together with Lauber invented the endless rolling process and the use of aluminium foil as a protective barrier, and tin foil began to be superseded by aluminium foil.
Tin foil was used as a filling for tooth cavities prior to the 20th century.
The first audio recordings on phonograph cylinders were made on tin foil.
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where is the vatican city located on a world map | Vatican City - Wikipedia
Coordinates: 41 ° 54 ′ N 12 ° 27 ′ E / 41.900 ° N 12.450 ° E / 41.900; 12.450
in Europe (dark grey) -- (Legend)
Vatican City (/ ˈvætɪkən ˈsɪti / (listen); Italian: Città del Vaticano (tʃitˈta ddel vatiˈkaːno); Latin: Civitas Vaticana), officially Vatican City State or the State of Vatican City (Italian: Stato della Città del Vaticano; Latin: Status Civitatis Vaticanae), is a country located within the city of Rome. With an area of approximately 44 hectares (110 acres), and a population of 1,000, it is the smallest state in the world by both area and population. However, formally it is not sovereign, with sovereignty being held by the Holy See.
It is an ecclesiastical or sacerdotal - monarchical state (a type of theocracy) ruled by the Bishop of Rome -- the Pope. The highest state functionaries are all Catholic clergy of various national origins. Since the return of the popes from Avignon in 1377, they have generally resided at the Apostolic Palace within what is now Vatican City, although at times residing instead in the Quirinal Palace in Rome or elsewhere.
Vatican City is distinct from the Holy See (Latin: Sancta Sedes), which dates back to early Christianity and is the main episcopal see of 1.2 billion Latin and Eastern Catholic adherents around the globe. The independent city - state, on the other hand, came into existence in 1929 by the Lateran Treaty between the Holy See and Italy, which spoke of it as a new creation, not as a vestige of the much larger Papal States (756 -- 1870), which had previously encompassed much of central Italy. According to the terms of the treaty, the Holy See has "full ownership, exclusive dominion, and sovereign authority and jurisdiction '' over the city - state.
Within Vatican City are religious and cultural sites such as St. Peter 's Basilica, the Sistine Chapel and the Vatican Museums. They feature some of the world 's most famous paintings and sculptures. The unique economy of Vatican City is supported financially by the sale of postage stamps and tourist mementos, fees for admission to museums, and the sale of publications.
The name Vatican City was first used in the Lateran Treaty, signed on 11 February 1929, which established the modern city - state. The name is taken from Vatican Hill, the geographic location of the state. "Vatican '' is derived from the name of an Etruscan settlement, Vatica or Vaticum meaning garden, located in the general area the Romans called vaticanus ager, "Vatican territory ''.
The official Italian name of the city is Città del Vaticano or, more formally, Stato della Città del Vaticano, meaning "Vatican City State ''. Although the Holy See (which is distinct from the Vatican City) and the Catholic Church use Ecclesiastical Latin in official documents, the Vatican City officially uses Italian. The Latin name is Status Civitatis Vaticanæ; this is used in official documents by not just the Holy See, but in most official Church and Papal documents.
The name "Vatican '' was already in use in the time of the Roman Republic for a marshy area on the west bank of the Tiber across from the city of Rome. Under the Roman Empire, many villas were constructed there, after Agrippina the Elder (14 BC -- 18 October AD 33) drained the area and laid out her gardens in the early 1st century AD. In AD 40, her son, Emperor Caligula (31 August AD 12 -- 24 January AD 41; r. 37 -- 41) built in her gardens a circus for charioteers (AD 40) that was later completed by Nero, the Circus Gaii et Neronis, usually called, simply, the Circus of Nero.
Even before the arrival of Christianity, it is supposed that this originally uninhabited part of Rome (the ager vaticanus) had long been considered sacred, or at least not available for habitation. A shrine dedicated to the Phrygian goddess Cybele and her consort Attis remained active long after the Constantinian Basilica of St. Peter was built nearby.
The particularly low quality of Vatican water, even after the reclamation of the area, was commented on by the poet Martial (40 -- between 102 and 104 AD). Tacitus wrote, that in AD 69, the Year of the Four Emperors, when the northern army that brought Vitellius to power arrived in Rome, "a large proportion camped in the unhealthy districts of the Vatican, which resulted in many deaths among the common soldiery; and the Tiber being close by, the inability of the Gauls and Germans to bear the heat and the consequent greed with which they drank from the stream weakened their bodies, which were already an easy prey to disease ''.
The Vatican Obelisk was originally taken by Caligula from Heliopolis in Egypt to decorate the spina of his circus and is thus its last visible remnant. This area became the site of martyrdom of many Christians after the Great Fire of Rome in AD 64. Ancient tradition holds that it was in this circus that Saint Peter was crucified upside - down.
Opposite the circus was a cemetery separated by the Via Cornelia. Funeral monuments and mausoleums and small tombs as well as altars to pagan gods of all kinds of polytheistic religions were constructed lasting until before the construction of the Constantinian Basilica of St. Peter 's in the first half of the 4th century. Remains of this ancient necropolis were brought to light sporadically during renovations by various popes throughout the centuries, increasing in frequency during the Renaissance until it was systematically excavated by orders of Pope Pius XII from 1939 to 1941. The Constantinian basilica was built in 326 over what was believed to be the tomb of Saint Peter, buried in that cemetery.
From then on, the area became more populated in connection with activity at the basilica. A palace was constructed nearby as early as the 5th century during the pontificate of Pope Symmachus (reigned 498 -- 514).
Popes gradually came to have a secular role as governors of regions near Rome. They ruled the Papal States, which covered a large portion of the Italian peninsula, for more than a thousand years until the mid-19th century, when all the territory belonging to the papacy was seized by the newly created Kingdom of Italy.
For most of this time the popes did not live at the Vatican. The Lateran Palace, on the opposite side of Rome was their habitual residence for about a thousand years. From 1309 to 1377, they lived at Avignon in France. On their return to Rome they chose to live at the Vatican. They moved to the Quirinal Palace in 1583, after work on it was completed under Pope Paul V (1605 -- 1621), but on the capture of Rome in 1870 retired to the Vatican, and what had been their residence became that of the King of Italy.
In 1870, the Pope 's holdings were left in an uncertain situation when Rome itself was annexed by the Piedmont - led forces which had united the rest of Italy, after a nominal resistance by the papal forces. Between 1861 and 1929 the status of the Pope was referred to as the "Roman Question ''.
Italy made no attempt to interfere with the Holy See within the Vatican walls. However, it confiscated church property in many places. In 1871 the Quirinal Palace was confiscated by the king of Italy and became the royal palace. Thereafter the popes resided undisturbed within the Vatican walls, and certain papal prerogatives were recognized by the Law of Guarantees, including the right to send and receive ambassadors. But the Popes did not recognise the Italian king 's right to rule in Rome, and they refused to leave the Vatican compound until the dispute was resolved in 1929; Pope Pius IX (1846 -- 78), the last ruler of the Papal States, was referred to as a "prisoner in the Vatican ''. Forced to give up secular power, the popes focused on spiritual issues.
This situation was resolved on 11 February 1929, when the Lateran Treaty between the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy was signed by Prime Minister and Head of Government Benito Mussolini on behalf of King Victor Emmanuel III and by Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Gasparri for Pope Pius XI. The treaty, which became effective on 7 June 1929, established the independent state of Vatican City and reaffirmed the special status of Catholicism in Italy.
The Holy See, which ruled Vatican City, pursued a policy of neutrality during World War II, under the leadership of Pope Pius XII. Although German troops occupied the city of Rome after the September 1943 Armistice of Cassibile, and the Allies from 1944, they respected Vatican City as neutral territory. One of the main diplomatic priorities of the bishop of Rome was to prevent the bombing of the city; so sensitive was the pontiff that he protested even the British air dropping of pamphlets over Rome, claiming that the few landing within the city - state violated the Vatican 's neutrality. The British policy, as expressed in the minutes of a Cabinet meeting, was: "that we should on no account molest the Vatican City, but that our action as regards the rest of Rome would depend upon how far the Italian government observed the rules of war ''.
After the American entry into the war, the US opposed such a bombing, fearful of offending Catholic members of its military forces, but said that "they could not stop the British from bombing Rome if the British so decided ''. The British uncompromisingly said "they would bomb Rome whenever the needs of the war demanded ''. In December 1942, the British envoy suggested to the Holy See that Rome be declared an "open city '', a suggestion that the Holy See took more seriously than was probably meant by the British, who did not want Rome to be an open city, but Mussolini rejected the suggestion when the Holy See put it to him. In connection with the Allied invasion of Sicily, 500 American aircraft bombed Rome on 19 July 1943, aiming particularly at the railway hub. Some 1,500 people were killed; Pius XII himself, who had been described in the previous month as "worried sick '' about the possible bombing, went to the scene of the tragedy. Another raid took place on 13 August 1943, after Mussolini had been ousted from power. On the following day, the new government declared Rome an open city, after consulting the Holy See on the wording of the declaration, but the British had decided that they would never recognize Rome as an open city.
Pius XII had refrained from creating cardinals during the war. By the end of World War II, there were several prominent vacancies: Cardinal Secretary of State, Camerlengo, Chancellor, and Prefect for the Congregation for the Religious among them. Pius XII created 32 cardinals in early 1946, having announced his intentions to do so in his preceding Christmas message.
The Pontifical Military Corps, except for the Swiss Guard, was disbanded by will of Paul VI, as expressed in a letter of 14 September 1970. The Gendarmerie Corps was transformed into a civilian police and security force.
In 1984, a new concordat between the Holy See and Italy modified certain provisions of the earlier treaty, including the position of Catholicism as the Italian state religion, a position given to it by a statute of the Kingdom of Sardinia of 1848.
Construction in 1995 of a new guest house, Domus Sanctae Marthae, adjacent to St Peter 's Basilica was criticised by Italian environmental groups, backed by Italian politicians. They claimed the new building would block views of the Basilica from nearby Italian apartments. For a short while the plans strained the relations between the Vatican and the Italian government. The head of the Vatican 's Department of Technical Services robustly rejected challenges to the Vatican State 's right to build within its borders.
The name "Vatican '' predates Christianity and comes from the Latin Mons Vaticanus, meaning Vatican Mount. The territory of Vatican City is part of the Mons Vaticanus, and of the adjacent former Vatican Fields. It is in this territory that St. Peter 's Basilica, the Apostolic Palace, the Sistine Chapel, and museums were built, along with various other buildings. The area was part of the Roman rione of Borgo until 1929. Being separated from the city, on the west bank of the Tiber river, the area was an outcrop of the city that was protected by being included within the walls of Leo IV (847 -- 55), and later expanded by the current fortification walls, built under Paul III (1534 -- 49), Pius IV (1559 -- 65) and Urban VIII (1623 -- 44).
When the Lateran Treaty of 1929 that gave the state its form was being prepared, the boundaries of the proposed territory were influenced by the fact that much of it was all but enclosed by this loop. For some tracts of the frontier, there was no wall, but the line of certain buildings supplied part of the boundary, and for a small part of the frontier a modern wall was constructed.
The territory includes St. Peter 's Square, distinguished from the territory of Italy only by a white line along the limit of the square, where it touches Piazza Pio XII. St. Peter 's Square is reached through the Via della Conciliazione which runs from close to the Tiber River to St. Peter 's. This grand approach was constructed by Benito Mussolini after the conclusion of the Lateran Treaty.
According to the Lateran Treaty, certain properties of the Holy See that are located in Italian territory, most notably the Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo and the major basilicas, enjoy extraterritorial status similar to that of foreign embassies. These properties, scattered all over Rome and Italy, house essential offices and institutions necessary to the character and mission of the Holy See.
Castel Gandolfo and the named basilicas are patrolled internally by police agents of Vatican City State and not by Italian police. According to the Lateran Treaty (Art. 3) St. Peter 's Square, up to but not including the steps leading to the basilica, is normally patrolled by the Italian police.
There are no passport controls for visitors entering Vatican City from the surrounding Italian territory. There is free public access to Saint Peter 's Square and Basilica and, on the occasion of papal general audiences, to the hall in which they are held. For these audiences and for major ceremonies in Saint Peter 's Basilica and Square, tickets free of charge must be obtained beforehand. The Vatican Museums, incorporating the Sistine Chapel, usually charge an entrance fee. There is no general public access to the gardens, but guided tours for small groups can be arranged to the gardens and excavations under the basilica. Other places are open to only those individuals who have business to transact there.
Vatican City 's climate is the same as Rome 's: a temperate, Mediterranean climate Csa with mild, rainy winters from October to mid-May and hot, dry summers from May to September. Some minor local features, principally mists and dews, are caused by the anomalous bulk of St Peter 's Basilica, the elevation, the fountains and the size of the large paved square.
In July 2007, the Vatican accepted a proposal by two firms based respectively in San Francisco and Budapest, whereby it would become the first carbon neutral state by offsetting its carbon dioxide emissions with the creation of a Vatican Climate Forest in Hungary, as a purely symbolic gesture to encourage Catholics to do more to safeguard the planet. Nothing came of the project.
On 26 November 2008, the Vatican itself put into effect a plan announced in May 2007 to cover the roof of the Paul VI Audience Hall with photovoltaic panels.
Within the territory of Vatican City are the Vatican Gardens (Italian: Giardini Vaticani), which account for more than half of this territory. The gardens, established during the Renaissance and Baroque era, are decorated with fountains and sculptures.
The gardens cover approximately 23 hectares (57 acres) which is most of the Vatican Hill. The highest point is 60 metres (200 ft) above mean sea level. Stone walls bound the area in the North, South and West.
The gardens date back to medieval times when orchards and vineyards extended to the north of the Papal Apostolic Palace. In 1279 Pope Nicholas III (Giovanni Gaetano Orsini, 1277 -- 1280) moved his residence back to the Vatican from the Lateran Palace and enclosed this area with walls. He planted an orchard (pomerium), a lawn (pratellum) and a garden (viridarium).
The politics of Vatican City takes place in an absolute elective monarchy, in which the head of the Roman Catholic Church takes power. The Pope exercises principal legislative, executive, and judicial power over the State of Vatican City (an entity distinct from the Holy See), which is a rare case of a non-hereditary monarchy.
Vatican City is one of the few widely recognized independent states that has not become a member of the United Nations. The Holy See, which is distinct from Vatican City State, has permanent observer status with all the rights of a full member except for a vote in the UN General Assembly.
The government of Vatican City has a unique structure. The Pope is the sovereign of the state. Legislative authority is vested in the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State, a body of cardinals appointed by the Pope for five - year periods. Executive power is in the hands of the President of that commission, assisted by the General Secretary and Deputy General Secretary. The state 's foreign relations are entrusted to the Holy See 's Secretariat of State and diplomatic service. Nevertheless, the pope has absolute power in the executive, legislative and judicial branches over Vatican City. He is currently the only absolute monarch in Europe.
There are specific departments that deal with health, security, telecommunications, etc.
The Cardinal Camerlengo presides over the Apostolic Camera to which is entrusted the administration of the property and protection of other papal temporal powers and rights of the Holy See during a papal vacancy. Those of the Vatican State remain under the control of the Pontifical Commission for the State of Vatican City. Acting with three other cardinals chosen by lot every three days, one from each order of cardinals (cardinal bishop, cardinal priest, and cardinal deacon), he in a sense performs during that period the functions of head of state of Vatican City. All the decisions these four cardinals take must be approved by the College of Cardinals as a whole.
The nobility that was closely associated with the Holy See at the time of the Papal States continued to be associated with the Papal Court after the loss of these territories, generally with merely nominal duties (see Papal Master of the Horse, Prefecture of the Pontifical Household, Hereditary officers of the Roman Curia, Black Nobility). They also formed the ceremonial Noble Guard. In the first decades of the existence of the Vatican City State, executive functions were entrusted to some of them, including that of Delegate for the State of Vatican City (now denominated President of the Commission for Vatican City). But with the motu proprio Pontificalis Domus of 28 March 1968, Pope Paul VI abolished the honorary positions that had continued to exist until then, such as Quartermaster general and Master of the Horse.
Vatican City State, created in 1929 by the Lateran Pacts, provides the Holy See with a temporal jurisdiction and independence within a small territory. It is distinct from the Holy See. The state can thus be deemed a significant but not essential instrument of the Holy See. The Holy See itself has existed continuously as a juridical entity since Roman Imperial times and has been internationally recognized as a powerful and independent sovereign entity since Late Antiquity to the present, without interruption even at times when it was deprived of territory (e.g. 1870 to 1929). The Holy See has the oldest active continuous diplomatic service in the world, dating back to at least AD 325 with its legation to the Council of Nicea.
The Pope is ex officio head of state of Vatican City, functions dependent on his primordial function as bishop of the diocese of Rome. The term Holy See refers not to the Vatican state but to the Pope 's spiritual and pastoral governance, largely exercised through the Roman Curia. His official title with regard to Vatican City is Sovereign of the State of the Vatican City.
Pope Francis, born Jorge Mario Bergoglio in Buenos Aires, Argentina, was elected on 13 March 2013. Francis took the unusual decision to live in the Vatican 's guest house, Domus Sanctae Marthae, rather than the Papal Apartments of the Apostolic Palace which is the official papal residence. He still carries out his business and meets foreign representatives in the Palace.
His principal subordinate government official for Vatican City is the President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State, who since 1952 exercises the functions previously belonging to the Governor of Vatican City. Since 2001, the President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State also has the title of President of the Governorate of the State of Vatican City. The current President is Italian Cardinal Giuseppe Bertello, who was appointed on 1 October 2011.
Legislative functions are delegated to the unicameral Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State, led by the President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State. Its seven members are cardinals appointed by the Pope for terms of five years. Acts of the commission must be approved by the Pope, through the Holy See 's Secretariat of State, and before taking effect must be published in a special appendix of the Acta Apostolicae Sedis. Most of the content of this appendix consists of routine executive decrees, such as approval for a new set of postage stamps.
Executive authority is delegated to the Governorate of Vatican City. The Governorate consists of the President of the Pontifical Commission -- using the title "President of the Governorate of Vatican City '' -- a general secretary, and a Vice general secretary, each appointed by the Pope for five - year terms. Important actions of the Governorate must be confirmed by the Pontifical Commission and by the Pope through the Secretariat of State.
The Governorate oversees the central governmental functions through several departments and offices. The directors and officials of these offices are appointed by the Pope for five - year terms. These organs concentrate on material questions concerning the state 's territory, including local security, records, transportation, and finances. The Governorate oversees a modern security & police corps, the Corpo della Gendarmeria dello Stato della Città del Vaticano.
Judicial functions are delegated to a supreme court, an appellate court, a tribunal (Tribunal of Vatican City State), and a trial judge. At the Vatican 's request, sentences imposed can be served in Italy (see the section on crime, below).
The international postal country code prefix is SCV, and the only postal code is 00120 -- altogether SCV - 00120.
As the Vatican City is an enclave within Italy, its military defence is provided by the Italian armed forces. However, there is no formal defence treaty with Italy, as the Vatican City is a neutral state. Vatican City has no armed forces of its own, although the Swiss Guard is a military corps of the Holy See responsible for the personal security of the Pope, and resident in the state. Soldiers of the Swiss Guard are entitled to hold Vatican City State passports and nationality. Swiss mercenaries were historically recruited by Popes as part of an army for the Papal States, and the Pontifical Swiss Guard was founded by Pope Julius II on 22 January 1506 as the pope 's personal bodyguard and continues to fulfill that function. It is listed in the Annuario Pontificio under "Holy See '', not under "State of Vatican City ''. At the end of 2005, the Guard had 134 members. Recruitment is arranged by a special agreement between the Holy See and Switzerland. All recruits must be Catholic, unmarried males with Swiss citizenship who have completed their basic training with the Swiss Armed Forces with certificates of good conduct, be between the ages of 19 and 30, and be at least 174 cm (5 ft 9 in) in height. Members are equipped with small arms and the traditional halberd (also called the Swiss voulge), and trained in bodyguarding tactics. The Palatine Guard and the Noble Guard, the last armed forces of the Vatican City State, were disbanded by Pope Paul VI in 1970. As Vatican City has listed every building in its territory on the International Register of Cultural Property under Special Protection, the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict theoretically renders it immune to armed attack.
Civil defence is the responsibility of the Corps of Firefighters of the Vatican City State, the national fire brigade. Dating its origins to the early nineteenth century, the Corps in its present form was established in 1941. It is responsible for fire fighting, as well as a range of civil defence scenarios including flood, natural disaster, and mass casualty management. The Corps is governmentally supervised through the Directorate for Security Services and Civil Defence, which is also responsible for the Gendarmerie (see below).
The Gendarmerie Corps (Corpo della Gendarmeria) is the gendarmerie, or police and security force, of Vatican City and the extraterritorial properties of the Holy See. The corps is responsible for security, public order, border control, traffic control, criminal investigation, and other general police duties in Vatican City including providing security for the Pope outside of Vatican City. The corps has 130 personnel and is a part of the Directorate for Security Services and Civil Defence (which also includes the Vatican Fire Brigade), an organ of the Governorate of Vatican City.
Vatican City State is a recognized national territory under international law, but it is the Holy See that conducts diplomatic relations on its behalf, in addition to the Holy See 's own diplomacy, entering into international agreements in its regard. Vatican City thus has no diplomatic service of its own.
Because of space limitations, Vatican City is one of the few countries in the world that is unable to host embassies. Foreign embassies to the Holy See are located in the city of Rome; only during the Second World War were the staff of some embassies accredited to the Holy See given what hospitality was possible within the narrow confines of Vatican City -- embassies such as that of the United Kingdom while Rome was held by the Axis Powers and Germany 's when the Allies controlled Rome.
The size of Vatican City is thus unrelated to the large global reach exercised by the Holy See as an entity quite distinct from the state.
However, Vatican City State itself participates in some international organizations whose functions relate to the state as a geographical entity, distinct from the non-territorial legal persona of the Holy See. These organizations are much less numerous than those in which the Holy See participates either as a member or with observer status. They include the following eight, in each of which Vatican City State holds membership:
It also participates in:
The Vatican City State budget includes the Vatican Museums and post office and is supported financially by the sale of stamps, coins, medals and tourist mementos; by fees for admission to museums; and by publications sales. The incomes and living standards of lay workers are comparable to those of counterparts who work in the city of Rome. Other industries include printing, the production of mosaics, and the manufacture of staff uniforms. There is a Vatican Pharmacy.
The Institute for Works of Religion (IOR, Istituto per le Opere di Religione), also known as the Vatican Bank, and with the acronym IOR (Istituto per le Opere di Religione), is a financial agency situated in the Vatican that conducts worldwide financial activities. It has multilingual ATMs with instructions in Latin, possibly the only ATM in the world with this feature.
Vatican City issues its own coins and stamps. It has used the euro as its currency since 1 January 1999, owing to a special agreement with the European Union (council decision 1999 / 98). Euro coins and notes were introduced on 1 January 2002 -- the Vatican does not issue euro banknotes. Issuance of euro - denominated coins is strictly limited by treaty, though somewhat more than usual is allowed in a year in which there is a change in the papacy. Because of their rarity, Vatican euro coins are highly sought by collectors. Until the adoption of the Euro, Vatican coinage and stamps were denominated in their own Vatican lira currency, which was on par with the Italian lira.
Vatican City State, which employs nearly 2,000 people, had a surplus of 6.7 million euros in 2007 but ran a deficit in 2008 of over 15 million euros.
In 2012, the U.S. State Department 's International Narcotics Control Strategy Report listed Vatican City for the first time among the nations of concern for money - laundering, placing it in the middle category, which includes countries such as Ireland, but not among the most vulnerable countries, which include the United States itself, Germany, Italy and Russia.
On 24 February 2014 the Vatican announced it was establishing a secretariat for the economy, to be responsible for all economic, financial and administrative activities of the Holy See and the Vatican City State, headed by Cardinal George Pell. This followed the charging of two senior clerics including a monsignor with money laundering offences. Pope Francis also appointed an auditor - general authorized to carry out random audits of any agency at any time, and engaged a US financial services company to review the Vatican 's 19,000 accounts to ensure compliance with international money laundering practices. The pontiff also ordered that the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See would be the Vatican 's central bank, with responsibilities similar to other central banks around the world.
Almost all of Vatican City 's 451 (2015) citizens either live inside the Vatican 's walls or serve in the Holy See 's diplomatic service in embassies (called "nunciature ''; a papal ambassador is a "nuncio '') around the world. The Vatican citizenry consists almost entirely of two groups: clergy, most of whom work in the service of the Holy See, and a very few as officials of the state; and the Swiss Guard. Most of the 2,400 lay workers who comprise the majority of the Vatican workforce reside outside the Vatican and are citizens of Italy, while a few are citizens of other nations. As a result, all of the City 's actual citizens are Catholic as are all the places of worship.
Vatican City has no formally enacted official language, but, unlike the Holy See which most often uses Latin for the authoritative version of its official documents, Vatican City uses only Italian in its legislation and official communications. Italian is also the everyday language used by most of those who work in the state. In the Swiss Guard, Swiss German is the language used for giving commands, but the individual guards take their oath of loyalty in their own languages: German, French, Romansh or Italian. Vatican City 's official website languages are Italian, English, French, German, and Spanish. (This site should not be confused with that of the Holy See, which uses all these languages, along with Portuguese, with Latin since 9 May 2008 and Chinese since 18 March 2009.)
Unlike citizenship of other states, which is based either on jus sanguinis (birth from a citizen, even outside the state 's territory) or on jus soli (birth within the territory of the state), citizenship of Vatican City is granted jus officii, namely on the grounds of appointment to work in a certain capacity in the service of the Holy See. It usually ceases upon cessation of the appointment. Citizenship is extended also to the spouse, parents and descendants of a citizen, provided they are living with the person who is a citizen. The Holy See, not being a country, issues only diplomatic and service passports, whereas Vatican City issues normal passports for its citizens.
Anyone who loses Vatican citizenship and does not possess other citizenship automatically becomes an Italian citizen as provided in the Lateran Treaty.
As of 31 December 2005, there were, apart from the Pope himself, 557 people with Vatican citizenship, while there were 246 residents in the state who did not have its citizenship.
Of the 557 citizens, 74 % were clergy:
The 101 members of the Pontifical Swiss Guard constituted 18 % of the total, and there were only 55 other lay persons with Vatican citizenship.
On 22 February 2011, Pope Benedict XVI promulgated a new "Law concerning citizenship, residency and access '' to Vatican City, which became effective on 1 March. It replaced the 1929 "Law concerning citizenship and residence ''. There are 16 articles in the new law, whereas the old law had 33 articles. It updated the old law by incorporating changes made after 1929, such as the 1940 granting of Vatican City citizenship, durante munere, to the members of the Holy See 's diplomatic service. It also created a new category, that of official Vatican "residents '', i.e., people living in Vatican City; these are not necessarily Vatican citizens.
On 1 March 2011, only 220 of the over 800 people living in Vatican City were citizens. There was a total of 572 Vatican citizens, of whom 352 were not residents, mainly apostolic nuncios and diplomatic staff.
As of 2013, there were about 30 female citizens.
Vatican City is home to some of the most famous art in the world. St. Peter 's Basilica, whose successive architects include Bramante, Michelangelo, Giacomo della Porta, Maderno and Bernini, is a renowned work of Renaissance architecture. The Sistine Chapel is famous for its frescos, which include works by Perugino, Domenico Ghirlandaio and Botticelli as well as the ceiling and Last Judgment by Michelangelo. Artists who decorated the interiors of the Vatican include Raphael and Fra Angelico.
The Vatican Apostolic Library and the collections of the Vatican Museums are of the highest historical, scientific and cultural importance. In 1984, the Vatican was added by UNESCO to the List of World Heritage Sites; it is the only one to consist of an entire state. Furthermore, it is the only site to date registered with the UNESCO as a centre containing monuments in the "International Register of Cultural Property under Special Protection '' according to the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict.
There is a Vatican football championship, called the Vatican City Championship, with teams including the Swiss Guard 's FC Guardia and police and museum guard teams.
Vatican City has a reasonably well - developed transport network considering its size (consisting mostly of a piazza and walkways). A state that is 1.05 kilometres (0.65 miles) long and 0.85 kilometres (0.53 miles) wide, it has a small transportation system with no airports or highways. The only aviation facility in Vatican City is the Vatican City Heliport. Vatican City is one of the few independent countries without an airport, and is served by the airports that serve the city of Rome, Leonardo da Vinci - Fiumicino Airport, and to a lesser extent Ciampino Airport.
There is a standard gauge railway, mainly used to transport freight, connected to Italy 's network at Rome 's Saint Peter 's station by an 852 - metre - long (932 yd) spur, 300 metres (330 yd) of which is within Vatican territory. Pope John XXIII was the first Pope to make use of the railway; Pope John Paul II rarely used it.
The City is served by an independent, modern telephone system named the Vatican Telephone Service, and a postal system that started operating on 13 February 1929. On 1 August, the state started to release its own postal stamps, under the authority of the Philatelic and Numismatic Office of the Vatican City State. The City 's postal service is sometimes said to be "the best in the world '', and faster than the postal service in Rome.
The Vatican also controls its own Internet TLD, which is registered as (. va). Broadband service is widely provided within Vatican City. Vatican City has also been given a radio ITU prefix, HV, and this is sometimes used by amateur radio operators.
Vatican Radio, which was organised by Guglielmo Marconi, broadcasts on short - wave, medium - wave and FM frequencies and on the Internet. Its main transmission antennae are located in Italian territory, and exceed Italian environmental protection levels of emission. For this reason, the Vatican Radio has been sued. Television services are provided through another entity, the Vatican Television Center.
L'Osservatore Romano is the multilingual semi-official newspaper of the Holy See. It is published by a private corporation under the direction of Roman Catholic laymen, but reports on official information. However, the official texts of documents are in the Acta Apostolicae Sedis, the official gazette of the Holy See, which has an appendix for documents of the Vatican City State.
Vatican Radio, the Vatican Television Center, and L'Osservatore Romano are organs not of the Vatican State but of the Holy See, and are listed as such in the Annuario Pontificio, which places them in the section "Institutions linked with the Holy See '', ahead of the sections on the Holy See 's diplomatic service abroad and the Diplomatic corps accredited to the Holy See, after which is placed the section on the State of Vatican City.
In 2008, the Vatican began an "ecological island '' for renewable waste and has continued the initiative throughout the papacy of Pope Francis.
Crime in Vatican City consists largely of purse snatching, pickpocketing and shoplifting by outsiders. The tourist foot - traffic in St. Peter 's Square is one of the main locations for pickpockets in Vatican City. If crimes are committed in Saint Peter 's Square, the perpetrators may be arrested and tried by the Italian authorities, since that area is normally patrolled by Italian police.
Under the terms of article 22 of the Lateran Treaty, Italy will, at the request of the Holy See, punish individuals for crimes committed within Vatican City and will itself proceed against the person who committed the offence, if that person takes refuge in Italian territory. Persons accused of crimes recognized as such both in Italy and in Vatican City that are committed in Italian territory will be handed over to the Italian authorities if they take refuge in Vatican City or in buildings that enjoy immunity under the treaty.
Vatican City has no prison system, apart from a few detention cells for pre-trial detention. People convicted of committing crimes in the Vatican serve terms in Italian prisons (Polizia Penitenziaria), with costs covered by the Vatican.
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when do we see alison in pretty little liars | Pretty Little Liars (season 4) - wikipedia
The fourth season of the American mystery drama television series Pretty Little Liars began airing on ABC Family on June 11, 2013. The season consisted of 24 episodes, which were filmed between March 14, 2013 and November 2, 2013. The season concluded its broadcast on March 18, 2014.
The season continues from where it left off in the third - season finale, where the girls were rescued from the burning building by who they believe is Alison. The girls begin looking for answers that could lead to Alison 's whereabouts while dealing with the aftermath of Detective Wilden 's murder and "A '' intervening in their personal lives. It introduces new characters to the story, including Detective Gabriel Holbrook and Lieutenant Linda Tanner, played by Sean Faris and Roma Maffia, who are brought in to investigate the deaths of Detective Wilden and Detective Reynolds. Ella Montgomery (Holly Marie Combs) and Byron Montgomery (Chad Lowe) left the main cast.
The fourth season garnered positive reviews from critics and averaged 2.74 million viewers an episode, down from the previous season, and a 1.1 demo rating, even with the previous season. The premiere was watched by 3.37 million viewers while the finale watched by 3.12 million viewers.
The first half of the fourth season focuses on the aftermath of Detective Darren Wilden 's murder. Being last seen with Wilden before his murder, Ashley (Laura Leighton) is made a prime suspect and arrested. The girls work to find out who A is in hopes of finding Wilden 's murderer. Meanwhile, Hanna (Ashley Benson) deals with her mother 's arrest and trial. Spencer (Troian Bellisario) helps Toby (Keegan Allen) with finding answers about his mother 's untimely death while trying to keep him from falling victim to "A '' 's schemes. Aria (Lucy Hale) tries to break free from her feelings toward Ezra (Ian Harding) by pursuing a relationship with Jake (Ryan Guzman). Emily (Shay Mitchell) suffers an injury that ends her swim career, which complicates her college application process.
After finding several new clues, the girls believe that Alison may be alive. Towards the middle of the season, they find a connection Alison (Sasha Pieterse) had in Ravenswood and go there to find "A '' and Alison. In Ravenswood, Emily is kidnapped and locked in a box on a sawmill by Red Coat. The girls notice Red Coat running to the Sawmill and follow her inside, where she actually saves Emily. At this point, another Red Coat shows up and is unmasked as CeCe Drake (Vanessa Ray), while the other Red Coat, whom they believe is Alison, leads Spencer to an apartment, believed to be owned by "A '', where they conclude that "A '' is male. They later find Alison 's contact, Mrs. Grunwald (Meg Foster), who tells them that Alison is alive. The girls search Ravenswood to find her but she meets them back at Rosewood and is revealed as the "good '' Red Coat, telling them she is still in danger, so she can not return until it is safe. Meanwhile, it is revealed that the apartment is owned by Ezra, seemingly revealing that he is "A ''.
The second half deals with the girls ' attempts to learn more about what happened during the summer, who "A '' is, and how to bring Alison home. Meanwhile, Spencer begins taking amphetamines to help cope with the workload from school, but develops a dependency on them, igniting a drug problem that, unbeknownst to the others, occurred before. Aria grows closer to Ezra, whom the other girls believe is "A '', but breaks it off after learning that he has actually been writing a book about Alison 's disappearance and knew her when they met. Hanna mends her broken heart by pursuing a relationship with Travis (Luke Kleintank) and an interest in mystery novels, which lead to a friendship with Detective Holbrook (Sean Faris).
Aria tells the girls that Ezra thinks one of them is ' A ', but the suspicion later shifted to Jessica Dilaurentis, Alison 's mother, after reading more of the notes on Ezra 's manuscript. Emily later tells Paige that Alison is alive, and Paige betrays her trust by tipping the police. Suspecting that they can find clues at Ali 's house, Hanna volunteers the girls to Jessica 's bridal fashion charity show. Once they got into Ali 's old room, they found a password to an email address written in a post-it on Ali 's money. They contact the number, and Alison calls back, telling them to meet her in Philadelphia. They are met by Noel Kahn who brings the girls to Manhattan. There, Alison recounts the events that happened on the night she disappeared. The girls then try to put the pieces together to figure out who ' A ' is. However, a hooded figure - seemingly "A '' himself - attacks the girls and corners them on the rooftop with a gun. Ezra suddenly shows up and tries to intervene, but is shot in the ensuing scuffle. The last scene shows Jessica Dilaurentis ' lifeless body being dragged across the lawn, before being buried by ' A '.
The contents of the trunk of Wilden 's squad car is revealed to be a dead pig. The girls flee the scene, with Mona removing the disk showing footage of Ashley running over Wilden. In an attempt to earn some of their trust, Mona reveals a bunch of secrets to the PLLs. The next morning, the girls find Wilden 's body lain in the street by the church surrounded by coroners. It is revealed that Wilden was one of two people who wore the Queen of Hearts costume on the Halloween train. Mona says the other was Melissa but the computer is hacked and wiped before she can prove it. Mona is now "A '' 's target along with the rest of the Liars. Jessica DiLaurentis returns to Rosewood, but her intentions are unclear. Toby receives a text from "A '' asking for the "A '' van in exchange for information about his mother 's death. "A '' plants Ashley 's cell phone in Wilden 's casket, which Spencer and Mona retrieve based on a tip from "A. '' At Wilden 's funeral, the PLLs meet Detective Gabriel Holbrook who is investigating the murders of Detective Wilden and Garrett Reynolds. A mysterious woman dressed in a black veil appears at Wilden 's funeral.
When Mona takes the other PLLs to the "A '' van, it is missing. As Mona returns to her car, she is nearly choked to death by a masked figure dressed in black. When Aria and Emily come to her rescue, the masked figure turns around and nearly runs over the three girls. Emily falls and hits her shoulder on a rock. Hanna is suspicious of Ashley 's trip to New York when she finds high heels soiled in mud under the sink. Mona learns that the police have found high - heeled prints at the scene of Wilden 's murder, making Hanna suspicious of Ashley 's whereabouts. Aria takes a private martial arts lesson where she kisses her instructor, Jake. Jessica gives Alison 's parrot, Tippy, to Hanna. Spencer discovers that Tippy is reciting a phone number. The girls try to call it, resulting in a dead end. Returning to Tippy for more clues, the girls find that Tippy has been stolen. Shana warns Emily that she is gunning for the last spot at Stanford also. Emily self - medicates on painkillers, causing her to smash her head on the side of the pool in an important swim meet. Toby tells Spencer he returned the "A '' van back to "A '' in exchange for medical documents outlining his mother 's status on the night of her alleged suicide.
Everyone has become a suspect, as Hanna discovers a board filled with pictures, notes and connecting lines at the Rosewood PD. Melissa returns to Rosewood and appears to know more than she 's letting on. When the girls find a strange mask with an address printed on the inside in Ali 's belongings, they seek out the mask maker, Hector Lime, who tells them that he made masks for Ali and her friends. Hanna steals one of Hector 's masks when she sees who it was modeled after: Melissa. Ella contemplates going to Europe with her boyfriend, Zack. Aria pushes her to do so after Emily texts her, implying that "A '' is targeting Emily 's parents. Hanna continues to pry into Ashley 's whereabouts at the time of Wilden 's murder causing more tension between the two. Caleb reconciles with Jamie and, on suspicion of Ashley 's devious actions, hunts down Tom Marin and asks him to look out for Hanna if Ashley is convicted. Spencer and Toby discover a clue at Radley that suggests his mother may not have committed suicide but been murdered. Aria and Jake bond over popcorn and a movie.
Hanna, Ashley and Caleb meet Lieutenant Linda Tanner, Detective Holbrook 's partner. Due to the investigation of Wilden 's safety deposit box, the bank forbade Ashley from accessing the vault. Hanna and Caleb remain suspicious of whether Ashley is guilty of a crime. Emily revisits Dr. Vargas who informs her that he was the one that called Family Services and that the MRI shows that Emily has a tear in her rotator cuff. Toby visits Dr. Palmer who discusses his mother 's suicide, he refers to his mother being a victim of the air being too heavy. As Toby leaves Dr. Palmer asks him to tell his mother to keep away from the blonde girl, probably referring to Alison. Aria has an awkward encounter with Malcolm, which causes a temporary riff in her and Jake 's relationship. Spencer admits to her mother and Melissa that she did not get into UPenn. Spencer and Aria follow Melissa to Hector Lime 's shop where Spencer corners Melissa and demands answers. Melissa explains that Wilden set the fire at the Lodge at Thornhill and that she sent Jenna and Shana to watch over Spencer and her friends. Furthermore, Melissa confesses that she was the second Queen of Hearts on the Halloween Train, but did not know Wilden 's plan to assassinate Spencer and Aria until she was on the train. "A '' texts Aria and Spencer saying that Melissa is not "A '' material.
On a college visit, Spencer discovers a phone line in a room of the Gamma Zeta Chi sorority house that matches the number Tippy was chirping in episode 2. After talking to Mike, Ella has second thoughts about going to Europe with Zack. Aria persuades Byron to talk to Ella after "A '' attacks Ella by "planting '' a swarm of bees, in her car. College recruiter Brendan McGowen hits on Emily at the sorority party. Emily explains that she is a lesbian, and not interested. Hanna discovers a gun in Ashley 's closet. Hanna rushes to find Spencer at the sorority party. Distracted by the clues about the phone line, Spencer leaves Hanna alone at the party. Hanna ventures behind the sorority house into the back woods and tries to bury the gun but the police show up to arrest her before she can discard it.
The police test the gun Hanna was caught with to determine if it was a match for the gun that killed Wilden. Shana replaces Emily on the swim team. Mike 's friend, Connor, kisses Aria after she helps him with an English paper. When rumors fly, Aria confronts Connor who reveals that everyone knows about her and Ezra. Ezra comes to her rescue and silences Connor. Mona reveals to Aria and Emily that Toby took the RV to "A '' and that Spencer knew about it. Clues from the sorority house send Spencer and Toby to Ravenswood where they find the ex-house mother Mrs. Grunwald who provides no help. Additionally, they spot Shana in Ravenswood getting into Jenna 's car. When the gun tests positive as a match for the one that killed Wilden, the police arrest Ashley. The police also bring Emily in for questioning when a mysterious video showing someone in a red coat wearing an Emily mask reveals that Emily may be guilty of something.
Toby and Caleb team up to track down possible suspects. Spencer tells Hanna that Ashley could get charged with voluntary manslaughter or worse, first degree murder. Emily steals a key to Wilden 's apartment from the Rosewood PD and searches it with the help of Spencer and Aria. Toby and Caleb learn from Nigel Wright that he was paid to create a fake flightplan for CeCe Drake. Mike is accused of vandalizing Connor 's car but Ezra talks to Hackett so that Mike wo n't be expelled. Caleb steals Nigel 's phone and tries to find more information. The girls learn from a box in Wilden 's apartment that he was also targeted by "A. '' Pam is suspended from work when the key to Wilden 's apartment is missing. That night ' A ' crashes a car into the living room of the Fields ' house, attempting to kill Pam.
After Ashley Marin is denied bail, Hanna seeks Mona 's help in plotting her biggest lie ever: a false confession to murdering Detective Wilden. Aria learns that Mike is taking martial arts classes from Jake, as he is afraid of his teammates. Spencer finds a statement from Eddie Lamb regarding Mrs Cavanaugh 's alleged suicide. She discovers discrepancies between his statement and Wilden 's official report, suggesting that Wilden was paid to alter the facts. Veronica later receives a call saying Mona Vanderwaal has confessed to killing Detective Wilden.
Mona 's confession creates enough doubt to allow Ashley to be released on bail. The bail is very high, but in the end Pastor Ted pays it. Ashley must remain under house arrest, though. Mona is released from jail due to insufficient evidence to back up her confession. She ends up being placed back at the Radley Sanitarium. Aria and Jake take their relationship to the next level. Emily finds Jenna nearly drowned in the lake at Emily 's birthday party. At the hospital, Shana reveals to Spencer that the person Jenna is afraid of is CeCe Drake. Red Coat is seen walking towards the DiLaurentis House at night. She waits until the lights go off in the house and goes under the porch and unscrews a panel, leading to a secret place.
Mrs. DiLaurentis offers Emily and her mother to stay with her until their house is repaired. When Ezra prepares to take legal actions to stop Maggie from leaving with Malcolm, he finds out that he is not really his son. It is implied that Wren knows about Red Coat, and Mona knows a secret about him which is the reason she no longer trusts him. Spencer and Toby visit Dr. Palmer, and although they are unable to get details about the "blonde girl '' he mentioned, he does mention knowing a Mrs. DiLaurentis. Aria finds out that Cece got kicked out of college due to Alison blaming her for pushing the girl down the stairs at the frat party Ali took the Liars to. When Hanna goes into Alison 's old room, Red Coat is seen entering Alison 's house. Hanna goes in there, and sees Alison 's old jewelry box. In the reflection of the mirror inside the box, you see Red Coat wearing the "Alison '' Mask staring at Hanna, but she does n't notice. Spencer and Hanna ask Mrs. DiLaurentis if she knew Dr. Palmer, and a flashback is shown of the related event. Alison playing the piano, when her mom storms in furiously and berates Alison for something. Jessica says she got a call from Radley, claiming that Alison wanted to admit herself. When Mrs. DiLaurentis got there, it was CeCe dressed in Alison 's clothes. Alison asserts that she was not in on CeCe 's plan, but Jessica just says that CeCe is no longer welcome in her house since the doctor she spoke to in Radley (Dr. Palmer) said Ali and CeCe 's relationship is toxic. Following an observation from workers fixing the heating system, Mrs. DiLaurentis and Emily find Red Coat 's hiding place - her basement crawl space. Emily discovers holes in the ceiling, meaning Red Coat was spying on her.
Now that the police found one of Ashley 's shoes, courtesy of "A '', in Emily 's wrecked house, Ashley is looking guilty again. At school Hanna finds an envelope with thousands of dollars in her locker, with a note that says it can help her mom. Later Hanna finds out that it was sent by a guy named Travis, who tells Hanna he knows her mother did n't murder Wilden. He says he saw her at the lake with Wilden after his dad towed Wilden 's car from the lake, but heard the gunshots after she drove away. He saw a blonde female run away into the woods. After Hanna encourages him to, he tells the police. Emily remembers Alison told her that she broke up with people 's boyfriends for them, and once had a gun pulled on her as a result. Meanwhile CeCe is shown in her apartment, which is plastered with pictures of the girls, including Alison. A red trench coat is seen sitting on her chair. At the school Western - themed hoedown, Emily and Spencer catch a glimpse of Red Coat. They follow her outside and when they get in a tractor they discover red coat is in the haystack in the back. They try to attack her, but strangely all they find is her coat. Toby and Spencer get into a fight after Spencer reveals that she told the girls about Toby 's mother. "A '' texts him Dr. Palmer 's address, and then calls the police just as Toby attempts to break into his car. However, Spencer told Caleb to follow Toby, and Caleb tries to talk sense into Toby before they both narrowly evade the police. Aria visits Ezra 's apartment and he talks to her about his issues. "A '' is seen eavesdropping on their conversation, and when the person turns around it 's CeCe Drake.
The Liars receive a package containing four Magic 8 - balls bearing their names, with a message that if Ashley goes free, "A '' will come after them. Ashley goes free from jail after Travis convinced the police she did n't do it. Meanwhile, Aria gets closer with Ezra after a meeting. The Liars receive another package containing a child - sized coffin which contains a doll resembling Mona, followed by a text that "A '' will hurt Mona and set the Liars up. The Liars later receive one last package, containing a saw with a threatening message written on it, saying a girl will disappear. After some quick research, the girls decide that A is leading them to a magic show in nearby Ravenswood. When they arrive, Aria is chosen to be a volunteer for a magic trick. When Hanna and Spencer are distracted by this trick, A kidnaps Emily. The Liars follow Red Coat and discover that Emily is trapped in a coffin that is heading straight for a giant saw. While the Liars seem to be unable to open the coffin in time, Red Coat stops the saw and saves Emily. The girls then notice that there are two Red Coats. Spencer chases the one that saved Emily outside, while Aria gets into fisticuffs with the other who is wearing an Alison mask. Aria hits Red Coat in the face, knocking off her mask and revealing CeCe Drake. CeCe gets knocked off from the platform, where CeCe and Aria have been fighting on. She lies motionless, presumably dead, but when the Liars reach the spot where she fell, she has disappeared. Spencer leads the girls to a lair she believes is "A 's '', where she had been led by the second Red Coat. She believes it was Alison, because she is helping the girls. Toby finds out Melissa brought Wren with her to London. He follows Shana, while she meets Mona at a hotel and delivers some information. The girls do some digging, and find evidence that suggest that the owner of the lair is a man. When the girls find out that the lair owner, whom they still believe is "A '', has also been following Ali, and thinks she will be at a Ravenswood Celebration taking place that night, the Liars decide that they should go find her before "A '' does. On their way, the Liars are stopped by Mrs. Grunwald who reveals that Ali is alive, and Mrs. Grunwald saved her life. Someone was after Ali, and Ali was phoning Mrs. Grunwald, asking her to help her find out who it was. On the night Ali ' died ', Mrs. Grunwald had sensed Ali was in trouble and rescued her by pulling her up out of the soil where she had been buried alive. Ali was injured and in shock, so Mrs. Grunwald brought her to the hospital, where Ali disappeared when Grunwald went inside. Grunwald tells the Liars to get out of Ravenswood as soon as possible because "he '' is watching them and he hopes that the Liars will bring him to Alison. Caleb gets on the bus for Ravenswood to hack into the computers in A 's lair, and the Liars decide that they should go to the memorial party no matter what. A man is shown watching the girls, and he walks into the lair exposing his identity: Ezra Fitz.
The Liars are more shocked now that Alison is officially alive and they are looking for answers. Hanna brings a theory that if Alison is not in the grave then another girl is, so she starts searching for missing girls the same day Ali disappeared. Toby returns and looks for Spencer 's help so he could prove that his mother did n't jump from the window by herself. Mona has a meeting with Ezra. Caleb returns to meet Hanna and has a difficult time revealing to her what happened during his stay in Ravenswood. Hanna finds about a girl named Sara Harvey, who disappeared at the same time Alison did so she and Emily meet Sara 's friends -- Claire (Skyler Day) and Tina. Aria and Ezra reconcile their relationship and meet in Ezra 's cabin which is away from the town. Ashley is having trouble finding a job, but later Jessica DiLaurentis offers her a job. When Spencer and Toby tell Spencer 's father about the information they found about his mother, he reveals that they can possibly close Radley. During their meeting at Alison 's grave, Hanna gives Ali 's journal to Aria, Emily and Spencer.
Aria, Emily, Hanna and Spencer decide to use Ali 's journal in order to get her to come back and fix things to normal. They realize that Ali used pseudonyms and half - truths and in order to find who is who, they all get a taste of if. Emily learns that Ali hurt her most and she later receives a note to meet her at the Kissing Rock, however Ali never shows up. Hanna meets Travis who tells her that CeCe has been seen in a train station in Maryland. Spencer on the other hand has her own issues with her father who she accidentally sees talking with Jessica DiLaurentis. When the Liars decide to go to Killingworth, Emily 's car has some issues so they are forced to stay in Ezra 's cabin, with Aria instructing them. When they all go at the cabin, Ezra is able to go there first and steal the journal. Travis comes to help them after Hanna asked him.
Peter tells Spencer that he and Jessica have been trying to get Jason back into rehab. Aria ends her relationship with Jake. Later, Jake becomes suspicious of Ezra when he sees Ezra screaming at some woman in a car. Shana finds Emily and tells her Ali wants to meet up with her - alone. Shana reveals that she grew up in the house next door to Alison 's grandparents in Georgia and that she has known Alison since age 3. Shana also confesses that Ali asked her to come to Rosewood to find out who is trying to hurt Ali - and that Jenna is on the list. Spencer learns that Jessica was on the Board of Trustees at Radley at the time of Mrs. Cavanaugh 's death. Spencer tells Toby, but he and his dad have decided to let it go and have accepted a settlement from Radley. Hanna continues to struggle with her feelings about her break - up with Caleb and winds up kissing Travis in the heat of the moment. Shana takes Emily to Ali 's meeting place where Ali tells Emily she does n't know who 's trying to hurt her. Spencer follows Emily there and scares Ali away, causing tension between Spencer and Emily. Jake injures his foot by kicking his lucky punching bag only to find someone had sabotaged it by placing knives inside.
Tensions rise when Aria confronts Mike and Mona individually about their new relationship. Detective Holbrook apologizes to Hanna for making her and Ashley appear as criminals in the Wilden investigation. Spencer turns to Andrew for prescription medication to help her avoid sleep to focus all her time on finding "A ''. Wayne asks Ezra to help Emily after she nearly stabbed him with scissors the night before. Concerned for her brother 's safety, Aria questions new guidance counselor, Jesse, about Mike and Mona 's new relationship. From one of Ali 's diary entries, Spencer determines that "Board Shorts '' ordered boysenberry pie and beer with Ali at a pub near Hollis College. She becomes wary of Ezra when she goes to the pub and encounters him there - with an order of boysenberry pie and beer. Hanna goes to the dentist to find patient sign in documents from around the time that Alison disappeared in the hope of finding out who is in Alison 's grave. "A '' traps Emily in the Copy Room at school. She is rescued by Wayne. Then, he is rescued by the paramedics due to a heart condition. Around the same time that evening, "A '' gases Hanna with anesthesia at the dentist and leaves behind a message in one of her teeth, "I told you. Dead girls ca n't smile. Stop looking. - A ''
Spencer buys prescription pills from another student. Hanna and Spencer argue about Spencer 's lying and strange behavior. Shana asks Emily for help. Emily discovers Ali 's secret stash of cash hidden in the back of a French painting in Ali 's bedroom. Aria lies to her friends and spends the weekend with Ezra at his cabin. In the basement, Ezra uses surveillance equipment to monitor every action of the Liars. When Shana is en route to collect Ali 's money from Emily, she is attacked by an unseen assailant. Hanna warns Spencer before breaking into Ezra 's apartment. Spencer heeds the warning when she spots the red dot of a camera light in the air duct. Hanna and Spencer share info with Emily and the three decide to keep their Ezra - as - "A '' theory a secret from Aria until they 're absolutely sure. Ali calls Shana to ask her about the money but Shana does n't have it. Shana 's car is now parked in front of the "Welcome to Rosewood '' sign, which contains a threatening message. Shana hightails it out of Rosewood leaving Ali high and dry.
This episode begins a crossover with Ravenswood that concludes on "My Haunted Heart ''.
Spencer, Emily and Hanna search Ezra 's classroom and find Ali 's diary. Spencer takes it home with her. Meanwhile, Aria and Ezra spend time together. Tired from staying awake thanks to her prescription pills, Spencer falls into a state of trance. Spencer 's thoughts become transformed into a black - and - white 1940s film noir era. Imaginary moments include Toby accusing Spencer of keeping secrets, Alison accusing Spencer of becoming dependent on the pills, and Ezra whispering to Aria that he knows Alison is still alive. Of course, none of this is real. Just before Spencer snaps out of it, Toby tells her to look at the pages in Ali 's diary. When she comes to, she goes back to Ali 's diary and scans the pages using her mental revelation of Toby 's insight. Spencer returns to Emily and Hanna with the diary and tells them that seemingly minor but important details have been altered. The girls realize that they were meant to find the diary and since it has been altered, Ezra knows that they know. They decide it is time to warn Aria, but when they find her, they are surprised to see that she is happy and kissing Ezra at her house.
Ezra tells Aria about Spencer 's addiction. Spencer, Emily and Hanna plan to tell Aria that Ezra is "A. '' Aria shows Emily and Hanna the file Ezra gave her in secret about Spencer 's previous addiction two years ago. They stage an intervention, but it does not go well and Spencer blurts out that Ezra is "A '' to Aria. Mike and Mona grow closer and Mona distances herself from Ezra, telling him she ca n't help him anymore. Feeling uncertain, Aria digs for answers at Ezra 's cabin and finds notes about his relationship with Alison. She assumes the worst and tries to run away, but Ezra catches up to her and traps her in a ski lift at a nearby lodge. Spencer, Emily and Hanna set a trap for "A '' to retrieve the money for Alison that Emily placed in a coffee bag for Shana to take to Ali. But "A '' sets a trap for them, too, locking them in the reptile pavilion at a zoo in Norristown. Ezra confesses the truth to Aria - that he knew about her and how old she was before he started teaching at Rosewood High, that he knew Alison before she disappeared, and that he 's been watching her and her friends as research for a book about Ali. But Aria does n't believe him and thinks their whole relationship has been a ruse. Ezra knocks the pages of his novel about Ali from Aria 's hand. They fall to the ground several feet below.
Aria reveals to her friends that Ezra suspects one of them is "A. '' Spencer promises her parents and Toby that she will kick the pill habit on her own. Aria ransacks Ezra 's apartment after finding more of his notes with her name all over them. Her friends find her and take her home - but not before Spencer collects some pages of Ezra 's writing before they leave. Emily goes to deliver Ali 's money to a P.O. Box per Shana 's request but is cornered by Paige. Emily reveals to Paige that Ali is still alive. Paige and Emily give each other ultimatums: to refrain from communication with Ali or end their relationship and for Paige to not let any harm come to Ali. When Hanna apologizes to Travis for kissing him, he tells her that his dad is in court, accused of taking bribes from Wilden in exchange for business leads. After Detective Holbrook testifies, the judge grants probation to Travis 's dad. Hanna thanks Holbrook with a short, awkward kiss. "A '' places a bottle of pills in Spencer 's locker. She takes them after searching Ezra 's notes and suspecting her father hired a P.I. to follow her. Spencer interrogates Mrs. DiLaurentis about the night of Ali 's disappearance but Mrs. DiLaurentis kicks her out for her erratic behavior. Hanna prevents Aria from telling Hackett about her relationship with Ezra. Paige surreptitiously drops a note stating that Alison is alive into a police car.
Aria hooks up with a musician named Riley in Syracuse. Spencer is monitored by a tough rehab coach named Dean. Holbrook and Tanner ask Hanna about a note stating Alison is alive. Hanna honestly tells them she 's clueless. Emily discovers Mona helped Ezra with his book in exchange that he keeps Mona 's "less - than - legal '' activities under wraps and Mona broke up with Mike to avoid her past resurfacing. Spencer is shaken when she finds a pile of dirt at the edge of her bed and an "A '' note accusing her of digging Ali 's grave. Aria returns and demands Ezra leave Rosewood but he insists she read his manuscript. Spencer has another hazy memory of the shovel and Ali running through the woods. Hanna spots Holbrook and Tanner pull Mrs. DiLaurentis aside while on a date with Travis. Later, the friends gather when Aria determines from Ezra 's manuscript that he suspects Mrs. DiLaurentis is "A. '' Hanna realizes Emily told Paige that Alison is alive. As Spencer is about to go to bed, we see Mrs. DiLaurentis creeping around her room, unbeknownst to her.
Holbrook approaches an unnerved Jessica with a judge 's order for Ali 's grave to be exhumed. Spencer questions Veronica about her hazy memories of the night Ali disappeared. Ella returns to visit Aria, still reeling from her break - up with Ezra. Aria fails to open up to her. Emily confronts Paige for telling the police that Ali is alive. Later, Emily forgives Paige, but is n't sure if she can trust her again and tells her goodbye. Emily also confronts Jason, recently released from rehab, who tells her that Jessica had suspicions about Spencer prior to the night Ali disappeared. Hanna tries get a second date with Travis but he remains hesitant. Veronica fires Dean when he appears to be "slacking '' on the job - he fell asleep on top of Spencer at the edge of the couch. Ella confides in Aria that Zack proposed - in two different languages. Ashley tells Hanna about Jessica 's recent purchases. More suspicious than ever, Hanna volunteers the girls for Jessica 's charity bridal fashion show. Hanna and Emily search Alison 's room to find them. Instead, they discover the password to the e-mail address on the post-it attached to Alison 's money and contact her. Alison calls, telling them to meet her in Philadelphia. Spencer catches Jessica talking to someone and chases the unseen person through the woods. Spencer retreats after getting her veil caught in a bear - claw trap and losing track of the mystery person. She returns hysterical and removes her bodice, finding finger bones sewn into the lining and a note from "A ''. The girls go to Philadelphia to meet Alison, but are surprised by the person who actually shows up.
Noel Kahn brings Aria, Emily, Hanna and Spencer to Ali 's loft apartment above a coffee shop / bar. Ali appears and recounts the night of her disappearance from her perspective. She reveals that she copied Ian 's videos from his laptop onto a USB stick during their weekend getaway in Hilton Head, Ali met Ezra in a bar near UPenn and convinced him that she and CeCe were college roommates, Ali used the N.A.T. Videos as a bargaining chip to blackmail Ian, and that one - by - one, Ali confronted all of her "A '' suspects throughout the night. Ali confessed that she drugged the girls by dropping sleeping pills into the communal drinking cup in the barn - Spencer did n't fall asleep with the others because she was on amphetamines. Ali also explained that she went home thinking she had silenced "A '' and saw her mother gasp from inside the house before she was hit on the head with a rock. Ali awoke to find her mother burying her. Melissa returns from London to find her home being searched by police. Rosewood PD interrogates the Hastings family while searching for the whereabouts of the girls, still missing since the fundraiser. Melissa confesses to Peter that Spencer did not kill the girl buried in lieu of Ali and whispers something mysterious to him. The police track the GPS of Spencer 's car but do not find them in the dusty space in Philadelphia. Someone in a black hoodie like "A '' attacks the PLLs in the coffee shop. They run to the rooftop to escape. To their surprise, Ezra joins them. Ezra fights the hooded figure and gets shot in the stomach. Hanna is able to gain control of black hoodie 's gun but they escape by jumping to the next building and does not take off the mask. The Liars are frantic when they discover Ezra 's bullet wound, and it is revealed that the Liars are in Manhattan; not Philadelphia.
The fourth season garnered positive reviews from critics. It earned a 100 % approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, with an average rating of 7.1 out of 10. Mark Trammell of TV Equals commented on "how savvy the show was this time around. '' Caroline Framke of The A.V. Club commented on how the show 's focus on shocking moments are more appealing than big picture, writing "It might have been fun at one point, but trying to keep track of who 's in or out with A is an exhausting exercise that rarely yields satisfying results anymore ''. Framke commented further "But the thing about Pretty Little Liars is that when it 's good, it is a fever dream. It 's at its most fun when it breezes past the big picture, gets lost in its own illusions, and lets a talking parrot steal the spotlight. ''
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who sings there's always tomorrow on rudolph | Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer (soundtrack) - wikipedia
Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer is a soundtrack album to the 1964 Rankin / Bass television special of the same name. The original cast recordings from the TV special (side "A '' of the original LP release) are supplemented with instrumental versions recorded by the Decca Concert Orchestra (on side "B ''). All songs used in the television special were written by Johnny Marks.
The original LP album was first released in 1964, and reissued as a CD in 1995. The CD was certified Gold by the RIAA on November 30, 2004. As of November, the album has sold 1,411,200 copies in the United States since 1991 when SoundScan began tracking sales.
LP side A:
LP side B (instrumental versions):
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harry potter and the goblet of fire trials | Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire - wikipedia
Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is a fantasy book written by British author J.K. Rowling and the fourth novel in the Harry Potter series. It follows Harry Potter, a wizard in his fourth year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry and the mystery surrounding the entry of Harry 's name into the Triwizard Tournament, in which he is forced to compete.
The book was published in the United Kingdom by Bloomsbury and in the United States by Scholastic; in both countries the release date was 8 July 2000, the first time a book in the series was published in both countries at the same time. The novel won a Hugo Award, the only Harry Potter novel to do so, in 2001. The book was adapted into a film, which was released worldwide on 18 November 2005, and a video game by Electronic Arts.
Throughout the three previous novels in the Harry Potter series, the main character, Harry Potter, has struggled with the difficulties of growing up, and the added challenge of being a famed wizard: when Harry was a baby, Lord Voldemort, the most powerful Dark wizard in history, killed Harry 's parents but mysteriously vanished after unsuccessfully trying to kill Harry, which left a lightning - shaped scar on Harry 's forehead. This results in Harry 's immediate fame and his being placed in the care of his abusive muggle, or non-magical, aunt and uncle, Aunt Petunia Dursley and Uncle Vernon Dursley, who have a son named Dudley Dursley.
Harry learns that he is a wizard when he is 11 years old and enrols in Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. He befriends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger, and is confronted by Lord Voldemort who is trying to regain power. In Harry 's first year he has to protect the Philosopher 's Stone from Voldemort and one of his faithful followers at Hogwarts. After returning to the school after summer break, students at Hogwarts are attacked by the legendary monster of the "Chamber of Secrets '' after the chamber is opened. Harry ends the attacks by killing a Basilisk and defeating another attempt by Lord Voldemort to return to full strength. The following year, Harry hears that he has been targeted by escaped mass murderer Sirius Black. Despite stringent security measures at Hogwarts, Harry is confronted by Black at the end of his third year of schooling, and Harry learns that Black was framed and is actually Harry 's godfather. He also learned that it was his father 's old school friend Peter Pettigrew who actually betrayed his parents.
The book opens with Harry seeing Frank Bryce being killed by Lord Voldemort in a vision, and is awoken by his scar hurting. The Weasleys then take Harry and Hermione Granger to the Quidditch World Cup, using a Portkey, to watch Ireland versus Bulgaria, with Ireland emerging victorious. There, Harry meets Cedric Diggory, who is attending the match with his father. After the match, Voldemort 's followers attack the site, destroying spectators ' tents and wreaking havoc. The Dark Mark gets fired into the sky, which leads to a panic since it is the first time the sign has been seen in 13 years. Winky, Barty Crouch Senior 's house elf, is falsely accused of casting the Mark after she is found holding Harry 's wand, which is revealed to have been used to cast the Mark, as Harry had lost it during the chaos of the Death Eaters ' attack. Hermione, angry at this injustice, forms a society to promote the rights of house elves known as S.P.E.W. (Society for the Promotion of Elvish Welfare).
At Hogwarts, Professor Dumbledore announces that Alastor "Mad - Eye '' Moody will be the Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher for the year, and also that Hogwarts will host the Triwizard Tournament, with a prize of one thousand gold Galleons. However, only those over 17 -- the age of majority in the wizarding world -- will be allowed to enter. It is the first time in 202 years that the Triwizard Tournament will be held. Students from Beauxbatons Academy and the Durmstrang Institute, other wizarding academies, will travel to Hogwarts, where they will stay for the year, in hopes of competing. At Halloween, the Goblet of Fire picks Fleur Delacour from Beauxbatons Academy; Viktor Krum (who is also the Seeker on Bulgaria 's Quidditch team) from Durmstrang Institute; and Cedric Diggory from Hogwarts to compete in the tournament. However, it additionally gives a fourth name -- Harry Potter -- leading to suspicion and indignation from everyone and magically binding Harry to compete. Ron is jealous that Harry is once again in the limelight and refuses to speak to Harry.
Hagrid reveals to Harry that the first task involves dragons, and since Fleur and Krum 's headmasters are also aware of this, and will surely tell them in advance, Harry informs Cedric as well. At the task, Harry has to pass a Hungarian Horntail to retrieve a golden egg that contains a hint to the next task, which he does by summoning his Firebolt broomstick with the Accio spell, and finishes the task tied for first with Krum. Ron and Harry subsequently reconcile, Ron now understanding the full danger of the tournament. When Harry opens the egg, though, it merely shrieks loudly. Hermione then takes Harry and Ron to the school kitchens, where house elves work. There, they meet a distraught Winky, who is struggling to get over the loss of her sacking. They also meet Harry 's old friend Dobby, who has been employed at Hogwarts to work in the kitchens; he is the only known house elf to appreciate his freedom, despite his hardworking nature.
Meanwhile, gossipy reporter Rita Skeeter is writing scandalous articles of half - truths and outright fabrications in The Daily Prophet about those at Hogwarts, including Hermione, Harry, Hagrid, and Madame Maxime of Beauxbatons.
With the Yule Ball approaching, Harry must find a partner, but when he finally approaches his crush Cho Chang, Cedric has beaten him to her, so Harry and Ron ask Parvati and Padma Patil. Ron is shocked and jealous to see that Hermione is attending with Krum. Cedric gives Harry a tip on the egg, telling him to take it to the prefects ' bathroom, but Harry refuses to listen, jealous over Cho.
Finally acting on the tip, Harry takes the egg to the prefects ' bathroom, where Moaning Myrtle tells him to listen to the egg underwater; there the words become understandable. Harry learns that the task is to recover something he will "sorely miss '', and starts looking for spells to help him breathe where the objects will be taken: The Black Lake. By the morning of the task, Harry still has n't found a solution, but Dobby gives him some Gillyweed to give Harry gills. Harry completes the task by rescuing Ron from under the lake. Harry then takes a risk by also rescuing Fleur 's younger sister, Gabrielle, after Fleur was unable to. After the judges confer, he earns enough points to tie him with Cedric for the lead.
One month before the final task, Harry and Krum are talking when they encounter Crouch, who appears to have gone insane, but manages to tell Harry to get Dumbledore. Leaving Krum with Crouch, Harry fetches Dumbledore but returns to find Krum stunned and Crouch gone. Harry returns to preparing for the final task, a hedge maze. Inside the maze, Harry is forced to incapacitate Krum, who has been bewitched, to save Cedric. Working together, the two reach the cup. They agree to touch it at the same time, and doing so, discover that it is a Portkey that transports them to a graveyard. There, Peter Pettigrew kills Cedric and uses Harry 's blood (along with his own hand and Tom Riddle Sr. 's bone) to resurrect Lord Voldemort.
Voldemort summons his Death Eaters, berating them for thinking he was dead, before he reveals that he has a single "faithful servant '' concealed at Hogwarts, who has been working to ensure that Harry would make it to the graveyard, and then challenges Harry to a duel. However, when he and Harry fire curses at each other, their wands connect due to their identical cores. Voldemort 's wand releases the most recent spells it performed, resulting in imprints of his last victims appearing in the graveyard, including Harry 's parents, who provide a distraction so that Harry can escape back to Hogwarts using the Portkey, taking Cedric 's body with him.
When he returns, Moody takes him to his office, and reveals himself to be Voldemort 's ' faithful servant '; he was the one who put Harry 's name into the Goblet of Fire, and has been guiding him through the tournament from behind the scenes to ensure that he would grab the Portkey first. Before Moody can kill Harry, Dumbledore, McGonagall and Snape intervene. They learn that Moody is in fact Barty Crouch Jr., Mr. Crouch 's son, disguised by Polyjuice Potion. Crouch had sentenced Crouch Jr. to life imprisonment in Azkaban over alleged ties to the Death Eaters but smuggled him out as a last favour to his dying wife. Crouch Jr. was the one who set off the Dark Mark at the Quidditch World Cup, doing it to scare the Death Eaters he felt had abandoned Voldemort. Eventually, Voldemort had gotten in contact with Crouch Jr. and had him impersonate Moody as part of his plan. Crouch Jr. also admits to killing Crouch Sr., to prevent him telling Dumbledore about Voldemort. The real Moody is found inside Crouch Jr. 's enchanted trunk and rescued. Harry is then declared the winner of the Triwizard Tournament and given his winnings.
Many people, including Fudge, do not believe Harry and Dumbledore about Voldemort 's return, and as Fudge has the Dementor 's Kiss performed, Crouch Jr. is unable to give testimony. Hermione discovers Rita Skeeter is an unregistered Animagus, who can take the form of a beetle, and blackmails her to force her to stop writing her libellous stories. Not wanting his tournament winnings, Harry gives them to Fred and George to start their joke shop and returns home with the Dursleys.
Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is the fourth book in the Harry Potter series. The first, Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone, was published by Bloomsbury on 26 June 1997; the second, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, was published on 2 July 1998; and the third, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, followed on 8 July 1999. Goblet of Fire is considerably longer than the first three; almost twice the size (the paperback edition was 636 pages). Rowling stated that she "knew from the beginning it would be the biggest of the first four ''. She said there needed to be a "proper run - up '' for the conclusion and rushing the "complex plot '' could confuse readers. She also stated that "everything is on a bigger scale '' which was symbolic, as Harry 's horizons widened both literally and metaphorically as he grew up. She also wanted to explore more of the magical world.
Until the official title 's announcement on 27 June 2000, the book was called by its working title, ' Harry Potter IV. ' Previously, in April, the publisher had listed it as Harry Potter and the Doomspell Tournament. However, J. K. Rowling expressed her indecision about the title in an Entertainment Weekly interview. "I changed my mind twice on what (the title) was. The working title had got out -- Harry Potter and the Doomspell Tournament. Then I changed Doomspell to Triwizard Tournament. Then I was teetering between Goblet of Fire and Triwizard Tournament. In the end, I preferred Goblet of Fire because it 's got that kind of cup of destiny feel about it, which is the theme of the book. ''
Rowling mentioned that she originally had a Weasley relative named Malfalda, who, according to Rowling, "was the daughter of the ' second cousin who 's a stockbroker ' mentioned in Philosopher 's Stone. This stockbroker had been very rude to Mr. and Mrs. Weasley in the past, but now he and his (Muggle) wife had inconveniently produced a witch, they came back to the Weasleys asking for their help in introducing her to wizarding society before she starts at Hogwarts ''. Malfalda was supposed to be a Slytherin and who was to fill in the Rita Skeeter subplot, but eventually was removed as "there were obvious limitations to what an eleven year old closeted at school could discover ''. Rowling considered Rita Skeeter to be "much more flexible ''. Rowling also admitted that the fourth book was the most difficult to write at the time, because she noticed a giant plot hole halfway through writing. In particular, Rowling had trouble with the ninth chapter, "The Dark Mark '', which she rewrote 13 times.
Jeff Jensen, who interviewed Rowling for Entertainment Weekly in 2000, pointed out that bigotry is a big theme in the Harry Potter novels and Goblet of Fire in particular. He mentioned how Voldemort and his followers are prejudiced against Muggles and how in Goblet of Fire Hermione forms a group to liberate Hogwarts ' house - elves who have "been indentured servants so long they lack desire for anything else ''. When asked why she explored this theme, Rowling replied,
Because bigotry is probably the thing I detest most. All forms of intolerance, the whole idea of that which is different from me is necessarily evil. I really like to explore the idea that difference is equal and good. But there 's another idea that I like to explore, too. Oppressed groups are not, generally speaking, people who stand firmly together -- no, sadly, they kind of subdivide among themselves and fight like hell. That 's human nature, so that 's what you see here. This world of wizards and witches, they 're already ostracized, and then within themselves, they 've formed a loathsome pecking order.
She also commented that she did not feel this was too "heavy '' for children, as it was one of those things that a "huge number of children at that age start to think about ''.
Goblet of Fire was the first book in the Harry Potter series to be released in the United States on the same date as the United Kingdom, on 8 July 2000, strategically on a Saturday so children did not have to worry about school conflicting with buying the book. It had a combined first - printing of over five million copies. It was given a record - breaking print run of 3.9 million. Three million copies of the book were sold over the first weekend in the US alone. FedEx dispatched more than 9,000 trucks and 100 planes to fulfil book deliveries. The pressure in editing caused a mistake which shows Harry 's father emerging first from Voldemort 's wand; however, as confirmed in Prisoner of Azkaban, James died first, so then Harry 's mother ought to have come out first. This was corrected in later editions.
To publicise the book, a special train named Hogwarts Express was organised by Bloomsbury, and run from King 's Cross to Perth, carrying J.K. Rowling, a consignment of books for her to sign and sell, also representatives of Bloomsbury and the press. The book was launched on 8 July 2000, on platform 1 at King 's Cross -- which had been given "Platform 9 ⁄ '' signs for the occasion -- following which the train departed. En route it called at Didcot Railway Centre, Kidderminster, the Severn Valley Railway, Crewe (overnight stop), Manchester, Bradford, York, the National Railway Museum (overnight stop), Newcastle, Edinburgh, arriving at Perth on 11 July. The locomotive was West Country class steam locomotive no. 34027 Taw Valley, which was specially repainted red for the tour; it later returned to its normal green livery (the repaints were requested and paid for by Bloomsbury). The coaches of the train included a sleeping car. A Diesel locomotive was coupled at the other end, for use when reversals were necessary, such as the first stage of the journey as far as Ferme Park, just south of Hornsey. The tour generated considerably more press interest than the launch of the film Thomas and the Magic Railroad which was premièred in London the same weekend.
Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire has received mostly positive reviews. In The New York Times Book Review, author Stephen King stated the Goblet of Fire was "every bit as good as Potters 1 through 3 '' and praised the humour and subplots, although he commented that "there 's also a moderately tiresome amount of adolescent squabbling... it 's a teenage thing ''. Kirkus Reviews called it "another grand tale of magic and mystery... and clicking along so smoothly that it seems shorter than it is ''. However, they commented that it did tend to lag, especially at the end where two "bad guys '' stopped the action to give extended explanations, and that the issues to be resolved in sequels would leave "many readers, particularly American ones, uncomfortable ''. For The Horn Book Magazine, Martha V. Parravano gave a mixed review, saying "some will find (it) wide - ranging, compellingly written, and absorbing; others, long, rambling, and tortuously fraught with adverbs ''. A Publishers Weekly review praised the book 's "red herrings, the artful clues and tricky surprises that disarm the most attentive audience '' and saying it "might be her most thrilling yet. '' Writing for The New Yorker, Joan Acocella noted that "where the prior volumes moved like lightning, here the pace is slower, the energy more dispersed. At the same time, the tone becomes more grim. ''
Kristin Lemmerman of CNN said that it is not great literature: ' Her prose has more in common with your typical beach - blanket fare and the beginning contained too much recap to introduce characters to new readers, although Rowling quickly gets back on track, introducing readers to a host of well - drawn new characters. ' Writing for Salon.com, Charles Taylor was generally positive about the change of mood and development of characters. Entertainment Weekly 's reviewer Kristen Baldwin gave Goblet of Fire the grade of A -, praising the development of the characters as well as the many themes presented. However, she did worry that a shocking climax may be a "nightmare factory '' for young readers.
Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire won several awards, including the 2001 Hugo Award for Best Novel. It won the 2002 Indian Paintbrush Book Award, the third after Philosopher 's Stone and Prisoner of Azkaban. The novel also won an Oppenheim Toy Portfolio Platinum Award for one of the best books, who claimed it was "more intense than the first three books ''. In addition, Entertainment Weekly listed Goblet of Fire in second place on their list of The New Classics: Books -- The 100 best reads from 1983 to 2008.
Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was adapted into a film, released worldwide on 18 November 2005, which was directed by Mike Newell and written by Steve Kloves. The film grossed $102.7 million for the opening weekend, and eventually grossed $896 million worldwide. The film was also nominated for Best Art Direction at the 78th Academy Awards.
It was also made into a video game for PC, PlayStation 2, Nintendo DS, Nintendo GameCube, Xbox, Game Boy Advance, and PlayStation Portable by Electronic Arts. It was released just before the film.
Much of the plot of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child involves revisiting scenes from Goblet of Fire, with younger protagonists born long after these events travelling back in time in a misguided effort to change history and save Cedric Diggory - which only leads to them damaging events in the present and worsening the situation.
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who is allowed to grow a beard in the army | Facial hair in the military - wikipedia
Facial hair in the military has been at various times common, prohibited, or an integral part of the uniform.
Out of respect to their religion, Sikhs are allowed to grow beards in the Indian army
An Indian Army Para (SF) operator with a full beard.
General Bikram Singh of the Indian Army
Admiral D.K. Joshi of the Indian Navy with a five o'clock shadow
In the armed forces and police of India, male Sikh servicemen are allowed to wear full beards as their religion expressly requires followers to do so. However, they are specifically required to "dress up their hair and beard properly ''. In fact, in Sikh - only units such as the Indian Army 's Sikh Regiment and Sikh Light Infantry there have been instances of personnel being transferred out of the unit by their commanding officer for their refusal to wear a beard and grow their hair out as required by the Sikh religion, although no official regulation exists on this.
Non-Sikh personnel are allowed to grow whiskers and moustaches, with the only regulation being that "will be of moderate length ''. In December 2003, the Supreme Court of India ruled that Muslims in uniform can grow beards. Thus, non-Muslims and non-Sikhs serving in the Indian Army or the Indian Air Force are not permitted to wear beards. However, Army personnel on active duty are sometimes exempt from facial hair regulations for the duration of their tour of duty if their deployment makes access to such facilities difficult. Indian Navy personnel are allowed to grow beards subject to the permission of their commanding officer.
Exceptions for other religions are made in the case of special forces operatives like the army 's Para (Special Forces) soldiers and the navy 's MARCOS commandos who are allowed to grow beards.
Beards are permitted in the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran. As a sign of their ideological motivation, Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (Sepah) personnel used to tend to wear full beards, while the Islamic Republic of Iran Army (Artesh) personnel are usually trimmed or wear mustaches.
Beards to a certain length were traditionally permitted in the Iraqi security forces, however a ban was brought into effect in April 2012 due to public associations between beards and certain sectarian militias in Iraq. As a result of the change Iraqi soldiers and police must now be clean shaven. Under the rule of Saddam Hussein, beards were not allowed in the army and in military service, only a mustache. Hussein did not allow any one to grow a beard under his rule.
The IDF prohibits the growing of facial hair unless a special request form has been filed and approved. The requests can be for religious reasons (full beard only), health reasons such as acne (no restrictions on facial hair styles), and on the grounds of "free will '', which means the facial hair (mustache, a goatee or a full beard all of which must be well groomed) has to be part of the soldiers identity and part of his self - esteem. If the request is due to health reasons, it must be approved by the military doctor and lasts up to half a year. if the request is due to religious reasons or "free will '', it must be approved by an officer at the rank of Major, that is acquainted with the soldier, for religious requests the form must be approved additional by a military Rabbi, who usually conducts an interview, and finally by an Adjutant officer. The exemption from shaving expires only if the soldier shaves his facial hair willingly.
Beards are not allowed in the Lebanese Armed Forces. Only trimmed moustaches that do n't pass the upper lip are permitted.
Beards are permitted in Pakistan Army. They are allowed only on special request is approved. The requests are generally for religious reasons and for health reasons, such as acne or skin allergy. Once the form has been approved applicant is not allowed to shave back. There is a special allowance for bigger moustaches but they must be neat and trimmed.
Currently, moustaches and beards are not within regulations in the Nepal Army. In the past, moustaches was popular in the Gorkhali Army commanders and soldiers. Military commanders of Kshatriya order (called Kshetri in Nepal) especially of five Kaji noble family Thapa, Pande, Kunwar, Basnet and Bista used to linked moustaches to dignity. However, with changing times, it became apparent that facial hair can break seals on gas masks, and thus a liability. Thus regulations do not allow for facial hair. Despite this, many soldiers can still be spotted with facial hair, especially when stationed in remote areas, away from the eyes of the press, and if their unit commanders are willing to look the other way.
Mul kaji (Chief Kazi) General Damodar Pande
Portrait of Prime Minister and Commander - In - Chief, Mathabar Singh Thapa in National Museum of Nepal, Chhauni
Sardar General Ram Krishna Kunwar
Mulkaji General Abhiman Singh Basnet, leader of the Basnyat family
Moustasched Hindu Gorkhali soldier with Khukuri - in - mouth pose photographed 1915 AD at France
Beards are not allowed in the South Korean Armed Forces.
The Navy does not allow moustaches alone, but does allow full - set beards. Moustaches but not beards are permitted in the Army and Air Force. However, members of the Commando and Special Forces regiments are allowed to wear beards if based outside their home camps.
Beards are not allowed in the Syrian Army. Trimmed moustaches, however, are allowed.
The Belgian Armed Forces permits moustaches and beards, but they have to be properly trimmed.
The Austrian Armed Forces permits moustaches, beards and sideburns, as long as they are neatly trimmed.
The Republic of Croatia Armed Forces permits moustaches for soldiers and non-commissioned officers. Officers are allowed to wear neatly trimmed beards. Furthermore, beards are not only allowed, but fully recommended for members of special operations teams when deployed.
Danish Army personnel are generally allowed to wear any well - kept beard. Stubble, however, is not allowed. Full beards are popular among units deployed in Afghanistan, as it is easier to maintain when in the field. This also helps break down cultural barriers between the Danish and the Afghans, as most Afghan men wear full beards, and because many Danes grow red - coloured beards, an Afghan symbol of bravery.
Soldiers who belong to Den Kongelige Livgarde (The Royal Life Guards) are not allowed to have beards when on guard duty. Additionally, Danish soldiers are not required to have short haircuts, though most have.
The regulations of the Finnish Defence Forces (Rule 91) prohibit the growing of a moustache, a beard or long hair. Reservists can grow moustache, beard or long hair.
Since the Napoleonic era and throughout the 19th century, sappers (combat engineers) of the French Army could wear full beards. Elite troops, such as grenadiers, had to wear large moustaches. Infantry chasseurs were asked to wear moustaches and goatees; and hussars, in addition to their moustache, usually wore two braids in front of each ear, to protect their neck from sword slashes. These traditions were gradually abandoned since the beginning of the 20th century, except for the French Foreign Legion sappers (see below).
The "decree No 75 - 675 regarding regulations for general discipline in the Armies of 28 July 1975, modified '' regulates facial hair in the French armed forces. Military personnel are allowed to grow a beard or moustache only during periods when they are out of uniform. The beard must be "correctly trimmed '', and provisions are stated for a possible ban of beards by the military authorities to ensure compatibility with certain equipment.
However, within the Foreign Legion, sappers are traditionally encouraged to grow a large beard. Sappers chosen to participate in the Bastille Day parade are in fact specifically asked to stop shaving so they will have a full beard when they march down the Champs - Élysées.
The moustache was an obligation for gendarmes until 1933. By tradition, some gendarmes may still grow a moustache.
Submariners may be bearded, clean - shaven, or "patrol - bearded '', growing a beard for the time of a patrol in reminiscence of the time of the diesel submarines whose cramped space allowed for rustic and minimal personal care.
French soldiers of the First World War were known by the nickname poilu, meaning "hairy one '' in reference to their facial hair.
In the Third Reich - era Wehrmacht, facial hair beyond a small neatly trimmed moustache was against regulations, though such regulations were often relaxed under field conditions. The latter was particularly true in the case of the Kriegsmarine and Gebirgsjäger. Growth of a full beard was the norm for U-boat crews on active duty, though facial hair was expected to be shaved off soon after reaching port.
The present - day regulations of the Bundeswehr allow soldiers to grow a beard on condition that it be trimmed, unobtrusive and well - kept. Beards must not impact the proper use of any military equipment, such as a gas mask. Moreover, stubble may not be shown; thus a clean - shaven soldier who wants to start growing a beard must do so during his furlough.
In the Greek armed forces, only the navy permits military personnel to wear a beard. Neatly trimmed moustaches are the only facial hair permitted in the army and air force.
The growing of beards is not permitted in any branch of the Irish Defence Forces with exception of the Army Ranger Wing. Moustaches are permitted with permission. Sideburns are not allowed beyond ear length. The Irish police force similarly does not allow any uniformed members to grow beards, but does allow moustaches on the upper lip and ear length sideburns.
In the Italian armed forces, beards or moustaches are allowed, but well taken care of it; without beards, the sideburns should reach the middle of the tragus. In the various branches of the police, same specific law is in force. Stubble is permitted outside of ceremonial occasions.
In the Royal Netherlands Army, officers and soldiers may only grow beards after permission has been obtained. As in many other armies, automatic permission is given for certain medical conditions. Mustaches may be grown without asking permission. Beards are worn at times by the Royal Netherlands Marines and by Royal Netherlands Navy personnel. All facial hair in the Netherlands armed forces is subject to instant removal when operational circumstances demand it. Recent operations in Afghanistan under the ISAF have seen a trend of growing "tour beards '', both for bonding and as a way of advancing contacts with the Afghan population, who regard a full beard as a sign of manhood. A beard without a mustache is uncommon in the Netherlands.
The Royal Guard is required to be clean - shaven. Most operative personnel are not allowed to wear beards (so as not to interfere with gas masks) unless:
Although, in the enduring operations in Afghanistan, many soldiers have grown full beards
(Details unknown.)
Traditionally, Russian soldiers of Russian Tsardom wore beards, but during the reign of Peter the Great they were completely banned in the army and even for civilians, except members of the clergy. Peter did however make moustaches a requirement for every soldier excluding officers, and all of the Russian infantry of the imperial reign could be seen sporting them, often growing beyond the upper - lip. Although the typical image of the imperial Russian soldier shown him with a beard, they were not universally permitted until 1895. Cavalrymen also met these requirements. Officers and staff on the other hand grew whatever hair they wished, and generally kept with the fashion of the time.
The Spanish Armed Forces allow facial hair, under article 40 of the Royal Ordinances. Dress and grooming standards for Spanish ISAF forces have been relaxed to help the troops blend in better with the local Muslim population.
In the Serbian Armed Forces neatly trimmed mustaches are the only facial hair permitted, remaining of the face must be cleanly shaved in every occasion except when legitimate reasons prevent it (e.g. winter field operations, war operations), but soldiers do have to shave the first chance that situation permits. Priests of any denomination are allowed to have beards if their religion requires it, but it still have to be trimmed and well groomed.
The regulations require personnel to be "well shaved '' (välrakad). Within the Royal Guard (Högvakten), the royal companies (Livkomp) and other personnel performing ceremonial duties, temporary or on a regular basis, the regulations are strictly enforced.
Within other units, beards tend to be allowed under the discretion of the company commander (or other higher ranking commander). The general provisions of well - managed appearance is enforced also when it comes to beards.
Soldiers are however by practice allowed to grow beards during service abroad, for example in Afghanistan.
The motivation for the regulation prohibiting beard is that it interferes with the gas - mask and makes it difficult to achieve a perfect air - tight fit. Shorter beard and gun grease or ointment is one remedy but will increase the time for the application of the gas - mask which in turn will put bearded personnel at increased risk of exposure.
All Turkish Armed Forces personnel are required to be clean - shaven at all times.
Ukrainian Cossacks traditionally have a distinctive facial hair style - long "cossack '' moustache was very popular across Ukraine during Middle Ages until modern times. The tradition allegedly dates back at least to the times of prince of Kyevan Rus ' Sviatoslav I of Kiev famous for his military campaigns in the east and south. Sviatoslav had distinctive moustache and hair style (oseledets or chupryna) that almost every Ukrainian cossack had centuries after his times (although Svyatoslav had lived in 10th century, while Cossacks appear on the historical scene only since the 15th century).
The length of the cossack moustache was important - the longer the better. Sometimes one had to tuck them away behind one 's ears.
Some cossacks were wearing beards as well, but this type of facial hair was not very popular in Ukraine in general and in Ukraine 's military in particular.
Until the mid-19th century, facial hair was unusual in the British Army, except for the infantry pioneers, who traditionally grew beards. A small minority of officers wore moustaches. During the 1800s, the attitude to facial hair changed as a result of the Indian and Asian Wars. Many Middle Eastern and Indian cultures associated facial hair with wisdom and power. As a result, facial hair, moustaches and side whiskers in particular, became increasingly common on British soldiers stationed in Asia. In the mid-19th century, during the Crimean War, all ranks were encouraged to grow large moustaches, and full beards during winter.
After the Crimean war, regulations were introduced that prevented serving soldiers of all ranks from shaving above their top lip, in essence making moustaches compulsory for those who could grow them, although beards were later forbidden. This remained in place until 1916, when the regulation was abolished by an Army Order dated 6 October 1916. It was issued by Nevil Macready, Adjutant - General to the Forces, who loathed his own moustache and immediately shaved it off. However, there is considerable evidence in photographs and film footage that the earlier regulations were widely ignored and that many British soldiers of all ranks were clean - shaven even before 1916. This was often because the penalty for not growing a moustache was rarely enforced, as it would n't hold in military court for court - martialling.
Since that time, the British Army, Royal Air Force, and Royal Marines have allowed moustaches and connected side whiskers only. Exceptions are beards grown for medical reasons, such as temporary skin irritations, or for religious reasons (usually by Sikhs or Muslims), although in the event of conflict in which the use of chemical or biological weapons is likely, they may be required to shave a strip around the seal of a respirator. Infantry pioneer warrant officers, colour sergeants and sergeants also traditionally wear and are permitted to wear beards; although not compulsory, most do wear them. In some Scottish infantry regiments, it is either permitted or expected, by regimental tradition, for the drum major, pipe major, and / or commanding officer 's piper to wear a beard. Beards are also permitted to special forces when on covert intelligence operations or behind enemy lines.
More recently, the British Army has been seen sporting a full range of stubble, moustaches and beards in Afghanistan in an effort to blend in with the generally bearded Afghan men, for whom a beard is seen as a sign of virility and authority.
The Royal Navy has always allowed beards, but never moustaches alone, and since at least the early 20th century has permitted its members to wear only a "full set '' (i.e. a full beard and moustache). A beard or moustache may not be worn without the other and the beard must be full (i.e. cover the whole jawline) and joined to the moustache. If, after a period without shaving, it becomes clear that the individual can not grow a proper full set, his commanding officer may order him to shave it off.
Any style of facial hair is allowed to British police officers, as long as it is neatly trimmed.
Beards and sideburns are not permitted by the regular Mexican military, without exception. Soldiers at any rank must be clean - shaven and short haired.
Beards and sideburns are banned in all military and police forces since the early 20th century. A clean - shaved face is considered part of a spirit of order, hygiene and discipline. Stubble is also considered unacceptable and controlled with severity. Well - trimmed moustaches are allowed in most of these branches, although in some cases this is a privilege of officers and sub-officers, and it 's not allowed to be grown while on duty.
Before the end of 20th century, the Navy became a singularity within the Argentine Armed Forces as Adm. Joaquín Stella, then Navy Chief of Staff allowed beards in 2000 for officers with ranks above Teniente de Corbeta (Ensign), according to Section 1.10. 1.1 of the Navy Uniform regulations (R.A - 1 - 001). Adm. Stella gave the example himself by becoming the first bearded Argentine admiral since Adm. Sáenz Valiente in the 1920s. Non commissioned officers can wear beards from Suboficial Segundo (Petty Officer) rank, and upwards.
Protocol still requires officers to appear clean - shaved on duty, thus forcing those who choose to sport beards to grow them while on leave. Both full beards and goatees are allowed, as long as they proffer a professional, non-eccentric image. Nowadays, bearded Argentine naval and marine officers and senior NCO 's are a relatively common sight.
The Brazilian Army, Brazilian Navy and Brazilian Air Force permit moustaches, as long as they are trimmed to just above the upper lip. Recruits, however, may not wear moustaches. Beards are generally not allowed except for special exceptions, such as covering a deformity. In such cases, a beard is permitted under authorization.
The Canadian Forces permits moustaches, provided they be neatly trimmed, a maximum of 2 centimetres in bulk, and that the unshaven part does not pass beyond the corners of the mouth. Otherwise, the moustache must be styled horizontally and can not go beyond the face. Generally speaking, beards are not permitted to CF personnel with the following exceptions:
These exceptions notwithstanding, in no case is a beard permitted without a moustache, and only full beards may be worn (not goatees, van dykes, etc.). Personnel with beards may still be required to modify or shave off the beard, as environmental or tactical circumstances dictate (e.g., to facilitate the wearing of a gas mask). Beards are also allowed to be worn by personnel conducting OPFOR duties.
Only after the rank of captain, officers are allowed to wear a well trimmed moustache that does n't grow over the upper lip. Beards and sideburns are not allowed.
Excluding limited exemptions for religious accommodation, the United States Army, Air Force, and Marine Corps have policies that prohibit beards on the basis of hygiene and the necessity of a good seal for chemical weapon protective masks. The official position is that uniform personal appearance and grooming contribute to discipline and a sense of camaraderie.
All branches of the U.S. Military currently prohibit beards for a vast majority of recruits, although some mustaches are still allowed, based on policies that were initiated during the period of World War I.
On 10 November 1970, Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) Elmo Zumwalt explicitly authorized beards for active duty Naval personnel, in his Z - gram number 57, "Elimination of Demeaning or Abrasive Regulation, '' although his position was that they were already implicitly allowed based on policy changes made by his predecessor, Thomas H. Moorer:
1. Those demeaning or abrasive regulations generally referred to in the fleet as "Mickey Mouse '' or "Chicken '' regs have, in my judgment, done almost as much to cause dissatisfaction among our personnel as have extended family separation and low pay scales. I desire to eliminate many of the most abrasive policies, standardize others which are inconsistently enforced, and provide some general guidance which reflects my conviction that if we are to place the importance and responsibility of "the person '' in proper perspective in the more efficient Navy we are seeking, the worth and personal dignity of the individual must be forcefully reaffirmed. The policy changes below are effective immediately and will be amplified by more detailed implementing directives to be issued separately. 2. It appears that my predecessor 's guidance in May on the subject of haircuts, beards and sideburns is insufficiently understood and, for this reason, I want to restate what I believed to be explicit: in the case of haircuts, sideburns, and contemporary clothing styles, my view is that we must learn to adapt to changing fashions. I will not countenance the rights or privileges of any officers or enlisted men being abrogated in any way because they choose to grow sideburns or neatly trimmed beards or moustaches or because preferences in neat clothing styles are at variance with the taste of their seniors, nor will I countenance any personnel being in any way penalized during the time they are growing beards, moustaches, or sideburns.
The Navy ban on beards on Naval installations and operational vessels, including its submarine fleet, was reinstated in 1984 by CNO James D. Watkins. However, this rule is generally ignored on board deployed submarines at the Captain 's discretion.
The U.S. Coast Guard allowed beards until 1986, when they were banned by Commandant Admiral Paul Yost. The majority of police forces in the United States still ban their officers from wearing beards.
Mustaches are generally allowed in both the military and police forces (except for those undergoing basic training), so long as they are well - groomed. U.S. Army regulations, for example, require that a mustaches be "neatly trimmed, tapered, and tidy '', and that "no portion of the mustache will cover the upper lip line, extend sideways beyond a vertical line drawn upward from the corners of the mouth... or extend above a parallel line at the lowest portion of the nose. ''
Those with skin conditions such as pseudofolliculitis barbae or severe acne are allowed to maintain short facial hair with the permission of a doctor or medic, but no shaping is allowed, only trimming with an electric razor, or approved regular razor. 1 / 8 - 1 / 4 of an inch (3.2 mm) is usually the standard for this condition.
Additionally, for almost a decade, ending with a "deauthorization '' order that took effect on 7 September 2010, many Special Forces members in Afghanistan were allowed to wear beards.
In 2010, the U.S. Army granted waivers for a number of Sikh soldiers and one Muslim soldier, permitting them to have beards (and in the case of the Sikh soldiers, to have "unshorn '' hair covered by turbans). In 2010, a rabbi filed suit against the Army for permission to be commissioned as a Jewish chaplain without shaving his beard, noting (among other issues) that another Jewish Chaplain, Colonel Jacob Goldstein, has been serving (first in the New York State National Guard and later in the United States Army Reserve) since 1977 with a beard. Effective 22 January 2014, the US military expanded its policies on religious accommodation and allowed all officer and enlisted personnel to request permission to wear beards and articles of clothing for religious reasons.
Beards are normally not allowed in the Australian Army and Royal Australian Air Force, however, neatly trimmed moustaches and sideburns are allowed. Regulations apply, however. The moustache can not be grown past the top lip. The sideburns are not to be past the point where the bottom of the ear connects to the facial skin. In some circumstances though, such as medical or religious reasons beards may be permitted. Exceptions to this rule however are assault pioneers and special forces in Afghanistan.
In the Royal Australian Navy, members may grow a beard but only with approval from their commanding officer. The beard must be complete, joined from sideburns, covering the chin and joining the moustache. A moustache on its own is not permitted.
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bounded waiting mutual exclusion with test and set | Test - and - set - wikipedia
In computer science, the test - and - set instruction is an instruction used to write 1 (set) to a memory location and return its old value as a single atomic (i.e., non-interruptible) operation. If multiple processes may access the same memory location, and if a process is currently performing a test - and - set, no other process may begin another test - and - set until the first process 's test - and - set is finished. A CPU may use a test - and - set instruction offered by another electronic component, such as dual - port RAM; a CPU itself may also offer a test - and - set instruction.
A lock can be built using an atomic test - and - set instruction as follows:
The calling process obtains the lock if the old value was 0 otherwise while - loop spins waiting to acquire the lock. This is called a spinlock. "Test and Test - and - set '' is another example.
Maurice Herlihy (1991) proved that test - and - set has a finite consensus number and can solve the wait - free consensus problem for at-most two concurrent processes. In contrast, compare - and - swap offers a more general solution to this problem.
DPRAM test - and - set instructions can work in many ways. Here are two variations, both of which describe a DPRAM which provides exactly 2 ports, allowing 2 separate electronic components (such as 2 CPUs) access to every memory location on the DPRAM.
When CPU 1 issues a test - and - set instruction, the DPRAM first makes an "internal note '' of this by storing the address of the memory location in a special place. If at this point, CPU 2 happens to issue a test - and - set instruction for the same memory location, the DPRAM first checks its "internal note '', recognizes the situation, and issues a BUSY interrupt, which tells CPU 2 that it must wait and retry. This is an implementation of a busy waiting or spinlock using the interrupt mechanism. Since all this happens at hardware speeds, CPU 2 's wait to get out of the spin - lock is very short.
Whether or not CPU 2 was trying to access the memory location, the DPRAM performs the test given by CPU 1. If the test succeeds, the DPRAM sets the memory location to the value given by CPU 1. Then the DPRAM wipes out its "internal note '' that CPU 1 was writing there. At this point, CPU 2 could issue a test - and - set, which would succeed.
CPU 1 issues a test - and - set instruction to write to "memory location A ''. The DPRAM does not immediately store the value in memory location A, but instead simultaneously moves the current value to a special register, while setting the contents of memory location A to a special "flag value ''. If at this point, CPU 2 issues a test - and - set to memory location A, the DPRAM detects the special flag value, and as in Variation 1, issues a BUSY interrupt.
Whether or not CPU 2 was trying to access the memory location, the DPRAM now performs CPU 1 's test. If the test succeeds, the DPRAM sets memory location A to the value specified by CPU 1. If the test fails, the DPRAM copies the value back from the special register to memory location A. Either operation wipes out the special flag value. If CPU 2 now issues a test - and - set, it will succeed.
Some instruction sets have an atomic test - and - set machine language instruction - x86 and IBM System / 360 and its successors (including z / Architecture). Those that do not can still implement an atomic test - and - set using a read - modify - write or compare - and - swap instruction.
The test and set instruction when used with boolean values behaves like the following function. Crucially the entire function is executed atomically: no process can interrupt the function mid-execution and hence see a state that only exists during the execution of the function. This code only serves to help explain the behaviour of test - and - set; atomicity requires explicit hardware support and hence ca n't be implemented as a simple function. NOTE: In this example, ' lock ' is assumed to be passed by reference (or by name) but the assignment to ' initial ' creates a new value (not just copying a reference).
The above code segment is not atomic in the sense of the test - and - set instruction. It also differs from the descriptions of DPRAM hardware test - and - set above in that here the "set '' value and the test are fixed and invariant, and the "set '' part of the operation is done regardless of the outcome of the test, whereas in the description of DPRAM test - and - set, the memory is set only upon passage of the test, and the value to set and the test condition are specified by the CPU. Here, the value to set can only be 1, but if 0 and 1 are considered the only valid values for the memory location, and "value is nonzero '' is the only allowed test, then this equates to the case described for DPRAM hardware (or, more specifically, the DPRAM case reduces to this under these constraints). From that viewpoint, this can correctly be called "test - and - set '' in the full conventional sense of the term. The essential point to note, which this software function does embody, is the general intent and principle of test - and - set: that a value both is tested and is set in one atomic operation such that no other program thread might cause the target memory location to change after it is tested but before it is set, which would violate the logic requiring that the location will only be set when it has a certain value. (That is, critically, as opposed to merely when it very recently had that value.)
In the C programming language, the implementation would be like:
The code also shows that TestAndSet is really two operations: an atomic read - modify - write and a test. Only the read - modify - write needs to be atomic. (This is true because delaying the value comparison itself by any amount of time will not change the result of the test, once the value to test has been obtained. Once the code writes the initial value, the result of the test has been determined, even if it has not been computed yet -- e.g. in the C language example, by the = = operator.)
One way to implement mutual exclusion is by using a test - and - set based lock as follows:
The lock variable is a shared variable i.e. it can be accessed by all processors / threads. Note the volatile keyword. In absence of volatile, the compiler and / or the CPU (s) may optimize access to lock and / or use cached values, thus rendering the above code erroneous. Conversely, and unfortunately, the presence of volatile does not guarantee that reads and writes are committed to memory. Some compilers issue memory barriers to ensure that operations are committed to memory, but since the semantics of volatile in C / C++ is quite vague, not all compilers will do that. Consult your compiler 's documentation to determine if it does.
This function can be called by multiple processes, but it is guaranteed that only one process will be in the critical section at a time. The rest of the processes will keep spinning until they get the lock. It is possible that a process is never granted the lock. In such a case it will loop endlessly. This is a drawback of this implementation as it does n't ensure fairness. These issues are further elaborated in the performance section.
Here tsl is an atomic instruction and flag is the lock variable. The process does n't return unless it acquires the lock.
The four major evaluation metrics for locks in general are uncontended lock - acquisition latency, bus traffic, fairness, and storage.
Test - and - set scores low on two of them, namely, high bus traffic and unfairness.
When processor P1 has obtained a lock and processor P2 is also waiting for the lock, P2 will keep incurring bus transactions in attempts to acquire the lock. When a processor has obtained a lock, all other processors which also wish to obtain the same lock keep trying to obtain the lock by initiating bus transactions repeatedly until they get hold of the lock. This increases the bus traffic requirement of test - and - set significantly. This slows down all other traffic from cache and coherence misses. It slows down the overall section, since the traffic is saturated by failed lock acquisition attempts. Test - and - test - and - set is an improvement over TSL since it does not initiate lock acquisition requests continuously.
When we consider fairness, we consider if a processor gets a fair chance of acquiring the lock when it is set free. In an extreme situation the processor might starve i.e. it might not be able to acquire the lock for an extended period of time even though it has become free during that time.
Storage overhead for TSL is next to nothing since only one lock is required. Uncontended latency is also low since only one atomic instruction and branch are needed.
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where is the headquarter of security council situated | United Nations Security Council - Wikipedia
Council President Tekeda Alemu
The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations, charged with the maintenance of international peace and security as well as accepting new members to the United Nations and approving any changes to its United Nations Charter. Its powers include the establishment of peacekeeping operations, the establishment of international sanctions, and the authorization of military action through Security Council resolutions; it is the only UN body with the authority to issue binding resolutions to member states. The Security Council held its first session on 17 January 1946.
Like the UN as a whole, the Security Council was created following World War II to address the failings of a previous international organization, the League of Nations, in maintaining world peace. In its early decades, the body was largely paralyzed by the Cold War division between the US and USSR and their respective allies, though it authorized interventions in the Korean War and the Congo Crisis and peacekeeping missions in the Suez Crisis, Cyprus, and West New Guinea. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, UN peacekeeping efforts increased dramatically in scale, and the Security Council authorized major military and peacekeeping missions in Kuwait, Namibia, Cambodia, Bosnia, Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan, and the Democratic Republic of Congo.
The Security Council consists of fifteen members. The great powers that were the victors of World War II -- the Soviet Union (now represented by the Russian Federation), the United Kingdom, France, Republic of China (now represented by the People 's Republic of China), and the United States -- serve as the body 's five permanent members. These permanent members can veto any substantive Security Council resolution, including those on the admission of new member states or candidates for Secretary - General. The Security Council also has 10 non-permanent members, elected on a regional basis to serve two - year terms. The body 's presidency rotates monthly among its members.
Security Council resolutions are typically enforced by UN peacekeepers, military forces voluntarily provided by member states and funded independently of the main UN budget. As of 2016, 103,510 peacekeepers and 16,471 civilians were deployed on sixteen peacekeeping operations and one special political mission.
In the century prior to the UN 's creation, several international treaty organizations and conferences had been formed to regulate conflicts between nations, such as the International Committee of the Red Cross and the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907. Following the catastrophic loss of life in World War I, the Paris Peace Conference established the League of Nations to maintain harmony between the nations. This organization successfully resolved some territorial disputes and created international structures for areas such as postal mail, aviation, and opium control, some of which would later be absorbed into the UN. However, the League lacked representation for colonial peoples (then half the world 's population) and significant participation from several major powers, including the US, USSR, Germany, and Japan; it failed to act against the 1931 Japanese invasion of Manchuria, the Second Italo - Ethiopian War in 1935, the 1937 Japanese occupation of China, and Nazi expansions under Adolf Hitler that escalated into World War II.
The earliest concrete plan for a new world organization began under the aegis of the US State Department in 1939. Roosevelt first coined the term United Nations to describe the Allied countries. "On New Year 's Day 1942, President Roosevelt, Prime Minister Churchill, Maxim Litvinov, of the USSR, and T.V. Soong, of China, signed a short document which later came to be known as the United Nations Declaration and the next day the representatives of twenty - two other nations added their signatures. '' The term United Nations was first officially used when 26 governments signed this Declaration. By 1 March 1945, 21 additional states had signed. "Four Policemen '' was coined to refer to the four major Allied countries: the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and China, which was emerged in Declaration by United Nations and became the foundation of an executive branch of the United Nations, the Security Council.
In mid-1944, the delegations from the Allied "Big Four '', the Soviet Union, the UK, the US and China, met for the Dumbarton Oaks Conference in Washington, D.C. to negotiate the UN 's structure, and the composition of the UN Security Council quickly became the dominant issue. France, the Republic of China, the Soviet Union, the UK, and US were selected as permanent members of the Security Council; the US attempted to add Brazil as a sixth member, but was opposed by the heads of the Soviet and British delegations. The most contentious issue at Dumbarton and in successive talks proved to be the veto rights of permanent members. The Soviet delegation argued that each nation should have an absolute veto that could block matters from even being discussed, while the British argued that nations should not be able to veto resolutions on disputes to which they were a party. At the Yalta Conference of February 1945, the American, British, and Russian delegations agreed that each of the "Big Five '' could veto any action by the council, but not procedural resolutions, meaning that the permanent members could not prevent debate on a resolution.
On 25 April 1945, the UN Conference on International Organization began in San Francisco, attended by 50 governments and a number of non-governmental organizations involved in drafting the United Nations Charter. At the conference, H.V. Evatt of the Australian delegation pushed to further restrict the veto power of Security Council permanent members. Due to the fear that rejecting the strong veto would cause the conference 's failure, his proposal was defeated twenty votes to ten.
The UN officially came into existence on 24 October 1945 upon ratification of the Charter by the five then - permanent members of the Security Council and by a majority of the other 46 signatories. On 17 January 1946, the Security Council met for the first time at Church House, Westminster, in London, United Kingdom.
The Security Council was largely paralysed in its early decades by the Cold War between the US and USSR and their allies, and the Council generally was only able to intervene in unrelated conflicts. (A notable exception was the 1950 Security Council resolution authorizing a US - led coalition to repel the North Korean invasion of South Korea, passed in the absence of the USSR.) In 1956, the first UN peacekeeping force was established to end the Suez Crisis; however, the UN was unable to intervene against the USSR 's simultaneous invasion of Hungary following that country 's revolution. Cold War divisions also paralysed the Security Council 's Military Staff Committee, which had been formed by Articles 45 -- 47 of the UN Charter to oversee UN forces and create UN military bases. The committee continued to exist on paper but largely abandoned its work in the mid-1950s.
In 1960, the UN deployed the United Nations Operation in the Congo (UNOC), the largest military force of its early decades, to restore order to the breakaway State of Katanga, restoring it to the control of the Democratic Republic of the Congo by 1964. However, the Security Council found itself bypassed in favour of direct negotiations between the superpowers in some of the decade 's larger conflicts, such as the Cuban missile crisis or the Vietnam War. Focusing instead on smaller conflicts without an immediate Cold War connection, the Security Council deployed the United Nations Temporary Executive Authority in West New Guinea in 1962 and the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus in 1964, the latter of which would become one of the UN 's longest - running peacekeeping missions.
On 25 October 1971, over US opposition but with the support of many Third World nations, the mainland, communist People 's Republic of China was given the Chinese seat on the Security Council in place of Taiwan; the vote was widely seen as a sign of waning US influence in the organization. With an increasing Third World presence and the failure of UN mediation in conflicts in the Middle East, Vietnam, and Kashmir, the UN increasingly shifted its attention to its ostensibly secondary goals of economic development and cultural exchange. By the 1970s, the UN budget for social and economic development was far greater than its budget for peacekeeping.
After the Cold War, the UN saw a radical expansion in its peacekeeping duties, taking on more missions in ten years ' time than it had in its previous four decades. Between 1988 and 2000, the number of adopted Security Council resolutions more than doubled, and the peacekeeping budget increased more than tenfold. The UN negotiated an end to the Salvadoran Civil War, launched a successful peacekeeping mission in Namibia, and oversaw democratic elections in post-apartheid South Africa and post-Khmer Rouge Cambodia. In 1991, the Security Council demonstrated its renewed vigor by condemning the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait on the same day of the attack, and later authorizing a US - led coalition that successfully repulsed the Iraqis. Undersecretary - General Brian Urquhart later described the hopes raised by these successes as a "false renaissance '' for the organization, given the more troubled missions that followed.
Though the UN Charter had been written primarily to prevent aggression by one nation against another, in the early 1990s, the UN faced a number of simultaneous, serious crises within nations such as Somalia, Haiti, Mozambique, and the former Yugoslavia. The UN mission in Somalia was widely viewed as a failure after the US withdrawal following casualties in the Battle of Mogadishu, and the UN mission to Bosnia faced "worldwide ridicule '' for its indecisive and confused mission in the face of ethnic cleansing. In 1994, the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda failed to intervene in the Rwandan Genocide in the face of Security Council indecision.
In the late 1990s, UN-authorised international interventions took a wider variety of forms. The UN mission in the 1991 -- 2002 Sierra Leone Civil War was supplemented by British Royal Marines, and the UN-authorised 2001 invasion of Afghanistan was overseen by NATO. In 2003, the US invaded Iraq despite failing to pass a UN Security Council resolution for authorization, prompting a new round of questioning of the organization 's effectiveness. In the same decade, the Security Council intervened with peacekeepers in crises including the War in Darfur in Sudan and the Kivu conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo. In 2013, an internal review of UN actions in the final battles of the Sri Lankan Civil War in 2009 concluded that the organization had suffered "systemic failure ''. In November / December 2014, Egypt presented a motion proposing an expansion of the NPT (non-Proliferation Treaty), to include Israel and Iran; this proposal was due to increasing hostilities and destruction in the Middle - East connected to the Syrian Conflict as well as others. All members of the Security Council are signatory to the NPT.
The UN 's role in international collective security is defined by the UN Charter, which authorizes the Security Council to investigate any situation threatening international peace; recommend procedures for peaceful resolution of a dispute; call upon other member nations to completely or partially interrupt economic relations as well as sea, air, postal, and radio communications, or to sever diplomatic relations; and enforce its decisions militarily, or by any means necessary. The Security Council also recommends the new Secretary - General to the General Assembly and recommends new states for admission as member states of the United Nations. The Security Council has traditionally interpreted its mandate as covering only military security, though US Ambassador Richard Holbrooke controversially persuaded the body to pass a resolution on HIV / AIDS in Africa in 2000.
Under Chapter VI of the Charter, "Pacific Settlement of Disputes '', the Security Council "may investigate any dispute, or any situation which might lead to international friction or give rise to a dispute ''. The Council may "recommend appropriate procedures or methods of adjustment '' if it determines that the situation might endanger international peace and security. These recommendations are generally considered to not be binding, as they lack an enforcement mechanism. A minority of scholars, such as Stephen Zunes, have argued that resolutions made under Chapter VI are "still directives by the Security Council and differ only in that they do not have the same stringent enforcement options, such as the use of military force ''.
Under Chapter VII, the Council has broader power to decide what measures are to be taken in situations involving "threats to the peace, breaches of the peace, or acts of aggression ''. In such situations, the Council is not limited to recommendations but may take action, including the use of armed force "to maintain or restore international peace and security ''. This was the legal basis for UN armed action in Korea in 1950 during the Korean War and the use of coalition forces in Iraq and Kuwait in 1991 and Libya in 2011. Decisions taken under Chapter VII, such as economic sanctions, are binding on UN members; the Security Council is the only UN body with the authority to issue binding resolutions.
The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court recognizes that the Security Council has authority to refer cases to the Court in which the Court could not otherwise exercise jurisdiction. The Council exercised this power for the first time in March 2005, when it referred to the Court "the situation prevailing in Darfur since 1 July 2002 ''; since Sudan is not a party to the Rome Statute, the Court could not otherwise have exercised jurisdiction. The Security Council made its second such referral in February 2011 when it asked the ICC to investigate the Libyan government 's violent response to the Libyan Civil War.
Security Council Resolution 1674, adopted on 28 April 2006, "reaffirms the provisions of paragraphs 138 and 139 of the 2005 World Summit Outcome Document regarding the responsibility to protect populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity ''. The Security Council reaffirmed this responsibility to protect in Resolution 1706 on 31 August of that year. These resolutions commit the Security Council to take action to protect civilians in an armed conflict, including taking action against genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity.
The Security Council 's five permanent members, below, have the power to veto any substantive resolution; this allows a permanent member to block adoption of a resolution, but not to prevent or end debate.
At the UN 's founding in 1945, the five permanent members of the Security Council were the Republic of China, the French Republic, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States. There have been two major seat changes since then. China 's seat was originally held by Chiang Kai - shek 's Nationalist Government, the Republic of China. However, the Nationalists were forced to retreat to the island of Taiwan in 1949, during the Chinese Civil War. The Communist government assumed control of mainland China, thenceforth known as the People 's Republic of China. In 1971, General Assembly Resolution 2758 recognized the People 's Republic as the rightful representative of China in the UN and gave it the seat on the Security Council that had been held by the Republic of China, which was expelled from the UN altogether with no opportunity of membership as a separate nation. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Russian Federation was recognized as the legal successor state of the Soviet Union and maintained the latter 's position on the Security Council. Additionally, France reformed its government into the French Fifth Republic in 1958, under the leadership of Charles de Gaulle. France maintained its seat as there was no change in its international status or recognition, although many of its overseas possessions eventually became independent.
The five permanent members of the Security Council were the victorious powers in World War II and have maintained the world 's most powerful military forces ever since. They annually topped the list of countries with the highest military expenditures. In 2013, they spent over US $1 trillion combined on defence, accounting for over 55 % of global military expenditures (the US alone accounting for over 35 %). They are also among the world 's largest arms exporters and are the only nations officially recognized as "nuclear - weapon states '' under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), though there are other states known or believed to be in possession of nuclear weapons.
Under Article 27 of the UN Charter, Security Council decisions on all substantive matters require the affirmative votes of nine members. A negative vote or "veto '' by a permanent member prevents adoption of a proposal, even if it has received the required votes. Abstention is not regarded as a veto in most cases, though all five permanent members must actively concur to amend the UN Charter or to recommend the admission of a new UN member state. Procedural matters are not subject to a veto, so the veto can not be used to avoid discussion of an issue. The same holds for certain decisions that directly regard permanent members. A majority of vetoes are used not in critical international security situations, but for purposes such as blocking a candidate for Secretary - General or the admission of a member state.
In the negotiations building up to the creation of the UN, the veto power was resented by many small countries, and in fact was forced on them by the veto nations -- US, UK, China, France and the Soviet Union -- through a threat that without the veto there will be no UN. Here is a description by Francis O. Wilcox, an adviser to US delegation to the 1945 conference: "At San Francisco, the issue was made crystal clear by the leaders of the Big Five: it was either the Charter with the veto or no Charter at all. Senator Connally (from the US delegation) dramatically tore up a copy of the Charter during one of his speeches and reminded the small states that they would be guilty of that same act if they opposed the unanimity principle. "You may, if you wish, '' he said, "go home from this Conference and say that you have defeated the veto. But what will be your answer when you are asked: ' Where is the Charter '? ''
As of 2012, 269 vetoes had been cast since the Security Council 's inception. In this period, China (ROC / PRC) used the veto 9 times, France 18, USSR / Russia 128, the UK 32, and the US 89. Roughly two - thirds of Soviet / Russian vetoes were in the first ten years of the Security Council 's existence. Between 1996 and 2012, China vetoed 5 resolutions, Russia 7, and the US 13, while France and the UK did not use the veto.
An early veto by Soviet Commissar Andrei Vishinsky blocked a resolution on the withdrawal of French forces from the then - colonies of Syria and Lebanon in February 1946; this veto established the precedent that permanent members could use the veto on matters outside of immediate concerns of war and peace. The USSR went on to veto matters including the admission of Austria, Cambodia, Ceylon, Finland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Laos, Libya, Portugal, South Vietnam, and Transjordan as UN member states, delaying their joining by several years. Britain and France used the veto to avoid Security Council condemnation of their actions in the 1956 Suez Crisis. The first veto by the US came in 1970, blocking General Assembly action in Southern Rhodesia. From 1985 -- 90, the US vetoed 27 resolutions, primarily to block resolutions it perceived as anti-Israel but also to protect its interests in Panama and Korea. The USSR, US, and China have all vetoed candidates for Secretary - General, with the US using the veto to block the re-election of Boutros Boutros - Ghali in 1996.
Along with the five permanent members, the Security Council has temporary members that hold their seats on a rotating basis by geographic region. Non-permanent members may be involved in global security briefings. In its first two decades, the Security Council had six non-permanent members, the first of which were Australia, Brazil, Egypt, Mexico, the Netherlands, and Poland. In 1965, the number of non-permanent members was expanded to ten.
These ten non-permanent members are elected by the General Assembly for two - year terms starting on 1 January, with five replaced each year. To be approved, a candidate must receive at least two - thirds of all votes cast for that seat, which can result in deadlock if there are two roughly evenly matched candidates. In 1979, a standoff between Cuba and Colombia only ended after three months and a record 154 rounds of voting; both eventually withdrew in favour of Mexico as a compromise candidate. A retiring member is not eligible for immediate re-election.
The African Group is represented by three members; the Latin America and the Caribbean, Asia - Pacific, and Western European and Others groups by two apiece; and the Eastern European Group by one. Traditionally, one of the seats assigned to either the Asia - Pacific Group or the African Group is filled by a nation from the Arab world. Currently, elections for terms beginning in even - numbered years select two African members, and one each within Eastern Europe, Asia - Pacific, and Latin America and the Caribbean. Terms beginning in odd - numbered years consist of two Western European and Other members, and one each from Asia - Pacific, Africa, and Latin America and the Caribbean.
The current elected members, with the regions they were elected to represent, are as follows:
The 2017 -- 18 term will be the first time in over five decades that two members have agreed to split a term; otherwise intractable deadlocks have instead usually been resolved by the candidate countries withdrawing in favour of a third member state.
The role of president of the Security Council involves setting the agenda, presiding at its meetings and overseeing any crisis. The president is authorized to issue both presidential statements (subject to consensus among Council members) and notes, which are used to make declarations of intent that the full Security Council can then pursue. The presidency of the Council is held by each of the members in turn for one month, following the English alphabetical order of the Member States names.
The list of nations that will hold the Presidency in 2017 is as follows:
Unlike the General Assembly, the Security Council meets year - round. Each Security Council member must have a representative available at UN Headquarters at all times in case an emergency meeting becomes necessary.
The Security Council generally meets in a designated chamber in the United Nations Conference Building in New York City, U.S. The chamber was designed by the Norwegian architect Arnstein Arneberg and was a gift from Norway. The mural painted by the Norwegian artist Per Krohg depicts a phoenix rising from its ashes, symbolic of the world 's rebirth after World War II.
The Security Council has also held meetings in cities including Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Panama City, Panama; and Geneva, Switzerland. In March 2010, the Security Council moved into a temporary facility in the General Assembly Building as its chamber underwent renovations as part of the UN Capital Master Plan. The renovations were funded by Norway, the chamber 's original donor, for a total cost of US $ 5 million. The chamber reopened on 16 April 2013.
Because meetings in the Security Council Chamber are covered by the international press, proceedings are highly theatrical in nature. Delegates deliver speeches to claim their points and justify their positions and attack their opponents, playing to the cameras and the audience at home. Delegations also stage walkouts to express their disagreement with actions of the Security Council. All of the real work of the Security Council is done behind closed doors in "informal consultations. '' No formal record is kept of the informal consultations.
In 1978, the West German government funded the construction of a conference room next to the Security Council Chamber. Only members of the Security Council are permitted in the conference room for consultations. The press is not admitted, and other members of the United Nations can not be invited into the consultations. As a result, the delegations can negotiate with each other in secret, striking deals and compromises without having their every word transcribed into the permanent record. The privacy of the conference room also makes it possible for the delegates to deal with each other in a friendly manner. In one early consultation, a new delegate from a Communist nation began a propaganda attack on the United States, only to be told by the Soviet delegate, "We do n't talk that way in here. ''
By the time a resolution reaches the Security Council Chamber, it has already been discussed, debated, and amended in the consultations. The open meeting of the Security Council has become a public ratification of a decision that has already been reached in private. A permanent member can cast a "pocket veto '' during the informal consultation by declaring its opposition to a measure. Since a veto would prevent the resolution from being passed, the sponsor will usually refrain from putting the resolution to a vote. Resolutions are only vetoed if the sponsor feels so strongly about a measure that it wishes to force the permanent member to cast a formal veto.
The Security Council holds far more consultations than public meetings. In 2012, the Security Council held 160 consultations, 16 private meetings, and 9 public meetings. In times of crisis, the Security Council still meets primarily in consultations, but it also holds more public meetings. After the outbreak of the Ukraine crisis in 2013, the Security Council returned to the patterns of the Cold War, as Russia and the Western countries engaged in verbal duels in front of the television cameras. In 2016, the Security Council held 150 consultations, 19 private meetings, and 68 public meetings.
Article 29 of the Charter provides that the Security Council can establish subsidiary bodies in order to perform its functions. This authority is also reflected in Rule 28 of the Provisional Rules of Procedure. The subsidiary bodies established by the Security Council are extremely heterogenous. On the one hand, they include bodies such as the Security Council Committee on Admission of New Members. On the other hand, both the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda were also created as subsidiary bodies of the Security Council. The by now numerous Sanctions Committees (see Category: United Nations Security Council sanctions regimes) established in order to oversee implementation of the various sanctions regimes are also subsidiary bodies of the Council.
After approval by the Security Council, the UN may send peacekeepers to regions where armed conflict has recently ceased or paused to enforce the terms of peace agreements and to discourage combatants from resuming hostilities. Since the UN does not maintain its own military, peacekeeping forces are voluntarily provided by member states. These soldiers are sometimes nicknamed "Blue Helmets '' for their distinctive gear. The peacekeeping force as a whole received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1988.
In September 2013, the UN had 116,837 peacekeeping soldiers and other personnel deployed on 15 missions. The largest was the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), which included 20,688 uniformed personnel. The smallest, United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP), included 42 uniformed personnel responsible for monitoring the ceasefire in Jammu and Kashmir. Peacekeepers with the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) have been stationed in the Middle East since 1948, the longest - running active peacekeeping mission.
UN peacekeepers have also drawn criticism in several postings. Peacekeepers have been accused of child rape, soliciting prostitutes, or sexual abuse during various peacekeeping missions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Haiti, Liberia, Sudan and what is now South Sudan, Burundi and Ivory Coast. Scientists cited UN peacekeepers from Nepal as the likely source of the 2010 -- 13 Haiti cholera outbreak, which killed more than 8,000 Haitians following the 2010 Haiti earthquake.
The budget for peacekeeping is assessed separately from the main UN organisational budget; in the 2013 -- 2014 fiscal year, peacekeeping expenditures totalled $7.54 billion. UN peace operations are funded by assessments, using a formula derived from the regular funding scale, but including a weighted surcharge for the five permanent Security Council members. This surcharge serves to offset discounted peacekeeping assessment rates for less developed countries. In 2013, the top 10 providers of assessed financial contributions to United Nations peacekeeping operations were the US (28.38 %), Japan (10.83 %), France (7.22 %), Germany (7.14 %), the United Kingdom (6.68 %), China (6.64 %), Italy (4.45 %), Russian Federation (3.15 %), Canada (2.98 %), and Spain (2.97 %).
In examining the first sixty years of the Security Council 's existence, British historian Paul Kennedy concludes that "glaring failures had not only accompanied the UN 's many achievements, they overshadowed them '', identifying the lack of will to prevent ethnic massacres in Bosnia and Rwanda as particular failures. Kennedy attributes the failures to the UN 's lack of reliable military resources, writing that "above all, one can conclude that the practice of announcing (through a Security Council resolution) a new peacekeeping mission without ensuring that sufficient armed forces will be available has usually proven to be a recipe for humiliation and disaster. ''
A 2005 RAND Corporation study found the UN to be successful in two out of three peacekeeping efforts. It compared UN nation - building efforts to those of the United States, and found that seven out of eight UN cases are at peace. Also in 2005, the Human Security Report documented a decline in the number of wars, genocides and human rights abuses since the end of the Cold War, and presented evidence, albeit circumstantial, that international activism -- mostly spearheaded by the UN -- has been the main cause of the decline in armed conflict since the end of the Cold War.
Scholar Sudhir Chella Rajan argued in 2006 that the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, who are all nuclear powers, have created an exclusive nuclear club that predominately addresses the strategic interests and political motives of the permanent members -- for example, protecting the oil - rich Kuwaitis in 1991 but poorly protecting resource - poor Rwandans in 1994. Since three of the five permanent members are also European, and three or four are predominantly white Western nations, the Security Council has been described as a pillar of global apartheid by Titus Alexander, former Chair of Westminster United Nations Association.
The Security Council 's effectiveness and relevance is questioned by some because, in most high - profile cases, there are essentially no consequences for violating a Security Council resolution. During the Darfur crisis, Janjaweed militias, allowed by elements of the Sudanese government, committed violence against an indigenous population, killing thousands of civilians. In the Srebrenica massacre, Serbian troops committed genocide against Bosniaks, although Srebrenica had been declared a UN safe area, protected by 400 armed Dutch peacekeepers.
The UN Charter gives all three powers of the legislative, executive, and judiciary branches to the Security Council.
In his inaugural speech at the 16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement in August 2012, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei criticized the United Nations Security Council as having an "illogical, unjust and completely undemocratic structure and mechanism '' and called for a complete reform of the body.
The Security Council has been criticized for failure in resolving many conflicts, including Cyprus, Sri Lanka, Syria, Kosovo and the Israeli -- Palestinian conflict, reflecting the wider short - comings of the UN. For example; At the 68th Session of the UN General Assembly, New Zealand Prime Minister John Key heavily criticized the UN 's inaction on Syria, more than two years after the Syrian civil war began.
Proposals to reform the Security Council began with the conference that wrote the UN Charter and have continued to the present day. As British historian Paul Kennedy writes, "Everyone agrees that the present structure is flawed. But consensus on how to fix it remains out of reach. ''
There has been discussion of increasing the number of permanent members. The countries who have made the strongest demands for permanent seats are Brazil, Germany, India, and Japan. Japan and Germany, the main defeated powers in WWII, are now the UN 's second - and third - largest funders respectively, while Brazil and India are two of the largest contributors of troops to UN-mandated peace - keeping missions.
Italy, the third main defeated power in WWII and now the UN 's sixth - largest funder, leads a movement known as the Uniting for Consensus in opposition to the possible expansion of permanent seats. Core members of the group include Canada, South Korea, Spain, Indonesia, Mexico, Pakistan, Turkey, Argentina and Colombia. Their proposal is to create a new category of seats, still non-permanent, but elected for an extended duration (semi-permanent seats). As far as traditional categories of seats are concerned, the UfC proposal does not imply any change, but only the introduction of small and medium size states among groups eligible for regular seats. This proposal includes even the question of veto, giving a range of options that goes from abolition to limitation of the application of the veto only to Chapter VII matters.
Former UN Secretary - General Kofi Annan asked a team of advisers to come up with recommendations for reforming the United Nations by the end of 2004. One proposed measure is to increase the number of permanent members by five, which, in most proposals, would include Brazil, Germany, India, Japan (known as the G4 nations), one seat from Africa (most likely between Egypt, Nigeria or South Africa) and / or one seat from the Arab League. On 21 September 2004, the G4 nations issued a joint statement mutually backing each other 's claim to permanent status, together with two African countries. Currently the proposal has to be accepted by two - thirds of the General Assembly (128 votes).
The permanent members, each holding the right of veto, announced their positions on Security Council reform reluctantly. The United States has unequivocally supported the permanent membership of Japan and lent its support to India and a small number of additional non-permanent members. The United Kingdom and France essentially supported the G4 position, with the expansion of permanent and non-permanent members and the accession of Germany, Brazil, India and Japan to permanent member status, as well as an increase in the presence by African countries on the Council. China has supported the stronger representation of developing countries and firmly opposed Japan 's membership.
In 2017, it was reported that the G4 nations were willing to temporarily forgo veto power if granted permanent UNSC seat..
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where do you go to my lovely movie | Where Do You Go to (My Lovely)? - Wikipedia
"Where Do You Go To (My Lovely)? '' is a song by the British singer - songwriter Peter Sarstedt. Its recording was produced by Ray Singer, engineered by John Mackswith at Lansdowne Recording Studios and released in 1969. It was a number - one 1 hit in the UK Singles Chart for four weeks in 1969, and was awarded the 1969 Ivor Novello Award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically. In the United States, the record reached No. 61 on the Cash Box Top 100 Singles. The single also peaked at No. 70 on the Billboard Hot 100 that May.
The music has been described as "a faux European waltz tune '' and the arrangement is a very simple one of strummed acoustic guitar and bass guitar, with brief bursts of French - style accordion at the start and the end. The arranger and conductor was Ian Green.
The song is about a fictional girl named Marie - Claire who grows up on the poverty - stricken backstreets of Naples, becomes a member of the jet set, and goes on to live in Paris. The lyrics describe her from the perspective of a childhood friend; it is left unclear whether they have remained close. The rhetorical question of the title suggests that her glamorous lifestyle might not have brought Marie - Claire happiness or contentment.
Even though Sarstedt himself was not French, the song benefited from the contemporary awareness in Britain of such French and Belgian singers as Serge Gainsbourg and Jacques Brel (Belgium - born of Flemish descent).
The lyrics contain a large number of contemporary and other references:
The version on the album Peter Sarstedt is longer than the radio edit version released as a single, having extra stanzas beginning "You go to the embassy parties... '' and "You 're in between twenty and thirty... ''.
It is often suspected that the name Marie - Claire is inspired by Marie Claire magazine, a women 's fashion weekly that began in 1937 in France. One theory says that the song is about the Italian actress Sophia Loren, who was abandoned by her father and had a poverty - stricken life in Naples. Another theory has the song being inspired by Danish singer and actress Nina van Pallandt.
According to Alan Cooper, "Sarstedt insisted it was not written with actress Sophia Loren in mind. ' Yes, it 's a portrait of a poor - born girl who becomes a member of the European jet - set. And yes, there 's reference to her growing up on the ' back streets of Naples ', so I can see why people may think it was written with Sophia Loren in mind. But that 's just a coincidence. I really was n't thinking of anyone specific. ' ''
The song was written in Copenhagen.
In 2009, Sarstedt spoke to a gossip columnist for the Daily Express. He admitted he had lied about the song being about a socialite who died in a fire. He said that the song was about his girlfriend at the time, whom he later married and then divorced. According to Mark Steyn, "Anita is now a dentist in Copenhagen. Peter Sarstedt has spent 40 years singing about wanting to look inside her head. And for most of that time Anita has made a living by looking inside yours. ''
The song was a hit far exceeding Sarstedt 's other work, although he is not a one - hit wonder. In 1998 he was earning £ 60,000 annually in royalties from it.
DJ John Peel repeatedly stated that the song was one of his least favourites. On his show on BFBS radio on 1st July 1989, he said ' It 's a terrible, smug, self - satisfied, hideous record. Really have hated it ever since I first heard it '.
The song was used as a soundtrack in Wes Anderson 's 2007 film The Darjeeling Limited, and in Jennifer Saunders ' 2016 film Absolutely Fabulous: The Movie.
In 1997 Sarstedt recorded a sequel, "The Last of the Breed (Lovely 2) '' on his CD England 's Lane. This picks up the story of Marie Claire twenty years on, living now in London. It names more people and places, including Belgravia, Ballets Russes, Cape Town, Claridge 's, Gstaad, John Galliano, Harrods, Jerusalem, Long Island, Milan, Rudolf Nureyev, Palm Beach, Rio de Janeiro, and Isabella Rossellini. In recent years, Sarstedt and a co-writer were working on a further sequel, "Farewell Marie - Claire '', in which the story was brought to a conclusion. The song was to feature the same waltz feel as the original. But Sarstedt 's retirement from the music industry meant that the track was abandoned.
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the empire on which the sun never sets | The Empire on which the sun never sets - wikipedia
The phrase "the empire on which the sun never sets '' has been used with variations to describe certain global empires that were so extensive that there was always at least one part of their territory that was in daylight.
It was originally used for the Spanish Empire, mainly in the 16th and 17th centuries. In more recent times, it was used for the British Empire, mainly in the 19th and early 20th centuries. During this period, the British Empire reached a territorial size larger than that of any other empire in history.
Georg Büchmann traces the idea to a speech in Herodotus ' Histories, made by Xerxes I before invading Greece.
A similar concept in the Old Testament might pre-date Herodotus and Xerxes I where Psalm 72: 8 speaks of the Messianic King: ' He shall have dominion also from sea to sea, and from the river unto the ends of the earth ' for ' as long as the sun and moon endure, throughout all generations ' Ps 72: 5. This concept had existed in the Ancient Near East before the Old Testament. The Story of Sinuhe (19th century BC) announces that the Egyptian King rules "all what the sun encircles. '' Mesopotamian texts contemporary to Sargon of Akkad (c. 2334 -- 2279 BC) proclaim that this king ruled "all the lands from sunrise to sunset. ''
In the early 16th century, the phrase, "el imperio en el que nunca se pone el sol '' (the empire on which the sun never sets) originated with a remark made by Fray Francisco de Ugalde to Charles I, who as king of Spain and as Holy Roman Emperor by the name of Charles V, had an empire, which included many territories in Europe, islands in the Mediterranean and Atlantic, cities in North Africa and vast territories in the Americas.
The phrase gained added resonance during the reign of Charles 's son, Philip II of Spain, when the Philippines and several other island chains in the Pacific were obtained by Spain. When King Henry of Portugal died, Philip II pressed his claim to the Portuguese throne and was recognised as Philip I of Portugal in 1581. He then reigned over all his father 's possessions in Europe, Africa and the Americas (except the Holy Roman Empire) and Asia and the Portuguese Empire, which itself included territories in the Americas, in the North and the Subsaharian Africa, in all the Asian Subcontinents, and islands in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans.
In 1585, Giovanni Battista Guarini wrote Il pastor fido to mark the marriage of Catherine Michelle, daughter of Philip II, to Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy. Guarini 's dedication read, "Altera figlia / Di qel Monarca, a cui / Nö anco, quando annotta, il Sol tramonta. '' ("The proud daughter / of that monarch to whom / when it grows dark (elsewhere) the sun never sets. '').
In the early 17th century, the phrase was familiar to John Smith, and to Francis Bacon, who writes: "both the East and the West Indies being met in the crown of Spain, it is come to pass, that, as one saith in a brave kind of expression, the sun never sets in the Spanish dominions, but ever shines upon one part or other of them: which, to say truly, is a beam of glory (...) ''. Thomas Urquhart wrote of "that great Don Philippe, Tetrarch of the world, upon whose subjects the sun never sets. ''
In the German dramatist Friedrich Schiller 's 1787 play, Don Carlos, Don Carlos 's father, Philip II, says, "German: Ich heiße / der reichste Mann in der getauften Welt; / Die Sonne geht in meinem Staat nicht unter. '' ("I am called / The richest monarch in the Christian world; / The sun in my dominion never sets. '').
Joseph Fouché recalled Napoleon saying before the Peninsular War, "Reflect that the sun never sets in the immense inheritance of Charles V, and that I shall have the empire of both worlds. '' This was cited in Walter Scott 's Life of Napoleon.
It has been claimed that Louis XIV of France 's emblem of the "Sun King '' and associated motto, "Nec pluribus impar '' were based on the solar emblem and motto of Philip II.
In the 19th century, it became popular to apply the phrase to the British Empire. It was a time when British world maps showed the Empire in red and pink to highlight British imperial power spanning the globe. Scottish author, John Wilson, writing as "Christopher North '' in Blackwood 's Magazine in 1829, is sometimes credited as originating the usage. However, George Macartney wrote in 1773, in the wake of the territorial expansion that followed Britain 's victory in the Seven Years ' War, of "this vast empire on which the sun never sets, and whose bounds nature has not yet ascertained. ''
In a speech on 31 July 1827, Rev. R.P. Buddicom said, "It had been said that the sun never set on the British flag; it was certainly an old saying, about the time of Richard the Second, and was not so applicable then as at the present time. '' In 1821, the Caledonian Mercury wrote of the British Empire, "On her dominions the sun never sets; before his evening rays leave the spires of Quebec, his morning beams have shone three hours on Port Jackson, and while sinking from the waters of Lake Superior, his eye opens upon the Mouth of the Ganges. ''
Daniel Webster famously expressed a similar idea in 1834: "A power which has dotted over the surface of the whole globe with her possessions and military posts, whose morning drumbeat, following the sun and keeping company with the hours, circles the earth with one continuous and unbroken strain of the martial airs of England. '' In 1839, Sir Henry Ward said in the House of Commons, "Look at the British Colonial empire -- the most magnificent empire that the world ever saw. The old Spanish boast that the sun never set in their dominions, has been more truly realised amongst ourselves. '' By 1861, Lord Salisbury complained that the £ 1.5 million spent on colonial defence by Britain merely enabled the nation "to furnish an agreeable variety of stations to our soldiers, and to indulge in the sentiment that the sun never sets on our Empire ''.
From the mid-nineteenth century, the image of the sun never setting can be found applied to Anglophone culture, explicitly including both the British Empire and the United States, for example in a speech by Alexander Campbell in 1852: "To Britain and America God has granted the possession of the new world; and because the sun never sets upon our religion, our language and our arts... ''.
By the end of the century, the phrase was also being applied to the United States alone. An 1897 magazine article titled "The Greatest Nation on Earth '' boasted, "(T) he sun never sets on Uncle Sam ''. In 1906, William Jennings Bryan wrote, "If we can not boast that the sun never sets on American territory, we can find satisfaction in the fact that the sun never sets on American philanthropy ''; after which, The New York Times received letters attempting to disprove his presupposition. A 1991 history book discussion of U.S. expansion states, "Today... the sun never sets on American territory, properties owned by the U.S. government and its citizens, American armed forces abroad, or countries that conduct their affairs within limits largely defined by American power. ''
Although most of these sentiments have a patriotic ring, the phrase is sometimes used critically with the implication of American imperialism, as in the title of Joseph Gerson 's book, The Sun Never Sets: Confronting the Network of Foreign U.S. Military Bases.
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the meaning of the name jesus in hebrew | Jesus (name) - wikipedia
The proper name Jesus / ˈdʒiːzəs / used in the English language originates from the Latin form of the Greek name Ἰησοῦς (Iēsous), a rendition of the Hebrew Yeshua (ישוע), also having the variants Joshua or Jeshua. In a religious context the name refers to Jesus, the central figure of Christianity. In the Spanish cultural sphere, Jesús (pronounced IPA: (xeˈsus)) is a very common male personal name.
The name Jesus used in the English New Testament comes from the Latin form of the Greek name Ἰησοῦς (Iēsous), a rendition of the Hebrew Yeshua (ישוע), related to the name Joshua. The name is thus related to the Hebrew verb root √ yšʿ "rescue, deliver '' and one of its noun forms, yešuaʿ "deliverance ''. There have been various proposals as to how the literal etymological meaning of the name should be translated, including YHWH saves, (is) salvation, (is) a saving - cry, (is) a cry - for - saving, (is) a cry - for - help, (is) my help.
This early Biblical Hebrew name יְהוֹשֻׁעַ Yehoshuaʿ underwent a shortening into later Biblical יֵשׁוּעַ Yeshua `, as found in the Hebrew text of verses Ezra 2: 2, 2: 6, 2: 36, 2: 40, 3: 2, 3: 8, 3: 9, 3: 10, 3: 18, 4: 3, 8: 33; Nehemiah 3: 19, 7: 7, 7: 11, 7: 39, 7: 43, 8: 7, 8: 17, 9: 4, 9: 5, 11: 26, 12: 1, 12: 7, 12: 8, 12: 10, 12: 24, 12: 26; 1 Chronicles 24: 11; and 2 Chronicles 31: 15 -- as well as in Biblical Aramaic at verse Ezra 5: 2. These Bible verses refer to ten individuals (in Nehemiah 8: 17, the name refers to Joshua son of Nun). This historical change may have been due to a phonological shift whereby guttural phonemes weakened, including (h). Usually, the traditional theophoric element Yahu יהו was shortened at the beginning of a name to יו Yo -, and at the end to יה - yah. In the contraction of Yehoshua ` to Yeshua `, the vowel is instead fronted (perhaps due to the influence of the y in the triliteral root y - š - ʿ). During the post-Biblical period the further shortened form Yeshu was adopted by Hebrew speaking Jews to refer to the Christian Jesus, however Yehoshua continued to be used for the other figures called Jesus. However, both the Western and Eastern Syriac Christian traditions use the Aramaic name ܝܫܘܥ (in Hebrew script: ישוע) Yeshuʿ and Yishoʿ, respectively, including the ʿayin.
In both Latin and Greek, the name is declined irregularly:
By the time the New Testament was written, the Septuagint had already transliterated ישוע Yeshua ` into Koine Greek as closely as possible in the 3rd - century BCE, the result being Ἰησοῦς Iēsous. Since Greek had no equivalent to the semitic letter ש shin (ʃ), it was replaced with a σ sigma (s), and a masculine singular ending (- s) was added in the nominative case, in order to allow the name to be inflected for case (nominative, accusative, etc.) in the grammar of the Greek language. The diphthongal (a) vowel of Masoretic Yehoshua ` or Yeshua ` would not have been present in Hebrew / Aramaic pronunciation during this period, and some scholars believe some dialects dropped the pharyngeal sound of the final letter ע ` ayin (ʕ), which in any case had no counterpart in ancient Greek. The Greek writings of Philo of Alexandria and Josephus frequently mention this name. It also occurs in the Greek New Testament at Acts 7: 45 and Hebrews 4: 8, referring to Joshua son of Nun.
From Greek, Ἰησοῦς Iēsous moved into Latin at least by the time of the Vetus Latina. The morphological jump this time was not as large as previous changes between language families. Ἰησοῦς Iēsous was transliterated to Latin IESVS, where it stood for many centuries. The Latin name has an irregular declension, with a genitive, dative, ablative, and vocative of Jesu, accusative of Jesum, and nominative of Jesus. Minuscule (lower case) letters were developed around 800 and some time later the U was invented to distinguish the vowel sound from the consonantal sound and the J to distinguish the consonant from I. Similarly, Greek minuscules were invented about the same time, prior to that the name was written in Capital letters: ΙΗΣΟΥΣ or abbreviated as: ΙΗΣ with a line over the top, see also Christogram.
Modern English Jesus derives from Early Middle English Iesu (attested from the 12th century). The name participated in the Great Vowel Shift in late Middle English (15th century). The letter J was first distinguished from ' I ' by the Frenchman Pierre Ramus in the 16th century, but did not become common in Modern English until the 17th century, so that early 17th century works such as the first edition of the King James Version of the Bible (1611) continued to print the name with an I.
From the Latin, the English language takes the forms "Jesus '' (from the nominative form), and "Jesu '' (from the vocative and oblique forms). "Jesus '' is the predominantly used form, while "Jesu '' lingers in some more archaic texts.
The name Jesus appears to have been in use in Palestine at the time of the birth of Jesus. Moreover, Philo 's reference in Mutatione Nominum item 121 to Joshua (Ἰησοῦς) meaning salvation (σωτηρία) of the Lord indicates that the etymology of Joshua was known outside Palestine. Other historical figures named Jesus include Jesus Barabbas, Jesus ben Ananias and Jesus ben Sirach.
In the New Testament, in Luke 1: 31 an angel tells Mary to name her child Jesus, and in Matthew 1: 21 an angel tells Joseph to name the child Jesus during Joseph 's first dream. Matthew 1: 21 indicates the salvific implications of the name Jesus when the angel instructs Joseph: "you shall call his name Jesus, for he will save his people from their sins ''. It is the only place in the New Testament where "saves his people '' appears with "sins ''. Matthew 1: 21 provides the beginnings of the Christology of the name Jesus. At once it achieves the two goals of affirming Jesus as the savior and emphasizing that the name was not selected at random, but based on a Heavenly command.
John Wycliffe (1380s) used the spelling Ihesus and also used Ihesu (' J ' was then a swash glyph variant of ' I ', not considered to be a separate letter until much later) in oblique cases, and also in the accusative, and sometimes, apparently without motivation, even for the nominative. Tyndale in the 16th century has the occasional Iesu in oblique cases and in the vocative; The 1611 King James Version uses Iesus throughout, regardless of syntax. Jesu came to be used in English, especially in hymns.
Jesu (/ ˈdʒiːzuː / JEE - zoo; from Latin Iesu) is sometimes used as the vocative of Jesus in English. The oblique form, Iesu., came to be used in Middle English.
In East Scandinavian, German and several other languages, the name Jesus is used. Some other language usage is as follows:
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who does frederick from million dollar listing work for | Fredrik Eklund - wikipedia
Fredrik Eklund (born April 26, 1977 in Stockholm, Sweden) is a Swedish New York City based real estate broker, a Bravo TV reality star, a former IT entrepreneur in his native Sweden, and a non-fiction writer.
Eklund is the brother of author Sigge Eklund and the son of Klas Eklund, who is a senior economist at Swedish bank SEB. His paternal grandparents were Swedish - Danish - Irish - Russian actors Bengt Eklund and Fylgia Zadig.
Eklund had his first American experience as a foreign exchange student in Edina, Minnesota, where he attended Edina High School. After finishing high school, Eklund studied at the Stockholm School of Economics, but never graduated. He has worked for the financial newspaper Finanstidningen. At the age of 23, Eklund founded an Internet company with over 45 employees, and went on to work for the investment bank SEB in Stockholm, London, Singapore and Tokyo before beginning his work in New York City.
In 2004, before arriving in New York City, Eklund acted in a number of pornographic films under the pseudonym Tag Eriksson (or Tag Ericsson). In an interview with Out Magazine, Eklund has said of this period, "It was only a week of my life, accumulated. It was spread out over a few months, so it was a very short period of my life. It was something that I tried and quickly decided that I was done with. '' Eklund went on to say in the interview that he is proud of who he is, that he does not regret anything, and that his past involvement in the pornographic film industry has not negatively affected his career.
Eklund has closed over five billion dollars in residential real estate. Eklund became Managing Director at the New York City real estate firm CORE Group Marketing and in 2010, alongside his business partner John Gomes, Managing Director at Prudential Douglas Elliman - the largest real estate brokerage on the East Coast. Eklund has also started the top - selling team at Elliman.
Eklund is the founder of Eklund Stockholm New York, Scandinavia 's most high - end residential real estate brokerage with 50 employees and $1 billion in closed sales in 2014.
In February 2008, he sold an apartment to Cameron Diaz, in August 2009 to John Legend and in July 2010 to Daniel Craig. In 2014, he sold a mango farm to Patience Acheampong.
He is an active member of the Real Estate Board of New York.
The New York Times featured Fredrik on the front page of The Sunday Style Section in November 2010, and announced he would be shooting a reality TV show for Bravo. He is one of three New York City brokers starring in Bravo 's Million Dollar Listing New York which is in its sixth season.
On February 9, 2013, Eklund married artist Derek Kaplan on Little Palm Island in the Florida Keys. The couple lived in New York with their dogs Mouse and Fritzy until 2016. They have moved to Roxbury, Connecticut in a mansion Eklund purchased. Eklund and Kaplan attempted to have children through surrogacy, but the biological mother suffered a miscarriage.
The couple is expecting twins via surrogate in the fall of 2017.
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example of abelian group which is not cyclic | Abelian group - wikipedia
In abstract algebra, an abelian group, also called a commutative group, is a group in which the result of applying the group operation to two group elements does not depend on the order in which they are written. That is, these are the groups that obey the axiom of commutativity. Abelian groups generalize the arithmetic of addition of integers. They are named after early 19th century mathematician Niels Henrik Abel.
The concept of an abelian group is one of the first concepts encountered in undergraduate abstract algebra, from which many other basic concepts, such as modules and vector spaces, are developed. The theory of abelian groups is generally simpler than that of their non-abelian counterparts, and finite abelian groups are very well understood. On the other hand, the theory of infinite abelian groups is an area of current research.
An abelian group is a set, A, together with an operation that combines any two elements a and b to form another element denoted a b. The symbol is a general placeholder for a concretely given operation. To qualify as an abelian group, the set and operation, (A,), must satisfy five requirements known as the abelian group axioms:
A group in which the group operation is not commutative is called a "non-abelian group '' or "non-commutative group ''.
There are two main notational conventions for abelian groups -- additive and multiplicative.
Generally, the multiplicative notation is the usual notation for groups, while the additive notation is the usual notation for modules and rings. The additive notation may also be used to emphasize that a particular group is abelian, whenever both abelian and non-abelian groups are considered, some notable exceptions being near - rings and partially ordered groups, where an operation is written additively even when non-abelian.
To verify that a finite group is abelian, a table (matrix) -- known as a Cayley table -- can be constructed in a similar fashion to a multiplication table. If the group is G = (g = e, g,..., g) under the operation ⋅, the (i, j) th entry of this table contains the product g ⋅ g. The group is abelian if and only if this table is symmetric about the main diagonal.
This is true since if the group is abelian, then g ⋅ g = g ⋅ g. This implies that the (i, j) th entry of the table equals the (j, i) th entry, thus the table is symmetric about the main diagonal.
In general, matrices, even invertible matrices, do not form an abelian group under multiplication because matrix multiplication is generally not commutative. However, some groups of matrices are abelian groups under matrix multiplication -- one example is the group of 2 × 2 rotation matrices.
Camille Jordan named abelian groups after Norwegian mathematician Niels Henrik Abel, because Abel found that the commutativity of the group of a polynomial implies that the roots of the polynomial can be calculated by using radicals. See Section 6.5 of Cox (2004) for more information on the historical background.
If n is a natural number and x is an element of an abelian group G written additively, then nx can be defined as x + x +... + x (n summands) and (− n) x = − (nx). In this way, G becomes a module over the ring Z of integers. In fact, the modules over Z can be identified with the abelian groups.
Theorems about abelian groups (i.e. modules over the principal ideal domain Z) can often be generalized to theorems about modules over an arbitrary principal ideal domain. A typical example is the classification of finitely generated abelian groups which is a specialization of the structure theorem for finitely generated modules over a principal ideal domain. In the case of finitely generated abelian groups, this theorem guarantees that an abelian group splits as a direct sum of a torsion group and a free abelian group. The former may be written as a direct sum of finitely many groups of the form Z / p Z for p prime, and the latter is a direct sum of finitely many copies of Z.
If f, g: G → H are two group homomorphisms between abelian groups, then their sum f + g, defined by (f + g) (x) = f (x) + g (x), is again a homomorphism. (This is not true if H is a non-abelian group.) The set Hom (G, H) of all group homomorphisms from G to H thus turns into an abelian group in its own right.
Somewhat akin to the dimension of vector spaces, every abelian group has a rank. It is defined as the maximal cardinality of a set of linearly independent elements of the group. The integers and the rational numbers have rank one, as well as every subgroup of the rationals.
The center Z (G) of a group G is the set of elements that commute with every element of G. A group G is abelian if and only if it is equal to its center Z (G). The center of a group G is always a characteristic abelian subgroup of G. If the quotient group G / Z (G) of a group by its center is cyclic then G is abelian.
Cyclic groups of integers modulo n, Z / nZ, were among the first examples of groups. It turns out that an arbitrary finite abelian group is isomorphic to a direct sum of finite cyclic groups of prime power order, and these orders are uniquely determined, forming a complete system of invariants. The automorphism group of a finite abelian group can be described directly in terms of these invariants. The theory had been first developed in the 1879 paper of Georg Frobenius and Ludwig Stickelberger and later was both simplified and generalized to finitely generated modules over a principal ideal domain, forming an important chapter of linear algebra.
Any group of prime order is isomorphic to a cyclic group and therefore abelian. Any group whose order is a square of a prime number is abelian. In fact, for every prime number p there are (up to isomorphism) exactly two groups of order p, namely Z and Z × Z.
The fundamental theorem of finite abelian groups states that every finite abelian group G can be expressed as the direct sum of cyclic subgroups of prime - power order; it is also known as the basis theorem for finite abelian groups. This is generalized by the fundamental theorem of finitely generated abelian groups, with finite groups being the special case when G has zero rank; this in turn admits numerous further generalizations.
The classification was proven by Leopold Kronecker in 1870, though it was not stated in modern group - theoretic terms until later, and was preceded by a similar classification of quadratic forms by Gauss in 1801; see history for details.
The cyclic group Z of order mn is isomorphic to the direct sum of Z and Z if and only if m and n are coprime. It follows that any finite abelian group G is isomorphic to a direct sum of the form
in either of the following canonical ways:
For example, Z can be expressed as the direct sum of two cyclic subgroups of order 3 and 5: Z ≅ (0, 5, 10) ⊕ (0, 3, 6, 9, 12). The same can be said for any abelian group of order 15, leading to the remarkable conclusion that all abelian groups of order 15 are isomorphic.
For another example, every abelian group of order 8 is isomorphic to either Z (the integers 0 to 7 under addition modulo 8), Z ⊕ Z (the odd integers 1 to 15 under multiplication modulo 16), or Z ⊕ Z ⊕ Z.
See also list of small groups for finite abelian groups of order 30 or less.
One can apply the fundamental theorem to count (and sometimes determine) the automorphisms of a given finite abelian group G. To do this, one uses the fact that if G splits as a direct sum H ⊕ K of subgroups of coprime order, then Aut (H ⊕ K) ≅ Aut (H) ⊕ Aut (K).
Given this, the fundamental theorem shows that to compute the automorphism group of G it suffices to compute the automorphism groups of the Sylow p - subgroups separately (that is, all direct sums of cyclic subgroups, each with order a power of p). Fix a prime p and suppose the exponents e of the cyclic factors of the Sylow p - subgroup are arranged in increasing order:
for some n > 0. One needs to find the automorphisms of
One special case is when n = 1, so that there is only one cyclic prime - power factor in the Sylow p - subgroup P. In this case the theory of automorphisms of a finite cyclic group can be used. Another special case is when n is arbitrary but e = 1 for 1 ≤ i ≤ n. Here, one is considering P to be of the form
so elements of this subgroup can be viewed as comprising a vector space of dimension n over the finite field of p elements F. The automorphisms of this subgroup are therefore given by the invertible linear transformations, so
where GL is the appropriate general linear group. This is easily shown to have order
In the most general case, where the e and n are arbitrary, the automorphism group is more difficult to determine. It is known, however, that if one defines
and
then one has in particular d ≥ k, c ≤ k, and
One can check that this yields the orders in the previous examples as special cases (see Hillar, C., & Rhea, D.).
An abelian group A is finitely generated if it contains a finite set of elements (called generators) G = (x 1,..., x n) (\ displaystyle G = \ (x_ (1), \ ldots, x_ (n) \)) such that every element of the group is a linear combination with integer coefficients of elements of G.
Let L be a free abelian group with basis B = (b 1,..., b n). (\ displaystyle B = \ (b_ (1), \ ldots, b_ (n) \).) There is a unique group homomorphism p: L → A, (\ displaystyle p \ colon L \ to A,) such that
This homomorphism is surjective, and its kernel is finitely generated (since integers form a Noetherian ring). Let us consider the matrix M with integer entries, such that the entries of its jth column are the coefficients of the jth generator of the kernel. Then, the abelian group is isomorphic to the cokernel of linear map defined by M. Conversely every integer matrix defines a finitely generated abelian group.
It follows that the study of finitely generated abelian groups is totally equivalent with the study of integer matrices. In particular, changing the generating set of A is equivalent with multiplying M on the left by a unimodular matrix (that is an invertible integer matrix whose inverse is also an integer matrix). Changing the generating set of the kernel of M is equivalent with multiplying M on the right by an unimodular matrix.
The Smith normal form of M is a matrix
where U and V are unimodular, and S is a matrix such that all non-diagonal entries are zero, the non-zero diagonal entries d 1, 1,..., d k, k (\ displaystyle d_ (1, 1), \ ldots, d_ (k, k)) are the first ones, and d i, i (\ displaystyle d_ (i, i)) is a divisor of d i, i (\ displaystyle d_ (i, i)) for i > j. The existence and the shape of the Smith normal proves that the finitely generated abelian group A is the direct sum
where r is the number of zero rows at the bottom of r (and also the rank of the group). This is the fundamental theorem of finitely generated abelian groups.
The existence of algorithms for Smith normal form shows that the fundamental theorem of finitely generated abelian groups is not only a theorem of abstract existence, but provides a way for computing expression of finitely generated abelian groups as direct sums.
The simplest infinite abelian group is the infinite cyclic group Z. Any finitely generated abelian group A is isomorphic to the direct sum of r copies of Z and a finite abelian group, which in turn is decomposable into a direct sum of finitely many cyclic groups of primary orders. Even though the decomposition is not unique, the number r, called the rank of A, and the prime powers giving the orders of finite cyclic summands are uniquely determined.
By contrast, classification of general infinitely generated abelian groups is far from complete. Divisible groups, i.e. abelian groups A in which the equation nx = a admits a solution x ∈ A for any natural number n and element a of A, constitute one important class of infinite abelian groups that can be completely characterized. Every divisible group is isomorphic to a direct sum, with summands isomorphic to Q and Prüfer groups Q / Z for various prime numbers p, and the cardinality of the set of summands of each type is uniquely determined. Moreover, if a divisible group A is a subgroup of an abelian group G then A admits a direct complement: a subgroup C of G such that G = A ⊕ C. Thus divisible groups are injective modules in the category of abelian groups, and conversely, every injective abelian group is divisible (Baer 's criterion). An abelian group without non-zero divisible subgroups is called reduced.
Two important special classes of infinite abelian groups with diametrically opposite properties are torsion groups and torsion - free groups, exemplified by the groups Q / Z (periodic) and Q (torsion - free).
An abelian group is called periodic or torsion, if every element has finite order. A direct sum of finite cyclic groups is periodic. Although the converse statement is not true in general, some special cases are known. The first and second Prüfer theorems state that if A is a periodic group, and it either has a bounded exponent, i.e., nA = 0 for some natural number n, or is countable and the p - heights of the elements of A are finite for each p, then A is isomorphic to a direct sum of finite cyclic groups. The cardinality of the set of direct summands isomorphic to Z / p Z in such a decomposition is an invariant of A. These theorems were later subsumed in the Kulikov criterion. In a different direction, Helmut Ulm found an extension of the second Prüfer theorem to countable abelian p - groups with elements of infinite height: those groups are completely classified by means of their Ulm invariants.
An abelian group is called torsion - free if every non-zero element has infinite order. Several classes of torsion - free abelian groups have been studied extensively:
An abelian group that is neither periodic nor torsion - free is called mixed. If A is an abelian group and T (A) is its torsion subgroup, then the factor group A / T (A) is torsion - free. However, in general the torsion subgroup is not a direct summand of A, so A is not isomorphic to T (A) ⊕ A / T (A). Thus the theory of mixed groups involves more than simply combining the results about periodic and torsion - free groups.
One of the most basic invariants of an infinite abelian group A is its rank: the cardinality of the maximal linearly independent subset of A. Abelian groups of rank 0 are precisely the periodic groups, while torsion - free abelian groups of rank 1 are necessarily subgroups of Q and can be completely described. More generally, a torsion - free abelian group of finite rank r is a subgroup of Q. On the other hand, the group of p - adic integers Z is a torsion - free abelian group of infinite Z - rank and the groups Z with different n are non-isomorphic, so this invariant does not even fully capture properties of some familiar groups.
The classification theorems for finitely generated, divisible, countable periodic, and rank 1 torsion - free abelian groups explained above were all obtained before 1950 and form a foundation of the classification of more general infinite abelian groups. Important technical tools used in classification of infinite abelian groups are pure and basic subgroups. Introduction of various invariants of torsion - free abelian groups has been one avenue of further progress. See the books by Irving Kaplansky, László Fuchs, Phillip Griffith, and David Arnold, as well as the proceedings of the conferences on Abelian Group Theory published in Lecture Notes in Mathematics for more recent findings.
The additive group of a ring is an abelian group, but not all abelian groups are additive groups of rings (with nontrivial multiplication). Some important topics in this area of study are:
Many large abelian groups possess a natural topology, which turns them into topological groups.
The collection of all abelian groups, together with the homomorphisms between them, forms the category Ab, the prototype of an abelian category.
Nearly all well - known algebraic structures other than Boolean algebras are undecidable. Hence it is surprising that Tarski 's student Wanda Szmielew (1955) proved that the first order theory of abelian groups, unlike its nonabelian counterpart, is decidable. This decidability, plus the fundamental theorem of finite abelian groups described above, highlight some of the successes in abelian group theory, but there are still many areas of current research:
Moreover, abelian groups of infinite order lead, quite surprisingly, to deep questions about the set theory commonly assumed to underlie all of mathematics. Take the Whitehead problem: are all Whitehead groups of infinite order also free abelian groups? In the 1970s, Saharon Shelah proved that the Whitehead problem is:
Among mathematical adjectives derived from the proper name of a mathematician, the word "abelian '' is rare in that it is often spelled with a lowercase a, rather than an uppercase A, indicating how ubiquitous the concept is in modern mathematics.
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where did they come from cotton eyed joe | Cotton - eyed Joe - wikipedia
"Cotton - Eye Joe '' (also known as "Cotton - Eyed Joe '') is a traditional American country folk song popular at various times throughout the United States and Canada, although today it is most commonly associated with the American South. In the Roud index of folksongs it is No. 942.
"Cotton - Eye Joe '' has inspired both a partner dance and more than one line dance that is often danced at country dance venues in the U.S. and around the world. The 1980 film Urban Cowboy sparked a renewed interest in the dance. In 1985, The Moody Brothers ' version of the song received a Grammy Award nomination for "Best Country Instrumental Performance ''. Irish group The Chieftains received a Grammy nomination for "Best Country Vocal Collaboration '' for their version of the song with lead vocals by Ricky Skaggs on their 1992 album, Another Country. In 1994, a version of the song recorded by the Swedish band Rednex as "Cotton Eye Joe '' became popular worldwide.
The origins of this song are unclear, although it pre-dates the 1861 -- 1865 American Civil War. American folklorist Dorothy Scarborough (1878 -- 1935) noted in her 1925 book On the Trail of Negro Folk - songs, that several people remember hearing the song before the war. Scarborough 's account of the song came from her sister, Mrs. George Scarborough, who learned the song from "the Negroes on a plantation in Texas, and other parts from a man in Louisiana. '' The man in Louisiana knew the song from his earliest childhood and heard slaves singing it on plantations. Both the dance and the song had many variants. The first printed one dates from 1882. American publishing house Harper and Brothers published a version in 1882, heard by author Louise Clarke Pyrnelle (born 1850) on the Alabama plantation of her father when she was a child, that was later republished in 1910:
"Cotton - eyed Joe, Cotton - eyed Joe,
What did make you sarve me so, Fur ter take my gal erway fum me, An ' cyar her plum ter Tennessee? Ef it had n't ben fur Cotton - eyed Joe, I 'd er been married long ergo. "His eyes wuz crossed, an ' his nose wuz flat, An ' his teef wuz out, but wat uv dat? Fur he wuz tall, an ' he wuz slim, An ' so my gal she follered him. Ef it had n't ben fur Cotton - eyed Joe, I 'd er been married long ergo. "No gal so hansum could be foun ', Not in all dis country roun ', Wid her kinky head, an ' her eyes so bright, Wid her lips so red an ' her teef so white. Ef it had n't ben fur Cotton - eyed Joe, I 'd been married long ergo. "An ' I loved dat gal wid all my heart, An ' she swo ' fum me she 'd never part; But den wid Joe she runned away, An ' lef ' me hyear fur ter weep all day. O Cotton - eyed Joe, O Cotton - eyed Joe, What did make you sarve me so? O Joe, ef it had n't er ben fur you, I 'd er married dat gal fur true. ''
By 1884, the same year Mark Twain 's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was published, the fiddle - based song was referred to as "an old, familiar air. '' In 1925, another version was recorded by folklorist Dorothy Scarborough and published.
Do n't you remember, do n't you know,
Do n't you remember Cotton - eyed Joe? Cotton - eyed Joe, Cotton - eyed Joe, What did make you treat me so? I 'd ' a ' been married forty year ago Ef it had n't a-been for Cotton - eyed Joe! Cotton - eyed Joe, Cotton - eyed Joe, He was de nig dat sarved me so, -- Tuck my gal away fum me, Carried her off to Tennessee. I 'd ' a ' been married forty year ago If it had n't a-been for Cotton - eyed Joe. Hi 's teeth was out an ' his nose was flat, His eyes was crossed, -- but she did n't mind dat. Kase he was tall, and berry slim, An ' so my gal she follered him. I 'd ' a ' been married forty year ago Ef it had n't a-been for Cotton - eyed Joe. She was de prettiest gal to be found Anywhar in de country round; Her lips was red an ' her eyes was bright, Her skin was black but her teeth was white. I 'd ' a ' been married forty year ago Ef it had n't a-been for Cotton - eyed Joe. Dat gal, she sho ' had all my love, An swore fum ne she 'd never move, But Joe hoodooed her, do n't you see, An ' she run off wid him to Tennessee, I 'd ' a ' been married forty years ago, Ef it had n't a-been for Cotton - eyed Joe. ''
Scarborough noted that the song seemed to be well known in the South prior to the Civil War, and parts of it had been sent in by various persons.
Over the years, many different versions of the song have been performed and / or recorded with many different versions of the lyrics (and many without lyrics). "Cotton - Eyed Joe '', on occasion referred to as "The South Texas National Anthem '', was played for minstrel - type jigs, and it has long been popular as a square dance hoedown and a couple dance polka.
A resident of Central Texas who learned the dance in Williamson County in the early 1880s described it as nothing but a heel and toe "poker '' with fringes added. These fringes added to the heel and toe polka were clog steps which required skill and extraversion on the part of the dancer.
During the first half of the 20th century, the song was a widely known folk song all over English - speaking North America. One discography lists 134 recorded versions released since 1950. In more recent decades, the song has waned in popularity in most regions except some parts of the American South, where it is still a popular folk song.
A list of the possible meanings of the term "cotton - eyed '' that have been proposed includes: to be drunk on moonshine, or to have been blinded by drinking wood alcohol, turning the eyes milky white; a black person with very light blue eyes; someone whose eyes were milky white from bacterial infections of trachoma or syphilis, cataracts or glaucoma; or the contrast of dark skin tone around white eyeballs in black people.
Bob Wills and Adolph Hofner and his San Antonians both recorded the song, and Hofner 's version (Columbia 37658), issued in 1941, apparently was the one that did the most to popularize the song.
A 1967 instrumental version of the song (KIKR k202) by Al Dean, who recalled the song called "The Gingerbread Man '' in South Texas, inspired a new round dance polka for couples. This dance was adapted into a simplified version as a nonpartner waist - hold, spoke line routine. Heel and toe polka steps were replaced with a cross-lift followed by a kick with two - steps. The lift and kick are sometimes accompanied by shouts of "whoops, whoops '', or the barnyard term "bull shit '', mimicking the act of kicking off barnyard muck. The practice continues to this day. The Kickin ′ album included "Cotton - Eyed Joe '' by Dean. (KIK - R: 10012)
One version of a dance called "Cotton - Eyed Joe '' can be found in the 1975 edition of Encyclopedia of Social Dance. This version has the men on the inside of a circle facing out, and the women on the outside facing in. The dance consists of eight kick steps, side, close left together, right together, and a series of struts.
The spoke line version gained popularity not only in Texas, but also across the US and overseas. in the 1980s.
Ray Benson of the Western Swing band Asleep at the Wheel talks about playing the Bob Wills version of "Cotton - Eyed Joe '' in Texas in the 1970s when the dance was very much alive.
A Western "Craze '' followed the 1980 release of Urban Cowboy.
"Cotton - Eyed Joe '', and its continued popularity in Texas, was referred to in the lyrics to Alabama 's song "If You 're Gonna Play in Texas. '' "I remember down in Houston we were puttin ' on a show when a cowboy in the back stood up and yelled, ' Cotton - Eyed Joe '! ''
In Merle Haggard 's "Texas Fiddle Song '', the final verse makes reference to the "Cotton - Eyed Joe '' and features the melody of both the Bob Wills and Al Dean versions.
The song has become a staple song played at many professional and college baseball games during the seventh - inning stretch with the preference going to the Rednex version.
In August 1994, Swedish recording group Rednex covered the song as "Cotton Eye Joe '' for their album Sex & Violins, combining their style with traditional American instruments, such as banjos, and fiddles. In 2002, "Cotton Eye Joe '' was remixed in a dance version, and was released from Rednex 's greatest hits album, The Best of the West.
The Rednex version of the song (using "Eye '' instead of "Eyed ''), along with a dance - mix version, was very successful in Europe, where it remained at number one in Norway for 15 weeks, Switzerland for 13 weeks, Germany for 10 weeks, Sweden for 8 weeks, Austria for 7 weeks, 3 weeks on the UK Singles Chart and 2 weeks on the Dutch Top 40. In Oceania, it topped the New Zealand Singles Chart for 6 consecutive weeks. In Australia it peaked at number 8 in April 1995. In the US, it peaked at number 25 in March 1995.
The Country and Irish singer Lee Matthews released his version of the song with new added lyrics. The single on his own independent label topped the Irish Country Singles Download Chart in January 2015.
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where does rise of the guardians take place | Guardians of the Galaxy (film) - Wikipedia
Guardians of the Galaxy (retroactively referred to as Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 1) is a 2014 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team of the same name, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the tenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film was directed by James Gunn, who wrote the screenplay with Nicole Perlman, and features an ensemble cast including Chris Pratt, Zoe Saldana, Dave Bautista, Vin Diesel, and Bradley Cooper as the titular Guardians, along with Lee Pace, Michael Rooker, Karen Gillan, Djimon Hounsou, John C. Reilly, Glenn Close, and Benicio del Toro. In Guardians of the Galaxy, Peter Quill forms an uneasy alliance with a group of extraterrestrial misfits who are fleeing after stealing a powerful artifact.
Perlman began working on the screenplay in 2009. Producer Kevin Feige first publicly mentioned Guardians of the Galaxy as a potential film in 2010 and Marvel Studios announced it was in active development at the San Diego Comic - Con International in July 2012. Gunn was hired to write and direct the film that September. In February 2013, Pratt was hired to play Peter Quill / Star - Lord, and the supporting cast members were subsequently confirmed. Principal photography began in July 2013 at Shepperton Studios in England, with filming continuing in London before wrapping up in October 2013. Post-production was finished on July 7, 2014.
The film premiered in Hollywood on July 21, 2014, and was released in theaters on August 1, 2014 in the United States in the 3D and IMAX 3D formats. The film became a critical and commercial success, grossing $773.3 million worldwide and becoming the highest - grossing superhero film of 2014, as well as the third highest - grossing film of 2014. The film garnered praise for its humor, action, soundtrack, visual effects, direction, musical score, and acting. At the 87th Academy Awards, the film received nominations for Best Visual Effects and Best Makeup and Hairstyling.
A sequel, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, was released on May 5, 2017, with a third film, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3, scheduled to be released in 2020.
In 1988, following his mother 's death, a young Peter Quill is abducted from Earth by the Ravagers, a group of space pirates led by Yondu Udonta. Twenty - six years later on the planet Morag, Quill steals an orb but is attacked by Korath, a subordinate to the fanatical Kree, Ronan. Although Quill escapes with the orb, Yondu discovers his theft and issues a bounty for his capture, while Ronan sends the assassin Gamora after the orb.
When Quill attempts to sell the orb on Xandar, capital of the Nova Empire, Gamora ambushes him and steals it. A fight ensues, drawing in a pair of bounty hunters: the genetically and cybernetically modified raccoon Rocket, and the tree - like humanoid Groot. Nova Corps officers capture the four, detaining them in the Kyln. A powerful inmate there, Drax, attempts to kill Gamora due to her association with Ronan, who killed his family. Quill convinces Drax that Gamora can bring Ronan to him, though Gamora reveals that she has betrayed Ronan, unwilling to let him use the orb 's power. Learning that Gamora has a buyer for the orb, Quill, Rocket, Groot, and Drax work with her to escape the Kyln in Quill 's ship, the Milano.
Ronan meets with Gamora 's adoptive father, Thanos, to discuss her betrayal. Quill 's group flee to Knowhere, a remote criminal outpost in space built in the giant severed head of a Celestial. A drunken Drax summons Ronan while the rest of the group meet Gamora 's contact, the collector Taneleer Tivan. Tivan opens the orb, revealing an Infinity Stone, an item of immeasurable power that destroys all but the most powerful beings who wield it. Tivan 's tormented assistant Carina grabs the Stone, triggering an explosion that engulfs Tivan 's archive.
Ronan arrives and easily defeats Drax, while the others flee by ship, pursued by Ronan 's followers and Gamora 's adoptive sister Nebula. Nebula destroys Gamora 's ship, leaving her floating in space, and Ronan 's fighters capture the orb. Quill contacts Yondu before following Gamora into space, giving her his helmet to survive; Yondu arrives and retrieves the pair. Rocket, Drax, and Groot threaten to attack Yondu 's ship to rescue them, but Quill negotiates a truce, promising the orb to Yondu. Quill 's group agrees that facing Ronan means certain death, but that they can not let him use the Infinity Stone to destroy the galaxy. On Ronan 's flagship, the Dark Aster, Ronan embeds the Stone in his warhammer, taking its power for himself. He contacts Thanos, threatening to kill him after first destroying Xandar; hateful of her adoptive father, Nebula allies with Ronan.
The Ravagers and Quill 's group join with the Nova Corps to confront the Dark Aster at Xandar, with Quill 's group breaching the Dark Aster with the Milano. Ronan uses his empowered warhammer to destroy the Nova Corps fleet. Gamora fights and defeats Nebula, who then escapes, but the group find themselves outmatched by Ronan 's power until Rocket crashes a Ravager ship through the Dark Aster. The damaged Dark Aster crash - lands on Xandar, with Groot sacrificing himself to shield the group. Ronan emerges from the wreck and prepares to destroy Xandar, but Quill distracts him, allowing Drax and Rocket to destroy Ronan 's warhammer. Quill grabs the freed Stone, and with Gamora, Drax, and Rocket sharing its burden, they use it to destroy Ronan.
In the aftermath, Quill tricks Yondu into taking a container supposedly containing the Stone, and gives the real Stone to the Nova Corps. As the Ravagers leave Xandar, Yondu remarks that it turned out well that they did not deliver Quill to his father per their contract. Quill 's group, now known as the Guardians of the Galaxy, have their criminal records expunged, and Quill learns that he is only half - human, his father being part of an ancient, unknown species. Quill finally opens the last present he received from his mother: a cassette tape filled with her favorite songs. The Guardians leave in the rebuilt Milano along with a sapling cut from Groot.
In a post-credits scene, Tivan sits in his destroyed archive with two of his living exhibits: a canine cosmonaut and an anthropomorphic duck.
Additionally, Josh Brolin appears, uncredited, as Thanos through voice acting and performance capture. Sean Gunn stood in for Thanos during filming and portrays Kraglin, Yondu 's first mate in the Ravagers. Alexis Denisof reprises his role as Thanos 's vizier, "The Other '', from The Avengers. Ophelia Lovibond plays Carina, the Collector 's slave; Peter Serafinowicz plays Denarian Garthan Saal, a Nova Corps officer; Gregg Henry plays Quill 's grandfather; Laura Haddock plays Quill 's mother, Meredith; Melia Kreiling plays Bereet; Christopher Fairbank plays The Broker; Mikaela Hoover plays Nova Prime 's assistant; Marama Corlett plays a pit boss at the bar, The Boot; Emmett J. Scanlan plays a Nova riot guard; Alexis Rodney plays Moloka Dar; Tom Proctor plays Horuz, a Ravager; and Spencer Wilding plays a prison guard who confiscates Quill 's Walkman. Canine actor Fred appears as Cosmo. Stephen Blackehart had a supporting role. Naomi Ryan also had a supporting role in the film, though it was cut in the final version. Cameos in the film include: James Gunn as a Sakaaran; Stan Lee as a Xandarian Ladies ' Man; Lloyd Kaufman as an inmate; Nathan Fillion as the voice of an inmate; Rob Zombie as the voice of the Ravager Navigator; composer Tyler Bates as a Ravager pilot; and Seth Green as the voice of Howard the Duck.
Marvel Studios President Kevin Feige first mentioned Guardians of the Galaxy as a potential film at the 2010 San Diego Comic - Con International, stating, "There are some obscure titles, too, like Guardians of the Galaxy. I think they 've been revamped recently in a fun way in the (comic) book. '' Feige reiterated that sentiment in a September 2011 issue of Entertainment Weekly, saying, "There 's an opportunity to do a big space epic, which Thor sort of hints at, in the cosmic side '' of the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Feige added, should the film be made, it would feature an ensemble of characters, similar to X-Men and The Avengers.
Feige announced that the film was in active development at the 2012 San Diego Comic - Con International during the Marvel Studios panel, with an intended release date of August 1, 2014. He stated that the film 's titular team would consist of the characters Star - Lord, Drax the Destroyer, Gamora, Groot, and Rocket Raccoon. Two pieces of concept art were also displayed, one of Rocket Raccoon, and one featuring the entire team. In August 2012, James Gunn entered talks to direct the film, beating out other contenders, including Peyton Reed and the duo Anna Boden and Ryan Fleck. The Avengers director Joss Whedon, who signed a deal to creatively consult on all of the films leading up to The Avengers sequel, was enthusiastic about the selection of Gunn to direct, saying "James (Gunn) is what makes me think it will work... He is so off the wall, and so crazy, but so smart, such a craftsman and he builds from his heart. He loves the raccoon. Needs the raccoon... He has a very twisted take on it, but it all comes from a real love for the material. It 's going to be hard for (the human characters) to keep up. ''
Nicole Perlman, who was enrolled in Marvel 's screenwriting program in 2009, was offered several of their lesser known properties to base a screenplay on. Out of those, Perlman chose Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning 's Guardians of the Galaxy, due to her interest in space and science fiction, adding, "I think (Marvel) were a little taken aback when I chose Guardians, because there were ones that would make a lot more sense if you were a romantic - comedy writer or something like that. '' Perlman spent two years writing a draft, immersing herself in the Guardians universe, and was asked in late 2011 to create another draft, before Gunn was brought in in early 2012 to contribute to the script. Gunn eventually rewrote the script entirely because "it did n't work '' for him; he would use the film The Dirty Dozen as a reference to convey his ideas of the film to Marvel. Gunn later explained that Perlman 's draft was very different from the script he used during filming, including a different story, character arcs and no Walkman; he stated, "In Nicole 's script everything is pretty different... it 's not about the same stuff. But that 's how the WGA works. They like first writers an awful lot. '' In August 2012, Marvel Studios hired writer Chris McCoy to rewrite Perlman 's script, however, it is unclear what contribution he had to the final script, since he did not receive production credit.
Gunn revealed that character introductions were the "hardest scenes to crack '', with Thanos ' introduction being the most difficult. He felt that "having Thanos be in that scene was more helpful to the (MCU) than it was to Guardians of the Galaxy, '' yet he still wanted Thanos in the film, without "(belittling) the actual antagonist of the film, which is Ronan. '' To solve his dilemma, Gunn chose to have Ronan kill "The Other '', Thanos ' vizier, saying, "I thought that was interesting, because we 've had the Other, who 's obviously very powerful even in comparison to Loki, and then we see Ronan wipe his ass with him. So that I liked, but even that was sort of difficult, because it played as funnier when I first wrote it, and the humor did n't work so much. ''
In September 2012, Gunn confirmed that he had signed on to direct the film and rewrite the script. By the end of November, Joel Edgerton, Jack Huston, Jim Sturgess, and Eddie Redmayne signed deals to test for the role of Peter Quill, as did Lee Pace, which he confirmed a week later in early December. Other actors who were considered for the role included Thor: The Dark World 's Zachary Levi, Joseph Gordon - Levitt, Michael Rosenbaum, and John Gallagher Jr. Chris Pratt was cast in the role in February 2013, as part of a multi-film deal that he signed with Marvel.
In January 2013, filming was scheduled to take place at Shepperton Studios in London, United Kingdom, and Marvel Studios announced that the film would be released in 3D. Victoria Alonso, an executive producer on the film, said that filming would begin in June. She also said that both Rocket Raccoon and Groot would be created through a combination of CGI and motion capture, going on to say that "You ca n't do any motion capture with a raccoon -- they wo n't let you put the suit on. But we will do rotomation, probably, for some of the behavior... we definitely will have performers to emulate what James Gunn will lead to be, the behavior and the performance. He 's very clear on where he wants to take the characters. '' In March 2013, Feige discussed Guardians of the Galaxy in relation to the Marvel Cinematic Universe, saying, "It 's much more of a standalone film. It takes place in the same universe. And when we 've been on the other side of that universe in other movies, you might see those characteristics in Guardians, but the Avengers are not involved with what 's happening out there at this time. '' Feige also stated that 95 % of the film would take place in space. In mid-March, Dave Bautista was signed to play Drax the Destroyer. Other actors who had been considered for the role included Isaiah Mustafa, Brian Patrick Wade, and Jason Momoa. By the following week, sculptor Brian Muir, who sculpted Darth Vader 's mask for the Star Wars films, was revealed to be working on the film.
In early April 2013, Zoe Saldana entered into negotiations to star as Gamora in the film, and it was confirmed she had been cast later that month. Also in April, Michael Rooker joined the film 's cast as Yondu, and it was announced that Ophelia Lovibond had been cast in a supporting role. By this point in time, Lee Pace was in final negotiations to play the villain of the film. In May, Marvel offered John C. Reilly the role of Rhomann Dey. At the same time, it was disclosed that filmmakers were looking at actors including Hugh Laurie, Alan Rickman, and Ken Watanabe, for another role, and that Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely were providing finishing touches to the script. A few days later, Glenn Close was cast as the head of the Nova Corps in the film, followed shortly by the casting of Karen Gillan as the film 's lead female villain. By June 2013, Benicio del Toro was cast in the film, as part of a multi-film deal with Marvel Studios. Later in the month, it was confirmed that Reilly had been cast as Rhomann Dey.
Special effects makeup designer David White took head and body casts of actors, such as Bautista, to experiment with materials used to create the characters. White said, "James always pushed for practical and makeup effects. He wanted, like me, to see the real deal there on set. '' White was careful not to use "modern '' creature designs to ensure they did not fall short in Gunn 's uniquely envisioned world. White and his team created upwards of 1,000 prosthetic makeup applications and 2,000 molds of different - colored aliens. For the specific aesthetic look to the film, Gunn wanted to create "a colorful science - fiction world '', and include elements of 1950s and ' 60s pulp movies, citing the Ravagers ' spaceships, which he compared to muscle cars, as an example of the latter. Science fiction artist Chris Foss inspired and helped design the final look of some of the spacecrafts that appear in the film.
Principal photography began around July 6, 2013 in London, United Kingdom, under the working title of Full Tilt. Filming took place at Shepperton Studios and Longcross Studios. Later in July, Gunn and the film 's cast flew from London to attend San Diego Comic - Con International, where it was revealed that Pace would play Ronan the Accuser, Gillan would be Nebula, del Toro as The Collector, and that Djimon Hounsou had been cast as Korath. Close was later revealed to play Nova Prime Irani Rael. Also at San Diego Comic - Con, Feige stated that Thanos would be a part of the film as the "mastermind ''. On August 11, 2013, filming began at London 's Millennium Bridge, which was selected as a double for Xandar. In August 2013, Marvel announced that Bradley Cooper would voice Rocket. On September 3, 2013, Gunn said that filming was "a little over half (way) '' complete. Also in September, Vin Diesel stated that he was voicing Groot. However, Marvel did not confirm Diesel 's involvement in the film at the time. On October 12, 2013, Gunn announced on social media that filming had completed.
Director of photography Ben Davis used Arri Alexa XT cameras for the film, saying, "I 'm traditionally a photochemical fan, but going with the digital format was the right way for this movie... the Alexa (provided) the right look for this particular film. '' During the opening scenes in the 1980s, Davis chose JDC Cooke Xtal (Crystal) Express anamorphic prime lenses because they "had more anamorphic artifacts and aberrations, which (he) felt added something. '' Davis used spherical Panavision Primos for the rest of the film. Additionally, Davis worked closely with production designer Charles Wood in order to achieve the correct lighting looks for each scene. Dealing with two fully CGI characters forced Davis to shoot scenes multiple times, usually once with the references for the characters and once without them in the shot.
Gunn revealed that his brother, Sean Gunn, took on multiple roles during the filming process, such as standing in for Rocket, which he noted was beneficial for the other actors, including Saldana, Pratt, and Bautista, who responded positively to Sean and his on - set performances. Special effects makeup designer David White made two life - size versions of Rocket and a bust of Groot as aids for visual effects, with White saying, "it gives (the filmmakers) a good indication of where visual effects needs to pick up and whether Rocket can actually reach certain things or use certain devices. '' These busts were also used to see how the on - set lighting would affect the characters, to assist with the visual effects lighting process.
In January 2015, Disney revealed that the film came in "slightly over the agreed budget '' at $232.3 million, with Disney receiving a rebate of $36.4 million from the British government. It was previously estimated to have had a $170 million budget.
In November 2013, Gunn stated that he attempted to use as many practical effects as possible while filming to aid the use of CGI and motion capture during post-production, saying, "Our sets are enormous. We have a prison that is 350,000 pounds of steel. Anybody who knows me knows I love the mix of practical and CGI effects... I ca n't wait for people to see it, because it 's astonishingly beautiful. '' After the release of Thor: The Dark World, Feige stated that the Infinity Stones would be a focus in the film, as well as going forward into the Phase Three slate of films within the MCU. In a separate interview for The Dark World in November, Feige added that a third, unknown Infinity Stone would be seen in the film, referred to as the "Power Stone '' by the Collector. The mid-credits scene in The Dark World revealed Lovibond 's role as the Collector 's aide, later named Carina. In December 2013, Marvel confirmed that Diesel would voice Groot.
A few weeks of additional filming, involving the film 's main cast and crew, occurred in March 2014 at Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California. In April 2014, Gunn described Thanos as the "head of the snake '' in the film, and confirmed he would appear via performance capture. In May 2014, Gunn stated that the film features an "enormous '' amount of smaller and minor characters from the Marvel Universe, adding that he felt the film had the most characters overall of any Marvel Studios film to date. Costume supervisor Dan Grace added to this by saying, "We really, really get the feeling of the scale and scope of the galaxy. We visit five planets, we see a hundred different races. '' The film introduces the alien race Sakaaran, who act as Ronan 's mercenaries, as a replacement to the Badoon, as the Badoon film rights belonged to 20th Century Fox.
By the end of May, Josh Brolin was revealed as the voice of Thanos, with Feige confirming in July that Brolin also provided the performance capture for the character. Thanos communicates via hologram for much of the film, though he does appear in a scene with Ronan and Nebula. In June 2014, Feige added that Thanos and his followers are "the biggest piece of connective tissue that will eventually lead us back into Avengers films in the future. '' On casting Brolin, Feige said,
We reached out to him and it was one of those things that does not happen all the time but when it does it 's very nice, where he was totally intrigued. He was a fan of what we did, he met with Jeremy Latcham in a hotel in London and learned about the characters a little bit. I spoke to him on the phone a few times. We ran it by James who loved it, ran it by Joss (Whedon) who loved it because Thanos is in this universe because of Avengers. Then we shot him and recorded for it.
On July 7, 2014, Gunn announced on social media that he had completed work on the film. In August, regarding the post-credit scene, Gunn revealed that the scene did not involve Howard the Duck when it was originally filmed, rather he was added during post-production, a decision made by "some combination of (Gunn) and the editor Fred Raskin ''. As the decision to add the character was made late in the post-production process, he had to be designed that day, before being handed off to Sony Pictures Imageworks to animate. Also in August, regarding the pre-credit scene of Groot dancing, Gunn stated that he himself danced to provide motion reference for the animators, and that the decision was made to place the scene before the credits, rather than during or after them, because of positive responses from a test audience, which made Marvel and Gunn feel that they did not want "people walking out and missing this thing ''. Marvel used design firm Sarofsky once again for the film 's title sequences, after liking their work for Captain America: The Winter Soldier. Sarofsky developed a custom typeface based on the font used in the teaser posters for the opening credits, which was tinted orange to offer a better contrast to the film 's blue and grey imagery. One of the typography solutions offered before the final product wound up being repurposed as the locator cards seen throughout the film.
The film featured 2,750 visual effects shots, which make up approximately 90 % of the film. The visual effects were created by: Moving Picture Company (MPC), who worked on creating Groot, as well as Morag, Xandar, the Dark Aster and the final battle on Xandar; Framestore, who worked on creating Rocket, extending the Kyln prison set and constructing Knowhere; Luma Pictures, who worked on Thanos; Method Studios, who worked on creating the Orb opening and revealing its powers, as well as the holographic displays at the Nova Corps command center; Lola VFX; Cantina Creative; Sony Pictures Imageworks, who worked on Howard the Duck and creating the Dark Aster shots with MPC; CoSA VFX; Secret Lab; Rise Visual Effects Studios; and Technicolor VFX. Pre - and post-visualizations were done by Proof and The Third Floor, with Proof also contributing to the creation of Rocket and Groot.
Producer Nik Korda noted how helpful it was to have Sean Gunn and Krystian Godlewski portray Rocket and Groot on set, as it provided references for lighting and on - set performances to the animators. When creating Groot, MPC realized early on that his eyes would be essential in maintaining the character 's human qualities, as his face could n't move in the way that humans ' do. MPC visual effects supervisor Nicolas Aithadi explained that, "When you look at humans what makes the eyes interesting is the imperfections -- trying to make these two irises not aimed at the same place -- trying to make them strange and look more human. '' Textures for Groot came from a number of sources, including inspiration from a botanical garden in London, and the character was modeled as individual branches, rigged individually, to simulate a muscle system for the character.
One of the major challenges for Framestore in creating Rocket was his fur. Framestore 's Rachel Williams explained that, since "raccoon fur is made up from a layer of short fine hair and a layer of longer thicker hairs '', these layers were separated and animated individually, removing the need to use "guide hairs '' to control the movements of thick sections of fur. Framestore and MPC worked closely sharing assets, to ensure shots of Rocket at MPC would match the Rocket created by Framestore, and vice versa for when Groot was needed by the other studio.
In order to give Thanos "the performance and the weight that he deserved '', Luma Pictures created a new facial animation system to re-create Josh Brolin as a fully CG character, using his "eyes, some of his cheek, how his muscles move when he talks ''. The character 's large jaw, and the deep groves that run down his face, had "to be carefully planned out with the movement of his face. ''
In August 2013, Gunn revealed that Tyler Bates would be composing the film 's score. Gunn stated that Bates would write some of the score first so that he can film to the music, as opposed to scoring to the film. In February 2014, Gunn revealed that the film would incorporate songs from the 1960s and 1970s, such as "Hooked on a Feeling '', on a mixtape in Quill 's Walkman, which acts as a way for him to stay connected to the Earth, home, and family he lost. In May 2014, Gunn added that using the songs from the ' 60s and ' 70s were "cultural reference points '', saying, "It 's striking the balance throughout the whole movie, through something that is very unique, but also something that is easily accessible to people at the same time. The music and the Earth stuff is one of those touchstones that we have to remind us that, yeah, (Quill) is a real person from planet Earth who 's just like you and me. Except that he 's in this big outer space adventure. ''
When choosing the songs, Gunn revealed he "started the process by reading the Billboard charts for all of the top hits of the ' 70s '', downloading "a few hundred '' songs that were "semi-familiar -- ones you recognize but might not be able to name off the top of your head '' and creating a playlist for all the songs that would fit the film tonally. He added that he "would listen to the playlist on my speakers around the house -- sometimes I would be inspired to create a scene around a song, and other times I had a scene that needed music and I would listen through the playlist, visualizing various songs, figuring out which would work the best. '' Most of the songs were played on set to help "the actors and the camera operators find the perfect groove for the shot '', with David Bowie 's "Moonage Daydream '' the only song chosen and added during post-production. Gunn also said that the opening scenes were designed with "Hooked on a Feeling '' in mind; however, once Gunn discovered "Come and Get Your Love '', the song used in the sequence, Gunn felt it was a "better fit. ''
Three albums were released by Hollywood Records on July 29, 2014: The film 's score, Guardians of the Galaxy (Original Score), which features the music composed by Bates for the film; Guardians of the Galaxy: Awesome Mix Vol. 1 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack), which comprises the twelve songs from Quill 's mixtape; and a deluxe edition featuring both albums. By August 2014, the album which mirrored Quill 's mixtape had reached the top of the Billboard 200 chart, becoming the first soundtrack album in history consisting entirely of previously released songs to top the chart. Hollywood Records also released a cassette version of the Awesome Mix Vol. 1 soundtrack on November 28, 2014, as an exclusive to Record Store Day participants. The cassette, which is the first cassette Disney Music Group has released since 2003, comes with a digital download version of the album.
The world premiere of Guardians of the Galaxy was held on July 21, 2014, at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood. The film was released theatrically in the United Kingdom on July 31, 2014, and in the United States on August 1, in 3D and IMAX 3D. The film was released in 4,080 theaters in the United States, making it the widest August release, breaking the five - year record held by G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra (4,007 theatres). The breakdown of venues was: 354 IMAX screens, 3,200 3D screens, 350 large format screens and 240 D - Box screens. In its sixth weekend, Guardians of the Galaxy was playing in 69 territories, its most.
In June 2014, Gunn stated that the film had always been planned as a 3D film, and "Unlike many directors, I 've been actively involved with converting every shot to 3D, making sure it works perfectly for the story and the film, making sure it 's spectacular and immersive without being silly, distracting, or overly showy. '' Gunn also revealed that the IMAX 3D version would include shifting aspect ratios, to make the viewing experience "even fuller and more encompassing. I 've personally chosen all the places where the changes occur... The changing aspect ratios in this case are actually a part of the storytelling. '' In July 2014, Gunn revealed that there were multiple scenes he had cut from the film, and he was investigating how to release them, either in an extended cut of the film, or as bonus features on the film 's home media release.
At Disney 's D23 Expo in August 2013, Feige presented footage first revealed at the San Diego Comic - Con in July 2013. The first trailer for the film debuted on Jimmy Kimmel Live! on February 18, 2014, with a special introduction by Chris Pratt. The Los Angeles Times said the trailer delivered "some spirited alien action, with exploding spaceships and muscled bad guys, not to mention a few purely comedic moments, '' while spotlighting "a number of the offbeat characters. '' Total Film noted the similarity of the trailer 's opening clip to the 1981 film, Raiders of the Lost Ark, which Gunn stated was a big influence for Guardians, and made note of the "edgy '' humor used throughout. Total Film also noted the similarity of the trailer to the one debuted at Comic - Con and D23, with a few new shots featuring Nebula and the Collector. Social media response to the trailer was strong, with 88,000 mentions across Twitter, Facebook and various blogs in a 12 - hour period. Those numbers were comparable to trailers for other superhero films like Man of Steel and The Amazing Spider - Man 2, and noteworthy for the late night time period in which it premiered. The trailer received 22.8 million views in the 24 hours after it debuted. After the debut of the trailer, Blue Swede 's version of "Hooked on a Feeling '', which was prominently used throughout the trailer, went up 700 % in sales the following day. The line from Serafinowicz 's character, "What a bunch of a-holes '', was only intended to be featured in the trailers, but due to its positive reception, was included in the final cut of the film. Gunn noted that a different teaser was almost released "that was very cheesy (and) sold the movie as something different than what it was '', as it tested better than the version that was ultimately released. Gunn credited the marketing teams at Marvel and Disney for having faith in the latter version, despite how it tested, over choosing the version that would have mis - marketed the film.
In March 2014, the Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episode "T.A.H.I.T.I. '' introduced the Kree race to the MCU, which began a storyline that recurs throughout the series and involves finding a hidden Kree city. Also in March, ABC aired a one - hour television special titled, Marvel Studios: Assembling a Universe, which included a sneak peek of Guardians of the Galaxy. Starting in April 2014, a two - part comic was released, titled Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy Prelude. Written by Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning, with art by Wellington Alves, the first issue focused on the background of Nebula and her bond with Thanos; the second issue featured the adventures of Rocket and Groot before they join forces with the other Guardians. In June 2014, Mike Pasciullo, senior VP of Marvel Studios, described the marketing approach for Guardians of the Galaxy by saying that Marvel had "built a robust marketing program for the theatrical release that carefully integrates traditional advertising, social media, digital marketing, strategic promotional partnerships, organic entertainment integrations (and) publicity. ''
In July 2014, Marvel launched a viral marketing campaign for the film called "Galaxy Getaways '', a fictional travel website that allows users to book passage to some of the planets depicted in the film, including Xandar, Morag, and Knowhere. Beginning July 4, 2014, a sneak peek of the film was presented at Disneyland and Disney 's Hollywood Studios in the Magic Eye and ABC Sound Studio theaters, respectively. Approximately 14 minutes of the film was screened on July 7, 2014, in IMAX 3D in the United States, and 3D theaters and IMAX 3D in Canada, along with two trailers. The screening was met with positive reviews, praising the humor, the 3D and IMAX conversion, and Cooper 's portrayal of Rocket. However, it was criticized for beginning partway through the film, not allowing viewers to easily acclimate to the film 's tone, and for how the general audience might respond to a film within the MCU without established characters making appearances.
On July 12, 2014, Gunn and the actors from the film promoted Guardians of the Galaxy at the Lido 8 Cineplex in Singapore. On July 17, 2014, Disney Interactive released an action RPG video game titled Guardians of the Galaxy: The Universal Weapon for iOS, Android and Windows devices. The game 's original story was written by Dan Abnett, and was meant to complement the film. On July 21, Pratt, Saldana, Bautista, Diesel and Cooper appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live! to promote the film and debut some additional exclusive content. On July 29, Pratt and Saldana rang the opening bell of the New York Stock Exchange as part of the film 's marketing strategy.
On August 14, Marvel released the scene of Groot dancing, which was shortly followed by an announcement from Funko that they were releasing a toy "Dancing Groot ''. The Hollywood Reporter noted that the quick release of the scene from Marvel two weeks after the film 's theatrical release, along with the rush announcement from Funko, indicated the popularity of both the character and the scene. The scene also produced the word "grooting '', coined by Michael Rooker, in which a person dances similar to Groot, with the word entering the social media lexicon. Also in August, Marvel held a special screening of the film at Children 's Hospital Los Angeles, where Pratt dressed as Star - Lord to entertain the patients.
In June 2012, Marvel filed eleven trademark applications for Guardians of the Galaxy, covering a variety of consumer products, from video games to cosmetics. Disney Consumer Products partnered with Mad Engine, C - Life, New Era, Hasbro, Disguise, Rubies, Sideshow Collectibles, Lego, KIDdesigns, iHome, Funko, Freeze, Fast Forward, and Innovative Designs to produce merchandise for the film, with releases starting in June 2014. Mad Engine and C - Life were partnered as the core apparel outfitters, producing a line of T - shirts and fleece jackets, while New Era produced headwear and hats. Hasbro produced toys for the film; Disguise and Rubies produced the costumes; and Sideshow Collectibles was given charge of the collectibles. Lego announced three toy sets based on scenes from the film, while iHome created character speakers, Funko made vinyl bobble heads, Freeze crafted 1980s - inspired apparel, and backpacks and stationery were made by Fast Forward and Innovative Designs. Despite first films in a potential new franchise usually being off - limits to licensees, Marvel used Iron Man 's success as evidence of unknown characters becoming hits with audiences to attract partnerships. Licensees embraced Rocket as the film 's potential breakout character, with Drax and Gamora being used for older demographics; Star - Lord 's obsession with 1980s nostalgia, including his "Awesome Mix Vo. 1 '' cassette, has also served as a basis for tie - in products. In August 2014, Funko announced a toy based on "Dancing Groot '', while in October 2014, Marvel and KID designs announced a replica of dancing Groot, for release in December 2014.
In December 2014, Disney made a second marketing push, to coincide with the film 's home media release with additional merchandise. Merchandise partners included: KID designs with its replica dancing Groot; Funko 's Fabrikations line with a plush Rocket; Mattel 's Hot Wheels character cars; C - Life, Hybrid - Jem Sportswear, Freeze, MZ Berger, Accutime, AME and Her Universe with apparel; ThinkGeek with jewelry and watches; American Greetings with cards; Jay Franco with homegoods; and Vandor with drinkware. Additional partners included Mad Engine, Just Play, and Dragon Models. Paul Gitter, senior vice-president of Marvel licensing at Disney Consumer Products said, "The demand for Guardians of the Galaxy merchandise has been truly out of this world. Our merchandising and retail partners are doing a tremendous job of providing creative and innovative ways for fans to continue interacting with these popular characters and showcase their fandom year round. ''
Guardians of the Galaxy was released for digital download by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on November 18, 2014 and on Blu - ray, Blu - ray 3D, and DVD on November 24, 2014, in the United Kingdom and on December 9 in the United States. The digital and Blu - ray releases include behind - the - scenes featurettes, audio commentary, deleted scenes, a blooper reel, and an exclusive preview of Avengers: Age of Ultron. As of October 4, 2015, the film has earned over $118 million in sales in the US.
The film was also included in the 13 - disc box set, titled "Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Two Collection '', which includes all of the Phase Two films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. It was released on December 8, 2015.
Guardians of the Galaxy earned $333.2 million in North America and an estimated $440.2 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $773.3 million. The film became the third - highest - grossing film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, behind The Avengers and Iron Man 3. It was the third - highest - grossing 2014 film (behind Transformers: Age of Extinction and The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies) and the highest - grossing superhero film of 2014. It had a worldwide opening weekend of $160.7 million. Deadline.com calculated the net profit for the film to be $204.2 million, when factoring together "production budgets, P&A, talent participations and other costs, with box office grosses, and ancillary revenues from VOD to DVD and TV, '' placing it fifth on their list of 2014 's "Most Valuable Blockbusters ''.
Guardians of the Galaxy earned $11.2 million on its Thursday night pre-opening, surpassing Captain America: The Winter Soldier 's gross ($10.2 million) for the biggest Thursday evening start for a movie in 2014. IMAX accounted for 17 % of the total gross ($1.9 million), which was the biggest August pre-release in IMAX format. On its opening day, the film earned $37.8 million, including the Thursday night earnings. Guardians of the Galaxy was the number one movie during its opening weekend and grossed $94.3 million, setting an August weekend record. During the opening weekend, IMAX earnings amounted to $11.7 million and 3 - D showings accounted for 45 % of ticket sales. The film 's success was partially attributed to its appeal to both genders: the opening - weekend audience was 44 % female, which is the biggest proportion ever for a MCU film; 55 % of the opening - weekend audience was over the age of 25.
Although the film fell to second place in its second and third weekends, behind Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, the film was number one in its fourth, fifth, and sixth weekend. By doing so, it became the first film in 2014 to top the domestic box office in non-consecutive weeks, the first film of the summer (May -- August) to be the number one film in three weekends and the first MCU film to be the top film for four weeks, surpassing Captain America: The Winter Soldier and The Avengers, both of which were number one for three weeks, and tied The Dark Knight for the most weeks at number one among comic book - based films. Phil Contrino, vice president and chief analyst of BoxOffice.com felt Guardians success was "unconventional '' and was "shattering expectations ''. The film remained in the top 10 for ten weekends.
The film was the top - grossing film of summer 2014 (ahead of Transformers: Age of Extinction), first of 2014 to pass $300 million for its domestic gross, and was the third - highest - grossing domestic film of 2014 (behind American Sniper and The Hunger Games: Mockingjay -- Part 1). The film was said to have "injected life '' into an otherwise lower than normal summer box office.
Guardians of the Galaxy was released in 42 international markets and grossed $66.4 million on its opening weekend. The biggest debuts came from Russia ($13 million), the United Kingdom ($10.8 million), Mexico ($6.5 million), Brazil ($6.5 million), and South Korea ($4.7 million). The film topped the weekend box office two times, in its first and second weekends. In its eleventh weekend, the film opened in China, earning $29.8 million, its largest, and became the third highest opening in the country for any Disney release, behind Iron Man 3 and Captain America: The Winter Soldier, and was an all - time industry record opening in October. The following weekend saw an additional $21.3 million from China, making China the highest - grossing market with $69 million. The film 's three biggest markets in total earnings were: China ($96.5 million), the UK ($47.4 million), and Russia ($37.5 million).
The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 91 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.7 / 10 based on 295 reviews. The website 's consensus reads, "Guardians of the Galaxy is just as irreverent as fans of the frequently zany Marvel comic would expect -- as well as funny, thrilling, full of heart, and packed with visual splendor. '' Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 76 out of 100, based on 52 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews ''. CinemaScore audiences gave Guardians of the Galaxy an "A '' grade rating on an A+ to F scale, while earning an "A + '' among under - 18 and 25 - to 34 - year - old viewers.
Scott Foundas of Variety said "James Gunn 's presumptive franchise - starter is overlong, overstuffed and sometimes too eager to please, but the cheeky comic tone keeps things buoyant -- as does Chris Pratt 's winning performance '', and praised the film 's look created by cinematographer Ben Davis, production designer Charles Wood, and special effects makeup designer David White. Justin Lowe of The Hollywood Reporter also praised the film 's look, and felt "A well - matched ensemble rises to the challenge of launching a heroic origin film with distinctive style, abundant thrills and no shortage of humor. '' The Daily Telegraph 's Robbie Collin said, "A brand new summer family blockbuster this may be, but it plays by old, half - forgotten rules; trimming out the clutter and cross-referencing for snappy, streamlined, Saturday - cartoon fun ''. Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times said, "Blessed with a loose, anarchic B - picture soul that encourages you to enjoy yourself even when you 're not quite sure what 's going on, the scruffy Guardians is irreverent in a way that can bring the first Star Wars to mind, in part because it has some of the most unconventional heroes this side of the Mos Eisley Cantina. '' Manohla Dargis of The New York Times said, "While Guardians takes you down one after another crazy narrative turn, it also pulls you into -- and, for the most part, keeps you in -- a fully realized other world. '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times said, "Guardians of the Galaxy is a late summer treat -- a mostly lighthearted and self - referential comic - book movie with loads of whiz - bang action, some laugh - out - loud moments and a couple of surprisingly beautiful and touching scenes as well, '' calling it "a refreshing confection of entertainment. '' Jim Starlin, creator of Drax the Destroyer, Gamora, and Thanos, said it "might be Marvel 's best movie yet ''.
Jake Coyle of the Associated Press was more critical of the film, calling it "terribly overstuffed and many of the jokes get drowned out by the special effects... The pervasive movie references detract from the stab at freshness, and Guardians depends all too much on the whimsy of ' 70s anthems for an original beat. '' He also felt that Close, Reilly and del Toro were underused in the film. Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle said, "In place of wit, Guardians offers a sort of generalized willingness to be amusing, an atmosphere of high spirits that feels like lots of people pumping air into a tire that has a hole in it. Everyone is clearly working, but nothing is really happening -- and yet the effort is so evident that there 's an impulse to reward it. '' Kyle Smith of the New York Post also had a negative response to the film, comparing it to Howard the Duck and Green Lantern, and criticizing the dialogue, villains, soundtrack, lack of suspense, and the characters of Quill, Rocket, and Drax. The film received mixed reviews in China, where viewers complained that the film 's "poor subtitle translation not only spoiled the fun of watching it, but also made it difficult to understand its humor. ''
Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 was released on May 5, 2017, again written and directed by James Gunn. Pratt, Saldana, Bautista, Diesel, Cooper, Rooker, Gillan, and Sean Gunn all reprise their roles in the film, and are joined by Pom Klementieff as Mantis, Elizabeth Debicki as Ayesha, Chris Sullivan as Taserface, and Kurt Russell as Quill 's father Ego.
In April 2017, Gunn announced he would return to write and direct Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3. It is scheduled to be released in 2020.
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who plays martin lannister in game of thrones | Tyrion Lannister - wikipedia
Tyrion Lannister (also referred to as "the Imp '' or "the Halfman '') is a fictional character in A Song of Ice and Fire, a series of fantasy novels by American author George R.R. Martin and its television adaptation Game of Thrones. Based on an idea that came to Martin while writing the 1981 novel Windhaven, Tyrion has been called one of the author 's finest creations and most popular characters by The New York Times. Martin has named the character as his favorite in the series.
Introduced in A Game of Thrones (1996), Tyrion is a dwarf and member of House Lannister, one of the wealthiest and most powerful families in the fictional kingdom of Westeros. He subsequently appeared in Martin 's A Clash of Kings (1998) and A Storm of Swords (2000). Tyrion was one of a few prominent characters that were not included in A Feast for Crows (2005) but returned in the next novel A Dance with Dragons (2011). The character will also appear in the forthcoming volume The Winds of Winter. The popularity of the character led Martin and Bantam Books to publish The Wit & Wisdom of Tyrion Lannister, an illustrated collection of Tyrion quotes from the novels, in 2013.
In the story, Tyrion uses his status as a Lannister to mitigate the prejudice he has received all of his life, even from his family. Knowing that no one will ever take him seriously, he soothes his inadequacies with wine, wit and self - indulgence. As the peaceful rule of King Robert Baratheon begins to decay, Tyrion sees how ill - equipped his family are to hold everything together. He first saves his own neck from the vengeful Catelyn Stark and her sister Lysa Arryn, then is sent by his father Tywin to impose order on the capital of King 's Landing, as well as his nephew Joffrey, the new king, as civil war begins. Tyrion struggles to strengthen and protect the city and family who hate him and refuse to see the peril they are in; when his father returns, Tyrion becomes vulnerable to the wrath and machinations of the self - serving courtiers who surround Joffrey, including Tyrion 's own scheming sister Cersei. Tyrion escapes death again but at great cost and in fleeing Westeros finds himself in even more danger and without the Lannister resources.
Peter Dinklage portrays the character in the HBO television adaptation Game of Thrones. In 2011, Dinklage received the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series and later the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Series, Miniseries, or Television Film for his portrayal of Tyrion in the HBO series. He won the Emmy again in 2015. Among other accolades, Dinklage has been nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award in 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2016.
In A Game of Thrones (1996), Tyrion is introduced as the third and youngest child of wealthy and powerful Tywin Lannister, the former Hand of the King, and Joanna Lannister, who dies giving birth to him. Tyrion 's elder sister Cersei is the Queen of Westeros by virtue of her marriage to King Robert Baratheon, and Cersei 's male twin Jaime is one of the Kingsguard, the royal bodyguard. Described as an ugly ("for all the world like a gargoyle ''), malformed dwarf with different colored eyes, green and black, Tyrion possesses the golden blond hair of a Lannister but has a complicated relationship with the rest of them. While he is afforded the privilege and luxuries of his family, he is treated as a "second class noble '' because of his stature. Tyrion 's mother Joanna died giving birth to him and Tywin and Cersei loathe him because they blame him for her death. While Tywin bears no affection for Tyrion, he nevertheless feels a sense of duty to his son, raising him in the Lannister fold and extending Tyrion a share of the family wealth. In contrast to Tywin and Cersei, Jaime has great affection for Tyrion and treats him with kindness, respect, friendship and love. Lev Grossman of Time wrote in 2011:
Tyrion Lannister (is) the brilliant, black - witted dwarf whose family has had the firmest grip on power for much of the series, though that 's not saying much. Tyrion is another good example of what separates Tolkien and Martin. Tyrion is n't a hearty, ax - wielding, gold - mining member of a noble dwarven race. He 's not Gimli. Tyrion is an actual dwarf, achondroplastic and stubby - limbed, a joke to passersby and an embarrassment to his family.
Tyrion is intelligent, witty, well - read, and shares his father 's skill for business and political maneuvering. Grossman describes the character as "a bitter, cynical, high - born dwarf '', calling him "Martin 's Falstaff ''. David Orr of The New York Times notes Tyrion to be "a cynic, a drinker, an outcast and conspicuously the novels ' most intelligent presence ''. As an outcast, he displays sympathy for other outcasts and the otherwise mistreated; the TV series version of the character commiserates with the illegitimate son of Ned Stark by saying "All dwarfs are bastards in their father 's eyes. '' Still, he is usually seen for his deformities and vices, rather than his virtues and good deeds. Tom Shippey of the Wall Street Journal points out that other characters underestimate Tyrion: "His dwarf - status acts as a kind of protection, because -- though he is probably the most intelligent character in the whole cast list -- no one takes him seriously. '' Acknowledging that Tyrion 's wit, humor and cunning are his survival mechanism, actor Dinklage told The New York Times that "He knows he has no skills with the sword and this is a world that is really deeply violent. Military rules. He would not be able to survive in that world, given his own strength. So he beats people to the punchline -- he 's entertaining. ''
In 1981, Martin was collaborating with Lisa Tuttle on a trio of novellas that would be published as the novel Windhaven:
So while we were writing the books we thought about a dwarf who would have been the Lord of one of the islands. He had to be the ugliest person in the world but the most intelligent too. I kept that idea in my mind and it reappeared to me when I was starting to write Game of Thrones. So... That 's Tyrion Lannister.
Tyrion is a prominent point of view character in the novels, and both David Orr of The New York Times and Lev Grossman of Time called him one of Martin 's "finest creations. '' Noting the character to be one of Martin 's most popular, Dana Jennings of The New York Times called Tyrion "a bitter but brilliant dwarf whose humor, swagger and utter humanity make him the (often drunken) star of the series ''. Thomas M. Wagner wrote in 2001 that the character "may very well be the strongest antihero in all of contemporary fantasy ''. Dan Kois of The New York Times also noted in 2012 that "for fans of the novels, Tyrion is among the most beloved among the scores of kings, warriors, wenches, slaves, queens and monsters that populate George R.R. Martin 's world ''. Martin said, "My readers identify with the outcast, with the underdog, with the person who 's struggling rather than the golden boy ''.
Martin himself has singled out Tyrion as his favorite character in the series. Asked why, Martin said in a 2000 interview:
I think his wit is appealing. He gets off a lot of good iconoclastic, cynical one - liners, and those are fun to write. He 's also a very gray character. All my characters are gray to a greater or lesser extent, but Tyrion is perhaps the deepest shade of gray, with the black and white in him most thoroughly mixed, and I find that very appealing. I 've always liked gray characters more than black - and - white characters... I look for ways to make my characters real and to make them human, characters who have good and bad, noble and selfish, well - mixed in their natures. Yes, I do certainly want people to think about the characters, and not just react with a knee - jerk. I read too much fiction myself in which you encounter characters who are very stereotyped. They 're heroic - hero and dastardly - villain, and they 're completely black or completely white. And that 's boring, so far as I 'm concerned.
Tyrion appears first in A Game of Thrones (1996), and then in A Clash of Kings (1998) and A Storm of Swords (2000). He is one of a handful of "sorely missed '' major characters that do not appear in 2005 's A Feast for Crows, but on his website in 2006 Martin released a sample chapter featuring Tyrion from his next novel A Dance with Dragons. In advance of the publication of A Dance with Dragons in 2011, Martin confirmed Tyrion 's presence in the novel and called him one of "the characters people have been waiting for ''. Grossman concurred, writing of A Dance with Dragons, "Now the camera has swung back to the main characters: Jon Snow and Daenerys Targaryen and Tyrion Lannister. '' James Poniewozik of Time added that the return of these "favorite characters '' gave A Dance with Dragons a "narrative edge '' over A Feast for Crows. In April 2012, Martin read a Tyrion chapter from his forthcoming The Winds of Winter at Eastercon; a second Tyrion chapter was read at Worldcon in August 2013 and later released in the official A World of Ice and Fire iOS application on March 20, 2014.
In 2013 Bantam Books published The Wit & Wisdom of Tyrion Lannister, an illustrated collection of Tyrion quotes from the novels.
As A Game of Thrones begins, Tyrion is a witty, hedonistic curiosity, protected by his family status but still the object of subtle derision. He is perhaps the most intelligent member of his family but is consistently underestimated and marginalized. Tyrion embraces the advantages of being a Lannister but at the same time is all too aware of its negative aspects and his own place as the embarrassment of the family. Initially he is the one Lannister remotely sympathetic to the Starks but he is soon caught in the middle of the conflict between the two Houses. Taken prisoner and put on trial for his life, "all of his skills at conniving must be brought to bear simply to stay alive ''. With the Starks and Lannisters fully at war, Tywin tasks Tyrion to manage affairs at King 's Landing, recognizing that his son is intelligent and has inherited his skills with statecraft. In A Clash of Kings, Tyrion relishes his new power but finds that his sincere efforts to stabilize his nephew Joffrey 's rule are being undermined and thwarted by the misguided and self - serving machinations of everyone around him. He plots to nullify the counterproductive whims of Joffrey and Cersei but the "much - maligned dwarf '' finds himself "teetering between order and disaster as he tries to keep the Lannisters from losing absolutely everything ''. Thomas M. Wagner calls it a "defining moment '' when Tyrion comments that he is all that keeps chaos from overwhelming the family and population who both despise him. Roberta Johnson of Booklist likens Tyrion to the calculating title character of Robert Graves ' I, Claudius.
In A Storm of Swords, Tywin reclaims the office of Hand of the King and gives Tyrion the seemingly - impossible task of reforming the royal finances. Tyrion 's previous efforts, crucial in keeping Joffrey in power and saving King 's Landing from invasion are all but forgotten. Joffrey, emboldened by Tywin 's return, publicly humiliates Tyrion; when Joffrey is murdered, everyone eagerly points the finger at Tyrion. Cersei does everything in her power to assure that he is declared guilty at trial. Innocent but condemned to death and hated more than ever, Tyrion takes a dark turn. Martin explains:
(Tyrion) 's lost everything... He 's lost his position in House Lannister, he 's lost his position in court, he 's lost all of his gold -- which is the one thing that 's kind of sustained him throughout his life... and he 's also found out that Jaime -- the one blood relation that he loved unreservedly and has his back, and was always on his side -- played a part in this traumatic event of his life, the ultimate betrayal... He 's so hurt that he wants to hurt other people... and he knows that just up this ladder is a chamber that was once his that now his father has usurped from him... And I do n't think he knows what he 's gon na say or do when he gets up there but he -- some part of him feels compelled to do it. And of course then we find Shae there, that 's an additional shock to him, an additional knife in his belly. I think sometimes people just get pushed too far, sometimes people break. And I think Tyrion has reached his point. He 's been through hell, he 's faced death over and over again, and he 's been betrayed, as he sees it, by all the people that he 's tried to take care of, that he 's tried to win the approval of. He 's been trying to win his father 's approval all his life.
Finding his former lover Shae in his father 's bed, Tyrion strangles her. Confronting Tywin with a crossbow soon after, he murders him too. To Martin, "the two actions are quite different, although they occur within moments of each other ''. The author continues, "He 's furious at Lord Tywin because he found out the truth about his first wife and what happened to her, and... Lord Tywin is convinced that since he does n't love Tyrion, then no one can possibly love Tyrion. '' As Tywin repeatedly calls Tyrion 's tragic first wife Tysha a "whore, '' Tyrion warns him to stop. Tywin has always taught his son that you must follow through on your threats if you are defied, so when he fails to heed Tyrion 's warning, the dwarf kills him. "And it will haunt him. Tywin was his father and that will continue to haunt him, probably for the rest of his life, '' says the author. To Martin, Shae 's murder is something else:
With Shae, it 's a much more deliberate and in some ways a crueler thing. It 's not the action of a second, because he 's strangling her slowly and she 's fighting, trying to get free. He could let go at any time. But his anger and his sense of betrayal is so strong that he does n't stop until it 's done and that 's probably the blackest deed that he 's ever done. It 's the great crime of his soul along with what he did with his first wife by abandoning her after the little demonstration Lord Tywin put on... it 's again something that 's going to haunt him, while the act of killing his father is something of enormous consequence that would be forever beyond the pale, for no man is as cursed as a kinslayer.
"Fan - favorite '' Tyrion returns to the narrative in A Dance with Dragons, as he flees Westeros following the murders of Shae and Tywin "in a state of shock at his own actions ''. Across the narrow sea in Pentos and Slaver 's Bay he soon finds himself "in just about the most humiliating and dire circumstances in a life that has seen more than its share of such ''. Cut off from his family 's wealth and influence, he must use his wits to survive. As Booklist notes, "his astonishing adaptability evident as he goes from captive to conspirator to slave to mercenary without losing his tactical influence ''. Still in possession of the "cruel wit that has seen him through in the past '', Tyrion provides, according to Thomas M. Wagner, the "warmest and most sympathetic moments '' in the novel.
In A Game of Thrones (1996), Tyrion visits the Stark stronghold of Winterfell with King Robert Baratheon 's entourage. While there, Tyrion tries to befriend Ned Stark 's bastard son Jon Snow, and provides Ned 's recently crippled son Bran with a saddle design to help him ride a horse. On the road home, Tyrion is taken prisoner by Ned 's wife Catelyn, who believes he ordered the attempted murder of Bran. Taken to Catelyn 's sister Lysa Arryn at the Eyrie, Tyrion demands a trial by combat and is championed by the mercenary Bronn, who wins his freedom. Using his wit and the promise of a reward, Tyrion wins over the hill tribes of the Vale while on his way to the Lannister army camp. Finally impressed with Tyrion 's political instincts, his father Tywin appoints Tyrion acting Hand of the King in an attempt to control Joffrey. While at the camp, Tyrion beds a prostitute named Shae and takes her with him to the capital.
Tyrion arrives at King 's Landing in A Clash of Kings (1998) and immediately recognizes the chaos created by Joffrey and Cersei. Seeking to consolidate power and preserve order in the capital, Tyrion methodically removes Cersei 's supporters from positions of power. Disgusted by Joffrey 's behavior and Cersei 's failure to control him, Tyrion openly opposes the young king and tries to keep royal captive Sansa Stark out of harm 's way. Tyrion masterminds the defense of King 's Landing against Stannis Baratheon, even leading a sortie that drives Stannis from the gates. Afterwards, Tyrion is attacked and is grievously injured by one of the Kingsguard on orders to kill him. Tyrion suspects Joffrey or Cersei, but is unable to get revenge on either.
Upon his recovery in A Storm of Swords (2000), Tyrion finds that he has lost most of his nose, and a returned Tywin has assumed the position of Hand himself. Tyrion is appointed Master of Coin, the treasurer, as a reward for his successful leadership. After learning of a Tyrell plot to claim Winterfell through marriage to Sansa, Tywin forces Tyrion to marry her instead. Sympathetic to Sansa 's situation, Tyrion leaves their marriage unconsummated, despite his father 's orders to conceive a child with her as soon as possible. At the celebration of his wedding to Margaery Tyrell, Joffrey is poisoned. Cersei promptly accuses Tyrion, who is arrested. His previous good deeds forgotten, Tyrion is put on trial as Cersei manipulates the proceedings to ensure a guilty verdict. He is heartbroken to find that even Shae has turned against him. In his grief, Tyrion demands a trial by combat, to which Cersei responds by naming the virtually unbeatable Gregor Clegane as her champion. Oberyn Martell agrees to fight for Tyrion but dies in the attempt. Pronounced guilty, Tyrion is taken to the dungeon to await his execution. Jaime frees him with the help of Varys, eventually confessing his complicity in Tywin 's ruin of Tyrion 's first wife Tysha. Furious, Tyrion swears revenge on his family for a lifetime of cruelty and lies to Jaime that he did murder Joffrey. Before escaping the palace, Tyrion goes to confront his father, and finds Shae in Tywin 's bed. After strangling her in a rage, Tyrion murders Tywin as well when he speaks ill of Tysha, and flees Westeros.
In A Dance with Dragons (2011), Tyrion travels to Pentos, where he finds himself under the protection of wealthy Magister Illyrio Mopatis. There he learns that Varys and Illyrio have secretly plotted to return the Targaryens to power since the murder of the Mad King Aerys II Targaryen. On Illyrio 's advice, Tyrion decides to seek out and join Aerys ' surviving daughter Daenerys at Meereen and help her reclaim the Iron Throne. He eventually realizes that two of his traveling companions are not what they seem. One is Jon Connington, disgraced former Hand of the King; the other claims to be Aegon VI Targaryen, Aerys ' grandson, whom Varys had spirited away and replaced with another baby that was then killed during the Lannisters ' sack of King 's Landing. While in Volantis, Tyrion visits a brothel and is recognized and captured by Jorah Mormont who believes that delivering a Lannister to Daenerys will return Jorah to her good graces. Before they can reach Meereen, they are captured by the slavers currently besieging the city. When a plague strikes the slaver 's siege camps, Tyrion engineers their escape by joining a mercenary company, the Second Sons. In exchange for membership, Tyrion promises the company the wealth of the Lannister ancestral seat of Casterly Rock, his birthright since Tywin is dead and Jaime has renounced it. Tyrion quickly realizes the slavers are on the losing side, and attempts to convince the Second Sons to change their allegiance.
Executive producers / writers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss had pitched the idea of adapting Martin 's series for television to HBO in March 2006, and the network secured the rights in January 2007. The first actor cast was Peter Dinklage as Tyrion in May 2009. Benioff and Weiss later noted that the funny and "incredibly smart '' Dinklage was their first choice for the role, as the actor 's "core of humanity, covered by a shell of sardonic dry wit, is pretty well in keeping with the character. '' Unfamiliar with the source material, Dinklage was cautious in his first meeting with the producers; as a dwarf, "he would n't play elves or leprechauns '' and -- choosy about genre roles -- he had just come from portraying the dwarf Trumpkin in 2008 's The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian. Benioff and Weiss told Dinklage that the character was "a different kind of fantasy little person, '' or in the actor 's words, "No beard, no pointy shoes, a romantic, real human being. '' Dinklage signed on to play Tyrion before the meeting was half over, in part because "They told me how popular he was. '' Martin said of Dinklage 's casting, "If he had n't accepted the part, oh, boy, I do n't know what we would have done. '' Benioff added, "When I read George 's books, I decided Tyrion Lannister was one of the great characters in literature. Not just fantasy literature -- literature! A brilliant, caustic, horny, drunken, self - flagellating mess of a man. And there was only one choice to play him. ''
In October 2014, Dinklage and several other key cast members, all contracted for six seasons of the series, renegotiated their deals to include a potential seventh season and salary increases for seasons five, six, and seven. The Hollywood Reporter called the raises "huge '', noting that the deal would make the performers "among the highest - paid actors on cable TV ''. Deadline.com put the number for season five at "close to $300,000 an episode '' for each actor, and The Hollywood Reporter wrote in June 2016 that the performers would each be paid "upward of $500,000 per episode '' for seasons seven and the potential eight. In 2017, Dinklage became one of the highest paid actors on television and will earn £ 2 million per episode for the show.
Seasons 1 and 2 (2011 -- 12) follow the events of A Game of Thrones and A Clash of Kings, respectively. The plot of A Storm of Swords was split into seasons 3 and 4 (2013 -- 14). Both season 5 and season 6 adapt material from A Feast for Crows and A Dance with Dragons, novels whose plots run concurrently and each contain different characters. Though the HBO series has alternately extended, abbreviated, conflated and diverged from the novels ' plot lines, Tyrion 's character and story arc have remained mostly consistent with Martin 's writing.
Calling the character the "black sheep '' of the Lannister family, TV Guide wrote as the show premiered in 2011 that "Tyrion sees through all the chicanery and decides the best option is to drink and bed his way through the Seven Kingdoms. '' The Boston Globe added that he is "a hedonistic intellectual who can talk his way out of anything. '' According to the Los Angeles Times, "brilliant but low - living '' Tyrion is "so well acquainted with the workings of the world he can hardly bear it, the Imp is... debauched, perhaps, but a truth - teller nonetheless, fighting for his own survival with as much mercy as he can spare. '' The New York Times went as far as to name Tyrion "the closest thing to a hero '' in the HBO series.
As in A Game of Thrones, Tyrion travels to Winterfell with the royal family, and accompanies Ned Stark 's bastard son Jon Snow on his journey to the Wall. On his way back to King 's Landing, Tyrion is seized by Catelyn Stark, who suspects him of having plotted to assassinate her son Bran. Taken to the Eyrie, where Catelyn 's sister Lysa Arryn rules as regent, Tyrion is put to trial. Tyrion demands trial by combat, naming as his champion the sellsword Bronn, who is victorious. The two meet up with Tyrion 's father Tywin, whose forces are fighting Robb Stark 's army as retaliation for his capture. Tyrion is accidentally knocked unconscious as the battle begins. Tywin sends Tyrion to King 's Landing to act as Hand of the King. Disobeying Tywin 's orders, Tyrion takes the prostitute Shae with him.
During the second season, Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times wrote that "Tyrion is just about the only character developing any complexity. Maybe even a glimmer of a conscience. '' Emily Nussbaum of The New Yorker noted, "If the show has a hero, it 's Tyrion (Dinklage), who is capable of cruelty but also possesses insight and empathy, concealed beneath a carapace of Wildean wit. '' The Hollywood Reporter called Tyrion "the one to watch, as he 's the smartest Lannister and knows that having a brat for a king -- who mistreats all those around him -- could cause major backlash. '' Willa Paskin of Salon called the character 's increased prominence in Season 2 "a trade up in entertainment value, and a trade - off in morality. '' She added, "Tyrion is more cynical, more manipulative and much better suited to surviving. He 's not so keen to be made into meat, and that makes him the kind of man characters in the show and audience members alike should be investing in. '' Praising Dinklage, Dan Kois of The New York Times wrote, "He plays Tyrion as the only modern man in a muddy, violent, primal world. He loves good food, good conversation and a good book. Unlike the warmongering lords and knights of Westeros, but like most HBO subscribers, he would prefer to stay out of battle. '' Kois adds that, "Dinklage 's bravado masks Tyrion 's deep well of melancholy. '' Of the Season 2 storyline, Dinklage noted that Tyrion enjoys not only his foray into battle, but also his new and unprecedented power at court. He said, "This is a character that 's been shit upon his whole life. I mean, he comes from great wealth, but he 's treated very poorly, so now there 's a newfound respect where if somebody calls him a name, he can have them killed. He never had that before. Tyrion definitely enjoys that part and he 's trying desperately to hold onto it. He 's enjoying it while it lasts ' cause he 's not sure it 's gon na last very long. '' As Varys the Spymaster tells Tyrion, power is "a trick, a shadow on the wall... and a very small man can cast a very large shadow. ''
As Hand of the King, Tyrion attempts to control his cruel and incompetent nephew Joffrey, and defend Kings Landing from Stannis Baratheon, the rival claimant to the Iron Throne. Tyrion destroys much of Stannis ' attacking fleet with wildfire, but is almost assassinated during the battle, presumably at Joffrey 's or Cersei 's command. Tyrion recovers to find himself stripped of power by his returned father, and without recognition for his heroics. Shae implores Tyrion to move to Pentos with her, but he opts to remain in Kings Landing.
Season 2 leaves Tyrion "broke, beaten, scarred for life and stripped of his power, '' despite having been instrumental in saving King 's Landing from invasion. It is his chance to escape the sordid and deadly "game of thrones, '' but he can not bring himself to, confessing, "Bad people are what I 'm good at. '' So Tyrion finds he must submit to Tywin 's plan of marrying him to Sansa Stark; despite being drunk in order to soothe his many woes, Tyrion manages to save Sansa from being publicly stripped and likely raped by Joffrey, and later "chooses decency over filial loyalty and elects not to consummate the marriage after all. '' Tyrion is also now powerless against Joffrey 's malice, but Tywin has asserted his control over the young king, if only when it serves his own desires; he stops Joffrey from presenting Sansa with her brother 's head, but not because he cares about Sansa or Tyrion 's outrage. Despite Tywin 's continuous determination to make Tyrion feel "miserable and unloved, '' he believes he is a good father -- because he resisted the urge to cast Tyrion into the sea at birth. Though he should not be surprised by his father 's coldblooded machinations, Tyrion is horrified by Tywin 's involvement in the Red Wedding; Todd VanDerWerff writes, "only Tyrion seems to understand that the blood they spilled will eventually be avenged. The North may have calmed for now, but it wo n't be calm always. '' Of that storyline, Matt Fowler of IGN notes, "Only an event that powerful could keep series - favorite Tyrion out of an episode for the first time. ''
Tyrion asks Tywin to be named heir to House Lannister 's ancestral home Casterly Rock. Tywin angrily refuses and threatens to hang Shae if she is found in his bed again, but does have Tyrion named as Master of Coin, the treasurer. He also forces Tyrion to marry Sansa Stark against his will, though both decide not to consummate the marriage. Tyrion and Sansa begin to bond as they are both outcasts in King 's Landing, until Sansa discovers that her mother Catelyn and brother Robb have been murdered as a result of Tywin 's scheming.
In March 2014, Dinklage confirmed that Season 4 would "stick fairly closely '' to Tyrion 's plot line in A Storm of Swords, adding that "those reversals of fortune really send (Tyrion) down the rabbit hole. '' He notes that the character changes in Season 4, and "really ends up in a different place than he thought he was going to. It 's fueled a bit by anger towards his family, and trying to find his place in the world. You see that some people rely on drunk, funny Tyrion. I think funny and drunk lasts only so long. He sobers up in many ways. And love is in his life (with Shae), and that causes a tremendous amount of damage -- because he 's vulnerable and he does n't like to be vulnerable. He 's completely stripped of his defense mechanisms. '' Of Tyrion 's relationship with his brother Jaime, Dinklage said, "If you 're raised together, you have an unspoken dialogue many times, and it 's very easy, especially between Jaime and Tyrion. They have a real friendship, a good brotherhood. They look after each other. '' As in the novels, Tyrion is (unfairly) found guilty of Joffrey 's murder and condemned to death; the HBO series does not use the reveal that his first wife was not really a prostitute to motivate Tyrion to kill his father, and he does not lie to Jaime that he is guilty of killing Joffrey.
Fearing for Shae 's safety, Tyrion breaks up with her and orders her to leave for Pentos. She refuses until he calls her a whore, and declares that she can not have his children. Joffrey is poisoned to death at his wedding feast, and Cersei immediately accuses Tyrion. At his trial, Shae appears to testify against him, falsely claiming that Sansa refused to bed Tyrion unless he killed Joffrey. Outraged at her betrayal and finally snapping from years of mockery for his dwarfism, Tyrion demands a trial by combat. Cersei names the virtually undefeatable Gregor Clegane as her champion. Tyrion is defended by Oberyn Martell, who believes that his sister, niece, and nephew were murdered by Gregor. Oberyn is nearly victorious, but his refusal to kill Gregor without obtaining a confession gives Gregor the opportunity to kill him, and Tyrion is sentenced to death. Before his execution, Tyrion is released by Jaime to be smuggled out of Westeros by Varys. Tyrion decides to confront Tywin before his flight, and finds Shae in his father 's bed. Tyrion strangles her to death, and then confronts Tywin on the privy. Tyrion kills his father with a crossbow bolt, and then leaves for Pentos with Varys.
In 2015, James Hibberd of Entertainment Weekly called Tyrion 's meeting with Daenerys Targaryen (Emilia Clarke) an "iconic meetup '' that "delighted fans, who were universally enthusiastic (for once!) about the showrunners making a narrative move not yet found in George R.R. Martin 's novels. '' Dinklage said in the interview, "That 's the great thing about my character: He 's been everywhere. He 's the only character that goes searching. He 's been to The Wall and now he has to find the dragons. '' Benioff and Weiss said that the conversation between Tyrion and Daenerys focused on the parallels between their lives, as Tyrion had a "lot of empathy '' toward Daenerys for being an orphan, like himself, and both had "terrible fathers ''. Tyrion realized that Varys might be right about Daenerys being the "last hope for Westeros ''. Benioff and Weiss also suggested that Tyrion believes that Daenerys could bring him "back into power ''.
Tyrion arrives in Pentos, where Varys reveals that he has been conspiring to restore House Targaryen to power, and asks Tyrion to journey with him to meet Daenerys Targaryen in Meereen. During their journey, Tyrion is kidnapped by Daenerys ' former advisor Jorah Mormont, who aims to redeem himself to Daenerys by bringing her the dwarf. However, Tyrion and Jorah are captured by slavers, whom Tyrion convinces to sell them to the fighting pits in Meereen. During a demonstration of pit fighters, Tyrion and Jorah encounter Daenerys; she decides to take Tyrion into her service, but orders Jorah exiled again. At the re-opening of Meereen 's fighting pits, the insurgency known as the Sons of the Harpy launch a massive attack, which is only thwarted when Daenerys ' dragon Drogon appears and scares off the Sons, before riding off with Daenerys on his back. Although Tyrion wishes to join Jorah and Daario Naharis in their search for Daenerys, Daario points out that his skills are best suited to governing Meereen in Daenerys ' absence. Varys later arrives in Meereen, and offers Tyrion the use of his spy network to maintain order in the city.
Tyrion discovers that the Sons of the Harpy are funded by the slavers of Yunkai, Astapor, and Volantis, and arranges a meeting with representatives of those cities to give them seven years to abolish slavery. Despite Tyrion 's insistence that compromise is necessary, this solution is met with disapproval by Daenerys ' other advisors and the freedmen of Meereen. Tyrion also enlists the assistance of the red priestess Kinvara, who believes that Daenerys is a messianic figure prophesied by her faith and offers the support of the followers of R'hllor. Meereen begins to prosper, but the city 's success attracts the ire of the slavers, who fear it will undermine the legitimacy of slavery, and so launch a massive naval attack against the city. Daenerys returns in the chaos, and though she is displeased with Tyrion 's failure, she is persuaded by him to obliterate the slavers ' fleet and force their ultimate surrender rather than destroy them outright. Soon after, Theon and Yara Greyjoy arrive in Meereen offering Daenerys the Iron Fleet; they are joined by the fleets of Dorne and the Reach, who have defected from the Lannisters. Daenerys names an honored Tyrion as her Hand of the Queen. Tyrion then joins her, the dragons, and her army as they sail to Westeros.
Plotting their conquest of Westeros from Dragonstone, the ancestral Targaryen fortress, Daenerys and Tyrion learn that Jon Snow has been named King in the North. Tyrion suggests that Jon would make a valuable ally; Daenerys and Jon are impressed with each other, but she is annoyed when he declines to swear his allegiance to her. Daenerys and her allies discuss their strategy for the war against the Lannisters. Tyrion advises against a direct attack on King 's Landing, and Daenerys agrees to his nuanced series of attacks. However, Cersei and Jaime outmaneuver him, neutralizing Daenerys ' Greyjoy and Dornish support. A furious Daenerys ignores Tyrion 's continued arguments for caution, and decimates a Lannister caravan with her dragons. He is also unable to stop her from executing Randyll and Dickon Tarly, who refuse to swear fealty to her even after their defeat. In "Eastwatch '', Tyrion meets with Jaime in secret to broker a meeting between Cersei and Daenerys. In "The Dragon and the Wolf '', he helps convince Cersei that the advancing undead are a more immediate threat than the war with Daenerys for control of Westeros.
From the beginning, Dinklage 's performance received much critical praise. The Boston Globe called his Tyrion one of the show 's "highlights, '' adding that Dinklage "gives a winning performance that is charming, morally ambiguous, and self - aware. '' Matt Roush of TV Guide told viewers to "rejoice in the scene - stealing bravado of Peter Dinklage as the wry ' imp ' Tyrion Lannister. '' The Los Angeles Times wrote "In many ways, Game of Thrones belongs to Dinklage '' even before, in Season 2, the "scene - stealing actor 's '' character became the series ' most central figure. The New York Times noted that as beloved as the character of Tyrion is to the novels ' fans, "Dinklage 's sly performance has made Tyrion all the more popular. '' The Huffington Post called Tyrion the "most quotable '' character on the HBO series, as well as one of the most beloved.
In April 2011 both the Los Angeles Times and Entertainment Weekly pronounced Dinklage worthy of an Emmy Award for his performance in Season 1. He subsequently received one for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series, as well as a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Series, Miniseries, or Television Film. He also earned a Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Series, Miniseries or Television Film and a Scream Award for Best Supporting Actor for Season 1 of Game of Thrones. Dinklage won the Emmy for Outstanding Supporting Actor again in 2015.
Dinklage has been nominated for the Emmy four other times for playing Tyrion, in 2012, 2013, 2014, and 2016. He has received several other award nominations for his performance in the series, including the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series in 2012 and 2016; the Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Series, Miniseries or Television Film in 2012, 2015, and 2016; the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series in 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017; the TCA Award for Individual Achievement in Drama in 2011 and 2012; and in 2011 both the IGN Award and the IGN People 's Choice Award for Best TV Actor.
Among the various lines of Game of Thrones collectible figurines licensed by HBO, Tyrion has featured prominently, being dubbed one of the "heavy hitters '', "fan favorites '', "most - liked '' and "most popular '' characters.
Funko has produced two Tyrion figures as part of their POP! Television line. They are 4.5 inch vinyl figures in the Japanese super deformed style, one in an early series look, and a post-Season 2 version with a facial scar, "Battle Armor '' and an axe. The company also produced a Mystery Mini Blind Box figurine of a stylized Tyrion. As part of their Legacy Collection line of action figures, Funko released a "Hand of the King '' Tyrion, a Tyrion in armor with axe, as well as a Limited Edition "2014 San Diego Comic - Con Exclusive '' armor version with a helmet. Threezero released a 1 / 6 scale 8 5 / 8 inch figure, and Dark Horse produced both a 6 - inch figurine, and a 10 inch high - end statue for which the series ' producers chose Tyrion as the subject.
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