Wilhelm Vocabulary ================== ![GitHub last commit badge][GitHub last commit] ![GitHub workflow status badge][GitHub workflow status] [![Apache License Badge]](https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0) The data that serves [wilhelmlang.com](https://wilhelmlang.com/). They are written in YAML format, because 1. it is machine-readable so that it can be consumed quickly in data pipelines 2. it is human-readable and, thus, easy to modify 3. it supports multi-lines value which is very handy for data of natural languages - [Wilhelm Vocabulary](#wilhelm-vocabulary) - [German](#german) - [YAML Schema](#yaml-schema) - [German Noun Declension](#german-noun-declension) - [German (Attributive) Adjective Declension](#german-attributive-adjective-declension) - [German Verb Conjugation](#german-verb-conjugation) - [Korean](#korean) - [Classical Hebrew (Coming Soon)](#classical-hebrew-coming-soon) - [Ancient Greek](#ancient-greek) - [Latin](#latin) - [License](#license) [German](./german.yaml) ----------------------- ### YAML Schema ```yaml vocabulary: - term: string definition: list plural: string declension/conjugation: application-specific table ``` - The `conjugation` is the inflection paradigm for a German verb and `declension` the inflection for nouns and adjectives. Only one of the two is present for a term. - The type of the word can be inferred using the following rule - `term` with a _definite article_ of __der__/__die__/__das__ signifies a __noun__. For instance ```yaml - term: die Wissenschaft definition: the Science ``` - Those with `conjugation` field denotes a __verb__; its definition also begins with an _indefinite form_, i.e. "to ..." - The rests are explicitly stated in the `definition` field. For example, ```yaml - term: ob definition: - (conj.) if - (conj.) whether ``` means "ob" is a **conjunction** in this case and ```yaml - term: denn definition: - (adv.) then, thus - (conj.) because ``` tells that "denn" can be __adverb__ or __conjunction__ > [!TIP] > > The parenthesized value at the beginning of each `definition` item played an un-ignorable role: it is the label of the > relationship between `term` and `defintion` in graph database loaded by > [Wilhelm SDK](https://github.com/QubitPi/wilhelm-graphdb-python). For example, both German words > > ```yaml > - term: denn > definition: > - (adv.) then, thus > - (conj.) because > ``` > > and > > ```yaml > - term: nämlich > definition: > - (adj.) same > - (adv.) namely > - (adv.) because > ``` > > can mean "because" acting as different types. This is visualized as follows: > > ![error loading example.png](./example.png) > > __Visualzing synonyms this way presents a big advantage to human brain__ who is exceedingly good at memorizing > patterns ### German Noun Declension The declension table employees an [application-specific YAML](https://stackoverflow.com/q/30894438/14312712) that looks like the following: ```yaml - term: ein definition: (article) a, an declension: - ["", masculine, feminine, neuter, plural] - [nominative, ein, eine, ein, N/A ] - [genitive, eines, einer, eines, N/A ] - [dative, einem, einer, einem, N/A ] - [accusative, einen, eine, ein, N/A ] ``` The declension table above is equivalent to | | masculine | feminine | neuter | plural | |:--------------:|:---------:|:--------:|:------:|:------:| | __nominative__ | ein | eine | ein | N/A | | __genitive__ | eines | einer | eines | N/A | | __dative__ | einem | einer | einem | N/A | | __accusative__ | einen | eine | ein | N/A | > [!NOTE] > > - A list under `declension` is a table row > - All rows have the same number of columns > - Each element of the list corresponds to a table cell > [!TIP] > > __The declension tables for all nouns are sourced from > [Wiktionary](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ein#Declension_2)__ ### German (Attributive) Adjective Declension > [!TIP] > > - Predicate adjectives (e.g. kalt in mir ist kalt "I am _cold_") are undeclined > - An adjective can both be predicative (a _brave_ boy) or attributive (The boy is _brave_). Only attributive > adjectives are declined. There are 3 types of declensions for German adjectives 1. [strong declension](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_declension#Strong_inflection), 2. [week declension](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_declension#Weak_inflection), and 3. [mixed declension](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_declension#Mixed_inflection) Each type bears a separate declension table. __To master German adjectives, we will need to memorize all of the three__. There is also [adjective comparison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_adjectives#Adjective_comparison) which throws in potentially 6 more tables. But the [rules for comparative and superlative forms are quite universal](https://www.reddit.com/r/German/comments/i5mfrq/how_do_you_remember_adjective_declension/) so we __ignore the two and focus only on the positive form__, which is the basic form of the adjective. Here is an example of the adjective declension used in this repository: ```yaml - term: unterschiedlich definition: (adj.) different declension: - strong declension (without article): - ["", singular, singular, singular, plural ] - ["", masculine, feminine, neuter, "" ] - [nominative, unterschiedlicher, unterschiedliche, unterschiedliches, unterschiedliche ] - [genitive, unterschiedlichen, unterschiedlicher, unterschiedlichen, unterschiedlicher] - [dative, unterschiedlichem, unterschiedlicher, unterschiedlichem, unterschiedlichen] - [accusative, unterschiedlichen, unterschiedliche, unterschiedliches, unterschiedliche ] - weak declension (with definite article): - ["", singular, singular, singular, plural ] - ["", masculine, feminine, neuter, "" ] - [nominative, der unterschiedliche, die unterschiedliche, das unterschiedliche, die unterschiedlichen] - [genitive, des unterschiedlichen, der unterschiedlichen, des unterschiedlichen, der unterschiedlichen] - [dative, dem unterschiedlichen, der unterschiedlichen, dem unterschiedlichen, den unterschiedlichen] - [accusative, den unterschiedlichen, die unterschiedliche, das unterschiedliche, die unterschiedlichen] - mixed declension (with indefinite article): - ["", singular, singular, singular, plural ] - ["", masculine, feminine, neuter, "" ] - [nominative, ein unterschiedlicher, eine unterschiedliche, ein unterschiedliches, (keine) unterschiedlichen ] - [genitive, eines unterschiedlichen, einer unterschiedlichen, eines unterschiedlichen, (keiner) unterschiedlichen] - [dative, einem unterschiedlichen, einer unterschiedlichen, einem unterschiedlichen, (keinen) unterschiedlichen] - [accusative, einen unterschiedlichen, eine unterschiedliche, ein unterschiedliches, (keine) unterschiedlichen ] ``` > [!TIP] > > __The declension tables for all adjectives are sourced from > [Wiktionary](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/unterschiedlich#Declension)__ ### German Verb Conjugation There are __3__ persons, __2__ numbers, and __4__ moods (indicative, conditional, imperative and subjunctive) to consider in conjugation. There are __6__ tenses in German: the present and past are conjugated, and there are four compound tenses. There are two categories of verbs in German: [weak and strong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb)[^1]. In addition, [strong verbs are grouped into 7 "classes"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb#Strong_verb_classes) [^1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_verbs#Conjugation The conjugation table of German verb on Wiktionary is hard to interpret for German beginner. It does, however, presents a very good Philology reference. For example, it tells us which of the 7 "classes" a strong verb belongs to. __We, therefore, leave the Wiktionary links to the conjugation table of that verb for data processing in the future__, for example, ```yaml - term: aufwachsen definition: to grow up conjugation: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aufwachsen#Conjugation ``` and advise user to employ a much more practical method to learn daily conjugation as follows. We take "__aufwachsen__" as an example. > [!IMPORTANT] > I'm not advertising for any organizations. I'm simply sharing good resources. [Netzverb Dictionary](https://www.verbformen.com/) is the best German dictionary _targeting the vocabulary inflections_. [Search for "aufwachsen"](https://www.verbformen.com/?w=aufwachsen) and we will see much more intuitive conjugation tables listed. This pretty much serves our needs, but what makes Netzverb unpenetrable by other alternatives is that _every_ verb comes with 1. [A printable version that looks much better than the browser's Control+P export](https://www.verbformen.com/conjugation/aufwachsen.pdf) - There is also a "Sentences with German verb aufwachsen" section with a [link](https://www.verbformen.com/conjugation/examples/aufwachsen.htm) that offer a fruitful number of conjugated examples getting us familiar with the inflections of the verb 2. [An on-the-fly generated flashcard sheet](https://www.verbformen.com/conjugation/worksheets-exercises/lernkarten/aufwachsen.pdf) which allows us to make a better usage of our random free time 3. [A YouTube video that offers audios of almost every conjugated form](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LCtUrSn030A), which helps with pronunciations a lot > [!TIP] > - __It is, thus, strongly recommended to study the conjugation through > [Netzverb Dictionary](https://www.verbformen.com/) separately__ > - Netzverb Dictionary, however, lacks a programmable API. Wiktionary [has a good one](https://dumps.wikimedia.org/) > instead. This is why we left the conjugation link to Wiktionary for now and it will definitely serve us well as I'm > trying to make it happen [Korean](./korean.yaml) ----------------------- 中国人学习韩语有先天优势，加之韩语本身也是一门相当简单的语言，所以这里将语法和词汇合并在一起； 每一项也只由 `term`（韩）和 `definition`（中）组成， ```yaml vocabulary: - term: string definition: list ``` 不用费太多功夫记牢简单的语法和词汇，剩下的就是拿韩语字幕剧不停练习听说读写既成。 Classical Hebrew (Coming Soon) ------------------------------ The vocabulary is presented to help read and understand [Biblical Hebrew](https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt00.htm#mp3). A [complementary audio](https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/ptmp3prq.htm) helps well with the pronunciation. [Ancient Greek](./greek.yaml) ----------------------------- ```yaml vocabulary: - term: string definition: list ``` [Wiktionary is the best source for Attic pronunciation](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B1%E1%BD%90%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%82#Pronunciation), although [some words are missing the audio](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%AF#Pronunciation). Due to the scarcity of the audio resources among AG lerners, [a separate project](https://github.com/QubitPi/ancient-greek-reader) has been initiated to expand the audio practice materials by AI [Latin](./latin.yaml) --------------------- ```yaml vocabulary: - term: string definition: list ``` License ------- The use and distribution terms for [wilhelm-vocabulary]() are covered by the [Apache License, Version 2.0]. [Apache License Badge]: https://img.shields.io/badge/Apache%202.0-F25910.svg?style=for-the-badge&logo=Apache&logoColor=white [Apache License, Version 2.0]: http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.html [GitHub last commit]: https://img.shields.io/github/last-commit/QubitPi/wilhelm-vocabulary/master?logo=github&style=for-the-badge [GitHub workflow status]: https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/QubitPi/wilhelm-vocabulary/ci-cd.yaml?branch=master&logo=github&style=for-the-badge