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### Question: Who is at highest risk for Peripheral arterial disease ?
### Response: People are at higher risk if they have a history of:
Abnormal cholesterol Diabetes Heart disease (coronary artery disease) High blood pressure (hypertension) Kidney disease involving hemodialysis Smoking Stroke (cerebrovascular disease) |
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### Question: When to seek urgent medical care when I have Peripheral arterial disease ?
### Response: Call your health care provider if you have:
A leg or foot that becomes cool to the touch, pale, blue, or numb Chest pain or shortness of breath with leg pain Leg pain that does not go away, even when you are not walking or moving (called rest pain) Legs that are red, hot, or swollen New sores/ ulcers Signs of infection (fever, redness, general ill feeling) Symptoms of arteriosclerosis of the extremities |
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### Question: What to expect if I have Peripheral arterial disease (Outlook/Prognosis)?
### Response: You can usually control peripheral artery disease of the legs without surgery. Surgery provides good symptom relief in severe cases.
For complications, the affected leg or foot may need to be amputated. |
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### Question: What are the symptoms of persistent left superior vena cava?
### Response: The signs and symptoms depends on where the left superior vena cava flows to. If it finally flows to right atria, patients may have no sign or aymptom. But if the left superior vena cava flows to flows to left atria, symptoms may include anoxemia, such as fatigue, weakness, dizziness and shortness of breath. |
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### Question: Who is at highest risk for Persistent left superior vena cava ?
### Response: The cause of persistent left superior vena cava is not clear. Some patients with persistent left superior vena cava have other congenital heart disease. |
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### Question: When to seek urgent medical care when I have Persistent left superior vena cava ?
### Response: Call your health care provider if your baby has symptoms of persistent left superior vena cava. If one emerges the following symptoms, seeking urgent medical care as soon as possible:
Shortness of breath |
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### Question: How to know you have persistent left superior vena cava?
### Response: Echocardiography: This kind of painless test can help the doctor closely examine persistent left superior vena cava. It uses sound waves to produce an image of the ventricles, atrium and great vessles. Echocardiogram can tell whether left superior vena cava flows to right areia or not. Further more, the doctor can measure the speed of blood flow by echocardiogram. Chest x-ray: An x-ray image of chest allows the doctor to check the size and shape of your great vessles and heart. Chest CT or MRI: A chest CT or MRI can demonstrate the details of the heart extremely well, such as the great vessles, vascular, atrial and ventricular structures and their relationships to one another. Cardiac catheterization: This is not a common diagnostic measure for persistent left superior vena cava. In a catheter room, the doctor threads a thin tube through a blood vessel in the patient's arm or groin to an artery in the heart and injects dye to see great vessles, atria and ventricles on an x-ray. Cardiac catheterization can reveal associated cardiac abnormalities are known or suspected. |
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### Question: What to expect if I have Persistent left superior vena cava (Outlook/Prognosis)?
### Response: The prognosis of persistent left superior vena cava depends upon where the left superior vena cava flows to. The prognosis of a persistent left superior vena cava that flows to left atria is worse than that if it flows to the right atria. |
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### Question: What are the symptoms of Persistent truncus arteriosus ?
### Response: Bluish skin (cyanosis) Delayed growth or growth failure Fatigue Lethargy Poor feeding Rapid breathing (tachypnea) Shortness of breath (dyspnea) Widening of the finger tips (clubbing) |
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### Question: What causes Persistent truncus arteriosus ?
### Response: In normal circulation, the pulmonary artery comes out of the right ventricle and the aorta comes out of the left ventricle, which are separate from each other. Coronary arteries (which supply blood to the heart muscle) come out of the aorta just above the valve at the entrance of the aorta.
In truncus arteriosus, a single artery comes out of the ventricles. There is usually also a large hole between the two ventricles (ventricular septal defect). As a result, the blue (without oxygen) and red (oxygen-rich) blood mix.
Some of this mixed blood goes to the lungs, some goes to the coronary arteries, and the rest goes to the body. Usually, too much blood is sent to the lungs.
If this condition is not treated, two problems occur:
Too much blood circulation in the lungs may cause extra fluid to build up in and around them, making it difficult to breathe. The blood vessels to the lungs become permanently damaged. Over time, it becomes very hard for the heart to force blood to them. This is called pulmonary hypertension and it can be life-threatening. |
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### Question: When to seek urgent medical care when I have Persistent truncus arteriosus ?
### Response: Call your health care provider if your infant or child:
Appears lethargic Appears overly tired or mildly short of breath Does not eat well Does not seem to be growing or developing normally
If the skin, lips, or nail beds look blue or if the child seems to be very short of breath, take the child to the emergency room or have the child examined promptly. |
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### Question: What to expect if I have Persistent truncus arteriosus (Outlook/Prognosis)?
### Response: Complete repair usually provides good results. Another procedure may be needed as the patient grows. Untreated cases result in death, often during the first year of life. |
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### Question: What are the symptoms of Pleural effusion?
### Response: Chest pain, usually a sharp pain that is worse with cough or deep breaths. Cough Fever Hiccups Rapid breathing Shortness of breath
Sometimes there are no symptoms. |
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### Question: What causes Pleural effusion?
### Response: Your body produces pleural fluid in small amounts to lubricate the surfaces of the pleura, the thin tissue that lines the chest cavity and surrounds the lungs. A pleural effusion is an abnormal, excessive collection of this fluid.
Two different types of effusions can develop:
Transudative pleural effusions are caused by fluid leaking into the pleural space. This is caused by increased pressure in, or low protein content in, the blood vessels. Congestive heart failure is the most common cause. Exudative effusions are caused by blocked blood vessels, inflammation, lung injury, and drug reactions. |
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### Question: When to seek urgent medical care when I have Pleural effusion ?
### Response: Call your health care provider if you have symptoms of pleural effusion. Call your provider or go to the emergency room if shortness of breath or difficulty breathing occurs immediately after thoracentesis. |
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### Question: What to expect if I have Pleural effusion (Outlook/Prognosis)?
### Response: The expected outcome depends upon the underlying disease. |
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### Question: What are the symptoms of Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome?
### Response: Symptoms of Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome can include:
Increase in heart rate from supine to upright position of more than 30bpm or to a heart rate of 120 bpm within 10 minutes of standing Decrease in blood pressure which can lead to: Lightheadedness Syncope (fainting) Exercise intolerance Fatigue Poor blood flow to the organs and upper parts of the body which can lead to: Cold hands Chest pain Muscle weakness Shortness of breath Headache Vision problems Brain fog Depression Anomia (word finding problems) Difficulty concentrating Difficulty sleeping Gastrointestinal symptoms Stomach pain Constipation Diarrhea Bloating Nausea Vomiting Inappropriate levels of hormones Chills Fear Sweating Feeling nervous |
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### Question: What are the causes of Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome?
### Response: The cause of Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome remains unknown. However, most people develop POTS in their teenage years and see a gradual improvement in their mid-twenties. Others develop Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome after:
Viral infections Bacterial infections Mononucleosis Pneumonia Trauma or injury After or during pregnancy |
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### Question: Who is at highest risk for Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome ?
### Response: Women ages 15-20 years old. |
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### Question: When to seek urgent medical care when I have Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome ?
### Response: Call or make an appointment with you doctor if you are experiencing symptoms of POTS |
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### Question: What to expect if I have Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (Outlook/Prognosis)?
### Response: The prognosis is good for about 80% of patients. Usually within a few years symptoms will begin to lessen although many people can experience cyclic relapses of symptoms over a period of time. |
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### Question: What are the symptoms of Pre eclampsia?
### Response: Often, women who are diagnosed with preeclampsia do not feel sick.
Symptoms of preeclampsia can include:
Swelling of the hands and face/eyes (edema) Weight gain More than 2 pounds per week Sudden weight gain over 1 - 2 days
(Note: Some swelling of the feet and ankles is considered normal with pregnancy.)
Symptoms of more severe preeclampsia:
Headaches that are dull or throbbing and will not go away Abdominal pain, mostly felt on the right side, underneath the ribs. Pain may also be felt in the right shoulder and can be confused with heartburn, gallbladder pain, a stomach virus, or the baby kicking. Agitation Decreased urine output, not urinating very often Nausea and vomiting (worrisome sign) Vision changes: temporary loss of vision, sensations of flashing lights, auras, light sensitivity, spots, and blurry vision |
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### Question: What causes Pre eclampsia?
### Response: The exact cause of preeclampsia is not known.
Possible causes include:
Autoimmune disorders Blood vessel problems Diet Genes
Preeclampsia occurs in a small percentage of pregnancies. |
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### Question: Who is at highest risk for Pre-eclampsia ?
### Response: Risk factors include:
First pregnancy Multiple pregnancy (twins or more) Obesity Older than age 35 Past history of diabetes, high blood pressure, or kidney disease |
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### Question: When to seek urgent medical care when I have Pre-eclampsia ?
### Response: Call your health care provider if you have symptoms of preeclampsia during your pregnancy. |
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### Question: What to expect if I have Pre-eclampsia (Outlook/Prognosis)?
### Response: Usually the high blood pressure, protein in the urine, and other effects of preeclampsia go away completely within 6 weeks after delivery. However, sometimes the high blood pressure will get worse in the first several days after delivery.
A woman with a history of preeclampsia is at risk for the condition again during future pregnancies. Often, it is not as severe in later pregnancies.
Women who have high blood pressure problems during more than one pregnancy have an increased risk for high blood pressure when they get older.
Death of the mother due to preeclampsia is rare in the U.S. The infant's risk of death depends on the severity of the preeclampsia and how prematurely the baby is born. |
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### Question: What are the symptoms of Amyloidosis?
### Response: Symptoms depend on the organs affected by the deposits. These organs can include the tongue, intestines, skeletal and smooth muscles, nerves, skin, ligaments, heart, liver, spleen, and kidneys. Symptoms include:
Abnormal heart rhythm (arrythmia) Enlarged tongue Fatigue Numbness of hands and feet Shortness of breath Skin changes Swallowing problems Swelling in the arms and legs Weak hand grip Weight loss
Other symptoms that may occur with this disease:
Decreased urine output Diarrhea Hoarseness or changing voice Joint pain Weakness |
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### Question: What causes Amyloidosis?
### Response: The cause of primary amyloidosis is unknown. The condition is related to abnormal and excess production of antibodies by a type of immune cell called plasma cells.
Primary amyloidosis can lead to conditions that include:
Carpal tunnel syndrome Heart muscle damage (cardiomyopathy) leading to congestive heart failure Intestinal malabsorption Liver enlargement Kidney failure Nephrotic syndrome Neuropathy (nerves that do not work properly) Orthostatic hypotension (abnormal drop in blood pressure with standing)
The deposits build up in the affected organs, causing them to become stiff, which decreases their ability to function. |
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### Question: Who is at highest risk for Primary amyloidosis ?
### Response: Risk factors have not been identified. Primary amyloidosis is rare. It is similar to multiple myeloma, and is treated the same way. |
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### Question: When to seek urgent medical care when I have Primary amyloidosis ?
### Response: Call your health care provider if:
You have symptoms of primary amyloidosis. You know you have primary amyloidosis and you have difficulty breathing, persistent swelling of the ankles or other areas, decreased urine output, or other symptoms that may indicate complications have developed. |
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### Question: What to expect if I have Primary amyloidosis (Outlook/Prognosis)?
### Response: How severe the disease is depends on the organs that are affected. When the heart and kidney are involved, it may lead to organ failure and death. Body-wide (systemic) involvement can lead to death in 1 to 3 years. |
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### Question: What are the symptoms of Pulmonary atresia?
### Response: Symptoms usually occur in the first few hours of life. Symptoms may include:
Cyanosis Shortness of breath Fast breathing Poor eating habits Fatigue
Other health problems may also cause these symptoms. Only a doctor can tell for sure. A person with any of these symptoms should tell the doctor so that the problems can be diagnosed and treated as early as possible. |
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### Question: What causes Pulmonary atresia?
### Response: As with most congenital heart diseases, there is no known cause of pulmonary atresia. The condition is associated with another type of congenital heart defect called a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA).
Persons with pulmonary atresia may also have a poorly developed tricuspid valve. They may also have an underdeveloped right ventricle and abnormal blood vessels feeding the heart.
Pulmonary atresia may occur with or without a ventricular septal defect (VSD). If the person does not have a VSD, the condition is called pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum (PA/IVS). If the person has both problems, the condition is called pulmonary atresia with VSD. This is an extreme form of tetralogy of Fallot. Although both conditions are called pulmonary atresia, they are actually different defects. |
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### Question: Who is at highest risk for Pulmonary atresia ?
### Response: Like other congenital heart diseases, the cause of pulmonary atresia is not clear. Pulmonary atresia sometimes is associated with other congenital heare diseases such as patent ductus arteriosus, ventricular septal defect and tetralogy of Fallot. |
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### Question: When to seek urgent medical care when I have Pulmonary atresia ?
### Response: Call your health care provider if your baby has symptoms of pulmonary atresia. If one emerges the following symptoms, seeking urgent medical care as soon as possible:
Shortness of breath Cyanosis |
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### Question: What to expect if I have Pulmonary atresia (Outlook/Prognosis)?
### Response: Most cases can be helped with surgery. However, prognosis depends on how well a baby does depends on:
Quality of the blood vessels supplying the heart How well the heart is beating Amount of leakiness of the other heart valves The severity of other associated congenital heart diseases Whether corrective surgery has been done or not
Outcomes can vary because of the different forms of this defect. The baby could have only a single catheter-based procedure, or could need three or more surgeries and have only a single working ventricle. The outcome is difficult to predict without knowing all details about the patient's condition. |
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### Question: What are the symptoms of Pulmonary edema?
### Response: Anxiety Cough Difficulty breathing Excessive sweating Feeling of "air hunger" or " drowning " (if this occurs suddenly, awakening you from sleep and causing you to sit up and catch your breath, it's called " paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea ") Grunting or gurgling sounds with breathing Pale skin Restlessness Shortness of breath Shortness of breath when lying down (orthopnea) -- you may need to sleep with your head propped up or use extra pillows Wheezing
Additional symptoms that may be associated with this condition:
Coughing up blood or bloody froth Decrease in level of alertness (consciousness) Inability to speak in full sentences Nasal flaring |
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### Question: What causes Pulmonary edema?
### Response: Pulmonary edema is usually caused by heart failure.
As the heart fails, pressure in the veins going through the lungs starts to rise. As the pressure in these blood vessels increases, fluid is pushed into the air spaces (alveoli) in the lungs. This fluid interrupts normal oxygen movement through the lungs, resulting in shortness of breath.
Pulmonary edema may be caused by damage directly to the lung, such as that caused by poisonous gas or severe infection, as a side effect of medications, or the result of major trauma. Lung damage with a buildup of body fluid is also seen in kidney failure. Exercising at very high altitudes can also cause pulmonary edema.
Pulmonary edema may also be a complication of a heart attack, leaking or narrowed heart valves (mitral or aortic valves), or any disease of the heart that results in weakening or stiffening of the heart muscle (cardiomyopathy). |
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### Question: When to seek urgent medical care when I have Pulmonary edema ?
### Response: Go to the emergency room or call 911 if you have breathing problems. |
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### Question: What to expect if I have Pulmonary edema (Outlook/Prognosis)?
### Response: Some patients may need to use a breathing machine for a long time, which may lead to damage to lung tissue.
Kidney failure and damage to other major organs may occur if blood and oxygen flow are not restored promptly. If not treated, this condition can be fatal. |
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### Question: What are the symptoms of pulmonary embolism?
### Response: Signs and symptoms vary from person to person. However, the common symptoms are:
Chest Pain Under the breastbone or towards one side May feel sharp or stabbing May also be described as a burning, aching, or dull, heavy sensation May get worse with deep breathing, coughing, eating, or bending May cause you to bend over and hold your chest due to the pain
Sudden cough May cough up blood or bloody mucus
Rapid heart rate
Shortness of breath that starts suddenly
Other symptoms that may occur are:
Anxiety or feeling of panic Bluish skin discoloration (cyanosis) Clammy skin Dizziness Leg pain, redness, and swelling Lightheadedness or fainting Low blood pressure Sweating Wheezing |
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### Question: What causes a pulmonary embolism?
### Response: A pulmonary embolism is most often caused by a blood clot in a vein in the leg or in the pelvis (hip area), which breaks off and travels to block an artery in the lung. The most common cause is a blood clot in a deep vein of the thighs. This type of clot is called a deep vein thrombosis (DVT).
Less common causes of a pulmonary embolism include air bubbles, fat droplets, amniotic fluid, parasites or tumor cells, all of which may lead to a blockage of an artery in the lung.
Risk factors for a pulmonary embolism include:
Burns Cancer Childbirth Family history of blood clots Fractures of the hips or thigh bone Heart attack Heart surgery Long-term bed rest or staying in one position for a long time, such as a long plane or car ride Severe injury Stroke Surgery (especially orthopedic or neurological surgery) Use of birth control pills or estrogen therapy
People with certain clotting disorders also have a higher risk for developing a pulmonary embolism. |
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### Question: Who is at highest risk for Pulmonary embolism ?
### Response: Certain conditions carry a significantly increased risk of pulmonary embolism. These conditions are:
Thrombophilias are a group of conditions in which blood has an increased tendency to clot. Thrombophilias can be inherited or acquired. Acquired thrombophilias occur in association with other medical conditions such as polycythemia vera or antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome.
These are other conditions which also increase one's risk of having a PE: Pregnancy Obesity Smoking Cancer Heart failure Previous PE Medications such as oral contraceptive pills, tamoxifen, and hormone replacement therapy. |
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### Question: When to seek urgent medical care when I have Pulmonary embolism ?
### Response: Pulmonary embolism can be potentially life threatening and one should seek medical care when suffering from symptoms of Pulmonary embolism such as severe sharp chest pain, shortness of breath, blood in sputum, and a raised heart rate. |
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### Question: What to expect if I have Pulmonary embolism (Outlook/Prognosis)?
### Response: It is hard to predict the outlook of a person recovering from a pulmonary embolism. It will depend on the cause of the initial problem, such as cancer, major surgery, or an injury.
Death is possible in people with a severe pulmonary embolism. |
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### Question: What are the symptoms of Pulmonary hypertension?
### Response: Shortness of breath or light-headedness during activity is often the first symptom.
Fast heart rate (palpitations) may be present. Over time, symptoms occur with lighter activity or even while at rest Other symptoms include:
Ankle and leg swelling Bluish color of the lips or skin (cyanosis) Chest pain or pressure, usually in the front of the chest Dizziness or fainting spells Fatigue Weakness
People with pulmonary hypertension may report good days and bad days. |
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### Question: What causes Pulmonary hypertension?
### Response: The right side of the heart pumps blood through the lungs, where it can receive oxygen. When the small arteries (blood vessels) of the lung become narrowed, they cannot carry as much blood. When this happens, pressure builds up. This is called pulmonary hypertension. The heart needs to work harder to force the blood through the vessels against this pressure. Over time, the right side of the heart may become enlarged. At some point, not enough blood flows to the lungs to pick up oxygen and symptoms begin. At this point, heart failure that involves the right side of the heart is present. This is called cor pulmonale.
Pumonary hypertension may be caused by:
Any condition that causes chronic low oxygen levels in the blood Autoimmune diseases that damage the lungs, such as scleroderma and rheumatoid arthritis Certain birth defects of the heart Certain diet medications Congestive heart failure History of a blood clot in the lung (pulmonary embolism) HIV infection Lung or heart valve disease Obstructive sleep apnea
In many cases the cause is unknown, in which case the condition is known as idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH). IPAH is rare. It affects more women than men.
If it is caused by a known medicine or medical condition, it is called secondary pulmonary hypertension. |
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### Question: When to seek urgent medical care when I have Pulmonary hypertension ?
### Response: Call your health care provider if:
You begin to develop shortness of breath when you are active Shortness of breath worsens You develop chest pain You develop other symptoms |
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### Question: What to expect if I have Pulmonary hypertension (Outlook/Prognosis)?
### Response: The long-term outlook has been poor, but new therapies may produce better results. Some people with this condition may develop progressive heart failure that may lead to death.
Avoiding pregnancy is recommended. |
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### Question: What are the symptoms of Pulmonary valve stenosis?
### Response: Abdominal distention Bluish coloration to the skin (cyanosis) in some patients Chest pain Fainting Fatigue Poor weight gain or failure to thrive in infants with severe blockage Shortness of breath Sudden death
Note: Patients with mild to moderate blockage may not have any symptoms. There may be no symptoms until the disorder is severe. Symptoms, when present, may get worse with exercise or activity. |
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### Question: What causes Pulmonary valve stenosis?
### Response: Narrowing in the pulmonary valve is usually present at birth (congenital). It is caused by a problem that occurs when the unborn baby (fetus) is developing. The cause is unknown, but genetics may play a role.
Narrowing that occurs in the valve itself is called pulmonary valve stenosis. There may also be narrowing just before or just after the valve. The defect may occur alone or with other congenital heart defects. The condition can be mild or severe.
Pulmonary valve stenosis is a rare disorder. |
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### Question: Who is at highest risk for Pulmonary valve stenosis ?
### Response: As with any congenital heart disease, patients with a family history of pulmonary valve stenosis are at highest risk. |
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### Question: How to know you have Pulmonary valve stenosis?
### Response: Narrowing in the pulmonary valve is usually present at birth (congenital). It is caused by a problem that occurs when the unborn baby (fetus) is developing. The cause is unknown, but genetics may play a role.Narrowing that occurs in the valve itself is called pulmonary valve stenosis. There may also be narrowing just before or just after the valve. The defect may occur alone or with other congenital heart defects. The condition can be mild or severe. Pulmonary valve stenosis is a rare disorder. |
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### Question: What to expect if I have Pulmonary valve stenosis (Outlook/Prognosis)?
### Response: About one-third of patients with mild stenosis get better, one-third stay the same, and one-third get worse. The outcome is good with successful surgery or balloon dilation. Other congenital heart defects may be a factor in the outlook.
Some valves can last for decades. Others wear out and will need to be replaced. |
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### Question: What are the symptoms of Pulmonic regurgitation?
### Response: Mild cases usually do not cause any symptoms. Because pulmonic regurgitation is the result of other factors in the body, any noticeable symptoms are ultimately caused by an underlying medical condition rather than the regurgitation itself. However, more severe regurgitation may contribute to right ventricular hypertrophy, and in later stages, right heart failure. Diastolic Murmur - Early decresendo murmur. Heard best at the left lower sternal border. |
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### Question: What causes an Pulmonic regurgitation?
### Response: Pulmonary hypertension is the most common cause of excessive pulmonic regurgitation. Other possible causes include tetralogy of Fallot, infective endocarditis, and congenital absence of the pulmonary valve, carcinoid syndrome. |
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### Question: When to seek urgent medical care when I have Pulmonic regurgitation ?
### Response: Contact a medical professional when symptoms of breathlessness, fast heart beats, swelling in legs and other parts of body are there |
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### Question: What are the symptoms of Pulseless electrical activity?
### Response: Absence of palpable pulses is the main finding. Depending upon the cause, the following might be found:
Tracheal deviation in or the unilateral absence of breath sounds in tension pneumothorax Decreased skin turgor Traumatic chest Cool extremities Tachycardia Cyanosis |
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### Question: What causes Pulseless electrical activity?
### Response: Common causes of PEA include preceding respiratory failure in 40% to 50% of cases, and hypovolemia. The common causes of PEA can be remembered using the mnemonic "The Hs and Ts".
H ypovolemia H ypoxia H ydrogen ions (Acidosis) H ypothermia H yperkalemia or H ypokalemia H ypoglycemia T ablets or T oxins (Drug overdose) such as beta blockers, tricyclic antidepressants, or calcium channel blockers T amponade T ension pneumothorax T hrombosis (Myocardial infarction) T hrombosis (Pulmonary embolism) T rauma (Hypovolemia from blood loss) Covid-19 |
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### Question: Who is at highest risk for Pulseless electrical activity ?
### Response: Age i.e elderly Black race Female gender Heart failure patients Pulmonary disease Syncope |
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### Question: What to expect if I have Pulseless electrical activity (Outlook/Prognosis)?
### Response: The overall prognosis is poor for pulseless electrical activity unless any reversible causes exists. Also the more abnormal the Ecg findings on intial admission the more worse the prognosis.The time to intiate CPR also plays a pivotal role in prognosis. Persons who got CPR by a layperson or bystander and immediate defibrillation are noted to have better outcome after out-of-hospital udden cardiac arrest (SCA). |
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### Question: What are the symptoms of Radiation injury?
### Response: Bleeding from the nose, mouth, gums, and rectum Bloody stool Bruising Confusion Dehydration Diarrhea Fainting Fatigue Fever Hair loss Inflammation of exposed areas (redness, tenderness, swelling, bleeding) Mouth ulcers Nausea and vomiting Open sores on the skin Skin burns (redness, blistering) Sloughing of skin Ulcers in the esophagus, stomach or intestines Vomiting blood Weakness Your doctor will advise you how best to treat these symptoms. Medications may be prescribed to help reduce nausea, vomiting, and pain. Blood transfusions may be given for anemia. Antibiotics are used to prevent or fight infections. |
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### Question: What causes Radiation injury?
### Response: The causes include:
Accidental exposure to high doses of radiation such as a nuclear power plant accidents Exposure to excessive radiation for medical treatments |
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### Question: What are the symptoms of Rheumatic fever?
### Response: Fever Joint problems, which mainly affect in the knees, elbows, ankles, and wrists, appear joint swelling, joint pain. Pain in one joint that migrates to another joint. Skin nodules, skin rash (erythema marginatum) on the trunk and upper part of the arms or legs Epistaxis Cardiac problems, which may not have symptoms, or may result in shortness of breath, chest pain, palpitations and fatigue. Sydenham chorea: It is uncontrollable body movements, most often in the hands, feet and face; less often in the arms and legs. Emotion changes, such as crying or inappropriate laughing.
Diseases with similar symptoms:
Reactive arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Myocarditis Scarlet fever Congenital heart disease |
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### Question: Who is at highest risk for Rheumatic fever ?
### Response: Rheumatic fever is common worldwide and is responsible for many cases of damaged heart valves. It is not common in the United States, and usually occurs in isolated outbreaks. The latest outbreak was in the 1980s.
Rheumatic fever mainly affects children ages 5-15, and occurs approximately 20 days after strep throat or scarlet fever. |
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### Question: When to seek urgent medical care when I have Rheumatic fever ?
### Response: Call your health care provider if you develop symptoms of rheumatic fever. Because several other conditions have similar symptoms, you will need careful medical evaluation.
If you have symptoms of strep throat, tell your health care provider. You will need to be evaluated and treated if you do have strep throat, to decrease your risk of developing rheumatic fever. |
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### Question: What to expect if I have Rheumatic fever (Outlook/Prognosis)?
### Response: Prognosis of rheumatic fever depends on:
Complications, especially whether heart valves are damaged. Whether the patient receives monthly antibiotics injection, especially during the first 3 -5 years after the first episode of the disease. |
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### Question: What are the symptoms of pulmonic stenosis?
### Response: You may have no symptoms at all until late in the course of the disease. The diagnosis may have been made when your healthcare provider heard a heart murmur and then performed additional tests.
Breathlessness with activity. Chest pain, which resembles what is known as angina -type pain. The pain is crushing, squeezing, pressure or tightness in nature. The pain increases with exercise, relieved with rest. The patient feels pain under the chest bone, it may move to other areas. Fainting, weakness, or dizziness with activity. Sensation of feeling the heart beat (palpitations). |
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### Question: What causes aortic stenosis?
### Response: In the United States, pulmonic stenosis often results from calcium deposits on the pulmonic valve. These deposits occur naturally with age and have no relationship with the amount of calcium in the diet. Worldwide, aortic stenosis occurs most commonly in those who've had rheumatic fever, a condition that may develop after strep throat or scarlet fever. Valve problems do not develop for 5 - 10 years or longer after rheumatic fever occurs. Rheumatic fever is increasingly rare in the United States. pulmonic stenosis may be present from birth (congenital), or it may develop later in life (acquired). Children with pulmonic stenosis may have other congenital conditions. Radiation treatment to the chest, and some medications may cause pulmonic stenosis. pulmonic stenosis is not common. It occurs more often in men than in women. As the pulmonic valve becomes more narrow, the pressure increases inside the lower chamber of the heart (the right ventricle). This causes the right ventricle to become thicker, decreasing blood flow and can lead to chest pain. |
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### Question: Who is at highest risk for Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction ?
### Response: pulmonic stenosis occurs more often in men than in women. The calcifications that cause most cases of pulmonic stenosis are more likely to occur in patients above the age of 50, who are overweight, who smoke, and who have diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol. These are the same risk factors for atherosclerosis of the coronary blood vessels. |
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### Question: When to seek urgent medical care when I have Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction ?
### Response: Call your health care provider if you or your child have symptoms of pulmonic stenosis. For example, call if you or your child have increasing shortness of breath, chest pain or fainting. Also contact your doctor if you have been diagnosed with this condition and your symptoms get worse or new symptoms develop. |
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### Question: What to expect if I have Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (Outlook/Prognosis)?
### Response: People with mild pulmonic stenosis may do very well using a watchful waiting approach with their health care provider. They may be treated medically for some conditions associated with pulmonic stenosis, such as high blood pressure, and may have a normal life expectancy.
Those with more severe symptoms, such as chest pain or signs of heart failure like shortness of breath and leg swelling, generally do poorly without surgery. However, surgery does have the potential to cure a person's pulmonic stenosis. The success of surgery depends on a number of factors, including patient age, overall activity level, and presence of other medical conditions. As with any operation, aortic valve surgery has some risks, most of which occur during the first 1-2 days after surgery.These include an irregular heart rhythm and blood clots in the legs. There is also a chance that the new or repaired valve may stop working which might require another surgery. |
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### Question: What are the symptoms of Second degree AV block?
### Response: Second-degree heart block:
The electrical impulse may not reach the lower chambers of the heart. The heart may miss a beat or beats and may be slow and irregular. You may feel dizzy, faint, or have other symptoms. This may be serious in some cases. |
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### Question: What causes Second degree AV block?
### Response: Heart block may be caused by:
Side effects of medicines. Heart block can be a side effect of digitalis, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and other medicines. A heart attack that damages the electrical system in the heart. Heart diseases, such as heart valve disease and cardiac sarcoidosis. Some infections, such as Lyme disease. Heart surgery.
You may have heart block because you were born with it. You are more at risk for this if:
You have a heart defect. Your mother has an autoimmune disease, such as lupus. |
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### Question: Who is at highest risk for Second degree AV block ?
### Response: Common risk factors associated with second degree AV block include the following: Intrinsic atrioventricular node disease Myocarditis Acute myocardial infarction Prior cardiac surgery Older age Heart attack or coronary artery disease Cardiomyopathy Sarcoidosis Lyme disease High potassium levels Severe hypothyroidism Certain inherited neuromuscular diseases Medicines that slow the heart rate After open heart surgery |
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### Question: When to seek urgent medical care when I have Second degree AV block ?
### Response: Call your provider if you feel:
Dizzy Weak Faint Racing heart beat Skipped heart beat Chest pain
Call your provider if you have signs of heart failure:
Weakness Swollen legs, ankles, or feet Feel short of breath |
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### Question: What to expect if I have Second degree AV block (Outlook/Prognosis)?
### Response: With regular monitoring and treatment, you should be able to keep up with most of your usual activities. |
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### Question: What are the symptoms of Secondary amyloidosis?
### Response: Symptoms depend on the organs affected by the deposits. Since the kidney is the most commonly affected organ, it will manifest with signs and symptoms related to kidney involvement.
Symptoms include:
Frothy urine Swelling in the arms and legs Periorbital edema
Other less common symptoms include:
Abdominal mass Enlarged tongue Fatigue Numbness of hands and feet Shortness of breath Skin changes Swallowing problems Weak hand grip Weight loss
Patients may also have other symptoms due to the underlying disorder, such as:
Fever Joint pain Abdominal pain Weakness Diarrhea |
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### Question: What causes Secondary amyloidosis?
### Response: Any condition causing chronic inflammation in the body may cause secondary amyloidosis as well. The most important causes of chronic inflammation include:
Chronic infections such as: Tuberculosis Leprosy Chronic infection of the bones (Osteomyelitis) Chronic infection of the kidney (Chronic pyelonephritis) Diseases that lead to chronic states of inflammation include: Poorly controlled rheumatoid arthritis Juvenile arthritis Ankylosing spondylitis Psoriatic arthritis Crohn's disease
Secondary amyloidosis can lead to conditions that include:
Nephrotic syndrome Kidney failure Liver enlargement Neuropathy (nerves that do not work properly) Orthostatic hypotension (abnormal drop in blood pressure with standing) Carpal tunnel syndrome Heart muscle damage (cardiomyopathy) leading to congestive heart failure Intestinal malabsorption
The deposits build up in the affected organs, causing them to become stiff, which decreases their ability to function. |
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### Question: Who is at highest risk for Secondary amyloidosis ?
### Response: Patients with diseases causing chronic infections and persistent inflammation within the body are at the highest risk of developing secondary amyloidosis. |
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### Question: When to seek urgent medical care when I have Secondary amyloidosis ?
### Response: Call your health care provider if:
You have symptoms of kidney dysfunction, including periorbital edema, swelling of the ankles or others area, abdominal mass and etc. You know you have secondary amyloidosis and you have difficulty breathing, persistent swelling of the ankles or other areas, decreased urine output, or other symptoms that may indicate complications have developed. |
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### Question: What to expect if I have Secondary amyloidosis (Outlook/Prognosis)?
### Response: Since kidney is the most commonly involved organ, it may lead to kidney failure and other complications including death. |
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### Question: What are the symptoms of shock?
### Response: Symptoms of shock include:
Confusion or lack of alertness Loss of consciousness Sudden and ongoing rapid heartbeat Sweating Pale skin A weak pulse Rapid breathing Decreased or no urine output Cool hands and feet |
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### Question: What causes shock?
### Response: There are several kinds of shock. Hypovolemic shock happens when you lose a lot of blood or fluids. Causes include internal or external bleeding, dehydration, burns, and severe vomiting and/or diarrhea. Septic shock is caused by infections in the bloodstream. A severe allergic reaction can cause anaphylactic shock. An insect bite or sting might cause it. Cardiogenic shock happens when the heart cannot pump blood effectively. This may happen after a heart attack. Neurogenic shock is caused by damage to the nervous system. |
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### Question: When to seek urgent medical care when I have Shock ?
### Response: Shock is a life-threatening medical emergency and it is important to get help right away. |
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### Question: What are the symptoms of sleep apnea?
### Response: A person who has OSA is often not aware of the apnea episodes during the night. Usually, other family members notice the apnea episodes and alert the afflicted person.
A person with OSA will usually snore heavily soon after falling asleep. The snoring continues at a regular pace for a period of time, often becoming louder. It is then interrupted by a long silent period during which there is no breathing. This is followed by a loud snort and gasp, and the snoring returns. This pattern repeats frequently throughout the night.
The main symptoms of OSA are usually associated with excessive daytime sleepiness, including falling asleep at inappropriate times. Most people also report awakening unrefreshed in the morning.
Other symptoms may include:
Depression Memory difficulties Morning headaches Personality changes Poor concentration Restless and fitful sleep Frequent waking up during the night to urinate Insomnia
It is not uncommon for children with OSA to display hyperactive behavior. Leg swelling has also been linked to severe OSA. |
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### Question: What causes Sleep apnea?
### Response: OSA is caused by the relaxation of the muscles of the back of the throat, which then impede airflow. Normally, the muscles of the upper part of the throat help keep the airway open and allow air to flow into the lungs. Even though these muscles usually relax during sleep, the upper throat should remain open wide enough to let air pass through unobstructed.
Several factors may affect the width of the throat area, and can therefore contribute to the obstruction of the airway. Having a narrower throat area can affect the ease with which air can pass through the airways. When the muscles in the narrower upper throat relax during sleep, the airway may completely close. This prevents air from getting into the lungs and loud snoring and labored breathing occur. During deep sleep, breathing can stop for a period of time (often more than 10 seconds). This is called apnea. |
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### Question: Who is at highest risk for Sleep apnea ?
### Response: Gender: Sleep apnea affects adult men more often than women. According to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 40 percent of adult men and 24 percent of adult women are considered habitual snorers , and snoring is often associated with sleep apnea.
Metabolic Syndrome and Sleep Apnea:
Obesity: Obesity has been closely linked to OSA in part because the extra fat around the neck can narrow the opening of the windpipe. Older obese men seem to be at higher risk since up to 40 percent of morbidly obese men in a clinical population are affected by OSA . Though it is hardly the only factor that has an effect, weight loss can alleviate some of the symptoms of OSA; losing 10 percent of body weight can reduce the number of apnea episodes throughout the night.
Diabetes: Diabetes has also been associated with OSA independently from obesity. Studies have shown that both obese and slender people with diabetes have reported difficulty breathing while sleeping . The causal relationship, however, has not yet been established.
Hypertension: There is a definite link between hypertension and OSA. One out of every 2 people who have OSA are diagnosed with high blood pressure . The relationship between hypertension and OSA is also independent from other risk factors, including obesity.
Other risk factors: The following factors may also increase your risk for obstructive sleep apnea:
Certain shapes of the palate and jaw Large tonsils and adenoids in children Large neck or collar size Large tongue Narrow airway Nasal obstruction
In addition to these risk factors, drinking alcohol or using sedatives before sleep may exacerbate the condition and increase the likelihood of an episode of apnea.
Having a neck size over 17 inches for men and 16 inches for women is also a risk factor for sleep apnea. Moreover, having a deviated septum would cause a nasal obstruction that could lead to sleep apnea . |
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### Question: What to expect if I have Sleep apnea (Outlook/Prognosis)?
### Response: With the right treatment and follow-up care, the symptoms of sleep apnea should be totally corrected. |
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### Question: What are the symptoms of stroke?
### Response: Symptoms of stroke depends on the location and the area the brain damage. Small strokes may not cause any symptoms. According to The U.S. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), there are five major signs of stroke as the following.
Sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm, or leg (especially on one side of the body) Sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding speech Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination Sudden severe headache with no known cause
Other diseases with similar symptoms are:
Brain tumors Brain abscess Migraine headache Head trauma Meningitis Encephalitis Subarachnoid hemorrhage An overdose of certain medications An imbalance of electrolyte or glucose in the body, such as hyponatremia, hypoglycemia |
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### Question: What causes Stroke?
### Response: Stroke is the emergence condition of brain. There are two types of stroke: ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke. Ischemic stroke occurs when the arteries to your brain are narrowed or blocked, causing severely reduced blood flow. While hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood vessel in your brain leaks or ruptures. About 80 percent of strokes are ischemic strokes. Clinical studies show that the common risk factors of stroke are hypertension, diabetes, obesity and smoking. According to The U.S. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), five major signs of stroke are five “sudden”: sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm, or leg (especially on one side of the body), sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding speech, sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes， sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination, sudden severe headache with no known cause. Nervous system physical examination and head images may help diagnose. Treatment of ischemic stroke includes anti-platelet drugs, anticoagulants, and carotid endarterectomy. For patients with hemorrhagic stroke, surgery may be recommended to treat these disorders or prevent another one. Rehabilitation is needed for patients to recover the functions lost. The prognosis of stroke depends on the location and area the brain damage, the time from onset to emergence department, the complications and the treatment effect of the rehabilitation. Measurements such as keep a healthy lifestyle, control hypertension and diabetes may decrease your risk of stroke. |
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### Question: Who is at highest risk for Stroke ?
### Response: Hypertension Heart disease, such as coronary artery disease and rheumatic heart disease Diabetes High cholesterol Smoking Increasing age |
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### Question: When to seek urgent medical care when I have Stroke ?
### Response: A stroke is a medical emergency. Anyone suspected of having a stroke should be taken to a medical facility immediately for evaluation and treatment. |
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### Question: What to expect if I have Stroke (Outlook/Prognosis)?
### Response: The prognosis of stroke depends on:
The location and the area of the brain damage: If a large area of hemorrhagic stroke is near brain axis, the patient has a high life-threatening risk. The time from onset to emergence department: The faster to sent the patient to the hospital after onset, the better outcome will get. Whether the patient is accompanied with the complications or not The treatment effect of the rehabilitation: This determines the life quality of the patient and his/her family in the furture. |
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### Question: What are the symptoms of Superior vena cava syndrome?
### Response: Symptoms occur when something blocks the blood flowing back to the heart. They may begin suddenly or gradually, and may worsen when you bend over or lie down.
Early signs include:
Swelling around the eye Swelling of the face Swelling of the whites of the eyes
The swelling will most likely be worse in the early morning hours and go away by mid morning.
The most common symptoms are shortness of breath (dyspnea) and swelling of the face, neck, trunk, and arms.
Other possible symptoms include:
Decreased alertness Dizziness Fainting Headache Reddish face or cheeks Reddish palms Reddish mucus membranes (inside the nose, mouth, and other places) Redness changing to blueness later Sensation of head or ear "fullness" Vision changes |
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### Question: What causes Superior vena cava syndrome?
### Response: Superior vena cava (SVC) obstruction is a relatively rare condition.
Most often it is caused by a cancer or a tumor in the mediastinum (the area of the chest under the breastbone and between the lungs).
The types of cancer that can lead to this condition include:
Breast cancer Lymphoma Metastatic lung cancer (lung cancer that spreads) Testicular cancer Thyroid cancer Thymic tumors
Superior vena cava obstruction can also be caused by noncancerous conditions that cause scarring. These conditions include:
Histoplasmosis infection Inflammation of a vein (thrombophlebitis) Lung infections (such as tuberculosis)
Other causes of superior vena cava obstruction include:
Aortic aneurysm Blood clots in the superior vena cava Constrictive pericarditis Enlargement of the thyroid gland (goiter) Catheters placed in the large veins of the upper arm and neck may cause blood clots in the superior vena cava. |
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### Question: When to seek urgent medical care when I have Superior vena cava syndrome ?
### Response: Call your health care provider if you develop symptoms of SVC obstruction. Complications are serious and can sometimes be fatal. |
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### Question: What to expect if I have Superior vena cava syndrome (Outlook/Prognosis)?
### Response: The outcome varies depending on the cause and the amount of blockage. SVCS caused by a tumor is a sign that the tumor has spread, and it indicates a poorer long-term outlook. |
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### Question: What are the symptoms of supraventricular tachycardia?
### Response: Symptoms usually start and stop suddenly, and can last for a few minutes or several hours. They can include:
Anxiety Chest tightness Palpitations (a sensation of feeling the heart beat), often with an irregular or fast rate (racing) Rapid pulse Shortness of breath
Other symptoms that can occur with this condition:
Dizziness Fainting |
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### Question: What causes supraventricular tachycardia?
### Response: Normally, the chambers of the heart (atria and ventricles) contract in a coordinated manner.
The contractions are caused by an electrical signal that begins in an area of the heart called the sinoatrial node (also called the sinus node or SA node). The signal moves through the upper heart chambers (the atria) and tells the atria to contract. After this, the signal moves down in the heart and tells the lower chambers (the ventricles) to contract.
The rapid heart rate from PSVT may start with events that take place in many different areas above the lower heart chambers (ventricles).
PSVT can occur with digitalis toxicity and with conditions such as Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.
The condition occurs most often in young people and infants.
The following increase your risk for PSVT:
Alcohol use Caffeine use Illicit drug use Smoking |