---
dataset_info:
  features:
  - name: text
    dtype: string
  - name: source
    dtype: string
  - name: filtering_features
    dtype: string
  - source_other: dump
    dtype: string
  splits:
  - name: train
    num_examples: 1594197267
  download_size: 3.3TB
license: odc-by
pretty_name: Zyda
task_categories:
- text-generation
language:
- en
size_categories:
- n>1T
configs:
  - config_name: default
    data_files:
      - split: train
        path: data/*/*/*
  - config_name: zyda_no_starcoder
    data_files:
      - split: train
        path: data/zyda_no_starcoder/*/*
  - config_name: zyda_arxiv_only
    data_files:
      - split: train
        path: data/zyda_no_starcoder/zyda_arxiv/*
  - config_name: zyda_c4-en_only
    data_files:
      - split: train
        path: data/zyda_no_starcoder/c4_en/*
  - config_name: zyda_peS2o_only
    data_files:
      - split: train
        path: data/zyda_no_starcoder/zyda_peS2o/*
  - config_name: zyda_pile-uncopyrighted_only
    data_files:
      - split: train
        path: data/zyda_no_starcoder/zyda_pile-uncopyrighted/*
  - config_name: zyda_refinedweb_only
    data_files:
      - split: train
        path: data/zyda_no_starcoder/zyda_refinedweb/*
  - config_name: zyda_slimpajama_only
    data_files:
      - split: train
        path: data/zyda_no_starcoder/zyda_slimpajama/*
  - config_name: zyda_starcoder_only
    data_files:
      - split: train
        path: data/zyda_starcoder/*/*
---
# Dataset Card for Zyda

<!-- Provide a quick summary of the dataset. -->

Zyda is a 1.3T language modelling dataset created by collecting open and high quality datasets and combining them and performing a uniform filtering and deduplication step. We find that Zyda performs extremely well in ablations and is at least comparable and potentially better to the best openly available datasets available, due to our meticulous post-processing pipeline. We think the best use of Zyda is either as a standalone dataset for language model training up to the 1T scale, or in combination with Fineweb or Dolma for multi-trillion token training.

Zyda is the primary dataset used in phase 1 pretraining of [Zamba](https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.16712), a model which performs strongly on a per-token basis, testifying to the strength of Zyda as a dataset.

Models trained on Zyda significantly outperform models of the Pythia suite trained on the pile on parameter-matched models across 300B tokens.

Zyda also outperforms Dolma, RefinedWeb, and Fineweb on 1.4B models trained on 50B tokens of each dataset.

According to our evaluations, Zyda is the most performant per-token open dataset available.

<center>
    <img src="https://github.com/BerenMillidge/BerenMillidge.github.io/blob/master/assets/figures/Zyda/scores_across_time_smoothed.png" alt="Zyda scores across time ablations">
</center>

<figure style="width: 120%"> <img src="https://github.com/BerenMillidge/BerenMillidge.github.io/blob/master/assets/figures/Zyda/scores_across_time_smoothed.png"> <figcaption><em>Zyda scores across time vs other datasets </em></figcaption></figure>

![image/png](https://github.com/BerenMillidge/BerenMillidge.github.io/blob/master/assets/figures/Zyda/scores_across_time_smoothed.png)

## How to download

Full dataset:
`datasets.load_dataset("Zyphra/Zyda", split="train")`

Full dataset without StarCoder:
`datasets.load_dataset("Zyphra/Zyda", name="zyda_no_starcoder", split="train")`

For downloading individual components put their name in the name arg of `load_dataset()`:
- zyda_arxiv_only
- zyda_c4-en_only
- zyda_peS2o_only
- zyda_pile-uncopyrighted_only
- zyda_refinedweb_only
- zyda_slimpajama_only
- zyda_starcoder_only


### Dataset Description

<!-- Provide a longer summary of what this dataset is. -->

- **Curated by:** Zyphra
- **Language(s) (NLP):** Primarily English
- **License:** Open Data Commons License


## Dataset Structure

<!-- This section provides a description of the dataset fields, and additional information about the dataset structure such as criteria used to create the splits, relationships between data points, etc. -->

Dataset fields:
- `text`: contains actual text for training
- `source`: component the text is coming from
- `filtering_features`: precomputed values of different features that were used for filtering (converted to json string)
- `source_other`: metadata from the source dataset (converted to json string)



### Source Data


Pile Uncopyrighted: https://huggingface.co/datasets/monology/pile-uncopyrighted

C4-en: https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/c4

peS2o: https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/peS2o

RefinedWeb: https://huggingface.co/datasets/tiiuae/falcon-refinedweb

SlimPajama: https://huggingface.co/datasets/cerebras/SlimPajama-627B

arxiv_s2orc_parsed: https://huggingface.co/datasets/ArtifactAI/arxiv_s2orc_parsed

StarCoder: https://huggingface.co/datasets/bigcode/starcoderdata

#### Data Collection and Processing

<!-- This section describes the data collection and processing process such as data selection criteria, filtering and normalization methods, tools and libraries used, etc. -->

Zyda was created using a two stage post-processing pipeline consisting of *filtering* and *deduplication*.

For the filtering stage, we utilized a set of hand-crafted and tuned filters derived from a number of sources such as C4, RedPajama, and Gopher, in addition to our own filters.

For the deduplication stage, we used minhash approximate deduplication. We deduplicated on 13-grams and used a minhash signature size of 128 and filtered out documents above a Jaccard similarity of 0.4.

For full details on our data processing see the technical report.


#### Personal and Sensitive Information

As a language modelling dataset, it likely contains PII which has not been filtered out of the component datasets and which may have been missed by our own filters.

## Bias, Risks, and Limitations

As a dataset comprised of open web scrapes, it is likely that it contains biased and toxic content. 

## Citation [optional]

If you use our dataset to train a model, please cite us at:

(-/TODO)