Datasets:

cfli

/

ssss

like 0

Which American-born Sinclair won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1930?

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1930 The Nobel Prize in Literature 1930 Sinclair Lewis The Nobel Prize in Literature 1930 Sinclair Lewis Prize share: 1/1 The Nobel Prize in Literature 1930 was awarded to Sinclair Lewis "for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters". Photos: Copyright © The Nobel Foundation Share this: To cite this page MLA style: "The Nobel Prize in Literature 1930". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 18 Jan 2017. <http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1930/>

Sinclair Lewis

Where in England was Dame Judi Dench born?

Download Sinclair Lewis - Nobel Prize in Literature, 1930 (20 books) Torrent - kickasstorrents Lewis, Sinclair - Work of Art (Collier, 1934).pdf 5.13 MB Description SINCLAIR LEWIS (1885-1951) was an American novelist, short-story writer, and playwright. In 1930, he became the first American writer to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, which was awarded "for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humor, new types of characters." His works are known for their insightful and critical views of American capitalism and materialism between the wars. He is also respected for his strong characterizations of modern working women. H.L. Mencken wrote of him, "[If] there was ever a novelist among us with an authentic call to the trade ... it is this red-haired tornado from the Minnesota wilds." His first novel, OUR MR. WRENN (1914) is a gently satiric account of a meek New York clerk traveling in Europe. Lewis wrote four more novels and achieved only modest success. But MAIN STREET (1920) caused a sensation and brought him immediate fame. The book is a withering satire on the dullness and lack of culture that exist in a "typical" American small town, and the narrow-mindedness and self-satisfaction of its inhabitants. BABBITT (1922) focuses even more effectively Lewis' idea of a "typical" small city businessman, George F. Babbitt. The novel describes the futile attempt of its central character to break loose from the confining life of a "solid American citizen" -- a middle-class, middle-aged realtor, civic booster, and club joiner. Possibly no two works of literature did more to make Americans aware of the limitations of their national life and culture than did MAIN STREET and BABBITT. With a sharp, satiric eye and a superb gift for mimicry, Lewis continued to examine other aspects of what he considered national inadequacy. ARROWSMITH (1925) describes the frustrations of an idealistic young doctor in conflict with corruption, jealousy, meanness, and prejudice. The novel won the 1926 Pulitzer Prize, which Lewis declined because he felt that it was not awarded for literary merit but for the best presentation of "wholesome" American life. Lewis closed out the decade with DODSWORTH (1929), a novel about the most affluent and successful members of American society. He portrayed them as leading essentially pointless lives in spite of great wealth and advantages. After winning the Nobel Prize in 1930, Lewis wrote eleven more novels. The best remembered is IT CAN'T HAPPEN HERE (1935), a novel about the election of a fascist to the American presidency. In addition to his major novels, this torrent includes a selection of Lewis' short stories (I'M A STRANGER HERE MYSELF) and essays (THE MAN FROM MAIN STREET), the latter of which reproduces the text of his Nobel Prize address. The following books are in PDF or ePUB format as indicated: * ARROWSMITH (HarperPerennial, 2012) -- ePUB * BABBITT (Bantam Classics, 1998). Introduction by John Wickersham. -- ePUB * BABBITT (Barnes & Noble, 2005). Introduction and Notes by Kenneth Krauss. -- ePUB * BABBITT (HarperPerennial, 2012) -- ePUB * BABBITT (Oxford World's Classics, 2010). Edited with an Introduction and Notes by Gordon Hutner. -- PDF * BETHEL MERRIDAY (Jonathan Cape, 1940) -- PDF * DODSWORTH (HarperPerennial, 2012) -- ePUB * FREE AIR (HarperPerennial, 2012) -- ePUB * GIDEON PLANISH (Jonathan Cape, 1943) -- PDF * THE GOD-SEEKER (Popular Library, 1948) -- PDF * I'M A STRANGER HERE MYSELF & OTHER STORIES (Dell, 1962). Selected by Mark Schorer. -- PDF * IT CAN'T HAPPEN HERE (Signet, 2014). Introduction by Michael Meyer and a New Afterword by Gary Scharnhorst. -- ePUB * MAIN STREET (Barnes & Noble, 2003). Introduction and Notes by Brooke Allen. -- ePUB * MAIN STREET (HarperPerennial, 2012) -- ePUB * MAIN STREET (Modern Library, 1999). Introduction by Carol Kennicott. -- ePUB * THE MAN FROM MAIN STREET: Selected Essays & Other Writings, 1904-1950 (Pocket Books, 1963). Edited by Harry E. Maule and Melville H. Cane. -- PDF * OUR MR. WRENN (Grosset & Dunlap, 1914) -- PDF * PREMIUM COLLECTION: 7 Novels: Our Mr. Wrenn / The Trail of the Hawk / The Job / The Innocents / Free Air / Main Street / Babbitt (Timeless Wisdom, 2014) -- ePUB * THE PRODIGAL PARENTS (Doubleday, 1934) -- PDF * WORK OF ART (Collier, 1934) -- PDF

i don't know

In which decade did Billboard magazine first publish and American hit chart?

The US Billboard song chart The US Billboard song chart Search this site with Google Song chart US Billboard The Billboard magazine has published various music charts starting (with sheet music) in 1894, the first "Music Hit Parade" was published in 1936 , the first "Music Popularity Chart" was calculated in 1940 . These charts became less irregular until the weekly "Hot 100" was started in 1958 . The current chart combines sales, airplay and downloads. A music collector that calls himself Bullfrog has been consolidating the complete chart from 1894 to the present day. he has published this information in a comprehenive spreadsheet (which can be obtained at bullfrogspond.com/ ). The Bullfrog data assigns each song a unique identifier, something like "1968_076" (which just happens to be the Bee Gees song "I've Gotta Get A Message To You"). This "Whitburn Number" is provided to match with the books of Joel Whitburn and consists of the year and a ranking within the year. A song that first entered the charts in December and has a long run is listed the following year. This numbering scheme means that songs which are still in the charts cannot be assigned a final id, because their ranking might change. So the definitive listing for a year cannot be final until about April. In our listing we only use songs with finalised IDs, this means that every year we have to wait until last year's entries are finalised before using them. (Source bullfrogspond.com/ , the original version used here was 20090808 with extra data from: the 2009 data from 20091219 the 2010 data from 20110305 the 2011 data from 20120929 the 2012 data from 20130330 the 2013 data from 20150328 The 20150328 data was the last one produced before the Billboard company forced the data to be withdrawn. As far as we know there are no more recent data sets available. This pattern of obtaining the data for a particular year in the middle of the following one comes from the way that the Bullfrog project generates the identifier for a song (what they call the "Prefix" in the spreadsheet). Recent entries are identified with keys like "2015-008" while older ones have keys like "2013_177". In the second case the underscore is significant, it indicates that this was the 177th biggest song released in 2013. Now, of course, during the year no one knows where a particular song will rank, so the underscore names can't be assigned until every song from a particular year has dropped out of the charts, so recent records are temporarily assigned a name with a dash. In about May of the following year the rankings are calculated and the final identifiers are assigned. That is why we at the Turret can only grab this data retrospectively. Attributes The original spreadsheet has a number of attributes, we have limited our attention to just a few of them: 134 9 The songs with the most entries on the chart were White Christmas (with 33 versions and a total of 110 weeks) and Stardust (with 19 and a total of 106 weeks). position The peak position that songs reached in the charts should show an smooth curve from number one down to the lowest position. This chart has more songs in the lower peak positions than one would expect. Before 1991 the profile of peak positions was exactly as you would expect, that year Billboard introduced the concept of "Recurrent" tracks, that is they removed any track from the chart which had spent more than twenty weeks in the chart and had fallen to the lower positions. weeks The effect of the "Recurrent" process, by which tracks are removed if they have spent at least twenty weeks in the chart and have fallen to the lower reaches, can clearly be seen in the strange spike in this attribute. This "adjustment" was intended to promote newer songs and ensure the chart does not become "stale". In fact since it was introduced in 1991 the length of long chart runs has increased, this might reflect the more conscious efforts of record companies to "game" the charts by controlling release times and promotions, or it could be that the decline in chart turnover reflects a reduced public interest in the singles charts. When we plot the average length of a song's run for songs over the period covered it is clear that the chart has changed in the last 100 years. Except for a short period in the late 1960s and early 1970s the average length of chart run increased steadily from the 1920s to the 1990s . This contrasts with other charts, such as the UK one where the recent trend has been for runs to get shorter. We have no good idea why this is. yearpos & bfid A formula is applied to each entry to assign it a ranking within the year it was released. This allows followers of the Billboard chart to use a combination of the year and position to uniquely identify every entry. This formula takes into account the total success of the song, so it cannot be finally calculated until every song released in a given year has completed it's chart run (which might be well into the following year of course). As a result the final IDs for a particular year cannot be assigned until the end of the following year. This is one of the reasons why this site does not hold much information for the current year. No. 1 song on December 24 1936 Looking for the No. 1 song on the day I was born--December 24, 1936. Thanks. The charts didn't really exist in the 1930s, that's why our listing of number one records starts in 1940 25 Sep 2011 Billboard info for songs listed from 1901 - 1929 Hi, again, this is my fifth time sending message to this site...What a spectacular site. Love it!! First, the comprehensive info, then, the nitty-gritty details on every songs. Thirdly (and most importantly) the forever responsive reply. Irregardless its a meaningful questions, corrections or downright simple questions. Some sites don't reply at all..its annoying. Anyway, my questions is during the period from 1901 to 1929, has billboard exist yet? Do they have charts and radios doing the counting of the song rotation? I thought billboard only start in the late 50's, wasn't it? I'm a music aficionado, songs and info from the 30's is hard to find, and yet you have the effort to go beyond the 20's.. May i know where in other sites i can search for 20's music info (other than wiki)? Arnaz We're glad to see that you enjoy the site. Your comments encourage us to keep putting in the effort. To answer your question: Billboard magazine started publishing in 1894. They published their first music "hit parade" in 1936 and their first "Hot 100" in 1958. We understand that from 1936 to 1958 the charts were irregular and didn't have a consistent form. In addition the focus was on "sheet music" sales so while the chart will say, for example, that the song "Sentimental Journey" was a hit in 1945 it won't tell you if the version by the Merry Macs, Hal McIntyre or Les Brown & Doris Day was the most popular. A US music historian called Joel Whitburn has used the information from the irregular charts, the Billboard magazine contents and other sources to retrospectively calculate the charts from 1890 to 1958. This is published as a spreadsheet by a guy calling himself "Bullfrog" (the source is listed in the chart entry). That is the listing we base our information on. © 2007-16, Steve Hawtin et al. Generated 15 Jan 2017 16:56 GMT. This data may be freely copied provided that first the source is acknowledged, second a link to the tsort.info site is prominently incorporated and third the version number is attached (this data is version 2.6.0013). If you cannot, or do not wish to, follow these three restrictons then you must licence the data (inquire via the contact form).

30s

From which country did Angola achieve independence in 1975?

Old-Charts History UK The first British singles chart was published in the November 14, 1952 edition of the New Musical Express. It was at first little more than a gimmick, a tool in the circulation war against NME's much older (and more popular) rival Melody Maker. The chart, at first a top 12, was the creation of the paper's advertising manager, Percy Dickins, who compiled it by telephoning around 20 major record stores and aggregating their sales reports. He would continue to personally oversee the compilation of the chart well into the 1960s. The chart rapidly became one of the paper's most popular features. After only a few weeks, it started being quoted in record company advertisements and press releases. The chart also spawned imitators - Record Mirror launched its own chart in 1955 and Melody Maker in 1958. The forerunner of today's official chart first appeared in the music trade publication Record Retailer (now Music Week) in 1960 as a Top 50, but was not immediately recognised as the definitive chart in the country. Arguably, the NME chart was still the most recognised chart, and had the advantage of widespread exposure due to its use by Radio Luxembourg. Throughout the sixties, the various different charts vied for public recognition, leading to some historical anomalies � for example, The Beatles' second single "Please Please Me" was a number one on most charts, but not in Record Retailer. To add to the confusion, the chart used by the BBC on their popular shows Pick of the Pops and Top Of The Pops was actually calculated by averaging out all the others, and so didn't agree with any of them, and was prone to tied positions. It wasn't until 1969 that a truly reliable, official chart emerged, from an alliance between the BBC and Record Retailer. For the first time a professional polling organisation, BMRB, was commissioned to oversee the chart, and a pool of 500 record shops was used - more than twice as many as had been used for any previous chart. The new Official Top 50 was inaugurated in the week ending 12 February 1969. In 1978, the singles chart was extended from a Top 50 to a Top 75. In 1982, BMRB lost their contract to Gallup, who arranged for electronic data gathering to replace the old sales diary method of compilation. The first chart terminals appeared in record shops in 1984. As a result, in October 1987, it was now possible for the chart, incorporating sales up to close of business on Saturday, to be announced on Sunday afternoon, rather than being delayed until Tuesday as was previously the case. In 1990, the chart came under the auspices of CIN (Chart Information Network), a syndicate including the BBC, Spotlight (publishers of Music Week), the BPI and BARD (British Association of Record Distributors). This was basically a formalisation of the previously-existing informal arrangement, and did not significantly affect compilation.   USA The earliest charts probably came in late 1929. In the 30's there were Downbeat and Metronome Charts and maybe there were others. The Billboard Charts started in 1940, Cashbox in 1944.   The Billboard charts tabulate the relative weekly popularity of songs or albums in the United States. The results are published in Billboard magazine. The two primary charts - the Hot 100 (top 100 singles) and the Top 200 (top 200 albums) factor in airplay, as well as music sales in all relevant formats. Billboard is considered the foremost worldwide authority worldwide in music charts, and the rankings have gained a following among the general public. On January 4, 1936, Billboard magazine published its first music hitparade. The first Music Popularity Chart was calculated in July, 1940. A variety of song charts followed, which were eventually consolidated into the Hot 100 by mid-1958.   Methodology of its charts Currently, Billboard utilizes a system called Nielsen SoundScan to track sales of singles, albums, videos and DVDs. Essentially, it's a system that registers sales when products are purchased from SoundScan-enabled stores. Billboard also uses a system called Broadcast Data Systems, or BDS, which they own as a subsidiary, to track radio airplay. Each song has an "acoustic fingerprint" which, when played on a radio station that is contracted to use BDS, is detected. These detections are added up every week among all radio stations to determine airplay points. Arbitron statistics are also factored in to give "weight" to airplay based on audience size and time-of-day. All of Billboard's charts use this basic formula. What separates the charts is which stations and stores are used � each musical genre having a core audience or retail group. Each genre's department at Billboard is headed up by a chart manager, who makes these determinations. For many years, a song had to be commercially available as a single to be considered for any of Billboard's charts. At the time, instead of using SoundScan or BDS, Billboard obtained its data from manual reports filled out by radio stations and stores. According to the 50th Anniversary issue of Billboard, prior to the official implementation of Nielsen SoundScan tracking in November 1991, many radio stations and retail stores removed songs from their manual reports after the associated record labels stopped promoting a particular single. Thus songs fell quickly after peaking and had shorter chart lives. In 1990, the country singles chart was the first chart to use SoundScan and BDS. They were followed by the Hot 100 and the R&B chart in 1991. Today, all of Billboard's charts use this technology. Before September 1995, singles were allowed to chart in the week they first went on sale based on airplay points alone. The policy was changed in September 1995 to only allow a single to debut after a full week of sales on combined sales and airplay points. This allowed several tracks to debut at number one. In December 1998, the policy was further modified to allow tracks to chart on the basis of airplay alone without a commercial release. This change was made to reflect the changing realities of the music business. Previous to this, several substantial radio and MTV hits had not appeared on the Billboard chart at all, because many major labels chose not to release them as standalone singles, hoping their unavailability would spur greater album sales. Not offering a popular song to the public as a single was unheard of before the 1970s. The genres that suffered most at the time were those that increasingly impacted pop culture, including new genres such as trip hop and grunge. Starting in 2005, Billboard changed its methodology to allow paid digital downloads from digital music stores such as iTunes to chart with or without the help of radio airplay.   A variety of charts Originally, Billboard had separate charts for different measures of popularity, including disk jockey playings, juke box song selection, and best selling records in retail stores. There was also a composite standing chart compiled by combining those, which gradually grew to become a top 100, the ancestor of the current Hot 100 chart. The juke box chart ceased publication after the June 17, 1957 issue, the disk jockey chart, after the July 28, 1958 issue, and the best seller chart, after the October 13, 1958 issue. The July 28, 1958 issue was also the last issue in which the composite chart was called the Top 100; the following week was the start of the Hot 100 titles. Currently, Billboard publishes many different charts, with the Hot 100 and Billboard 200 being the most famous. In 2009 Billboard partnered with MetroLyrics to offer top 10 lyrics for each of the charts.   At year's end At the end of each year, Billboard tallies the results of all of its charts, and the results are published in a year-end issue and heard on year-end editions of its American Top 40 and American Country Countdown radio broadcasts, in addition to being announced in the press. Between 1991 and 2006, the top single/album/artist(s) in each of those charts was/were awarded in the form of the annual Billboard Music Awards, which were annually held in December until the awards went dormant in 2007 (plans for a new version of the awards in 2008 fell through, and no awards have been held since 2007). The year-end charts cover a period from the first week of December of the previous year to the last week of November of the respective year.   AT OLD-CHARTS YEAR-END TOP 150 CHARTS BASED ON THE CHARTS FROM JANUARY - DECEMBER!! (POINT-SYSTEM NR. 1: 100 POINTS etc.)  

i don't know

Which city does David Soul come from?

David Soul - IMDb IMDb Actor | Soundtrack | Director David Soul achieved pop icon status as handsome, blond-haired, blue-eyed Detective Kenneth Hutchinson on the cult "buddy cop" TV series Starsky and Hutch (1975), Soul also had a very successful singing career recording several albums, with worldwide number one hit singles including "Silver Lady" & "Don't Give Up on Us Baby". Born in Chicago, ... See full bio » Born: Share this page: Related News a list of 43 people created 14 Jan 2011 a list of 37 people created 13 Mar 2011 a list of 48 people created 26 Mar 2012 a list of 973 people created 26 Feb 2013 a list of 127 people created 05 Jul 2014 Do you have a demo reel? Add it to your IMDbPage How much of David Soul's work have you seen? User Polls 1 win & 3 nominations. See more awards  » Known For Starsky and Hutch Det. Ken 'Hutch' Hutchinson (1975-1979)  2004 The Dark Lantern (TV Movie) Storyteller  2004 Dalziel and Pascoe (TV Series) Detective Gus D'Amato  1995 Vents contraires (TV Movie) Quill  1994 High Tide (TV Series) Brian Landis  1991-1993 Murder, She Wrote (TV Series) Jordan Barnett / Wes McSorley  1990 The Young Riders (TV Series) Jeremy Styles  1989 Prime Target (TV Movie) Peter Armetage  1989 Deadly Nightmares (TV Series) Cooper Halliday  1989 Alfred Hitchcock Presents (TV Series) Michael Dennison  1987 Crime Story (TV Series) Dr. Newhouse  1987 Harry's Hong Kong (TV Movie) Harry Petros  1986 The Fifth Missile (TV Movie) Capt. Kevin Harris  1984 Partners in Crime (TV Series) Harry  1983 Through Naked Eyes (TV Movie) William Parrish  1982 World War III (TV Movie) Col. Jake Caffey  1980 Homeward Bound (TV Movie) Jake Seaton  1980 Swan Song (TV Movie) Jesse Swan  1974 Medical Center (TV Series) Walter  1974 McMillan & Wife (TV Series) Jerry  1974 The Rookies (TV Series) Johnny Dane  1973 Circle of Fear (TV Series) James Barlow  1972 The F.B.I. (TV Series) Clifford Wade  1972 Movin' On (TV Movie) Jeff  1971 Dan August (TV Series) Lawrence Merrill III  1967 Star Trek (TV Series) Makora  2016 The Conjuring 2 (performer: "Don't Give Up On Us")  2013/I Filth (performer: "Silver Lady")  2011 Johnny English Reborn (courtesy: "Don't Give Up On Us") / (performer: "Don't Give Up On Us")  2010 Rabbit Hole (performer: "Don't Give Up On Us")  2007 The Hitcher (performer: "Don't Give Up on Us")  1977-1978 Top of the Pops (TV Series) (performer - 17 episodes) - Episode dated 22 June 1978 (1978) ... (performer: "It Sure Brings Out the Love in Your Eyes") - Episode dated 8 June 1978 (1978) ... (performer: "It Sure Brings Out the Love in Your Eyes")

Chicago

Who won Super Bowl XX?

David Soul - Biography - IMDb David Soul Jump to: Overview  (3) | Mini Bio  (1) | Spouse  (5) | Trivia  (24) | Personal Quotes  (24) Overview (3) 6' 0½" (1.84 m) Mini Bio (1) David Soul achieved pop icon status as handsome, blond-haired, blue-eyed Detective Kenneth Hutchinson on the cult "buddy cop" TV series Starsky and Hutch (1975), Soul also had a very successful singing career recording several albums, with worldwide number one hit singles including "Silver Lady" & "Don't Give Up on Us Baby". Born in Chicago, Illinois, David Soul is the son of a minister who was at one time serving as the religious affairs advisor to the U.S. High Commission in Berlin. At 24 years of age, young Soul joined a North Dakota musical revue, was noticed by a keen-eyed talent scout, and signed to a studio contract. He went on to study acting with the Irene Daly School of The Actors Company, and with the Columbia Workshop in Hollywood. He first appeared on TV in small roles in shows including I Dream of Jeannie (1965), Flipper (1964) and All in the Family (1971). Regular TV work kept coming in for Soul including making masked appearances on The Merv Griffin Show (1962), as the popular singer known only as "The Covered Man." In 1973, Soul was fortunate enough to be cast as one of the corrupt motorcycle cops in the Clint Eastwood thriller Magnum Force (1973), where his talents came to the attention of several TV execs who were looking for someone to play one of the lead roles in the upcoming Starsky and Hutch (1975) TV series. After four seasons, the show came to an end, yet Soul's talents were still in demand. He quickly went on to appear as the meek writer turned terrified vampire hunter Ben Mears in the chilling television mini-series Salem's Lot (1979), and then as Jake in the interesting television movie Homeward Bound (1980). Several undemanding movies and TV series appearances followed for Soul. However in 1988 he scored rave reviews for his portrayal of real life, cold-blooded cop killer Michael Lee Platt in In the Line of Duty: The F.B.I. Murders (1988). It was considered highly controversial for its intense level of violence in a made for TV production. David Soul remained very busy throughout the 1990's and beyond, in both film and on stage productions. He has toured internationally in several theater productions, including playing the narrator in the critically-acclaimed production of Willy Russell's Blood Brothers, plus a successful UK tour performing in Ira Levin's Deathtrap. Fans of the original TV series were glad to see Soul back with Paul Michael Glaser doing a cameo appearance in the big-budget movie version of Starsky & Hutch (2004). Throughout his life, Soul has continually championed social causes often utilizing his own funds to raise awareness on issues including the impact of the Vietnam War, the shutdowns in the US steel industry, animal welfare, world hunger and HIV education. Soul has for several years made his home in the United Kingdom, where he has appeared at the Edinburgh Festival, on several British TV shows and has become a keen soccer fan supporting English club, Arsenal FC. - IMDb Mini Biography By: firehouse44@hotmail.com Spouse (5) ( 7 December  1963 - 1965) (divorced) (1 child) Trivia (24) Used to appear on The Merv Griffin Show (1962) wearing a hood and was billed as "The Covered Man" before becoming nationally known on Starsky and Hutch (1975). Children: with Mirriam - one son; with Karen Carlson - one son; with Patti - one, as well as the two sons she previously had with Bobby Sherman ; and with Julia Nickson - one daughter, China Soul . His brother, the Rev. Solberg, was an activist minister (Lutheran). He has joined him on more than one occasion in public protest or rally. Also, he and Paul Michael Glaser have attended Christian/Jewish benefits together at least once. His father, Dr. Richard Solberg, served as a religious affairs advisor to the U.S. High Commission in Berlin and as senior representative for the Lutheran World Federation (LWF), refugee relief agency actively involved in the post WW-II reconstruction in Germany. Dr. Solberg's job was to administrate relief to the tens of thousands of refugees who were fleeing oppressive regimes and then try to put the fragmented families back together again in the West. These early experiences proved to be indelible ones for David as hundreds of these people streamed through the Solberg home. Between 1977 and 1982, he recorded four albums, which included a string of major hit singles: Don't Give Up On Us, Baby; Silver Lady; and Going In with my Eyes Open. He toured extensively with his band in the USA, UK, Japan and South America. Between 1984 and 1986, David financed, produced and directed an award-winning documentary, The Fighting Ministers, which uses the shut-down of the steel industry in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania as its basis. In 1994, David has refocused his acting and producing efforts specifically to the burgeoning international film and television markets. He starred in two films for Canadian and French television, and starred (in French) with Anne Giraudau and Line Renaud in the television mini-series, The Girls of Lido (1995) for France's TF-1. He played the role of Narrator in the New Zealand-born/Australian production of Willy Russell's Blood Brothers (a production which moved on to Melbourne and Sydney). The play marks David's return to the stage after a fifteen years absence and his first, even experience in a musical. He is an avid skier, tennis player and loves to go "exploring" with his children. In Cannes in 1996, David performed songs from his friend Charles Aznavour in the Martinez Hotel. He has 6 children - 5 sons and a daughter, China Soul . Fluent in both German and Spanish. During the run of Starsky and Hutch (1975), he recorded a #1 single called "Don't Give Up On Us". Became a United Kingdom citizen in September 2004. Romantically involved with actress/singer/composer Lynne Marta throughout the run of Starsky and Hutch (1975) but they split up after the show ended. At the Edinburgh Festival in 2000, he directed and starred in Sam Shepard 's "Fool For Love". His production incorporated pre-shot and live on-stage video, visual effects, graphics, 3-D imaging, time-lapse footage and digital sound to heighten the visceral experience of the presentation. It was one of the first real examples of how streaming media can be effectively applied to the live theatre. He is of Norwegian descent. Named one of his five sons Brendan after longtime Irish friend and comedian Brendan Grace . Appearing in the title role in "Jerry Springer: The Opera" at the Cambridge theater in London's West End. [December 2004] (2004 - 2005) Appearing at the Cambridge Theatre London as Jerry Springer in the National Theatre production of Jerry Springer The Opera. He is on a UK tour in the revival of the stage musical "Mack and Mabel", playing the lead role of Mack Sennett alongside Janie Dee , playing Mabel Normand . [January 2006] He appeared in the London West End revival of the stage musical "Mack and Mabel", playing the lead role of Mack Sennett alongside Janie Dee , playing Mabel Normand . [July 2006] He has taken over the lead role of "Jerry Springer - the Opera" at London's Cambridge Theatre. However, he has the only non-singing role. [January 2005] Lives in London and works mostly on the stage acting and producing in England. His partner was actress Alexa Hamilton . [November 2000] Personal Quotes (24) [on Starsky & Hutch (2004)] In a word, I thought it sucked. I believe that a parent's role is to provide a path or opportunity for their children. My father was my main influence. He was a preacher, but he was also a history and political science teacher, and since he was my hero, I wanted to follow in his footsteps and become a teacher. Nobody teaches you to be a father. Nobody teaches you to be a husband. Nobody teaches you how to be a star. You have to learn to work with the tools. One of my beliefs is that there are certain institutions within a community which stand for the spirit and heart of that community, there's the church, the local football team, the local pub and the theatre. Sometimes I feel an obligation to be accessible as a personality, but for me the driving force since the beginning has always been good work, taking risks, trying new things. If the door opens, go through it. Always go forwards. I was an accidental actor. I was never formally trained. Being on the move all the time is draining, but the rewards make up for it. A job is a very healthy thing to do. It's only when gravity starts to take over you begin to think about your body. I like to eat and I love the diversity of foods. The most important thing is story-telling. It's as singular and old-fashioned as that. Music always came first. I never set out to be an actor. It's important to move the theatre into the 21st Century. If these theatres didn't exist, the tradition of British theatre would cease to exist. I was born into a family of preachers. Once in a while I'll get moved to do some exercise. It's something I long for but the biggest problem is bending down and putting my tennis shoes on. Once I go out I'm OK. I went into acting because I had to make a good living. I had a child now and I had to support him any way I could... I wasn't happy, but I wasn't unhappy. I was just doing what I had to do to survive. I was never jailed. The fact is that I was arrested, but I went into a diversion programme, and by that time I'd already begun working in what was called anger management. It was a painful and awful moment. At only 20 years old I got married. I was still a kid myself, but in those times, if you got someone pregnant, you had no choice but to get married. So I left school and the only thing I could do was sing. Yes, your home is your castle, but it is also your identity and your possibility to be open to others. To deal with the stark reality of having hit or hurt a woman or child, to deal with the initial responsibility you have not to do that and the knowledge you did do it, can be incredibly hard. People thought me a bit strange at first; a blond haired, blue-eyed Norwegian who sang Mexican folk songs, but I used it to my advantage and got a job. And so the music became my ticket to education. Paul and I were both struggling actors. One night he would serve me in a restaurant, and the next night I would serve him. It was what out of work actors did. See also

i don't know

Which was the first European country to abolish capital punishment?

capital punishment | law | Britannica.com Capital punishment Alternative Titles: death penalty, execution Related Topics crucifixion Capital punishment, also called death penalty, execution of an offender sentenced to death after conviction by a court of law of a criminal offense. Capital punishment should be distinguished from extrajudicial executions carried out without due process of law. The term death penalty is sometimes used interchangeably with capital punishment, though imposition of the penalty is not always followed by execution (even when it is upheld on appeal), because of the possibility of commutation to life imprisonment. Historical considerations Capital punishment for murder , treason , arson , and rape was widely employed in ancient Greece under the laws of Draco (fl. 7th century bce), though Plato argued that it should be used only for the incorrigible . The Romans also used it for a wide range of offenses, though citizens were exempted for a short time during the republic. It also has been sanctioned at one time or another by most of the world’s major religions. Followers of Judaism and Christianity, for example, have claimed to find justification for capital punishment in the biblical passage “Whosoever sheddeth man’s blood, by man shall his blood be shed” (Genesis 9:6). Yet capital punishment has been prescribed for many crimes not involving loss of life, including adultery and blasphemy . The ancient legal principle Lex talionis ( talion )—“an eye for an eye , a tooth for a tooth, a life for a life”—which appears in the Babylonian Code of Hammurabi , was invoked in some societies to ensure that capital punishment was not disproportionately applied. The prevalence of capital punishment in ancient times is difficult to ascertain precisely, but it seems likely that it was often avoided, sometimes by the alternative of banishment and sometimes by payment of compensation. For example, it was customary during Japan’s peaceful Heian period (794–1185) for the emperor to commute every death sentence and replace it with deportation to a remote area, though executions were reinstated once civil war broke out in the mid-11th century. Similar Topics workhouse In Islamic law , as expressed in the Qurʾān , capital punishment is condoned . Although the Qurʾān prescribes the death penalty for several ḥadd (fixed) crimes—including robbery, adultery, and apostasy of Islam —murder is not among them. Instead, murder is treated as a civil crime and is covered by the law of qiṣās (retaliation), whereby the relatives of the victim decide whether the offender is punished with death by the authorities or made to pay diyah (wergild) as compensation. Death was formerly the penalty for a large number of offenses in England during the 17th and 18th centuries, but it was never applied as widely as the law provided. As in other countries, many offenders who committed capital crimes escaped the death penalty, either because juries or courts would not convict them or because they were pardoned, usually on condition that they agreed to banishment; some were sentenced to the lesser punishment of transportation to the then American colonies and later to Australia. Beginning in the Middle Ages, it was possible for offenders guilty of capital offenses to receive benefit of clergy , by which those who could prove that they were ordained priests (clerks in Holy Orders) as well as secular clerks who assisted in divine service (or, from 1547, a peer of the realm) were allowed to go free, though it remained within the judge’s power to sentence them to prison for up to a year, or from 1717 onward to transportation for seven years. Because during medieval times the only proof of ordination was literacy, it became customary between the 15th and 18th centuries to allow anyone convicted of a felony to escape the death sentence by proving that he (the privilege was extended to women in 1629) could read. Until 1705, all he had to do was read (or recite) the first verse from Psalm 51 of the Bible—“Have mercy on me, O God, according to your steadfast love; according to your abundant mercy blot out my transgressions”—which came to be known as the “ neck verse” (for its power to save one’s neck). To ensure that an offender could escape death only once through benefit of clergy, he was branded on the brawn of the thumb (M for murder or T for theft). Branding was abolished in 1779, and benefit of clergy ceased in 1827. Britannica Stories Ringling Bros. Folds Its Tent From ancient times until well into the 19th century, many societies administered exceptionally cruel forms of capital punishment. In Rome the condemned were hurled from the Tarpeian Rock (see Tarpeia ); for parricide they were drowned in a sealed bag with a dog, cock, ape, and viper; and still others were executed by forced gladiatorial combat or by crucifixion . Executions in ancient China were carried out by many painful methods, such as sawing the condemned in half, flaying him while still alive, and boiling . Cruel forms of execution in Europe included “breaking” on the wheel, boiling in oil, burning at the stake , decapitation by the guillotine or an axe, hanging , drawing and quartering , and drowning. Although by the end of the 20th century many jurisdictions (e.g., nearly every U.S. state that employs the death penalty, Guatemala, the Philippines , Taiwan , and some Chinese provinces) had adopted lethal injection , offenders continued to be beheaded in Saudi Arabia and occasionally stoned to death (for adultery) in Iran and Sudan . Other methods of execution were electrocution , gassing, and the firing squad. The execution of Louis XVI in 1793. Album/Prism/Album/SuperStock Structures of Government: Fact or Fiction? Historically, executions were public events, attended by large crowds, and the mutilated bodies were often displayed until they rotted. Public executions were banned in England in 1868, though they continued to take place in parts of the United States until the 1930s. In the last half of the 20th century, there was considerable debate regarding whether executions should be broadcast on television, as has occurred in Guatemala. Since the mid-1990s public executions have taken place in some 20 countries, including Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Nigeria , though the practice has been condemned by the United Nations Human Rights Committee as “incompatible with human dignity.” In many countries death sentences are not carried out immediately after they are imposed; there is often a long period of uncertainty for the convicted while their cases are appealed. Inmates awaiting execution live on what has been called “death row”; in the United States and Japan, some prisoners have been executed more than 15 years after their convictions . The European Union regards this phenomenon as so inhumane that, on the basis of a binding ruling by the European Court of Human Rights (1989), EU countries may extradite an offender accused of a capital crime to a country that practices capital punishment only if a guarantee is given that the death penalty will not be sought. Arguments for and against capital punishment Connect with Britannica Capital punishment has long engendered considerable debate about both its morality and its effect on criminal behaviour. Contemporary arguments for and against capital punishment fall under three general headings: moral , utilitarian, and practical. Protesters demonstrating against the death penalty. © Robert J. Daveant/Shutterstock.com Moral arguments Supporters of the death penalty believe that those who commit murder, because they have taken the life of another, have forfeited their own right to life. Furthermore, they believe, capital punishment is a just form of retribution , expressing and reinforcing the moral indignation not only of the victim’s relatives but of law-abiding citizens in general. By contrast, opponents of capital punishment, following the writings of Cesare Beccaria (in particular On Crimes and Punishments [1764]), argue that, by legitimizing the very behaviour that the law seeks to repress—killing—capital punishment is counterproductive in the moral message it conveys. Moreover, they urge, when it is used for lesser crimes, capital punishment is immoral because it is wholly disproportionate to the harm done. Abolitionists also claim that capital punishment violates the condemned person’s right to life and is fundamentally inhuman and degrading. Although death was prescribed for crimes in many sacred religious documents and historically was practiced widely with the support of religious hierarchies , today there is no agreement among religious faiths, or among denominations or sects within them, on the morality of capital punishment. Beginning in the last half of the 20th century, increasing numbers of religious leaders—particularly within Judaism and Roman Catholicism—campaigned against it. Capital punishment was abolished by the state of Israel for all offenses except treason and crimes against humanity, and Pope John Paul II condemned it as “cruel and unnecessary.” Utilitarian arguments Editor Picks: Exploring 10 Types of Basketball Movies Supporters of capital punishment also claim that it has a uniquely potent deterrent effect on potentially violent offenders for whom the threat of imprisonment is not a sufficient restraint. Opponents, however, point to research that generally has demonstrated that the death penalty is not a more effective deterrent than the alternative sanction of life or long-term imprisonment. Practical arguments There also are disputes about whether capital punishment can be administered in a manner consistent with justice . Those who support capital punishment believe that it is possible to fashion laws and procedures that ensure that only those who are really deserving of death are executed. By contrast, opponents maintain that the historical application of capital punishment shows that any attempt to single out certain kinds of crime as deserving of death will inevitably be arbitrary and discriminatory. They also point to other factors that they think preclude the possibility that capital punishment can be fairly applied, arguing that the poor and ethnic and religious minorities often do not have access to good legal assistance, that racial prejudice motivates predominantly white juries in capital cases to convict black and other nonwhite defendants in disproportionate numbers, and that, because errors are inevitable even in a well-run criminal justice system, some people will be executed for crimes they did not commit. Finally, they argue that, because the appeals process for death sentences is protracted, those condemned to death are often cruelly forced to endure long periods of uncertainty about their fate. The abolition movement Under the influence of the European Enlightenment , in the latter part of the 18th century there began a movement to limit the scope of capital punishment. Until that time a very wide range of offenses, including even common theft, were punishable by death—though the punishment was not always enforced, in part because juries tended to acquit defendants against the evidence in minor cases. In 1794 the U.S. state of Pennsylvania became the first jurisdiction to restrict the death penalty to first-degree murder, and in 1846 the state of Michigan abolished capital punishment for all murders and other common crimes. In 1863 Venezuela became the first country to abolish capital punishment for all crimes, including serious offenses against the state (e.g., treason and military offenses in time of war). Portugal was the first European country to abolish the death penalty, doing so in 1867; by the early 20th century several other countries, including the Netherlands, Norway , Sweden , Denmark , and Italy , had followed suit (though it was reintroduced in Italy under the fascist regime of Benito Mussolini ). By the mid-1960s some 25 countries had abolished the death penalty for murder, though only about half of them also had abolished it for offenses against the state or the military code. For example, Britain abolished capital punishment for murder in 1965, but treason, piracy, and military crimes remained capital offenses until 1998. Trending Topics Eyjafjallajökull volcano During the last third of the 20th century, the number of abolitionist countries increased more than threefold. These countries, together with those that are “de facto” abolitionist—i.e., those in which capital punishment is legal but not exercised—now represent more than half the countries of the world. One reason for the significant increase in the number of abolitionist states was that the abolition movement was successful in making capital punishment an international human rights issue, whereas formerly it had been regarded as solely an internal matter for the countries concerned. In 1971 the United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution that, “in order fully to guarantee the right to life, provided for in…the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,” called for restricting the number of offenses for which the death penalty could be imposed, with a view toward abolishing it altogether. This resolution was reaffirmed by the General Assembly in 1977. Optional protocols to the European Convention on Human Rights (1983) and to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1989) have been established, under which countries party to the convention and the covenant undertake not to carry out executions. The Council of Europe (1994) and the EU (1998) established as a condition of membership in their organizations the requirement that prospective member countries suspend executions and commit themselves to abolition. This decision had a remarkable impact on the countries of central and eastern Europe, prompting several of them—e.g., the Czech Republic , Hungary , Romania , Slovakia , and Slovenia—to abolish capital punishment. In the 1990s many African countries—including Angola, Djibouti, Mozambique, and Namibia—abolished capital punishment, though most African countries retained it. In South Africa , which formerly had one of the world’s highest execution rates, capital punishment was outlawed in 1995 by the Constitutional Court, which declared that it was incompatible with the prohibition against cruel, inhuman, or degrading punishment and with “a human rights culture.” Capital punishment in the early 21st century Despite the movement toward abolition, many countries have retained capital punishment, and, in fact, some have extended its scope. More than 30 countries have made the importation and possession for sale of certain drugs a capital offense. Iran, Singapore , Malaysia , and the Philippines impose a mandatory death sentence for the possession of relatively small amounts of illegal drugs. In Singapore, which has by far the highest rate of execution per capita of any country, about three-fourths of persons executed in 2000 had been sentenced for drug offenses. Some 20 countries impose the death penalty for various economic crimes, including bribery and corruption of public officials, embezzlement of public funds, currency speculation, and the theft of large sums of money. Sexual offenses of various kinds are punishable by death in about two dozen countries, including most Islamic states. In the early 21st century there were more than 50 capital offenses in China . Despite the large number of capital offenses in some countries, in most years only about 30 countries carry out executions. In the United States, where roughly three-fourths of the states and the federal government have retained the death penalty, about two-thirds of all executions since 1976 (when new death penalty laws were affirmed by the Supreme Court ) have occurred in just six states—Texas, Virginia, Florida, Missouri, Louisiana, and Oklahoma. China was believed to have executed about 1,000 people annually (no reliable statistics are published) until the first decade of the 21st century, when estimates of the number of deaths dropped sharply. Although the number of executions worldwide varies from year to year, some countries—including Belarus , Congo (Kinshasa), Iran, Jordan , Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Taiwan, Vietnam , and Yemen—execute criminals regularly. Japan and India also have retained the death penalty and carry out executions from time to time. In only a few countries does the law allow for the execution of persons who were minors (under the age of 18) at the time they committed their crime. Most such executions, which are prohibited by the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, have occurred in the United States, which has not ratified the convention and which ratified the covenant with reservations regarding the death penalty. Beginning in the late 1990s, there was considerable debate about whether the death penalty should be imposed on the mentally impaired ; much of the controversy concerned practices in the United States, where more than a dozen such executions took place from 1990 to 2001 despite a UN injunction against the practice in 1989. In 2002 and 2005, respectively, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the execution of the mentally impaired and those under age 18 was unconstitutional, and in 2014 it held that states could not define such mental impairment as the possession of an IQ ( intelligence quotient ) score of 70 or below. The court banned the imposition of the death penalty for rape in 1977 and specifically for child rape in 2008. In the late 1990s, following a series of cases in which persons convicted of capital crimes and awaiting execution on death row were exonerated on the basis of new evidence—including evidence based on new DNA-testing technology—some U.S. states began to consider moratoriums on the death penalty. In 2000 Illinois Gov. George Ryan ordered such a moratorium , noting that the state had executed 12 people from 1977 to 2000 but that the death sentences of 13 other people had been overturned in the same period. In 2003, on the eve of leaving office, Ryan emptied the state’s death row by pardoning 4 people and commuting the death sentences of 167 others. The state of New Jersey abolished capital punishment in 2007, as did Illinois in 2011 and Connecticut in 2012.

Norway

What is Bruce Willis' real first name?

capital punishment | law | Britannica.com Capital punishment Alternative Titles: death penalty, execution Related Topics crucifixion Capital punishment, also called death penalty, execution of an offender sentenced to death after conviction by a court of law of a criminal offense. Capital punishment should be distinguished from extrajudicial executions carried out without due process of law. The term death penalty is sometimes used interchangeably with capital punishment, though imposition of the penalty is not always followed by execution (even when it is upheld on appeal), because of the possibility of commutation to life imprisonment. Historical considerations Capital punishment for murder , treason , arson , and rape was widely employed in ancient Greece under the laws of Draco (fl. 7th century bce), though Plato argued that it should be used only for the incorrigible . The Romans also used it for a wide range of offenses, though citizens were exempted for a short time during the republic. It also has been sanctioned at one time or another by most of the world’s major religions. Followers of Judaism and Christianity, for example, have claimed to find justification for capital punishment in the biblical passage “Whosoever sheddeth man’s blood, by man shall his blood be shed” (Genesis 9:6). Yet capital punishment has been prescribed for many crimes not involving loss of life, including adultery and blasphemy . The ancient legal principle Lex talionis ( talion )—“an eye for an eye , a tooth for a tooth, a life for a life”—which appears in the Babylonian Code of Hammurabi , was invoked in some societies to ensure that capital punishment was not disproportionately applied. The prevalence of capital punishment in ancient times is difficult to ascertain precisely, but it seems likely that it was often avoided, sometimes by the alternative of banishment and sometimes by payment of compensation. For example, it was customary during Japan’s peaceful Heian period (794–1185) for the emperor to commute every death sentence and replace it with deportation to a remote area, though executions were reinstated once civil war broke out in the mid-11th century. Similar Topics workhouse In Islamic law , as expressed in the Qurʾān , capital punishment is condoned . Although the Qurʾān prescribes the death penalty for several ḥadd (fixed) crimes—including robbery, adultery, and apostasy of Islam —murder is not among them. Instead, murder is treated as a civil crime and is covered by the law of qiṣās (retaliation), whereby the relatives of the victim decide whether the offender is punished with death by the authorities or made to pay diyah (wergild) as compensation. Death was formerly the penalty for a large number of offenses in England during the 17th and 18th centuries, but it was never applied as widely as the law provided. As in other countries, many offenders who committed capital crimes escaped the death penalty, either because juries or courts would not convict them or because they were pardoned, usually on condition that they agreed to banishment; some were sentenced to the lesser punishment of transportation to the then American colonies and later to Australia. Beginning in the Middle Ages, it was possible for offenders guilty of capital offenses to receive benefit of clergy , by which those who could prove that they were ordained priests (clerks in Holy Orders) as well as secular clerks who assisted in divine service (or, from 1547, a peer of the realm) were allowed to go free, though it remained within the judge’s power to sentence them to prison for up to a year, or from 1717 onward to transportation for seven years. Because during medieval times the only proof of ordination was literacy, it became customary between the 15th and 18th centuries to allow anyone convicted of a felony to escape the death sentence by proving that he (the privilege was extended to women in 1629) could read. Until 1705, all he had to do was read (or recite) the first verse from Psalm 51 of the Bible—“Have mercy on me, O God, according to your steadfast love; according to your abundant mercy blot out my transgressions”—which came to be known as the “ neck verse” (for its power to save one’s neck). To ensure that an offender could escape death only once through benefit of clergy, he was branded on the brawn of the thumb (M for murder or T for theft). Branding was abolished in 1779, and benefit of clergy ceased in 1827. Britannica Stories Ringling Bros. Folds Its Tent From ancient times until well into the 19th century, many societies administered exceptionally cruel forms of capital punishment. In Rome the condemned were hurled from the Tarpeian Rock (see Tarpeia ); for parricide they were drowned in a sealed bag with a dog, cock, ape, and viper; and still others were executed by forced gladiatorial combat or by crucifixion . Executions in ancient China were carried out by many painful methods, such as sawing the condemned in half, flaying him while still alive, and boiling . Cruel forms of execution in Europe included “breaking” on the wheel, boiling in oil, burning at the stake , decapitation by the guillotine or an axe, hanging , drawing and quartering , and drowning. Although by the end of the 20th century many jurisdictions (e.g., nearly every U.S. state that employs the death penalty, Guatemala, the Philippines , Taiwan , and some Chinese provinces) had adopted lethal injection , offenders continued to be beheaded in Saudi Arabia and occasionally stoned to death (for adultery) in Iran and Sudan . Other methods of execution were electrocution , gassing, and the firing squad. The execution of Louis XVI in 1793. Album/Prism/Album/SuperStock Structures of Government: Fact or Fiction? Historically, executions were public events, attended by large crowds, and the mutilated bodies were often displayed until they rotted. Public executions were banned in England in 1868, though they continued to take place in parts of the United States until the 1930s. In the last half of the 20th century, there was considerable debate regarding whether executions should be broadcast on television, as has occurred in Guatemala. Since the mid-1990s public executions have taken place in some 20 countries, including Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Nigeria , though the practice has been condemned by the United Nations Human Rights Committee as “incompatible with human dignity.” In many countries death sentences are not carried out immediately after they are imposed; there is often a long period of uncertainty for the convicted while their cases are appealed. Inmates awaiting execution live on what has been called “death row”; in the United States and Japan, some prisoners have been executed more than 15 years after their convictions . The European Union regards this phenomenon as so inhumane that, on the basis of a binding ruling by the European Court of Human Rights (1989), EU countries may extradite an offender accused of a capital crime to a country that practices capital punishment only if a guarantee is given that the death penalty will not be sought. Arguments for and against capital punishment Connect with Britannica Capital punishment has long engendered considerable debate about both its morality and its effect on criminal behaviour. Contemporary arguments for and against capital punishment fall under three general headings: moral , utilitarian, and practical. Protesters demonstrating against the death penalty. © Robert J. Daveant/Shutterstock.com Moral arguments Supporters of the death penalty believe that those who commit murder, because they have taken the life of another, have forfeited their own right to life. Furthermore, they believe, capital punishment is a just form of retribution , expressing and reinforcing the moral indignation not only of the victim’s relatives but of law-abiding citizens in general. By contrast, opponents of capital punishment, following the writings of Cesare Beccaria (in particular On Crimes and Punishments [1764]), argue that, by legitimizing the very behaviour that the law seeks to repress—killing—capital punishment is counterproductive in the moral message it conveys. Moreover, they urge, when it is used for lesser crimes, capital punishment is immoral because it is wholly disproportionate to the harm done. Abolitionists also claim that capital punishment violates the condemned person’s right to life and is fundamentally inhuman and degrading. Although death was prescribed for crimes in many sacred religious documents and historically was practiced widely with the support of religious hierarchies , today there is no agreement among religious faiths, or among denominations or sects within them, on the morality of capital punishment. Beginning in the last half of the 20th century, increasing numbers of religious leaders—particularly within Judaism and Roman Catholicism—campaigned against it. Capital punishment was abolished by the state of Israel for all offenses except treason and crimes against humanity, and Pope John Paul II condemned it as “cruel and unnecessary.” Utilitarian arguments Editor Picks: Exploring 10 Types of Basketball Movies Supporters of capital punishment also claim that it has a uniquely potent deterrent effect on potentially violent offenders for whom the threat of imprisonment is not a sufficient restraint. Opponents, however, point to research that generally has demonstrated that the death penalty is not a more effective deterrent than the alternative sanction of life or long-term imprisonment. Practical arguments There also are disputes about whether capital punishment can be administered in a manner consistent with justice . Those who support capital punishment believe that it is possible to fashion laws and procedures that ensure that only those who are really deserving of death are executed. By contrast, opponents maintain that the historical application of capital punishment shows that any attempt to single out certain kinds of crime as deserving of death will inevitably be arbitrary and discriminatory. They also point to other factors that they think preclude the possibility that capital punishment can be fairly applied, arguing that the poor and ethnic and religious minorities often do not have access to good legal assistance, that racial prejudice motivates predominantly white juries in capital cases to convict black and other nonwhite defendants in disproportionate numbers, and that, because errors are inevitable even in a well-run criminal justice system, some people will be executed for crimes they did not commit. Finally, they argue that, because the appeals process for death sentences is protracted, those condemned to death are often cruelly forced to endure long periods of uncertainty about their fate. The abolition movement Under the influence of the European Enlightenment , in the latter part of the 18th century there began a movement to limit the scope of capital punishment. Until that time a very wide range of offenses, including even common theft, were punishable by death—though the punishment was not always enforced, in part because juries tended to acquit defendants against the evidence in minor cases. In 1794 the U.S. state of Pennsylvania became the first jurisdiction to restrict the death penalty to first-degree murder, and in 1846 the state of Michigan abolished capital punishment for all murders and other common crimes. In 1863 Venezuela became the first country to abolish capital punishment for all crimes, including serious offenses against the state (e.g., treason and military offenses in time of war). Portugal was the first European country to abolish the death penalty, doing so in 1867; by the early 20th century several other countries, including the Netherlands, Norway , Sweden , Denmark , and Italy , had followed suit (though it was reintroduced in Italy under the fascist regime of Benito Mussolini ). By the mid-1960s some 25 countries had abolished the death penalty for murder, though only about half of them also had abolished it for offenses against the state or the military code. For example, Britain abolished capital punishment for murder in 1965, but treason, piracy, and military crimes remained capital offenses until 1998. Trending Topics Eyjafjallajökull volcano During the last third of the 20th century, the number of abolitionist countries increased more than threefold. These countries, together with those that are “de facto” abolitionist—i.e., those in which capital punishment is legal but not exercised—now represent more than half the countries of the world. One reason for the significant increase in the number of abolitionist states was that the abolition movement was successful in making capital punishment an international human rights issue, whereas formerly it had been regarded as solely an internal matter for the countries concerned. In 1971 the United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution that, “in order fully to guarantee the right to life, provided for in…the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,” called for restricting the number of offenses for which the death penalty could be imposed, with a view toward abolishing it altogether. This resolution was reaffirmed by the General Assembly in 1977. Optional protocols to the European Convention on Human Rights (1983) and to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1989) have been established, under which countries party to the convention and the covenant undertake not to carry out executions. The Council of Europe (1994) and the EU (1998) established as a condition of membership in their organizations the requirement that prospective member countries suspend executions and commit themselves to abolition. This decision had a remarkable impact on the countries of central and eastern Europe, prompting several of them—e.g., the Czech Republic , Hungary , Romania , Slovakia , and Slovenia—to abolish capital punishment. In the 1990s many African countries—including Angola, Djibouti, Mozambique, and Namibia—abolished capital punishment, though most African countries retained it. In South Africa , which formerly had one of the world’s highest execution rates, capital punishment was outlawed in 1995 by the Constitutional Court, which declared that it was incompatible with the prohibition against cruel, inhuman, or degrading punishment and with “a human rights culture.” Capital punishment in the early 21st century Despite the movement toward abolition, many countries have retained capital punishment, and, in fact, some have extended its scope. More than 30 countries have made the importation and possession for sale of certain drugs a capital offense. Iran, Singapore , Malaysia , and the Philippines impose a mandatory death sentence for the possession of relatively small amounts of illegal drugs. In Singapore, which has by far the highest rate of execution per capita of any country, about three-fourths of persons executed in 2000 had been sentenced for drug offenses. Some 20 countries impose the death penalty for various economic crimes, including bribery and corruption of public officials, embezzlement of public funds, currency speculation, and the theft of large sums of money. Sexual offenses of various kinds are punishable by death in about two dozen countries, including most Islamic states. In the early 21st century there were more than 50 capital offenses in China . Despite the large number of capital offenses in some countries, in most years only about 30 countries carry out executions. In the United States, where roughly three-fourths of the states and the federal government have retained the death penalty, about two-thirds of all executions since 1976 (when new death penalty laws were affirmed by the Supreme Court ) have occurred in just six states—Texas, Virginia, Florida, Missouri, Louisiana, and Oklahoma. China was believed to have executed about 1,000 people annually (no reliable statistics are published) until the first decade of the 21st century, when estimates of the number of deaths dropped sharply. Although the number of executions worldwide varies from year to year, some countries—including Belarus , Congo (Kinshasa), Iran, Jordan , Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Taiwan, Vietnam , and Yemen—execute criminals regularly. Japan and India also have retained the death penalty and carry out executions from time to time. In only a few countries does the law allow for the execution of persons who were minors (under the age of 18) at the time they committed their crime. Most such executions, which are prohibited by the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, have occurred in the United States, which has not ratified the convention and which ratified the covenant with reservations regarding the death penalty. Beginning in the late 1990s, there was considerable debate about whether the death penalty should be imposed on the mentally impaired ; much of the controversy concerned practices in the United States, where more than a dozen such executions took place from 1990 to 2001 despite a UN injunction against the practice in 1989. In 2002 and 2005, respectively, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the execution of the mentally impaired and those under age 18 was unconstitutional, and in 2014 it held that states could not define such mental impairment as the possession of an IQ ( intelligence quotient ) score of 70 or below. The court banned the imposition of the death penalty for rape in 1977 and specifically for child rape in 2008. In the late 1990s, following a series of cases in which persons convicted of capital crimes and awaiting execution on death row were exonerated on the basis of new evidence—including evidence based on new DNA-testing technology—some U.S. states began to consider moratoriums on the death penalty. In 2000 Illinois Gov. George Ryan ordered such a moratorium , noting that the state had executed 12 people from 1977 to 2000 but that the death sentences of 13 other people had been overturned in the same period. In 2003, on the eve of leaving office, Ryan emptied the state’s death row by pardoning 4 people and commuting the death sentences of 167 others. The state of New Jersey abolished capital punishment in 2007, as did Illinois in 2011 and Connecticut in 2012.

i don't know

Which William wrote the novel Lord Of The Flies?

William Golding: The Man Who Wrote Lord of the Flies by John Carey | Book review | Books | The Guardian The Observer William Golding: The Man Who Wrote Lord of the Flies by John Carey A diligent biography of William Golding doesn't fully capture the creative madness of its subject, finds Peter Conrad William Golding at his Wiltshire home, 1983. Photograph: John Eggitt/ Bettmann/ Corbis Share on Messenger Close We hear a lot about the death of the author, but William Golding is an author who was almost still-born. The man who wrote Lord of the Flies found that no one wanted to publish it. In 1953, his manuscript spent seven months being sniffily perused by publishers, who all promptly returned it. The Curtis Brown agency even declined to represent the would-be author, a dispirited schoolmaster who had written the book during classes and given his pupils, in lieu of an education, the humdrum task of totting up the number of words per page. A dead end seemed to have been reached when the Faber reader, picking through pages that were now yellow and grubby from handling, contemptuously rejected the submission as "absurd & uninteresting … rubbish & dull". Then Charles Monteith, a former lawyer hired as an editor by Faber only a month before, retrieved the book from the bin and persuaded his colleagues to buy it for the piffling sum of £60. As a set text for schools, Lord of the Flies went on to sell millions of copies, introducing adolescents worldwide to the idea of original sin and the knowledge of their own barbarity. My childhood reading life began, so far as I can recall, with RM Ballantyne's naively imperialist story The Coral Island; my innocence came to an end when I opened Lord of the Flies, which warps Ballantyne's tale into an allegory about the wickedness of our species and its rightful ejection from the happy garden. The novel, as the critic Lionel Trilling said, marked a mutation in culture: God may have died, but the Devil was flourishing, especially in English public schools. Yet the man who wrote Lord of the Flies spent the rest of his life regretting that he had done so. Golding considered the book "boring and crude", its language "O-level stuff". Its classic status struck him as "a joke" and he disparaged his income from it as "Monopoly money". And what right had it to overshadow later, better books, like his evolutionary saga, The Inheritors, his medieval fable, The Spire, or his solipsistic tragedy, Pincher Martin? Towards the end of his life, he refused to reread the manuscript (much revised, on Monteith's orders, before publication): he feared he'd be so dismayed he might do himself a mischief. Golding whispered the truth about these protests in his journal. He abominated Lord of the Flies, he confided, because "basically I despise myself and am anxious not to be discovered, uncovered, detected, rumbled". Discovery, uncovery, detection and rumbling are the appointed tasks of the biographer, about which John Carey, in this authorised life of a man he "admired and respected", evidently feels uncomfortable. Golding called himself a monster. His imagination lodged a horde of demons, buzzing like flies inside his haunted head, and his dreams rehearsed his guilt in scenarios that read like sketches for incidents in his novels, which they often were. After dark, his mother became a murderous maniac, hurling knives, shards of shattered mirror or metal pots of scalding tea at little William; a girlfriend he had cast off returned as a stiffened corpse, which he watched himself trying to bury in the garden. At his finest, Golding paid traumatised tribute to the pain of other creatures, like the hooked octopus he once saw impaled by the "vulnerable, vulvar sensitive flesh" of its pink, screaming mouth, or a rabbit he shot in Cornwall, which stared at him before it fell with "a combination of astonishment and outrage". But pity didn't prohibit him from firing the shot. He understood the Nazis, he said, because he was "of that sort by nature". His sexual assault on a 15-year-old girl has been titillatingly leaked to publicise Carey's biography. More generally, his son-in-law testifies that Golding specialised in belittling others – if that is, he recognised them at all. As Carey notes, he chronically misspelt names because he couldn't be bothered with people and their pesky claim to exist. Carey documents Golding's ogre-like antics, but is reluctant to speculate about their origins. "I do not know," he says, "why he thought he was a monster" and he concludes this long, loyal, conscientious book by admitting there may be a primal scene, a hidden obscenity, that still eludes him – "something I have not discovered". Should a biographer, I wonder, accept defeat with such good grace? Carey prefers to deal with the masks the monster wore in public. At times, Golding impersonated a twinkling Cornish pixie; behind the helms of his boats, he pretended to be Captain Hornblower or perhaps, when the role came closer to caricature, Cap'n Birdseye. His worst rampages occurred when he was drunk. Once, staying at a friend's house in London, Golding awoke in panic and dismembered a Bob Dylan puppet because he thought it was Satan. Carey nervously makes light of the episode, referring to it as a '"diabolic encounter". Religion and rationality, myth and science, fight it out in Golding's books as they did in his brain; it may be that Carey is too sane or puritanical to comprehend the creative madness of his subject. He is tactful about Golding's relations with his children, both of whom suffered psychological upsets, or with his put-upon wife, who seems to have had her revenge by interrogating him at public lectures; at a gig in Lisbon, her voice from the darkened auditorium demanded to be told why there weren't more women in his books. Carey, a battle-scarred class warrior whose books include The Intellectuals and the Masses, sympathises with the young Golding's embarrassments at Oxford, where interviewers wrote him off as "not quite a gentleman". He's strangely reticent, however, about the old man's desperation to gain admission to the establishment. Golding pestered well-placed acquaintances to nominate him for a knighthood, which he called "Kultivating my K", and when it was finally doled out he changed the name on his passport with indecent alacrity and began to take pleasure in the sycophancy of hotel managers and head waiters. The self-contempt that Golding defined as the clue to his character pays dividends for Carey the textual scholar, who here unearths a series of early drafts for published novels or extracts from projects unjustifiably abandoned – a "magnificent" but unfinished work of Homeric science fiction, a memoir that was self-censored because too raw, a film script about a traffic jam that rehearses the Apocalypse, a first version of The Inheritors that "cries out to be published as a novel in its own right" and a segment excised from Darkness Visible that is also "a masterpiece crying out for publication". I suspect the cry Carey hears is that of unborn infants begging him to deliver them into the light and I hope he will do so. As a biographer, he may not have uncovered Golding's darkest, deepest secrets, but at least his detective work has grubbed up these intriguing, revealing relics. The man who wrote Lord of the Flies indeed wrote better things, some of which the rest of us should be given the chance to read.

Golding

Which innovation for the car was developed by Prince Henry of Prussia in 1911?

Lord of the Flies: Lord of the Flies Book Summary & Study Guide | CliffsNotes    Bookmark this page    Manage My Reading List Lord of the Flies explores the dark side of humanity, the savagery that underlies even the most civilized human beings. William Golding intended this novel as a tragic parody of children's adventure tales, illustrating humankind's intrinsic evil nature. He presents the reader with a chronology of events leading a group of young boys from hope to disaster as they attempt to survive their uncivilized, unsupervised, isolated environment until rescued. In the midst of a nuclear war, a group of British boys find themselves stranded without adult supervision on a tropical island. The group is roughly divided into the "littluns," boys around the age of six, and the "biguns," who are between the ages of ten and twelve. Initially, the boys attempt to form a culture similar to the one they left behind. They elect a leader, Ralph , who, with the advice and support of Piggy (the intellectual of the group), strives to establish rules for housing and sanitation. Ralph also makes a signal fire the group's first priority, hoping that a passing ship will see the smoke signal and rescue them. A major challenge to Ralph's leadership is Jack , who also wants to lead. Jack commands a group of choirboys-turned-hunters who sacrifice the duty of tending the fire so that they can participate in the hunts. Jack draws the other boys slowly away from Ralph's influence because of their natural attraction to and inclination toward the adventurous hunting activities symbolizing violence and evil. The conflict between Jack and Ralph — and the forces of savagery and civilization that they represent — is exacerbated by the boys' literal fear of a mythical beast roaming the island. One night, an aerial battle occurs above the island, and a casualty of the battle floats down with his opened parachute, ultimately coming to rest on the mountaintop. Breezes occasionally inflate the parachute, making the body appear to sit up and then sink forward again. This sight panics the boys as they mistake the dead body for the beast they fear. In a reaction to this panic, Jack forms a splinter group that is eventually joined by all but a few of the boys. The boys who join Jack are enticed by the protection Jack's ferocity seems to provide, as well as by the prospect of playing the role of savages: putting on camouflaging face paint, hunting, and performing ritualistic tribal dances. Eventually, Jack's group actually slaughters a sow and, as an offering to the beast, puts the sow's head on a stick. Of all the boys, only the mystic Simon has the courage to discover the true identity of the beast sighted on the mountain. After witnessing the death of the sow and the gift made of her head to the beast, Simon begins to hallucinate, and the staked sow's head becomes the Lord of the Flies, imparting to Simon what he has already suspected: The beast is not an animal on the loose but is hidden in each boy's psyche. Weakened by his horrific vision, Simon loses consciousness. Recovering later that evening, he struggles to the mountaintop and finds that the beast is only a dead pilot/soldier. Attempting to bring the news to the other boys, he stumbles into the tribal frenzy of their dance. Perceiving him as the beast, the boys beat him to death. Soon only three of the older boys, including Piggy, are still in Ralph's camp. Jack's group steals Piggy's glasses to start its cooking fires, leaving Ralph unable to maintain his signal fire. When Ralph and his small group approach Jack's tribe to request the return of the glasses, one of Jack's hunters releases a huge boulder on Piggy, killing him. The tribe captures the other two biguns prisoners, leaving Ralph on his own. The tribe undertakes a manhunt to track down and kill Ralph, and they start a fire to smoke him out of one of his hiding places, creating an island-wide forest fire. A passing ship sees the smoke from the fire, and a British naval officer arrives on the beach just in time to save Ralph from certain death at the hands of the schoolboys turned savages.

i don't know

How is musician William Lee Conley better known?

Big Bill Broonzy, Blues Musician from Scott Mississippi William Lee Conley Broonzy: A Biography By Anton Duck (SHS) Anton Duck (SHS Researcher) William Lee Conley Broonzy, one of the masters of country blues, was born in Scott, Mississippi, on June 26, 1893.  However, one source says Broonzy had a twin sister name Lannie Broonzy, who says  she has proof that she was born in 1898, on June 26. This information would have proved that Broonzy was five years younger than he pretended. Big Bill was the son of Frank Broonzy and Mittie Belcher, who had seventeen other children (Bruynoghe 9).  During this time period, many black men added years to their age either to get a job or join the military, so the exact date of Broonzy’s  birth is not clear (Barnwell 317). Broonzy’s life as a child was hard because he received only minimal schooling. He had to quit school to help his sharecropping family around the house. Before he moved to Arkansas, Broonzy learned how to play the fiddle from his uncle Jerry Belcher. At the age of fourteen, he started working for tips at country dances, picnics, and he played for the church (Broonzy). During the years 1912-1917, Broonzy worked part time as a preacher and violinist. Then Broonzy served in the US Army during World War I. After his discharge, he returned back to Arkansas. This is the time when he decided that farming was not what he wanted to do for the rest of his life. He wanted to make his living as a guitar player and singer. In 1924, Broonzy moved to Chicago to start his music career  partly because of all the racism that was happening in the South. Under the guidance of Papa Charlie Jackson, Broonzy learned how to play the guitar. In the 1930’s Broonzy became known as one of the major artists on the Chicago Blues scene. During this time he performed with other top blues artist in Chicago– like Memphis Minnie, Tampa Red, Jazz Gillum, Lonnie Johnson, and John Lee “Sonny Boy” Williamson. Also, while trying to make it in the music business, he worked as a janitor and maintenance man (Big Bill Broonzy). In 1938 Broonzy performed at John Hammond’s famous Spiritual and Swing concert at Carnegie Hall in New York City. This was the first time that he had ever performed in front of a white audience. After the concert,  people started calling him “Big Bill” Broonzy.  At this time Broonzy received  newfound fame as the father of Chicago blues.(Broonzy). He was one of the best known blues players and recorded over 260 blues songs including Feelin’ Low Down, Remember Big Bill, Make Me Getaway, and Big Bill Broonzy Sings Country Blues (Brewer 15).  His recording career spanned five long decades  as he traveled from Mississippi to Chicago and even to Europe, where he became well-known.  There are forty-two of his albums still available (Cox 113). After the arrival of artists like Muddy Waters and the playing of the electric guitar, Broonzy’s  brand of blues was pushed aside. Rather than retire, he changed his style of music to folk blues. In 1951, Broonzy toured Europe where he performed standard blues, traditional folk tunes, and spirituals to appreciative audiences. The following year Broonzy returned to Europe with pianist Blind John Davis. He opened the doors for other American blues artists to tour there as well.  In 1955, with the help of writer Yannick Bruynoghe, he told the story of his life in the book Big Bill Broonzy. This book was originally published in London. Big Bill Broonzy’s  book was one of the first autobiographies by a blues man (Big Bill Broonzy). In 1957, William Lee Conley Broonzy was diagnosed with throat cancer. He continued to perform, although he had with great pain, until he died of throat cancer on August 15, 1958. In 1980, he was inducted into the Blues Foundation’s Hall of Fame (Cox 113). 1893 Born in Scott, Mississippi, on June 26 1899 learned how to play the fiddle 1905 Started playing for the church, picnics, country dances moved to Arkansas

Big Bill Broonzy

How is Joan Molinsky better known?

BIG BILL BROONZY (7/22/1953) | 98.7WFMT BIG BILL BROONZY (7/22/1953) By WFMT | 2016-05-13T10:09:06+00:00 June 10th, 2016| Best of Studs Terkel | The Chicago Blues Festival begins this weekend, and so this evening the BEST OF STUDS TERKEL features the legendary American bluesman, William Lee Conley Broonzy – better known as Big Bill. First heard on WFMT on July 22, 1953, this musical conversation between Studs and Big Bill Broonzy is one of the very earliest Studs Terkel Program broadcasts in our archives. Share This Story

i don't know

In which branch of the arts is Patricia Neary famous?

Edward Villella - Division of Cultural Affairs - Florida Department of State Division of Cultural Affairs Inducted in 1997 Biography Edward Villella is generally regarded as America's most celebrated male dancer.  During his career with the New York City Ballet, his supreme artistry–marked by grace, athleticism and virility–helped popularize the role of men in dance.  The great choreographer George Balanchine used him to create role after magnificent role, including perhaps his most famous in the cast of Balanchine's 1929 masterpiece, The Prodigal Son. Villella was born in the Bayside neighborhood of Queens, New York, in 1936.  At age 10, he enrolled in the School of American Ballet.  But at the urging of his father, in college (the New York Maritime Academy), Villella pursued a degree in marine transportation while also lettering in baseball and becoming a championship welterweight boxer.  His love of dance, however, never waned, and while in college he also became a member of the New York City Ballet.  After graduating in 1959, he rejoined the School of American Ballet, and soon was well on his way toward becoming the leading male star in American dance.  As a favorite of Balanchine's, he won fame with lead roles in A Midsummer Night's Dream, Tarantella, Jewels and Prodigal Son. Villella went on to become the first male American dancer to appear with the Royal Danish Ballet and the first American in history–male or female–to be invited to dance an encore at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow.  He danced for four sitting presidents, including a performance at the inauguration of John F. Kennedy.  By the late 1960s, Villella had become a familiar figure in television productions, with rave reviews for performances in Brigadoon, The Nutcracker and even the Ed Sullivan Show.   In the early 1970s, he appeared as himself in an episode of The Odd Couple, starring Tony Randall and Jack Klugman.  In a performance for President Gerald Ford at the White House in 1975, Villella suffered an injury that ended his career as a performer.  Throughout his retirement from the stage, Villella has led an energetic and creative career as artistic director to ballet companies in New Jersey, Oklahoma and elsewhere.  In 1986 he became founding director for the Miami City Ballet and since then has guided the company to worldwide acclaim.  He still serves as the ballet's artistic director and executive officer. In recognition of his lifetime achievements in the arts, in 1997 President Bill Clinton awarded Villella a National Medal of Arts.  In 2009, he was inducted into the National Museum of Dance C.V. Whitney Hall of Fame.  His autobiography, Prodigal Son:  Dancing for Balanchine in a World of Pain and Magic, was reissued by the University of Pittsburgh Press in 1998.  Villella's wife, Linda, is director of the Miami City Ballet School. Related Links

Ballet

Which country is Europe's largest silk producer?

Sleek American Style From Monte Carlo - The New York Times The New York Times Arts |Sleek American Style From Monte Carlo Search Continue reading the main story Monte Carlo is a magic name in ballet history, most of which is best forgotten when looking at Les Ballets de Monte Carlo, the 11-year-old company that made a zesty and refreshing New York debut on Tuesday night. Whatever world-famous ballets were created by Russian choreographers in Monte Carlo in the past, the company on view has a sleek neo-classical look that is very much tune with American taste. It was Princess Grace's wish to establish a classical ballet troupe in Monaco in the 1970's and none other than George Balanchine was tapped as potential artistic adviser. Princess Grace died before the project was completed. It was her daughter Princess Caroline who established the Ballets de Monte Carlo in 1985 and who serves as its hands-on president: Caroline and her brother, Prince Albert, attended by an army of security men, were in the audience at the opening of the troupe's weeklong run at City Center (131 West 55th Street, Manhattan). Symbolically, their American heritage had something to do with what one saw onstage. In many ways, this is the most American of European ballet companies, largely because it understands the neo-classicism developed by Balanchine in America. Jean-Christophe Maillot, artistic director since 1993, obviously appreciates the formal value of ballet's academic idiom, both in his own choreography and in his repertory. This first of two different programs paid homage to the company's inspiration, if not its real antecedents. Balanchine was represented by his 1946 masterpiece ''The Four Temperaments,'' danced impressively, with meticulous detail (although not the taut energy seen at the New York City Ballet). A historical nod to Serge Diaghilev's Ballets Russes, Monte Carlo's most famous resident company of the past, was embodied in a revival of Michel Fokine's ''Polovtsian Dances.'' Advertisement Continue reading the main story But even here the accent was on movement rather than storytelling, a viewpoint that Mr. Maillot displayed in the New York premiere of his ''Vers un Pays Sage,'' choreographed to John Adams's ''Fearful Symmetries.'' That Peter Martins, the City Ballet director, has choreographed very differently to the same score made Mr. Maillot's work all the more interesting. Please verify you're not a robot by clicking the box. Invalid email address. Please re-enter. You must select a newsletter to subscribe to. Sign Up Privacy Policy Even more fascinating was how the international group of dancers (mainly French and Italian) looked so at home in a pure-dance esthetic but also took to the expressive gesture of the Fokine choreography, reconstructed by Pierre Lacotte. Among the dancers, the only familiar name is Jean-Charles Gil, who once dazzled New York as a star with Roland Petit and whose Balanchine experience in the San Francisco Ballet may explain the power, presence and desperate air he brought to the ''Melancholic'' solo in ''The Four Temperaments.'' There were also revelations: Sandrine Cassini, perfect in her classical style and partnered by an agile Chris Roelandt, in the ''Sanguinic'' section of the same ballet. Bernice Coppieters, the troupe's young Belgian ballerina, had the technique and assurance to get through the difficult ''Choleric'' variation. Patricia Neary's supervision of this familiar work has the articulate clarity of all stagings of Balanchine. But company brought its individual touch to the work, capturing the emotional subtext behind the celebrated Hindemith score. The composer may have been interested in distilling the essence of emotions or ''humors'' of the body. But Balanchine, more abstract, responded to the music in images of his own. The cast included Raphael Coums-Marquet in the ''Phlegmatic'' solo. Bland, he received the most applause. As for ''Polovtsian Dances'' from Borodin's opera ''Prince Igor,'' no pagan warrior chief, weaving in and out of his harem and own tribe on the steppes of City Center can hope to bring back the frisson of 1909. That was the year in which this ballet opened Serge Diaghilev's first ballet season in Paris. Rarely seen nowadays, it comes back now in vibrant pictorial terms in Mr. Lacotte's version, based on the original. Led by Francesco Nappa, the dancers were true to Fokine in their use of the entire body, not just arms and legs. Nicholas Roerich's decor has been reproduced with the requisite tents and river. In a different world, a band of alienated couples is led with fierce attack by Ms. Coppieters and Gaetan Morlotti in Mr. Maillot's ''Vers un Pays Sage.'' Five other couples round out a cast whose swoons, embraces and acrobatic outlines look both athletic and sexy. Mr. Maillot eventually runs out of steam but he works intriguingly against the propulsive music, not with it.

i don't know

The VS-300 was a type of what?

Untitled Document VS-300A NX 28996 in Forward flight with Igor Sikorsky at the controls Background   Igor Sikorsky dreamed of building a helicopter from his youth.  In 1931, he applied for a patent for a single main rotor helicopter which included nearly every feature that would be incorporated in the VS-300.  By 1938, technology had caught up with his dream.  When he was summoned to United Aircraft Headquarters in Hartford, Connecticut to be told that the Sikorsky Division which at that time was building fixed-wing aircraft was being shut down due to a lack of business, he requested that he be allowed to keep his design team together to design a helicopter.  His request was granted along with an initial $30,000 budget.  The VS-300 was America’s first practical helicopter.  It was also the first successful helicopter in the world with a single main rotor and a torque compensating tail rotor     Sketch of a single main rotor helicopter submitted for a Patent in1931which was granted in 1935.    Some preliminary helicopter design work had already been done by Igor Sikorsky, who was the Engineering Manager, and his associates “off the clock” and they were ready to start work.  The basic VS-300 helicopter looked very similar to the 1930 design. The VS-300 was designed in the spring of 1939 and built that summer.   VS-300 under construction September 8, 1939     The first flight version of the VS-300 included a 28 foot diameter main rotor and a 75 hp Lycoming engine.  A 40” single blade tail rotor and rigid 4 wheel landing gear with a full swiveling nose and tail wheels were installed. The VS-300 featured full cyclic main rotor control (pitch and roll) and a single pedal tail rotor control (yaw). Vertical control was provided by a large wheel to the right of the pilot.  The first flight on September 14, 1939 by Igor Sikorsky lasted approximately 10 seconds to a height of a few inches.  The helicopter was tethered to a heavy plate by four cables which allowed the helicopter to move in all directions by dragging the plate.  A ground crew was always present to stabilize the helicopter if the pilot lost control to prevent a roll over.  No helicopter flight training was available, so Igor Sikorsky got “On the Job” training learning with each additional flight.  The design team was not familiar with the fact that a spinning rotor had gyroscopic properties (precession) which required an input 90 degrees in rotation before it became effective.  The VS-300 therefore rolled left when the cyclic stick was pushed forward. The initial pilots, Igor Sikorsky and Serge Gluhareff, had no idea whether the control problems were caused by the helicopter design or pilot technique.   The VS-300 in a stable hover on November 24, 1939   Changes to the helicopter were made after every flying day by the Night Crew. Obvious changes since the first flight in the above photo are outrigger main landing gear with full swiveling wheels, the tail wheel moved aft, and dampers have been added to the flapping hinge on the main rotor Flight of the VS-300 continued with each flight a little longer than the last as the pilots adjusted to this unruly machine until December 9, 1939 when a gust of wind tipped over the VS-300 grinding the rotors into the ground and causing major damage to the VS-300.  This ended the career of the First Configuration.   https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ux8dBNX-rGM   The VS-300 was completely redesigned and rebuilt.  A decision was made to abandon cyclic control of the main rotor and adapt a design suggested by I.A. Sikorsky, a draftsman and mathematician, and Michael Buivid, the Chief Engineer, which locked out cyclic control and replace it with two additional horizontal tail rotors. Collective pitch control for vertical control was left on the main rotor.  Prior to flight testing of the second configuration, the helicopter was mounted on a pedestal and operated without the main rotor blades installed.  This allowed fine tuning of the new control system and allowed the pilots to become comfortable with the new system before actual flight.   An early version of the VS-300 second configuration  

Helicopter

At which university did Joseph Goebbels become a doctor of philosophy?

Untitled Document VS-300A NX 28996 in Forward flight with Igor Sikorsky at the controls Background   Igor Sikorsky dreamed of building a helicopter from his youth.  In 1931, he applied for a patent for a single main rotor helicopter which included nearly every feature that would be incorporated in the VS-300.  By 1938, technology had caught up with his dream.  When he was summoned to United Aircraft Headquarters in Hartford, Connecticut to be told that the Sikorsky Division which at that time was building fixed-wing aircraft was being shut down due to a lack of business, he requested that he be allowed to keep his design team together to design a helicopter.  His request was granted along with an initial $30,000 budget.  The VS-300 was America’s first practical helicopter.  It was also the first successful helicopter in the world with a single main rotor and a torque compensating tail rotor     Sketch of a single main rotor helicopter submitted for a Patent in1931which was granted in 1935.    Some preliminary helicopter design work had already been done by Igor Sikorsky, who was the Engineering Manager, and his associates “off the clock” and they were ready to start work.  The basic VS-300 helicopter looked very similar to the 1930 design. The VS-300 was designed in the spring of 1939 and built that summer.   VS-300 under construction September 8, 1939     The first flight version of the VS-300 included a 28 foot diameter main rotor and a 75 hp Lycoming engine.  A 40” single blade tail rotor and rigid 4 wheel landing gear with a full swiveling nose and tail wheels were installed. The VS-300 featured full cyclic main rotor control (pitch and roll) and a single pedal tail rotor control (yaw). Vertical control was provided by a large wheel to the right of the pilot.  The first flight on September 14, 1939 by Igor Sikorsky lasted approximately 10 seconds to a height of a few inches.  The helicopter was tethered to a heavy plate by four cables which allowed the helicopter to move in all directions by dragging the plate.  A ground crew was always present to stabilize the helicopter if the pilot lost control to prevent a roll over.  No helicopter flight training was available, so Igor Sikorsky got “On the Job” training learning with each additional flight.  The design team was not familiar with the fact that a spinning rotor had gyroscopic properties (precession) which required an input 90 degrees in rotation before it became effective.  The VS-300 therefore rolled left when the cyclic stick was pushed forward. The initial pilots, Igor Sikorsky and Serge Gluhareff, had no idea whether the control problems were caused by the helicopter design or pilot technique.   The VS-300 in a stable hover on November 24, 1939   Changes to the helicopter were made after every flying day by the Night Crew. Obvious changes since the first flight in the above photo are outrigger main landing gear with full swiveling wheels, the tail wheel moved aft, and dampers have been added to the flapping hinge on the main rotor Flight of the VS-300 continued with each flight a little longer than the last as the pilots adjusted to this unruly machine until December 9, 1939 when a gust of wind tipped over the VS-300 grinding the rotors into the ground and causing major damage to the VS-300.  This ended the career of the First Configuration.   https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ux8dBNX-rGM   The VS-300 was completely redesigned and rebuilt.  A decision was made to abandon cyclic control of the main rotor and adapt a design suggested by I.A. Sikorsky, a draftsman and mathematician, and Michael Buivid, the Chief Engineer, which locked out cyclic control and replace it with two additional horizontal tail rotors. Collective pitch control for vertical control was left on the main rotor.  Prior to flight testing of the second configuration, the helicopter was mounted on a pedestal and operated without the main rotor blades installed.  This allowed fine tuning of the new control system and allowed the pilots to become comfortable with the new system before actual flight.   An early version of the VS-300 second configuration  

i don't know

Which prince is Queen Elizabeth II's youngest son?

Queen Elizabeth II is gran again - CNN.com Queen Elizabeth II is gran again Story Highlights Prince Edward, the Queen Elizabeth II's youngest son, becomes father again Child, Queen Elizabeth II's eighth grandchild, is eighth in line to the throne Prince and wife have a daughter, Lady Louise Windsor, who was born in 2003 Next Article in World » LONDON, England (CNN) -- The wife of Prince Edward, the Queen Elizabeth II's youngest son, gave birth to a baby boy Monday, Buckingham Palace confirmed in a statement. The boy was delivered by caesarean section at Frimley Park Hospital in Surrey and weighed 6 pounds 2 ounces, the statement said. Prince Edward was with his wife -- the Countess of Wessex -- at the birth, it added. The baby boy, who has not yet been named, will be the Queen's eighth grandchild and is eighth in line to the throne. Edward, 43, and his wife Sophie, 42, already have a daughter, three-year-old Lady Louise Windsor, who was born four weeks premature in 2003. Sophie had suffered a life-threatening ectopic pregnancy in 2001 before becoming pregnant with Lady Louise. The couple married in June 1999 after they met at a tennis event six years earlier. E-mail to a friend

Edward

When did the founder of Jehovah's Witnesses say the world would end?

Inside the Dynastic Struggle That Rocked Queen Elizabeth II’s Marriage | Vanity Fair Twitter PERFECT COUPLE Philip and Elizabeth on their honeymoon, at Broadlands, the Mountbatten estate in Hampshire, November 1947., Photograph FROM TOPICAL PRESS AGENCY/GETTY IMAGES; DIGITAL COLORIZATION BY LORNA CLARK. There was a whole battalion of lively young men,” recalled Lady Anne Glenconner, whose family were friends and neighbors of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth at Sandringham, their estate in Norfolk. But Princess Elizabeth, the heiress presumptive to the British throne, “realized her destiny and luckily set her heart on Prince Philip at an early age. He was ideal—good-looking and a foreign prince.” Her choice was in some respects traditional, because the princess and Philip were relatives, but not too close to raise eyebrows. They were third cousins, sharing the same great-great-grandparents, Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. Philip was in fact more royal than Elizabeth, whose mother was mere British nobility (with distant links to English and Scottish kings), while his parents were Princess Alice of Battenberg (a great-grandchild of Queen Victoria) and Prince Andrew of Greece, the descendant of a Danish prince recruited for the Greek throne in the mid-19th century. Elizabeth and Philip were both connected to most of Europe’s reigning families, where consanguinity had been common for centuries. Queen Victoria and her husband had been even closer: first cousins who shared the same grandmother, the Dowager Duchess of Coburg. In other ways, Philip was an outlier with a decidedly unconventional background. Queen Elizabeth had made no secret of her preference for one of her daughter’s aristocratic English friends from a family similar to her own English-Scottish Strathmores—the future Dukes of Grafton, Rutland, and Buccleuch, or Henry Porchester, the future Earl of Carnarvon. Philip could boast none of their extensive landholdings, and in fact had very little money. Although he was born on June 10, 1921, on the isle of Corfu, Philip spent scarcely a year in Greece before the entire royal family was expelled in a coup. His parents took him, along with his four older sisters, to Paris, where they lived rent-free in a house owned by wealthy relatives. A proud professional soldier with an extroverted personality and a quick wit, Prince Andrew found himself at loose ends, while Alice (properly known as Princess Andrew of Greece after her wedding) had difficulty managing a large family, not least because she was congenitally deaf. After Philip’s parents sent him at the age of eight to Cheam, a boarding school in England, his mother had a nervous breakdown and was committed to a sanitarium for several years, which precipitated his parents’ permanent separation. She eventually moved to Athens and established a Greek Orthodox order of nuns. Prince Andrew was mostly absent from his son’s life as well, living as a “boulevardier” in Monte Carlo with a mistress, and subsisting on a small annuity, while beneficent relatives and friends paid Philip’s school fees. He left Cheam in 1933 to spend one year at Salem, a boarding school in Germany run by a progressive Jewish educator named Kurt Hahn. After the Nazis briefly detained Hahn, he fled in 1934 to the North Sea coast of Scotland and founded Gordonstoun School, where Philip soon enrolled. Once in the United Kingdom, Philip came under the wing of his relatives there, chiefly his Battenberg grandmother, the Dowager Marchioness of Milford Haven, who lived in a grace-and-favor apartment in Kensington Palace, and his mother’s younger brother, Louis “Dickie” Mountbatten, later the first Earl Mountbatten of Burma, who assiduously cultivated his royal relatives. Six feet tall, with intense blue eyes, chiseled features, and blond hair, Philip was an Adonis as well as athletic and engaging, exuding confidence and a touch of impudence. He was a resourceful and energetic self-starter, yet he was also something of a loner, with a scratchy defensiveness that sprang from emotional deprivation. “Prince Philip is a more sensitive person than you would appreciate,” said his first cousin Patricia Mountbatten, Dickie’s older daughter. “He had a tough childhood, and his life constrained him into a hard exterior in order to survive.” As cousins, Philip and young Elizabeth had crossed paths twice, first at a family wedding in 1934 and then at the coronation of King George VI in 1937. But it wasn’t until July 22, 1939, when the King and Queen took their daughters to the Royal Naval College at Dartmouth, that the 13-year-old princess spent any time with 18-year-old Philip, who was a cadet in training at the school. At the behest of Dickie Mountbatten, an officer in the Royal Navy, Philip was invited to have lunch and tea with the royal family. Marion “Crawfie” Crawford, Princess Elizabeth’s governess, observed the sparks, later writing that Lilibet, as she was called, “never took her eyes off him,” although he “did not pay her any special attention”—no surprise, since he was already a man of the world, and she only on the cusp of adolescence. While everything else in the life of Lilibet was laid out for her, she made the most important decision on her own. “She never looked at anyone else,” said Elizabeth’s cousin Margaret Rhodes. During the war years, Philip came to visit his cousins occasionally at Windsor Castle, and he and the princess corresponded when he was at sea, serving with the Royal Navy in the Mediterranean and the Pacific. Friends and relatives detected a flutter of romance between Philip and Elizabeth by December 1943, when he was on leave at Windsor for Christmas and watched Elizabeth, then 17, perform in the “Aladdin” pantomime. The King was quite taken by Philip, telling his mother the young man was “intelligent, has a good sense of humour and thinks about things in the right way.” But both the King and Queen thought that Lilibet was too young to consider a serious suitor. Philip visited Balmoral, the royal family’s estate in the Scottish Highlands, in the summer of 1944, and he wrote Queen Elizabeth about how he savored “the simple enjoyment of family pleasures and amusements and the feeling that I am welcome to share them.” That December, while Philip was away on active duty, his father died of cardiac arrest at age 62 in the room where he lived at the Hotel Metropole, in Monte Carlo. All he left his 23-year-old son were some trunks containing clothing, an ivory shaving brush, cuff links, and a signet ring that Philip would wear for the rest of his life. While Philip was completing his deployment in the Far East, Lilibet enjoyed the freedom of the postwar period. At a party given by the Grenfell family at their Belgravia home in February 1946 to celebrate the peace, the princess impressed Laura Grenfell as “absolutely natural … she opens with a very easy and cosy joke or remark She had everyone in fits talking about a sentry who lost his hat while presenting arms.” Elizabeth “danced every dance Thoroughly enjoying herself” as the “Guardsmen in uniform queued up.” Philip finally returned to London in March 1946. He took up residence at the Mountbatten home on Chester Street, where he relied on his uncle’s butler to keep his threadbare wardrobe in good order. He was a frequent visitor to Buckingham Palace, roaring into the side entrance in a black MG sports car to join Lilibet in her sitting room for dinner, with Crawfie acting as duenna. Lilibet’s younger sister, Margaret, was invariably on hand as well, and Philip included her in their high jinks, playing ball and tearing around the long corridors. Crawfie was taken with Philip’s breezy charm and shirtsleeve informality—a stark contrast to the fusty courtiers surrounding the monarch. During a month-long stay at Balmoral late in the summer of 1946, Philip proposed to Elizabeth, and she accepted on the spot, without even consulting her parents. Her father consented on the condition that they keep their engagement a secret until it could be announced after her 21st birthday, the following April. Like the princess, Philip didn’t believe in public displays of affection, which made it easy to mask his feelings. But he revealed them privately in a touching letter to Queen Elizabeth in which he wondered if he deserved “all the good things which have happened to me,” especially “to have fallen in love completely and unreservedly.” A Royal Wedding Palace courtiers and aristocratic friends and relatives of the royal family viewed Philip suspiciously as a penniless interloper. They were irked that he seemed to lack proper deference toward his elders. But mostly they viewed him as a foreigner, specifically a “German” or, in their less gracious moments, a “Hun,” a term of deep disparagement after the bloody conflict so recently ended. Even though his mother had been born in Windsor Castle, and he had been educated in England and served admirably in the British Navy, Philip had a distinctly Continental flavor, and he lacked the clubby proclivities of the Old Etonians. What’s more, the Danish royal family that had ruled in Greece was in fact predominantly German, as was his maternal grandfather, Prince Louis of Battenberg. None of the criticisms of Philip’s German blood or cheeky attitude was of any concern to Princess Elizabeth. A man of ideas and appealing complexity, he was a breath of fresh air to the heiress presumptive. It was clear that he would not be easy, but he would certainly not be boring. He shared her commitment to duty and service, but he also had an irreverence that could help lighten her official burdens at the end of a tiring day. His life had been as unfettered as hers had been structured, and he was unencumbered by the properties and competing responsibilities of a landed British aristocrat. According to their mutual cousin, Patricia Mountbatten, the princess also saw that, behind his protective shell, “Philip had a capacity for love which was waiting to be unlocked, and Elizabeth unlocked it.” The princess “would not have been a difficult person to love,” said Patricia Mountbatten. “She was beautiful, amusing and gay. She was fun to take dancing or to the theater.” In the seven years since their first meeting, Lilibet (which is what Philip now called her, along with “darling”) had indeed become a beauty, her appeal enhanced by being petite. She did not have classical features but rather what Time magazine described as “pin-up” charm: big bosom (taking after her mother), narrow shoulders, a small waist, and shapely legs. Her curly brown hair framed her porcelain complexion, with cheeks that the photographer Cecil Beaton described as “sugar-pink,” vivid blue eyes, an ample mouth that widened into a dazzling smile, and an infectious laugh. “She sort of expands when she laughs,” said Margaret Rhodes. “She laughs with her whole face.” The press caught wind of the cousins’ romance as early as October 1946, at the wedding of Patricia Mountbatten to Lord Brabourne at Romsey Abbey. Philip was an usher, and when the royal family arrived, he escorted them from their car. The princess turned as she removed her fur coat, and the cameras caught them gazing at each other lovingly. But no official confirmation followed, and the couple kept up an active social life. Elizabeth’s guardsmen friends served as her escorts to restaurants and fashionable clubs, and Philip would take Elizabeth and Margaret out to a party or a play. But he was only one among many young men to dance with the heiress presumptive. He had been working as an instructor at the Naval Staff College, in Greenwich, and with the help of Dickie Mountbatten had secured his British citizenship in February 1947, giving up his title as H.R.H. Prince Philip of Greece. Since he had no surname, Philip decided on Mountbatten, the English version of his mother’s Battenberg. The long-delayed engagement announcement came on July 9, 1947, followed by the happy couple’s introduction at a Buckingham Palace garden party the next day. Philip’s mother retrieved a tiara from a bank vault, and he used some of the diamonds to design an engagement ring created by Philip Antrobus, Ltd., a London jeweler. Several months later Philip was confirmed in the Church of England by the Archbishop of Canterbury. Just before his daughter’s wedding, the King gave his future son-in-law a collection of grand titles—Duke of Edinburgh, Earl of Merioneth, and Baron Greenwich—and decreed that he should be addressed as “His Royal Highness.” He would be called the Duke of Edinburgh, although he would continue to be known popularly as Prince Philip and would use his Christian name for his signature. On November 18, the King and Queen had a celebratory ball at Buckingham Palace that dramatist Noël Coward called a “sensational evening Everyone looked shiny and happy.” Elizabeth and Philip were “radiant The whole thing was pictorially, dramatically and spiritually enchanting.” As was his habit, the King led a conga line through the staterooms of the palace, and the festivities ended after midnight. Philip was in charge of distributing gifts to his fiancée’s attendants: silver compacts in the Art Deco style with a gold crown above the bride’s and groom’s entwined initials and a row of five small cabochon sapphires. With typical insouciance, “he dealt them out like playing cards,” recalled Lady Elizabeth Longman, one of the two non-family members among the eight bridesmaids. The morning of the wedding, two days later, Philip gave up smoking, a habit that had kept his valet, John Dean, “busy refilling the cigarette boxes.” But Philip knew how anguished Elizabeth was by her father’s addiction to cigarettes, so he stopped, according to Dean, “suddenly and apparently without difficulty.” Patricia Brabourne, who was also with her cousin that morning, said that Philip wondered if he was being “very brave or very foolish” by getting married, although not because he doubted his love for Lilibet. Rather, he worried that he would be relinquishing other aspects of his life that were meaningful. “Nothing was going to change for her,” his cousin recalled. “Everything was going to change for him.” Outside Westminster Abbey, tens of thousands of spectators gathered in freezing temperatures to welcome the princess and her father in the Irish State Coach. Two thousand guests enjoyed the splendor of the 11:30 A.M. ceremony in the abbey, an event that Winston Churchill called “a flash of colour on the hard road we have to travel.” Elizabeth’s dress, which had been designed by Norman Hartnell, was of pearl-and-crystal-encrusted ivory silk satin, with a 15-foot train held by the two five-year-old pages, Prince William of Gloucester and Prince Michael of Kent, who wore Royal Stewart tartan kilts and silk shirts. Her tulle veil was embroidered with lace and secured by Queen Mary’s diamond tiara, and Philip’s naval uniform glinted with his new Order of the Garter insignia pinned to his jacket. The Archbishop of York, Cyril Garbett, presided, telling the young couple that they should have “patience, a ready sympathy, and forbearance.” After the hour-long service, the bride and groom led a procession down the nave that included the crowned heads of Norway, Denmark, Romania, Greece, and Holland. Noticeably absent was the King’s brother, former King Edward VIII, now the Duke of Windsor, and his wife, for whom he had abdicated the throne. The estranged Windsors were living in Paris, unwelcome in London except for periodic visits. Although their exile may have seemed harsh, George VI, Queen Elizabeth, and their advisers had seen no alternative. A king and former king living in the same country would have resulted in two rival courts. While the bells of the abbey pealed, Elizabeth and Philip were driven to Buckingham Palace in the Glass Coach, preceded and followed by two regiments of the Household Cavalry on horseback. It was the most elaborate public display since the war, and the crowds responded with ecstatic cheers. As a concession to Britain’s hard times, only 150 guests attended the “wedding breakfast,” which was actually luncheon in the Ball Supper Room. The “austerity” menu featured filet de sole Mountbatten, perdreau en casserole, and bombe glacée Princess Elizabeth. The tables were decorated with pink and white carnations, as well as small keepsake bouquets of myrtle and white Balmoral heather at each place setting. The bride and groom cut the wedding cake—four tiers standing nine feet high—with Philip’s Mountbatten sword. The King didn’t subject himself to the strain of making a speech, celebrating the moment instead with a raised glass of champagne to “the bride.” After being showered with rose petals in the palace forecourt, the newlyweds were transported in an open carriage drawn by four horses—“the bride snugly ensconced in a nest of hot-water bottles”—to Waterloo Station. They spent a week at Broadlands, the Mountbatten estate in Hampshire, and two weeks in snowbound seclusion at Birkhall, an early-18th-century white stone lodge on the Balmoral estate, set in the woods on the banks of the river Muick. With its Victorian décor and memories of childhood summers before her parents became King and Queen, Elizabeth could relax in a place she considered home. Dressed in army boots and a sleeveless leather jacket lined with wool, she went deerstalking with her husband, feeling “like a female Russian commando leader followed by her faithful cut-throats, all armed to the teeth with rifles,” she wrote to Margaret Rhodes. She also sent her parents tender letters thanking them for all they had given her, and the example they had set. “I only hope that I can bring up my children in the happy atmosphere of love and fairness which Margaret and I have grown up in,” she wrote, adding that she and her new husband “behave as though we had belonged to each other for years! Philip is an angel—he is so kind and thoughtful.” Philip revealed his carefully cloaked emotions when he wrote to his mother-in-law, “Cherish Lilibet? I wonder if that word is enough to express what is in me.” He declared that his new wife was “the only ‘thing’ in this world which is absolutely real to me and my ambition is to weld the two of us into a new combined existence that will not only be able to withstand the shocks directed at us but will also have a positive existence for the good.” A Sailor’s Wife The honeymooners were back in London in time for the 52nd birthday of King George VI, on December 14, ready to begin their new life. They chose to live in Clarence House, the 19th-century residence adjacent to St. James’s Palace, just down the Mall from her parents. But the house needed extensive renovations, so they moved temporarily into an apartment in Buckingham Palace. Philip had a paper-pushing job at the Admiralty, to which he would walk on weekdays. Elizabeth was kept busy by her private secretary, John “Jock” Colville. By May 1948, Elizabeth was four months pregnant, and behind closed doors was suffering from nausea. Even so, she and Philip kept up an active social life. They went to the races at Epsom and Ascot and joined friends at restaurants, nightclubs, and dances. For a costume party at Coppins, the home of the Duchess of Kent, Elizabeth dressed “in black lace, with a large comb and mantilla, as an Infanta,” wrote diarist Chips Channon, and “danced every dance until nearly 5 A.M.” Philip “was wildly gay,” Channon observed, in a “policeman’s hat and hand-cuffs. He leapt about and jumped into the air as he greeted everybody.” When they were with friends such as Rupert and Camilla Nevill and John and Patricia Brabourne, the royal couple showed an easy affection toward each other. During a visit to the Brabournes in Kent, John said to Philip, “I never realized what lovely skin she has.” “Yes,” Philip replied, “she’s like that all over.” In the early evening of November 14, 1948, word went out that Princess Elizabeth had gone into labor in her second-floor bedroom at Buckingham Palace, where a hospital suite had been prepared for the baby’s arrival. Philip passed the time playing squash with three courtiers. Senior members of the household gathered in the Equerry’s Room, a ground-floor drawing room that was equipped with a well-stocked bar, and shortly afterward were told that Elizabeth had given birth to a seven-pound-six-ounce son at 9:14. They set to work writing “Prince” on telegrams and calling the Home Office, Prime Minister Clement Attlee, and Winston Churchill, the leader of the opposition. “I knew she’d do it!” exclaimed Commander Richard Colville, press secretary to the King, exultant over the arrival of a male heir. “She’d never let us down.” Sir John Weir, one of the official physicians to the royal family, confided to Queen Elizabeth’s private secretary, Major Thomas Harvey, that he’d “never been so pleased to see a male organ in all his life.” Queen Elizabeth was “beaming with happiness,” and George VI was “simply delighted by the success of everything.” Philip, still dressed in sneakers and sports clothes, joined his wife as her anesthesia wore off, presented her with a bouquet of roses and carnations, and gave her a kiss. Elizabeth and Philip named their son Charles Philip Arthur George. “I had no idea that one could be kept so busy in bed—there seems to be something happening all the time!,” Elizabeth wrote to her cousin Lady Mary Cambridge two weeks after giving birth. “I still find it hard to believe that I really have a baby of my own!” The new mother was particularly taken with her son’s “fine, long fingers—quite unlike mine and certainly unlike his father’s,” as she described them in a letter to her former music teacher, Mabel Lander. For nearly two months the princess breast-fed her son, until she fell ill with measles—one of several childhood diseases she had missed by being tutored at home rather than going to school with classmates—and Charles had to be sent away temporarily so that he wouldn’t catch the illness. When the family moved into Clarence House, early in the summer of 1949, Elizabeth and Philip had adjacent, connecting bedrooms. “In England the upper class always have had separate bedrooms,” explained their cousin Lady Pamela Mountbatten (later Hicks). “You don’t want to be bothered with snoring, or someone flinging a leg around. Then when you are feeling cozy you share your room sometimes. It is lovely to be able to choose.” That October, Philip resumed active service when he was appointed first lieutenant and second-in-command of the destroyer H.M.S. Chequers, based on the small island nation of Malta, in the Mediterranean, which had been part of the British Empire since 1814 and served as an important shipping center and outpost for the Mediterranean Fleet. According to John Dean, the royal couple “were advised that conditions [in Malta] were not suitable for the infant Prince.” Elizabeth could have stayed in London with her son, but she decided instead to spend as much time as possible with her husband. She had been accustomed to long parental absences while she was growing up, so her decision to leave Charles wouldn’t have raised eyebrows. She had expert nannies in charge, not to mention her own parents, who were eager to keep their grandson company. Elizabeth would visit Malta for long stretches of time, returning at intervals to Clarence House. She left six days after Charles’s first birthday, in time to join Philip for their second wedding anniversary. Beyond minimal royal obligations, Elizabeth was given unaccustomed freedom and anonymity. “I think her happiest time was when she was a sailor’s wife in Malta,” said Margaret Rhodes. “It was as nearly an ordinary a life as she got.” She socialized with other officers’ wives, went to the hair salon, chatted over tea, carried and spent her own cash—although shopkeepers “noticed that she was slow in handling money,” according to biographer Elizabeth Longford. The royal couple lived a significant cut above the ordinary, however, in Earl Mountbatten’s Villa Guardamangia, a spacious sandstone house built into a hill at the top of a narrow road, with romantic terraces, orange trees, and gardens. Dickie Mountbatten was commanding the First Cruiser Squadron, and his wife, Edwina, accompanied Elizabeth on her first flight to Malta. Philip and Elizabeth spent Christmas of 1949 on the island, while their son stayed with his grandparents at Sandringham. After Chequers sailed out for duty in the Red Sea at the end of December, the princess flew back to England. She stopped first for several days in London, with a detour to Hurst Park to see her steeplechaser, Monaveen, win a race, before she was re-united with Charles in Norfolk after five weeks apart. When Philip returned from naval maneuvers, Elizabeth rejoined him in Malta at the end of March 1950 for an idyllic six weeks. Much to Uncle Dickie’s delight, he and his wife spent a lot of time with the royal couple, exploring the island’s coves by boat, sunbathing, and picnicking. They cheered the Mountbattens’ younger daughter, Pamela, when she won the ladies’ race at the riding club, and in the evenings they went to the Phoenicia Hotel for dinner and dancing. During these weeks, Elizabeth grew closer to the uncle who had taken such a prominent role in her husband’s life. He gave her a polo pony and went riding with her, encouraging her to perfect her skills at sidesaddle, which she “loathed,” recalled Pamela, “because she felt out of touch with the horse. She felt marooned up there and much preferred to ride astride.” But in part because of Uncle Dickie’s persistence, “she was a very good sidesaddle rider.” Also at Dickie’s urging, Philip took up polo—“a very fast, very dangerous, very exciting game.” Elizabeth shrewdly advised him how to persuade her husband: “Don’t say anything. Don’t push it. Don’t nag. Just leave it alone.” On May 9 she flew back to London, six months pregnant and ready to resume some of her royal duties. Jock Colville had left the household the previous autumn to return to the diplomatic corps, and his replacement was 36-year-old Martin Charteris, who was enraptured by the princess on their first meeting. Elizabeth gave birth at Clarence House on August 15, 1950, at 11:50 A.M., to her second child, Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise. Philip had returned to London two weeks earlier, which gave him time to get re-acquainted with his 21-month-old son after almost a year away. But his first command, of the frigate H.M.S. Magpie—and a promotion to lieutenant commander—sent him back to Malta in early September. As she had with Charles, Elizabeth breast-fed her daughter for several months. She celebrated Charles’s second birthday and left shortly thereafter for Malta. Yet again the family was split at Christmas, with mother and father celebrating on their own while the children were at Sandringham with their grandparents, who unabashedly doted on them. Queen Elizabeth sent regular letters to her daughter, reporting Charles “giving himself an ecstatic hug,” Anne “so pretty & neat & very feminine,” and “Everybody loves them so, and they cheer us up more than I can say.” But the couple’s time in the Mediterranean was coming to an end. King George VI had been in declining health since 1948, increasingly plagued by pain and numbness resulting from arteriosclerosis. In March 1949 he had undergone surgery to improve circulation in his legs. He continued to carry out his duties, but his appearance was gaunt, and by May 1951 he was seriously ill with a chronic cough that did not respond to treatment. Elizabeth came home to stand in for her father at a variety of events, and Philip returned to London in July when it became clear that the royal couple would be needed full-time to represent the sovereign. He took an open-ended leave from the navy, but in effect the 30-year-old duke was ending his military career after only 11 months of enjoying the satisfaction of his own command—“the happiest of my sailor life.” Much later Philip would say philosophically, “I thought I was going to have a career in the Navy but it became obvious there was no hope… . There was no choice. It just happened. You have to make compromises. That’s life. I accepted it. I tried to make the best of it.” In September, George VI had a biopsy that revealed a malignancy, and surgeons removed his left lung in a three-hour operation. The cancer diagnosis was not openly discussed and certainly not given out to the press, but the family understood the severity of the King’s condition. From Heiress Presumptive to Queen Elizabeth and Philip had been scheduled to leave for a state visit to Canada and the United States, which they postponed by two weeks until they were reassured that her father was in no imminent danger. They departed at midnight on October 8, 1951, and arrived 16 hours later in Montreal—the beginning of a 35-day trek of more than 10,000 miles to the Pacific and back. The essential public routine that the royal couple would use over the decades took shape in those long days: Elizabeth was the restrained presence, her smiles tentative and infrequent, which prompted criticism in some press accounts. “My face is aching with smiling,” she complained to Martin Charteris when she heard the reports on her dour demeanor. Philip, always at a discreet distance behind, was already providing comic relief. Once, he went over the line, committing the first of his famous “gaffes” when he jokingly observed that Canada was “a good investment”—a remark that stuck in the Canadians’ craw for its neo-imperial implication. The scope and pace of the trip were punishing. They made more than 70 stops, and on a single day in Ontario they visited eight towns. Through it all, Elizabeth worried about the health of her father. Philip tried to keep the atmosphere light, but he clearly found the journey stressful. “He was impatient. He was restless,” recalled Martin Charteris. “He hadn’t yet defined his role He was certainly very impatient with the old-style courtiers and sometimes, I think, felt that the Princess paid more attention to them than to him. He didn’t like that. If he called her a ‘bloody fool’ now and again, it was just his way. I think others would have found it more shocking than she did.” For much of the trip, Philip wore his naval uniform, and Elizabeth favored discreetly tailored suits and close-fitting hats, as well as fur coats and capes. During their visit to Niagara Falls, they had to wear oilskin suits on the spray-lashed observation deck. Pulling her hood tight, Elizabeth exclaimed, “This will ruin my hair!” Several weeks later, the royal couple boarded a plane for Washington and set foot on American soil for the first time on October 31. President Harry S. Truman observed that his daughter, Margaret, who had met the princess during a visit to England, “tells me when everyone becomes acquainted with you, they immediately fall in love with you.” The 67-year-old president counted himself among them, calling Elizabeth a “fairy princess.” Elizabeth enunciated every word of her reply, her high voice a model of cut-glass precision, proclaiming that “free men everywhere look towards the United States with affection and with hope.” At a Rose Garden ceremony, the royal couple presented the Trumans with a mirror adorned with a painting of flowers, to be hung in the refurbished Blue Room as a “welcome ornament … a mark of our friendship.” Their visit ended with a white-tie dinner in honor of the Trumans at the Canadian Embassy. They had a rough return trip across the North Atlantic aboard the Empress of Scotland. Only Elizabeth managed to avoid seasickness and show up regularly at mealtimes, and veteran sailor Philip was furious about his own weakness. On arrival at the Liverpool dockyards three days after Prince Charles’s third birthday, they boarded the Royal Train for London’s Euston Station. Waiting on the platform were Queen Elizabeth, Princess Margaret, and Prince Charles, who had not seen his parents in more than a month. When the princess and duke stepped off the train, Elizabeth rushed to hug her mother and kiss her on both cheeks. For tiny Charles, she simply leaned down and gave him a peck on the top of his head before turning to kiss Margaret. “Britain’s heiress presumptive puts her duty first,” explained a newsreel announcer. “Motherly love must await the privacy of Clarence House.” Prince Philip was even less demonstrative, touching his son on the shoulder to indicate they should move along to the waiting limousines. As they passed through the station, Prince Charles was again with his grandmother, while his parents walked ahead. After Christmas, the ailing King deputed Elizabeth and Philip to represent him on a long-planned six-month tour of Australia, New Zealand, and Ceylon. The couple decided to add several days in the beginning of the trip to visit the British colony of Kenya, which had given them a retreat at the foot of Mount Kenya called Sagana Lodge as a wedding gift. After settling into the lodge, Elizabeth and Philip spent a night at Treetops Hotel, a three-bedroom cabin built among the branches of a large fig tree above an illuminated salt lick in a game preserve. Dressed in khaki trousers and a bush scarf, Elizabeth excitedly filmed the animals with her movie camera. At sunset, she and Philip spotted a herd of 30 elephants. “Look, Philip, they’re pink!” she said, not realizing that the gray pachyderms had been rolling in pink dust. Back at Sagana on the morning of February 6, the princess’s aides learned that the 56-year-old King had died from a blood clot in his heart. Princess Elizabeth Alexandra Mary was now Queen, at age 25. When Philip was told, he muttered that it would be “the most appalling shock” for his wife, then walked into her bedroom and broke the news to her. She shed no tears, but looked “pale and worried.” “What are you going to call yourself?” asked Martin Charteris as Elizabeth came to grips with the loss of her father. “My own name, of course. What else?” she replied. But some clarification was necessary, since her mother had been called Queen Elizabeth. The new monarch would be Queen Elizabeth II (following her 16th-century predecessor, Elizabeth I), but she would be known as the Queen. Her mother would become Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother, rather than the fustier Dowager Queen. Elizabeth II would be Queen Regnant, and her royal cypher E II R. “It was all very sudden,” she recalled four decades later. Her task, she said, was “kind of taking it on, and making the best job you can. It’s a question of maturing into something that one’s got used to doing, and accepting the fact that here you are, and it’s your fate, because I think continuity is important.” Dressed in a simple black coat and hat, she held her composure as she arrived at the airport in London near dusk on February 7, 1952, after a 19-hour flight. Waiting on the tarmac was a small delegation led by her uncle the Duke of Gloucester and Prime Minister Winston Churchill. She slowly shook hands with each of them, and they gave her deep bows. A Daimler bearing the sovereign’s coat of arms on its roof drove her to Clarence House, where 84-year-old Queen Mary honored her by reversing roles, curtsying and kissing her hand, although she couldn’t help adding, “Lilibet, your skirts are much too short for mourning.” The next day, the new Queen went to St. James’s Palace, where she appeared for 20 minutes before several hundred members of the Accession Council, a ceremonial body including the Privy Council—the principal advisory group to the monarch, drawn from senior ranks of politicians, the clergy, and the judiciary—along with other prominent officials from Britain and the Commonwealth. She had been monarch since the moment of her father’s death, but the council was convened to hear her proclamation and religious oath. She would not be crowned until her coronation, in 16 months, but she was fully empowered to carry out her duties as sovereign. The men of the council bowed to the 40th monarch since William the Conqueror took the English throne after the Battle of Hastings, in 1066. Elizabeth II declared in a clear voice that “by the sudden death of my dear father, I am called to assume the duties and responsibilities of sovereignty. My heart is too full for me to say more to you today than I shall always work, as my father did throughout his reign, to advance the happiness and prosperity of my peoples, spread as they are the world over.... I pray that God will help me to discharge worthily this heavy task that has been lain upon me so early in my life.” As her husband escorted her out, she was in tears. By April, the royal family had moved to Buckingham Palace, and the new Queen adapted to an office schedule that has scarcely varied throughout her reign. Adjusting to his position as the Queen’s consort proved troublesome for Philip. “For a real action man, that was very hard to begin with,” said Patricia Brabourne. While everything was mapped out for Elizabeth II, he had to invent his job under the scrutiny of her courtiers, and he had no role model to follow. Prince Philip was still considered an outsider by some senior officials of the court. “Refugee husband,” he mockingly referred to himself. “Philip was constantly being squashed, snubbed, ticked off, rapped over the knuckles,” said John Brabourne. Much of the wariness stemmed from Philip’s closeness to Dickie Mountbatten. “My father was considered pink—very progressive,” Patricia Brabourne recalled. “The worry was that Prince Philip would bring into court modern ideas and make people uncomfortable.” The Consort’s Role The most hurtful rebuff had occurred in the days following the King’s death, after Queen Mary heard that Dickie Mountbatten had triumphantly announced that “the House of Mountbatten now reigned.” She and her daughter-in-law the Queen Mother were angered by his presumption, and the Queen shared their view that she should honor the allegiance of her grandfather and her father to the House of Windsor by keeping the Windsor name rather than taking that of her husband. Churchill and his Cabinet agreed. Philip responded with a memo to Churchill vigorously objecting to the prime minister’s advice and pressing instead for the House of Mountbatten, which was ironic. It was his mother’s family name, since his father had given him no surname. The Queen failed to foresee that her actions would have a profound impact on Philip, leading to strains in their marriage. “She was very young,” said Patricia Brabourne. “Churchill was elderly and experienced, and she accepted his constitutional advice. I felt that if it had been later she would have been able to say, ‘I don’t agree.’ ” “I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his name to his children,” Philip fumed to friends. “I’m nothing but a bloody amoeba.” Dickie Mountbatten was even more outspoken, blaming “that old drunk Churchill” who “forced” the Queen’s position. The prime minister mistrusted and resented Earl Mountbatten, largely because as India’s last Viceroy, appointed by Prime Minister Clement Attlee, he had presided over that country’s move to independence. “Churchill never forgave my father for ‘giving away India,’ ” said Patricia Brabourne. Behind the scenes, Dickie continued a campaign to reverse the decision, with his nephew’s acquiescence. Meanwhile, Philip resolved to support his wife while finding his own niche, which would lead in the following decades to the active patronage of more than 800 different charities embracing sports, youth, wildlife conservation, education, and environmental causes. Within the family, Philip also took over management of all the royal estates, to “save her a lot of time,” he said. But even more significantly, as Prince Charles’s official biographer Jonathan Dimbleby wrote in 1994, the Queen “would submit entirely to the father’s will” in decisions concerning their children. She made Philip the ultimate domestic arbiter, Dimbleby wrote, because “she was not indifferent so much as detached.” Newspaper editor and Conservative politician William Deedes saw in Elizabeth’s detachment “her struggle to be a worthy head of state, which was a heavy burden for her. The Queen in her own quiet way is immensely kind, but she had too little time to fulfill her family care. I find it totally understandable, but it led to problems.” Following her coronation, on June 2, 1953, the Queen turned her full attention to an ambitious five-and-a-half-month world tour covering 43,000 miles, from Bermuda to the Cocos Islands, by plane and ship. It was her first extended trip as sovereign, and the first time a British monarch had circled the globe. Five-year-old Prince Charles and three-year-old Princess Anne spoke to the Queen and Prince Philip by radiotelephone, but otherwise news of their progress came in regular letters from the Queen Mother, who had them for weekends at Royal Lodge, her house in Windsor Great Park. Just as Elizabeth and Margaret had followed their parents’ travels on maps, Prince Charles traced his parents’ route on a globe in his nursery. The crowds everywhere were enormous and enthusiastic. Masses of welcoming boats jammed Sydney Harbor, and by one count, three-quarters of Australia’s population came out to see the Queen. At age 27 she was hailed as the “world’s sweetheart.” But the royal couple refused to let their celebrity go to their heads. “The level of adulation, you wouldn’t believe it,” Philip recalled. “It could have been corroding. It would have been very easy to play to the gallery, but I took a conscious decision not to do that. Safer not to be too popular. You can’t fall too far.” The Duke of Edinburgh also helped his wife stay on an even keel when she became frustrated after endless hours of making polite conversation. Meeting and greeting thousands of people at receptions and garden parties actually gave her a temporary facial tic. But when she was watching a performance or a parade, and her face was in repose, she looked grumpy, even formidable. As the Queen herself once ruefully acknowledged, “The trouble is that, unlike my mother, I don’t have a naturally smiley face.” From time to time, Philip would jolly his wife. “Don’t look so sad, Sausage,” he said during an event in Sydney. Or he might provoke a grin by reciting Scripture at odd moments, once inquiring sotto voce, “What meaneth then this bleating of the sheep?” At Tobruk, in Libya, the Queen and Prince Philip transferred to Britannia, the new, 412-foot royal yacht with a gleaming deep-blue hull, which they had designed together with architect Sir Hugh Casson. For its maiden voyage, Britannia took Prince Charles and Princess Anne to be re-united with their parents in early May 1954 for the first time in nearly half a year. The Queen was pleased that she would be seeing her children earlier than she had anticipated, but she worried that they wouldn’t know their parents. Still, when the moment came and the Queen was piped aboard, her strict control and conformity to protocol prevailed as it had when she met her son after her Canada trip. “No, not you, dear,” she said as she greeted dignitaries first, then shook the five-year-old’s extended hand. The private reunion was warm and affectionate as Charles showed his mother all around the yacht, where he had been living for more than a week. The Queen told her mother how happy she was to be with her “enchanting” children again. They had both “gravely offered us their hands,” she wrote, “partly I suppose because they were somewhat overcome by the fact that we were really there and partly because they have met so many new people recently! However the ice broke very quickly and we have been subjected to a very energetic routine and innumerable questions which have left us gasping!” In the autumn of 1957, the royal couple set off for their second trip to the United States, a state visit hosted by the 67-year-old president, Dwight D. Eisenhower, with whom the Queen had an affectionate relationship that dated back to World War II, when he was in London as supreme allied commander. Unlike the Queen’s lightning visit in 1951, this would be a full-dress affair: six days in Washington, New York, and Jamestown, Virginia, where she would celebrate the 350th anniversary of the founding of the first British colony in America. After a day-long visit to Williamsburg and Jamestown on October 16, the royal couple flew to Washington on Eisenhower’s aircraft, the Columbine III, a swift and sleek propeller plane with four powerful engines. As they waited to take off, Philip immersed himself in a newspaper while Elizabeth unlocked her monogrammed leather writing case and began writing postcards to her children. “Philip?” she suddenly said. Her husband kept reading. “Philip!” she repeated. He glanced up, startled. “Which engines do they start first on a big plane like this?” Her husband looked momentarily perplexed. “Come on now,” she said with a laugh. “Don’t wait until they actually start them, Philip!” He offered a guess, which turned out to be correct. (They went in sequence, first on one wing from the inner engine to the outer, then the inner followed by the outer on the other wing.) “He was flustered,” recalled Ruth Buchanan, wife of Wiley T. Buchanan Jr., Eisenhower’s chief of protocol, who sat nearby. “It was so like what an ordinary wife would do when her husband wasn’t paying attention.” Riding into the capital with the president and his wife, Mamie, in a bubbletop limousine, accompanied by 16 bands, they were cheered along the route into Washington by more than a million people, who were undaunted by intermittent rain showers. The royal couple spent their four nights in the most elegant guest quarters in the recently renovated White House—the Rose Suite, furnished in Federal style, for the Queen, and the Lincoln Bedroom for the Duke of Edinburgh. Much of the visit was given over to the usual receptions, formal dinners at the White House and British Embassy (complete with gold plates flown over from Buckingham Palace), and tours of local sights. It was evident to Ruth Buchanan that the Queen was “very certain, and very comfortable in her role She was very much in control of what she did, although she did laugh at my husband’s jokes.” Once, when Buchanan was waiting for her husband to escort the royal couple to their limousine, “I could hear her guffawing. You didn’t realize she had that hearty laugh. But the minute she rounded the corner and saw us, she just straightened up.” Vice President Richard Nixon treated the royal couple to a luncheon with 96 guests in the orchid-bedecked Old Supreme Court Chamber, in the Capitol. Elizabeth had specifically asked to see an American football “match,” so the White House arranged for her to sit in a “royal box” at the 50-yard line at the University of Maryland’s Byrd Stadium for a game against the University of North Carolina. On the way she spotted a Giant supermarket and asked if a visit might be arranged so she “could see how American housewives shop for food.” To the cheers of 43,000 spectators, the Queen walked onto the field to chat with two opposing players. Dressed in a $15,000 mink coat given to her by the Mutation Mink Breeders Association, a group of American fur farmers, she watched the game intently but seemed “perturbed” whenever the players threw blocks. While the royal pair was being entertained at halftime, security men raced back to the supermarket to arrange for a royal visit on the fly. After Maryland’s 21–7 victory, the motorcade arrived at the Queenstown Shopping Center at five P.M., to the amazement of hundreds of shoppers. Elizabeth and Philip had never before seen a supermarket, a phenomenon then unknown in Britain. With the curiosity of anthropologists and an informality they had not displayed publicly in Britain, they spent 15 minutes shaking hands, quizzing customers, and inspecting the contents of shopping carts. “How nice that you can bring your children along,” said Elizabeth, nodding toward the little seat in one housewife’s cart. She took a particular interest in frozen chicken pot pies, while Philip nibbled on sample crackers with cheese and joked, “Good for mice!” An exuberant welcome awaited them in New York City. The Queen had asked specifically to see Manhattan “as it should be approached,” from the water, a vista she had been dreaming about since childhood. “Wheeeee!” she exclaimed as she caught her first glimpse of the Lower Manhattan skyline from the deck of a U.S. Army ferryboat. A crowd of 1.25 million lined the streets from Battery Park to City Hall and northward to the Waldorf-Astoria for their ticker-tape parade. She had only 15 hours in the city to fulfill her wish list and shake some 3,000 hands. Wearing a dark-blue satin cocktail dress and close-fitting pink velvet hat, she addressed the representatives of 82 countries at the United Nations General Assembly. At the conclusion of her six-minute speech, the audience of 2,000 responded with “a thunderous standing ovation.” During a reception with delegates, Philip talked to Soviet ambassador Andrei Gromyko about the recently launched Sputnik satellite. The royal couple were fêted at two meals at the Waldorf: a luncheon for 1,700 hosted by Mayor Robert Wagner and a dinner for 4,500 given by the English-Speaking Union and the Pilgrims of the United States. In between, the Queen took in the “tremendous” view from the 102nd floor of the Empire State Building at twilight—another specific request. As the white-tie banquet began, in the Grand Ballroom, the punishing schedule was beginning to take its toll, even on an energetic 31-year-old Queen. The New York Times noted that her speech was the “one time during the program … when the fatigue showed through … She made no effort to force a smile … and although she stumbled over her text only once, her voice plainly showed it.” Her final stop that night was a Royal Commonwealth ball for another 4,500 guests at the Seventh Regiment Armory, on Park Avenue. One aviator blinded in World War I tried to get up from his wheelchair to greet her. “She put a gentle hand on his shoulder and told him that he should not rise,” recalled Wiley Buchanan. “She spoke to him for several moments, then moved on.” “You both have captivated the people of our country by your charm and graciousness,” Eisenhower wrote in his farewell letter to the royal couple. Happy Ever Since After a hiatus of six years, the 31-year-old monarch was keen to have more children, as was her husband. Dickie Mountbatten blamed the delay on Philip’s anger over the Queen’s rejection of his family name after the accession. But by her own account, she had postponed her dream of having a large family primarily because she wanted to concentrate on establishing herself as an effective monarch. During a visit to Buckingham Palace in 1957, Eleanor Roosevelt met with Elizabeth for nearly an hour the day after Prince Charles had undergone a tonsillectomy. The former First Lady found her to be “just as calm and composed as if she did not have a very unhappy little boy on her mind.” Elizabeth reported that Charles had already been fed ice cream to soothe his painful throat, yet it was 6:30 in the evening, and she was compelled to entertain the widow of a former U.S. president rather than sit at the bedside of her eight-year-old son. While the Queen certainly loved her children, she had fallen into professional habits that kept her apart from them much of the time. They benefited from nurturing nannies and a doting grandmother. But because of her dogged devotion to duty, amplified by her natural inhibitions and aversion to confrontation, Elizabeth had missed out on many maternal challenges as well as satisfactions. In May 1959, after Philip’s return from a four-month goodwill tour aboard Britannia, Elizabeth got pregnant at last. Once she hit the six-month mark, she withdrew from her official duties. But one bit of unfinished business needed to be resolved. When Prime Minister Harold Macmillan visited her at Sandringham in early January 1960, she told him that she needed to revisit the issue of her family name, which had been irritating her husband since she decided in 1952 to use Windsor rather than Mountbatten. “The Queen only wishes (properly enough) to do something to please her husband—with whom she is desperately in love,” the prime minister wrote in his diary. “What upsets me … is the Prince’s almost brutal attitude to the Queen over all this.” Somewhat cryptically he added, “I shall never forget what she said to me that Sunday night at Sandringham.” Macmillan left shortly afterward for a trip to Africa, leaving the resolution of the Queen’s tricky family problem to Rab Butler, his deputy prime minister, and Lord Kilmuir, who served as the government’s legal arbiter as the lord chancellor. Butler sent a telegram to Macmillan in Johannesburg on January 27, saying that the Queen had “absolutely set her heart” on making a change for Philip’s sake. By one account, Butler confided to a friend that Elizabeth had been “in tears.” Following discussions among her private secretaries and government ministers, a formula emerged in which the royal family would continue to be called “the House and Family of Windsor,” but the Queen’s “de-royalised” descendants—starting with any grandchildren who lacked the designation of “royal highness”—would adopt the surname “Mountbatten-Windsor.” Those in the immediate line of succession, including all of the Queen’s children, would continue to be called “Windsor.” It seemed clear-cut, but 13 years later Princess Anne, at the urging of Dickie and Prince Charles, would contravene the policy on her wedding day by signing the marriage register as “Mountbatten-Windsor.” Elizabeth announced the compromise in a statement on February 8, 1960, saying, “The Queen has had this in mind for a long time and it is close to her heart.” On February 19, at 33, she gave birth to her second son. In a gesture of wifely devotion, Elizabeth named the boy Andrew, after the father Philip had lost 15 years earlier. Share

i don't know

Who found the remains of the Titanic?

The 'Titanic' Discovery: A Brief History - TIME The Titanic Discovery Send to Kindle Ralph White / CORBIS On Sept. 1, 1985, underwater explorer Robert Ballard located the world's most famous shipwreck. The Titanic lay largely intact at a depth of 12,000 ft. off the coast of St. John's, Newfoundland Follow @TIME Almost 25 years to the day after the R.M.S. Titanic was discovered two and a half miles below the surface of the Atlantic, an expedition to the ocean floor has transmitted brand new images of history's most famous shipwreck. Legendary before it was found, the Titanic became even more so after the world caught its first glance of the ghostly ship, which met its end in April 1912. After years of speculation and educated guesses that had turned up nothing but empty ocean, researchers located the deteriorating bow and debris field on Sept. 1, 1985. Explorer Robert Ballard, an oceanographer and former Navy captain, had long wanted to find the wreck, first attempting the feat in 1977 to no avail. But it wasn't until 1985 that he would find a way to finance his research. Ballard approached the U.S. Navy for funding, which he secured on the condition of locating two sunken Navy submarines — the U.S.S. Thresher and U.S.S. Scorpion, both Cold War–era nuclear submarines — lost some years before. He was required to first find the submarines on the seafloor and photograph them (a secret mission that Ballard didn't reveal until 2008) before using the underwater robots to search for the Titanic. In the early hours of Sept. 1, Ballard, in conjunction with a French expedition, tracked a debris trail to the wreckage. Video and photographs were taken and later broadcast to the world. (Read an interview with two Titanic wreck divers.) A year after the remains of the Titanic were discovered, more oceanographers went to explore the sections of bow and stern and the extensive debris field that lay between the two. In 1993, the company RMS Titanic Inc. (formed by Premier Exhibitions, which designs museum exhibitions and maintains artifacts) was named salvor-in-possession of the wreck, gaining the rights to collect found artifacts and launch expeditions to the ship. They did so seven times between 1986 and 2004, collecting over 5,500 artifacts ranging from china dishes to leather trunks filled with preserved bank notes. A section of the debris field even became known as "hell's kitchen" for the overwhelming amount of cooking utensils found there. Through photographs taken on subsequent trips, the company was able to reconstruct images of the grand staircase, later made famous (as were all things Titanic) by James Cameron's blockbuster film. The largest discovery was that of a 17-ton section of the hull. An attempt to raise it in 1996 failed when the hull was accidentally dropped back onto the muddy bottom. Two years later, the section was successfully taken to the surface and is now part of traveling exhibits across the country. The piece was temporarily displayed alongside a 16-ft. frozen aluminum block meant to represent an iceberg. Although observers couldn't touch the rusted metal, they were encouraged to hold onto the ice until they could no longer stand it, though "the people in the water that night didn't have that choice," John Zaller of Premier Exhibitions told the San Francisco Chronicle. Many argue that collecting items from the wreckage violates a sacred resting ground and that all the disturbances are causing the ship to deteriorate faster than it would if left alone. Others blame the multimillion-dollar expeditions — with their robots that land on deck and probe into small spaces — for causing regular and unnecessary damage. But those same expeditions have dispelled some of the myths surrounding what actually happened that night almost 100 years ago. Scientists recently discovered that the compartments were flooded due to several punctures (each less than a foot tall) in the hull, not one long gash as was originally believed. Regardless, time is running out for researchers, some of whom claim the wreck will not exist 50 years from now. As such, the new photographs come courtesy of a new group that is attempting to "virtually raise" the wreck in order to build a 3-D image before the ship disintegrates entirely. Ironically, the act of discovering the Titanic may be the thing that results in its final destruction.

Robert Ballard

Who was the only Spice Girl not to have a middle name?

RMS Titanic is found by Dr Robert Ballad 1st September 1985   In the 1980s Dr. Robert Ballard was determined to discover the Titanic. On several occasions he tried to rally an expedition to find the most famous shipwreck of all time. To him undersea exploration was easy but the Titanic, deep on the Atlantic sea bed would push boundaries further than any deep sea diver had previously gone.   Equipment had to be specially designed to withstand the water pressures of the depths they needed to explore. The Titanic would lay at a depth over 13,000 feet. In 1973, the submersible Alvin went through design changes. Inparticular, her steel hull was replaced with titanium alloy which could better withstand the depths involved. Eventually funding was granted from Woods Hole and equipment was borrowed from various sources that included a side scan sonar, a deep-towed magnetometer, an LIBEC imaging system and of course underwater cameras. The Titanic's distress signal placed the Titanic at 41°46'N, 50° 14' west. Part of the British Enquiry was to ascertain if this was exact. It concluded that the position given was slightly inaccurate as the Carpathia, who raced to the Titanic's rescue, reached the lifeboats before they should have done if the position was accurate. Ballard's search strategy was simply: they would scan the ocean floor within a best search triangle until they found the ship. Earlier in 1981 Jack Grimm led a team to find the ship, positive that they were searching the exact spot the ship foundered - they had not. Revised calculations suggested that the Titanic was eight miles further north than previously thought. They allowed for the speed of the lifeboats and the probable drift Titanic would have had on her way both after she had stopped and then down to the bottom of the ocean. After reworking these calculations, a second 1981 expedition failed again. The Deep-tow passed within a mile and a half of the wreck but the sonar scanners were out of range. After three weeks of searching Grimm was convinced he had found one of Titanic's propellers. He began to tell the world that Titanic had been found. Two years later Grimm wanted to search the area again but the expedition failed. Ballard who had followed the expeditions with great interest realised that Grimm had not spent enough time looking for the ship. It was now Ballard's turn. Ballard had a realisation which led him to develop the Argo/Jason concept. When assembled they were a remote controlled deep towed deep sea video vessel combined with a swimming robot on a cable leash. The name of the project was derived form Greek mythology (Jason and the Argonauts). Argo would be an unmanned submarine loaded with video cameras towed above the ocean bottom at the end of fibre-optical wires. The built in sonar could scan accurately the ocean floor for small debris. In 1984 the US Navy agreed to fund a three week test for the following summer and Argo was built. Aboard the Knorr, Ballard sailed to where he believed the Titanic sank. He hoped that his French colleagues had not beaten him to the wreck. However, by the end three weeks he had not found the ship and on August 6 1985 headed home. Lateral thinking   When a ship it sinks it leaves a path of debris (objects from within the ship or objects breaking off). Depending how deep the vessel sinks this debris can be scattered over a large distance. On a shorter descent, the debris falls more or less vertically. However, as the Titanic sank 21/2 miles a huge debris field was expected. A new search strategy was formed. This time they would first look for the debris field rather than the Titanic herself. The logbook of the Californian enabled Ballard and his crew to estimate the speed and direction of drift of the lifeboats. The Californian was between five to ten miles away from the Titanic at the time of the disaster and reported in its log that they had experienced drift. Also Ballard knew that the Titanic had to be north of where the lifeboats were found.   On August 24 1985 Ballard returned to the vacinity of the Titanic. He had 12 days to locate the wreck. Argo was launched the next day but encountered technical problems. After another six days, the crew was fed up with the monotiny of observing sand, mud and the bottomless ocean. But on the 1st September 1985 a strange appeared on the Video monitors. A BOILER!!!   The RMS Titanic had to be near. New hopes were realised. Argo was launched to scan the search area for the Titanic. Eventually at an altitude of 160 feet above the bed, Argo passed over the main hull of the ship. They could see that the funnel had gone (the one which Lightoller recalled saved his life when it tore out of its fixtures moments before the ship went down). Their first look at the Titanic lasted six minutes: she was upright and a large section of her hull was in tact. She laid 13,000 feet below the surface. Following much the cheering and clapping, reverential silence overcame the crew of the Knorr. It was almost 2 a.m. and very close to the time when the Titanic actually sank. Argo was used to photograph the wreck during the many passages made over her. Soon news that the Titanic had been found had reached the corners of the world. Once more the RMS Titanic was in the minds of millions of people.   EXPLORATION OF THE TITANIC Day 1 On July 13th 1986 another Ballard expedition was underway to explore the Titanic in more detail. Jason Junior (JJ) would be used to video the Titanic. JJ would be operated on a long cable attached to Alvin which contained three crew who would steer JJ. Day 2 After a short lived dive due to battery failure, a second dive proved highly successful. Apparently from nowhere, the razor sharp bow of the Titanic came into view. Both anchors were still in place. It appeared that the bow was buried more than 60 foot in the mud. Ballard described the decaying metal as "frozen rivers of rust covering the ships' side and spread out over the ocean floor." As Alvin moved across the forward deck, the giant bollards and capstans were clearly visible although the wires and ropes once connected to them were gone. The wooden floor had been eaten away. The expedition continued to the severed section of the intact bow section. A sudden strong current stopped the trip and Alvin was forced to head to the surface. Day 3 JJ traversed the Grand Staircase, which at one time had been covered by a glass dome. Whatever JJ saw, Alvin's crew saw too. A Chandelier had survived the journey to the bottom of the sea. JJ's maiden voyage was a total success. Day 4 The team visited Captain Smith's cabin to find its outer walls collapsed to a heap on the deck. Next, JJ explored the Gym where pieces of equipment could be seen in amongst the rubble. Metal frames from the electric camel were also intact. Day 5 The debris field spans nearly 2000 feet between the two sections of the Titanic. The debris includes lumps of coal, wrought-iron deck benches, baths, crockery and other bric-a-brac. Another boiler was found with an iron cup sitting peacefully on top of it. A safe was found on the ocean floor proudly showing off its brass handle. Ballard tried to open the safe but the door would not open to reveal its contents. Day 6 It was clear from the debris field that the torn-off stern section had been badly damaged during its journey to the bottom and now lay 1,970 feet from the bow section. Ballard's next plan lead Alvin along the bottom of the ocean bed directly behind the stern section and sent JJ to examine the hull. He found that the stern section was also buried deep beneath the mud, probably to a depth of 45 feet. Both middle and starboard side propellers were under the mud. Before leaving the wreck, Ballard placed a memorial plaque on the stern in memory of those who lost their lives on that fateful night.  

i don't know

What are the international registration letters of a vehicle from Algeria?

Algeria Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs February 2013 Report Openness to Foreign Investment Algeria, with its population of more than 37 million, hydrocarbon wealth, expanding infrastructure needs, and growing consumer product demand, is attracting interest from companies around the world. U.S. firms continue to consider Algeria an emerging and growing market. The climate for international firms considering direct investments in Algeria has stabilized in the wake of a series of restrictive foreign investment rules enacted in 2009 and 2010, which imposed a requirement of at least 51 percent Algerian ownership of foreign investments. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Algeria waned as a result of those measures. Investors highlight regulatory uncertainty, tight foreign exchange controls, lax intellectual property rights (IPR) protections, customs delays, and a large informal sector among ongoing commercial challenges. However, the Government of Algeria (GOA) has invested more than USD 286 billion in infrastructure development, making the local market sufficiently profitable for firms adapted to emerging markets to weather those challenges and explore new opportunities, especially in sectors like energy, power, water, health, telecommunications, transportation, and agribusiness. The number of foreign trade missions to Algeria reportedly grew from 30 in 2010 to 60 in 2012, illustrating the increased focus and competition in the local market. In 2012, Algeria concluded commercial agreements with several Arab and European nations. U.S. firms, such as Northrop Grumman and General Electric won multi-million dollar tenders. President Abdelaziz Bouteflika appointed former Minister of Water Resources, Abdelmalek Sellal, as the new Prime Minister. Sellal is trusted by the political elite and viewed as a pragmatic politician who seeks new economic partnerships to tackle long-standing issues, such as housing shortages and unemployment. Algerian leadership remains focused on building domestic production capacity and reducing imports and seeks U.S. expertise and partnership. Minister of Commerce Mustapha Benbada visited the United States in December 2012 for discussions with the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative related to Algeria’s World Trade Organization (WTO) accession and cooperation under the U.S.-Algeria Trade and Investment Framework Agreement (TIFA). The signs of change are positive and Algeria’s macroeconomic outlook is stable, but vulnerabilities and challenges persist, including dependence on hydrocarbon revenue and risks posed by rising inflation. The public sector still dominates the economy and inefficient state-owned enterprises are a drag on productivity. The GOA has supported state-owned companies experiencing financial difficulties by cancelling their debts and providing investment credits and technical assistance. Such economic vulnerabilities have prodded the GOA to court FDI and reconsider the importance of private-sector development. This trend should continue through 2013. The longer-term political environment is somewhat clouded by expected presidential elections in 2014, as well as Algeria’s legalistic and bureaucratic regulatory environment and apprehension about foreign exploitation of natural resources. Third Party Indicators: 2012 152 (out of 185) Algeria wants foreign investment but has imposed protectionist policies requiring majority local ownership. In 2009, the government adopted a Complementary Finance Law (CFL) which imposed restrictions on imports and foreign investment. These measures require 51 percent Algerian ownership of new foreign investment, 30 percent Algerian ownership of foreign import companies, and the use of letters of credit for the payment of import bills. The 2010 CFL requires foreign bidders who win construction contracts to invest in a joint venture with a local partner. Another measure in the 2010 CFL gave the government the right of first refusal on sales of companies to foreigners and aimed at controlling the sale of assets to foreigners. The government has maintained its prerogative to exercise this right of first refusal, permitting it to take a majority stake in foreign businesses in Algeria. The 2010 CFL introduced a new tax on private firms’ importation of durum wheat at prices below that of the Algerian market. Durum wheat imported by the Algerian Cereal Agency (OAIC) is exempt from this tax. A 2010 Central Bank regulation stipulated that all invoices must state a due date for payment. Invoices without a due date or a date that exceeds 360 days may not be paid. The 49/51 rule remains controversial but foreign investors have adapted. In some cases, foreign firms have partnered with multiple Algerian companies that agree to share the majority percentage, so the foreign partner maintains overall control. Some investors have expressed a preference for working through a local partner, which can help the foreign firm navigate the challenging local bureaucracy and business norms. U.S. investment outside of the oil and gas sector currently consists of a pharmaceutical factory, a desalination plant, a bottling plant, a cable-making factory, and a tractor plant. As of January 2013, the GOA was finalizing and publishing a new hydrocarbons law and the 2013 Finance Law. Both contain measures relevant to foreign investment and the measures’ full implications were not clear at the drafting of this report. The hydrocarbon law amendments were expected to include provisions to encourage foreign investment, especially in non-conventional hydrocarbons (e.g., shale gas exploration). The 2013 Finance Law reportedly includes measures to ease tax and customs procedures for companies, but accounting firms have requested clarity on provisions in the law relevant to transferring dividends and reinvestment requirements for foreign investors with certain tax benefits. Current tax law has required that investors re-invest within four years the equivalent value of any tax benefits they obtain as incentives to locate in Algeria. Algerian officials seek technology and know-how transfer and have been pursuing efforts to secure greater returns for Algerian interests since the 2006 amendments to the hydrocarbons law. The amendments required majority state partnership in all oil and gas projects and imposed a heavy windfall profits tax when prices are above USD 30 per barrel. Recent public tenders have included a “localization” component to encourage foreign investors to contribute to local manufacturing or other production-capacity development. Three agencies have mandates to encourage and manage investment in Algeria. The National Agency for Investment Development (ANDI) ( www.andi.dz ) is responsible for facilitating investments and granting tax exemptions. The National Investment Council (CNI) under the Ministry of Industry, SME, and Investment Promotion ( http://www.mipmepi.gov.dz ) was created to define investment strategies and priorities and to approve special investment incentives by sector. In late 2012, the government raised the threshold for investments eligible for CNI investment-promotion benefits from 500 million dinars (USD 6.4 million) to 1.5 billion dinar (USD 19.2 million). Conversion and Transfer Policies The Algerian dinar is considered fully convertible for all commercial transactions. The Bank of Algeria (Banque d'Algerie, the nation's central bank) manages Algeria's foreign reserves and controls foreign exchange. The 2010 CFL reinforced the lead role of the Bank of Algeria in overseeing the banking sector. A network of public banks still controls 80 percent of the banking market. International banks in Algeria primarily serve private multinationals and Algerian private-sector firms. Legally registered economic operators can access foreign currency to make payments, subject to bank domiciliation, without pre-authorization. Operators must possess a clean audit report and a certificate from the tax authority in order to repatriate funds. The Central Bank put in place new restrictions on foreign shareholders’ loans to Algerian subsidiaries in December 2010. These new provisions mandate that firms receiving such loans after July 26, 2009 must book them as additions to capital. Foreign investors can repatriate dividends, profits, and real net income out of their assets through transfers or liquidation. In certain cases, due to the inefficiency of the banking system and the heavy bureaucracy, it may take longer to obtain official permission from the Central Bank to make transfers/payments, or for the local bank to proceed with the transfer. In 2011 and 2012, businesses and international banks faced stricter interpretations of the foreign exchange control rules. Commercial disputes developed because the Central Bank, over reportedly small paperwork details, delayed repatriation of dividends. Certain cases were referred to the courts to reach a resolution. Foreign investors and the international banks serving them are seeking greater clarity on the rules around repatriating dividends, a central concern for foreign investors. U.S. suppliers can benefit from faster and more predictable payments as a result of the mandatory letter of credit requirement. In addition, payment delays may result due to the new regulation that limits Algerian importers' payment options to letters of credit. Direct wire payments are no longer authorized. Letters of credit are now limited to a maximum of 60 days and are not required for raw material import transactions amounting to less than 4 million DZD (approximately USD 53,000) per year. Expropriation and Compensation The government of Algeria has not engaged in expropriation actions against U.S. or other foreign firms. Dispute Settlement Algeria is a signatory to the convention on the Paris-based International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes ( http://www.worldbank.org/icsid ). Algeria ratified its accession ( http://arbiter.wipo.int/arbitration ) to the New York Convention on Arbitration, and is a member of the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency ( http://www.miga.org ). The code of civil procedure allows both private and public-sector companies full recourse to international arbitration. Algeria permits the inclusion of international arbitration clauses in contracts. In 2010 an American oil company exercised the dispute settlement mechanism in its contracts with the state oil company Sonatrach to contest the implementation of a windfall profits tax imposed long after the company began doing business in Algeria. Negotiations prior to arbitration were very slow. The dispute resolution process, including arbitration, can take 18 to 24 months and in some cases longer. Performance Requirements and Incentives Algeria does not impose general performance requirements on foreign investments. However, in accordance with the 2009 Complementary Finance Law, foreign investments in any sector require a 51 percent Algerian partnership. The investment code provides a number of incentives for investment in Algeria, which are primarily related to VAT and other tax exemptions, for periods of time that are dependent on the type of investment and the nature of the package agreed between the investor and the National Agency for Investment Development (ANDI). The 2009 Complementary Finance Law requires foreign investors to reinvest in Algeria the equivalent of any tax benefits bestowed upon them, in a manner similar to the offset investment requirements commonly seen in Gulf countries. Right to Private Ownership and Establishment Foreign entities have largely equal rights to establish and own business enterprises in Algeria and engage in most forms of remunerative activity, within the framework of the requirement for majority (51 percent) Algerian participation in all new foreign investments, including those in the banking sector. Private enterprises formally have equal status with public enterprises and compete on an equal basis with respect to access to markets, credit, and business operations. Protection of Property Rights Secured interests in property are generally recognized and enforceable, but court proceedings can be lengthy and results unpredictable. Most real property in Algeria remains in government hands, and controversy over the years has resulted in conflicting claims for real estate titles, which has made purchasing and financing real estate difficult. One prospective U.S. investor seeking to build a factory in Algeria tried in vain for two years to obtain approvals from a local governor to purchase suitable land for the project. While there is legislation protecting copyright and related rights, trademarks, patents, and integrated circuits, implementation has been inconsistent and enforcement remains spotty. Algeria was again named to the USTR Special 301 Priority Watch List in 2012, notably for insufficient protections for data associated with the development and market approval for pharmaceuticals. The Ministry of Culture organized a ceremony in October 2012 to highlight its commitment to IPR protections by destroying USD 800,000 worth of counterfeit or pirated fashion, music, and film that had been seized by Algerian customs and border police. However, Algeria’s vast informal economy remains a major source of counterfeit goods, especially in sportswear and consumer goods. Transparency of Regulatory System Generally, Algeria's regulatory system is transparent, but decision-making authority remains opaque. Each ministry defines its rules for doing business in the sectors it manages, and regulatory bodies are established to administer them. Challenges arise in managing the bureaucracy, because authority is generally vested at the top of every organization, and access to decision-makers is often limited. Furthermore, the Algerian bureaucracy is slow and protocol-oriented, such that even minor deficiencies in paperwork can lead to significant delays and fines. In some cases, authority over a matter may rest among multiple ministries, which imposes additional bureaucratic steps and the likelihood of inaction due to errors or unusual circumstances. Efficient Capital Markets & Portfolio Investment After twelve years, the Algerian stock exchange remains nascent with only six companies listed. In 2010 the Algerian insurance company Alliance held the first private company IPO, which was valued at 1.49 billion dinars (USD19.5 million dollars). Alliance became the seventh firm listed on the Algerian stock exchange in February 2011. Long-term treasury bonds were listed on the stock market in 2008, but trading has sharply declined due to the increased number of fees required to trade the bonds. Shorter yield bonds continue to be managed through bond dealers. Other private bond investment vehicles are occasionally offered to the public for major construction or other ventures. The bond market plays a marginal role in the financing of the Algerian economy, which is mainly done through public expenditure or traditional banking credits. Most bonds are issued by public companies; however, a small number of private firms have issued bonds to finance investment in public works projects. In order to finance development projects and absorb excess liquidity, some state-owned companies have launched corporate bonds. Public companies, such as national oil company Sonatrach often choose to finance through a bank investment pool which is guaranteed by the government. Competition from State-Owned Enterprises About two thirds of the Algerian economy is state-owned, led by the national oil-and-gas company Sonatrach. Other sectors in which the government operates directly include telecoms with Algerie Telecom and transportation with Air Algerie. A distinctive feature of the Algerian economy is the 51/49 rule, under which 51 percent of new investments in Algeria must be owned by Algerians. Implemented in 2006 for the hydrocarbons industry, it was expanded in 2009 to cover investments in all sectors of the economy. While the 51/49 rule initially was controversial, foreign firms have adapted to it and formed joint ventures with local partners. In 2012 an Algerian-American joint venture began production of tractors, while the Algerians signed agreements with French, Turkish, and other European companies in the automotive, construction and agricultural sectors. Corporate Social Responsibility Multinational firms operating in Algeria are spreading the concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices, which have traditionally been less common among domestic firms. Companies such as Anadarko, Cisco, Microsoft, and Nedjma have supported programs aimed at youth employment and entrepreneurship. CSR activities are gaining acceptance as a way for companies to contribute to local communities while often addressing business needs, such as a better-educated workforce. The national oil and gas company, Sonatrach, funds some social services for its employees and desert communities near production sites. Still, many Algerian companies view social programs as areas of government responsibility and do not consider such activities in their corporate decision-making process. Political Violence Political violence has declined since the widespread terrorism of the 1990s. The government's effort to reduce terrorism through military pressure and social reconciliation and reintegration has been markedly effective. However, incidents of terrorism, including suicide bombings against government and international organization installations, occurred in 2006 and 2007, and armed attacks against army and police continue sporadically to this day. In March 2012 a suicide bomber attacked the regional headquarters of the national police in Tamanrasset, a southern city of 75,000. In 2006, a group of Algerian terrorists known as the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (French acronym GSPC), formally affiliated itself with al-Qa'ida and assumed the name Al-Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM). The U.S. Government considers the potential threat to U.S. Embassy personnel assigned to Algiers sufficiently serious to require them to live and work under significant security restrictions. These practices limit and occasionally prevent the movement of U.S. Embassy officials and the provision of consular services in certain areas of the country. The GOA requires U.S. Embassy personnel to seek permission to travel to the Casbah within Algiers or outside the province of Algiers and to have a security escort. Travel to the military zone established around the Hassi Messaoud oil center requires GOA authorization. Daily movement of Embassy personnel in Algiers is limited, and prudent security practices are required at all times. Travel by Embassy personnel within parts of the city requires prior coordination with the Embassy's Regional Security Office. American visitors are encouraged to contact the Embassy's Consular Section for the most recent safety and security information. Americans living or traveling in Algeria are encouraged to register with the U.S. Embassy in Algiers through the State Department's travel registration website, https://step.state.gov , and to obtain updated information on travel and security within Algeria. Americans without internet access may register directly with the U.S. Embassy Algiers. By registering, American citizens make it easier for the Embassy to contact them in case of emergency. Corruption There is an ongoing government effort to root out corruption, notably in key GOA agencies, such as Customs. Many Algerian citizens believe that corruption is a problem within the upper reaches of government. Some evidence suggests that bribes are paid to bypass Algerian bureaucracy or to avoid government interference. In June 2012, the Algerian lower court found two Algerian citizens and three Chinese citizens guilty of corruption. The court sentenced the Algerian citizens to 15 years in prison, and sentenced the Chinese citizens in absentia to 10 years in prison and issued an international warrant for their arrest. The government investigated several high-profile corruption scandals in 2009 and 2010. One investigation implicated officials at the Ministry of Public Works on charges of fraud related to the construction of the East-West highway. Another involved senior officials of the state oil company Sonatrach investigated for corruption in procurement. Several former Sonatrach senior officials are in custody, while others are under investigation. Lower-level investigations involved customs officials and private sector executives charged with embezzlement, illegal currency transfers, and misuse of public funds. In 2010, GOA created the National Commission for the Prevention and Fight Against Corruption as stipulated in the 2006 anti-corruption law. The Chairman and members of this commission were appointed by a presidential decree. The commission studies financial holdings of public officials and carries out investigations. Algeria is not a financial center, and financial transactions are tightly regulated. However, it is estimated that half of the country's economic transactions are carried out within the informal sector, effectively escaping the purview of state auditors. In 2006, GOA adopted an anti-corruption bill that reinforced existing legislation and brought Algeria into compliance with the UN Convention against Corruption, which Algeria ratified in August 2004. The law was designed to promote transparency in government and public procurement, introduce new crimes such as illicit enrichment and reinforce existing penal sanctions. In 2012, the government updated 2005 anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist finance legislation to bolster the authority of the financial intelligence unit to monitor suspicious financial transactions and refer violations of the law to prosecutorial magistrates. Bilateral Investment Agreements The United States and Algeria signed a TIFA in 2001 to create a forum for economic and trade discussion. The last TIFA council meeting was held in 2004. The United States and Algeria may hold a TIFA council meeting in 2013. Algeria executed a European Union association agreement in 2005. The agreement provided for the gradual removal of import duties on EU industrial products over 12 years and removed duties immediately on 2,000 other products. However, the EU complained that some provisions in the 2009 Complementary Finance Law violated that agreement. In December 2010, Algeria requested a three year extension (to 2020) of the deadline for completing the tariff dismantling process with the EU under the EU-Algeria Association Agreement. Algeria signed bilateral investment agreements for the protection and promotion of investments with the following countries in the indicated years: Belgium/Luxembourg (1991), Italy (1991), France (1993), Romania (1994), Spain (1994), China (1996), Germany (1996), Jordan (1996), Mali (1996), Vietnam (1996), Egypt (1997), Bulgaria (1998), Mozambique (1998), Niger (1998), Turkey (1998), Denmark (1999), Yemen (1999), Czech Republic (2000), Greece (2000), and Malaysia (2000). There is no bilateral investment treaty between Algeria and the United States. Algeria has also signed bilateral treaties to prevent double taxation with the following nations: United Kingdom (1981), France (1982), Tunisia (1985), Libyan Arab Jamahirya (1988), Morocco (1990), Belgium (1991), Italy (1991), Romania (1994), Turkey (1994), Syrian Arab Republic (1997), Bulgaria (1998), Canada (1999), Mali (1999), Vietnam (1999), Bahrain (2000), Oman (2000), Poland (2000), Ethiopia (2002), Lebanon (2002), Spain (2002), and Yemen (2002). There is no double taxation treaty between Algeria and the United States. In 1990, Algeria signed both investment protection and double taxation agreements with the Arab Maghreb Union (AMU) countries (Libya, Morocco, Mauritania, and Tunisia). OPIC & Other Investment Insurance Programs The U.S. Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) ( http://www.opic.gov ), the U.S. Export-Import Bank (Ex-Im)( http://www.exim.gov ), and the U.S. Trade and Development Agency (USTDA) ( http://www.ustda.gov ) have supported projects in Algeria. However, GOA announced in 2009 that all financing for foreign investments in the country must be financed through Algerian banks. There are no projects currently under way in Algeria using support from these programs. A USD 250 million water desalination project in Algiers was completed in 2008 with OPIC support. Ex-Im Bank supported the U.S. content of a power project in Skikda in 2003. USTDA supplied a grant to the Ministry of Water resources to support a feasibility study of wastewater management practices in Oran in western Algeria in 2010. Labor Algeria's labor force consists of roughly 10 million people out of a total population of over 37 million. According to the National Office of Statistics, in 2011 over 55 percent of the population was under age 30. Beginning January 1, 2010 the monthly minimum wage increased to DA 15,000 (USD215) from DA 12,000 (USD170). The official unemployment rate is approximately 10 percent, but international organizations and other observers believe it to be as high as 25 percent. Algeria's labor code sets minimum work standards, including a minimum work age of 16, a 40-hour workweek, and higher rates for overtime pay. Employers pay 26 percent of gross salaries in social security taxes, including provisions for both retirement and health/accident insurance. U.S. companies are able to hire trained technical staff. However, recruiting and retention has become more difficult as well-educated and trained Algerians are increasingly lured by higher salaries offered in the Gulf region. English speakers remain difficult to find, but English-language acquisition is increasing among youth. Arabic is Algeria's official language and French is the most common language of business. There are no restrictions on the number of expatriate supervisory personnel a company may establish as long as they are able to justify that no local persons can be found that meet the requirements for the position. Entry visas for foreign workers can be requested through Algerian embassies overseas with the employer providing, among other requirements, a certified true copy of the work contract or the provisional work permit issued by the Ministry of Labor, Employment and Social Security (MTESS), and an attestation certified by the same authorities stating that the employer will bear the repatriation expenses of the foreign worker once the work relation is completed. Foreign workers must then obtain work permits from MTESS ( http://www.mtess.gov.dz/mtss_fr_N/index.htm ) and a residency card from the local police office in the district where they will be working. The employer is responsible for submitting all tax payments for individual workers to the proper local tax collection authorities. Foreign-Trade Zones/Free Trade Zones There are currently no free trade zones in Algeria. Foreign Direct Investment Statistics The World Bank’s latest available FDI figures for Algeria were USD 2.7 billion during 2011, compared to USD 2.3 billion for 2010, 3.1 billion in 2009 and 2.7 billion in 2008. Web Resources Algerian Embassy in Washington, D.C.: http://www.algeria-us.org/ Bank of Algeria (central bank): http://www.bank-of-algeria.dz/ Ministry of Energy and Mines: http://www.mem-algeria.org/ Ministry of Finance: http://www.mf.gov.dz/ Ministry of Labor, Employment and Social Security: http://www.mtess.gov.dz/mtss_fr_N/index.htm Ministry of Industry, Small and Medium Enterprises and Investment Promotion: http://www.mipmepi.gov.dz National Investment Development Agency: http://www.andi.dz/

DZ

What star sign is Michael Caine?

Algeria Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs February 2013 Report Openness to Foreign Investment Algeria, with its population of more than 37 million, hydrocarbon wealth, expanding infrastructure needs, and growing consumer product demand, is attracting interest from companies around the world. U.S. firms continue to consider Algeria an emerging and growing market. The climate for international firms considering direct investments in Algeria has stabilized in the wake of a series of restrictive foreign investment rules enacted in 2009 and 2010, which imposed a requirement of at least 51 percent Algerian ownership of foreign investments. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Algeria waned as a result of those measures. Investors highlight regulatory uncertainty, tight foreign exchange controls, lax intellectual property rights (IPR) protections, customs delays, and a large informal sector among ongoing commercial challenges. However, the Government of Algeria (GOA) has invested more than USD 286 billion in infrastructure development, making the local market sufficiently profitable for firms adapted to emerging markets to weather those challenges and explore new opportunities, especially in sectors like energy, power, water, health, telecommunications, transportation, and agribusiness. The number of foreign trade missions to Algeria reportedly grew from 30 in 2010 to 60 in 2012, illustrating the increased focus and competition in the local market. In 2012, Algeria concluded commercial agreements with several Arab and European nations. U.S. firms, such as Northrop Grumman and General Electric won multi-million dollar tenders. President Abdelaziz Bouteflika appointed former Minister of Water Resources, Abdelmalek Sellal, as the new Prime Minister. Sellal is trusted by the political elite and viewed as a pragmatic politician who seeks new economic partnerships to tackle long-standing issues, such as housing shortages and unemployment. Algerian leadership remains focused on building domestic production capacity and reducing imports and seeks U.S. expertise and partnership. Minister of Commerce Mustapha Benbada visited the United States in December 2012 for discussions with the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative related to Algeria’s World Trade Organization (WTO) accession and cooperation under the U.S.-Algeria Trade and Investment Framework Agreement (TIFA). The signs of change are positive and Algeria’s macroeconomic outlook is stable, but vulnerabilities and challenges persist, including dependence on hydrocarbon revenue and risks posed by rising inflation. The public sector still dominates the economy and inefficient state-owned enterprises are a drag on productivity. The GOA has supported state-owned companies experiencing financial difficulties by cancelling their debts and providing investment credits and technical assistance. Such economic vulnerabilities have prodded the GOA to court FDI and reconsider the importance of private-sector development. This trend should continue through 2013. The longer-term political environment is somewhat clouded by expected presidential elections in 2014, as well as Algeria’s legalistic and bureaucratic regulatory environment and apprehension about foreign exploitation of natural resources. Third Party Indicators: 2012 152 (out of 185) Algeria wants foreign investment but has imposed protectionist policies requiring majority local ownership. In 2009, the government adopted a Complementary Finance Law (CFL) which imposed restrictions on imports and foreign investment. These measures require 51 percent Algerian ownership of new foreign investment, 30 percent Algerian ownership of foreign import companies, and the use of letters of credit for the payment of import bills. The 2010 CFL requires foreign bidders who win construction contracts to invest in a joint venture with a local partner. Another measure in the 2010 CFL gave the government the right of first refusal on sales of companies to foreigners and aimed at controlling the sale of assets to foreigners. The government has maintained its prerogative to exercise this right of first refusal, permitting it to take a majority stake in foreign businesses in Algeria. The 2010 CFL introduced a new tax on private firms’ importation of durum wheat at prices below that of the Algerian market. Durum wheat imported by the Algerian Cereal Agency (OAIC) is exempt from this tax. A 2010 Central Bank regulation stipulated that all invoices must state a due date for payment. Invoices without a due date or a date that exceeds 360 days may not be paid. The 49/51 rule remains controversial but foreign investors have adapted. In some cases, foreign firms have partnered with multiple Algerian companies that agree to share the majority percentage, so the foreign partner maintains overall control. Some investors have expressed a preference for working through a local partner, which can help the foreign firm navigate the challenging local bureaucracy and business norms. U.S. investment outside of the oil and gas sector currently consists of a pharmaceutical factory, a desalination plant, a bottling plant, a cable-making factory, and a tractor plant. As of January 2013, the GOA was finalizing and publishing a new hydrocarbons law and the 2013 Finance Law. Both contain measures relevant to foreign investment and the measures’ full implications were not clear at the drafting of this report. The hydrocarbon law amendments were expected to include provisions to encourage foreign investment, especially in non-conventional hydrocarbons (e.g., shale gas exploration). The 2013 Finance Law reportedly includes measures to ease tax and customs procedures for companies, but accounting firms have requested clarity on provisions in the law relevant to transferring dividends and reinvestment requirements for foreign investors with certain tax benefits. Current tax law has required that investors re-invest within four years the equivalent value of any tax benefits they obtain as incentives to locate in Algeria. Algerian officials seek technology and know-how transfer and have been pursuing efforts to secure greater returns for Algerian interests since the 2006 amendments to the hydrocarbons law. The amendments required majority state partnership in all oil and gas projects and imposed a heavy windfall profits tax when prices are above USD 30 per barrel. Recent public tenders have included a “localization” component to encourage foreign investors to contribute to local manufacturing or other production-capacity development. Three agencies have mandates to encourage and manage investment in Algeria. The National Agency for Investment Development (ANDI) ( www.andi.dz ) is responsible for facilitating investments and granting tax exemptions. The National Investment Council (CNI) under the Ministry of Industry, SME, and Investment Promotion ( http://www.mipmepi.gov.dz ) was created to define investment strategies and priorities and to approve special investment incentives by sector. In late 2012, the government raised the threshold for investments eligible for CNI investment-promotion benefits from 500 million dinars (USD 6.4 million) to 1.5 billion dinar (USD 19.2 million). Conversion and Transfer Policies The Algerian dinar is considered fully convertible for all commercial transactions. The Bank of Algeria (Banque d'Algerie, the nation's central bank) manages Algeria's foreign reserves and controls foreign exchange. The 2010 CFL reinforced the lead role of the Bank of Algeria in overseeing the banking sector. A network of public banks still controls 80 percent of the banking market. International banks in Algeria primarily serve private multinationals and Algerian private-sector firms. Legally registered economic operators can access foreign currency to make payments, subject to bank domiciliation, without pre-authorization. Operators must possess a clean audit report and a certificate from the tax authority in order to repatriate funds. The Central Bank put in place new restrictions on foreign shareholders’ loans to Algerian subsidiaries in December 2010. These new provisions mandate that firms receiving such loans after July 26, 2009 must book them as additions to capital. Foreign investors can repatriate dividends, profits, and real net income out of their assets through transfers or liquidation. In certain cases, due to the inefficiency of the banking system and the heavy bureaucracy, it may take longer to obtain official permission from the Central Bank to make transfers/payments, or for the local bank to proceed with the transfer. In 2011 and 2012, businesses and international banks faced stricter interpretations of the foreign exchange control rules. Commercial disputes developed because the Central Bank, over reportedly small paperwork details, delayed repatriation of dividends. Certain cases were referred to the courts to reach a resolution. Foreign investors and the international banks serving them are seeking greater clarity on the rules around repatriating dividends, a central concern for foreign investors. U.S. suppliers can benefit from faster and more predictable payments as a result of the mandatory letter of credit requirement. In addition, payment delays may result due to the new regulation that limits Algerian importers' payment options to letters of credit. Direct wire payments are no longer authorized. Letters of credit are now limited to a maximum of 60 days and are not required for raw material import transactions amounting to less than 4 million DZD (approximately USD 53,000) per year. Expropriation and Compensation The government of Algeria has not engaged in expropriation actions against U.S. or other foreign firms. Dispute Settlement Algeria is a signatory to the convention on the Paris-based International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes ( http://www.worldbank.org/icsid ). Algeria ratified its accession ( http://arbiter.wipo.int/arbitration ) to the New York Convention on Arbitration, and is a member of the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency ( http://www.miga.org ). The code of civil procedure allows both private and public-sector companies full recourse to international arbitration. Algeria permits the inclusion of international arbitration clauses in contracts. In 2010 an American oil company exercised the dispute settlement mechanism in its contracts with the state oil company Sonatrach to contest the implementation of a windfall profits tax imposed long after the company began doing business in Algeria. Negotiations prior to arbitration were very slow. The dispute resolution process, including arbitration, can take 18 to 24 months and in some cases longer. Performance Requirements and Incentives Algeria does not impose general performance requirements on foreign investments. However, in accordance with the 2009 Complementary Finance Law, foreign investments in any sector require a 51 percent Algerian partnership. The investment code provides a number of incentives for investment in Algeria, which are primarily related to VAT and other tax exemptions, for periods of time that are dependent on the type of investment and the nature of the package agreed between the investor and the National Agency for Investment Development (ANDI). The 2009 Complementary Finance Law requires foreign investors to reinvest in Algeria the equivalent of any tax benefits bestowed upon them, in a manner similar to the offset investment requirements commonly seen in Gulf countries. Right to Private Ownership and Establishment Foreign entities have largely equal rights to establish and own business enterprises in Algeria and engage in most forms of remunerative activity, within the framework of the requirement for majority (51 percent) Algerian participation in all new foreign investments, including those in the banking sector. Private enterprises formally have equal status with public enterprises and compete on an equal basis with respect to access to markets, credit, and business operations. Protection of Property Rights Secured interests in property are generally recognized and enforceable, but court proceedings can be lengthy and results unpredictable. Most real property in Algeria remains in government hands, and controversy over the years has resulted in conflicting claims for real estate titles, which has made purchasing and financing real estate difficult. One prospective U.S. investor seeking to build a factory in Algeria tried in vain for two years to obtain approvals from a local governor to purchase suitable land for the project. While there is legislation protecting copyright and related rights, trademarks, patents, and integrated circuits, implementation has been inconsistent and enforcement remains spotty. Algeria was again named to the USTR Special 301 Priority Watch List in 2012, notably for insufficient protections for data associated with the development and market approval for pharmaceuticals. The Ministry of Culture organized a ceremony in October 2012 to highlight its commitment to IPR protections by destroying USD 800,000 worth of counterfeit or pirated fashion, music, and film that had been seized by Algerian customs and border police. However, Algeria’s vast informal economy remains a major source of counterfeit goods, especially in sportswear and consumer goods. Transparency of Regulatory System Generally, Algeria's regulatory system is transparent, but decision-making authority remains opaque. Each ministry defines its rules for doing business in the sectors it manages, and regulatory bodies are established to administer them. Challenges arise in managing the bureaucracy, because authority is generally vested at the top of every organization, and access to decision-makers is often limited. Furthermore, the Algerian bureaucracy is slow and protocol-oriented, such that even minor deficiencies in paperwork can lead to significant delays and fines. In some cases, authority over a matter may rest among multiple ministries, which imposes additional bureaucratic steps and the likelihood of inaction due to errors or unusual circumstances. Efficient Capital Markets & Portfolio Investment After twelve years, the Algerian stock exchange remains nascent with only six companies listed. In 2010 the Algerian insurance company Alliance held the first private company IPO, which was valued at 1.49 billion dinars (USD19.5 million dollars). Alliance became the seventh firm listed on the Algerian stock exchange in February 2011. Long-term treasury bonds were listed on the stock market in 2008, but trading has sharply declined due to the increased number of fees required to trade the bonds. Shorter yield bonds continue to be managed through bond dealers. Other private bond investment vehicles are occasionally offered to the public for major construction or other ventures. The bond market plays a marginal role in the financing of the Algerian economy, which is mainly done through public expenditure or traditional banking credits. Most bonds are issued by public companies; however, a small number of private firms have issued bonds to finance investment in public works projects. In order to finance development projects and absorb excess liquidity, some state-owned companies have launched corporate bonds. Public companies, such as national oil company Sonatrach often choose to finance through a bank investment pool which is guaranteed by the government. Competition from State-Owned Enterprises About two thirds of the Algerian economy is state-owned, led by the national oil-and-gas company Sonatrach. Other sectors in which the government operates directly include telecoms with Algerie Telecom and transportation with Air Algerie. A distinctive feature of the Algerian economy is the 51/49 rule, under which 51 percent of new investments in Algeria must be owned by Algerians. Implemented in 2006 for the hydrocarbons industry, it was expanded in 2009 to cover investments in all sectors of the economy. While the 51/49 rule initially was controversial, foreign firms have adapted to it and formed joint ventures with local partners. In 2012 an Algerian-American joint venture began production of tractors, while the Algerians signed agreements with French, Turkish, and other European companies in the automotive, construction and agricultural sectors. Corporate Social Responsibility Multinational firms operating in Algeria are spreading the concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices, which have traditionally been less common among domestic firms. Companies such as Anadarko, Cisco, Microsoft, and Nedjma have supported programs aimed at youth employment and entrepreneurship. CSR activities are gaining acceptance as a way for companies to contribute to local communities while often addressing business needs, such as a better-educated workforce. The national oil and gas company, Sonatrach, funds some social services for its employees and desert communities near production sites. Still, many Algerian companies view social programs as areas of government responsibility and do not consider such activities in their corporate decision-making process. Political Violence Political violence has declined since the widespread terrorism of the 1990s. The government's effort to reduce terrorism through military pressure and social reconciliation and reintegration has been markedly effective. However, incidents of terrorism, including suicide bombings against government and international organization installations, occurred in 2006 and 2007, and armed attacks against army and police continue sporadically to this day. In March 2012 a suicide bomber attacked the regional headquarters of the national police in Tamanrasset, a southern city of 75,000. In 2006, a group of Algerian terrorists known as the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (French acronym GSPC), formally affiliated itself with al-Qa'ida and assumed the name Al-Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM). The U.S. Government considers the potential threat to U.S. Embassy personnel assigned to Algiers sufficiently serious to require them to live and work under significant security restrictions. These practices limit and occasionally prevent the movement of U.S. Embassy officials and the provision of consular services in certain areas of the country. The GOA requires U.S. Embassy personnel to seek permission to travel to the Casbah within Algiers or outside the province of Algiers and to have a security escort. Travel to the military zone established around the Hassi Messaoud oil center requires GOA authorization. Daily movement of Embassy personnel in Algiers is limited, and prudent security practices are required at all times. Travel by Embassy personnel within parts of the city requires prior coordination with the Embassy's Regional Security Office. American visitors are encouraged to contact the Embassy's Consular Section for the most recent safety and security information. Americans living or traveling in Algeria are encouraged to register with the U.S. Embassy in Algiers through the State Department's travel registration website, https://step.state.gov , and to obtain updated information on travel and security within Algeria. Americans without internet access may register directly with the U.S. Embassy Algiers. By registering, American citizens make it easier for the Embassy to contact them in case of emergency. Corruption There is an ongoing government effort to root out corruption, notably in key GOA agencies, such as Customs. Many Algerian citizens believe that corruption is a problem within the upper reaches of government. Some evidence suggests that bribes are paid to bypass Algerian bureaucracy or to avoid government interference. In June 2012, the Algerian lower court found two Algerian citizens and three Chinese citizens guilty of corruption. The court sentenced the Algerian citizens to 15 years in prison, and sentenced the Chinese citizens in absentia to 10 years in prison and issued an international warrant for their arrest. The government investigated several high-profile corruption scandals in 2009 and 2010. One investigation implicated officials at the Ministry of Public Works on charges of fraud related to the construction of the East-West highway. Another involved senior officials of the state oil company Sonatrach investigated for corruption in procurement. Several former Sonatrach senior officials are in custody, while others are under investigation. Lower-level investigations involved customs officials and private sector executives charged with embezzlement, illegal currency transfers, and misuse of public funds. In 2010, GOA created the National Commission for the Prevention and Fight Against Corruption as stipulated in the 2006 anti-corruption law. The Chairman and members of this commission were appointed by a presidential decree. The commission studies financial holdings of public officials and carries out investigations. Algeria is not a financial center, and financial transactions are tightly regulated. However, it is estimated that half of the country's economic transactions are carried out within the informal sector, effectively escaping the purview of state auditors. In 2006, GOA adopted an anti-corruption bill that reinforced existing legislation and brought Algeria into compliance with the UN Convention against Corruption, which Algeria ratified in August 2004. The law was designed to promote transparency in government and public procurement, introduce new crimes such as illicit enrichment and reinforce existing penal sanctions. In 2012, the government updated 2005 anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist finance legislation to bolster the authority of the financial intelligence unit to monitor suspicious financial transactions and refer violations of the law to prosecutorial magistrates. Bilateral Investment Agreements The United States and Algeria signed a TIFA in 2001 to create a forum for economic and trade discussion. The last TIFA council meeting was held in 2004. The United States and Algeria may hold a TIFA council meeting in 2013. Algeria executed a European Union association agreement in 2005. The agreement provided for the gradual removal of import duties on EU industrial products over 12 years and removed duties immediately on 2,000 other products. However, the EU complained that some provisions in the 2009 Complementary Finance Law violated that agreement. In December 2010, Algeria requested a three year extension (to 2020) of the deadline for completing the tariff dismantling process with the EU under the EU-Algeria Association Agreement. Algeria signed bilateral investment agreements for the protection and promotion of investments with the following countries in the indicated years: Belgium/Luxembourg (1991), Italy (1991), France (1993), Romania (1994), Spain (1994), China (1996), Germany (1996), Jordan (1996), Mali (1996), Vietnam (1996), Egypt (1997), Bulgaria (1998), Mozambique (1998), Niger (1998), Turkey (1998), Denmark (1999), Yemen (1999), Czech Republic (2000), Greece (2000), and Malaysia (2000). There is no bilateral investment treaty between Algeria and the United States. Algeria has also signed bilateral treaties to prevent double taxation with the following nations: United Kingdom (1981), France (1982), Tunisia (1985), Libyan Arab Jamahirya (1988), Morocco (1990), Belgium (1991), Italy (1991), Romania (1994), Turkey (1994), Syrian Arab Republic (1997), Bulgaria (1998), Canada (1999), Mali (1999), Vietnam (1999), Bahrain (2000), Oman (2000), Poland (2000), Ethiopia (2002), Lebanon (2002), Spain (2002), and Yemen (2002). There is no double taxation treaty between Algeria and the United States. In 1990, Algeria signed both investment protection and double taxation agreements with the Arab Maghreb Union (AMU) countries (Libya, Morocco, Mauritania, and Tunisia). OPIC & Other Investment Insurance Programs The U.S. Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) ( http://www.opic.gov ), the U.S. Export-Import Bank (Ex-Im)( http://www.exim.gov ), and the U.S. Trade and Development Agency (USTDA) ( http://www.ustda.gov ) have supported projects in Algeria. However, GOA announced in 2009 that all financing for foreign investments in the country must be financed through Algerian banks. There are no projects currently under way in Algeria using support from these programs. A USD 250 million water desalination project in Algiers was completed in 2008 with OPIC support. Ex-Im Bank supported the U.S. content of a power project in Skikda in 2003. USTDA supplied a grant to the Ministry of Water resources to support a feasibility study of wastewater management practices in Oran in western Algeria in 2010. Labor Algeria's labor force consists of roughly 10 million people out of a total population of over 37 million. According to the National Office of Statistics, in 2011 over 55 percent of the population was under age 30. Beginning January 1, 2010 the monthly minimum wage increased to DA 15,000 (USD215) from DA 12,000 (USD170). The official unemployment rate is approximately 10 percent, but international organizations and other observers believe it to be as high as 25 percent. Algeria's labor code sets minimum work standards, including a minimum work age of 16, a 40-hour workweek, and higher rates for overtime pay. Employers pay 26 percent of gross salaries in social security taxes, including provisions for both retirement and health/accident insurance. U.S. companies are able to hire trained technical staff. However, recruiting and retention has become more difficult as well-educated and trained Algerians are increasingly lured by higher salaries offered in the Gulf region. English speakers remain difficult to find, but English-language acquisition is increasing among youth. Arabic is Algeria's official language and French is the most common language of business. There are no restrictions on the number of expatriate supervisory personnel a company may establish as long as they are able to justify that no local persons can be found that meet the requirements for the position. Entry visas for foreign workers can be requested through Algerian embassies overseas with the employer providing, among other requirements, a certified true copy of the work contract or the provisional work permit issued by the Ministry of Labor, Employment and Social Security (MTESS), and an attestation certified by the same authorities stating that the employer will bear the repatriation expenses of the foreign worker once the work relation is completed. Foreign workers must then obtain work permits from MTESS ( http://www.mtess.gov.dz/mtss_fr_N/index.htm ) and a residency card from the local police office in the district where they will be working. The employer is responsible for submitting all tax payments for individual workers to the proper local tax collection authorities. Foreign-Trade Zones/Free Trade Zones There are currently no free trade zones in Algeria. Foreign Direct Investment Statistics The World Bank’s latest available FDI figures for Algeria were USD 2.7 billion during 2011, compared to USD 2.3 billion for 2010, 3.1 billion in 2009 and 2.7 billion in 2008. Web Resources Algerian Embassy in Washington, D.C.: http://www.algeria-us.org/ Bank of Algeria (central bank): http://www.bank-of-algeria.dz/ Ministry of Energy and Mines: http://www.mem-algeria.org/ Ministry of Finance: http://www.mf.gov.dz/ Ministry of Labor, Employment and Social Security: http://www.mtess.gov.dz/mtss_fr_N/index.htm Ministry of Industry, Small and Medium Enterprises and Investment Promotion: http://www.mipmepi.gov.dz National Investment Development Agency: http://www.andi.dz/

i don't know

Who wrote the novel Evening Class?

Jules' Book Reviews: Book Review: Evening Class Jules' Book Reviews Come in, sit back with a coffee or hot chocolate, and read reviews of the books I've read. Pages Author: Maeve Binchy Pages: 520 Summary: Aiden Dunne needs his new evening class project to succeed almost as much as his pupils do. They too are lookng for something more: Bill to find a way to keep spendthrigt Lizzie at his side and Fran to make sure that young Kathy finds her way out from behind the kitchen sink. The key to their success lies with the Sinora. Her passion has drawn her from Ireland to Italy and backhome again with a burning desire to share her love of all things Itlaian - and a secret hidden in her heart. . . . My Rating: 8/10 What I liked/disliked about the book: Although it had a bit of a slow start, this book turned out to be a wonderful read. I can’t believe I’ve let the author’s books sit on my shelf for as long as I have. She is a fantastic writer, who spends time to really create concrete characters, in a wide range of ages and backgrounds, who you really learn to appreciate and watch develop throughout the books, mixed with great writing, and story, turned out to be a wonderful read for me. Once the book got moving, I found my self really enjoying the book and its characters. Although some characters bothered me, like Aiden’s family, what a miserable lot, some characters intrigued me, and I really found myself, caring about them. One of my favourite aspects of the books were how it was written, each section focused on a different character, and while that section’s character was the main focus, it still gave you information and pulled in other characters stories as well. They way the author balanced this was extremely well done - I was surprised how well it all came together, as it is broken down in multiple short stories, but it’s one continuous story as well. I also enjoyed the story as a whole, I loved how the class brought all of these people together, who wouldn’t normally come together as a group, and in some way helped them develop as people, help them stretch out to others, and enjoy a fun class. It sends a powerful message, of working towards your goals, helping your selves and helping others, but it doesn’t go overboard in that message, it’s just written it a lovely book. I loved the ending, although there was one part in near the ending that was a little, out of left field, I think the book could have been without, it was the only real part that didn’t flow well with the rest of the story. The only other complaint was the slow start. Starting with Aiden, and his miserable family, almost made me give up. His wife really is a miserable, miserable person, and having a book start out on that made for a slow start. But, other than that, a fantastic read. Would I recommend it to read: I would recommend it to read. It has a bit of a slow start, but it was a good book. An interesting and eclectic cast of characters, and a very strong message of coming together and helping the others grow, and great storytelling. I'd also recommend any of the authors books. What to read next: Sushi for Beginners, More books by the author

Maeve Binchy

Which country does the airline Air Pacific come from?

Maeve Binchy : Quentins : Book Review Maeve Binchy Before You Know Kindness MostlyFiction.com links to Amazon.com, but we wholeheartedly encourage you to buy books from your local brick-n-mortar stores and to visit your library frequently. If you happen to click on one of links and make a purchase, we earn a commission and we always appreciate your support. Thank you... and don't forget to tell your friends about us.   "Quentins" (Reviewed by Shannon Bloomstran OCT 31, 2002) Heads up all you "happy ending" junkies. You know who you are. You're the ones who want to remake Casablanca so Ilsa leaps off the plane and into Rick's arms, the ones who cheer when Dorothy returns wto Kansas, the ones who break out in a cold sweat just thinking about Anna Karenina. I'm giving you this heads up because Maeve Binchy, who I call the Queen of Happy Endings has a new book out. It's called "Quentins," (the missing apostrophe is intentional) and tells two stories; one about young Ella Brady and her ill-fated love life and the other about a stylish Dublin restaurant, Quentins. It also boasts a bushel of happy endings. When I review books, I try hard to evaluate each on its own merits and not compare different works from the same author. However, Binchy makes that a difficult task here because she incorporates several characters from her previous novels into the action at Quentins. Binchy's fans will recognize Signora from Evening Class, Ria from Tara Road and several others. I have read several of these works, although I couldn't recall much about them. Therefore, I found this a bit distracting, something akin to a singer throwing in previous hits on a new CD. More serious fans will probably appreciate knowing a little bit more about what happens to these beloved characters. Binchy does have a knack for creating strong, believable characters and the main character in Quentins, Ella Brady, is no exception. Like many of the other lead characters in Binchy's novels, Ella is a strong and warm young woman living in the new Ireland. Over the years, Binchy's novels have chronicled the changes in Ireland as well as the lives and loves of its citizens. Our heroine, a young science teacher, meets and falls for a stylish older man, financier Don Richardson who is seemingly locked in a marriage of convenience. Ella takes up with Don over her parents' and friends' strenuous objections. As you might guess, all is not what it seems with Vile Don and unsuspecting Ella finds herself in the middle of an international scandal. Binchy weaves a taught story around Ella and Don and although one probably knows in her heart what will happen, it's still compelling enough to stick around for the ride. As Ella's scandal reaches its apex, she resigns from her teaching job and takes a position with a tiny, independent film company run by an old friend. They decide to make documentary about the day in the life of the restaurant, Quentins, focusing on the unique stories of the patrons and staff. Binchy intersperses these stories throughout the novel and although they are very sweet and quite compelling on their own right, they tend to distract from the overall plot involving Don and Ella. I liked Ella, and was of course rooting for her to dump Don and move on, so I found it difficult to leave her story midstream to read about say, a waitress and her attempts to find love. All of the stories are fast paced, though, so one doesn't have to wait too long to get back to the action. Quentins (both the novel and the restaurant) is peopled with warm and lovable characters. From the couple who put their heart and soul into Quentins, to Ella's friend, Deirdre who is "cross as a pack of weasels" to soulful American philanthropist, Derry, who rediscovers his Irish roots, Binchy has given every reader someone to cheer for. It's a big sloppy Golden Retriever of a book. You can see the endings, all of them happy, coming a mile away, and even though the writing is not always crisp and sparkling, everyone can find something to like about Quentins. Amazon readers rating: BookPage review of Whitehorn Woods   (back to top) About the Author: Maeve Binchy was born in Dalkey, a small village outside of Dublin, Ireland in 1940. To this day she draws on her experiences there when creating the rural villages so often found at the heart of her novels. Binchy received her B.A. from University College in Dublin and became a teacher. Her teaching post at a Jewish school and subsequent vacation in Israel inspired her to work on a kibbutz there. While abroad, Binchy wrote letters to her father every week describing life in a land that was ever on the brink of war. When her father sold one of her letters to The Irish Times for 18 pounds, Binchy, who had been making £16 working at the school, thought that she had truly arrived. She soon became a popular columnist, writing twice-weekly articles distinguished by a quirky, self-deprecating humour. From these humble beginnings, Binchy's success has been astounding. As well as her many bestselling novels, she writes short stories, and plays. Maeve Binchy lives with her husband, Gordon Snell, in Dublin.

i don't know

In which branch of the arts does Allegra Kent work?

Intersections: Allegra Kent, Balanchine's Ballerina : NPR Heard on Morning Edition Allegra Kent and partner Conrad Ludlow dance a pas de deux in Symphony in C, choreographed by Balanchine, during a 1965 performance in New York. From "Dancing for Mr. B," directed by Anne Belle/Courtesy John Belle hide caption toggle caption From "Dancing for Mr. B," directed by Anne Belle/Courtesy John Belle One of the most important choreographers of the 20th century, George Balanchine, would have been 100 years old this week. Born in Russia, he made his career in the United States, where he died in 1983. He left behind the New York City Ballet, the company he founded, along with hundreds of original ballets inspired by the unique abilities of his dancers. In a report for Intersections, a Morning Edition series on artists and their sources of inspiration, Kim Kokich talks with New York City Ballet star Allegra Kent — one of Balanchine's greatest ballerinas — about her relationship with "Mr. B." Kent was 10 when she first told her mother she wanted to be a ballerina. Soon after, she was taken to the ballet for the first time to see a performance of Night Shadow, a tale of a sleepwalking wife, choreographed by Balanchine. Kent — now in her 60s — remembers the event as a life-defining experience: "After that evening, I did believe that ballet was really what I wanted to pursue, and that ballet was the most exalted form of dance... I still feel that way." Kent joined the New York City Ballet company in 1952, at age 15. Within a few years, Balanchine began creating ballets inspired by her complexities as a dancer: her otherworldly stage presence, her innocent sensuality, her hyperactivity, her tendency to go outside technique to move in beautiful and strange ways. (In 1958, he even revived Night Shadow, renamed La Sonnambula, for Kent.) Watch Kent and Ludlow dance. (RealPlayer Required.) Kent's relationship with Balanchine exemplified his technique: Balanchine saw ways to uncover the gifts of his ballerinas that, in turn, revealed his own talents. They inspired him to challenge ballet's conventions, while he pushed them to work harder than they ever had. Balanchine acknowledged this symbiosis in a 1970s' interview with the BBC. Article continues after sponsorship Allegra Kent with George Balanchine Courtesy Bert Stern hide caption toggle caption Courtesy Bert Stern "I try to push people to a certain level that I like. I have to satisfy myself," Balanchine said. "...I look all the time, and I borrow from them. I mean, I use their bodies. I use what they are." For Kent, the relationship also proved rewarding. She enjoyed a successful 30-year career with the New York City Ballet, and now helps coach a new generation of dancers for The George Balanchine Trust. Web Extra: Extended Interview with Allegra Kent Only Available in Archive Formats.

Ballet

Who had a 70s No 1 hit with Billy, Don't Be A Hero?

Share Tweet By Gia Kourlas Posted: Sunday November 1 2009 Allegra Kent’s scintillating autobiography, Once a Dancer..., begins with these prescient words: “As a child, I knew I had one great possession: my body. It was little and quick. I lived within it.” -This month, Kent, who danced with the New York City Ballet for more than 30 years, celebrates a couple of milestones. The first is the reissue of her memoir, charming and juicy by turns; the second occurs on Monday 9, when Kent is presented with a Dance Magazine Award. In the program, held at Florence Gould Hall, Janie Taylor of NYCB will perform Kent’s original part in “The Unanswered Question,” in which a ballerina is held aloft, her feet never touching the floor. Interviewing Kent is a little like trying to catch a butterfly without a net. Her ballerina days aren’t exactly over; now she dances with words. For the Dance Magazine ceremony, you requested that Janie Taylor perform “The Unanswered Question” from Ivesiana. Why did you want her? Well, she’s done it and she’s beautiful. It’s a piece we don’t get to see that often, but it’s also the first piece that Mr. Balanchine did for me. Ivesiana was so unusual, part of his kind of stories about that figure: the unattainable or metaphysical figure. Or, also, totally physical figure. But what do you admire about Taylor? She is almost of another world herself, which great ballet dancers are. What first drew you to her? Her imagination, her musicality and individuality. Individual peculiarity. That’s what also drew Balanchine to everyone—their individual qualities—and then he’d create a story or a movement or a dance. Or no story. [Laughs] Can you take me back to— 1954? Of course! How do you want to travel? By chariot? Apollo’s chariot? Well, I was so new in the company and so hopeful, of course. And then, suddenly, there was my name for this dance on the bulletin board. I thought it was going to be jumping, but it wasn’t. Who was in the company? Maria Tallchief. Tanaquil Le Clercq. Melissa Hayden. They were all great individual ballerinas to watch. And also they would come running back and say, “Your eyes are too round!” “Not enough rouge!” [Laughs] They were all very involved with the company and that was wonderful—the input. Not just from the top, from everyone. Tell me about the rehearsals. The music! Oh, the music. No one had really heard that. Ives just wasn’t played. Balanchine discovered music and it wasn’t like there were CDs around; he would just play musical scores. He was so informed about what was happening. So you’re in the rehearsal for Ivesiana— “Take your shoes off and climb on the barre.” [Happily] Oh, just let me climb on the barre! I climbed mountains in Ojai Valley [California]. I’ll climb anything in front of me. Well, not the subway. [Laughs] So you climbed on the barre? Yeah. In the corner. And then got on the boy’s shoulders. Nobody had any idea; [Balanchine] didn’t give a description. “Step on the boy’s back and straighten up and let go. And when you hear the trumpet, that’s your cue.” I was so thrilled that I had Mr. B’s vote of confidence. That, psychologically? Oh my gosh. Because I basically came from nowhere. I wasn’t brought up anywhere. [Pauses] I was the original understudy for Agon. I like being the original understudy. It has a certain ring to it. At that time, no one had done anything like it. People still refer to [Agon] in their choreography. Not directly, but it expanded ideas of choreography. Which principal part did you understudy? Both. But I eventually did Diana Adams’s role. More quickly than I thought. Diana was fragile. She’d be out. Well, dancers are fragile. You have to go see them the minute you discover them. Dancers are also generous. When you get on stage and give a performance, that is generosity. When you’re an understudy— You’re in the back of the room where you can really think and watch. And also not have a certain amount of tension; although it’s good to be in the front of the room too. It’s good to be in the room. [Laughs] What did you observe back there? Maybe sometimes how I’d change something to suit myself more. Or be inspired by what I saw but always with an idea because you have to put everything on your own body a little bit. Like this poncho you’re wearing. Which is fantastic. Get me my crochet hook! [Laughs] I also crochet, but I don’t have time. We mustn’t go off on crocheting too much, but I made this. [She pulls a blue hat out of her bag.] I don’t have that much time. You were also famously in Seven Deadly Sins, which paired you with the singer Lotte Leyna. Oh, I love to sin. What’s your favorite sin? My gosh. They’re all so much fun. Maybe sloth is not as much fun, but lust is fun. Changing the costumes was fun. Diving through aluminum foil. Eddie Bigalow would catch me—always. [Laughs] Do you remember much about it? I do. But they tried to revive it and they waited too long. Well, Balanchine wanted to revive it, but there were always problems because Lenya wasn’t available; then, Barbra Streisand; then, Bette Midler; then, a union strike. I remember gluttony so well: A scale and an ice cream cone and a back walkover, which I didn’t know how to do. I needed more acrobatic training, but my mother didn’t believe in tap, toe and acrobatic. Those were the schools in those days! But my mother chose really good teachers for me: Carmelita Maracci. Nijinska. What is a snapshot memory of Nijinska? Oh! Black pajamas only! In class, she didn’t wear a [Felia] Doubrovska dress. No. There we would go across the room—furious, demonic energy! And she would run over to the pianist and make them do it right when they had the wrong tempo. After class, she was very, very loving. No chewing gum. The other day I was teaching at Barnard and I said to a girl, “Are you chewing gum?” and she said, “No, I’m eating an apple!” I said, “What? Is it green or red?” I didn’t know what to say. No eating apples. No chewing gum. This is an old Russian principle. Not just that. It’s an always principle. But she didn’t know. Did Nijinska encourage you? Yeah. And that was wonderful to be encouraged by a teacher. It’s inexplicable why I’m winning this award, but I’m delighted. I got into the ballet company and I watched and watched. I listened. I hadn’t heard any of that music before. I didn’t grow up with classical music; we grew up with the radio. We were a one nutcracker family. And I mean [She cracks a nut with an invisible crank] that kind of nutcracker.

i don't know

Banting and Best pioneered the use of what?

The Discovery of Insulin The Discovery of Insulin   Before the discovery of insulin, diabetes was a feared disease that most certainly led to death. Doctors knew that sugar worsened the condition of diabetic patients and that the most effective treatment was to put the patients on very strict diets where sugar intake was kept to a minimum. At best, this treatment could buy patients a few extra years, but it never saved them. In some cases, the harsh diets even caused patients to die of starvation. During the nineteenth century, observations of patients who died of diabetes often showed that the pancreas was damaged. In 1869, a German medical student, Paul Langerhans, found that within the pancreatic tissue that produces digestive juices there were clusters of cells whose function was unknown. Some of these cells were eventually shown to be the insulin-producing beta cells. Later, in honor of the person who discovered them, the cell clusters were named the islets of Langerhans. In 1889 in Germany, physiologist Oskar Minkowski and physician Joseph von Mering, showed that if the pancreas was removed from a dog, the animal got diabetes. But if the duct through which the pancreatic juices flow to the intestine was ligated - surgically tied off so the juices couldn't reach the intestine - the dog developed minor digestive problems but no diabetes. So it seemed that the pancreas must have at least two functions: To produce digestive juices To produce a substance that regulates the sugar glucose This hypothetical internal secretion was the key. If a substance could actually be isolated, the mystery of diabetes would be solved. Progress, however, was slow.   Banting's Idea In October 1920 in Toronto, Canada, Dr. Frederick Banting, an unknown surgeon with a bachelor's degree in medicine, had the idea that the pancreatic digestive juices could be harmful to the secretion of the pancreas produced by the islets of Langerhans. He therefore wanted to ligate the pancreatic ducts in order to stop the flow of nourishment to the pancreas. This would cause the pancreas to degenerate, making it shrink and lose its ability to secrete the digestive juices. The cells thought to produce an antidiabetic secretion could then be extracted from the pancreas without being harmed. Early in 1921, Banting took his idea to Professor John Macleod at the University of Toronto, who was a leading figure in the study of diabetes in Canada. Macleod didn't think much of Banting's theories. Despite this, Banting managed to convince him that his idea was worth trying. Macleod gave Banting a laboratory with a minimum of equipment and ten dogs. Banting also got an assistant, a medical student by the name of Charles Best. The experiment was set to start in the summer of 1921. Banting, right, and Best, left, with one of the diabetic dogs used in experiments with insulin. Credits: University of Toronto Archives   The Experiment Begins Banting and Best began their experiments by removing the pancreas from a dog. This resulted in the following: It's blood sugar rose. It became thirsty, drank lots of water, and urinated more often. It became weaker and weaker. The dog had developed diabetes. Experimenting on another dog, Banting and Best surgically ligated the pancreas, stopping the flow of nourishment, so that the pancreas degenerated. After a while, they removed the pancreas, sliced it up, and froze the pieces in a mixture of water and salts. When the pieces were half frozen, they were ground up and filtered. The isolated substance was named "isletin." The extract was injected into the diabetic dog. Its blood glucose level dropped, and it seemed healthier and stronger. By giving the diabetic dog a few injections a day, Banting and Best could keep it healthy and free of symptoms. Banting and Best showed their result to Macleod, who was impressed, but he wanted more tests to prove that their pancreatic extract really worked. Banting's and Best's laboratory, where insulin was discovered. Credits: University of Toronto Archives   Extended Tests   For the increased testing, Banting and Best realized that they required a larger supply of organs than their dogs could provide, and they started using pancreases from cattle. With this new source, they managed to produce enough extract to keep several diabetic dogs alive. The new results convinced Macleod that they were onto something big. He gave them more funds and moved them to a better laboratory with proper working conditions. He also suggested they should call their extract "insulin." Now, the work proceeded rapidly. In late 1921, a third person, biochemist Bertram Collip, joined the team. Collip was given the task of trying to purify the insulin so that it would be clean enough for testing on humans. During the intensified testing, the team also realized that the process of shrinking the pancreases had been unnecessary. Using whole fresh pancreases from adult animals worked just as well.   Testing on Humans The team was eager to start testing on humans. But on whom should they test? Banting and Best began by injecting themselves with the extract. They felt weak and dizzy, but they were not harmed. Collip continued his work to purify the insulin. He also experimented with trying to find the correct dosage. He learned how to diminish the effect of an insulin overdose with glucose in different forms. He discovered that the glucose should be as pure as possible. Orange juice and honey are good examples of foods rich in glucose. In January 1922 in Toronto, Canada, a 14-year-old boy, Leonard Thompson, was chosen as the first person with diabetes to receive insulin. The test was a success. Leonard, who before the insulin shots was near death, rapidly regained his strength and appetite. The team now expanded their testing to other volunteer diabetics, who reacted just as positively as Leonard to the insulin extract.   The Nobel Prize The news of the successful treatment of diabetes with insulin rapidly spread outside of Toronto, and in 1923 the Nobel Committee decided to award Banting and Macleod the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. The decision of the Nobel Committee made Banting furious. He felt that the prize should have been shared between him and Best, and not between him and Macleod. To give credit to Best, Banting decided to share his cash award with him. Macleod, in turn, shared his cash award with Collip. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for insulin has been much debated. It has been questioned why Macleod received the prize instead of Best and Collip. However, Macleod played a central role in the discovery of insulin. It was he who supported the project from the beginning. He supervised the work and it is also most likely that Macleod's contacts in the scientific world helped the team in getting a speedy recognition of their discovery. Frederick G. Banting and John Macleod were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1923 "for the discovery of insulin."   The Legacy of Insulin Banting, Macleod, and the rest of the team patented their insulin extract but gave away all their rights to the University of Toronto, which would later use the income from insulin to fund new research. Very soon after the discovery of insulin, the medical firm Eli Lilly started large-scale production of the extract. As soon as 1923, the firm was producing enough insulin to supply the entire North American continent. Although insulin doesn't cure diabetes, it's one of the biggest discoveries in medicine. When it came, it was like a miracle. People with severe diabetes and only days left to live were saved. And as long as they kept getting their insulin, they could live an almost normal life.  

Insulin

Who directed the movie La Dolce Vita?

Insulin: Discovery and Controversy | Clinical Chemistry Insulin: Discovery and Controversy PDF Abstract During the first two decades of the 20th century, several investigators prepared extracts of pancreas that were often successful in lowering blood sugar and reducing glycosuria in test animals. However, they were unable to remove impurities, and toxic reactions prevented its use in humans with diabetes. In the spring of 1921, Frederick G. Banting, a young Ontario orthopedic surgeon, was given laboratory space by J.J.R. Macleod, the head of physiology at the University of Toronto, to investigate the function of the pancreatic islets. A student assistant, Charles Best, and an allotment of dogs were provided to test Banting’s hypothesis that ligation of the pancreatic ducts before extraction of the pancreas, destroys the enzyme-secreting parts, whereas the islets of Langerhans, which were believed to produce an internal secretion regulating sugar metabolism, remained intact. He believed that earlier failures were attributable to the destructive action of trypsin. The name “insuline” had been introduced in 1909 for this hypothetic substance. Their experiments produced an extract of pancreas that reduced the hyperglycemia and glycosuria in dogs made diabetic by the removal of their pancreases. They next developed a procedure for extraction from the entire pancreas without the need for duct ligation. This extract, now made from whole beef pancreas, was successful for treating humans with diabetes. Facilitating their success was a development in clinical chemistry that allowed blood sugar to be frequently and accurately determined in small volumes of blood. Success with purification was largely the work of J.B. Collip. Yield and standardization were improved by cooperation with Eli Lilly and Company. When the Nobel Prize was awarded to Banting and Macleod for the discovery of insulin, it aggravated the contentious relationship that had developed between them during the course of the investigation. Banting was outraged that Macleod and not Best had been selected, and he briefly threatened to refuse the award. He immediately announced that he was giving one-half of his share of the prize money to Best and publicly acknowledged Best’s contribution to the discovery of insulin. Macleod followed suit and gave one-half of his money award to Collip. Years later, the official history of the Nobel Committee admitted that Best should have been awarded a share of the prize. Hailed as one of the most dramatic events in the history of the treatment of disease, the discovery of insulin at the University of Toronto in 1921–1922 extended the life-span of diabetic patients and made Fred Banting an international celebrity. Changing Careers Frederick Grant Banting (1891–1941) (Fig. 1 ⇓ )grew up on a small Ontario farm and was educated in local schools. He entered Victoria College, the divinity school of the University of Toronto, to study for the ministry, but after three semesters of arts courses and no premedical preparation, he transferred to the university’s medical school in the fall of 1912. When his studies were interrupted by World War I, he and other students enlisted in the Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps in 1915, but were sent back to finish medical school in an accelerated 15-month program. They were graduated in December 1916 with a bachelor of medicine degree. Banting was sent overseas with the rank of captain. After serving as a medical officer in a Canadian hospital in England, he was transferred to France with a field ambulance unit. In September 1918, he was wounded and moved to a hospital in England. For valorous conduct during the Cambrai campaign, he was awarded the Military Cross by the British government. Frederick Grant Banting. From The Discovery of Insulin. ©1982 by Michael Bliss, The University of Chicago Press. He returned to Toronto in March 1919 and joined the staff of the Hospital for Sick Children as a resident in surgery. In July 1920, he opened a general surgical practice in London, Ontario, ∼110 miles west of Toronto. When this was slow in developing, he took on a part-time position as demonstrator at the local medical school (now the University of Western Ontario). For nearly a year, he taught anatomy and physiology. Although hardly qualified to teach physiology, he convinced F.R. Miller, head of the department, that he could stay ahead of his assignments to the students. He also assisted Miller, a distinguished neurophysiologist, with experiments on the electric stimulation of the cerebellar cortex of cats. Anatomy of Diabetes On October 30, 1920, in preparation for a lecture on the pancreas, Banting’s attention was drawn to the lead article in his November issue of Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics, “The Relation of the Islets of Langerhans to Diabetes, With Special Reference to Cases of Pancreatic Lithiasis” by Moses Barron of the University of Minnesota ( 1 ). While doing routine autopsies, Barron had come across a rare case of the formation of a pancreatic stone. Rarer still, the stone had completely obstructed the main pancreatic duct. Although all the acinar cells had disappeared through degeneration (atrophy), most of the islet cells had apparently survived intact. In reviewing the literature, Barron pointed out the similarity of these observations to those that occur when the pancreatic ducts were blocked experimentally by ligation. In 1901, L.V. Ssobolew (1876–1919) had shown that a ligature of the pancreatic ducts in rabbits, cats, and dogs leads to gradual atrophy and destruction of the enzyme-secreting acinar cells, whereas the islet cells remained intact for weeks, with no evidence of sugar in the urine (glycosuria) ( 2 ). Thus, experimental and pathologic evidence reinforced the belief that the islets were the key to explaining diabetes. The islets were first described by Paul Langerhans (1847–1888), a German medical student, in his dissertation in 1869, but he could not suggest any function for them. They were named after Langerhans by E. Laguesse ( 3 ) in 1893. The importance of the pancreas in carbohydrate metabolism had been known since experiments by Joseph Freiherr von Mering (1849–1908) and Oscar Minkowski (1858–1931) in 1890 ( 4 ). They successfully removed the entire pancreas from a dog and observed all the symptoms of severe diabetes, namely, high blood sugar (hyperglycemia), glycosuria, and finally death involving ketosis and coma in 2 or 3 weeks. Their finding was the first experimental proof that diabetes may be of pancreatic origin. In 1900, another piece of the puzzle was provided by Eugene Lindsay Opie (1873–1971), an instructor in pathology at Johns Hopkins, who described hyaline degeneration of the islands of Langerhans in cases of diabetes mellitus ( 5 ). This discovery directed closer attention to the islets as the probable source of an internal secretion of the pancreas necessary for normal metabolism of sugar and lacking in diabetes. This was clearly inferred from the absence of glycosuria after ligation of the ducts and the atrophy of most of the gland. Apparently, the part of the gland that prevented the disease was the part that remained almost intact many weeks after ligation of the ducts. Islet tissue is also affected, but much more slowly than the acinar tissue. In 1905, Ernest Henry Starling (1866–1927) coined the term “hormone” (Greek: hormaein, to set in motion) to designate the chemical messengers of the body’s endocrine glands. As early as 1894, Sir Edward Albert Sharpey–Schäfer (1850–1935), who often stated that histology was in the service of physiology, suggested that on morphologic grounds the islet tissue might be responsible for the internal secretion by which the pancreas produced its effect on the blood sugar concentration. In 1913, in lectures at Stanford University, he suggested the name “insuline” for the still hypothetical substance in the islets ( 6 ). He later acknowledged that he was unaware that the term had been introduced by Jean de Meyer (1878–1934) in 1909 ( 7 ). “Insulin” (Latin: insula, island) was independently adopted by the Toronto workers in 1922. The Big Idea Banting suspected that in failed attempts by others, the active principle was probably destroyed by digestive enzymes in the acinar tissue of the pancreas during extraction of whole gland. That night, unable to sleep for thinking about the article and the lecture, Banting, at ∼0200 in the morning, had an idea and wrote a note to himself. In what is considered his most authoritative statement on the discovery, the Cameron Lecture ( 8 ), delivered in Edinburgh in 1928, he recalled writing: “Ligate pancreatic ducts of dogs. Wait six to eight weeks for degeneration. Remove the residue and extract”. In an unpublished 1940 memoir ( 9 ), Banting gives a slightly different wording and time interval. In his notebook kept in the archives of the Academy of Medicine in Toronto, he actually wrote: “Diabetus. Ligate pancreatic ducts of dog. Keep dogs alive till acini degenerate leaving Islets. Try to isolate the internal secretion of these to relieve glycosurea” ( 10 ). In addition to the obvious misspelling of diabetes and glycosuria, the true notation does not contain the word “extract”. In seeking to relieve glycosuria, he appears to be identifying diabetes with glucose in the urine in the traditional way, rather than following the newer concept of hyperglycemia as the identifying parameter of diabetes. Unfortunately, blood sugar analysis was difficult, required from 10 to 20 mL of blood, and was time-consuming and not very accurate. Furthermore, repeated withdrawal of such large volumes of blood could be harmful to human or animal. Consequently, it was more practical and safer to test the urine. Banting did not know about recent improvements in analysis of blood sugar on small volumes of blood, which would provide more frequent results that were clinically more useful and reliable than tests on urine, for measuring short-term fluctuations. These new sugar methods (discussed later in the text) were a very important development for diabetes research. By ligating the ducts and allowing time for the degeneration of the acinar cells, Banting hoped to obtain the internal secretion of the islet cells free from the destructive action of trypsin and other pancreatic enzymes in the external secretion of the acinar cells. All of Banting’s accounts of his inspiration and of the subsequent events were written years after his life had been changed by these events, and not everywhere did he record them the same. Consequently, they are not a reliable guide to the events in which he participated ( 10 ). Banting’s conception was not new or altogether correct, because the digestive ferments of the pancreas must be activated in the intestine before they can exercise their destructive action. Many attempts to prepare extracts of the pancreas had been made by other investigators. Temporary sugar-reducing effects were often accompanied by harmful side-effects, such as fever and painful abscesses, which overshadowed any benefit. Georg Ludwig Zuelzer ( 11 ), Ernest Lyman Scott ( 12 ), Israel S. Kleiner ( 13 ), John Murlin ( 14 ), and Nicolas C. Paulesco ( 15 ) had all been able to produce pancreatic extracts that often reduced hyperglycemia or glycosuria in animals and, in some cases, in humans. However, toxic reactions after the initial relief of symptoms usually brought the tests to a halt. A Cool Reception F.R. Miller advised Banting to bring his idea to John James Rickard Macleod (1876–1935) (Fig. 2 ⇓ ), professor of physiology and department head at the University of Toronto and a leading authority on carbohydrate metabolism, who was in a position to provide Banting with research facilities to test his proposal. Macleod had come to Toronto in 1918 after 15 years as professor at Western Reserve University in Cleveland, OH, and was president of the American Physiological Society during the year of discovery of insulin. In 1913 he had published Diabetes: Its Pathological Physiology. Although he concluded that there was an internal secretion of the pancreas, he believed it might never be separated in a pancreatic extract. John James Rickard Macleod. Courtesy of the Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, Vol. 20, 1934–35. The conventional wisdom during Macleod’s training had been the primacy of the nervous system in the control of physiologic functions, with the liver having the central role in carbohydrate metabolism. Macleod’s concept of diabetes was the traditional one of hyperglycemia and/or glycosuria, attributable to a failure of glycogen formation and storage in the liver producing an increase of blood glucose. His long-time interest was in trying to locate the center in the brain where the nervous control of carbohydrate metabolism, i.e., glycogenic function of the liver, originated ( 16 ). Only 4 months after arriving in London, Ontario, Banting visited Macleod for the first time on Monday, November 7, 1920. Macleod, knowledgeable about the literature, was skeptical; he found that Banting had only a superficial textbook knowledge of previous work on the effects of pancreatic extracts in diabetes and showed very little practical familiarity with methods for investigating such a problem. Macleod pointed out that many eminent scientists had tried to isolate this hormone and failed, without obtaining any conclusive evidence of the existence of an internal secretion ( 17 ). It is easy to understand why Macleod was not impressed with Banting or his idea. Banting was at a marked disadvantage in facing Macleod. He had no advanced degree, no honors, publications, experience in research, or teaching or private practice or surgery. Except for his work in the army, he had virtually no credentials. Lacking both training and expertise, Banting did not understand the advances made by others or the limitations of his own research proposal. Ignorant of the field and unsure of his methods and the chemical testing procedures he would need, Banting would require much help and direction ( 16 ). He also failed to evaluate his own original erroneous assumption that the external and internal secretions are antagonistic within the pancreas. His weak background knowledge and inexperience in research kept him from a careful review of the literature for others who had searched for the internal secretion. He admitted on more than one occasion that had he been thoroughly acquainted with the literature before beginning the research, he might never have begun. “Too much reading of the literature is … inadvisable for [the] wide diversity of opinion and confusion of thought” ( 18 )( 19 ). Change of Mind Banting met twice more with Macleod. Whether it was the persistence, the boundless enthusiasm, or the possibility of more reliable results with the new glucose methods on small volumes of blood, Macleod may have considered Banting’s proposal worth thinking about. Finally, having cautioned Banting about the time it would take and the likelihood of negative results, Macleod agreed to provide laboratory space ( 17 ). Now Banting became cautious. He did not want to give up his appointments in surgery and physiology in London to get negative results, even if they were of “great physiological value”, as Macleod repeated several times. He told Macleod he would consider the whole matter carefully. Although there was nothing new in producing atrophy of the acinar tissues by duct ligation, there was interest in the relative degeneration of the acinar and islet cells. Nobody had tried to administer an extract from a fully degenerated pancreas. The great difficulty had been in getting ligation to work so that the pancreas atrophied. It was not until March 8, 1921, that Banting wrote to Macleod saying he would like to spend the second half of May plus June and July in Macleod’s laboratory, if the offer of facilities was still open ( 17 ). Whatever the experimental surgical techniques were to be, the results would be measured by tests of glucose in the blood and urine. Heads or Tails One day in May, Macleod introduced Banting to the two student assistants he had employed as demonstrators in the physiology laboratory. Charles Herbert Best (1899–1978) (Fig. 3 ⇓ ), and Edward Clark Noble (1900–1978) were seniors in the physiology and biochemistry honors program and were planning to pursue a master of arts degree. They had also been working as research assistants in the production of experimental diabetes and had acquired experience in the analysis of blood sugar. Macleod also wanted measurements of the ratio of glucose (dextrose) to nitrogen (D:N ratio) in the urine. The D:N ratio was thought to be a particularly accurate reflection of the diabetic state. Macleod left it to Best and Noble to decide how they would divide the summer in helping Banting test his hypothesis. What began as a summer research job for a student turned into one of the most exciting and controversial medical adventures of modern times. Charles Herbert Best. Courtesy of Eli Lilly and Company Archives. A coin toss decided who would go first. Best won. Stevenson ( 20 ) cites Banting’s Cameron Lecture ( 8 ) as the source of the story, but adds that Best and Noble dismissed it as a newspaper fiction. When this version was repeated by J.R. Henderson ( 21 ) in 1971, Noble was quick to respond that the coin toss did occur ( 22 )( 23 ). When he did return he did not replace Best because Best was getting on so well with the experiments. There was no point in having a new assistant start fresh to pick up on the procedures at this stage of the work. Banting and Best had both become proficient with each other’s techniques and worked well together. Noble did participate later in the post-discovery development work, and his name appears on several of the publications. Best did all the chemical testing, measuring blood and urine sugar and urinary nitrogen, and assisted in other ways in the experiments on the depancreatized, duct-ligated, and normal dogs and in the preparation of active extracts. Blood sugar estimations were made by the Myers–Bailey ( 24 ) modification of the Lewis–Benedict ( 25 ) method. The results with this procedure were confirmed by the recently published Shaffer–Hartmann ( 26 ) iodometric titration method at high and low percentages of blood sugar. In the follow-up report on human subjects with diabetes mellitus ( 27 ), blood sugar was estimated at intervals by the revised Folin–Wu ( 28 ) method, urine sugar by Benedict’s ( 29 ) method, and acetone bodies by Van Slyke’s methods. Off and Running Work began on May 17, 1921. The general pattern of the research was worked out with Macleod, who gave them suggestions about the surgical techniques, the preparation of chilled saline extracts of pancreas (he later suggested alcohol extraction) and helped them get started by assisting on the first dog. The widely held belief that Macleod set Banting and Best to work and then immediately left town for vacation in Scotland is not true. They had been at the research for almost 1 month, consulting with Macleod during this time. Macleod reviewed the status of the project, left his address, and gave parting instructions before leaving on June 14. After ligation of the ducts, the dogs were expected to recover from the surgery and live more or less normally. After several weeks, the pancreas, unable to secrete fluid into the duodenum, would gradually atrophy and would be removed and processed to extract the internal secretion. The extract would then be administered to other dogs made diabetic by removal of the pancreas. It was a laborious task for some one with no experience in animal work, and it did not go well at first as Banting struggled to improve his surgical technique. By the end of the second week, 7 of their 10 dogs had died. To resupply the animal cages, they resorted to buying dogs on the streets of Toronto for $1.00 to $3.00 with no questions asked of the suppliers ( 30 )( 31 ). Because of surgical problems and the necessary passage of time before evaluation of the dogs after duct ligation, it was July 27 before both a depancreatized dog and a duct-tied dog were ready. On July 30, following Macleod’s directions, they chopped a degenerated pancreas into small pieces and placed it in ice-cold Ringer’s solution in a chilled mortar seated in freezing brine solution until the mixture partly froze. The mass was ground up with sand and a pestle, filtered, and warmed to body temperature. Five milliliters were administered intravenously to a dog whose pancreas had been removed. Samples of blood were taken at 0.5-h intervals. The dog’s blood sugar fell from 0.200% to 0.120% in 1 h. The improvement was of short duration. Despite additional injections, the dog’s blood sugar started to increase, and its death the next morning was probably hastened by infection ( 32 ). It was their first experimental evidence that they had isolated an extract with antidiabetic principle. The duo repeated their experiments and recorded frequent decreases in blood sugar and in sugar excreted in the urine on two additional depancreatized dogs. They named the extract “Isletin”. Although the dogs died, Banting and Best were excited by what they had seen. “I have so much to tell you that I scarcely know where to begin”, Banting wrote to Macleod on August 9. He added that the extract “invariably” causes a reduction in blood sugar, improves the clinical condition of the dog, and is destroyed by boiling and that extracts of other organs are inactive. They gradually eliminated possible sources of error by running control experiments. However, they also had many failures with dogs that died shortly after some of the surgeries. A New Approach As early as August 17, 1921, having run out of duct-tied dogs, they made an extract of a dog’s whole fresh pancreas. A decrease in blood sugar from 0.300% to 0.170% was obtained 1 h after 10 mL of extract was administered ( 32 ). On August 19, with the dog starting to weaken, they tried something different to avoid the external secretion with its toxic materials. They stimulated a pancreas with the hormone secretin until the pancreas was exhausted. This involved a complicated surgical procedure to obtain the crude secretin, followed by the slow injection of secretin for almost 4 h until the flow of pancreatic fluid through a cannula in the pancreatic duct stopped. The pancreas was quickly removed and processed to obtain the extract, which worked very well. Although exhausted gland extracts were not practical, they provided evidence supporting the goal of obtaining extracts of the islet cells free from the products of the acinous cells. Their work with duct-ligated dogs had been unnecessary, but they had gained knowledge without which they might never have developed the skill and insight to get the internal secretion from an easier source. Clash of Personalities When Macleod returned from vacation on September 21, he could hardly believe how much had been accomplished. He questioned the accuracy of their data. Banting resented this as a reflection on his integrity and could not restrain his natural tendency to be combative. His temper flared, and a bitter argument followed. Mutual friends interceded and the immediate storm blew over, but an atmosphere of friction settled in and clouded the background of their relationship and never entirely cleared. Macleod’s aloof scorn of Banting’s ability and Banting’s growing bitterness at what he perceived to be Macleod’s negative attitude kept relations always painfully strained ( 33 ). Macleod wanted them to repeat the summer’s work to confirm their results before they proceeded with purification and assay. Macleod suggested an experiment to rule out dilution by the injections as causing the decrease in blood sugar. Banting used the meeting to request a salary, a separate room to work in, a laboratory boy to look after the dogs, and repairs to the floor of the operating room. Macleod was reluctant to provide these, believing that some other research would suffer. Banting threatened to leave and go to the Mayo Clinic or Rockefeller Institute. Macleod said he could go, but then relented and within a day or two after the confrontation Banting’s requests were met. Macleod provided a salary and arranged for retroactive pay for Banting ($150) and Best ($170) in view of the decidedly satisfactory results of the summer. To provide further help to Banting, professor Velyien Henderson gave him an appointment in the department of pharmacology at $250 a month to fill a temporary vacancy. It was a great relief to Banting to have financial support for the winter months. Banting, driven by conviction and passion, was eager for the work to advance more rapidly to testing humans with diabetes. He asked Macleod if J.B. Collip, a biochemist who was spending part of his sabbatical in the department of pathological chemistry, could join them. Collip had met Banting and learned about the insulin project shortly before Macleod left for Scotland. Macleod advised against expanding the team at this stage. He wanted Banting and Best to complete their independent research as originally planned. If the results continued to be satisfactory, Macleod would join them with his assistants ( 18 ). So they went back to their dogs. There Must Be a Better Way Duct ligation and secretin exhaustion, although of great scientific interest, were strictly laboratory procedures and incapable of large-scale repetition to produce enough material for clinical use. On November 15, with only one duct-ligated dog on hand and faced with the built-in delay of this procedure, they realized that supply of extract was the bottleneck limitation of their project. There could never be a practical clinical application of the internal secretion of the pancreas unless they could come up with a better way of obtaining pancreatic extract. In their reading they recalled that Laguesse had found that in the pancreas of fetal and newborn animals, islet cells were more abundant in relation to the acini than in the adult animal. Because there was no need for digestion until after birth, it was likely that there was little or no active acinar tissue in the fetus and that external secretion was absent or weak. Therefore, the fetal pancreas might be a practical source of an extract rich in internal secretion but free from the destructive enzymes of pancreatic juice. Although their focus was to avoid getting trypsin into the extract, they were also eliminating, to a considerable degree, the proteins other than insulin that were the real offenders causing toxic reactions ( 20 )( 34 )( 35 ). Having been born and raised on a farm and familiar with stock breeding, Banting remembered that cattle prepared for slaughter would first be impregnated to make them heavier eaters to hasten their fattening. There would always be a supply of fetal calves at the abettoirs to maintain an adequate supply of active principle for testing. Extracts of fetal pancreas worked well. Here too, however, although more productive than duct ligation or secretin exhaustion, it was obviously limited as a supplier of raw material. There was only one sufficient source—the pancreas of the adult animal. Preliminary Communication Macleod asked Banting and Best to present their research to university students and staff at the Physiological Journal Club in November. Best was to show charts of dogs, and Banting was to describe the work. However, in his opening remarks, Macleod said all the things Banting had planned to say about earlier research. Banting was inexperienced as a speaker, nervous, and not very articulate, especially after Macleod’s surprising introduction. In writing about the meeting a year later, he noted how often Macleod was using “we” in describing the work. His state of mind was not helped when he learned that afterward, students were talking about the remarkable work of Professor Macleod ( 36 ). Banting and Best finished their first paper in late November. Macleod polished the final draft but declined being listed as a coauthor because it was Banting and Best’s work ( 17 ). The paper’s title was “The Internal Secretion of the Pancreas” ( 32 ), and it was to appear in the Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine in February 1922. Before actual publication, there would be an occasion for the first public presentation before the American Physiological Society in New Haven, CT, on December 30, 1921. As a member of the society, Macleod’s name was listed first on the program and Banting and Best were identified as “by invitation”. On the published half-page abstract, the order was reversed ( 37 ). Banting was nervous and “spoke haltingly, Macleod beautifully” ( 38 ). The leading investigators of diabetes were there. Two of them, Kleiner and Scott, had made extracts that reduced hyperglycemia and glycosuria. Participants asked many questions about the experiments, some of which were difficult for Banting to answer satisfactorily. It was obvious to Banting how badly he spoke and that he had failed to convince the audience that their results proved the presence of an internal secretion of the pancreas any more effectively than had previous investigators. Macleod came to his rescue by joining the discussion and trying to answer the friendly but serious criticisms. What especially bothered Banting was how smoothly Macleod had stepped in as though he owned the project, referring to “our work” and using the word “we” although he had never done a single experiment. Banting began to revisit all the previous negative interactions with Macleod. It was this intervention in the discussion that convinced Banting, who had never liked Macleod or felt at ease in his presence, that Macleod was trying to take over the project and steal his results and the fame. He began telling this to his friends ( 9 )( 17 )( 36 )( 39 ). Also in the audience was George H.A. Clowes, research director for Eli Lilly and Company. He recognized the potential of the research and asked whether his company could collaborate with the Toronto group in preparing the extract commercially. Macleod told him the work was not sufficiently advanced for commercial manufacture ( 17 ). Omitted from the published paper were the badly done experiments of the early summer. The paper contained minor factual errors. Figures in their graphs sometimes disagreed with figures in the text and/or, according to Bliss ( 34 ), with figures in their laboratory notebooks. The clutter of data in their graphic displays reveals their inexperience in preparing papers for publication. Their statement that the extract always produced a decrease of the concentration of sugar in the blood and in excretion of sugar in the urine is not correct. Some extracts had not worked at all. Despite claiming that their extract contained the internal secretion of the pancreas, Banting and Best specifically said they did not yet have an agent that would “justify the therapeutic administration of degenerated gland extracts to cases of diabetes mellitus in the clinic” ( 32 ). What was impressive about their experiments was the overall pattern of successful results. Whole Pancreas On December 6, they decided to use alcohol in preparation of a fetal calf extract. Macleod had suggested alcohol months earlier. Best recalled later that it had occurred to the three of them independently. Alcohol had been used by Zuelzer and Scott. The problem with an aqueous saline extract was that any attempt to concentrate it by boiling off the water also destroyed the active principle. Alcohol evaporates at a much lower temperature than water. They used a technique Macleod had shown them of a current of warm air flowing over the solution. Could they get a similar result from fresh adult pancreas? On December 11, whole pancreas was macerated and extracted with slightly acidic 95% alcohol, the filtrate was evaporated to dryness in a warm air current, and the dry residue was emulsified in Ringer’s solution and given intravenously. The solution was injected into the dog whose pancreas they had removed. Its blood sugar dropped from 0.460% to 0.180% in 3 h. This was a major advance. Whole pancreas extracted with alcohol worked; there was no need for degenerated pancreas or fetal pancreas. Now the research could go ahead using cheap easily obtained fresh whole beef pancreas ( 35 ). Convinced of their success with diabetic dogs, Macleod finally agreed to help them develop their valuable discovery. He discontinued his own research on anoxemia and turned all the resources of his laboratory over to the new work. They needed help because the pace was speeding up now that they had the means for producing large amounts of extract. There was much to be done, and Banting wanted it done quickly so they could get to clinical testing. Macleod had now agreed to everything Banting had asked for, including his earlier request for Collip to join them. Insulin Purified In early December, Macleod invited James Bertram Collip (1892–1965) (Fig. 4 ⇓ ), an experienced Canadian biochemist from the University of Alberta in Edmonton, to work on the task of purification. Collip was a Toronto alumnus of 1912 (BA) and PhD (1916), and had some knowledge of glandular secretions and the making of tissue extracts ( 40 ). His sabbatical was supported by a Rockefeller Foundation Traveling Fellowship. Collip’s laboratory was in the pathology building on the grounds of the hospital and several blocks from the dog quarters in the medical building. New research was now begun under Macleod’s direction. James Bertram Collip. From The Discovery of Insulin. ©1982 by Michael Bliss, The University of Chicago Press. The pancreatic extract consisted of fats, proteins, water, salts, other organic materials, and the active principle. Different proteins are soluble at different concentrations of alcohol and different degrees of acidity. Banting and Best had discovered that the active principle from whole pancreas was soluble in ∼50% concentration of alcohol. They discontinued fractionation at 65% alcohol because at this point the trypsin had been eliminated. Collip joined them at this stage. Applying standard experimental techniques to the problem, he started with fresh whole beef pancreas ground up in alcohol. After the mixture was filtered, Collip gradually increased the concentration of alcohol and found that the active principle remained in solution at progressively higher concentrations, whereas most of the proteins precipitated. The lipids and salts could eventually be removed by centrifugation and washing. On the night of January 19, Collip discovered a limit; somewhere over 90% alcohol the active principle itself was precipitated. Using this cutoff point he could remove most of the protein contaminants as a precipitate below 90% alcohol, then move to a higher concentration to precipitate and then isolate the active principle, as a powder, still with impurities but far purer than any previous extract. Collip tested the potency of the powders with methods he developed, using rabbits for the assay. After checking them for abscesses, he realized he had an extract sufficiently pure for testing on humans. Collip had found that pancreatic extracts were effective in lowering the blood sugar of healthy rabbits just as extracts had been in lowering blood sugar of diabetic dogs. This had great practical importance for it dispensed with the need to use depancreatized dogs for testing the potency of a batch of extract. This could now be done quickly and easily by testing the blood, easily obtainable from a vein in the rabbit’s ear, and using the new micromethod of Shaffer–Hartmann. Clark Noble was added to the team to help with the rabbit testing. Macleod claims to have suggested using rabbits, which Collip then acted on ( 17 )( 33 )( 34 ). Clinical Trial Failure In the winter of 1922, Best did the preliminary processing of the pancreas and making the initial concentration of material before handing it over to Collip for completion. By now Banting began to feel that he and Best were being brushed aside in the research. He became insistent that Macleod allow the first clinical test to be with an extract made by him and Best, for he was determined to participate in the first clinical trial. However, Banting, a surgeon not currently in practice, had no qualifications for experimenting on patients, and he had no standing at Toronto General Hospital, the university’s teaching hospital across the street, where the trial would take place. He was not an expert clinician, and his limited postgraduate training had been surgical rather than medical. He had neither the knowledge nor the experience to take part on equal terms with his colleagues in the early clinical application of his discovery. On one side of the street he was no physiologist, no chemist; on the other side, he was no clinician. It was not an easy situation. Only a mature and well-balanced personality could have handled this state of affairs in good humor. Banting’s personality was not mature. He was dynamic, forceful, impatient, and not always easy to get along with ( 41 ). He applied for a temporary appointment in the department of medicine so he could test the pancreatic extract at the hospital, but was turned down. This only added to his sense of injustice. Macleod interceded with the head of the clinic to allow use of their preparation. The extract, recalled several years later as “a murky, light-brown liquid containing much sediment, which dissolved to a considerable extent on being warmed” ( 42 ), was administered by a young house physician on the afternoon of January 11, 1922. A total of 7.5 mL was injected into each buttock of the patient. Banting and Best waited in the hallway. They were not given samples of the urine because these were the property of the hospital. They would get the results the next day ( 9 )( 36 )( 39 ). The patient was Leonard Thompson, a 14-year-old boy with severe diabetes who weighed only 65 pounds on admission on December 2, 1921. There was a drop in blood sugar from 0.440% to 0.320%, and the 24-h excretion of glucose fell from 91.5 g to 84 g. The Rothera test for ketone bodies continued to be strongly positive. No clinical benefit was observed ( 27 ). A sterile abscess developed at the site of one of the injections, caused by the impurities in the extract. The extract was not effective enough to justify further administration. The record of the hospital indicated that Thompson received “Macleod’s serum”. A reporter for the Toronto Star learned about the test and found his way to Macleod, who emphasized that the work was preliminary. The article appearing on January 14 emphasized Macleod’s cautious responses. Banting was not pleased by the repetition of “we”. Macleod, still unaware of Banting’s suspicions, finally learned of his accusations of stealing his work and that he had been spreading these sentiments for some time. Banting’s chief complaints concerned the New Haven session and the Star interview as evidence of Macleod’s bad faith. He produced confirmation of Macleod’s domination of the New Haven meeting from others who were there. Although Banting’s and Macleod’s recollections of the involvement of a mutual friend trying to broker a peaceful settlement do not match, they agreed on a modus vivendi and effort at better communication. Macleod also agreed to continue the collaboration and said he “had no intention of robbing him of any of the glory that was his due”. All those who participated in the researches on the physiologic action of pancreatic extracts would be listed on publications in alphabetical order. This placed Banting first and Best second ( 17 ). While all this was going on, Collip, under pressure to come up with a better extract, was at work trying to produce a purified extract. The Big Fight In the winter of 1922, Banting considered every friend of Macleod’s as his own sworn enemy and a biased partisan in the great Macleod conspiracy. One day in the latter part of January, after the less than satisfactory first clinical test and annoyed by Banting’s attitude, Collip threatened to withdraw from all further cooperative experiments and start producing insulin independently. Collip told them he had solved the problem, was leaving the group, and intended to take out a patent in his own name on the purification of their pancreatic extract. He refused to tell them what the process was and added that Macleod had agreed that he should not tell them. This was a breach of an agreement between Collip, Banting, and Best to exchange all results. Banting, never short of righteous anger or noted for meekness or restraint when he felt wronged, exploded with clenched fists, and in a moment Collip was lying dazed on the floor of the laboratory ( 43 ). Fortunately, he was not seriously hurt. There are no contemporary reports of this encounter, no reference by Collip, and only two accounts ( 39 ), neither of which, according to Bliss, should be considered entirely reliable. One was by Banting in his unpublished 1940 memoir, the other by Best in a letter to Sir Henry Dale, dated February 22, 1954. They differ in details. There was another reference to what Collip said, written by Banting in 1922 and published in 1982 ( 36 ), without any mention of a fight or confrontation. Paranoia, distrust, suspicion, and rivalry were out in the open. For years the story of the fight made the rounds of the insulin gossip mill, becoming distorted with every retelling. A twisted version that had Banting attack Collip in the university halls appeared in Banting’s obituary in Time magazine of March 17, 1941. Apparently the verbal exchange provoking the confrontation reached the people with an interest in the insulin project. They acted quickly to forestall any precipitous action detrimental to the cooperation of the Connaught Laboratories, established during the war to produce vaccines and antitoxins, to manufacture insulin on a large scale. In a memorandum dated January 25, 1922, Banting, Best, and Collip agreed not to exploit the process of preparing an extract of pancreas by seeking a patent or commercial collaboration. Macleod also signed. No modification in research policy was to be taken without preliminary consultation between Banting, Best, Collip, Macleod, and J.G. Fitzgerald, director of the Connaught Laboratories ( 39 ). Clinical Trial Success Treatment of the 14-year-old diabetic youth resumed on January 23, 1922, this time with a purified extract made by Collip. Daily injections produced immediate improvement. His blood sugar dropped from 0.520% to 0.120% the next day, and his glucose excretion decreased from 71.1 g to 8.7 g. Acetone bodies disappeared from his urine, and he looked brighter, felt better, and became more active ( 27 ). This was the first clearly successful clinical test of the internal secretion of the pancreas on a human diabetic. In February, six more patients were treated, all with favorable results. A series of clinical studies followed that defined the biological effects of insulin and established guidelines for its clinical use. W.R. Campbell and A.A. Fletcher were the clinicians assigned to work out the many problems in utilizing this new therapy. A preliminary report was published in March under the title “Pancreatic Extracts in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus”. The results of the clinical tests were described, with special emphasis on the first patient ( 27 ). The key sentence was clear: “These results taken together have been such as to leave no doubt that in these extracts we have a therapeutic measure of unquestionable value in the treatment of certain phases of the disease in man”. The paper was sent to the Canadian Medical Association Journal, a publication with little circulation outside Canada, to assure quick publication. A more important presentation was scheduled in 7 weeks for a conference in Washington, DC. Banting had little to do with the writing of this paper or the clinical work it reported and had no role in the ongoing experimental or clinical research. He and Best provided extract and depancreatized dogs and did other surgical work required for the experiments by the clinicians. They had to learn all they could, and quickly, about the substance they had and its clinical impact on diabetes, and they had to develop the production of much larger quantities of the extract. Macleod organized this ongoing research. Results were not discussed with them, nor were plans for future experiments. “Best and I became technicians under Macleod like the others”, Banting wrote bitterly in 1940 ( 9 )( 39 ). Banting had been living and working under intense emotional stress. During March 1922, his attendance at the laboratory fell off. The only way he could overcome his despair at night was to drink himself to sleep, sometimes stealing the 95% alcohol from the laboratory. “I do not think there was one night during the month of March 1922, when I went to bed sober” ( 9 )( 16 )( 39 ). Despite the triumph of the research, his work and future were still uncertain. He sulked and raged and schemed for credit. Having started the work, he saw it taken over by others just when the good results started coming in. Banting’s friends knew his state of mind. One of them, a physician and former teacher of Banting, alerted a Star reporter who was one of his patients to the work on the pancreatic extract. Through him the reporter met Banting and Best and prepared a long article to coincide with the publication of the Canadian Medical Association Journal on March 22. There were extensive quotes from the journal article and pictures of the four principals. However, Banting was interviewed at length, and the story was told very much as the work of Banting and Best. It was the first article to report the story from Banting’s point of view. Making It Official In April 1922, the Toronto team prepared a paper summarizing all the work to date. The authors were Banting, Best, Collip, Campbell, Fletcher, Macleod, and E.C. Noble. For the first time they gave a name to the extract—insulin. They did not know that “insuline” had been proposed earlier. All the authors agreed that Macleod, who was a member of the host society, would present the paper at the Washington, DC meeting of the Association of American Physicians on May 3, 1922. The paper was titled “The Effect Produced on Diabetes by Extracts of Pancreas”. Its presentation was greeted by an unprecedented standing show of thanks by the society, the first time in 20 years it expressed its appreciation in this way ( 44 ). The discussion was printed as a supplement to the Transactions of the Association of American Physicians ( 45 ) Thus, 2 weeks short of a year since Banting and Best began their work, the Toronto group, speaking through Macleod, announced to the medical world that they had discovered insulin and described its therapeutic success. Banting and Best did not go to Washington, the excuse being the expense of the trip. Macleod regretted not insisting on their attendance. Bliss believes that Banting, motivated by his continuing resentment of Macleod, decided to stay home and persuaded Best to do the same ( 17 ). Something Goes Wrong Confident of its therapeutic value, the Toronto team made plans to manufacture insulin on a large scale, financed and administered by the Connaught Laboratories. Collip was to direct insulin production. Special equipment was installed in the basement of the medical building. Then disaster struck. To everyone’s dismay and surprise, Collip, working with more variables than he was aware of, lost the knack of making insulin. As is frequently the case on passing from small- to large-scale production, great difficulties were encountered, so much so that for >2 months it was impossible to obtain extracts with anything like the potency of those used on the diabetic patients. The yield became unsatisfactory, at first, not in large batches, then not by any method. It was a gradual breakdown beginning sometime in March. A frantic struggle ensued during April and May as everyone pitched in to regain the key to making insulin. Although later accounts disagree on who did what, it turned out to be more than ever a team effort. The problem and the solution lay in the heating of the extract during evaporation of the alcohol. Variations in the pressure of the water being supplied to the crude vacuum pumps were causing significant variations in temperature and, hence, in evaporation time. Somehow the heat neutralized the active principle. They replaced the vacuum stills with the earlier warm air current method of evaporation used by Banting and Best at Macleod’s urging. By mid-May they had recovered the ability to make insulin. The modification involved using acetone with slight acidification. (Best several times claimed he was first to use acetone.) The pancreas–acetone mixture was filtered and then set in enamel-lined trays. An old exhaust fan supplied the wind. Heating coils above the trays heated the air as it passed over. After a 10-fold concentration, the temperature always below 35 °C, the rest of the process was Collip’s method with alcohol ( 17 )( 46 )( 47 )( 48 ). They later discovered that the pH was much more important for the solubility of the components than the temperature of the evaporation. Enter Eli Lilly and Company By mid-May enough insulin was being produced to permit resumption of limited clinical testing. However, attempts to produce the hormone in large quantities continued to fail. The team realized that they needed help. Toronto accepted an offer of collaboration from Eli Lilly and Co., and an agreement was worked out. Best and Collip traveled to Indianapolis to tell the Lilly chemists all they knew about making insulin and helped with the first attempt. The process worked. His appointment in Toronto ended, Collip returned to his position as professor of biochemistry at the University of Alberta. Problems still remained. Every attempt to increase the yield of extract produced in Toronto failed, and the quality was not good. Protein impurities caused abscesses in many patients, and salts in the solution made many injections very painful. Eli Lilly began work on insulin early in June. Their preparations from pork pancreases were potent from the beginning, but they too found it very difficult to increase the yield or achieve full strength in every lot. By August 19, 1922, Eli Lilly started shipments to the newly opened diabetes clinic at Toronto General Hospital. The Connaught facility had its special new vacuum apparatus and was about to start production. However, insulin still remained in short supply to the end of the year. Neither product, from Lilly or Toronto, had been purified or standardized. Lilly’s lot-to-lot potency varied by 25%. Clinicians had to be on constant guard for the symptoms of hypoglycemia from too much insulin. Canadian production remained difficult, erratic, and expensive throughout 1922. Even with the new vacuum equipment, Connaught Laboratories still could not make enough insulin to supply Banting and other clinicians in the city. The Americans also had problems, and there were complaints in the autumn of 1922 about the lack of potency and rapid deterioration. Part of the difficulty was that Toronto and Lilly were using different-size rabbits in their tests for potency. Precipitation at the Isoelectric Point Attempts to prevent deterioration led Lilly’s chief chemist, George Walden, to the company’s great advance in insulin production and purification. He discovered that marked deterioration took place in the pH range 4.0–6.5. Whereas other sites producing insulin had, by luck or design, managed to avoid deterioration, Walden studied the process. He realized that the insulin solution was weakened by the gradual formation of a precipitate containing the active principle, thereby reducing the activity of the remaining solution. Insulin was being precipitated at the wrong pH. Walden also discovered that this precipitate was much purer and more potent than anything produced previously. Instead of avoiding the isoelectric point at which insulin precipitated, Walden now adjusted the solution to this pH to produce maximum precipitation. This yielded the best insulin yet, with a stability and purity from 10 to 100 times greater than any obtained before. The isoelectric precipitation method was developed between October and December 1922. The production problem solved, by February 1923 the company was building up large reserves of insulin. The one remaining problem was standardization. Consistency from batch to batch still varied by 10%. A Patent for Protection On January 23, 1923, an American patent on both insulin and Toronto’s method of making it was awarded to Banting, Collip, and Best. For $1.00 to each, the three discoverers assigned their patent rights to the Board of Governors of the University of Toronto. The application had stressed that none of the other researchers in the past had been able to produce a nontoxic antidiabetic extract. A patent was necessary to restrict manufacture of insulin to reputable pharmaceutical houses who could guarantee the purity and potency of their products. It would also prevent unscrupulous drug manufacturers from making or patenting an impotent or weakened version of this potentially dangerous drug and calling it insulin. Problems and disagreements about patents and licenses were eventually straightened out. Toronto needed a licensing arrangement that would make use of Lilly’s resources for production without surrendering control of the extract. For a time there was concern about a possible challenge to a Lilly patent application for the isoelectric precipitation method from a team at Washington University in St. Louis that had made a similar discovery simultaneously and independently of Lilly. Phillip Shaffer and his associates Edward A. Doisy (1893–1986) and Michael Somogyi discovered the isoelectric precipitation method in the fall of 1922 and reported it in December 1922 ( 49 ). After meeting with representatives from Toronto, Shaffer agreed to oppose the Lilly patent application if this would help Toronto. Armed with this agreement, Toronto was able to get Lilly to accept a new nonexclusive licensing contract. In return, Toronto dropped its objection to “Iletin”, Lilly’s trade name modified from Banting and Best’s original term “Isletin”, so long as “Insulin, Lilly” was given equal prominence on the company label. “Get Used To It” Who deserved the fame and tributes for the discovery of insulin? The press would have something to say about that by the way it covered the story. After the May 3 announcement, Banting, the country surgeon, and Best, the student, dissolved into the background and were replaced by Macleod and the clinicians. During the summer of 1922, the circumstances changed. Collip was gone, Best was working as director of Connaught’s insulin production to help pay for medical school, and Macleod was doing research at the Marine Biological Station in St. Andrew’s, New Brunswick, preparing extracts from islet tissue of a species of bony fishes (teleosts). These islet tissues are anatomically separate from the rest of the pancreatic tissue. It was a simple matter for Macleod to prepare extracts from the different tissue sources. Whereas the islet tissue was a potent source of insulin, none could be obtained from the pancreatic tissue proper. Thus, Macleod provided the first strong direct experimental evidence for the hypothesis that insulin is derived from the insular and not the acinar tissue of the pancreas ( 50 ). With Best, Collip, and Macleod away, Banting became the go-to man on the scene in the struggle to produce good insulin. He got to know Clowes and others in the scientific world outside of Toronto during this period when the clinical phase overshadowed the experimental physiology handled by Macleod. Banting regained his self-confidence, but something new soon set him off again. There were more headlines, confrontations, and clashes in his ongoing war with Macleod. On September 6, the Toronto Star ran a story on the impact insulin was having overseas. It quoted a letter to The Times of London by Professor Sir William Bayliss of University College. Bayliss, codiscoverer with Starling of secretin, was one of Britain’s leading physiologists and a friend of Macleod. He complained that Macleod was not getting proper credit for the duct-ligation method of producing pancreatic extracts, and he dismissed Banting as one of the collaborators who had possibly helped in the clinical application. Best showed the article to Macleod, who denied having anything to do with the letter and told Best he did not want to get involved in a newspaper controversy by refuting it. Probably meaning to explain that every scientist had to learn to adapt to the attention and distortions in the press, Macleod said, “Banting will have to get used to it”. Hearing this second hand, it sounded like Macleod was saying that Banting had better get used to all the credit going to Macleod. It was not long before Banting was in Macleod’s office with the reporter who wrote the story, asking for a correction of Bayliss’s statements. Macleod’s response did not satisfy Banting or Best, nor did the follow-up story satisfy Macleod ( 17 )( 36 )( 51 ). Macleod’s letters to Bayliss, Collip, and others during this period made passing references to “this fresh outbreak of Banting’s”, “an extremely uncomfortable position here”, and “unbelievable trouble” and show how unpleasant the situation had become ( 51 ). Macleod also complained that Banting wanted “full credit for all the work which has been done subsequent to this [duct-ligation] experiment. This I will of course not do since he has participated very little in the work, and not at all during the past six months” ( 52 ). The modus vivendi worked out that spring had completely broken down. The old suspicions, misunderstandings, and distrust had reappeared. The controversy between Banting and Macleod was well underway. The discovery of insulin was up for grabs. One Event—Three Versions At this point entered Colonel Albert Gooderham, prominent member of the Board of Governors, patron of the Connaught Laboratories, and chairman of the Insulin Committee. Anxious to end the growing dispute, he decided to intervene. In September 1922, he asked Banting, Best, and Macleod to prepare their own understandings of the discovery of insulin. Each was asked to outline Collip’s contribution. Gooderham did not write to Collip. He planned to compare the statements and then meet with them to clear up all misunderstandings and prepare one agreed-on history. Macleod wrote the longest account and was quite certain that at every step he had given Banting and Best appropriate assistance, support, encouragement, and advice. He had criticized Banting’s early proposals because Banting had come to him with such superficial knowledge. He had criticized the early results and demanded better to strengthen the credibility of the work. At first, he resisted premature clinical testing. To emphasize his belief that the young men should get full credit for their experiments, he had explicitly declined their offer to add his name to their first paper in the February 1922 Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. He had bent over backward not to claim as much as other research directors might have. “In many, if not most, laboratories it is the custom for the ‘chief’ to have his name on the papers when the investigation is in a subject related to that in which he is engaged and if he stands responsible for the conclusions and has participated to the extent that I did in the planning of the research. By this step I made it perfectly evident that I considered the full credit for this investigation to be Banting and Best’s. This is surely what counts in questions of priority” ( 17 ). In his private and public accounts of the discovery of insulin, Macleod was very careful to credit Banting with having initiated the work and having confirmed the hypothesis that the pancreas contained an internal secretion. Macleod wanted Collip to get full credit for the purification of the extract and therefore played an important part in the success with the first diabetic human. The work was ultimately a team effort “working under my direction, of which Dr. Banting was one”. Banting, on the other hand, insisted that he alone had the idea that led to the discovery of insulin and that Macleod had been critical and discouraging of his work at every turn. Banting had no memory of any of Macleod’s specific suggestions; what he did remember was that Macleod had not done a single experiment. According to Banting, Collip had joined the project only after the important advances had been made. He was willing to credit Macleod only with the investigation of insulin’s physiologic action, but he and Best had discovered insulin well before that study was begun. In an appendix to his 1922 account, Banting listed several more examples of Macleod showing “a lack of trust and co-operation” ( 36 ). This ungenerous, self-centered report reveals Banting’s insecure personality and his fear of becoming sidelined. Of the three accounts, Best’s was the shortest, only ∼1000 words, but perhaps the most objective. He gave much more credit to Macleod than Banting did, confirming that Macleod suggested the use of alcohol as an extraction agent. He also gave more credit to Collip than Banting did, although not on the important point of methods of purification. There was no review of injustices or any sense of grievance similar to those that permeated Banting’s and Macleod’s documents. “The work during the fall months reported in our two papers was performed entirely by Banting and myself. We had the benefit of Dr. Macleod’s advice, but as he states, we were given the opportunity to conclusively prove the efficiency of our extract upon diabetic animals, and … diabetic patients, before the other members of the Physiological Staff participated in this work” ( 36 ). There was no reconciliation of the conflicting accounts, then or later. The same events were being described from different perspectives, with different emphasis, and different memories of events. There was no meeting with Gooderham, and no comprehensive account of the discovery of insulin was ever prepared at Toronto. The documents were not made public, and no more statements were made to the press. Had Gooderham sought comments from Collip, he might have received something like the feelings he expressed in a letter to a friend. Probably written in 1923, Collip said: “There are some people in Toronto who felt that I had no business to do physiological work…. The result was that when I made a definite discovery my confreres instead of being pleased were quite frankly provoked that I had had the good fortune to conceive the experiment and to carry it out. My own feelings now in the matter are that the whole research with its aftermath has been a disgusting business” ( 53 ). The Man From Copenhagen Late in November, the University of Toronto had an important visitor. Professor August Krogh (1874–1949) of the University of Copenhagen, the most recent winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1920 “for his discovery of the capillary motor regulatory mechanism” during exercise, had come to the US to deliver the Silliman Lecture at Yale. Everywhere he went he found American medical men talking about the insulin work at Toronto, so he decided to see for himself. He had a special interest in insulin because his wife suffered from diabetes mellitus. Macleod was delighted to welcome him and invited Krogh to be his house guest. Krogh was in the city November 23 and 24, observed the work, spent much of his time with Banting and Macleod, and gave a guest lecture on the capillaries. When he left, he had authorization from the University of Toronto to introduce insulin into Scandinavia. A nonprofit Nordisk Insulin Laboratory was in production by the end of 1923 ( 54 ). About Face Apparently Macleod privately changed his appraisal of the discovery when it appeared that a Nobel Prize was a possibility. Two months after his response to Gooderham, he told the visiting August Krogh that Banting and Best would have gone off on the wrong track without his advice and guidance ( 51 ). A copy of Macleod’s original assessment was found among his papers 13 years after his death, and a copy was sent to the president of the University of Western Ontario in 1949. For the next 30 years, the Macleod manuscript was circulated among a small group of scholars. It was long impossible to gain access to the responses to Gooderham locked away in storage at the University of Toronto where they lay buried for >50 years ( 55 ). Best had challenged the accuracy of Macleod’s 1922 account and advised the president of the University of Toronto to forbid publication of any of the documents with the invalid claim that they were the property of the university ( 56 ). Publication was suppressed by the university president to avoid reopening a controversy that he believed would do no one any good. However, the feeling by several eminent Canadian academic scientists was that Macleod had been roughly handled by history and the University of Toronto and deserved a chance to speak for himself. Although threatened with legal action if he searched for or quoted from Macleod’s report, Lloyd Stevenson, a biographer of Banting (1947), published the document in the Bulletin of the History of Medicine in 1978 after Best died that year ( 17 )( 55 ). Although there are no startling revelations, the details, nevertheless, differ markedly from the generally available versions. The 1922 account of the discovery of insulin by Banting, Best, and a list of contributions by Collip was published in the same journal in 1982 ( 36 ). Public Relations and Image Relations among the principals at Toronto continued to be tense. Banting had always talked freely to his friends; they in turn talked to reporters, leaking details of Banting’s hardships, difficulties, and other injustices done to him. Banting now hated Macleod with a passion, an attitude he never abandoned. There was a grudging persistence to Banting’s dislikes. The depth and duration of his animosity long survived the general recognition of his own highly deserved rewards. Refusing for years to speak to Macleod, Banting was a lasting hater ( 20 ). The most violent expression of his feelings was written in the 1940 memoir. Using terms like “grasping, selfish, deceptive, self-seeking and empty of truth … unscrupulous … a coward and a skulking weakling…. ”, the memoir was laced with invective ( 51 ). According to people who knew Macleod personally, he was a gentle, honest, dedicated scientist, perhaps a little shy and reserved, perhaps a little vain, urbane, and cultivated. He was by temperament conservative, a cautious scientist, not brilliant or imaginative, but sound and plodding. He was respected for his organizational abilities, high standards of research, and skill in conveying ideas and information in a way that stimulated his students. They flatly denied that he was authoritarian on the German model. On the basis of these conversations and on Macleod’s correspondence, Bliss believes that Macleod was contemptuous of Banting for his crude manners, dress, and language and his ignorance as a researcher ( 51 ). Wrong, Wrong, Wrong Scathing criticism of Banting and Best’s work as reported in their first two publications in the Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine came in a letter to the British Medical Journal in December 1922 from Dr. Ff. Roberts, a physiology researcher in Cambridge, England. The writer declared that because the proteolytic enzyme exists in the pancreas in an inactive form—trypsinogen—that is activated by enterokinase secreted by the small intestine, there was no physiologic basis for the duct-ligation experiment. Although trypsinogen is also activated when a pancreas is cut out and begins to deteriorate, this happens only slowly and can easily be prevented by chilling. “The production of insulin originated in a wrongly conceived, wrongly conducted, and wrongly interpreted series of experiments. Through gross misreading of these experiments … apparently beneficial results have been obtained in certain cases of human diabetes…. The experiments of Banting and Best show conclusively that trypsin qua ferment has nothing whatever to do with it” ( 57 ). Roberts was immediately rebuked for the harsh tone of his letter by Henry Hallett Dale (1875–1968), a leading figure in British research, who shared the Nobel Prize with Otto Loewi (1873–1961) in 1936 for discoveries relating to the chemical transmission of nerve impulses. Dale had visited Toronto in September 1922 and been favorably impressed by Best’s work on insulin production and by his potential as a scientist. Dale called the review “armchair criticism” that leads only to verbal controversy. Perhaps “the enthusiasm, which carried them further, was fired by an imperfect interpretation of their earlier results…. Nobody can deny that a discovery of first-rate importance has been made, and, if it proves to have resulted from a stumble into the right road, where it crossed the course laid down by a faulty conception, surely the case is not unique in the history of science…. it is a poor thing to attempt belittlement of a great achievement by scornful exposure of errors in its inception” ( 58 ). Banting and Best were not experienced and knowledgeable enough to have achieved success without input and other help from an experienced investigator like Macleod. The immediate chilling of the pancreatic material, as suggested by Macleod, stopped self-digestion of the fresh pancreas by the activated enzymes. According to Michael Bliss, “Banting and Best’s research was so badly done that, without the help of Macleod and Collip, … the two young Canadians would be fated to disappear from medical history” ( 56 ). Although duct ligation played no essential part in the discovery and was not the way to go, it set the stage for making extracts directly from the whole pancreas. So many of these were potent that it convinced Macleod that there really was an internal secretion, and he added new resources and additional staff to the project. In addition, the newly developed micromethods of sugar analysis made it possible to track the effectiveness of the extract in test animals by rapid and frequent blood analysis, a more reliable indicator than urine analysis. Unfortunately, smooth interaction between the players was difficult because of the insecurity and volatility of Banting’s personality. Fame, Celebrity, Recognition, Reward Banting achieved a sudden and spectacular fame. The entire scientific world joined to hail him with lavish praise. He was made an honorary member of most of the major scientific and medical societies of the world. Other honors, prizes, medals, and awards pursued him in rapid succession. To the public he was the laboratory wizard from whom new miracles were expected hourly. Newspapers and magazines trumpeted his fame. Banting appeared on the cover of Time magazine for August 27, 1923, in the expectation by the editors that he was the logical choice for a Nobel Prize later that year. Tributes came from the prime minister and the opposition leader. On a trip to England he was received by King George V. Banting was shy, unsophisticated, an ordinary country boy who hated speeches, banquets, and formal dress, and he hated being interviewed, to the point of being rude and insulting to reporters. He was at first an indifferent speaker with a stumbling delivery whose ineptitude seemed all the more noticeable when he was preceded or followed by the excellent delivery of Macleod. With practice, his public speaking improved and he became more business-like than eloquent. Ever more suspicious of a Macleod conspiracy to deprive him of his well-deserved credit and recognition, Banting stayed in close touch with friends and well-wishers who were trying to advance his interests. Many of his friends thought that recognition should entail something more tangible than applause, luncheons, and memberships in exclusive clubs. There were discussions in the House of Commons in Ottawa and the provincial legislature of Ontario in Toronto about financial support to Banting and Best for their research. As the prospect of national honors for Banting developed, there was a rush of activity by his politically connected friends to provide a government grant. Letters were written to the leading American clinicians and others, including Charles Evans Hughes (1862–1948), US Secretary of State at the time and later reappointed to the US Supreme Court as Chief Justice, whose daughter Elizabeth had been treated by Banting, soliciting testimonials on behalf of an honor for Banting and insulin. Best was all but completely ignored. The university people did not consider him a codiscoverer. To them he was a student assistant. Banting often gave Best a great deal of credit and told the Premier of Ontario that he and Best had worked together from the beginning and that his and Best’s names should be linked. However, at no time did he credit Best with specific ideas or proposals that advanced the research. The testimonials had their effect. Early in May 1923, the Ontario government announced the Banting and Best Chair of Medical Research, a nonteaching professorship for Banting. An annual grant of $10000 would pay his salary, support his research, and fund Best in his research. A special appropriation of $10000 would reimburse the discoverers for the discovery period. Banting gave Best $2500. On June 27, 1923, the Canadian House of Commons granted Banting a lifetime annuity of $7500. They had no way of knowing that of the four principals of the insulin team, only Banting would fail to make new discoveries. The Big Prize, a Challenge, and Protests When archives of the Nobel Committee in Stockholm were opened to historians for study of the 1923 awards, the documents revealed the process and roadblocks in the pathway leading to the prize in physiology or medicine ( 53 )( 59 ). Early in 1922, the Caroline Institute’s Nobel Committee sent out its annual requests for nominations of individuals worthy of receiving a prize for the discovery in physiology or medicine that, in that year, had, according to the will of Alfred Nobel (1833–1896), “conferred the greatest benefit on mankind” ( 53 )( 59 ). After discarding the self-nominations, publicity seekers, the frivolous, and the irrelevant, there remained a total of 57 nominations with merit. The prize could be awarded to more than one, but no more than three. Banting was nominated, so was Macleod. There was also a joint nomination of Banting and Macleod. It came from August Krogh, who had visited Toronto in November 1922 and heard the inside story from Macleod about the guidance he had provided to Banting and Best. Krogh nominated the pair for the discovery of insulin and their exploration of its clinical and physiologic characteristics. “According to the information I personally obtained in Toronto, … credit for the idea for the work that led to the discovery unquestionably goes to Dr. Banting. He is a young and apparently very talented man. But he would surely never have been able to carry out the experiments on his own, which from the beginning and at all stages were directed by Professor Macleod. The other authors should be considered as Macleod’s and Banting’s collaborators, but there is reason for specially mentioning the chemist J.B. Collip. He has made a very important contribution in the method of producing insulin…. But I do not think that is sufficient ground for the award of a prize”. Krogh concluded that Macleod’s part in the work merited the award. The Nobel Committee got the message. In April 1923, the list was reduced to nine, counting Macleod and Banting as one. Nobel nominations are subjected to reviews. These appraisals are detailed, expert studies of the work of the nominees. Those assigned to the committees read the publications, observed the results of clinical tests, and met with specialists who were using insulin. On the basis of past experience, 1 year was almost always too soon to evaluate the true importance of a fundamental medical discovery. In their lengthy report the examiners concluded that the discovery of insulin was of fundamental importance, worthy of a Nobel Prize, and, although one of the reviewers found it difficult to judge Macleod’s contribution, they agreed that Banting and Macleod should share the Nobel Prize. The recommendations had to go to the Nobel Assembly, which consisted of the faculty members of the Caroline Institute, for final approval. At its October 11 meeting, there was a challenge to the joint recommendation and it was sent back to the committee for reconsideration. The objection was to making an award on hearsay evidence from unknown persons or on statements in the two appraisals, like “it is beyond doubt”, or on things that are thought of as “very possible”. The Assembly should adhere only to verifiable facts. The committee reconsidered and reaffirmed its recommendation. In a formal letter to the Assembly, it identified August Krogh as the source of the “hearsay” evidence and emphasized that he had made the joint recommendation based on his visit to Toronto. The committee concluded that it was Banting’s idea alone, but “it was Macleod’s guiding hand that helped Banting’s idea reach such a happy culmination ….” On October 25, the 19 professors of the Caroline Institute voted by secret ballot to award the 1923 prize to Banting and Macleod “for the discovery of insulin”. For once, as stipulated in Nobel’s will, the award was given for a benefit rendered “during the preceding year”. The citation made no mention of insulin’s clinical or physiologic characteristics as noted in Krogh’s nomination. Banting was furious when he learned that Macleod was to share the Nobel Prize and said he would not accept the award. Gooderham, who knew the whole story, told Banting he must think of his obligations to Canada and science. How would it look if the first Canadian to receive this honor turned it down because of a difference of opinion about the Prize? Banting changed his mind. He decided to share the money award and the credit with Best. Macleod was on a ship returning from England when he heard the news. A few days after landing in Montreal, he telegraphed Collip and asked him to share his half of the prize money. Collip accepted. Macleod told the press “it is teamwork that did it”. Banting and Macleod were each awarded an honorary Doctor of Science degree by the University of Toronto on November 26. Macleod was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1923. Banting had to wait until 1935 for this honor. The Nobel Committee received furious letters of protest from Georg Zuelzer in Berlin, pleading for some recognition of his priority. Nicolas Paulesco in Bucharest was outraged. He claimed his work was stolen by Toronto, and he demanded justice from the Nobel Committee. Scott ( 60 ) called attention to his prior successful experiments. The protests were ignored. Israel S. Kleiner (1885–1966), an American biochemist whose work in 1919, almost completely forgotten, was closer to success than any of them, made no claims ( 61 )( 62 ). Kleiner had made solutions of ground fresh dog pancreas in slightly salted distilled water. In all 16 of his experiments, using the new methods for blood sugar analysis ( 24 )( 25 ), the extract caused a temporary but marked decrease in the blood sugar of depancreatized dogs, sometimes by >50%. There were also marked decreases in the excretion of sugar. There were, however, mild toxic symptoms, usually an elevated temperature, associated with the extract. This work “indicates a possible therapeutic application to human beings” ( 13 ). Making it to the Screen—Big and Small From the very beginning, controversy over the discovery and the 1923 prize led to distortions in the popular perceptions, especially of Macleod’s image. Banting, Best, and Collip had their ardent advocates. Macleod, however, remained a shadowy figure in the background of the story. He has been seen as intruding on the glory of Banting and Best and stealing some of their credit. A 1973 British film, “Comets Among the Stars”, later released as a three-part TV series, starred Sir Ralph Richardson in the role of Professor Macleod. His portrayal, as described by Stevenson ( 55 ), was dark, unappealing, and repellent. All the villainous elements of conflict and drama were exploited. In 1988, a Canadian TV miniseries from Gemstone Productions, based on The Discovery of Insulin, made it to the small screen as “Glory Enough for All”. It was seen in the US on “Masterpiece Theater” of the Public Broadcasting System in 1989 and 1990. After Insulin Macleod left the University of Toronto in 1928 to become Regius Professor of Physiology at his alma mater, the University of Aberdeen, where he later became dean of the medical school. When a farewell dinner was held for Macleod at Toronto, Banting refused to attend. Most of Macleod’s Aberdeen days were spent in nagging pain from crippling arthritis. Macleod’s textbook, Physiology and Biochemistry in Modern Medicine (1918), with collaborators reached a 7th edition in 1934. He died in 1935 at age 59. Macleod’s replacement as professor of physiology at Toronto was 29-year-old Charles Best, who had graduated from the medical school in 1925. During the years after insulin, Banting was coauthor on publications dealing with a wide variety of subjects, but he did no work with insulin ( 63 ). It was indicative of his limitations as an original researcher that all the other members of the team except Banting went on to do other significant work. He tried to duplicate the insulin experience—a great idea, an ingenious approach, and then the solution. In his many talks on medical research, he always stressed the ideas, not the training. Throughout his life, the press and public expected him to repeat the triumph of insulin and were always asking what he would do next. During the 1930s, he became close friends with Collip. When a Conservative government resumed accepting titles for Canadians in 1934, after suspension in 1919, Banting was made a Knight Commander of the British Empire by King George V. He was now Sir Frederick Banting, K.B.E. A Fatal Plane Crash When war broke out in 1939, Banting served as coordinating chairman of Canada’s wartime medical research focusing on aviation medicine, especially the physiologic effects of the high speeds, high altitudes, and rapid descents expected to be encountered in combat aerial maneuvers. While in London in the winter of 1939–1940, consulting with his British counterparts, he spent his free time writing a long account of the discovery of insulin, which was deposited among the unpublished Banting Papers in the archives of the University of Toronto. Bliss describes the account as rambling and unpolished, never verified for accuracy—more a documentary source than a history. The 1940 manuscript was frequently cited in his history of the discovery of insulin. Bliss rejects the conventional history that minimizes Macleod’s role in the discovery of insulin and reveals the importance of his contributions leading to the successful first use of insulin on human diabetics. Banting returned to Canada in the spring of 1940. Early in 1941, he decided on another transatlantic trip, by air to save time. On the night of February 20, he was a passenger in a new Hudson bomber being ferried from Gander Bay, Newfoundland, to England. Shortly after takeoff one engine failed, and while returning to base, the other engine faltered and the radio failed. It was dark and snowing. Unable to see the ground, the pilot came within a few feet of a safe landing, but a wing struck a large tree at the edge of a frozen lake and the plane crashed. Only the pilot survived the crash. Banting sustained severe injuries and died ∼20 h later. The remote crash site was spotted by a search plane on the 24th, and the victims were removed by sled ( 64 )( 65 ). To his colleagues of the insulin era, Banting was determined, willful, and frequently difficult. To others, he was “a disappointed and disillusioned man, … an unsociable creature…. Not a great scientist, as scientifically trained people appreciate the word, he was primarily … a symbol of medical research”. Understood by too few, Banting was a man of many talents, moods, and interests. Immortalized long before his death, he was “a man possessed of the finest degree of humility….” ( 66 ). In an obituary tribute, Collip wrote: “Banting was a most unselfish individual. He was always mindful of helping others and it was almost a religion with him to encourage, stimulate and assist young research workers” ( 67 ). A Mistake Has Been Made Best and Collip went on to productive careers in research. Best, his associates, and students conducted basic studies on the lipotropic effects of the dietary factor choline and pioneered in the isolation and development of heparin. In 1941 he succeeded Banting as head of the Banting and Best Department of Medical Research. Banting’s friends were extremely upset when Banting’s chair and control of the department were given to Best. They knew that in the last years of his life, Banting had developed an intense dislike of Best, a feeling shared by E.C. Noble, who was deeply embittered by Banting’s and then Best’s neglect of his contributions to the insulin work ( 56 ). With Norman B. Taylor, Best coauthored a widely used textbook, The Physiological Basis of Medical Practice (1937), (10th edition, 1979). The 11th (1985) and 12th (1991) editions were edited by John B. West. Best wrote and often reminisced about his role in the discovery of insulin. However, his memory was too selective to make the accounts entirely reliable ( 68 ). After Banting’s death, Best became the chief spokesman for the view that he and Banting had discovered insulin on their own in 1921 and had been denied their full share of the glory because of the scheming of Macleod and Collip and their friends. During the next 30 years, Best and his friends promoted a version of the discovery of insulin with a greatly enlarged and enhanced part for Best while minimizing or omitting the contributions of Macleod and Collip. He justified revisions of the written record on the grounds that memory took precedence. Bliss believes that Best was insecure and had a deep psychologic need for recognition and a place in history ( 56 ). Best’s version began to lose credibility with the surfacing of new documentary evidence of the vital contributions of Collip and Macleod. As already noted, Best challenged the accuracy of Macleod’s 1922 account and urged the university president to forbid its publication. Collip refused to offer his own written comments or to get involved in the web of misleading claims, distortions, manipulation of the historical record, omissions, and inaccuracies being put out by Best. He was satisfied to let history have the final say. Best’s rewrite of history was challenged in 1954 by a major critical evaluation of the insulin work. Joseph H. Pratt, a Boston physician, credited Collip with providing the first insulin to be used successfully in the treatment of diabetes. He concluded that all four members of the team deserved recognition ( 69 ). Best was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1938 and, in the later years of his life, was awarded many honors by grateful diabetes associations, medical societies, and universities. He received the DSc in 1928 for postgraduate work in London with H.H. Dale. In 1950, Dale nominated Best for a Nobel Prize for his later research on choline and for his general achievements, including the work with insulin. Despite repeated nominations by Dale and others ( 56 ), Best was not awarded a Nobel Prize. However, he did have the satisfaction of knowing that the 1972 official history of the Nobel Prize acknowledged that a mistake had been made in 1923. “Although it would have been right to include Best among the prize-winners, this was not formally possible, since no one had nominated him—a circumstance which probably gave the Committee a wrong impression of the importance of Best’s share in the discovery” ( 70 ). The history noted that “The work was also facilitated by the previous introduction of convenient methods for determining the sugar content of the blood”. Years earlier, on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the discovery of insulin, Best said: “We had many advantages over our predecessors, but I think the greatest single advantage undoubtedly was the method of doing blood-sugars quickly and accurately … on very small amounts of blood” ( 71 ). In 1981, Rolf Luft, a former chairman of the Nobel selection committee for the physiology or medicine award, told the NIH that in his view, the 1923 award to Banting and Macleod was the worst error of commission ( 72 ). It was a message Luft had delivered before. At a 1972 anniversary symposium on insulin, he dismissed Macleod as a manager and promoter who “put Collip and the Lilly Company into business” ( 61 ). More Hormones, More Isolation Collip did intensive pioneering work on isolation of the parathyroid hormone and added a DSc degree in 1924 and a MD degree in 1926. During 5 years in Edmonton, he related the hormonal control of calcium and phosphorus metabolism to an active principle in the parathyroid gland. In connection with this work, he needed a method for serum calcium that would be as simple as possible and at the same time give consistent results. The method of Kramer and Tisdall ( 73 ), modified slightly by Tisdall ( 74 ), was modified again, slightly, by Clark and Collip ( 75 ) in 1925. Their version for serum calcium was widely adopted in clinical chemistry laboratories for the next 40 years. In 1927, Collip became chairman of biochemistry at McGill University. There his group of students and collaborators engaged in the forefront of wide-ranging endocrinologic research in the isolation and study of the ovarian, gonadotropic, and adrenocorticotropic hormones. Collip had the remarkable skill to handle large concentrations of glands, purify them to a manageable scale, and separate out different hormone fractions. He received many honors for his pioneering investigations in endocrinology and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1933. In 1947, Collip became dean of medicine at the University of Western Ontario. In his obituary tribute to Banting, Collip wrote: “The part which I was able to contribute subsequently to the work of the team was only that which any well-trained biochemist could be expected to contribute, and was indeed very trivial by comparison with Banting’s contribution” ( 67 ). Collip was very reluctant to talk about the discovery of insulin. Very little of his unpublished material, including his laboratory notebooks, has been found. He did write a short history of the discovery of insulin, which he read at a medical meeting ( 76 ). He always maintained that the truth about the discovery of insulin was in the publications of those years and might emerge after they were all dead ( 56 ). Footnotes Insulin kept type I diabetic patients alive so that complications that occur later in life (cardiovascular, renal, blindness) were then better understood and appreciated. There was an unexpected by-product to the discovery of insulin. Diabetic individuals lived longer and passed the hereditary component of this disease to their children, which has brought about a steady increase in the number of diabetic sufferers. In 1926, John Jacob Abel (1857–1938) of Johns Hopkins University prepared the first crystalline insulin. In the mid-1950s the molecular structure of insulin was determined by Frederick Sanger (1918–1982), for which he received a Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1958. He received a second Nobel Prize in 1980 for determining base sequences of nucleic acids. With genetic engineering it is now possible not only to make insulin in unlimited quantities, but to make human insulin rather than use the slightly different insulin of other species. Summary In retrospect, Banting, Best, Macleod, and Collip all made significant contributions, and Macleod’s role was greater than what he has been credited with by the conventional history. Despite professional rivalry and personality conflicts, they showed that the missing factor in diabetic patients is in the islets of Langerhans and that a material can be extracted and purified from the islets that greatly extends the life of type I diabetic patients. A key player in their success was the new methodology of sugar analysis using small volumes of blood, which made frequent determinations possible in small animals and patients. © 2002 The American Association for Clinical Chemistry References ↵ Barron M. The relation of the islets of Langerhans to diabetes with special reference to cases of pancreatic lithiasis. Surg Gynec Obstet 1920;31:437-448.

i don't know

Which country does the airline LACSA come from?

LACSA Airlines - San Jose Forum - TripAdvisor LACSA Airlines - San Jose Forum Review a place you’ve visited JOIN Which San Jose hotels are on sale? mm/dd/yyyy mm/dd/yyyy LACSA Airlines Aug 23, 2005, 4:30 PM I am looking into a trip to San Jose, and have come across some competitive airfares from LACSA airlines. They also appear to offer more non stops from JFK New York than other carriers. I am curious if anyone has ever flown with them, and if so what are they like. Is it similiar to flying to France on Air France? or is it more like flying on a "budget" carrier like AirTran or ATA? Any input would be most appreciated...:-) Report inappropriate content Travelers interested in this topic also viewed... Show Prices 1. Re: LACSA Airlines Oct 17, 2005, 1:08 AM I have travelled on Lacsa and the service was pretty good. To be honest with you, I have flown to CR on American Airlines and I would rather travel with Lacsa. I will go next month to CR and I already bought tickets from Lacsa, Enjoy your trip, Costa Rica is worth visiting, The traveller, from Miami 2. Re: LACSA Airlines Oct 17, 2005, 7:47 AM We have always had good luck with LACSA (or TACA, as it is also known). They have always been on time and the service is about what any airline gives. Recently they started selling meals on their flights so if you want anything to eat other than snacks and drinks bring a couple of five dollar bills (that was the price and you have to pay when you order). They do not have "wide body" aircraft, however, so the seats are pretty cramped. Try to get a row at an emergency exit, where there is a lot more leg room. Report inappropriate content 3. Re: LACSA Airlines Oct 17, 2005, 4:00 PM TACA (Central American Air Transportation) is an airline founded in the 1930s as a cargo company. In the 1990s TACA became Grupo TACA incorporating the airlines of Costa Rica (LACSA), Guatamala (AVIATECA) and Nicaragua (NICA) into the corporation. They fly Airbus A-320 and A-319 aircraft and claim to have the "newest fleet" in the Americas. They currently have an alliance with American Airlines but I heard a rumor that they were switching to the Star Alliance with United. I haven't seen the announcement yet on that one. Their website claims 92% ontime arrivals serving 10 major US cities, Toronto , Mexico City and all Central American countries. I think your experience will be similar to one with American or United. Just don't plan on getting any free food on any airline these days. Buy food in the airport and carry it on. 3 destinations mentioned in this post 10. Re: LACSA Airlines Oct 06, 2007, 4:17 PM My family (5 adult) are going to CR in Feb 08. We wre trying to find airfare to Liberia but I found this post and we're thinking of going to SJO instead. From LAx I found a rate of $360 each RT. Did you find your fare on the TACA website or another website such as Expedia? Would you suggest booking your car rental with Expedia or going directly to the car rental agency. I was thinking if we book with Expedia and if we have to back out of the trip we would just have to pay a $33 fee with Expedia I don't know about the airlines. any suggestions?

Costa Rica

Who directed 2001: A Space Odyssey?

LACSA Airlines - San Jose Forum - TripAdvisor LACSA Airlines - San Jose Forum Review a place you’ve visited JOIN Which San Jose hotels are on sale? mm/dd/yyyy mm/dd/yyyy LACSA Airlines Aug 23, 2005, 4:30 PM I am looking into a trip to San Jose, and have come across some competitive airfares from LACSA airlines. They also appear to offer more non stops from JFK New York than other carriers. I am curious if anyone has ever flown with them, and if so what are they like. Is it similiar to flying to France on Air France? or is it more like flying on a "budget" carrier like AirTran or ATA? Any input would be most appreciated...:-) Report inappropriate content Travelers interested in this topic also viewed... Show Prices 1. Re: LACSA Airlines Oct 17, 2005, 1:08 AM I have travelled on Lacsa and the service was pretty good. To be honest with you, I have flown to CR on American Airlines and I would rather travel with Lacsa. I will go next month to CR and I already bought tickets from Lacsa, Enjoy your trip, Costa Rica is worth visiting, The traveller, from Miami 2. Re: LACSA Airlines Oct 17, 2005, 7:47 AM We have always had good luck with LACSA (or TACA, as it is also known). They have always been on time and the service is about what any airline gives. Recently they started selling meals on their flights so if you want anything to eat other than snacks and drinks bring a couple of five dollar bills (that was the price and you have to pay when you order). They do not have "wide body" aircraft, however, so the seats are pretty cramped. Try to get a row at an emergency exit, where there is a lot more leg room. Report inappropriate content 3. Re: LACSA Airlines Oct 17, 2005, 4:00 PM TACA (Central American Air Transportation) is an airline founded in the 1930s as a cargo company. In the 1990s TACA became Grupo TACA incorporating the airlines of Costa Rica (LACSA), Guatamala (AVIATECA) and Nicaragua (NICA) into the corporation. They fly Airbus A-320 and A-319 aircraft and claim to have the "newest fleet" in the Americas. They currently have an alliance with American Airlines but I heard a rumor that they were switching to the Star Alliance with United. I haven't seen the announcement yet on that one. Their website claims 92% ontime arrivals serving 10 major US cities, Toronto , Mexico City and all Central American countries. I think your experience will be similar to one with American or United. Just don't plan on getting any free food on any airline these days. Buy food in the airport and carry it on. 3 destinations mentioned in this post 10. Re: LACSA Airlines Oct 06, 2007, 4:17 PM My family (5 adult) are going to CR in Feb 08. We wre trying to find airfare to Liberia but I found this post and we're thinking of going to SJO instead. From LAx I found a rate of $360 each RT. Did you find your fare on the TACA website or another website such as Expedia? Would you suggest booking your car rental with Expedia or going directly to the car rental agency. I was thinking if we book with Expedia and if we have to back out of the trip we would just have to pay a $33 fee with Expedia I don't know about the airlines. any suggestions?

i don't know

Which is the largest of the Japanese Volcano Islands?

Volcanoes of the Volcano Islands, Japan - information / VolcanoDiscovery Daikoku (submarine volcano) Daikoku is a sumbarine volcano with a conical summit in the Japanese Volcano Islands chain. It sits on an elongated E-W-trending ridge SE of Eifuku submarine volcano and rises to within 323 m of the sea surface. It has a crater with a black pool of liquid sulfur discovered in 200... [ more ] Fukujin (submarine volcano) Fukujin volcano is one of the largest seamounts of the Marianas arc in Japan's Volcano Island chain. It sometimes has risen to above surface during eruptions creating temporary new islands. Water discoloration and floating pumice above the submarine volcano have been observed fre... [ more ] Fukutoku-Okanoba (submarine volcano) Fukutoku-Okanoba is a submarine volcano 5 km NE of the small pyramidal island Minami-iwo-jima in the Japanese Volcano Island chain. Eruptions and submarine hydrothermal activity often cause water discoloration in the area, and during eruptions, the volcano has built several tempo... [ more ] Iwo-jima (caldera) Ioto (硫黄島, also known as Iwo-jima) volcano is a triangular-shaped, flat, 8 km long and up to 4.5 wide volcanic island stretching NE-SW. It is surrounded by steep cliffs under the sea, which belong to a 9-km-wide submarine caldera. The volcano is located 1250 km south of Tokyo in ... [ more ] Kaikata (submarine volcano) Kaikata Seamount is a basaltic-to-dacitic submarine volcano north of Kaitoku Seamount in the Japanese Volcano Islands. Kaitaka mountain rises 2350 m from the sea floor to within 162 m of the sea surface. It has 2 major summit peaks oriented NE-SW, with the SW peak being the highe... [ more ] Kaitoku (submarine volcano) Kaitoku volcano (Kaitoku Kaizan) is a massive active seamount composed of 3 overlapping submarine volcanoes in the Japanese Volcano Islands chain, 130 km NW of Iwo-jima Island. Its 3 peaks are 13-18 km apart and reach depths of 103 m (SW peak, also known as Nishi-Kaitokub... [ more ] Kasuga (submarine volcano) Kasuga volcano is a conical submarine volcano rising 3000 m from the ocean floor to a depth of 598 m, located SE of Fukujin submarine volcano in the Volcano Islands of Japan 1550 km SSE of Tokyo. It is the northernmost of 3 seamounts forming the Kasuga seamounts complex. The Kas... [ more ] Kita-Fukutokutai (submarine volcano) Kita-Fukutokutai is a newly recognized active submarine volcano halfway between Iwo-jima and Minami-Iwo-jima islands, ca. 1300 km south of Tokyo. [ more ] Kita-Iwo-jima (stratovolcano) Kita-Iwo-jima (北硫黄島 officially Kita-iōtō, also frequently Kita-iōjima, meaning "north sulfur island") is a steep-sided basaltic stratovolcano and forms a small island. It is the northernmost of the Kazan Retto (Volcano Islands) chain, in the center of the Izu-Maranas volcanic arc... [ more ] Minami Kasuga (submarine volcano) Minami Kasuga (South Kasuga, or Kasuga 2) is the central of 3 NNE-SSW trending volcanoes forming the Kasuga seamount chain, which trends SSE from the volcanic front of the Izu-Marianas arc. The volcano rises from about 3000 m depth to within 170 m of the sea surface and is... [ more ] Minami-Hiyoshi (submarine volcano) Minami-Hiyoshi is a submarine volcano in Japan's chain of Volcano Islands, 1300 km south of Tokyo. Periodic water discolouration and water-spouting have been observed from the volcano since 1975, when detonations and an explosion were reported as well. [ more ] Nikko (submarine volcano) Nikko volcano is a large submarine volcano in the Volcano Islands chain of Japan. Discoloured water above the volcano has been observed almost every year between 1979 and 1990. [ more ] Nishino-shima (caldera, submarine volcano) Nishimo-shima volcano (西之島, literally: Western Island, also: Rosario Island) is the tiny submerged part of a caldera in the northern Volcano Islands of Japan. The small 700 m wide island was significantly enlarged during the last eruption in 1974, which joined several new islands... [ more ] NW Eifuku (submarine volcano) NW Eifuku is a small submarine volcano in Japan's Volcano Island chain. It has vigorous thermal activity and white smokers at ca. 1500 m depth which were photographed during a NOOA expedition. [ more ]

Iwo Jima

Ezzard Charles was a world champion in which sport?

Volcano Islands - definition of Volcano Islands by The Free Dictionary Volcano Islands - definition of Volcano Islands by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Volcano+Islands Related to Volcano Islands: Bonin Islands Vol·ca·no Islands  (vŏl-kā′nō) A group of Japanese islands in the northwest Pacific Ocean north of the Mariana Islands. Annexed by Japan in the late 1800s, the islands were administered by the United States from 1945 until 1968. Volcano Islands pl n (Placename) a group of three volcanic islands in the W Pacific, about 1100 km (700 miles) south of Japan: the largest is Iwo Jima, taken by US forces in 1945 and returned to Japan in 1968. Area: about 28 sq km (11 sq miles). Japanese name: Kazan Retto Volca′no Is′lands n.pl. three islands in the W Pacific, including Iwo Jima, belonging to Japan: under U.S. administration 1945–68. ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:

i don't know

Who was the first woman to make a solo flight across the Atlantic?

Amelia Earhart Amelia Earhart Amelia Earhart Famous Female Aviator Studio headshot portrait of American aviator Amelia Earhart, the first woman to complete a solo transatlantic flight, wearing a leather jacket. (circa 1932).  (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images) By Dani Alexis Ryskamp, Contributing Writer Updated November 02, 2015. Who Was Amelia Earhart? As a pilot, Amelia Earhart set many world flying records. She became the first woman to fly across the Atlantic Ocean and the first person to make a solo flight across both the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans. Earhart also set several height and speed records in an airplane. Despite all these records, Amelia Earhart is perhaps best remembered for her mysterious disappearance, which has become one of the enduring mysteries of the 20th century. While attempting to become the first woman to fly around the world, she disappeared on July 2, 1937 while heading toward Howland's Island. Dates: July 24, 1897 -- July 2, 1937(?) Also Known As: Amelia Mary Earhart, Lady Lindy Amelia Earhart’s Childhood Amelia Mary Earhart was born in her maternal grandparents’ home in Atchison, Kansas, on July 24, 1897 to Amy and Edwin Earhart. Although Edwin was a lawyer, he never earned the approval of Amy’s parents, Judge Alfred Otis and his wife, Amelia. continue reading below our video What are the Seven Wonders of the World In 1899, two-and-a-half years after Amelia’s birth, Edwin and Amy welcomed another daughter, Grace Muriel, into the world. Amelia Earhart spent much of her early childhood living with her Otis grandparents in Atchison during the school months and then spending her summers with her parents. Earhart’s early life was filled with outdoor adventures combined with the etiquette lessons expected of upper-middle-class girls of her day. Amelia (known as “Millie” in her youth) and her sister Grace Muriel (known as “Pidge”) loved to play together, especially outdoors. After visiting the World’s Fair in St. Louis in 1904 , Amelia decided she wanted to build her own mini roller coaster in her backyard. Enlisting Pidge to help, the two built a homemade roller coaster on the roof of the tool shed, using planks, a wooden box, and lard for grease. Amelia took the first ride, which ended with a crash and some bruises – but she loved it. By 1908, Edwin Earhart had closed his private law firm and was working as a lawyer for a railroad in Des Moines, Iowa; thus, it was time for Amelia to move back in with her parents. That same year, her parents took her to the Iowa State Fair where 10-year-old Amelia saw an airplane for the very first time. Surprisingly, the airplane didn’t interest her. Problems at Home At first, life in Des Moines seemed to be going well for the Earhart family; however, it soon became obvious that Edwin had started to heavily drink alcohol. When his alcoholism got worse, Edwin eventually lost his job in Iowa and had trouble finding another. In 1915, with the promise of a job with the Great Northern Railway in St. Paul, Minnesota, the Earhart family packed up their belongings and moved. However, the job fell through once they got there. Tired of her husband’s alcoholism and the family’s increasing money troubles, Amy Earhart moved herself and her daughters to Chicago, leaving their father behind in Minnesota. Edwin and Amy eventually divorced in 1924. Due to her family’s frequent moves, Amelia Earhart switched high schools six times, making it hard for her to make or keep friends during her teen years. She did well in her classes, but preferred sports. She graduated from Chicago’s Hyde Park High School in 1916 and is listed in the school’s yearbook as “the girl in brown who walks alone.” Later in life, however, she was known for her friendly and outgoing nature. After high school, Earhart went to the Ogontz School in Philadelphia, but she soon dropped out to become a nurse for returning World War I soldiers and for victims of the influenza epidemic of 1918 . First Flights It wasn’t until 1920, when Earhart was 23 years old, that she developed an interest in airplanes. While visiting her father in California, she attended an air show and the stunt-flying feats she watched convinced her that she had to try flying for herself. Earhart took her first flying lesson on January 3, 1921. According to her instructors, Earhart wasn’t a “natural” at piloting an airplane; instead, she made up for a lack of talent with plenty of hard work and a passion for flying. Earhart received her “Aviator Pilot” certification from the Federation Aeronautique Internationale on May 16, 1921 -- a major step for any pilot at the time. Since her parents could not afford to pay for her lessons, Earhart worked several jobs to raise the money herself. She also saved up the money to buy her own airplane, a small Kinner Airster she called the Canary. In the Canary, she broke the women’s altitude record on October 22, 1922 by becoming the first woman to reach 14,000 feet in an airplane. Earhart Becomes the First Woman to Fly Over the Atlantic In 1927, aviator Charles Lindbergh made history by becoming the first person to fly non-stop across the Atlantic, from the U.S. to England. A year later, Amelia Earhart was asked to make a non-stop flight across the same ocean. She had been discovered by publisher George Putnam, who had been asked to look for a suitable female pilot to complete this feat. Since this was not to be a solo flight, Earhart joined a crew of two other aviators, both men. On June 17, 1928, the journey began when the Friendship, a Fokker F7 specially outfitted for the trip, took off from Newfoundland bound for England. Ice and fog made the trip difficult and Earhart spent much of the flight scribbling notes in a journal while her co-pilots, Bill Stultz and Louis Gordon, handled the plane. On June 18, 1928, after 20 hours and 40 minutes in the air, the Friendship landed in South Wales. Although Earhart said she did not contribute any more to the flight than “a sack of potatoes” would have, the press saw her accomplishment differently. They started calling Earhart “Lady Lindy,” after Charles Lindbergh. Shortly after this trip, Earhart published a book about her experiences, titled 20 Hours 40 Minutes. Before long, Amelia Earhart was looking for new records to break in her own airplane. A few months after publishing 20 Hours 40 Minutes, she flew solo across the United States and back -- the first time a female pilot had made the journey alone. In 1929, she founded and participated in the Woman’s Air Derby, an airplane race from Santa Monica, California to Cleveland, Ohio with a substantial cash prize. Flying a more powerful Lockheed Vega, Earhart finished third, behind noted pilots Louise Thaden and Gladys O’Donnell. On February 7, 1931, Earhart married publisher George Putnam, the man who had discovered her. Also in 1931, Earhart and several other female aviators banded together to start a professional international organization for female pilots, of which Earhart became the first president. The Ninety-Niners, named because it originally had 99 members, still represents and supports female pilots today. Earhart published a second book about her accomplishments, The Fun of It, in 1932. Solo Across the Ocean Having won multiple competitions, flown in air shows, and set new altitude records, Amelia Earhart began looking for a bigger challenge. In 1932, she decided to become the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic. On May 20, 1932, she took off again from Newfoundland, piloting a small Lockheed Vega. It was a dangerous trip: clouds and fog made it difficult to navigate, her plane’s wings became covered with ice, and the plane developed a fuel leak about two-thirds of the way across the ocean. Worse, the altimeter stopped working, so Earhart had no idea how far above the ocean’s surface her plane was -- a situation that nearly resulted in her crashing into the Atlantic Ocean. In serious danger, Earhart abandoned her plans to land at Southampton, England, and made for the first bit of land she saw. She touched down in a sheep pasture in Ireland on May 21, 1932, becoming the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic and the first-ever person to fly across the Atlantic twice. The solo Atlantic crossing was followed by more book deals, meetings with heads of state, and a lecture tour, as well as more flying competitions. In 1935, Earhart also made a solo flight from Hawaii to Oakland, California, becoming the first person to fly solo from Hawaii to the U.S. mainland. This trip also made Earhart the first person to fly solo across both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Amelia Earhart’s Last Flight Not long after making her Pacific flight in 1935, Amelia Earhart decided she wanted to try flying around the entire world. A U.S. Army Air Force crew had made the trip in 1924 and male aviator Wiley Post flew around the world by himself in 1931 and 1933. But Earhart had two new goals. First, she wanted to be the first woman to fly solo around the world. Second, she wanted to fly around the world at or near the equator, the planet’s widest point. The previous flights had both circled the world much closer to the North Pole , where the distance was shortest. Earhart wanted to make the longest possible flight around the globe. Planning and preparation for the trip was difficult, time-consuming, and expensive. Her plane, a Lockheed Electra, had to be completely re-fitted with additional fuel tanks, survival gear, scientific instruments, and a state-of-the-art radio. A 1936 test flight ended in a crash that destroyed the plane’s landing gear. Several months passed while the plane was fixed. Meanwhile, Earhart and her navigator, Frank Noonan, plotted their course around the world. The most difficult point in the trip would be the flight from Papua New Guinea to Hawaii because it required a fuel stop at Howland’s Island, a small coral island about 1,700 miles west of Hawaii. Aviation maps were poor at the time and the island would be difficult to find from the air. However, the stop at Howland’s Island was unavoidable because the plane could only carry about half the fuel needed to fly from Papua New Guinea to Hawaii, making a fuel stop essential if Earhart and Noonan were to make it across the South Pacific. As difficult as it might be to find, Howland’s Island seemed like the best choice for a stop since it is positioned approximately half way between Papua New Guinea and Hawaii. Once their course had been plotted and their plane readied, it was time for the final details. It was during this last minute preparation that Earhart decided not to take the full-sized radio antenna that Lockheed recommended, instead opting for a smaller antenna. The new antenna was lighter, but it also could not transmit or receive signals as well, especially in bad weather. On May 21, 1937, Amelia Earhart and Frank Noonan took off from Oakland, California, on the first leg of their trip. The plane landed first in Puerto Rico and then in several other locations in the Caribbean before heading to Senegal. They crossed Africa, stopping several times for fuel and supplies, then went on to Eritrea, India, Burma, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea. There, Earhart and Noonan prepared for the toughest stretch of the trip -- the landing at Howland’s Island. Since every pound in the plane meant more fuel used, Earhart removed every non-essential item -- even the parachutes. The plane was checked and re-checked by mechanics to ensure it was in top condition. However, Earhart and Noonan had been flying for over a month straight by this time and both were tired. On July 2, 1937, Earhart’s plane left Papua New Guinea heading toward Howland’s Island. For the first seven hours, Earhart and Noonan stayed in radio contact with the airstrip in Papua New Guinea. After that, they made intermittent radio contact with the U.S.S. Itsaca, a Coast Guard ship patrolling the waters below. However, reception was poor and messages between the plane and the Itsaca were frequently lost or garbled. Two hours after Earhart’s scheduled arrival at Howland’s Island, at about 10:30 a.m. local time on July 2, 1937, the Itsaca received a last static-filled message that indicated Earhart and Noonan could not see the ship or the island and they were almost out of fuel. The crew of the Itsaca tried to signal the ship’s location by sending up black smoke, but the plane did not appear. Neither the plane, Earhart, nor Noonan were ever seen or heard from again. The Mystery Continues The mystery of what happened to Earhart, Noonan, and the plane has not yet been solved. In 1999, British archaeologists claimed to have found artifacts on a small island in the South Pacific that contained Earhart’s DNA, but the evidence is not conclusive. Near the plane’s last known location, the ocean reaches depths of 16,000 feet, well below the range of today’s deep-sea diving equipment. If the plane sank into those depths, it may never be recovered.

Amelia Earhart

Which port lies between Puget Sound and Lake Washington?

Amelia Earhart becomes first woman to fly across the Atlantic | World History Project Jun 17 1928 Amelia Earhart becomes first woman to fly across the Atlantic After Charles Lindbergh's solo flight across the Atlantic in 1927, Amy Phipps Guest, (1873–1959), expressed interest in being the first woman to fly (or be flown) across the Atlantic Ocean. After deciding the trip was too perilous for her to undertake, she offered to sponsor the project, suggesting they find "another girl with the right image." While at work one afternoon in April 1928, Earhart got a phone call from Capt. Hilton H. Railey, who asked her, "Would you like to fly the Atlantic?" The project coordinators (including book publisher and publicist George P. Putnam) interviewed Amelia and asked her to accompany pilot Wilmer Stultz and co-pilot/mechanic Louis Gordon on the flight, nominally as a passenger, but with the added duty of keeping the flight log. The team departed Trepassey Harbor, Newfoundland in a Fokker F.VIIb/3m on June 17, 1928, landing at Burry Port (near Llanelli), Wales, United Kingdom, exactly 20 hours and 40 minutes later.[50] Since most of the flight was on "instruments" and Amelia had no training for this type of flying, she did not pilot the aircraft. When interviewed after landing, she said, "Stultz did all the flying—had to. I was just baggage, like a sack of potatoes." She added, "...maybe someday I'll try it alone." While in England, Earhart is reported as receiving a rousing welcome on June 19, 1928, when landing at Woolston in Southampton, England. She flew the Avro Avian 594 Avian III, SN: R3/AV/101 owned by Lady Mary Heath and later purchased the aircraft and had it shipped back to the United States (where it was assigned “unlicensed aircraft identification mark” 7083). When the Stultz, Gordon and Earhart flight crew returned to the United States they were greeted with a ticker-tape parade in New York followed by a reception with President Calvin Coolidge at the White House.

i don't know

In which city were Rotary Clubs set up in 1905?

History of Rotary History of Rotary You are here: Home / About STRC / History of Rotary History of Rotary It was February 23, 1905. The automobile was still evoking cries of “Get a horse!”. The airplane had yet to stay aloft for more that a few minutes, though the Wright brothers had shown a little more that a year earlier that heavier than air flight was possible. The first motion picture theater was soon to open in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, with a film entitled “ The Great Train Robbery”. The ice cream cone had just appeared on the American scene, and the first concrete cantilever bridge was being built in Marion, Iowa. It was the year Einstein introduced his theory of relativity and James J. Jeffries retired as the world’s heavyweight boxing champion. In Chicago, Illinois, on this particular February day, four men met in Room 711 of the Unity Building on Dearborn Street. They were Paul P. Harris, a lawyer, Silvester Schiele, a coal dealer, Gustavus E. Loehr, a mining engineer, and Hiram E. Shorey, a merchant tailor. The office of “Gus” Loehr was typical of its time – a small room, not too well lighted, with a desk and four uncomfortable chairs, a coat rack in the corner, one or two pictures and an engineering chart on the wall. They talked about the idea that Paul Harris had been pondering for five years. It was simply this: That business relations could, and should, foster friendly relations They need not, thought Paul Harris, be a barrier to friendship. What kind of men were these that Paul Harris had brought together? The founder of Rotary answered these questions in his book, This Rotarian Age, saying: “In the city by the lake, a drama was to be acted, the importance of which could not be foreseen. The dramatis personae were men of the ordinary walks of life: business and professional men.” “While lacking qualities which would have distinguished them from others of their kind, it may nevertheless be said that they were fairly representative of what in common parlance would have been termed ‘the better element’. They were all natural products of the times and subject to its usual frailties.” “All were friendly and congenial, and each represented a recognized and honorable vocation different from that of the others. They had been selected without regard to religious, racial or political differences.” As these men talked that night in Room 711, they saw even more clearly that men in business could be personal friends – and should be. In their discussions of ways to foster such business/social relations, they decided, in agreement with Paul Harris, that the formation of the club might best serve their aims. Though they didn’t decide there and then to call it a Rotary Club, that meeting on the night of February 23, 1905 was the first meeting of the world’s first Rotary Club. The next day, a fifth member joined the group, having been invited to do so by Paul Harris. He was Harry Ruggles, a printer. He, in turn, interested a real estate dealer named Will Jenson. It was Ruggles who, at an early meeting one evening, jumped on a chair and shouted, “Let’s sing”! He liked to sing and it was his infectious enthusiasm for it that started the Rotary Clubs which today make singing part of their weekly program. Soon after Ruggles and Jenson came in, the organization of the new Club was completed at a meeting in Schiele’s office. The first president was Schiele, with Jenson as corresponding secretary, Shorey as recording secretary and Ruggles as treasurer. Paul Harris modestly declined to accept any office in the new Club at that time. In fact, it was not until 1907 that Harris was elected president of the Rotary Club of Chicago. The name “Rotary” was chosen at one of the early meetings, its proposer being Paul Harris, who pointed out that the word aptly conveyed the original plan of the members to meet “in rotation” at their various places of business. With the name decided upon, Montague M. Bear, an engraver who had joined the Club, thought it was time to have an emblem. He came up with a sketch of a plain wagon wheel, a rotating symbol that won full approval. Today, “Monty” Bear’s wheel, though much changed in design, has hundreds of thousands of descendants in the form of the familiar cogwheel em- blem on the lapels of Rotarians across the world. The first printed roster of the Rotary Club of Chicago had 19 members, but at the end of 1905 there were 30 members. Paul Harris later wrote of these first members: “There were no drones in the 1905 group. Every one was interested and busy. Practically every member contributed some one or more serviceable ideas”. Several of these ideas are in operation today; for example the midday meeting, the practice of using photographs in rosters, the presentation of papers on vocational service subjects, and many others. So began Rotary in the early 1900’s in the pioneer town of Chicago.Certainly, no Rotarian of 1905 ever dreamed that the idea set in motion in that Chicago office would some day be accepted by men and women around the world. Five years after Rotary’s birth, there were 16 Rotary Clubs and approximately 1,500 Rotarians. Within that same period, the organization became international with the formation of a Club in Winnipeg, Canada, in 1910. The first Rotary Convention was held in the Congress Hotel of Chicago in August, 1910. The National Association of Rotary Clubs was organized at that time with all 16 Clubs in membership. The following year, Clubs were organized in Ireland and England, and Rotary was on its global way. In 1912, the name was changed to International Association of Rotary Clubs. In 1916, the first Rotary Club in Ibero-America was functioning in Havana, Cuba; in 1919, the first in Asia in Manila, Philippines; in 1920, the first in continental Europe in Madrid, Spain; in 1921 the first in Africa in Johannesburg, Republic of South Af- rica; and in 1921, the first in Australia in Melbourne. The name Rotary International was adopted in 1922. Today, Rotary spans six continents with Clubs in more than eightscore countries. (as taken from the Rotary Club of Hanalei Bay ) Share this:

Chicago

Who became US Vice President when Spiro Agnew resigned?

Rotary Wheel   How Rotary set its wheel in motion By Joseph Derr The emblem � known as the Rotary wheel or gearwheel has been around nearly as long as Rotary itself, yet it did  most of its evolving during Rotary's first 15 years. The initial design emerged from the desk of engraver and Rotary Club of Chicago member Montague "Monty" Bear in 1905, shortly after the formation of the first Rotary club. Inspired to create an insignia that symbolized his club, Bear sketched a wagon wheel with 13 spokes, which was met with approval by Paul P. Harris and the rest of the founding members.       Because wheels rotate, the wagon wheel insignia seemed a natural choice for a group calling itself the Rotary Club. And with the automobile still in its infancy in 1905, the buggy wheel was a sign of the times. Soon, fellow club members began to complain that the design was static and lifeless, so Bear went to work again. This time, he found inspiration in the heavens. He added a graphic that appeared to make the wheel ride on a bed of clouds. But some club members didn't see the addition in the same way. To them, the clouds looked like dust. Furthermore, if that were the case, the club's emblem did not appear to abide by the basic laws of physics: there were dust clouds on both sides of the wheel. "Not even Rotary could raise dust before and aft of a wheel," Rotarian "Long" Tom Phillips said of the ill-fated design. "Which way are we going anyhow?" So, Rotary's first graphic artist went back to his drawing board and inked over the dust clouds and superimposed a banner ribbon with the words "Rotary Club." Slightly altered later to clean up dark ink where the clouds had been, this design, drafted around 1910, would remain more or less the same for several years, even as automobiles were gradually replacing wagon buggies on the streets of Chicago.       By 1910, Rotary was no longer just in Chicago; there were sixteen clubs in the United States that made up the National Association of Clubs. And with the charter of each new club came a new design, based loosely on Bear's wagon wheel motif. The creativity of the first Rotary clubs yielded great divergence in early emblem designs. Clubs would often incorporate local history or landmarks into their emblems. The Rotary Club of Lincoln, Nebraska, superimposed the wheel over a portrait of Abraham Lincoln in its emblem, while the Rotary Club of Oakland, California, used an oak tree for its design. Before long, the Rotary wheel started to mutate. Several clubs transformed wheels into other spherical or circular shapes: ship helms, steering wheels, stars, globes, and other round objects. Gearing up for a new emblem       The soon-to-be International Association of Clubs realized that it needed a standardized, official emblem that would be used by all clubs. In 1911, The National Rotarian magazine's editor and the association's general secretary, Chesley R. Perry, invited clubs to submit designs for consideration to the emblem committee at the Duluth, Minnesota, convention of 1912. Looking at early emblems of two Pennsylvania clubs, it is easy to trace the new Rotary wheel taking shape. The Rotary Club of Pittsburgh appears to be the first club to use the mechanical gear iconography in late 1910, highlighting its city's growing industry. But the direct forerunner of the official RI emblem came from the Rotary Club of Philadelphia, which was developing its first emblem, letterhead, and lapel pin designs around 1911. (The club also foresaw the future in its design when it shortened the name of the International Association of Rotary Clubs to "Rotary International" � a year before RI even starting using that phrase.)       Now that the emblem committee had found its design, an official description of the wheel emerged from Duluth. "The emblem consists of �a wheel with gears cut on the outer edge and the spokes separated sufficiently to allow�space to show the enamel [and define] the spokes." In the original design, the spokes "indicate strength" while the gears or cogs "relieve the plainness of design" and "symbolize power". Despite the official description of the association's emblem, in the years that followed, individual Rotary clubs continued to design their own versions, diverging from the standard established in Duluth, to the dismay of headquarters. To address the problem, in December 1918, the Board of Directors resolved to adopt the gearwheel as the official corporate seal. Yet confusion still reigned, and the Rotary wheel still was taking more than one guise. Some sources count as many as 57 versions of Rotary wheels by 1920. Even The Rotarian couldn't seem to get it right: in three consecutive months in the spring of 1919, the magazine added to the confusion by publishing three different images of the wheel, each with an increasing number of gear cogs. Reality checks For Charles Mackintosh and Oscar Bjorge of the Rotary clubs of Chicago and Duluth, the Rotary wheel was not running well. In a co-authored January 1920 article for The Rotarian titled "Redesigning the Rotary Wheel," they complained about the divergence of Rotary wheels with ever-changing numbers of spokes and gear cogs and pleaded for clubs to recognize the standard design. But there was also a probem with that design: it was not mechanically sound. Mackintosh and Bjorge concluded that proportions of the wheel, including its small teeth with large spaces in between each tooth, would make it doubtful that the gear "would get very far before every tooth in the entire outfit would be stript [sic]." The emblem seemed to them to be "the most impossible sprocket-wheel that only the brain of an artist could conceive." The re-engineered emblem they drafted featured six spokes or arms and 24 teeth or cogs, not to mention a more sturdy appearance. (The numbers of teeth and spokes have no symbolic connection or significance to the history of Rotary; rather, they were meant to give the impression of a real, hardworking gear.) Rotary had found its official emblem. After the publication of the article, headquarters began to take steps to adopt the redesigned wheel at the next convention. But there would be one last criticism. As soon as the January 1920 issue of The Rotarian was published, another Rotarian, Will R. Forker of the Rotary Club of Los Angeles, California, pointed out an additional overlooked defect of the redesigned emblem. "The hub design of the new wheel is that of an idler wheel or gear, [as] there is no provision for the reception of power to or from the shaft. My idea of Rotary is not that it is�an idler organization�but that it is a real living force." Forker suggested inserting a "key way" into the design's hub to make the new wheel a "real worker." The official specifications of the re-engineered, mechanically correct Rotary wheel were approved by the RI Board at their January 1924 meeting, and the new emblem, whose official colors were royal blue and gold, has remained unchanged � and working � ever since. "Rotary is a vast machine"       To Rotarians past and present, the Rotary wheel has evoked the image of a well-oiled, efficient machine, working for the service of mankind. "The gearwheel is truly emblematic of Rotary," wrote William E. Fulton, of the Rotary Club of Waterbury, Connecticut, in the March 1920 issue of The Rotarian. "The wheel must be symmetrical � well proportioned throughout and so well balanced that it shall run smooth and true. It is precisely that way with the Rotarian. We do not think of a gearwheel as standing by itself. It has a companion gear�and stands for comradeship." The Rev. E.K. Means of the Rotary Club of Monroe, Louisiana, used the same imagery in an editorial published later that year. "Rotary is a vast machine and every club a wheel. I firmly believe that all the great machinery of Rotary represents a providential movement," Means wrote. "Our Rotary wheel means that our best gifts of service are rolling always in the right direction." The emblem's omnipresence in Rotary from the earliest days of the first clubs also has left an indelible mark on Rotarian culture. For example, the name of the official magazine of Rotary International in Great Britain and Ireland for many years was The Rotary Wheel before it was renamed simply Rotary. The comics and jokes section of The Rotarian is still called "Stripped Gears." Use of the Rotary wheel Today, Rotary's emblem not only distinguishes Rotary in the community, but also helps Rotarians identify each other and find clubs when traveling. The Rotary emblem, like Rotary's name, is a registered trademark, protected throughout the world by Rotary International. These trademarks, among numerous others owned by RI, are commonly referred to as the "Rotary Marks."* RI encourages Rotary clubs, Rotary districts, and other Rotary entities to use the Rotary emblem in conjunction with the name of their clubs and districts when they host or organize local projects or events. "The Rotary emblem is recognizable as the symbol of Rotary around the world," said Jomarie Fredericks, intellectual property manager for legal services at RI. "Following the RI Board's guidelines for use of the Rotary Marks will ensure that Rotarians will be able to use them for generations to come." Joseph Derr is Rotary International's Web writer. Copyright � 2003. Rotary International. All Rights Reserved.  

i don't know

In which decade of the 20th century was Billy Crystal born?

Jack Palance - Biography - IMDb Jack Palance Biography Showing all 63 items Jump to: Overview  (4) | Mini Bio  (1) | Spouse  (2) | Trade Mark  (5) | Trivia  (43) | Personal Quotes  (8) Overview (4) 6' 4" (1.93 m) Mini Bio (1) Jack Palance exemplified evil incarnate on film -- portraying some of the most intensely despised villains witnessed in 50s westerns and melodrama. He received two Best Supporting Actor nominations early in his career, but it would take a grizzled, eccentric comic performance 40 years later for him to finally grab the coveted statuette. Of Ukrainian descent, Palance was born Volodymyr Jack Palahniuk on February 18, 1919, in Lattimer Mines, Pennsylvania coal country, to Anna (Gramiak) and Ivan Palahniuk. His father, an anthracite miner, died of black lung disease. The sensitive, artistic lad worked in the mines in his early years but averted the same fate as his father. Athletics was his ticket out of the mines when he won a football scholarship to the University of North Carolina. He subsequently dropped out to try his hand at professional boxing. Fighting under the name "Jack Brazzo," he won his first 15 fights, 12 by knockout, before losing a 4th round decision to future heavyweight contender Joe Baksi on Dec. 17, 1940. With the outbreak of World War II, Palance's boxing career ended and his military career began, serving in the Army Air Force as a bomber pilot. Wounded in combat and suffering severe injuries and burns, he received the Purple Heart, Good Conduct Medal, and the World War II Victory Medal. He resumed college studies as a journalist at Stanford University and became a sportswriter for the San Francisco Chronicle. He also worked for a radio station until the acting bug bit. Palance made his stage debut in "The Big Two" in 1947 and immediately followed it understudying Marlon Brando as Stanley Kowalski in the groundbreaking Broadway classic "A Streetcar Named Desire," a role he eventually took over. Following stage parts in "Temporary Island" (1948), "The Vigil" (1948) and "The Silver Tassle" (1949), Palance won a choice role in "Darkness of Noon" and also the Theatre World Award for "promising new personality". This recognition helped him secure a 20th Century-Fox contract. The facial burns and resulting reconstructive surgery following the crash and burn of his WWII bomber plane actually worked to the leathery actor's advantage in Hollywood. Hardly possessing the look of a glossy romantic leading man, Palance instead became an archetypal villain equipped with an imposing glare, intimidating stance and killer-shark smile. He stood out among a powerhouse cast ( Richard Widmark , Paul Douglas') in his movie debut in Elia Kazan 's Panic in the Streets (1950), as a plague-carrying fugitive. He was soon on his way. Initially billed as Walter Jack Palance, the actor made fine use of his former boxing skills and war experience for the film Halls of Montezuma (1951) as a boxing Marine in Richard Widmark 's platoon. Palance followed this with the first of his back-to-back Oscar nods. In Sudden Fear (1952), only his third film, he played rich-and-famous playwright Joan Crawford 's struggling actor husband who plots to murder her and run off with gorgeous Gloria Grahame . Finding the right menace and intensity to pretty much steal the proceedings, he followed this with arguably his finest villain of the decade, that of creepy, sadistic gunslinger Jack Wilson who becomes Alan Ladd 's biggest nightmare (not to mention others) in the classic western Shane (1953). Their climactic showdown alone is text book. Throughout the 1950s Palance earned some very good film roles such as those in Man in the Attic (1953) (his first lead), The Big Knife (1955) and the war classic Attack (1956). Mixed in were a few routine to highly mediocre parts in Flight to Tangier (1953), Sign of the Pagan (1954), in which he played Attila the Hun, and the biblical bomb The Silver Chalice (1954). In between filmmaking were a host of powerful TV roles -- none better than his down-and-out boxer in Playhouse 90: Requiem for a Heavyweight (1956), a rare sympathetic role that earned him an Emmy. Overseas in the 1960s, Palance made a killing in biblical and war epics and in "spaghetti -- The Barbarians (1960), Barabbas (1961) [Barabbas], and A Bullet for Rommel (1969) [A Bullet for Rommel]. Also included in his 60s foreign work was his participation in the Jean-Luc Godard masterpiece Contempt (1963) [Contempt]. On TV, Palance played a number of nefarious nasties to perfection ranging from Dracula to Dr. Jekyll/Mr. Hyde. Into his twilight years he showed a penchant for brash, quirky comedy capped by his Oscar-winning role in City Slickers (1991), its sequel, and others. He even played Ebenezer Scrooge in a TV-movie incongruously set in the Wild West. Married twice, his three children -- Holly, Brooke and Cody (the last died in 1998 of cancer) -- all dabbled in acting and appeared with their father at one time or another. A man of few words off the set, he owned his own cattle ranch and displayed other creative sides as a exhibited painter and published poet. Jack's last years were marred by failing health and he died at age 87 of natural causes at his daughter Holly's Montecito, California home. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Gary Brumburgh / gr-home@pacbell.net Spouse (2) Often played menacing, sinister villains Machiavellian eyebrows Towering height and muscular frame Trivia (43) Former father-in-law of Roger Spottiswoode . Father-in-law of Michael Wilding Jr. . American actor of Ukrainian ancestry. Father of Brooke Palance , Holly Palance and Cody Palance . Claimed on at least one occasion that he never watched any of his own movies. According to a website honoring movie celebrities that flew in B-24s, Palance burned his face severely while bailing out of a B-24 which was on fire during a training flight in Tucson in 1942 (that would probably have been the Davis-Monthan Army Air Corps base at that time) and after several surgeries was discharged in 1944. He is described as a "pilot in training". Attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill but did not graduate. Spoke six languages: Ukrainian, Russian, Italian, Spanish, French and English. Once fell asleep in his square during a taping of The Hollywood Squares (1965). He was awarded a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6608 Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, California on February 8, 1960. Inducted into the Hall of Great Western Performers of the National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum in 1992. Received his Bachelor's degree in Drama from Stanford University in Stanford, California (1949). During the early phases of pre-production for The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951), 20th Century-Fox studio chief Darryl F. Zanuck suggested Palance for the role of the robot Gort. The role was eventually filled by a much taller non-actor. During his struggling days, he worked as a short order cook, waiter, soda jerk, lifeguard at Jones Beach, and a photographer's model. While an understudy to Marlon Brando in the Broadway production of "A Streetcar Named Desire", Brando, who was into athletics, rigged up a punching bag in the theater's boiler room and invited Jack to work out with him. One night, Jack threw a hard punch that missed the bag and landed square on Brando's nose. The star had to be hospitalized and understudy Palance created his own big break by going on for Brando. Jack's reviews as Stanley Kowalski helped get him a 20th Century-Fox contract. His father was an anthracite coal miner. Was forced to decline the role of General Chang in Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country (1991) due to scheduling conflicts over his work in City Slickers (1991). He went on to receive the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for City Slickers (1991). Christopher Plummer was eventually cast as Chang. Was infamous in Hollywood for his Method-style acting, in a time when Marlon Brando was one of its few practitioners. Once, while filming a fight scene with Burt Lancaster , Palance actually punched the unsuspecting Lancaster in the face. Tough guy Lancaster responded by socking Palance in the gut, causing him to vomit. Despite all of his film work, Palance will forever be remembered for turning an Oscar acceptance speech into an uproarious display of his physical agility. While accepting his Oscar for Best Supporting Actor for City Slickers (1991) at the 64th Annual Academy Awards (1992) he commented on the casting directors thinking they can make a younger guy look older, while they wouldn't know that an old guy did this at nights: he then flopped down on the floor and began doing a series of one-handed push-ups, stood up, spoke calmly further, even adding a slightly risqué joke. Afterwards, when he was asked about the stunt, he simply said, "I didn't know what the hell else to do." A year later, when he provided the voice of Rothbart in The Swan Princess (1994), his character is featured doing one-handed push-ups. Was an avid painter and poet. Brother of Ivan Palance , John Palance and Anne Palance. Studied acting with Michael Chekhov in Hollywood. Grandfather of Lily Palance, Spencer Palance and Tarquin Palance. Was a vegetarian but maintained a 1000-acre cattle ranch in California's Tehachapi Mountains and a 500-acre farm in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania. His ranch brand was an "H" with a "B" and a "C" woven around it, the initials of the first names of his children, Holly, Brooke and Cody. Shortly before his death in 2006, he put his farmhouse near Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, and its contents up for sale. Thousands of items were auctioned off and more than $700,000 was raised. On a nationally televised talk show, Palance addressed the oft repeated story about how he supposedly had such damage done to his face that plastic surgery gave him the face we all know. He said, "I know I'm no beauty, but these are the Estonian features I was born with.". Was Stephen King 's choice of preference for the (similarly named, coincidentally or not) role of Jack Torrance in The Shining (1980). Turned down Telly Savalas ' role in The Dirty Dozen (1967) because he believed the film had too much unnecessary violence. Member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (Actors Branch). Was offered the role of Francisco Scaramanga in The Man with the Golden Gun (1974), which went to Christopher Lee . Received a special tribute as part of the Annual Memorial tribute at The 79th Annual Academy Awards (2007). Desperately wanted the role of Kid Sheleen in Cat Ballou (1965), which he was never offered. The comic book villain Phil Defer (Phil Wire in the English version) from Lucky Luke contre Phil Defer (1956) is based on Palance's famous evil gunslinger Jack Wilson from Shane (1953). Director Elia Kazan promised to cast him as Marlon Brando 's brother in Viva Zapata! (1952), but then changed his mind and cast Anthony Quinn instead. Quinn won a Best Supporting Oscar for the film and Palance never spoke to Kazan again. In the late 1930s and early 1940s, Palance was a professional boxer in the heavyweight class, fighting under the name Jack Brazzo. He won his first 15 fights, then enlisted in the military when World War II broke out. After the war, he took up acting and never resumed his boxing career. He pronounced his last name "PAL-unse" not "pah-LAHNSE" as some people believe. His physical likeness inspired the appearance of DC Comics' supervillain Darkseid who regularly fought Superman. He was a lifelong staunch Republican and conservative. According to Billy Crystal , Charles Bronson turned down the role of Curly Washburn in City Slickers (1991) in an unseemly way which he reveals in his 2013 book "Still Foolin' Em". Palance ended up receiving an Academy Award for this role. In the scene where Palance hits Richard Widmark on the head with a gun in Panic in the Streets (1950), the actors rehearsed it with a rubber gun, but when the cameras rolled Palance substituted a real gun. Widmark, who wasn't expecting it, was out for 20 minutes. Widmark said about the incident, "Why did he switch? Who knows?" In a 1986 interview also recalled how Palance got into the mood of his character by beating on flunky Zero Mostel off-screen. A black-and-blue Mostel had to go to the hospital after his first week on the movie. "They had to soak him in epsom pads.". Richard Widmark on working with Palance on the latter's movie debut in Panic in the Streets (1950): " . . . the toughest guy I ever met. He was the only actor I've ever been physically afraid of.". He has two roles in common with his Tales of the Haunted (1981) co-star Christopher Lee : (1) Lee played Count Dracula in ten films from Horror of Dracula (1958) to Dracula and Son (1976) while Palance played him in Dracula (1974) and (2) Palance played Dr. Edward Hyde / Mr. Henry Jekyll in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1968) while Lee played renamed versions of the character(s), Dr. Charles Marlowe and Mr. Edward Blake, in I, Monster (1971). He had two roles in common with his The McMasters (1970) co-star John Carradine : (1) Carradine played Count Dracula in House of Frankenstein (1944), House of Dracula (1945), Billy the Kid Versus Dracula (1966) and Nocturna (1979) while Palance played him in Dracula (1974) and (2) Carradine played Ebenezer Scrooge in A Christmas Carol (1947) while Palance played him in Ebenezer (1998). Jack Palance passed away on November 10, 2006, three months away from what would have been his 88th birthday on February 18, 2007. Personal Quotes (8)

1940s

Which George invented the Kodak roll-film camera?

Jack Palance - Biography - IMDb Jack Palance Biography Showing all 63 items Jump to: Overview  (4) | Mini Bio  (1) | Spouse  (2) | Trade Mark  (5) | Trivia  (43) | Personal Quotes  (8) Overview (4) 6' 4" (1.93 m) Mini Bio (1) Jack Palance exemplified evil incarnate on film -- portraying some of the most intensely despised villains witnessed in 50s westerns and melodrama. He received two Best Supporting Actor nominations early in his career, but it would take a grizzled, eccentric comic performance 40 years later for him to finally grab the coveted statuette. Of Ukrainian descent, Palance was born Volodymyr Jack Palahniuk on February 18, 1919, in Lattimer Mines, Pennsylvania coal country, to Anna (Gramiak) and Ivan Palahniuk. His father, an anthracite miner, died of black lung disease. The sensitive, artistic lad worked in the mines in his early years but averted the same fate as his father. Athletics was his ticket out of the mines when he won a football scholarship to the University of North Carolina. He subsequently dropped out to try his hand at professional boxing. Fighting under the name "Jack Brazzo," he won his first 15 fights, 12 by knockout, before losing a 4th round decision to future heavyweight contender Joe Baksi on Dec. 17, 1940. With the outbreak of World War II, Palance's boxing career ended and his military career began, serving in the Army Air Force as a bomber pilot. Wounded in combat and suffering severe injuries and burns, he received the Purple Heart, Good Conduct Medal, and the World War II Victory Medal. He resumed college studies as a journalist at Stanford University and became a sportswriter for the San Francisco Chronicle. He also worked for a radio station until the acting bug bit. Palance made his stage debut in "The Big Two" in 1947 and immediately followed it understudying Marlon Brando as Stanley Kowalski in the groundbreaking Broadway classic "A Streetcar Named Desire," a role he eventually took over. Following stage parts in "Temporary Island" (1948), "The Vigil" (1948) and "The Silver Tassle" (1949), Palance won a choice role in "Darkness of Noon" and also the Theatre World Award for "promising new personality". This recognition helped him secure a 20th Century-Fox contract. The facial burns and resulting reconstructive surgery following the crash and burn of his WWII bomber plane actually worked to the leathery actor's advantage in Hollywood. Hardly possessing the look of a glossy romantic leading man, Palance instead became an archetypal villain equipped with an imposing glare, intimidating stance and killer-shark smile. He stood out among a powerhouse cast ( Richard Widmark , Paul Douglas') in his movie debut in Elia Kazan 's Panic in the Streets (1950), as a plague-carrying fugitive. He was soon on his way. Initially billed as Walter Jack Palance, the actor made fine use of his former boxing skills and war experience for the film Halls of Montezuma (1951) as a boxing Marine in Richard Widmark 's platoon. Palance followed this with the first of his back-to-back Oscar nods. In Sudden Fear (1952), only his third film, he played rich-and-famous playwright Joan Crawford 's struggling actor husband who plots to murder her and run off with gorgeous Gloria Grahame . Finding the right menace and intensity to pretty much steal the proceedings, he followed this with arguably his finest villain of the decade, that of creepy, sadistic gunslinger Jack Wilson who becomes Alan Ladd 's biggest nightmare (not to mention others) in the classic western Shane (1953). Their climactic showdown alone is text book. Throughout the 1950s Palance earned some very good film roles such as those in Man in the Attic (1953) (his first lead), The Big Knife (1955) and the war classic Attack (1956). Mixed in were a few routine to highly mediocre parts in Flight to Tangier (1953), Sign of the Pagan (1954), in which he played Attila the Hun, and the biblical bomb The Silver Chalice (1954). In between filmmaking were a host of powerful TV roles -- none better than his down-and-out boxer in Playhouse 90: Requiem for a Heavyweight (1956), a rare sympathetic role that earned him an Emmy. Overseas in the 1960s, Palance made a killing in biblical and war epics and in "spaghetti -- The Barbarians (1960), Barabbas (1961) [Barabbas], and A Bullet for Rommel (1969) [A Bullet for Rommel]. Also included in his 60s foreign work was his participation in the Jean-Luc Godard masterpiece Contempt (1963) [Contempt]. On TV, Palance played a number of nefarious nasties to perfection ranging from Dracula to Dr. Jekyll/Mr. Hyde. Into his twilight years he showed a penchant for brash, quirky comedy capped by his Oscar-winning role in City Slickers (1991), its sequel, and others. He even played Ebenezer Scrooge in a TV-movie incongruously set in the Wild West. Married twice, his three children -- Holly, Brooke and Cody (the last died in 1998 of cancer) -- all dabbled in acting and appeared with their father at one time or another. A man of few words off the set, he owned his own cattle ranch and displayed other creative sides as a exhibited painter and published poet. Jack's last years were marred by failing health and he died at age 87 of natural causes at his daughter Holly's Montecito, California home. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Gary Brumburgh / gr-home@pacbell.net Spouse (2) Often played menacing, sinister villains Machiavellian eyebrows Towering height and muscular frame Trivia (43) Former father-in-law of Roger Spottiswoode . Father-in-law of Michael Wilding Jr. . American actor of Ukrainian ancestry. Father of Brooke Palance , Holly Palance and Cody Palance . Claimed on at least one occasion that he never watched any of his own movies. According to a website honoring movie celebrities that flew in B-24s, Palance burned his face severely while bailing out of a B-24 which was on fire during a training flight in Tucson in 1942 (that would probably have been the Davis-Monthan Army Air Corps base at that time) and after several surgeries was discharged in 1944. He is described as a "pilot in training". Attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill but did not graduate. Spoke six languages: Ukrainian, Russian, Italian, Spanish, French and English. Once fell asleep in his square during a taping of The Hollywood Squares (1965). He was awarded a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6608 Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, California on February 8, 1960. Inducted into the Hall of Great Western Performers of the National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum in 1992. Received his Bachelor's degree in Drama from Stanford University in Stanford, California (1949). During the early phases of pre-production for The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951), 20th Century-Fox studio chief Darryl F. Zanuck suggested Palance for the role of the robot Gort. The role was eventually filled by a much taller non-actor. During his struggling days, he worked as a short order cook, waiter, soda jerk, lifeguard at Jones Beach, and a photographer's model. While an understudy to Marlon Brando in the Broadway production of "A Streetcar Named Desire", Brando, who was into athletics, rigged up a punching bag in the theater's boiler room and invited Jack to work out with him. One night, Jack threw a hard punch that missed the bag and landed square on Brando's nose. The star had to be hospitalized and understudy Palance created his own big break by going on for Brando. Jack's reviews as Stanley Kowalski helped get him a 20th Century-Fox contract. His father was an anthracite coal miner. Was forced to decline the role of General Chang in Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country (1991) due to scheduling conflicts over his work in City Slickers (1991). He went on to receive the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for City Slickers (1991). Christopher Plummer was eventually cast as Chang. Was infamous in Hollywood for his Method-style acting, in a time when Marlon Brando was one of its few practitioners. Once, while filming a fight scene with Burt Lancaster , Palance actually punched the unsuspecting Lancaster in the face. Tough guy Lancaster responded by socking Palance in the gut, causing him to vomit. Despite all of his film work, Palance will forever be remembered for turning an Oscar acceptance speech into an uproarious display of his physical agility. While accepting his Oscar for Best Supporting Actor for City Slickers (1991) at the 64th Annual Academy Awards (1992) he commented on the casting directors thinking they can make a younger guy look older, while they wouldn't know that an old guy did this at nights: he then flopped down on the floor and began doing a series of one-handed push-ups, stood up, spoke calmly further, even adding a slightly risqué joke. Afterwards, when he was asked about the stunt, he simply said, "I didn't know what the hell else to do." A year later, when he provided the voice of Rothbart in The Swan Princess (1994), his character is featured doing one-handed push-ups. Was an avid painter and poet. Brother of Ivan Palance , John Palance and Anne Palance. Studied acting with Michael Chekhov in Hollywood. Grandfather of Lily Palance, Spencer Palance and Tarquin Palance. Was a vegetarian but maintained a 1000-acre cattle ranch in California's Tehachapi Mountains and a 500-acre farm in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania. His ranch brand was an "H" with a "B" and a "C" woven around it, the initials of the first names of his children, Holly, Brooke and Cody. Shortly before his death in 2006, he put his farmhouse near Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, and its contents up for sale. Thousands of items were auctioned off and more than $700,000 was raised. On a nationally televised talk show, Palance addressed the oft repeated story about how he supposedly had such damage done to his face that plastic surgery gave him the face we all know. He said, "I know I'm no beauty, but these are the Estonian features I was born with.". Was Stephen King 's choice of preference for the (similarly named, coincidentally or not) role of Jack Torrance in The Shining (1980). Turned down Telly Savalas ' role in The Dirty Dozen (1967) because he believed the film had too much unnecessary violence. Member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (Actors Branch). Was offered the role of Francisco Scaramanga in The Man with the Golden Gun (1974), which went to Christopher Lee . Received a special tribute as part of the Annual Memorial tribute at The 79th Annual Academy Awards (2007). Desperately wanted the role of Kid Sheleen in Cat Ballou (1965), which he was never offered. The comic book villain Phil Defer (Phil Wire in the English version) from Lucky Luke contre Phil Defer (1956) is based on Palance's famous evil gunslinger Jack Wilson from Shane (1953). Director Elia Kazan promised to cast him as Marlon Brando 's brother in Viva Zapata! (1952), but then changed his mind and cast Anthony Quinn instead. Quinn won a Best Supporting Oscar for the film and Palance never spoke to Kazan again. In the late 1930s and early 1940s, Palance was a professional boxer in the heavyweight class, fighting under the name Jack Brazzo. He won his first 15 fights, then enlisted in the military when World War II broke out. After the war, he took up acting and never resumed his boxing career. He pronounced his last name "PAL-unse" not "pah-LAHNSE" as some people believe. His physical likeness inspired the appearance of DC Comics' supervillain Darkseid who regularly fought Superman. He was a lifelong staunch Republican and conservative. According to Billy Crystal , Charles Bronson turned down the role of Curly Washburn in City Slickers (1991) in an unseemly way which he reveals in his 2013 book "Still Foolin' Em". Palance ended up receiving an Academy Award for this role. In the scene where Palance hits Richard Widmark on the head with a gun in Panic in the Streets (1950), the actors rehearsed it with a rubber gun, but when the cameras rolled Palance substituted a real gun. Widmark, who wasn't expecting it, was out for 20 minutes. Widmark said about the incident, "Why did he switch? Who knows?" In a 1986 interview also recalled how Palance got into the mood of his character by beating on flunky Zero Mostel off-screen. A black-and-blue Mostel had to go to the hospital after his first week on the movie. "They had to soak him in epsom pads.". Richard Widmark on working with Palance on the latter's movie debut in Panic in the Streets (1950): " . . . the toughest guy I ever met. He was the only actor I've ever been physically afraid of.". He has two roles in common with his Tales of the Haunted (1981) co-star Christopher Lee : (1) Lee played Count Dracula in ten films from Horror of Dracula (1958) to Dracula and Son (1976) while Palance played him in Dracula (1974) and (2) Palance played Dr. Edward Hyde / Mr. Henry Jekyll in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1968) while Lee played renamed versions of the character(s), Dr. Charles Marlowe and Mr. Edward Blake, in I, Monster (1971). He had two roles in common with his The McMasters (1970) co-star John Carradine : (1) Carradine played Count Dracula in House of Frankenstein (1944), House of Dracula (1945), Billy the Kid Versus Dracula (1966) and Nocturna (1979) while Palance played him in Dracula (1974) and (2) Carradine played Ebenezer Scrooge in A Christmas Carol (1947) while Palance played him in Ebenezer (1998). Jack Palance passed away on November 10, 2006, three months away from what would have been his 88th birthday on February 18, 2007. Personal Quotes (8)

i don't know

Which series had the characters Felix Unger and Oscar Madison?

The Odd Couple (TV Series 1970–1975) - IMDb IMDb 7 January 2017 5:00 AM, UTC NEWS There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Two men, a neat freak and a slob separated from their wives, have to live together despite their differences. Creators: Oscar and Felix appear together on Password and Felix is sure that they can win. 8.7 Oscar, on the advice from girlfriend Nancy, tries being nicer to Felix. In trying too hard to be so, it causes him to sleepwalk and hit Felix on the head with a rolled up newspaper every night. 8.7 Felix and Oscar appear on Let's Make a Deal to get a new bed for Felix after Oscar set his on fire. 8.6 2017 Golden Globes Nominees Back After 20 Years Golden Globes are feeling nostalgic! Find out which Golden Globe winners from more than 20 years ago snagged nominations yet again for their performances this past year. Don't miss our live coverage of the Golden Globes beginning at 4 p.m. PST on Jan. 8 in our Golden Globes section. a list of 23 titles created 14 Jun 2011 a list of 49 titles created 10 Jul 2011 a list of 27 titles created 09 Mar 2013 a list of 33 titles created 09 Mar 2015 a list of 25 titles created 9 months ago Title: The Odd Couple (1970–1975) 8/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Won 1 Golden Globe. Another 5 wins & 14 nominations. See more awards  » Photos The professional and personal misadventures of a psychologist and his family, patients, friends and colleagues. Stars: Bob Newhart, Suzanne Pleshette, Bill Daily A compassionate teacher returns to his inner city high school of his youth to teach a new generation of trouble making kids. Stars: Gabe Kaplan, Ron Palillo, John Travolta The lives and trials of a young single woman and her friends, both at work and at home. Stars: Mary Tyler Moore, Edward Asner, Gavin MacLeod The misadventures of an author turned innkeeper in rural Vermont and his friends. Stars: Bob Newhart, Mary Frann, Tom Poston The staff of a struggling radio station have a chance at success after the new programming director changes the format to rock music Stars: Gary Sandy, Gordon Jump, Loni Anderson The staff of a New York City taxicab company go about their job while they dream of greater things. Stars: Judd Hirsch, Jeff Conaway, Danny DeVito This sitcom follows recently divorced mother (Ann Romano) and her two teenage daughters (Barbara and Julie) as they start a new life together in Indianapolis, They are befriended by the ... See full summary  » Stars: Bonnie Franklin, Valerie Bertinelli, Pat Harrington Jr. A greasy-spoon diner in Phoenix, Arizona is the setting for this long-running series. The title character, Alice Hyatt, is an aspiring singer who arrives in Phoenix with her teenaged son, ... See full summary  » Stars: Linda Lavin, Beth Howland, Vic Tayback An eccentric fun-loving judge presides over an urban night court and all the silliness going on there. Stars: Harry Anderson, John Larroquette, Richard Moll The misadventures of a cantankerous junk dealer and his frustrated son. Stars: Redd Foxx, Demond Wilson, LaWanda Page A nouveau riche, African-American family who move into a luxury apartment building develop close, if occasionally fractious, relationships with other tenants. Stars: Isabel Sanford, Sherman Hemsley, Marla Gibbs A working class bigot constantly squabbles with his family over the important issues of the day. Stars: Carroll O'Connor, Jean Stapleton, Rob Reiner Edit Storyline Felix and Oscar are an extremely odd couple: Felix is anal-retentive, neurotic, precise, and fastidiously clean. Oscar, on the other hand, is the exact opposite: sloppy and casual. They are sharing an apartment together, and their differing lifestyles inevitably lead to some conflicts and laughs. Written by Murray Chapman <muzzle@cs.uq.oz.au> 24 September 1970 (USA) See more  » Also Known As: La extraña pareja See more  » Filming Locations: Did You Know? Trivia The original Broadway production of "The Odd Couple" by Neil Simon opened at the Plymouth Theater on March 10, 1965, ran for 966 performances and was nominated for the 1965 Tony Award as Best Play. See more » Goofs In the opening credits for the entire series, the type of luggage Felix is carrying changes. When he is indoors (leaving his apartment or arriving at Oscar's) he is carrying a white suitcase. But when he is walking outside he is not carrying the white suitcase. See more » Quotes (Claremont,USA) – See all my reviews Great comedic concept from Neil Simon—the slob and the neat freak, two divorced men living together in a small Manhattan apartment. But it's really Klugman and Randall that make the premise work so well—their chemistry is simply superb. Klugman seems a natural for Oscar the slob, with his sour expression and grouchy manner. Then there's Randall as Felix, with his no-fat body and absurdly picky manner. You just know he never played with mud pies or put on dirty socks. It's amazing the writers get so many hilarious variations on the same theme—Felix carrying on with his finicky obsessions to an annoying degree. He just can't seem to help himself. At the same time, we can't help sympathizing with poor Oscar who retaliates by turning his bedroom into a city dump. Actually actor Randall pulls off a really difficult trick: he manages to make Felix annoying without being dislikable. Any hint of the latter and the show would have fallen flat. And who can forget the superb supporting cast, especially hawk-nosed Al Molinaro as Murray, the New York City policeMAN. He fits amiably right in with whatever the shenanigans might be, maybe too amiably for a cop. Then there're the rest of the poker playing characters, plus the girls led by Klugman's real life wife Brett and Father Knows Best's Elinor Donahue. Since nearly all the hijinks occur in the small apartment, the writers have their work cut out for them, and rise to the occasion they do, with only an occasional misfire. My favorite parts are when some poor put-upon old lady gets enough of Felix's extremes and swats him with her purse—he always looks so surprised, like he can't figure out why. Anyway, it's one of the best character-based comedies of the 70's or any TV decade. 2 of 2 people found this review helpful.  Was this review helpful to you? Yes

The Odd Couple

Who along with Philips developed the CD in the late 70s?

The Odd Couple / Characters - TV Tropes Timeline Felix Unger Played by: Art Carney (stage), Jack Lemmon (film), Tony Randall (1970-'75 series), Ron Glass (New), Thomas Lennon (2015 series) Adorkable : Felix takes practically everything, from his habits to his pastimes to his relationships, to extremes, which is why he often finds himself being called a lunatic. In the end, though, his childlike enthusiasm and good heart win out over any annoyance he causes. Felix is especially adorkable when he's happy or excited. In "I'm Dying of Unger", he rolls on the bed like a little kid after tricking Oscar's agent into giving him three more days. All Men Are Perverts : Inverted. He's more innocent than even the FEMALE characters, most of whom aren't even particularly lustful. When photographing nudes for Playboy, he's easily able to maintain a businesslike attitude about the whole affair. Ambiguous Disorder : It seems quite evident that he has raging OCD. Animals Hate Him : Averted with dogs but played straight with wild animals. During "I'm Dying of Unger", Felix gets bitten by three animals that we know of � a chipmunk, a rabbit, and a frog � and his bandaged fingers testify to other cases. However, this is only due to his status as the show's Butt Monkey and not for any lack of innocence on his part. In fact, he's shown to love the animals who attack him, so this could also be considered a subversion of Friend to All Living Things . Dork Knight : Gentlemanly? Check. Idealistic? Check. Adorkable ? Double check! A Fool for a Client : Felix always wants to represent himself in court and is nearly always incompetent at it. There is one spectacular exception when he questions an assuming accuser. And even then, Felix doesn't know when to quit until he has angered the judge enough for him to indict both Felix and Oscar with contempt of court. Friend to All Living Things : Zig zagged. He loves all animals, and a few episodes involve him helping them. However, whether or not they love him back depends on the episode. See Animals Hate Him for more details. Moments where he plays this straight include owning and caring deeply about a pet parrot named Albert in one of the early episodes, rescuing Silver the Wonder Dog from the abusive owner, pampering a grayhound that Oscar won in a poker game, tending to an injured frog, and setting worms free to save them from being used as bait by Oscar. In the 2015 series episode "The Birthday Party", he receives a pet cockatiel as a present, and seems very happy about it. He remarks that she is "adorable" and "beautiful" and names her Hope . Things quickly go wrong, however. Heroes Love Dogs : Felix adores dogs (and animals in general), if the fact that he owned one while married, pampered a racing greyhound in "Leave the Greyhounds to Us", and took a dog from an abusive owner says anything. Heroic B.S.O.D. : Felix has one in the 2015 series' episode "The Birthday Party". After having spent his entire birthday party getting over his ex-wife (named Ashley in this version), an old friend of his notices her absence and asks him where she is, proceeding to tell him what a good couple he thought they were and that they looked so happy together, sending Felix spiraling into a depression, which culminates in him returning to the roller skate park where the two first met (on his birthday, no less) in the hopes he'll find her again. Hypochondria : Felix is a self-confessed hypochondriac, though it's more of an Informed Attribute since every time a doctor is called to treat Felix, it's because he really is sick (typically something allergy-related). The trait is downplayed as the original series goes on, but is dialed back Up to Eleven for the 2015 revival. The Idealist : He finds joy and beauty in everyday things, and doesn't hesitate to express it. In one episode, he even writes poems about it. Incorruptible Pure Pureness : He's one of the most, if not THE most innocent characters on the show. He's shown to always want to do the right thing, and often serves as a moral compass to the others. Even when Oscar tried to get him to lie to help someone, he was extremely hesitant. He DID end up doing it, but he felt so guilty about it that he cried, and later he couldn't stand the guilt, and went and told the truth. There are several other instances where he outright refuses to do morally questionable things. Innocently Insensitive : Sometimes. He has very high standards, so when someone doesn't meet them, he's quick to point out their shortcomings. Even though he usually tries to be very polite about it, he sometimes ends up hurting their feelings unintentionally. Man Child : His enthusiasm, excitability, innocence, optimism, and goofy sense of humor solidify him as this. He also occasionally sings or quotes lines from kids' songs, and sometimes throws tantrums when he's upset. The latter is usually his reaction to things involving Gloria. Men Can't Keep House : averted, Felix keeps house better than any other character in the story. Moment Killer : Felix would sometimes arrive home early "not feeling well" and disrupt the romantic mood, much to Oscar's consternation. At the end of "Felix Gets Sick", Oscar pretends he's ill to return the favor but finds that Felix is too nice about the disruption for revenge to be sweet. Neat Freak : When he was married, his wife would clean the house and a maid would come in once a week to clean some more, but he still felt compelled to get up in the middle of the night and clean everything all over again. Nice Guy : He's friendly, cheerful, innocent, polite, and tries to always do the right thing. Even when he gets carried away sometimes, he seems to genuinely care about the other character's feelings. The Nose Knows : When Oscar smuggles deli food into a fat farm, Felix can smell and identify every item.... as well as a can opener. The Pollyanna : For the most part. He gets depressed sometimes, but he also tries to look on the bright side, and he always believed deep down that someday, he and his wife would be together again. It pays off in the end, when he and Gloria remarry in the finale of the 70s series. Precision F-Strike : In the 2015 episode "The Unger Games". Sensitive Guy and Manly Man : The Sensitive Guy to Oscar's Manly Man. He loves opera, cooking, and other refined things. Sickly Neurotic Geek : Especially the TV series which Flanderized his allergies (at first - as the series went on this aspect of the character became less prominent). Single-Target Sexuality : Towards his ex-wife. Downplayed in the original series, as he still has a few other girlfriends and crushes throughout the series, but he ultimately loves and desires Gloria the most. The 2015 series played this straight — he loves Ashley (his ex wife's name in the 2015 series) so much that the idea of being with anyone else seems to confuse and horrify him — until his neighbor Emily finally confesses her feelings toward him and they become an item in the season finale "The Audit Couple". Spell My Name with an "S" : The original play, both films, and The New Odd Couple spell his last name "Ungar" while the 1970-75 series and 2015 revival spell it "Unger". Oscar Madison Played by: Walter Matthau (stage/film), Jack Klugman (stage/1970-'75 series), Demond Wilson (New), Matthew Perry (2015 series) All Men Are Perverts : Although it's not usually explored much due to the series' PG rating, Oscar makes it abundantly clear that his interest in women is decidedly far more than old-fashioned romance. The 2015 series makes no attempt to hide this — if anything, it takes this Up to Eleven . Characterization Marches On : While the main facets of Felix and Oscar's respective personalities (Felix being a compulsive neat freak, and Oscar being a slob) have always remained intact, their demeanors have pretty much flip-flopped from the movie to the series. To wit: instead of Felix being an uptight killjoy and Oscar being fun-loving and carefree, it's Felix who is more a bright-eyed and easygoing guy (for the most part), while Oscar is more of an irritable, quick-tempered grump (mainly because Felix gets on his nerves so much). Extreme Omnivore : Oscar once ate a plastic hot dog. The Gambling Addict : He's perennially broke due to all the money he loses, so he repeatedly borrows and, on rare occasions, outright steals large sums from Felix. Jerk with a Heart of Gold : Oscar is cynical, insensitive, hot-tempered, occasionally vindictive and habitually dishonest. The latter is due to irresponsibility rather than malice, however, and under his thoughtless exterior is a loyal, caring, tolerant and very forgiving man. Love Informant : Felix falls madly in love with Gloria and wants to marry her, but he becomes such a nervous wreck that he loses his voice before he can propose to her, and he practically begs Oscar to propose to her on his behalf, even going so far as writing down very specific instructions on what to do and say. Oscar, wanting to get out of there, basically cuts to the chase and asks Gloria to marry Felix, to which she agrees. Men Can't Keep House : Oscar practically never cleans. Surprisingly downplayed some in The New Odd Couple. Pirates Who Don't Do Anything : Oscar is rarely seen performing his job, which makes sense, since he's a perpetual slacker. "The Reason You Suck" Speech : Oscar criticizes Felix's perfectionist attitude in one episode, uttering "Felix, the perfect!" Oscar also calls out others who make Felix upset . In "The Rent Strike", he calls out the other tenants for trying to drive Felix out while forgetting all the things he's done for them and in "The Subway Story", he scalds the insensitive subway riders and says that Felix is the only person trying to improve the situation. Trash of the Titans : Oscar's room is usually in a state of disarray. Felix: Oscar, you have a blue stain on your rug. Oscar: No, that's the original color. True Companions : For all the frustrations and irritations Felix causes, Oscar somehow always comes through for him. Many times Oscar has kicked Felix out, and he always (eventually) feels guilty about it, resulting in him bringing Felix back. Likewise, if anyone else starts giving Felix a hard time, Oscar is quick (for the most part) to defend his buddy. Tony Randall and Jack Klugman being such close friends in Real Life certainly helped Felix and Oscar's on-screen chemistry as well. Tsundere : Towards his ex-wife, especially in the 2015 pilot. Uptight Loves Wild : In a platonic way. Why else would the prim-and-proper Felix stay with the casual Oscar? Vitriolic Best Buds : Oscar is often cross at Felix for one reason or another, but if anyone else tries to do anything bad to him, Oscar will be on top of them in an instant. Murray Greschler Played by Herb Edelman (film), Al Molinaro (1970-'75 series), John Schuck (New) Ascended Extra : Murray was originally listed as one of "The Poker Players" but he began to appear more frequently as the series progressed, and not only to play poker. Gag Nose : Murray's nose is the source of many jokes. Lovable Coward : He tries to avoid violent situations. During "The Subway Story", Oscar tells a joke about how "last night, I saw three cops standing in our lobby. They were afraid to go outside." Murray quickly protests that he was cold. Myrna Turner Adorkable : She just wants to be loyal and helpful to Oscar. Annoying Laugh : She laughs in a slow monotone which is both irritating and hilarious.     open/close all folders      Characters Introduced in the 2015 Series   Teddy Played by Wendell Pierce Big Eater : Implied. He seems disgusted with Felix's meatless food and, after being on a juice cleanse for an entire episode, eats a prop burger with no hesitation.

i don't know

Where is the multinational Nestle based?

Why Nestle Is Multinational Corporate Marketing Essay Why Nestle Is Multinational Corporate Marketing Essay Published: Last Edited: 23rd March, 2015 This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers. Introduction to MNC (Multinational Corporate) MNC (Multinational corporate) known started from 17th century which traces origin from Dutch East India Company. And this corporate structure more widely functioned in 21th century. According to Stuart Wall, Sonal Minocha and Bronwen Rees (2010), MNC (Multinational corporate) is a company that has headquarters in one country but has operations in other country. MNC had defined by Dunning (1993) MNC are engages in FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) and owns or controls value-adding activities in more than one country. Typically the multinational would not just own value-adding activities, but might buy resources and create goods or services in a variety of countries. Multinational Corporate in 2007 an estimated 79000 multinational corporate, collectively controlled a total of around 800000 foreign affiliates, employed almost 82million people worldwide and accounted for sales revenue of over $31 trillion, some 11% of world GDP. . (Stuart Wall;SonalMinocha and Bronwen Rees. 2010. pg. 31). Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is any forms that investor earns interest in corporation which functions outside of the domestic territory of investor. Besides that, foreign direct investment needs a relationship between a parent company and it foreign subsidiary. It is also gives rise for multinational corporate based on their report Economy Watch (2010). What is Globalization? Globalization means businesses transaction around the world. Research (Global Education, 2009) has shown that globalization have many meanings and definitions, but mostly known as the greater movement of people, goods, capital and ideas affected by the increments of the economic integration which in turn is propelled by the increasing trades and investments. It is like moving towards living in a borderless world. There has always been a sharing of goods, services, knowledge and cultures between people and countries. In recent years, the improvement of technologies and a reduction of barriers mean the speed of exchange is much faster. Globalization provides lots of different types of opportunities and challenges (Global Education, 2009). Why Nestle is Multinational Corporate? Nestle is a multinational corporate since the headquarter is located in Switzerland but operates businesses in the many other countries over the world such as Europe, United State, China, Malaysia, Hong Kong etc. As we know, Nestle is an infant's product. Besides producing infants, Nestle has also produces some other products such as chocolate, yogurt drink, cornflakes, ice-cream etc which can easily found in supermarkets all over the world. Introduction to Nestle In 1860s, a pharmacist named Henri Nestle had succeeded developed a food for babies whom are unable to breastfeed. And his first success was to be able to feed a premature infant who could not tolerate his mother's milk or any of the usual substitutes. (Nestle, 2010) In 1867, he adopted his own coat of arms as a trademark in 1867. In German Nestle means little nest. The Nestle symbol is universally understood to carry the meaning of nurturing and caring, security, nourishment and family bonding. These attributes are still the guiding legacy for the company Henri Nestlé founded which fulfills the commitment to 'Good Food, Good Life. The Nestlé Coat-of-Arms Sources: Nestle Sdn Bhd 2010 In 1905 Nestlé work together with the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company, the year after Nestlé added chocolate to its line of foods. The newly formed Nestlé and Anglo-Swiss Milk Company had factories in the Spain, Germany, United States and Britain. Soon, the company had full-scale manufacturing in Australia with warehouses in Hong Kong, Singapore and Bombay. Most production still took place in Europe. (English Tea Store, 2004-2009) At first, Nestle business was mainly based on milk and dietetic foods for children. Then, Nestlé grew and diversified its range of products, through acquisitions and mergers with the already famous brands of that time. For example, the manufacturing of LACTOGEN began in 1921, and in the same year, a beverage containing wheat flour was marketed under the brand name MILO. In 1938, NESCAFÉ was introduced to the as the first instant coffee. Then, in 1947, Nestlé merged with the MAGGI Company. Currently, Nestle is still having their principles, which to provide the best products throughout the world. As the leading Food, Nutrition, Health and Wellness Company, Nestlé provides the best food for anytime of day and for anytime of your life. Nestlé has grown to become the world's largest food company which offers more than 8500 brands and 10000 products throughout the whole world. With its headquarters in Vevey, Switzerland, Nestlé has more than 456 factories in more than 80 countries and having more than 283,000 employers. (Nestle Products Sdn Bhd , 2010) Actual impact of globalization on Nestle PESTLE analysis which contains of political, economic, social, technology, legal and environment analysis which consist of external environmental. It is a useful analysis to understanding the situation of a company in an industry. Political analysis The stability of political in a country will be under the consideration by NESTLE to build a plant that can operates NESTLE's factories that considering the country's political stability, good tax incentives as well as its skilled workforce, NESTLE chose Malaysia to be the site of another regional manufacturing centre for NESCAFE (Mr. José Lopez, Executive Vice President, Nestle S.A. responsible for global operations and GLOBE (Nestlé's Global Business Excellence Programmer)). Economic Analysis The important of economic factors will leads to the strength of consumer spending. For example, in recession economy, people might cut of their budget to consume household stuff rather than unnecessary stuff such as chocolate. Americans likes luxury chocolates, a new premium line of cacao which is called Nestle Treasures God had launched in order to cash in on the recession. Social Analysis Even though Nestle as a multinational corporate which operates their business in the other country, but do respect to people's culture and traditional which is a corporate that think global, act local by working hard to integrate itself into the cultures and traditions of the country. For example, Kit-Kat's formula is almost different everywhere. A Russian Kit-Kat is smaller than a Bulgarian, but less sweet than Germany's Kit-Kat. While in Japan, the strawberry Kit-Kat is all the rage. Technology Analysis As the technology of recently changed rapidly in global, Nestle have attracted people to purchasing their products by using advertising. For example, Kit-Kat have been advertised by attracting youngster or child because it is a sweeten tid-bits. Infants food's advertisement is to attracted housewife to purchase it to given their child a healthy life. Recent research on technology analysis (Nestle Policy and Environmental sustainable) (2008) reports shown that during the manufacturing process, Nestle had using efficient technologies to ensure that there is no wasted energy while producing products. In addition, to control the eliminate emission including the greenhouse gases. Legal Analysis In 1996, Nestle was the first multinational corporate that voluntary for Halal certification for its own food products. Those food products that exported to the other countries were certified as Halal products. As a global food company like Nestle, hygiene is a must. Since Nestle has the Halal certification and hygiene was the procedure which contain in that certificate. Besides that, health and safety were the principle that keeps by Nestle. While provided employees to minimize risks in their personal lives, Nestle had always emphasize each of their employees about to change the employee's attitudes towards personal safety. Environmental Analysis Nestle always committed to people to produce the best quality to their consumers. Besides that, Nestle also prevented the wasted food by reduced the material's weight and volume, yet supported initiatives of recycle from used packaging. Nestle have also use recycled materials to produce its products. But, Nestle had done a fact that will cause of the lost of the home for orangutan. According to Heidi Marshall (2010), Nestle's product-Kit Kat is a product of environmental destruction. This is because of the material that used in the candy bars and for the other Nestle products as well was comes from a palm oil that get from by destroying Indonesia rainforests. The strategy that used by Nestle to actual impact of globalization are included: Market Penetration Strategy Market penetration strategy is which to refer to increase market share of the current products. A firm using this method by raises their sale revenue without any changing of their existing products. Nestle may try to use the promotion which is buy 1 free 1 for its products. For example, buy 2 packs of 1kg Milo free a 10 pack of instant Nescafe. A market penetration will also involve the 4ps which is products, price, promotion and place. According to (Stuart Wall; SonalMinocha and Bronwen Rees, 2010), the product in international marketing is the extent to which a standard and differentiated product should be provided. For example, Nestle is using the differentiated products since it produce its products Kit-Kat in different flavor. A Russian Kit-Kat is smaller than a Bulgarian, but less sweet than Germany's Kit-Kat. While in Japan, the strawberry Kit-Kat is all the rage. The international price is related to the account market different between countries, exchange rates, difficulties of voicing and collecting payment across borders, the effects of tariffs and purchase taxes on competitiveness, governmental regulations of the host country and the long term strategic plan of the company in the different markets in which it operates. For the promotion, it is often expressed to attracted people to consume their products and yet to capture a new consumer to purchasing their products. Nestle is always advertise their products thru media ways. To make sure that people know their products yet to pursuing people to make a purchase on their products. For example, Nestle advertise its products thru the television advertisement. This can make sure that children will attracted by its advertisement while it advertise. A place or distribution it is difficult to control from outside the overseas country itself. A company will solve this problem by its own subsidiary. In addition, if the products are being imported, a multinational company will recruit a local agent to ensure that there is safety, cheapest and quickest way is using. For example, Nestle might recruit a people that located outside of overseas of it country to solve the problem such as a warehouses, the selling markets and etc. SWOT Analysis of Nestle As Dr. Jill Novak, (2009) commented that: Strength Nestle is a global food producer since it located in over 100 countries. It is consistently one of the world's largest producers which with global sales in 2008 topped $101 billion. In addition, Nestle was named one of "America's Most Admired Food Companies" in Fortune magazine. Furthermore, Nestle provides quality brands and products and line extensions that are well-known, top-selling brands including: Maggi, Haagen Dazs, Kit Kat, Nescafe, CoffeeMate, prepared baby foods, yogurt, foods for infants and many more. Weakness Most of the products have their own weaknesses. For Nestle, it was not as successful as the other country in France. Nestle could not compete against a strong and established brand which is Dannon that entered into France earlier than Nestle which is top selling of health yogurt. Besides that, since 2004, Nestle has been forced to reduce the amount of sugar in their products that may cause of diabetes among American children. In addition, Nestle has been removed the packaging and advertising that false claims of "heart healthy" and "lower cholesterol" which is an order from FDA(Food and Drug Administration) and American Medical Association which is the under fire of the breakfast cereal industry. Opportunities In today, everyone hope and needs to have a healthy life, as a producer like Nestle, it has an opportunities to raise their selling profits with producing health-based products. Since Nestle was a well-known branded, for sure, it will be easy to attract people to purchase their products. Further, they launched a new premium line of cacao called Nestle Treasures Gold, in order to cash in on the "recession economy" in which consumers cut back on luxury goods, but regularly indulge in candy and chocolate. Americans want luxury chocolates, and high-end chocolate is immune to the recession (so far), because it is an inexpensive indulgence. Threats Even though Nestle was a big producer in the world, but it still has its competitor, such as Hershey's, Cadbury-Schweppes (owned by Pepsi), Kellogg's, Starbucks, , Quaker, Kraft Foods, Danone, , Heinz, Unilevel and many more. Furthermore, any contamination foods supply especially e.coli which causes the recalled of their brand-Toll House cookie dough. Outbreaks were linked to 28 states and the product had to be recalled globally. Nestlé has yet to find out how this happened, and is still investigating (Dr. Jill Novak, (2009). Potential impacts of globalization on Nestle Nestle corporate have its own potential in globalization since it is a big foods producer in global. Technology In the world of today, technology will be changing rapidly in global. And this will leads a good improvement in all type of products that will be produce around the world. A research and development department will be a part of Nestle from today towards future achievement by gaining profits without wasting the raw material in manufacturing process. Besides that, by using a developed technology may reduce the effects that will occurs greenhouse effect. For example, use of plastics packaging in every single of Nestle products improve to recycled paper packaging, used of plastic bottle in filling the Nestle beverage into tin that can recycle use. On the others side, a case that occurs in India, which is Nestle chocolate, will be melted before its eyes. This is because there are lacks of distribution and the heat temperature in India will make the chocolate melted. By using the technology that can solve this problem that is using the technology to change its chocolate ingredients so that can afford India heat temperature. Environmental As the info below, Nestle's Kit Kats was made from a palm oil that came from by destroying the rainforest in Indonesia. This is cause of the pollution in Indonesia. To solve this problem, Nestle corporate should consider using the palm oil from the other countries by not destroying the rainforest of the country. On the other side, there is another solution too. That is, refining the vegetables oil that can out inside the ingredient of making chocolate. Social As a food producer in global, Nestle may do some different in their products. Such as, a new flavor of the chocolate could be launch. This is because different country has a different taste towards foods. For Malaysia, a durian can be a part of the ingredient in the making of Kit-Kat. For Korea, a Kim chi flavor Kit-Kat can also create. This is a try for Nestle to attract people by producing different flavor but same products around the world. The strategy that might use by Nestle in the potential impacts on globalization is: Diversification strategy According to Stuart Wall;SonalMinocha and Bronwen Rees diversification strategy involve the company branching out into both new products and new markets. For example, from the info that I mention below, Nestle might create a different flavor of Kit-Kat to attracted new customer. For Malaysia, Nestle may create a durian flavor Kit-Kat to attracted those customer who are not chocolate lover but is a durian lover to purchase this products. Conclusion On the day Nestle was introduced, it was only food for infants. As time goes, Nestle has grown to be more famous in brand name and focus in widen its product line. Today, Nestle is one of the most famous and successful foods and drinks producer. Furthermore, Nestle had expands to globalization which consist of factories around the world. Besides that, Nestle will always try counter threats and competitor, such as the current products or new product entrants. Therefore, Nestle still has the potential to grow more and continue to be the one of the leader in the market share.

Switzerland

Do You Know Where You're Going To? was the theme from which film?

Multinational Corporations Multinational Corporations    Definition of MNC Multinational firms arise because capital is much more mobile than labor. Since cheap labor and raw material inputs are located in other countries, multinational firms establish subsidiaries there. They are often criticized as being runaway corporations. Economists are not in agreement as to how multinational or transnational corporations should be defined. Multinational corporations have many dimensions and can be viewed from several perspectives (ownership, management, strategy and structural, etc.) The following is an excerpt from Franklin Root, International Trade and Investment Ownership criterion Some argue that ownership is a key criterion. A firm becomes multinational only when the headquarter or parent company is effectively owned by nationals of two or more countries. For example, Shell and Unilever, controlled by British and Dutch interests, are good examples. However, by ownership test, very few multinationals are multinational. The ownership of most MNCs are uninational. (e.g., the Smith-Corona versus Brothers case) Depending on the production process, each is considered an American multinational company in one case, and each is considered a foreign multinational in another. Thus, ownership does not really matter. Nationality mix of headquarters managers An international company is multinational if the managers of the parent company are nationals of several countries. Usually, managers of the headquarters (e.g., GM, Toyota) are nationals of the home country. This may be a transitional phenomenon. Very few companies pass this test currently. Business Strategy some are home country oriented, others are host country oriented. Successful firms: Starkbuck shop in Qian Men street, Beijing According to Franklin Root (1994), an MNC is a parent company that (i) engages in foreign production through its affiliates located in several countries, (ii) exercises direct control over the policies of its affiliates, and (iii) implements transnational business strategies in production, marketing, finance and staffing in a way that transcend national boundaries. In other words, MNCs exhibit no loyalty to the country in which they are incorporated.  Example has plants and offices in Greece, France, Germany, Norway, Russia, Sweden, Turkey, US, and Mexico. Wheat is purchased from around the world. Reference  Howard V. Perlmutter, "The Tortuous Evolution of the Multinational Corporation," Columbia Journal of World Business, 1969, pp. 9-18.   2. Three Stages of Evolution Export Stage (i)  initial inquiries ⇒ result in first export. (ii) Initially, firms rely on export agents. ⇒ expansion of export sales (iii) ⇒ foreign sales branch or assembly operations are established (to save transportation costs) Foreign production stage (i) There is a limit to foreign exports, due to tariffs, quotas and transportation costs. (ii) Wage rates may be lower in LDCs. (iii) Environmental regulations may be lax in LDCs (e.g., China). Itai-Itai (meaning: ouch ouch) disease in Japan since the 1920s was caused by cadmium poisoning. Contaminated effluents leaked into rice paddies and water source.) Watch the movie, Erin Brochovich. (iv) meet Consumer demands in the foreign countries   DFI versus Licensing Once the firm chooses foreign production as a method of delivering goods to foreign markets, it must decide whether to establish a foreign production subsidiary or license the technology to a foreign firm.  Licensing  Licensing is usually the first experience (because it is easy) e.g.: Kentucky Fried Chicken in the U.K. Licensing does not require any capital expenditure Financial risk is zero. royalty payment = a fixed % of sales licensor may provide training, equipment, etc. Problem: the parent firm cannot exercise any managerial control over the licensee (it is independent) The licensee may transfer industrial secrets to other independent firms, thereby creating rivals. In order to deter entry of copycat producers, MacDonalds may supply American ingredients or raw materials (e.g., beef)  Direct Investment  It requires the decision of top management because it is a critical step. (i) it is risky (lack of information, large capital requirement) US firms tend to establish subsidiaries in Canada first. Singer Manufacturing Company established its foreign plants in Scotland and Australia in the 1850s. (ii) plants are established in several countries (iii) licensing is switched from independent producers to its subsidiaries. (iv) export continues (exports and FDI may be substitues or complements)  Multinational Stage The company becomes a multinational enterprise when it begins to plan, organize and coordinate production, marketing, R&D, financing, and staffing. For each of these operations, the firm must find the best location.   A lion's share of MNCs are headquartered in the US: Wall-Mart How to tell whether a firm is multinational? Rule of Thumb A company whose foreign sales are 25% or more of total sales. This ratio is high for small countries, but low for large countries, e.g. Nestle (98%: Dutch), Phillips (94%: Swiss). Examples: Manufacturing MNCs 24 of top fifty firms are located in the U.S. 9 in Japan (shrinking) Petroleum companies: 6/10 located in the U.S. Food/Restaurant Chains. 10/10 are headquartered in the U.S. US Multinational Corporations: Exxon, GM, Ford, etc.   3. Motives for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)   Anecdote on Sunzi , who wrote "The Art of War." Sunzi (544-496 BC) was a native of Ch'i, but served under King of Wu during the Spring and Autumn period (771-476 BC).    New MNCs do not pop up randomly in foreign nations. They are the product of conscious planning by corporate managers. Investment flows from regions of low profits to those of high returns.  1  Growth motive A company may have reached a plateau satisfying domestic demand, which is not growing. Looking for new markets.  2 Bypass protection in importing countries  Foreign direct investment is one way to expand. FDI is a means to bypassing protective instruments in the importing country. Examples: (i) European Union: imposed common external tariff against outsiders. US companies circumvented these barriers by setting up subsidiaries . JBS USA is a subsidiary of a Brazilian company, the world's largest meat processor of beef and pork. (It kills 5000 head of cattle per day.) (ii) Japanese corporations built auto assembly plants in the US, to bypass VERs. 3. avoid high corporate tax US corporate tax = 39.6%, Greece = 29%, France = 33%. Corporate tax rates are lower in most other countries.  4 avoid high transport costs Build factories where consumers are.  Transportation costs are like tariffs in that they are barriers which raise consumer prices. When transportation costs are high, multinational firms want to build production plants close to either the input source or to the market in order to save transportation costs. Multinational firms (e.g. Toyota) are better off establishing factories where consumers are located than shipping goods to faraway counries.  5 avoid Exchange Rate fluctuations  Japanese firms (e.g., Komatsu) invest here to produce heavy construction machines to avoid excessive exchange rate fluctuations. Also, Japanese automobile firms have plants to produce automobile parts. For instance, Toyota imports engines and transmissions from Japanese plants, and produce the rest in the U.S. Toyota is behind GM and Volkswagen in China, and plans to expand its production in China (in addition to Tianjin and Guangzhou) and has no plans to build more plants in North America. (China's autoparts are cheaper.) It may have been a mistake for Toyota to overexpand its plants in the US. GM and Volkswagen have expanded their production plants in Shanghai. A Komatsu machine used in ethanol production in Ida Grove, Iowa.  6 reduce competition  The most certain method of preventing actual or potential competition is to acquire foreign businesses. GM purchased Monarch (GM Canada) and Opel (GM Germany). It did not buy Toyota, Datsun (Nissan) and Volkswagen. Subsequently, they became competitors. Toyota is #1 in the car industry at present. Market shares of car companies are: Toyota: 12%, GM = Volkswagen: 11%, Hyundai-Kia: 9%. World = 90 million cars. China = 24 million, US =12 million. 7 secure essential inputs Transfer prices are the prices paid for imports/exports between the headquarters and subsidiaries.   Why manipulate TP? MNCs manipulate prices between the headquarter and the subsidiaries so as to realize more profits in that profits may be the highest in the countries with lower tax rates. Purpose: to minimize the total tax a multinational firm pays. MNCs try to reduce their overall tax burden. An MNC reports most of its profits in a low-tax country, even though the actual profits are earned in a high tax country.  Example  tp = tax rate in the parent country th = tax rate in the host country If tp > th, then lower export prices to the subsidiary in the host country, and raise import prices from the subsidiary. => lower tax.   MNC's Goal: maximize profit in the country with the lowest tax rate. In High tax countries: To reduce MNC profits: (i) lower selling price, and (ii) raise buying prices In Low Tax countries, do the opposite Total tax = $135 ($7000 × 15%) Thus, a multinational company's overall tax could be paid at the lowest tax rate of all countries in which it operates. Abuses in pricing across national borders are illegal (if they can be proved). MNCs are required to set prices at "arms length" (set prices as if they are unrelated). IRS argued that Toyota Inc. of Japan had systematically overcharged its US subsidiary for years on most of trucks, automobiles and parts sold to the US. Because of abuses in transfer pricing, taxable profits were shifted to Japan. The settlement Toyota offered to IRS reportedly approached $1 billion.   

i don't know

19969 was the Chinese year of which creature?

The Chinese Zodiac, 12 Zodiac Animals, Find Your Zodiac Sign The Chinese animal zodiac, or shengxiao (/shnng-sshyaoww/ ‘born resembling’), is a repeating cycle of 12 years, with each year being represented by an animal and its reputed attributes. Traditionally these zodiac animals were used to date the years. The 12 Animals of the Chinese Zodiac In order, the 12 animals are: Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Goat, Monkey, Rooster, Dog, Pig. What Your Chinese Zodiac Animal Sign Is Your Chinese Zodiac sign is derived from your birth year, according to the Chinese lunar calendar. See the years of each animal below or use the calculator on the right to determine your own sign. Rat: 2008, 1996, 1984, 1972, 1960 Ox: 2009, 1997, 1985, 1973, 1961 Tiger: 2010, 1998, 1986, 1974, 1962 Rabbit: 2011, 1999, 1987, 1975, 1963 Dragon: 2012, 2000, 1988, 1976, 1964 Snake: 2013, 2001, 1989, 1977, 1965 Horse: 2014, 2002, 1990, 1978, 1966 Goat: 2015, 2003, 1991, 1979, 1967 Monkey: 2016, 2004, 1992, 1980, 1968 Rooster: 2017 , 2005, 1993, 1981, 1969 Dog: 2018, 2006, 1994, 1982, 1970 Pig: 2019, 2007, 1995, 1983, 1971 Find Your Chinese Zodiac Sign Choose your date of birth and find out about your Chinese zodiac sign. You are a: Love: Health: Those born in January and February take care: Chinese (Lunar) New Year moves between 21 January and February 20. If you were born in January or February, check whether your birth date falls before or after Chinese New Year to know what your Chinese zodiac year is. Chinese Zodiac Love Compatibility — Is He/She Right for You? People born in a certain animal year are believed to have attributes of that animal, which could either help or hinder a relationship. An important use of Chinese Zodiac is to determine if two people are compatible, in a romantic relationship or any kind of relationship. In ancient times people were faithful to Chinese Zodiac compatibility and often referred to it before a romantic relationship began. Even nowadays some people still refer to it. Take our online test on the right and find how suitable you and your partner are. See our Chinese Zodiac Love Compatibility Charts Chinese Zodiac Love Compatibility Test Is she/he compatible with you? Take the test and see... Boy's Name: Date of Birth: It’s BAD LUCK When Your Zodiac Year Comes Around! As the Chinese zodiac recurs every 12 years, your animal year will come around when you are 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, etc. According to ancient Chinese superstition, in your birth sign year, he will offend the God of Age, and will have bad luck during that year. The best way to avoid bad luck during this year is by wearing something red given by an elder (relative), such as socks, a neck cord, underwear, a waistband, a bracelet, or an anklet. Read more on How to be Lucky in Your Zodiac Year . Chinese Zodiac Years Have Two Different Starts! There are two dates a Chinese zodiac year could be said to start on, and neither is January 1! China traditionally uses two calendars: the solar calendar and the lunar calendar. The traditional solar calendar has 24 fifteen-day solar terms, and the first, called ‘Start of Spring’, falls on February 4 (or 5). The lunar calendar has 12 or 13 months and starts on Chinese New Year, which is somewhere in the period January 21 to February 20. Most Chinese people use lunar New Year as the start of the zodiac year. But for fortune telling and astrology, people believe ‘Start of Spring’ is the beginning of the zodiac year. Chinese Zodiac Origins — Why 12 Animals The 12 animals were chosen deliberately, after many revisions. The zodiac animals are either closely related to ancient Chinese people’s daily lives, or have lucky meanings. The ox, horse, goat, rooster, pig, and dog are six of the main domestic animals raised by Chinese people. The other six animals: rat, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, and monkey are all loved by the Chinese people. Why the 12 Zodiac Animals Are in That Order The 12 Chinese Zodiac animals are in a fixed order according to Chinese Yin and Yang Theory and perceived attributes. The yin or the yang of the animals is defined based on the odd or even number of their claws (or toes, hoofs). The animals are then arranged in an alternating (complementary) yin-yang sequence. Usually an animal has is the same number of claws on its front and rear legs. However the rat has four toes on its fore legs and five on its hind legs. As the old saying goes, “a thing is valued in proportion to its rarity”, so the Rat ranks first of the 12 zodiac animals. It uniquely combines the attributes of odd (yang) and even (yin). 4+5=9, and yang is dominant, so the Rat is classified as odd (yang) overall. Zodiac Animal Amiability without fidelity leads to immorality. Chinese Zodiac Hours — Each Hour is Associated with a Zodiac Animal Chinese zodiac hours It is widely known that each year is associated with a Chinese zodiac animal, but in Chinese culture the 12 zodiac animals are also associated with hours of a day. In ancient times, in order to tell the time, people divided a day into twelve 2-hour periods, and designated an animal to represent each period, according to each animal’s “special time”. According to Chinese astrology, though not popularly used, a person’s personality and life is more decided by his/her birth hour than year. The zodiac hour is widely used for character and destiny analysis. Rat

Rat

In the 90s how many points have been awarded for finishing second in a Grand Prix?

Exploring Chinese History :: Features :: Chinese Lunar Calendar :: Zodiac Animals The Legend of the Animals Many centuries ago, the Chinese had no means to measure time. The Yellow Jade Emperor, the Emperor of Heaven, decided to arrange a contest. He invited all animals to a race on his birthday. The first 12 animals who cross the swift current river and reach the designated shore would be assigned to the 12 Zodiac Years. The cat and the rat, who were once good friends and poor swimmers, convinced the ox to carry them across the river. Being naive, gullible, good-natured, the powerful swimmer ox agreed. As they were crossing the river, the rat was worried that the cat might win the race; so the rat pushed the cat into the river. This explains why cats hate rats, because they never forgave the rat for the incident. Right before the ox and the rat reached the shore, the rat jumped off the ox's back and took first place in the race. As the Jade Emperor named the ox as the 2nd zodiac animal, the tiger reached the finished line. Panting his way toward the Jade Emperor, the tiger explained that he had difficulty crossing the river because the current kept pushing him down stream. With his powerful strength, he was able to reach the shore safely. The Emperor recorded the tiger as the 3rd zodiac animal. From a distance, the crowd heard a thumping noise. Twitching its pinkish nose, the rabbit told the crowd that he had to hop from one stone to another in order to cross the river. Luckily, he was able to get hold of a floating log which finally washed him to shore. The Emperor named the rabbit, the 4th zodiac animal. In the 5th place came the dragon flying and belching fire in the air. Jade Emperor was very curious as to why the dragon came in late for he can fly and swim. Because the mighty dragon could not bare to see his people and all the creatures on earth suffer a drought, he had to stop to make rain. When he reached the river, he spotted a helpless little rabbit clutching tightly to a log, so he gave a little puff and blew the log with the rabbit on it to the shore. Just as the Jade Emperor complimented the dragon for his consideration, he heard the horse whining and galloping. From out of the horse's hoof sneaked a shrewd slimy snake. The sudden appearance and the hissing of the snake startled the horse and made him jump backwards, thus forcing the horse to fall in 7th place and the snake to take the 6th place in the race. From a distance, approached the sheep, the monkey, and the rooster. The rooster proudly described how he had spotted a raft from a high ground, picked up the sheep, and the monkey. Along the way, the monkey and the sheep helped clear the weeds, pulled and pushed the raft to the shore. The Emperor complimented the trios for their combined efforts and named the sheep the 8th of the zodiac animals, the monkey the 9th, and the rooster the 10th. Just as the Emperor was making the record official, next came the dog . The dog was trying to justify to the Emperor why, being one of the best swimmers, he was late. It turned out that the dog hadn't had a bath for a long time. The river water was so clean and fresh that he had to stop. The dog was recorded as the 11th zodiac animal. Jade Emperor was about to dismiss the crowd and retire from the long day when he heard an oink and a squeal from the little pig who was waddling down the path. Needless to explain, the pig was hungry during the race and he stopped for a feast. After the feast, he felt tired and took a little nap. The little pig made it as the last of the 12th zodiac animals. Another Version of the legend The origins of the 12 animals of Chinese astrology are unclear. One legend holds that Buddha invited all the earth's animals to a gathering before his final departure, and these 12 were the only animals that showed up. As a token of his appreciation, Buddha named a year after each of them in the order in which they arrived.

i don't know

Stapleton international airport is in which US state?

Stapleton International Airport Webcam Stapleton International Airport Webcam Stapleton International Airport Forecast Widget Stapleton International Airport, Denver County, Colorado, United States The Stapleton International Airport webcam below is the best available in our database. This Stapleton International Airport webcam and those cams nearby are not operated by weather-forecast.com, however please let us know if the Stapleton International Airport webcam is dead or frequently offline. If you know of a better webcam for this location then please let us know and we'll update our records. Stapleton International Airport Webcam Archive Stapleton International Airport Webcam at 2pm today

Colorado

What was Kevin Kline's first movie?

Stapleton International Airport Stapleton International Airport 7,750 Asphalt Stapleton International Airport was the primary airport serving Denver , Colorado , United States from 1929 to 1995. At different times it served as a hub for Continental Airlines , the original Frontier Airlines , People Express , Trans World Airlines ( TWA ), United Airlines and Western Airlines . Other airlines with smaller hub operations at Stapleton included Aspen Airways , the current version of Frontier Airlines and Rocky Mountain Airways with all three of these air carriers being based in Denver at the time. [1] In 1995, Stapleton was replaced by Denver International Airport . It has since been decommissioned and the property redeveloped as a retail and residential neighborhood. Contents 7 External links History Looking west, January 1966. Only concourses A, B, and C existed then. A United Airlines Pilot Training Center was later built on the vacant land between the airport’s west boundary and the housing tracts. Looking north, January 1966. Runway 35 became 35L, after 35R was built. The old United Airlines pilot training center buildings, on the airport proper, were still in operation. A UAL DC-8 pilot training flight has just made a missed approach, complete with its shadow. USGS aerial photo of Stapleton International Airport looking north, June 1993, shortly before its closure. Runway 17R/35L crosses Interstate 70 at its midpoint. Former Stapleton International Airport from the air (6 February 2006) Two Convair 580s of the Denver-based Aspen Airways at Stapleton in 1986 Stapleton opened on October 17, 1929, as Denver Municipal Airport. Its name became Stapleton Airfield after a 1944 expansion, in honor of Benjamin F. Stapleton , the city’s mayor most of the time from 1923 to 1947, and the force behind the project when it began in 1928. Concourse A, the original building from 1929, was still in use when the airport closed. The airport was created by Ira Boyd Humphreys in 1919. The March 1939 Official Aviation Guide shows nine weekday departures: seven United and two Continental. The April 1957 shows 38 United, 12 Continental, seven Braniff, seven Frontier, seven Western, five TWA and one Central. The jet age arrived during the summer of 1959 when Continental began operating Boeing 707 jetliners into Stapleton. Runway 17/35 and a new terminal building opened in 1964. Concourse D was built in 1972. After deregulation three airlines had hubs at Stapleton: ( Frontier Airlines , Continental Airlines , and United Airlines ). To combat congestion runway 18/36 was added in the 1980s and the terminal was again expanded with the $250 million (or $58 million according to the New York Times [2] ) 24 gate Concourse E opening in 1988, despite Denver’s replacement airport already under construction. [3] [4] [5] When it closed in 1995 Stapleton had six runways (2 sets of 3 parallel runways) and five terminal concourses. 1938, 1956 and 1984 airport diagrams In the early 1980s Stapleton was a hub for four airlines—United, Continental, Frontier and Western—making it one of the most competitive markets in the United States. Southwest Airlines and People Express tried low-cost service to Denver in the mid-1980s, but Southwest withdrew and People Express was acquired by Continental. [6] In September 1982 the first revenue flight of the Boeing 767 arrived at Stapleton from O’Hare International Airport in Chicago. During the energy boom of the early 1980s, several skyscrapers were built in downtown Denver, including Republic Plaza (Denver’s tallest at 714′). Due to Stapleton’s location 3 miles (4.8 km) east of downtown, the Federal Aviation Administration imposed a building height restriction of 700′-715′ (depending on where the building was). This allowed an unimpeded glide slope for runways (8L/26R) and (8R/26L). The height restriction was lifted in 1995, well after the city’s skyscrapers had been erected. Stapleton Airport was the site for Ted Fujita ‘s studies of microbursts . Continental Airlines closed its Stapleton pilot and flight attendant bases in October 1994, reducing operations and making United Airlines the airport’s largest carrier. [7] On February 25, 1995, George Hosford, Air Traffic Controller, cleared the last plane (Continental Flight 34, to London Gatwick) to depart from Stapleton International Airport. This would also mark the end of Continental Airlines’ use of Denver as its hub . Decommissioning By the 1980s, plans were under way to replace Stapleton with a new airport. Stapleton was plagued with a number of problems, including: inadequate separation between runways, leading to extremely long waits in bad weather little or no room for other airlines that proposed/wanted to use Stapleton for new destinations (an example of this was Southwest Airlines ) a lawsuit over aircraft noise , brought by residents of the nearby Park Hill community legal threats by Adams County, Colorado , to block a runway extension into Rocky Mountain Arsenal lands The Colorado General Assembly brokered a deal in 1985 to annex a plot of land in Adams County into the city of Denver, and use that land to build a new airport. Adams County voters approved the plan in 1988, and Denver voters approved the plan in a 1989 referendum. After weeks of delays, a Continental Airlines flight, with a destination of London Gatwick , was the last flight to depart Stapleton. The airport was then shut down. A convoy of vehicles of many kinds (rental cars, baggage carts, fuel trucks, etc.) traveled to the new Denver International Airport (DEN) , which officially opened for all operations the following morning. [8] The runways at Stapleton were then marked with large yellow “X”s, which indicated it was no longer legal or safe for any aircraft to land there. The IATA and ICAO airport codes of DEN and KDEN were then transferred to the new DIA, to coincide with the same changes in airline and ATC computers, to ensure that flights to Denver would land at the new DIA. [9] Originally Denver sought tenants for Stapleton’s terminal and concourses, but these buildings proved ill-suited for alternative uses. A July 1997 hail storm punched roughly 4,000 holes in the roofs of the old terminal and concourses, causing severe water damage, which compelled the city to tear them down. However, the airport’s 12-story control tower will be retained as a monument to the airport’s history and is likely to have an added observation deck for tourists. [2] All of Stapleton’s airport infrastructure has been removed, except for the former control tower. The final parking structure was torn down to make room for the “Central Park West” section of the housing development in May 2011. Facilities UAL Douglas DC-6 , N37514, code 5414, parked on the northwest maintenance ramp of Stapleton Airport, in September 1966. Control tower at Denver’s Stapleton International Airport photographed from top level of close-in parking structure, 1995. At the time of its decommissioning, the airport had the following runways: 17R/35L (11,500 ft) Concourse E – America West Airlines , American Airlines , Northwest Airlines , Sun Country , USAir Continental Airlines was once headquartered in Stapleton, moving there in October 1937. [10] Airline president Robert F. Six arranged to have the headquarters moved to Denver from El Paso, Texas because he believed that the airline should have its headquarters in a large city with a potential base of customers. [11] At a 1962 press conference in the office of Mayor of Los Angeles Sam Yorty , Continental Airlines announced that it planned to move its headquarters to Los Angeles in July 1963. [12] Redevelopment While Denver International was being constructed, planners began to consider how the Stapleton site would be redeveloped. A private group of Denver civic leaders, the Stapleton Development Foundation, convened in 1990 and produced a master plan for the site in 1995, emphasizing a pedestrian-oriented design rather than the automobile-oriented designs found in many other planned developments. Accidents and incidents Several major air crashes involved Stapleton as the origin or destination airport, with four evidently occurring at Stapleton. At Stapleton On July 11, 1961, United Airlines Flight 859 , a DC-8-12 tail number N8040U, was destroyed after landing. Asymmetric thrust on engines 1 & 2 (left wing) forced a loss of control on the runway. The aircraft struck a maintenance vehicle, killing the driver. In the ensuing disaster, 17 of the DC-8′s 122 occupants died. On August 7, 1975, Continental Airlines Flight 426 crashed due to windshear after taking off and climbing to 100 feet (30 m) on runway 35L. Nobody was killed in the accident. On November 16, 1976, a Texas International DC-9-10 aircraft stalled after takeoff at Stapleton and crashed. The 81 passengers and 5 crewmembers suffered a total of 14 injured, but there were no deaths. On November 15, 1987, Continental Airlines Flight 1713 , a DC-9-14 jetliner bound for Boise, Idaho , crashed on takeoff at Stapleton during a snowstorm. The probable cause of the crash was the failure of the flight crew to have the aircraft de-iced prior to take-off and the over-rotation of the aircraft on take-off. Twenty-eight of the plane’s 82 occupants were killed. References ^ http://www.departedflights.com , Feb. 15, 1985 Aspen Airways route map; Jan. 16, 1995 Frontier Airlines route map; Dec. 13, 1985 Rocky Mountain Airways route map

i don't know

Which actor had a Doberman Pinscher called Kirk?

Famous Doberman Owners Home > Fun Stuff > Famous Doberman Owners Famous Doberman Owners Usually we see celebrities with toy dogs that look more like a fashion accessories than a loved pet. And rarely do we see our beloved Doberman with a celebrity,  photographed by the paparazzi.  But of course, there are some famous people who own Dobermans, (some who have sadly passed away). I think you’ll find this list interesting and it shows how diverse the people who love Dobermans are. This list is partially taken from Stanley Coren’s book, “Why we love the dogs we do”, as well as various online research. If I missed anyone please let me know in the comments below. If you’re looking for famous Dobermans from the movies and tv, here’s a fun list of the most famous Dobermans .   Hunter S Thompson Hunter S Thompson, was a popular American writer who died in 2005.  He had several Dobermans and has included them in his books.  In Where The Buffalo Roam, Hunter had the doberman Bronco, trained to attack on the command word, Nixon.  When Mr. Thompson was alive he apparently  raised peacocks and dobermans. What an interesting man. Beatrice Arthur Beatrice Arthur,  was an actress who played Dorothy on Golden Girls died in 2009.  She owned dobermans, Jennifer, Emma and Albert. Jean-Christophe Novelli French celebrity chef who is known to have a whole pack of dobermans, 21 dobes at one time!  This guy loves dobermans. I wonder if he cooks for them.  Bela Lugosi Bela Lugosi, the actor best known for portraying Dracula.  One of his dobermans was named Hector. Priscilla Presley Priscilla Presley, actress from the Naked Gun and the Dallas tv series.  Her dog was named Willie.  Tanya Roberts Tanya Roberts, actress from Sheena, Charlies Angels and a bond girl in A View to a Kill.  Her dobermans are named  Catcher, Champ and Huckleberry.   35th American president with his doberman Moe. Raquel Welch American actress, Raquel Welch also owned a doberman. Rudolph Valentino Rudolph Valentino, actor of silent films in the 20’s. His doberman was named Kabar. It is said that when Valentino died suddenly at the age of 31, his dog Kabar was upset and passed away six months later. Victoria Principal Victoria Principal, actress from the tv series Dallas, owns dobermans, China and Dyla. William Shatner Actor William Shatner, Captain Kirk of Star Trek fame. His dobermans were: Kirk, Morgan, China, Heidi, Paris, Royale, Martika, Sterling, Charity, Bella, and Starbuck. Forest Whitaker The academy award winning actor. Nicolas Cage Caesar Millan has mentioned that Nicolas Cage,  owns a white doberman. Lance Ito Lance Ito, American judge of the O.J. Simpson murder trial.  His doberman is named Gillis. Kevin Hart                                                                                                     Kevin Hart is a comedian and our newest doberman owner.  He girl Roxy looks super cute. Henrik Lundqvist New York Rangers hockey goalie having dinner with his doberman. Strawberries? Mariah Carey Mariah Carey, the singer owns dobermans, Duke and Princess.  You can see Princess in her music video , “All I want for Christmas is You”.   Snoop Dogg Snoop Dogg doesn’t own a Doberman, but he kind of looks like one and he did turn into one in his music video ,”Who Am I?”

William Shatner

What day of the week was the Wall Street Crash?

The Doberman Gang (1972) - IMDb IMDb 7 January 2017 5:00 AM, UTC NEWS There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error After a failed bank robbery, an ex-con, an ex-waitress and a few of their friends train a pack of doberman dogs to rob a bank for them. Director: Byron Chudnow (as Byron Ross Chudnow) Writers: Louis Garfinkle (original story and screenplay), Frank Ray Perilli (original story and screenplay) Stars: "No Small Parts" IMDb Exclusive: 'Edge of Seventeen' Star Hailee Steinfeld Hailee Steinfeld has received critical acclaim for her role in the coming-of-age comedy The Edge of Seventeen . What other roles has she played over the years? Don't miss our live coverage of the Golden Globes beginning at 4 p.m. PST on Jan. 8 in our Golden Globes section. a list of 30 titles created 15 Feb 2013 a list of 40 titles created 16 Feb 2013 a list of 35 titles created 28 Mar 2014 a list of 28 titles created 26 Nov 2014 a list of 31 titles created 26 Dec 2014 Title: The Doberman Gang (1972) 6/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Add Image Add an image Do you have any images for this title? Edit Storyline After a failed bank robbery, an ex-con, an ex-waitress and a few of their friends train a pack of doberman dogs to rob a bank for them. Written by Anonymous Trained To Commit The Most Incredible Caper Ever Conceived Genres: A Gang dos Doberman See more  » Filming Locations: Did You Know? Trivia In September 1972, Dimension Pictures was widely exhibiting this film on a double bill with The Twilight People (1972). See more » Connections (Victoria, BC) – See all my reviews Training 6 doberman dogs to rob a bank? Actually, this outlandish premise is executed with far more believability than you'd think. The criminals behind the dogs are not portrayed as buffoons or as totally unredeemable; in fact, they are pretty likable guys for the most part. (And - shock of all shocks - it's the Vietnam veteran character who comes across as the most sympathetic!) As well, we are taken through the plan step by step, seeing how they slowly train the dogs and deal with any potential problems that come up during the way. It's a little dry at times (the low budget doesn't exactly make it flashy), but never does it get really boring. The only thing I question about the movie is how it got a "G" rating, given a couple of (mild, admitedly) love scenes and a couple of *seriously* bloody sequences! Those bloody sequences really shatter the agreeably fluffy and light tone, and make it questionable as a family movie. Despite that, the movie was pretty successful, subsequently generating two theatrical sequels and one made-for-TV movie. 8 of 8 people found this review helpful.  Was this review helpful to you? Yes

i don't know

The US signed a treaty with which country to allow the construction of the Panama Canal?

Panama Canal On December 31, 1999, the Panama Canal became operated entirely by Panama for the first time in history, though over the proceeding 20 years, the United States had been slowly turning it over to them. The canal has long been a cause of conflict between Panama and the US. The changeover was very controversial, and the question is raised: Should the Panama Canal have remained in the control of the US? First off, it is necessary to have some understanding of the canal�s history. The US built the canal and maintained it well for 85 years after construction. However, Panama never actually allowed the Canal Zone to become part of the US, and although a fee was paid to the Panamanian government for the use of the canal, the government receives far more from the actual ownership. On the other hand, the people of Colon and Panama City, which benefited directly and indirectly from US presence, did not want the US to leave. Furthermore, there is the question of whether the US or Panama operate this important resource better.  The French were the first to try and build a canal across South America, starting in 1882. Before they could start work, they needed to secure a concession from the Columbian government, which controlled Panama at that time. However, their project failed, thousands of workers died (mainly from disease,) and the company went bankrupt six years later, in 1888. A Frenchman named Philippe Bunau-Varilla managed to keep the effort from collapsing entirely, and looked for another party to take up the concession. The United States, which was also interested in building a canal, negotiated to buy the concession from the French. However, Columbia refused the sale. Meanwhile, nationalism was stirring in Panama. An agreement was made with the US government that if the US would help Panama gain their independence, they would allow the canal to be built. In 1903, Panama became its own country, and the United States immediately recognized the new government. Columbia sent troops to reclaim Panama, but US warships prevented them from landing. After the United States helped Panama win its independence, a treaty was immediately negotiated to allow the US to build a canal. The treaty granted considerably more to the US then the failed agreement with Columbia had, including rights to use military within Panama and US control of the Canal Zone in perpetuity. In essence, the Canal Zone would be part of the US in all but name. However, the man who signed for the Panamanians, the Frenchman Bunau-Varilla, was not part of the official delegation from the new Panamanian government, and some Panamanians felt that the rights granted to the US in the treaty were excessive. Construction of the current Panama Canal began in 1904. Casualties among the workers were much lower due to extensive projects to control yellow fever and malaria, and the canal was completed in ten years, three years ahead of schedule. However, the cost was a phenomenal $350 million, the most expensive operation the US government had ever undertaken. In addition, Panama was paid ten million dollars, plus another quarter million each year, for use of the territory. This was a very large amount of money at the time, and the fees would be raised in 1936 and again in 1955. During construction, the US also established stores, schools, and military bases around the canal. As agreed in the 1903 treaty, the United States Military had been allowed to take action within Panama to ensure the safety of the canal. However, this meant that Panamanians had no military of the own, and sometimes felt that the US interfered with Panamanian interests. In 1936, a new treaty was signed that increased the amount paid the Panamanian government for the use of the land, and limited the area in which the US could use its military to within the Canal Zone. This increased Panamanian independence and caused the growth of their armed forces. However, in 1941, the National Police, Panama�s closest thing to a military at the time, overthrew the republican government and took over. They made the police more like a military, and renamed it the National Guard. In 1968, the government was overthrown again, and a military junta was created. They dissolved the National Assembly, suspended the constitution, censored the press, and used the National Guard to suppress opposition. On the other hand, they started massive modernization projects in Panama, especially Panama City. Although this caused a large national debt, it won much popular support. Despite the 1936 and 1955 treaty modifications, Panama still chafed over the United States controlling the canal. Rioting and conflicts with US personnel caused major problems for relations between the two countries. In 1977, a new treaty was proposed which would phase out US control, and turn the Panama Canal over to Panama. US workers would train Panamanian replacements, Panama would have a hand in the government of the canal, and Panama would gain control of more than half of the land of the Canal Zone. The rest, renamed the Panama Canal Area, would remain under the US until the changeover was completed at the end of 1999. However, it would be subject to the Panamanian legal system. The treaty was modified in 1978, to maintain permission for the US to use its military in defense of the canal. However, over the next two decades, military bases in the Canal Zone and all US duties for the canal would come under Panamanian control. This new treaty finally went into effect in 1979. Two years after the treaty was signed, the leader of the Panamanian military junta was killed in a plane crash. The Panamanian government then came under the effectively complete control of Manuel Noriega. Noriega, a former informer for the CIA, acted as the power behind the throne in Panama for a while, selecting and removing presidents. During this time, Panamanian relations with the US became worse and worse. Noriega was found to be involved in drug deals, organized crime, and possible dealings with Cuba. When he was indicted in 1988, the US insisted that he be removed. Trade sanctions were imposed, and the US stopped its payments for the canal, which had reached ten million dollars per year plus a share of all fees collected after the two treaty modifications. Although the current president in Panama tried to have Noriega removed, Noriega dismissed him instead. When the 1989 elections went strongly against Noriega�s candidate, however, he declared them null and void and made himself president. He immediately declared that Panama was at war with the US, and an unarmed US soldier was killed by Panamanian troops the next day. The United States response, termed Operation Just Cause, was quick and effective. A mere five days after Noriega�s declaration, the US invaded Panama City. More than 27,000 troops were involved including about 13,000 already stationed in Panama. They removed Noriega from power, captured him, and sent him to Florida to stand trial. Within a month of his becoming President, Noriega was in jail. However, considerable damage was done to Panama City, and despite the name, many people worldwide felt that Operation Just Cause was a misuse of the US armed forces, and an unjustified attack on a smaller country. After the invasion, the winner of the 1989 elections became president for Panama. However, he never achieved much real power, and although Panama began to recover from its time under military rule, the United States had effective control of the government. The military was turned back into a civilian police force, and a massive aid project (nearly one billion dollars) was set up for Panama. Surprisingly, in the next elections, the winner was the candidate supported by Noriega�s former party. A banker trained in the US, he brought much wealth and foreign investment to Panama. At the same time, the Panama Canal was slowly transferring to Panamanian control, and most of the Americans were leaving. In 1999, Panama�s first woman president and current leader was elected. At the end of the year, control over the Canal Zone transferred entirely to Panama, which for the first time in 95 years controlled all of its territory. Although some US workers remained on the canal (part of the treaty was that no workers would lose their jobs), Panama had complete control over the canal and collected all money from it. The interesting thing is that the people of Colon and Panama City (the country�s two largest cities) did not want the United States to leave. When the canal was operated by the US, the Canal Zone and the areas around it were like a small part of the US. US schools were available to the children of Panamanians. US jobs were available to Panamanians, who could make far more working on the canal than an equivalently skilled job elsewhere in Panama, and they could have job security and benefits too. The people who lived alongside the Canal Zone were glad of the US influence. The US influence was not all good for Panama, however. The US claimed extensive amounts of land, limiting the expansion of Panama City and Colon, both of which would likely have expanded well into the area the US claimed. Panamanians were paid well by their standards, but the US citizens working on the canal often made much more. Workers of other nationalities and cultures, such as West Indians and African Americans, descended from those who had helped build the canal, changed Panamanian culture and took jobs that might otherwise have gone to Panamanians. The disadvantages of US culture, such as leftover segregation from early in the century, were also present in the Canal Zone. The fact remains that although much of Panama, and certainly the Panamanian government, wanted the canal under Panamanian control and the United States out of the Canal Zone, the people who lived and worked there felt differently. However, this is not necessarily an indication that the US should take back complete control. Historically, the Panamanian students and workers around the canal felt that Panamanians should control the canal. What changed their minds? The other question is: Who managed the canal better? It is too soon to be sure, and accurate statistics are difficult to find. However, people who have worked in small jobs on the canal under both administrations supported the US by an overwhelming majority. They pointed to how well the canal ran in the years before the US left, and said that the canal was at its best then. Panama is blamed for many things that go wrong on the canal, such as delays, increase in fees, and accidents and collisions, though the same things sometimes happened under the US. For example, while transit prices have been steeply increasing, they increased under the US as well. Some problems, however, are likely a result of policy changes. The US put yachts and other small boats through the canal together, not making them share locks with large ships. This severely reduced the risk of damage to such small craft, but meant that the canal collected less money when the smaller boats went through. The use of the budget is another contended point. Although the US made sure that all of the workers currently employed at the time of the changeover would keep their jobs and pay, there have been almost no new workers hired, and few raises for current workers. Working on the canal is still a good job for a Panamanian, but it is more difficult to get such a job than it was under the US. Panama tried to hire new workers at Panamanian wages, but the current workers threatened to strike if any employees were not paid US wages. Panama is also spending an immense amount of money to purchase new guidance vehicles for large ships, despite the fact that the canal has plenty of them at this time. Beyond that, the canal, which is non-profit, sends about 200 million dollars to the Panamanian government each year. Many of the canal workers feel that more of the money should be spent to hire more workers. They also claim that most of the money that goes to the government is not used in a way that helps the Panamanian people. Of course, the money the government makes from the canal now is far more than what the US was paying. Panama�s economy was very weak for a long time, and although it started recovering after Noriega was removed, more money is certainly welcome. The canal is a constant source of income, located right on Panamanian land. Who has the better claim on the canal? The canal is located within Panama, on Panamanian territory. However, Panamanians could not have built the canal themselves, and Panama might have taken much longer to achieve independence without the help of the US. The US invested an immense amount of money and effort into building and defending the canal. However, even with the payments sent to Panama, the canal has long since paid back what it cost. The US maintained and operated the canal for many years, and when the US left, many of the workers wished they hadn�t. On the other hand, just a few decades earlier, they had all been trying to get Panama to take over the canal.  It seems that the best time for the Panama Canal was when both the US and Panama operated it together. Both governments made money from the canal, and while most of the workforce was Panamanian, they were treated like US workers. Relations between the US and Panama were on the rise for the first time in many years, and many of the advantages of living in the US were available to Panamanians near the canal. Unlike throughout much of Panamanian history, there was very little complaining from the Panamanians around the canal. The only thing that would have made them change their minds in recent years is that, during the time between 1979 and 1999, the US and Panama jointly operated the canal. Living in the Canal Zone was like living in a small part of the US and working on the canal was like having a job in the US, but Panama was responsible for a lot of the canal�s operation and made a lot of money from it. In other words, it was the best of both options.

Columbia

What was Prince's last No 1 of the 80s?

Panama to control canal - Sep 07, 1977 - HISTORY.com Panama to control canal Publisher A+E Networks In Washington, President Jimmy Carter and Panamanian dictator Omar Torrijos sign a treaty agreeing to transfer control of the Panama Canal from the United States to Panama at the end of the 20th century. The Panama Canal Treaty also authorized the immediate abolishment of the Canal Zone, a 10-mile-wide, 40-mile-long U.S.-controlled area that bisected the Republic of Panama. Many in Congress opposed giving up control of the Panama Canal–an enduring symbol of U.S. power and technological prowess–but America’s colonial-type administration of the strategic waterway had long irritated Panamanians and other Latin Americans. The rush of settlers to California and Oregon in the mid 19th century was the initial impetus of the U.S. desire to build an artificial waterway across Central America. In 1855, the United States completed a railroad across the Isthmus of Panama (then part of Colombia), prompting various parties to propose canal-building plans. Ultimately, Colombia awarded the rights to build the canal to Ferdinand de Lesseps, the French entrepreneur who had completed the Suez Canal in 1869. Construction on a sea-level canal began in 1881, but inadequate planning, disease among the workers, and financial problems drove Lesseps’ company into bankruptcy in 1889. Three years later, Philippe-Jean Bunau-Varilla, a former chief engineer of the canal works and a French citizen, acquired the assets of the defunct French company. By the turn of the century, sole possession of the proposed canal became a military and economic imperative to the United States, which had acquired an overseas empire at the end of the Spanish-American War and sought the ability to move warships and commerce quickly between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. In 1902, the U.S. Congress authorized purchase of the French canal company (pending a treaty with Colombia) and allocated funding for the canal’s construction. In 1903, the Hay-Herran Treaty was signed with Columbia, granting the United States use of the territory in exchange for financial compensation. The U.S. Senate ratified the treaty, but the Colombian Senate, fearing a loss of sovereignty, refused. In response, President Theodore Roosevelt gave tacit approval to a Panamanian independence movement, which was engineered in large part by Philippe-Jean Bunau-Varilla and his canal company. On November 3, 1903, a faction of Panamanians issued a declaration of independence from Colombia. The U.S.-administered railroad removed its trains from the northern terminus of ColÓn, thus stranding Colombian troops sent to crush the rebellion. Other Colombian forces were discouraged from marching on Panama by the arrival of the U.S. warship Nashville. On November 6, the United States recognized the Republic of Panama, and on November 18 the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty was signed with Panama, granting the United States exclusive and permanent possession of the Panama Canal Zone. In exchange, Panama received $10 million and an annuity of $250,000 beginning nine years later. The treaty was negotiated by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay and Bunau-Varilla, who had been given plenipotentiary powers to negotiate on behalf of Panama. Almost immediately, the treaty was condemned by many Panamanians as an infringement on their country’s new national sovereignty. In 1906, American engineers decided on the construction of a lock canal, and the next three years were spent developing construction facilities and eradicating tropical diseases in the area. In 1909, construction proper began. In one of the largest construction projects of all time, U.S. engineers moved nearly 240 million cubic yards of earth and spent close to $400 million in constructing the 40-mile-long canal (or 51 miles long, if the deepened seabed on both ends of the canal is taken into account). On August 15, 1914, the Panama Canal was inaugurated with the passage of the U.S. vessel Ancon, a cargo and passenger ship. During the next seven decades, the United States made a series of concessions to Panama, including regular increases in annual payments, the building of a $20 million bridge across the canal, and equal pay and working conditions for Panamanian and U.S. workers in the Canal Zone. The basic provisions of the 1903 treaty, specifically the right of the United States to control and operate the canal, remained unchanged until the late 1970s. In the 1960s, Panamanians repeatedly rioted in the Canal Zone over the refusal of U.S. authorities to fly the Panamanian flag and other nationalist issues. After U.S. troops crushed one such riot in 1964, Panama temporarily broke off diplomatic relations with the United States. After years of negotiations for a new Panama Canal treaty, agreement was reached between the United States and Panama in 1977. Signed on September 7, 1977, the treaty recognized Panama as the territorial sovereign in the Canal Zone but gave the United States the right to continue operating the canal until December 31, 1999. Despite considerable opposition in the U.S. Senate, the treaty was approved by a one-vote margin in September 1978. It went into effect in October 1979, and the canal came under the control of the Panama Canal Commission, an agency of five Americans and four Panamanians. On September 7, 1977, President Carter had also signed the Neutrality Treaty with Torrijos, which guaranteed the permanent neutrality of the canal and gave the United States the right to use military force, if necessary, to keep the canal open. This treaty was used as rationale for the 1989 U.S. invasion of Panama, which the saw the overthrow of Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega, who had threatened to prematurely seize control of the canal after being indicted in the United States on drug charges. Democratic rule was restored in Panama in the 1990s, and at noon on December 31, 1999, the Panama Canal was peacefully turned over to Panama. In order to avoid conflict with end-of-the-millennium celebrations, formal ceremonies marking the event were held on December 14. Former president Jimmy Carter represented the United States at the ceremony. After exchanging diplomatic notes with Panamanian President Mireya Moscoso, Carter simply told her, “It’s yours.” Related Videos

i don't know

Man In The Mirror first featured on which Michel Jackson album?

The Essential Michael Jackson by Michael Jackson on Apple Music 38 Songs iTunes Review This 2005 retrospective of career-spanning singles lives up to its name. After offering a few of Michael’s initial hits with his brothers (“I Want You Back” and “ABC”) and nascent singles as a solo artist, the compilation gains altitude with self-assured pop hits like “Don’t Stop ‘Til You Get Enough” and “Off the Wall.” The tracks taken from Thriller and Bad—especially “Billie Jean” and “Man in the Mirror”—capture Jackson at his popular apex, swerving effortlessly from honeyed balladry to sweat-drenched dance tracks. The New Jack Swing-ing “In the Closet” and the inspirational “Heal the World” find his talent transcending the scrutiny of his superstardom. Spinning to a close with "You Rock My World," from his tenth and final studio album, Invincible, this well-selected anthology is a concise single-volume primer on Jackson’s singular career. Customer Reviews Best way to get all jackson's hits!!!!       by pandmmac If you're looking for a way to get all of michael jackson's classics, this is the album for you! And it's a fantastic price for all the songs that you get. When trying to purchase his top rated songs, its very frustrating, because many of the songs are not available for download in the USA. I was about ready to give up on adding him to my ipod when I found this. So I was thrilled when I came across this album! After listening to all the songs on this album, these are the classic versions of the songs, not fake or imitation versions. LOVE       by reva. everyone loves him. no matter what they say. everyone knows his songs and sings them in the shower Michael, gone too soon... but your legend lives on...       by phyllisa ...even though for many years now, you've been derided and neglected. It's so sad that it takes your death for people to start remembering the greatness of your music. Nevertheless, dedicated fans (myself included!) will continue to believe in you and your art. Thank you for sharing your genius with us for so many years, for being such a big part of our lives - we believe you've now found the long-deserved peace you've been fighting for. We miss you greatly. This compilation is a comprehensive collection of Michael's work over the years, and shows off how he shattered barriers of all kinds through his music and the belief he held for it, and for the world. For those who are not really familiar with Michael's songs (i.e., those who don't own many of his albums), this is a great place to start. For those looking out for lesser known songs, another great album to own is "Michael Jackson - The Ultimate Collection". Let's keep his music alive and help people to know and remember why he will always be the incomparable and unsurpassable King of Pop! Biography Born: August 29, 1958 in Gary, IN Genre: Pop Years Active: '60s, '70s, '80s, '90s, '00s Michael Jackson wasn't merely the biggest pop star of his era, shaping the sound and style of the '70s and '80s; he was one of the defining stars of the 20th century, a musician who changed the contours of American culture. A preternaturally gifted singer and dancer, Jackson first rose to stardom in 1969 as the 11-year-old frontman for his family's band, the Jackson 5. As remarkable a run as the Jackson 5 had -- at the dawn of the '70s, each of their first four singles went to number one and they... Top Albums and Songs by Michael Jackson 1.

Bad

Where was the first battle with US involvement in the Korean War?

Bad - Michael Jackson — Listen and discover music at Last.fm Bad king of pop Bad is the seventh album by Michael Jackson. It was released on August 31, 1987 by Epic/CBS Records. The record was released nearly five years after his last studio album Thriller. 20 years after its release, the album has sold over 30 million copies worldwide, and shipped 8 million units in the United States. Bad is the first, and currently only album ever to feature five Billboard Hot 100 #1 singles. Jackson began recording demos for the anticipated follow-up… read more Don't want to see ads? Subscribe now Tracklist

i don't know

In which decade was Arnold Schwarzenegger born?

Arnold Schwarzenegger - Biography - IMDb Arnold Schwarzenegger Biography Showing all 733 items Jump to: Overview  (4) | Mini Bio  (1) | Spouse  (1) | Trade Mark  (9) | Trivia  (146) | Personal Quotes  (550) | Salary  (22) Overview (4) 6' 2" (1.88 m) Mini Bio (1) With an almost unpronounceable surname and a thick Austrian accent, who would have ever believed that a brash, quick talking bodybuilder from a small European village would become one of Hollywood's biggest stars, marry into the prestigious Kennedy family, amass a fortune via shrewd investments and one day be the Governor of California!? The amazing story of megastar Arnold Schwarzenegger is a true "rags to riches" tale of a penniless immigrant making it in the land of opportunity, the United States of America. Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger was born July 30, 1947, in the town of Thal, Styria, Austria, to Aurelia (Jadrny) and Gustav Schwarzenegger, the local police chief. From a young age, he took a keen interest in physical fitness and bodybuilding, going on to compete in several minor contests in Europe. However, it was when he emigrated to the United States in 1968 at the tender age of 21 that his star began to rise. Up until the early 1970s, bodybuilding had been viewed as a rather oddball sport, or even a mis-understood "freak show" by the general public, however two entrepreneurial Canadian brothers Ben Weider and Joe Weider set about broadening the appeal of "pumping iron" and getting the sport respect, and what better poster boy could they have to lead the charge, then the incredible "Austrian Oak", Arnold Schwarzenegger. Over roughly the next decade, beginning in 1970, Schwarzenegger dominated the sport of competitive bodybuilding winning five Mr. Universe titles and seven Mr. Olympia titles and, with it, he made himself a major sports icon, he generated a new international audience for bodybuilding, gym memberships worldwide swelled by the tens of thousands and the Weider sports business empire flourished beyond belief and reached out to all corners of the globe. However, Schwarzenegger's horizons were bigger than just the landscape of bodybuilding and he debuted on screen as "Arnold Strong" in the low budget Hercules in New York (1970), then director Bob Rafelson cast Arnold in Stay Hungry (1976) alongside Jeff Bridges and Sally Field , for which Arnold won a Golden Globe Award for "Best Acting Debut in a Motion Picture". The mesmerizing Pumping Iron (1977) covering the 1975 Mr Olympia contest in South Africa has since gone on to become one of the key sports documentaries of the 20th century, plus Arnold landed other acting roles in the comedy The Villain (1979) opposite Kirk Douglas , and he portrayed Mickey Hargitay in the well- received TV movie The Jayne Mansfield Story (1980). What Arnold really needed was a super hero / warrior style role in a lavish production that utilized his chiseled physique, and gave him room to show off his growing acting talents and quirky humor. Conan the Barbarian (1982) was just that role. Inspired by the Robert E. Howard short stories of the "Hyborean Age" and directed by gung ho director John Milius , and with a largely unknown cast, save Max von Sydow and James Earl Jones , "Conan" was a smash hit worldwide and an inferior, although still enjoyable sequel titled Conan the Destroyer (1984) quickly followed. If "Conan" was the kick start to Arnold's movie career, then his next role was to put the pedal to the floor and accelerate his star status into overdrive. Director James Cameron had until that time only previously directed one earlier feature film titled Piranha Part Two: The Spawning (1981), which stank of rotten fish from start to finish. However, Cameron had penned a fast paced, science fiction themed film script that called for an actor to play an unstoppable, ruthless predator - The Terminator (1984). Made on a relatively modest budget, the high voltage action / science fiction thriller The Terminator (1984) was incredibly successful worldwide, and began one of the most profitable film franchises in history. The dead pan phrase "I'll be back" quickly became part of popular culture across the globe. Schwarzenegger was in vogue with action movie fans, and the next few years were to see Arnold reap box office gold in roles portraying tough, no-nonsense individuals who used their fists, guns and witty one-liners to get the job done. The testosterone laden Commando (1985), Raw Deal (1986), Predator (1987), The Running Man (1987) and Red Heat (1988) were all box office hits and Arnold could seemingly could no wrong when it came to picking winning scripts. The tongue-in-cheek comedy Twins (1988) with co-star Danny DeVito was a smash and won Arnold new fans who saw a more comedic side to the muscle- bound actor once described by Australian author / TV host Clive James as "a condom stuffed with walnuts". The spectacular Total Recall (1990) and "feel good" Kindergarten Cop (1990) were both solid box office performers for Arnold, plus he was about to return to familiar territory with director James Cameron in Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991). The second time around for the futuristic robot, the production budget had grown from the initial film's $6.5 million to an alleged $100 million for the sequel, and it clearly showed as the stunning sequel bristled with amazing special effects, bone-crunching chases & stunt sequences, plus state of the art computer-generated imagery. Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991) was arguably the zenith of Arnold's film career to date and he was voted "International Star of the Decade" by the National Association of Theatre Owners. Remarkably, his next film Last Action Hero (1993) brought Arnold back to Earth with a hard thud as the self-satirizing, but confusing plot line of a young boy entering into a mythical Hollywood action film confused movie fans even more and they stayed away in droves making the film an initial financial disaster. Arnold turned back to good friend, director James Cameron and the chemistry was definitely still there as the "James Bond" style spy thriller True Lies (1994) co-starring Jamie Lee Curtis and Tom Arnold was the surprise hit of 1994! Following the broad audience appeal of True Lies (1994), Schwarzenegger decided to lean towards more family-themed entertainment with Junior (1994) and Jingle All the Way (1996), but he still found time to satisfy his hard-core fan base with Eraser (1996), as the chilling "Mr. Freeze" in Batman & Robin (1997) and battling dark forces in the supernatural action of End of Days (1999). The science fiction / conspiracy tale The 6th Day (2000) played to only mediocre fan interest, and Collateral Damage (2002) had its theatrical release held over for nearly a year after the tragic events of Sept 11th 2001, but it still only received a lukewarm reception. It was time again to resurrect Arnold's most successful franchise and, in 2003, Schwarzenegger pulled on the biker leathers for the third time for Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines (2003). Unfortunately, directorial duties passed from James Cameron to Jonathan Mostow and the deletion of the character of "Sarah Connor" aka Linda Hamilton and a change in the actor playing "John Connor" - Nick Stahl took over from Edward Furlong - making the third entry in the "Terminator" series the weakest to date. Schwarzenegger married TV journalist Maria Shriver in April, 1986 and the couple have four children. In October of 2003 Schwarzenegger, running as a Republican, was elected Governor of California in a special recall election of then governor Gray Davis. The "Governator," as Schwarzenegger came to be called, held the office until 2011. Upon leaving the Governor's mansion it was revealed that he had fathered a child with the family's live-in maid and Shriver filed for divorce. - IMDb Mini Biography By: David Montgomery < djmont@aol.com> and davesusanv@gmail.com Spouse (1) ( 26 April  1986 - present) (filed for divorce) (4 children) Trade Mark (9) Frequent movie line: "I'll be back." Often has his character say comedic one-liners that punctuate the action Many of his films have his characters doing feats of strength to match his muscular look, e.g. Commando (1985) where he is first seen in the film carrying a whole tree trunk on his shoulder. Films often have a chase sequence or action scene in a shopping mall. ( Commando (1985), Kindergarten Cop (1990), Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991), True Lies (1994) and Jingle All the Way (1996)). His characters are often family men who are protecting their children and his other characters often smoke cigars. Heavy Austrian accent Very muscular physique Trivia (146) Ranked #20 in Empire (UK) magazine's "The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time" list. [October 1997] Children with Maria Shriver : Katherine Schwarzenegger (b. December 13, 1989), Christina Maria Aurelia Schwarzenegger (b. July 23, 1991), Patrick Schwarzenegger (b. September 18, 1993) and Christopher Sargent Shriver Schwarzenegger (b. September 27, 1997). He is also the father of Joseph Baena (b. October 2, 1997) with Mildred Patricia Baena who was housekeeper in the family until 2011. Underwent heart surgery to correct a congenital heart valve condition. [April 1997] Called by the Guinness Book of World Records, "the most perfectly developed man in the history of the world." Noted fan of cigar smoking. His voice in Hercules in New York (1970) was dubbed. Was part-owner of Planet Hollywood and Schatzi restaurants. Advocate for the Republican party. He reprised his Terminator character for the theme park attraction T2 3-D: Battle Across Time (1996), a short film which uses an enhanced 3-D process that makes the film really appear to jump out at the audience. His production company is Oak Productions. 1983: Became a US citizen. His wife Maria Shriver is a niece of the late President John F. Kennedy and Senators Robert F. Kennedy and Ted Kennedy . Graduated from University of Wisconsin-Superior with a major in international marketing of fitness and business administration. [1979] Sold off his Planet Hollywood stock and is no longer a part owner of the chain. [2000] The soccer stadium in Graz, Austria (his home town) is named after him. Was considered for the title role in the 1970s TV series The Incredible Hulk (1978), but was reportedly deemed not tall enough. His former bodybuilding competitor, Lou Ferrigno , ultimately won the part. After leaving Austria for the first time, he came to England to work, earning under £30 a week. Received an Honorary Doctorate from his alma mater, the University of Wisconsin-Superior, in recognition of his charitable works. [1996] Son-in-law of Sargent Shriver and Eunice Kennedy Shriver . At his bodybuilding peak his chest was 57", waist 34", biceps 22", thighs 28½", calves 20", and his competition weight was 235 lbs (260 lbs off-season). He and Warner Bros. agreed to postpone the release of Collateral Damage (2002) indefinitely in the wake of the September 11th terrorist attacks on America. The plot centers around a firefighter who lost his family in a terrorist bomb attack. [September 2001] 9/7/01: Sues International Game Technology for the unauthorized use of his voice and likeness in slot machine games. His lawyer told the press he was seeking $20 million in damages, which is the amount he believes he would have received had he approved the use. Childhood friends stated that he often said his goals in life were to move to America, become an actor, and marry a Kennedy. He accomplished all three. Underwent a genioplasty -- a procedure in which his jaw has been moved back so that it no longer juts out. Was the first private citizen in the U.S. to own a Humvee (High Mobility Multi-Purpose Wheeled Vehicle). Lobbied to promote anti-juvenile delinquency initiative on California ballot that would commit the state to allocate $400 million for extracurricular activities and tutoring for students, kindergarten through ninth grade. [May 2002] Received an honorary doctorate from Chapman University in Orange, CA. [June 2002] Franco Columbu was best man at Arnold's wedding. 1/29/03: Underwent surgery for a torn rotator cuff as a result of an injury on the set of Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines (2003). Was in a sling for three to four weeks, but it was not expected to delay the completion of the movie. Ranked #9 in Star TV's Top 10 Box Office Stars of the 1990s. [2003] The character Rainier Wolfecastle in The Simpsons (1989) is based on him. Won Mr. Olympia title seven times (1970-1975, 1980). James Cameron originally wanted him for the role of Kyle Reese in The Terminator (1984), but after reading the script, Arnold asked Cameron to let him play the part of the Machine. Cameron replied "No, no! Reese is the star! He's the big hero! And the Terminator hardly has any lines!" but Arnold asked him to "trust me". 8/6/03: Announced his candidacy for the Governorship of California on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno (1992). Suffered a back injury (among other various assorted injuries) while filming Conan the Barbarian (1982) when the dogs who were chasing him jumped him from behind and he fell down the rock he was climbing to escape them. In Demolition Man (1993), Sandra Bullock 's character Lenina Huxley is telling Sylvester Stallone 's character John Spartan about the Arnold Schwarzenegger Presidential Library, explaining that, based on the sheer popularity of Schwarzenegger's movies, a Constitutional amendment was passed in order for Schwarzenegger to run for President, which, according to Huxley, he did. In 2003, ten years after this film's release, Schwarzenegger ran for the office of Governor of California, and won the election on 7 October 2003. While Schwarzenegger is not eligible to run for the presidency by present laws (as a naturalized citizen, not a native-born citizen as required by the Constitution), most past presidents have been governors of their respective home states. Some members of Congress are currently considering an amendment to the Constitution to allow foreign-born US citizens to be allowed to run for the Presidency, specifically with Schwarzenegger in mind, although other members of Congress are strongly opposed to the idea. Had one elder brother, Meinhard (1946-1971). His mother was Aurelia Jadrny (2 July 1922 - 2 August 1998) and his father was Gustav Schwarzenegger (Graz, 17 August 1907 - 1 December 1972), married in Murzsteg, 20 October 1945. His mother's surname is Czech. 10/7/03: Was elected Governor of California as a Republican. Turned down the role of John McClane in Die Hard (1988). The role went to Bruce Willis instead. Ironically, Willis has a line in the film where he says that the terrorists "have enough explosives to orbit Arnold Schwarzenegger". TV Guide selected Arnold Schwarzenegger's announcement on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno (1992) to run for Governor of California as the greatest TV moment of 2003. Said that filming the climatic fight at the end of Predator (1987) was made difficult by the fact that the late Kevin Peter Hall , who played the Predator, couldn't see through his mask. Has the record for winning the most major bodybuilding events in history, 13 (1 Mr. Junior Western Europe, 7 Mr. Olympias, and 5 Mr. Universes). After he had started lifting weights as a teenager, he noticed that his body was becoming disproportionate. His arms, shoulders and chest were developing nicely, but his calves and lower legs weren't coming along as he wanted. To motivate himself to work harder on his calves, he cut off all of his pants (trousers) at the knee. Walking around like that, people would look at (and maybe even laugh at) the big man with 'chicken' legs. It worked. His father, Gustav Schwarzenegger, nicknamed him "Cinderella" as a child and his older brother, Meinhard, constantly picked on him growing up. Both men were killed while driving under the influence. Only the second governor in California's history to be born in a foreign country. John Downey, the 7th Governor of California, was born in Ireland and served from 1860-1862. Has his look-alike puppet in the French show Les guignols de l'info (1988). Went AWOL from the Austrian army to enter his first bodybuilding contest. Stumped for President George W. Bush the weekend before his re-election in Ohio, as Schwarzenegger has always had a strong relationship with Ohio. He was voted the 53rd Greatest Movie Star of all time by Entertainment Weekly. Has played a character who died in only five of his films: The Terminator (1984), Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991), End of Days (1999) Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines (2003) and _Terminator: Genisys (2015)_ (the original T-800 who's chip was used to time travel to 2018. Arnold's primary T800 character, however, survived, being "upgraded" to T1000 status). Was considered for the role of the gentle giant Fezzik in the 1970s when William Goldman 's book "The Princess Bride" was first proposed to be made into a film ( The Princess Bride (1987)). Had his first romantic scene in a movie with actress Sandahl Bergman , in Conan the Barbarian (1982). Is good friends with fellow bodybuilder Sven-Ole Thorsen who, ironically, portrayed "Thorgrim," one of his leading foes, in Conan the Barbarian (1982). Turned down a request to reprise his Conan character in Kull the Conqueror (1997) (originally titled "Conan the Conqueror"). Also, he was supposed to play Conan in Red Sonja (1985), though ultimately, a new character was created who was essentially Conan in everything but name. Is the only person to receive Razzie nominations for Worst Actor, Worst Supporting Actor and Worst Screen Couple (with himself cloned) in the same year. All for the same movie, The 6th Day (2000). His life strangely mirrors the life of Conan from Conan the Barbarian (1982). Conan was born in a small village and grew up to be a physically powerful man, due to years of slavery. After winning great fame as a gladiator, he is given to wine and women, but later rejects this hedonistic lifestyle and goes on to perform great heroic feats and eventually is crowned king. Arnold was born in a small Austrian town and took up weightlifting as he got older. After achieving success as a bodybuilder, he indulged in drug abuse and womanizing, but he later rejected this and went on to become a vocal supporter of social causes, and was eventually elected governor of California. Performed many of his own stunts in his films, owing largely to the fact that it was hard to find stunt doubles who matched his size. Billy D. Lucas , Joel Kramer and Peter Kent eventually became his personal stunt doubles and close friends. His famous line "I'll be back", which originated from The Terminator (1984), was originally written as "I'll come back". Initially refused to star in Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines (2003) because James Cameron , who created the character and directed the first two films, would not be directing the third installment. Arnold tried to persuade Cameron to do the third film but Cameron declined and, feeling that the Terminator character was as much Arnold's as it was his own, Cameron advised Arnold to just do the third film and ask for a lot of money. While filming the behind the scenes documentary for the special edition DVD of Conan the Barbarian (1982), the microphone hit him in the head at the end of the interview, to which he immediately joked "You see, I can't even do an interview about Conan without getting hurt". Addressed the Republican National Convention. [2004] The etymology for Arnold is "Eagle Power." Grew up in a house that had no phone, no fridge and no toilet. Was the spokesperson for Japanese DirecTV, a competitor to Quentin Tarantino 's endorsed local satellite TV operator SkyperfecTV. Was considered for the title role in Flash Gordon (1980). The part eventually went to Sam J. Jones instead, because producer Dino De Laurentiis felt Schwarzenegger's German accent was ill-suited for this role. DeLaurentiis (in his heavy Italian accent) told Schwarzenegger, "You have an accent! I cannot use you for Flash Gordon! No! Flash Gordon has no accent! I cannot use you! No!" Ironically, Jones had to temporarily get rid of his own Texas accent for said role. While filming Predator (1987) he became close friends with co- star Jesse Ventura , who was also later elected a state governor (Minnesota). John Milius originally intended him to do the narration of Conan the Barbarian (1982) but the studio didn't trust his accent, so the narration was performed by Mako instead, who played the wizard. Withdrew from the city of Graz the right to use his name in association with its soccer stadium and returned his "Ehrenring" (ring of honor) after some politicians in the town had started a campaign against Schwarzenegger due to his refusal to stop the execution of convicted killer Stanley Tookie Williams (20 December 2005). The Green Party of Austria has resolved to strip Schwarzenegger of his Austrian citizenship due to his support for the death penalty. 12/12/05: As governor, he refused to grant clemency to convicted quadruple murderer and former gang leader Stanley Tookie Williams , who had been on Death Row for 24 years. He was soundly defeated on all four propositions of his "special election", which cost the state of California an estimated $45 million. Schwarzenegger accepted personal responsibility for the defeat, and appointed a Democrat as his new Chief of Staff. [November 2005] Second actor to be elected Governor of California. The first was Ronald Reagan . Broke six ribs in a motorcycle crash. [December 2001] He and his 11-year-old son Patrick were injured in a traffic accident when a car ran into Arnold's motorcycle. Patrick was in a sidecar. Arnold received 15 stitches. [February 2005] He has been nominated for a Razzie Award as Worst Actor eight times during his career, and in 2004 received a special award for being the "Worst Razzie Loser of Our First 25 Years." His performance as The Terminator in the "Terminator" films is ranked #40 on Premiere Magazine's 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time. Was asked to reprise his "Dutch" character from the first Predator (1987) film for the sequel, but he declined because he didn't like the script. He chose to do Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991) instead. Children - Katherine Eunice (born December 13, 1989), Christina Maria Aurelia (born July 23, 1991), Patrick Arnold (born September 18, 1993) and Christopher Sargent Shriver (September 27, 1997). Was asked to appear in a sequel to his 1985 film Commando (1985) but declined. He keeps the sword he used in Conan the Barbarian (1982) in the Governor's office in California. Is a huge fan of professional wrestling. 11/7/06: Easily re-elected as Governor of California. He is the first member of the Kennedy family to become a state Governor. 12/23/06: Broke his right femur while skiing in Sun Valley, ID. Although German is his native language, all his movies have been dubbed into German by Thomas Danneberg for the German-speaking market because his strong Austrian accent doesn't fit with the type of roles he plays. He joined President George Bush in New Hampshire and asked voters to "send a message to Pat Buchanan : Hasta la vista, baby". [1992] Related to actor George Wyner , who is also a close friend. Early in his career he appeared as a contestant on The Dating Game (1965). Was considered for the role of Judge Dredd in Judge Dredd (1995) in the early development stages. The part went to fellow Planet Hollywood founder Sylvester Stallone . In his childhood considered John Wayne his idol and role model. As Governor of California, he issued a proclamation making 26 May 2007 "John Wayne Day" in the state. Producer Joel Silver wanted Schwarzenegger to play "Doctor Manhattan" in a film adaptation of Alan Moore 's graphic novel Watchmen (2009) at one point. Acted with another future governor, Jesse Ventura , of Minnesota, in Predator (1987) and The Running Man (1987). Had stitches in his hand from the taking-off-airplane-to-tarmac stunt he performed for Commando (1985). Late October 2007: Personally flew to Malibu, CA, to survey the damage done by wildfires before any other politician, including the President. Was attached to do another film adaptation of the pulp hero Doc Savage (after the failed 1975 film) in the late 1990s, but the project never got off the ground. Publicly endorsed his close friend Senator John McCain 's bid to win the Republican nomination for the 2008 presidential election. He ended his association with Planet Hollywood early in 2000, saying the investment had not had the level of success he had expected. He saved a man's life while on vacation in Hawaii in 2004 by swimming into the sea to rescue him from drowning. Considered for the role of "Robert Neville" in I Am Legend (2007) back in 1996, with Ridley Scott as the director. As an environmentally conscious politician, always uses carbon credits when flying between his governor's office in Sacramento to his house in L.A., California. Turned down the role of Animal Mother in Full Metal Jacket (1987) and opted to do The Running Man (1987) instead. Considered for the main role in Strange Days (1995) but the job went to Ralph Fiennes instead. Was the original choice to play the title character in RoboCop (1987). Attended the funeral of Ronald Reagan in 2004, whom he considered a great hero. Due to the dismal failure of Conan the Destroyer (1984), Schwarzenegger rarely ever did sequels to his own movies. He's turned down sequels to Commando (1985), Predator (1987), Total Recall (1990) and True Lies (1994), as well as the third "Conan" film which became Kull the Conqueror (1997). The only exceptions that he has made are Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991), Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines (2003), The Expendables 2 (2012), The Expendables 3 (2014) and Terminator Genisys (2015). Honored by the Congressional Award in Washington, DC on June 25, 2002 with the Horizon Award. The Horizon Award is a special recognition from the Joint Leadership of the United States Congress and the Congressional Award Board of Directors. The Horizon Award is presented to individuals from the private sectors who have contributed to expanding opportunities for all Americans through their own personal contributions, and who have set exceptional examples for young people through their successes in life. Was good friends with WWE Hall of Famer André the Giant . Other than Around the World in 80 Days (2004), in which he only appeared in a supporting role, has starred in three movies with the word "Day" in the title, and all three make a biblical reference: Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991), End of Days (1999) and The 6th Day (2000). Has been crucified in two movies: Conan the Barbarian (1982) and End of Days (1999), where he was tied to a cross. Was seriously considered for the role of "Dr. Manhattan/Jon Osterman" in one of the many failed attempts at adapting Alan Moore 's "Watchmen" into film. Ultimately, director Zack Snyder cast Billy Crudup for the 2009 adaptation. The character "Arnold the Pitbull", featured on Tiny Toon Adventures (1990), voiced by Rob Paulsen , was a parody of him. Was considered for the role of Harry Stamper in Armageddon (1998). Was considered for the role of President James Mitchell in Air Force One (1997). Lives in Los Angeles, California and Ketchum, Idaho. Before he became a household name, Schwarzenegger appeared with bodybuilding buddies Franco Columbu and Frank Zane on the sleeve of Grand Funk Railroad 's 1974 album "All the Girls in the World Beware!!!" Band member faces were cleverly superimposed on their muscle-bound bodies. Appeared on the cover of GQ magazine three times: July '86, May '90 and June '93. Trophies won as athlete: 1965 Mr. Europe Jr.. Held in Germany. 1966 Best Builed Man of Europe/Mr. Europe/International Powerlifting-Championship/. All 3 events held in Germany. 1967 NABBA Mr. Universe Amateurs. Held in London. 1968 NABBA Mr. Universe Proffesional. Held in London. 1968 National Championship Weightlifting. Held in Germany. 1968 IFBB Mr. International. Held in Mexico. 1969 IFBB Mr. Universe Amateurs. Held in New York. 1969/1970 NABBA Mr. Universe Proffesional. Both times held in London. 1970 Mr. World. Held in Columbus, Ohio. 1970-1975 5 times in a row IFBB Mr. Olympia. Held in New York 1970/1973/1974, Paris 1971, Essen 1972, Pretoria 1975. 1980 For the 6th time IFBB Mr. Olympia. Held in Sydney, Australia. In his body building days, he once bench pressed as much as 450 pounds. While in office as governor, a Burger King promotion poster for the triple whopper stated "it's so big and beefy it just might run for governor". Parents feared he was gay when he was a teenager because he worshipped bodybuilders. His mother Aurelia phoned a doctor because she thought her son was 'turning south' due to all the pictures of oiled up males on his bedroom walls. In 1968 Joe Weider brought Schwarzenegger to Los Angeles and gave him $100 a week to write articles for his magazines that endorsed Weider products. Weider died at age 93 in March 2013. Inducted into the National Fitness Hall of Fame in 2005 (inaugural class). Is now the Republican Governor-elect of California [October 2003] Sofia, Bulgaria: Filming The Expendables 2 (2012). [October 2011] (around Christmas) Broke his leg when skiing with his family in Sun Valley, Idaho, USA. [December 2006] Refused to take the salary for Governor of California. Uses private jet at his own expense. [December 2003] Copenhagen, Denmark: Giving out the Sustainia Award, which recognizes outstanding performance within the area of sustainability. Also attended a book signing for his new autobiography. [October 2012] (17 November 2003) Sworn in as Governor of California. [November 2003] Reelected as Governor of California [November 2006] Running for Governor of California on the Republican ticket. [August 2003] Release of the book, "Fantastic: The Life of Arnold Schwarzenegger" by Laurence Leamer. [2006] First introduced to wife-to-be Maria Shriver by NBC's Tom Brokaw at a charity tennis tournament in 1977. He passed on lead roles in The Rock (1996), The Saint (1997) Face/Off (1997) and The Count of Monte Cristo (2002). He later stated he regretted passing on the former role. As of the release of The Last Stand (2013), he will have a total on-screen kill count of 509. WWE Hall of Famer. Personal favorite of his own films is Kindergarten Cop (1990). Friend and Predator (1987) co-star Jesse Ventura each went on to become, coincidentally, the 38th Governors of California and Minnesota. It was revealed in 2011 that he fathered an illegitimate son with the Schwarzenegger/Shriver family's housekeeper Mildred Patricia Baena. Schwarzenegger didn't know he fathered Baena's child until the child was a toddler and looked more and more like him. Joseph Baena was born only five days after Maria Shriver gave birth to her fourth child by Schwarzenegger, Christopher, therefore the children basically grew up alongside each other in the same home. Schwarzenegger revealed his illegitimate child to his wife during a marriage counseling sessions. The issue led to the couple's separation but as of 2016 they have yet to divorce. Was considered to play Doctor Octopus in James Cameron 's canceled Spider-Man movie. Unlike George Clooney and Chris O'Donnell , he does not regret taking the part of Mr. Freeze in Batman & Robin (1997). Joel Schumacher threatened not to direct the movie, if he did not play Mr. Freeze. (July 30, 2011) In his honor, the "Arnold Schwarzenegger's Birth House Museum" was officially opened in his hometown of Thal (Austria) in the actual house that had been home to him and his family. Some of the mementos on display include his childhood bed, motorcycle, replica of the desk he used as Governor of California, etc. Induced into the International Sports Hall of Fame in 2012 (inaugural class). When Schwarzenegger appeared on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson (1962) in 1979, he had long hair. He was growing it out to prepare for his role in Conan the Barbarian (1982). Former family friend Sondra Locke branded Schwarzenegger and his wife Maria Shriver as cowards for refusing to publicly side with her during litigious matters with Clint Eastwood . Was mentioned in the song "Jump Around" by House of Payne. Personal Quotes (550) I was always interested in proportion and perfection. When I was 15 I took off my clothes and looked in the mirror. When I stared at myself naked, I realized that to be perfectly proportioned I would need 20-inch arms to match the rest of me. [Interview in "Starlog" magazine in 1991, explaining his reluctance to do sequels to most of his successful films from the '80s] There's so little time to do all the things I want to do that I can't see any reason to get bogged down in sequels. Everything I have ever done in my life has always stayed. I've just added to it . . . but I will not change. Because when you are successful and you change, you are an idiot. I know that if you leave dishes in the sink, they get sticky and hard to wash the next day. I would rather be Governor of California than own Austria. I love the Hong Kong style of action movies, but that only looks good for small guys. The reason why the whole style was developed over there was because those guys were very puny guys - they're not powerful-looking guys, they're also not powerful guys. There's no weightlifting champion coming out of Hong Kong - maybe in the bantam division or the lightweight division or something like that, but normally you don't have really strong men coming out of there . . . they had to learn a technique that small people can do that are as effective as the big guy's strength. So that's where the martial arts came from. In the beginning I was selfish. It was all about, "How do I build Arnold? How can I win the most Mr. Universe and Mr. Olympic contests? How can I get into the movies and get into business?" I was thinking about myself . . . As I've grown up, got older, maybe wiser, I think your life is judged not by how much you have taken but by how much you give back. [during his campaign for California governor, about his history of "misbehavior"] Where I did make mistakes, or maybe go overboard sometimes . . . I regret that. This is a different Arnold. [on his fight scenes with the female T-X in Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines (2003)] How many times do you get away with this - to take a woman, grab her upside down and bury her face in a toilet bowl? The thing is you can do it, because, in the end, I didn't do it to a woman - she's a machine. We could get away with it without being crucified by who knows what group. [on his decision to run for governor of California] It was the most difficult decision in my life - except the one in 1978 when I decided to get a bikini wax. [after being pelted with an egg at a political rally] This guy owes me bacon now . . . you can't have egg without bacon. [responding to criticism during a televised debate] I just realized I have the perfect part for you in "Terminator 4." [victory speech after having won election as Governor of California] I will not fail, I will not disappoint you, I will not let you down. The worst I can be is the same as everybody else. I hate that. There's a lot of people who want me to get out of acting and want me to run for governor. I think it's mostly movie critics. You have to remember something: Everybody pities the weak; jealousy you have to earn. I took more abuse in Predator (1987) than I did in Conan the Barbarian (1982). I fell down that waterfall [40 feet] and swam in this ice-cold water for days and for weeks was covered in mud. It was freezing in the Mexican jungle. They had these heat lamps on all the time, but they were no good. If you stayed in front of the lamps, the mud dried. Then, you had to take it off and put new mud on again. It was a no-win situation. The location was tough. Never on flat ground. Always on a hill. We stood all day long on a hill, one leg down, one leg up. It was terrible. [referring to Democrats at a political rally in Ontario, California, in 2004] If they don't have the guts to come up here in front of you and say, "I don't want to represent you, I want to represent those special interests, the unions, the trial lawyers" . . . if they don't have the guts, I call them girlie men. [at the 2004 Republican National Convention] Speaking of acting, one of my movies was called True Lies (1994). It's what the Democrats should have called their convention. President [ George Bush ] knows you can't reason with people that are blinded by hate. But let me tell you something: Their hate is no match for our decency, their hate is no match for the leadership and the resolve of George Bush. [Talking about his Conan the Barbarian (1982) director]: John Milius used to call himself the dog trainer. Guess who were the dogs? [From an interview about his reaction to reading the original The Terminator (1984) screenplay] I have read a lot of action adventure scripts, and this definitely was one of the best. I knew that I wanted to play the part of the Terminator as soon as I started reading. [About being taken seriously] I don't care. The important thing to me is that I'm doing work that people enjoy out there, that the movie makes good money, that the studio makes the money back, and that I'm having a great time at what I'm doing. I don't even consider myself serious. So how do I expect people to take me serious? I think this whole Hollywood thing has to be taken much looser . . . it's just entertainment. "There were various stepping-stones in my career. One of them was Conan the Barbarian (1982), because it was the first time I did a film with that kind of budget and I had the title role. The next big stepping-stone was The Terminator (1984). With "The Terminator", I think people became aware of the fact that I didn't really have to take my shirt off or run around and expose my muscles in order to sell tickets. After I did "The Terminator" and we had seen it be more successful than the Conan films, people then sent me a variety of different kinds of scripts - all in the action-adventure genre, but they were not muscle movies or Viking movies or pirate movies or anything like that. [Talking about playing the Terminator] I had to act like a cyborg, which meant I couldn't show any kind of human fear or reaction to the fire, explosions, or gunfire that was going off around me. That can be difficult when you're walking through a door with its frame on fire, trying to reload a gun, and at the same time thinking in the back of your mind that people have accidents doing these kinds of stunts and that it might be my turn. [About more sequels to The Terminator (1984)] I don't necessarily want to leave the magic of the Terminator movies behind, and who says we have to? According to what we know about the future, there were hundreds of Terminators built. The story of the Terminator could go on forever. [From an interview expressing concern over making Conan the Destroyer (1984) less brutal than its predecessor, Conan the Barbarian (1982)] I think it's a mistake. I know Sylvester Stallone made an extra $20 million because he got a PG rating for Rocky III (1982), but it's a matter of how much you want to stay within the character's reality. Can you slaughter people and never see blood? Is it possible? You must have battles. That's part of life, war, and the world of Conan. [Talking about director Richard Fleischer ] The first day Fleischer came to see me work out, he told me, "Arnold, could you put on some more muscles?" I couldn't believe it! It turned out that Fleischer thought [ John Milius '] decision to keep Conan clothed throughout the first film was a mistake. Fleischer believes that people want to see my body much more often than they did the first time around, so they will. I spend most of my time in Conan the Destroyer (1984) fighting off people while I'm dressed in a loincloth. [About the dog accident while making Conan the Barbarian (1982)] One of them hit me too soon. It caught me off guard and I went right over the ledge. I fell ten feet and landed on my back. I was covered with scratches and bruises. It was probably a pretty good beginning for this movie, though. It set the tone for the whole time we were there. This was going to be fun . . . but dangerous. [Talking about director John Milius ] "There never would have been a Conan movie without him. [on Warren Beatty ] There are some people who are close to him that say he is just starving for attention, and that's the way he gets attention. Other people said, "Look, he's not working and he just feels like he should maybe get involved in politics". Instead, I just think that maybe he is jealous that I did jump in. I find it silly, because I respect his work. Well, I think because a lot of people don't know why I'm a Republican, I came first of all from a socialistic country which is Austria and when I came over here in 1968 with the presidential elections coming up in November, I came over in October, I heard a lot of the press conferences from both of the candidates, [ Hubert H. Humphrey ] and [ Richard Nixon ], and Humphrey was talking about more government is the solution, protectionism, and everything he said about government involvement sounded to me more like Austrian socialism. Then when I heard Nixon talk about it, he said open up the borders, the consumers should be represented there ultimately and strengthen the military and get the government off our backs. I said to myself, "What is this guy's party affiliation?" I didn't know anything at that point. So I asked my friend, "What is Nixon?" He's a Republican. And I said, "I am a Republican". That's how I became a Republican." [on refusing to grant clemency to condemned killer Stanley Tookie Williams ] After studying the evidence, searching the history, listening to the arguments and wrestling with the profound consequences, I could find no justification for granting clemency. The facts do not justify overturning the jury's verdict, or the decisions of the courts in this case. [After undergoing heart surgery in 1997] We made, actually, history, because it was the first time ever that doctors could prove that a lifelong Republican has a heart. As a kid - as a kid I saw socialist - the socialist country that Austria became after the Soviets left. Now don't misunderstand me: I love Austria and I love the Austrian people. But I always knew that America was the place for me. In school, when the teacher would talk about America, I would daydream about coming here. I would daydream about living here. I would sit there and watch for hours American movies, transfixed by my heroes, like John Wayne . Everything about America seemed so big to me, so open, so possible. I have no sexual standards in my head that say this is good or this is bad. Homosexual - that only means to me that he enjoys sex with a man and I enjoy sex with a woman. It's all legitimate to me. I didn't think about money. I thought about the fame, about just being the greatest. I was dreaming about being some dictator of a country or some savior like Jesus. I'm 6'2". I've heard rumors that I'm really much shorter in real life like 5'6" or something like that - which is ridiculous. I can assure you this is not the case. People look up to me, and not just because I do a lot of work in the community. I mean, most people really look up to me. California will not wait for our federal government to take strong action on global warming. We won't wait for the federal government. We will move forward because we know it's the right thing to do. We will lead on this issue and we will get other western states involved. I think there's not great leadership from the federal government when it comes to protecting the environment. Money doesn't make you happy. I now have $50 million but I was just as happy when I had $48 million. [in a 1987 interview] I have to give the audiences what they enjoy seeing while I try to bring in a little something new, with different movies, different time periods and all those things. But what's important is to entertain the people -- everything else means nothing. [on his late friend and role model, body builder Reg Park]: Reg was a dear friend, an extraordinary mentor and a personal hero. Other than my parents, there may be no single person who had more to do with me becoming the person I am today than Reg. He was like a second father to me. It was Reg who impressed upon me how hard I would have to work if I wanted to achieve my dreams. I'll always remember him making me do calf-raises with 1,000 pounds at 5 o'clock in the morning. [on Terminator Salvation (2009)] I think it's cool to continue on with the franchise, in case I want to jump over again and get into the acting after I'm through here (as Governor of California). There are such high standards and now there are always new standards being set for action. You see that with Iron Man (2008) and with The Dark Knight (2008) and that other film this summer, um, Wanted (2008). That was an excellent movie! There was this train coming down from a bridge, falling, and they're fighting inside the train car. Jesus, that is unbelievable that you can do that. To have the imagination to write it and the talent to shoot it and make it real on the screen. It's a whole new dimension. With Batman and Terminator, those big movies, there's a certain expectation and if you don't live up to it, if the movie is not a 10, then the business will be soft. If Terminator Salvation (2009) is pushing it forward, it will be breaking records all the time. If director McG has the T4 and the kind of shots that has the audience thinking, 'Now how did he do that?' -- then it is 'Terminator' and you can blow everyone away and every record at the box office. [on Terminator Salvation (2009)] I hope they do well, and I hope it is a huge hit. I do hope it creates a spectacle on the screen. That is what James Cameron created. [on watching Will Ferrell movies] In those you howl for two hours and you feel like you get a six-pack of ab muscles from all the laughs! [on Terminator Salvation (2009)] I wasn't sure who the Terminator was. I don't know if there is one or if he's the star or the hero. These are the things that determine the success and how strong the movie will be. I know California is supposed to be a place where dreams come true, but my life has gone way beyond the dream. My dream was to come to America, become the greatest bodybuilder of all time and do what Reg Park had done by going into Hercules movies. And if that worked out, I was going to build a gym business and then live happily ever after. Then all of a sudden I shot right by my dream. I stopped doing the strong man stuff, did the Terminator movies and became the highest-paid actor in Hollywood. I got $30 million for Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines (2003), you know. [on the death of Michael Jackson ] Michael was a pop phenomenon who never stopped pushing the envelope of creativity. Though there were serious questions about his personal life, Michael was undoubtedly a great entertainer and his popularity spanned generations and the globe. [on the death of Patrick Swayze ] Patrick Swayze was a talented and passionate artist who struck a memorable chord with audiences throughout the world. He played a wide range of characters both on stage and in movies and his celebrated performances made the hard work of acting look effortless - which I know from experience is not easy. As a fan and as an actor, I admired Patrick and I know that he will be dearly missed. On behalf of all Californians, Maria and I send our deepest condolences to Patrick's family, friends and fans. I am here to spend. I love to spend Hollywood's money! (June 1993). [on Sylvester Stallone in The Expendables (2010)] It is a great inspiration for people to see someone at his age still at the top of his game -- acting, writing, directing, doing his own stunts and fight scenes -- I mean, what an amazing talent. And for him to still be so athletic and be able to rip off his shirt and have a six-pack is just unbelievable. [on the death of Tony Curtis ] Tony Curtis was a Hollywood icon, a great performer and artist and devoted family man. I saw his extraordinary talent and ability to inspire generations of Americans firsthand on the set of Christmas in Connecticut (1992)' and will always remember our times together. [on a return to movies when his term as Governor of California ends] I have no idea. So it depends if someone comes with a great script or a great idea...you know, would I still have the patience to sit on the set and to do a movie for three months or six months? All of those things, I don't know, but I did have a meeting with James Cameron , we talked about some very important things. The meaning of life is not simply to exist, to survive, but to move ahead, to go up, to achieve, to conquer. (On the power of visualizing your goals) When I was very young, I visualized myself being and having what it was that I wanted. The mind is really so incredible. Before I won my first Mr. Universe, I walked around the tournament like I owned it. The title was already mine. I had won it so many times in my mind that there was no doubt I would win it. Then, when I moved on to the movies, the same thing. I visualized myself being a successful actor and earning big money. I could feel and taste success. I just knew it would happen. [on the passing of Elaine Kaufman] Elaine was an early supporter of my acting career and would often call to let me know when an influential writer or producer came in so I could stop and schmooze. [on Terminator Salvation (2009)] The last one was awful. It tried hard, not that they didn't try, the acting and everything - it missed the boat. [on visiting Venice, California] This place is insane. You never have to smoke a joint. You just go on a bicycle ride in the morning, inhale, and you live off everyone else. [on Predator 2 (1990)] A predator in a city is a bad idea. [on his career as a bodybuilder] I had a very clear vision of where I wanted to go. You realize you have to pay no attention to the naysayers. When you learn those lessons in sports, you can apply those lessons for the rest of your life. [on his Governor's salary] I didn't take a penny of my salary during my terms. After all, it was petty cash compared to what you make in the movies. You can't have a life full of successes. In bodybuilding, I tried bench-pressing 500lb many times and failed. That's how you get there. You have to be daring. They're writing right now Terminator Genisys (2015). There have been some writers on it for the last year-and-a-half and they could not pull it off. We have told them over and over that they are going in the wrong direction, now they've finally got rid of those writers and they've got new really quality writers. Now they're going in the right direction. I think this year the script will be finished and we will be able to go into pre-production. [on the death of his mentor Joe Weider ] He advised me on my training, on my business ventures, and once, bizarrely, claimed I was a German Shakespearean actor to get me my first acting role in -- Hercules in New York (1970) even though I barely spoke English. He was there for me constantly throughout my life, and I will miss him dearly. [his father] A lot of sons would have been crippled by his demands, but instead the discipline rubbed off on me. I turned it into drive. To this day, I'm more comfortable when there's someone to schmooze with until I fall asleep. When you grow up in a harsh environment, you never forget how to withstand physical punishment, even long after the hard times end. If you wanted a girl, you had to make an effort to have a conversation, not just drool like a horny dog. I associate glasses with intellectuals. I came to America, won Mr. Universe, and now I'm in the movies. Most bodybuilders don't have very interesting insights or routines. In America, unlike Europe, there weren't a million obstacles to starting a business. After coming to California, I posed in the heights above Malibu. Bodybuilders like this spot because the ridges in the distance seem little and your muscles look bigger than the mountains. The applause of a crowd made me stronger. If you get muscles, you can go to the beach and pick up girls. Americans love foreign names. I wanted to be rich very quickly. Monstrous, futuristic, what I envisioned America as all about. Something that seems impossible at the start can be achieved. [on sweat] It's a great way to lose body fat. Nights without sleep don't mean you can't perform at a high level the next day and days without food don't mean you'll starve. I aimed to be a leader someday. If you let ego show through, you're put in your place. [on journalists] They see everything from the outside. Staying on top of the hill is harder than climbing it. Its great to have someone to go home to. When you have a relationship in a foreign language, you have to be extra careful not to miscommunicate. I couldn't believe how difficult learning a new language could be. Pronunciations were especially dangerous. [Mr. Universe, Mr. World and Mr. Olympia] Winning all three would be like unifying the heavyweight title in boxing: it would make me the undisputed world champion. Mr World was by far the biggest bodybuilding event I'd ever seen. In bodybuilding I was king of the mountain, but in everyday LA I was just another immigrant struggling to learn English and make a life. I was glad to be away living my own life. I always saw myself as a citizen of the world. The more popular bodybuilding grew in prisons, the more guys would get the message to behave. Winning narrowly didn't make me feel good; I wanted my dominance to be clear. [after his father had a stroke] It was painful and upsetting to see a man who had been so smart and so strong lose his coordination and his ability to think. He died not long after. [his nephew Patrick] He became my pride and joy. Real estate was the place to invest. The math of real estate really spoke to me. I like to always wander in like a puppy. Bodybuilders look in the mirror as they train. You need to be your own trainer. If millions of people came to see my movies someday, it was important that they know where the muscles came from. I wanted to promote bodybuilding, both so that more people would take part and to benefit my career. If I wanted to promote bodybuilding to a new audience, I'd have to find my own way. [on bodybuilding] It needed fresh blood. I find joy in the gym because every rep and every set gets me one step closer to my goal. I liked getting swept up into a cloud of celebs. [on Jack Nicholson , 'Warren Beatty', and Roman Polanski ] They all had such enormous passion for their profession. Having women in the gym made us train harder. I had no idea that reading from a script means you're supposed to act out the role. [personal motto] Presentation, presentation, presentation. When somebody sets the bar so low, you can't go wrong. [endorsing bodybuilding publicly] It was a boost for bodybuilding in America; suddenly the sport had a face and a personality. In an entertainment interview, you could just make up stuff! In bodybuilding, you try to suppress emotions and march forwards with determination; in acting its the opposite. To live your life as an actor, you can't be afraid of someone stirring up your emotions. Europe was always far less puritanical than the United States. Sometimes its hard to explain to your toddler what you do at the office. I've been retired from bodybuilding since 1980 but I'll always stay involved. [during his open-heart surgery] Maria (Shriver) put a brave face on a scary situation. I get goosebumps when Nelson Mandela talks about inclusion, tolerance and forgiveness. [on Maria Shriver ] If I hadn't been her style and she hadn't been mine, we never would have ended up together. Maria meshed with everything that I was, what I stood for, and what I was doing. I got addicted to her. Maria was such a forceful personality that she would just run over guys. She wanted to be unique and different. I was a self-made man. In politics, when disputes arise and camps form, you have to grasp what's happening and move very quickly. I could go on for hours about what draws me to Maria (Shriver) but still never fully explain the magic. Love stories are built around people's idiosyncrasies. [on Conan the Barbarian] There was no stunt double because it would have been difficult to find someone with a body like mine. Dino (De Laurentiis) had a reputation for getting things done. He was very powerful in that way, and people in Hollywood knew it and didn't mess with him. [on Conan the Barbarian (1982)] I'd never done a love scene on camera and found it really strange. My character and his stolen Harley were a perfect combo of cyborg and machine in Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991). Our first major decision as a couple (he and Maria Shriver ) was to find a house and call it our place. When people come to me with a movie concept or a script, I always ask "What is the poster? What is the image? What are we trying to sell here?" Danny DeVito is a master of comedy, loves stogies, and cooks pasta on the set-no wonder he made such a great twin. Ivan Reitman took a chance on me as a comic hero. Sylvester Stallone , Bruce Willis and I had great fun opening Planet Hollywood restaurants around the world. Total anonymity is almost impossible in Hollywood. The outside world looked at our relationship (he and Maria Shriver) in a simple-minded way, as a juicy success story. According to this way of thinking, Maria becomes part of my trophy collection. [on Maria Shriver ] She brought a great foundation of knowledge and was a great partner to work with because we both grew. When you start out, its all about one to one contact. I'd always advanced by starting with a clear vision and working as hard as possible to achieve it. For Maria (Shriver) to go out and be in front of the camera was a real declaration of independence. [on Maria Shriver ] She was the ideal woman for me. Writing something is different from saying it. I was Conan, and millions of dollars were being spent to make me shine. For the first time, I felt like the star. [on Oprah Winfrey ] She was talented and aggressive, and you could tell she believed in herself. An aspect of being a Kennedy cousin (Maria Shriver) was that you were never completely free. Since there were so many cousins, the number of command performances were high. Every one of the killings in Conan (the Barbarian) was well shot and extraordinary. [on Conan the Barbarian (1982)] A Star Wars: Episode IV - A New Hope (1977) set on Earth. (John) Milius always pushed the envelope. Conan (the Barbarian) has stunts that have since been outlawed from movies. The bloodshed in Conan seems tame by today's standards. At the time, the film introduced a whole new dimension of violence on screen. Actors had five quarts of blood strapped to their chests, the same amount in the human body. Whenever it was spilled, Milius shot it against a light background to get the full carnage. I was really annoyed by the way that powerful studio executives kowtowed to the members of the ratings board. I saw myself as a businessman first. [on Ronald Reagan] He was wonderful at painting ideas in ways that everyone could understand. My definition of living is to have excitement always; that's the difference between living and existing. If you want to fight prejudice you have to have tolerance centers everywhere. I was amazed to see how negative most of the people in Hollywood remained toward Reagan during his presidency. He represented the values that had brought me to America. The US was the greatest country with the best opportunities and now that it was my home, I wanted to keep it that way and make it even better. After the turmoil and gloom of the 1970s, Americans voted for Reagan because he reminded them of their strength. [the outrageous and conservative sides to his personality] I wanted to feel comfortable in both worlds. There has to be investment in the public good. I'd have made more money if Jimmy Carter still occupied the White House. You do a movie or a book, you promote the hell out of it, you travel the world as if its your marketplace, and in the meantime, you work out and take care of business and explore even more. When I learned about The Terminator (1984), I loved the idea that he was a machine that never had to sleep. For me, the question was always how to fit in all the stuff I want to do. I seldom saw my life as hectic, the thought rarely crossed my mind. I'm not a religious person. I never like to cut things from my life; I only add. I'd felt like an American from the time I was 10 years old. [his first thought when he met James Cameron ] A skinny, intense guy. I never went to a competition to compete; I went to win. I wasn't sure I was free from prejudice; I'd made prejudiced comments. When you promote a movie, you want to win over everybody. If you give political speeches, you are bound to turn off somebody. I considered the US my permanent home. I kept quiet about politics whenever I visited Austria. I never wanted to be perceived as some wise guy coming back and telling people what to do. I always believed in shooting for the top, and to become an American is like becoming a member of the winning team. [his first thought about The Terminator (1984)] Strange name. Poses are the snapshots, and the routine is the movie. Bodybuilding is a lot like politics; you go from town to town, hoping word will spread. [on bodybuilding competitions] You can't just pose on stage like a robot and then walk off; people will never get to know your personality. At the top of the ladder, there was always room for one more. The more people who stay on the bottom, the more crowded it becomes. If I can see it and believe it, then I can achieve it. [on James Cameron ] He seemed more real than the people I met from Hollywood. [on The Terminator (1984)] No thinking, no blinking, no thought, just action. [on restaurants] In Hollywood, the actor never pays. Once I've locked in on a vision for myself, I always resist changing the plan. I'm a big believer in hard work, grinding it out, and not stopping until it's done. [on James Cameron ] The women he married, although a long list, were women you didn't want to mess with. I never left the house without $1000 in cash and a no-limit credit card. The conventional wisdom in Hollywood is that playing a villain is career suicide. I think more like a businessman than like a typical actor. Compared to Conan the Barbarian (1982), Conan the Destroyer (1984) was a trip to Club Med. [on James Cameron ] A control freak, he has eyes in the back of his head. He knows the name of everyone on the set and no screwup gets past him; if you screw up he'll make a scene publicly and embarrass you. I always think the world of people who make a project their own and are on it 24 hours a day. [the Golden Raspberry Awards] A kind of Oscar in reverse for bad movies. You should marry when you're set financially and the toughest struggles of your career are behind you. Most marriages break up over financial issues. I wasn't marrying her ( Maria Shriver ) because she came from wealth. What was Maria's was hers. [ Maria Shriver 's portrait in his art collection] Among these beautiful images, Maria's was the gem. [on Jacqueline Kennedy] She had an amazing ability to ask questions that would make you wonder "how did she know that"? She always made people feel welcome. Gitte ( Brigitte Nielsen ) had a personality filled with laughter and fun mixed with a great hunger for attention. When you make a movie, you can never really predict what will turn out to be the most repeated line. [on The Terminator] The American public accepted me as both a hero and a villain. In the mind of the public, the star is responsible for a movie's success. [on marriage] Just let me stumble into it; I don't want to be forewarned. You can over-think anything. There are always negatives. The more you know, the less you tend to do something. [on marriage] I might not have done it if I'd known everything I'd have to go through. I'm always comparing life to a climb, not just because there's a struggle but also because I find at least as much joy in the climbing as in reaching the top. I pictured marriage as a whole mountain range of fantastic challenges. [on Grace Jones ] An interesting non-actor; talented and entertaining, she could not do anything low-key. Have at least ten good laughs a day. The makeup trailer is the place on the set where everyone talks. If anybody's worried about anything, that's where you see it. It's the mother of all beauty salons. The makeup trailer is all about a soothing atmosphere, because you're getting ready for a scene. Actresses have more problems than the average housewife. [on his wedding day] I loved watching Maria (Shriver) coming up the aisle. She looked so regal but at the same time, she radiated warmth and happiness. I was riding the great wave of action movies. They became as important to the 1980s as Westerns were in the 1950s. Action movies are always more of an ordeal than a pleasure to make. [on John McTiernan ] If a director of his caliber had done the sequel to Predator (1987), the movie could have become a major franchise on a par with The Terminator (1984) or Die Hard (1988). It's always easy to be smart in hindsight. Stallone and I were the leading forces in the genre. We created work for up and coming action stars like Chuck Norris , Jean-Claude Van Damme , Dolph Lundgren and Bruce Willis . Clint Eastwood began to show more muscle as a result. The body was key. The era had arrived where muscular men were viewed as attractive. Looking physically heroic had become the aesthetic. Early in my movie career, the hardest thing was giving up control. In bodybuilding, everything had been up to me. In movies, you depend on others right from the start. [on the opening scene] You have one idea and then sit down and cook up the rest. Whenever I finished filming a movie, my job was only half done. Every film had to be nurtured in the marketplace. Some of the greatest artists never sold much because they didn't know how. No matter what I did in life, I was aware that you had to sell it. Listening made me a more effective promoter. You have to cultivate your audience and expand it with each new film. Nurturing a movie means paying attention to the distributors. You do the things they feel are important because they go all out in pushing the theatres. When I had a good director, my movies went through the roof because I was directed well. If I had a director who was confused with no compelling vision for the movie, it would fizzle. I didn't make The Terminator the success that it was; it was James Cameron 's vision that made the movie great. Everything in life has a funny side. I'd always been the perfect target for jokes; there was so much material to work from. Meeting comedians helped me to understand comedy. I really liked being around people who are funny. [on Total Recall (1990)] Working with Sharon Stone will always be a challenge. She was a sweetie off the set but needed tons of attention on-set. There are just some actors who need more attention. People just have their hang-ups and insecurities and acting definitely brings that out. In acting you take criticism so much more personally. You get upset, but every job has its downside. [on Paul Verhoeven and Total Recall (1990)] So many things he said were brilliant. He had a masterful vision. He had enthusiasm, and did a great job. I was proud my interest and passion helped to bring about the movie. But the experience also proves how important marketing is - how important it is to tell the people what this is about; really blow up their skirt and make them say, "I have to go see this movie." A Special Achievement Oscar is how the Motion Picture Academy honors an accomplishment for which there is no set category. I grew up in a culture where you respect the elders. When I see a great performer, I always start to dream. Maybe its the Leo in me, the perpetual performer who always wants to be the center of attention. Starting with something disarming and funny is a good way to stand out. You become more likable, and people receive your information much better. Whenever I watched a comedy, I always thought "I could have done that!" But if I was going to branch into comedies, I would need someone to be my cheerleader. [on Total Recall (1990)] For me, it connected with the sense I had sometimes that my life was too good to be true. It wouldn't matter if you watched Total Recall (1990) 20 years from now, you could still enjoy it. There's just something very appealing about futuristic movies if they have great action and believable characters. A change in studio management can sink a movie. Once you pick a director, you have to have total faith in him and go with his judgment. [on The Running Man (1987)] It was totally screwed up by hiring a first-time director and not giving him time to prepare. [his first impression of Paul Verhoeven on Total Recall (1990)] A skinny, intense-looking Dutch guy. Every director wants to pee on the script and make his mark. [on Danny DeVito ] He's the opposite of a crazy Hollywood personality and the Milton Berle of comic acting. Compared to an action hero, it was easier being a comic star. [his singing ability] I'm no Frank Sinatra . The only time I sing in real life is at the end of a party when I want the guests to leave. [on George Bush ] He had tremendous strength of character and will. This was our next President, the real American hero. He had a casual approach to campaigning; not everything had to be perfect. I belonged to the NRA because I believed in the constitutional right to bear arms. I am a patriotic American. I saw Ronald Reagan and George Bush take an economy that looked like Pee-wee Herman and make it look like Superman. Eisenhower and Kennedy championed fitness as a way for America to stand strong against the Soviets. Fitness is important for all Americans, not just athletes. A lot of schools have great athletic programs but not great fitness programs. I'd never seen a director fine-tune a movie as methodically as Ivan Reitman . I was on a crusade around the world to promote health and fitness to young people. Governments don't want to be told they're doing something wrong. I'd always felt we lacked real men in movies. [when his first child was born] Fuck! This is my first baby. You can be so overwhelmed by something that billions of people in history have done. And from that moment on, your life as a couple has changed. But as long as you love the baby, you'll figure it out, just like with everything you love doing. Caring for babies is hardwired into the brain. I was addicted to public service. Humour was what made me stand out from other action leads. It opened up the (action) movie and made it appealing to more people. [on The Terminator (1984), Commando (1985), Predator (1987) and Total Recall (1990)] They all focused on the universal theme of good vs evil. If the press sees you coming out of the Oval Office with the President, you'll win respect. Fitness is fun. I felt very strongly that I had to carry to all 50 states the message that fitness was a national priority. I love being on the road and meeting people. That's what I do best. The Great American Workout was from 7 to 9 o'clock in the morning. When in Austria, I often put on traditional clothes and do as the Austrians do. Hiking in the Alps I'd sometimes wear loud obnoxious Hawaiian shorts just to get a rise out of the Lederhosen traditionalists. [on James Cameron ] [He] is a big believer in surprising the audience. His knowledge of science and the world of the future went way beyond the ordinary. [on Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991)] It was typical James Cameron genius to have character development in a machine. My friendship with the President (George Bush Sr) quickly became a very big part of my life. It was warm from the time we first met during the Reagan years. [on the Gulfstream III jet] The perfect vehicle for visiting the States. After being the fitness czar, running for Governor of California felt like deja vu. My talent is fitness and this is something I can give back. You can't have people just like your movie, you need them to be passionate. Word of mouth is what makes movies big, because while you can put in millions to promote the movie on the first weekend, you can't afford to do that every week. Its embarrassing to fail at the box office. When you feel embarrassed, you assume the whole world is focused on your failure. [on George Bush ] If you had talent and did him a favour or he liked you, he would push you forward whether it made sense or not. He was a different breed, a sweetheart of a guy. The fact he put such trust in me had a powerful effect. I felt there would never, ever be a time, no matter what happened, when I would violate that trust or let the man down. A person's muscles don't care where the resistance comes from. America wouldn't be the land of the free if it wasn't the home of the brave. When you see the work they do and the risks they take, you realize what we owe our military. 1991 was golden for me. [on Planet Hollywood] A glitzy new moneymaking machine. It was not just an event; it was the beginning of an empire. I came to America because it's the greatest place in the world, and I'm going to do everything I can to keep it the greatest place. I've always felt appreciative of the armed forces because I've benefited from the American dream, and their courage and determination is what safeguards it. [during Conan the Destroyer (1984)] I'm finally getting paid a million dollars for a movie, but now Sylvester Stallone 's making 3 million, I feel like I'm standing still. If I heard an idea or saw a script that was exceptionally good and triggered something in me, I wanted to make that movie. I loved the idea of new challenges, along with new dangers of failure. Clint (Eastwood) was one of the few Hollywood personalities who had his head screwed on straight. (Richard) Nixon was very good at paying attention to you. We need more leaders like him. Nobody in Hollywood wins all the time. At some point, you're bound to get a beating. America can be powerful only if you have a strong military. I figured that the idea of eventually ending up in politics was not that far fetched when someone like (Richard) Nixon suggested it. I love factories, and whenever I'm passionate about a product, I want to see it being made. Cubans are geniuses. They have the best climate, they have the best soil, and they have the tradition: generations of people who are passionate about rolling cigars and who are always looking for ways to make the cigars ever more perfect. When you look at a cigar and it has those thick veins in it, it's either a cheaper cigar or someone wasn't paying attention. As with everything, it's important to have a great-looking label. Cuban cigars truly are as good as people say. You can sniff out the fakes ones within seconds. I always like to be called up for a speech without any prior notice. No-one expects you to blow people up in a comedy. When you feel good about someone and you know specifically why, it's not difficult at all to speak from the heart. I'm like a little kid who loves to show off and share things that I have experienced. I thought I was the poster boy for the American dream. I came to the US virtually broke, worked hard, kept focused on my goal, and made it. This really was the land of opportunity. If a kid like me could do it, anybody could. I had a fire inside of me to succeed. Anything is possible, but you have to do your end of the work. Making money was never my only goal, but money opened the door to interesting investments. In the mid-1990s the Internet was just an odd new idea. The most important thing was not how much you make, but how much you invest, how much you keep. I never wanted to join the long list of famous entertainers and athletes who wiped out financially. My goal was to get rich and stay rich. I never like business relationships that are purely work. [his personal motto] Take one dollar and turn it into two. I wanted big investments that were interesting, creative and different. Conservative bets didn't interest me. I was proud to pay taxes on the money I earned. I could tolerate big risks in exchange for big returns, but I'm always open to new ideas. Singapore Airlines had the best reputation in the airline business. The Boeing 747 was the ballsiest airliner. Stan Winston 's special effects studio was torture; on The Terminator, it took 30 minutes for the cement to dry when designing the prosthetics to cover my face. The first time I went through it I got very anxious and thought of pleasant memories to endure it. My heart surgery reminded me of all that. The more you promote yourself as the ultimate action hero, the more people form a larger than life perception of you. [after heart surgery] I felt as vigorous as Hercules. Planet Hollywood opened in Moscow, Sydney, Helsinki, London, San Antonio Texas (drawing 100,000 spectators) and Paris. Planet Hollywood was like The Beatles . Sometimes when you look at a deal, you see less danger and you're too willing to take the plunge. The more risky things are, the more upside there is. I'd hear guys bragging about their new Gulfstream IV or IV-SP and I'd get to say, "That's great guys. Let me talk about my 747..." It was a great conversation stopper. God is the one who made the science possible. [on heart surgery] Big risk, big reward. [on Maria Shriver ] She had a tendency to blow things up into high drama, even things that weren't life and death, whereas I would play everything down. I'm a person who does not like to talk about things over and over. I make quick decisions, I don't ask opinions, and I don't think over the same things. I want to move on. She's an outward processor, while I keep things bottled up. There's a moment going into surgery that I really hate. The moment when the anesthesia takes hold, when you know you're going out, losing consciousness and don't know if you'll ever wake up from it. [after heart surgery] I got a second or third lease on life. on [Planet Hollywood] I'd love to do it again, only to have it managed better. Whoopi (Goldberg), Bruce (Willis), Sly (Stallone) and all the other big-name participants would tell you that Planet Hollywood was fun. With the huge parties, openings, premieres, we met people all over the world and had the time of our lives. She ( Maria Shriver ) is a very good writer, with an unbelievable vocabulary and grace with words. Holidays become more meaningful when you have a family. Talking to kids in your second language is never easy to do. After I came to America, I learned to think a bit more about my family rather than just myself. With my mother I built a good relationship where she and I really communicated. I loved doing things for my mother. She deserved to be treated like a queen. She was buried next to my father because they were so connected. You're just one person, and the country is much bigger, and it's what will live forever. Big-time celebrities don't like flying commercial. Promotion and merchandising were realms I truly understood. [on California] America's golden state. America is my true home. I wasn't interested in symbols. I was interested in action. Big cats have always fascinated me. Independent producers are the saviours in Hollywood because they'll take risks that the big studios won't. I love shooting at night because I have a lot of energy at night and I get lots of inspiration. [on heart surgery] It gave me energy beyond belief. I feel like a totally new person. And I no longer had to convince people that I still had a pulse. [on being governor] He can bring a vision to the state; you get blamed for everything and you get credit for everything. It's high risk, high reward. I felt tremendous loyalty and pride about California. I wanted America to stay the bastion of free enterprise and protect it from following Europe in the direction of bureaucracy and stagnation. You make a big mistake to lock in programs that require you to keep spending at boom-time levels. The more I read up on California, the more it was like bad news piled on top of bad news. We can't continue this way. We need change. I was fiscally conservative, pro-business, against raising taxes, pro-choice, pro-gay, pro-lesbian, pro-environment, pro-reasonable gun control, pro-reasonable social safety net. We needed to avoid trying to win over the press and instead play to the people. I was all about leadership and major projects and reforms that could attract massive public support. I pride myself on being able to juggle many tasks. I got a college education while bodybuilding, married Maria (Shriver) in the middle of filming Predator, and made Kindergarten Cop and Terminator 2 while launching Planet Hollywood. Most juvenile crime is committed between 3 and 6 o'clock in the afternoon. I would not go into a competition with a disadvantage. If you don't get killed, you win. I thought I would never die. [winning the title of Mr Universe] It is my lifetime realized. I am very happy to be Mr Universe. I say it again, it sounds so good. I am very happy to be Mr Universe. My thanks to everyone in England who have helped me. They have been very kind to me. Thank you all. Los Angeles stood out because it was the only big city that had after-school programs in every one of its 90 elementary schools. State officials and lawmakers just didn't see after-school programs as important. After-school programs not only help the kids but also reduce the strain on the teachers. Young kids relate better to young people, especially after a whole day of teachers and school. They want counsellors in jeans and with spiky hair, who can serve as parent figures but who don't look like them - not that many retired teachers want to go back to work. The reason I wanted to be healthy was that I never wanted to ask anyone for money. It was so against my grain. Raising cash from the set of a movie was a huge advantage. I had a track record of organizing summits across fifty states. I loved seeing wounded veterans and entertaining them and thanking them for their great work. I'd assumed that a recall would be just like a normal election. I never argued with people who underestimated me. If the accent and the muscles and the movies made people think I was stupid, it worked to my advantage. Our elected leaders will either act decisively, or we will act in their place. [governorship] I would give up my movie career for that. Californians love their cars. Spend no more than the state is taking in. Its hard for any governor to make the changes that were needed. I loved it when people say that something can't be done. That's when I really get motivated; I like to prove them wrong. And I liked the idea of working on something bigger than me. [California] It is the place in the world where everyone wants to go. It was wrapped in problems, but it was also heaven. There is a disconnect between the people of California and the politicians of California. We the people are doing our job: work hard, pay taxes, raise our families. The politicians are not doing their job. They fiddle, they fumble, and they fail. These words resonated more strongly than any movie script I'd read. [Baghdad] The wild driving, the poverty, no money and a leadership vacuum - like California right now. I was not the least bit intimidated by the thought of a campaign. It was like every other major decision I'd faced. I thought about winning. I knew it would happen. I was locked in automatic pilot. As every spouse knows, you have to pick the right moment to bring up a loaded subject. When I came here, California was a beacon. [why he wanted to become governor of California] I'm tired of this acting stuff. I need a new challenge. In politics everybody knows everything. You're totally exposed. When I met Maria [Shriver], she was full of life, excitement, and hunger for the world. She wanted to be a rebel, not have a job on Capitol Hill. Whatever she [Maria Shriver] wanted to do, I would help her get there. One side of Maria [Shriver] was ballsy and brave and wanted to be a strong partner. Making a career decision had always been an incredible high. Making a career decision as a husband and a father was a whole different deal. Declaring a candidacy was so loaded. California is more important than everyone's career. Is firefighting a macho enough profession for an action hero? The real life heroism at Ground Zero laid that question to rest. Elected officials usually hate ballot initiatives because they reduce their power and make the state harder to govern. Republicans and unions usually don't mix. I wanted to know what it really took to run for office, given that I wasn't a typical candidate. I remember marvelling at how ordinary citizens could limit the state's power. I took pride in my financial independence. Leave no stone unturned. I always paid close attention to focus groups and surveys and in politics, opinion research plays an even bigger role. [being governor of California] This was the best job I ever had. There is no contradiction in being both a Republican and an environmentalist For me, talking convincingly about the future was easy: all I had to do was point to what we'd achieved since I came into office. California politics was this big centrifuge that forced voters, policies and parties away from the center. I challenged Californians to stop yielding to the far left and the far right and return to the center. Centrist does not mean weak, or watered down or warmed over. It means well balanced and well grounded. The American people are instinctively centrist. So should be our government. America's political parties should return to the center, where the people are. The left and the right don't have a monopoly on conscience. We are not waiting for politics, for our problems to get worse, or for the federal government. Because the future does not wait. Not only can we lead California into the future, we can show the nation and the world how to get there. [politics] You get so immersed in the job there are side effects on the people you love. Even if you succeed in protecting your wife and kids from the public spotlight, they feel they're sharing and losing you. Trying to reform health care had almost destroyed Bill Clinton 's presidency. I'd always thought it was a disgrace that the greatest country in the world didn't provide a health care system for all of its people, as many European countries do. Our health care reform became America's, and California led the way. All the great ideas come from local governments. I am of the Reagan view that we should not go off the cliff with flags flying. The California Republican Party should be a right of center party that occupies the broad middle of California. Even when acting in a movie, I would not shoot a stunt if I hadn't rehearsed it a minimum of ten times. President Bush (Jr) was always available to talk. If I raised only one issue at a time, I would get a fair hearing. If you need to do something that's not in the manual, throw the manual out. Never bullshit. The statistics in the wake of a disaster are always tragic. When the federal government meddles in markets, the states pay the price. When you're spending more money than you're taking in, you cut spending. Simple. Ad-libbing can backfire when you're running for governor. I'm not really the crying type. It's painful to have just endorsed things that you now have no money for. I felt like a schmuck backing out on commitments I wanted to make but could no longer afford. The consequences of cuts are not just dollars, but people. We're all getting screwed. I was forced to make unpopular decisions that nobody, least of all me, was happy about. [on his children] The drama of the presidential election interested them more than my job. I believe in sprinting through to the finish line. All great movements in history start out on a grassroots level, not in places like Washington or Paris or Moscow or Beijing. I'm proud to say I found a way to cram 36 hours of work into a single day. Budget negotiations are no different than grueling five hour weight lifting sessions in the gym. The joy of working out is that with each painful rep you get a step closer to achieving your goal. I was deeply frustrated with party leaders and the press for not making plain the budget history. When I stepped up to the podium, I was overwhelmed to realize I was standing where John F. Kennedy , Nelson Mandela and Mikhail Gorbachev had all addressed the UN before me. Unlike regular politicians, I had nothing to lose. Six years of ups and downs forged me as a governor. I had more forward momentum than ever before. I felt more like a hungry eagle rather than a lame duck. The key to real permanent reform is being in sync with the hearts and minds of the people. We had rattled so many cages on the left and the right with our reforms. Of all the things I've done with my life, nothing is seared in my memory more than looking into the eyes of someone who has just lost everything he loved in the world. Being governor was more complex and challenging than I had imagined. That's the problem of presenting yourself as the Governator. You can do miracles but not the kind that require wearing a cape and being able to fly. As governor, you're neither a solitary champion nor a star. Compared to making a movie, when you accomplish something in government, the satisfaction is so much larger and long lasting. In a movie, you are entertaining people for a few hours in a dark theatre. In government, you are affecting entire lives; generations even. Change takes big balls. I've always idolized (Mikhail) Gorbachev because of the courage it took to dismantle the political system that he grew up under. For Gorbachev to have the guts to embrace change rather than further oppress his people or pick fights with the West has always amazed me. Fitness promotes health and enhances the quality of life. [lying to Maria Shriver about his infidelity] Instead of doing the right thing, I'd just put the truth in a mental compartment and locked it up where I didn't deal with it every day. [on his illegitimate son] Politically, I didn't feel it was anybody's business because I hadn't campaigned on family values. If I was going to talk about bad behavior, I wanted to do it on my own timetable. Although Maria (Shriver) and I remain separated, I still try to treat everyone as if we are together. Maria has a right to be bitterly disappointed and never look at me the same way again. What had made my career fun for more than 30 years was sharing it with Maria (Shriver). We'd done everything together and now there was no one to come home to. A green global economy is desirable, necessary, and within reach. You start reading scripts and visualizing the scene and how to direct it, how to choreograph the stunt, and then you get into it and then you look forward to doing it. Normally an action star keeps to himself on the set. There's a difference between being 35 and almost 65. [University of Southern California] It prides itself on being neither conservative nor liberal but open minded. It operates by promoting discussion to draw the best ideas from the brightest minds across the political spectrum. The great leaders always talk about things that are much bigger than themselves. They say working for a cause that will outlive us is what brings meaning and joy. The more I'm able to accomplish in the world, the more I agree. I always wanted to be an inspiration for people, but I never set out to be a role model in everything. It's never been my goal to set an example in everything I do. I don't believe that violence on-screen creates violence on the street or in the home. Otherwise there would have been no murders before movies were invented, and the Bible is full of them. I prefer being way out there, shocking people. Rebelliousness is part of what drove me from Austria. Being outrageous is a way to succeed. No one could put me in a mold. Being different was right up my alley. Life is richer when we embrace the multitudes we all contain. Impossible was a word I loved to ignore when I was governor. The only way to make the possible possible is to try the impossible. If you fail, so what? That's what everybody expects. But if you succeed, you make the world a much better place. Never follow the crowd. Go where it's empty. It's easier to stand out when you aim straight for the top. No matter what you do in life, selling is part of it. You can do the finest work and if people don't know, you have nothing! The most important thing is to make people aware. [on Muhammad Ali ] I always admired him because he was a champion, had a great personality, and he was generous and always thoughtful toward others. If all athletes could be like him, the world would be better off. Don't overthink. If you think all the time, the mind cannot relax. Part of us needs to go through life instinctively. Turning off your mind is an art. Knowledge is extremely important for making decisions. The more knowledge you have, the more you're free to rely on your instincts. The more you know, the more you hesitate. When you are not confident of your decision-making process, it will slow you down. Overthinking is why people can't sleep at night: it cripples you. Many movie deals are made under pressure, and if you freeze, you lose. To test yourself and grow, you have to operate without a safety net. Forget Plan B. If there is no Plan B, then Plan A has to work. You can use outrageous humour to settle a score. What are the odds for an Austrian farm boy to come to America and become the greatest bodybuilding champion of all time, to get in the movie business, marry a Kennedy, and then get elected governor of the biggest state in the United States? If government is not taking in enough revenue because of an economic slowdown, then everyone should chip in and sacrifice. Writing out my goals became second nature, and so did the conviction that there are no shortcuts. It took hundreds and even thousands of repetitions for me to learn to hit a great three-quarter back pose, deliver a punchline, dance the tango in True Lies (1994), paint a beautiful birthday card, and say "I'll be back" just the right way. I have come to feel great affection for the peoples of the world, because they have always been so welcoming to me, whether as a bodybuilder, a movie star, a private citizen, or as governor of the great state of California. Don't blame your parents. They've done their best for you, and if they've left you with problems, those problems are now yours to solve. I could channel my upbringing in a positive way rather than complain. I could use it to have a vision, set goals, find joy. I don't have to lick my wounds. Sometimes you have to appreciate the very people and circumstances that traumatized you. Today I hail the strictness of my upbringing, and the fact I didn't have anything I wanted in Austria, because those were the very factors that made me hungry; it put fuel on the fire in my belly. It drove and motivated me. There are a thousand keys to success. [on his infidelity] It was one of those stupid things that I promised myself never to do. A lot of people, no matter how successful or unsuccessful in life, make stupid choices involving sex. Secrecy is just part of me. I keep things to myself no matter what. I'm not a person who was brought up to talk. Bodybuilders who are blind to themselves or deaf to others usually fall behind. [on Mr. Universe] I wanted to win it so decisively that people would forget I'd ever lost. Take care of your body and your mind. Focusing on the body was no problem for me. I realized that the mind is a muscle and we should train it too. If world leaders have time to work out, so do you. [Gorbachev dismantling the USSR] I'm amazed by the courage it took to not go for immediate gratification but to look for the best direction for the country in the long run. To me Gorbachev is a hero, at the same level as Nelson Mandela, who overcame the anger and despair of 27 years in prison. When given the power to shake the world, both of them chose to build rather than destroy. [on Pope John Paul II balancing his duties with an exercise regime] If that guy can do it, I've got to get up even earlier! Be hungry for success, hungry to make your mark, hungry to be seen and to be heard and to have an effect. And as you move up and become successful, make sure also to be hungry for helping others. Don't rest on your laurels. Too many former athletes spend their lives talking about how great they were 20 years ago. So many accomplished people just coast. They wish they could still be somebody and not just talk about the past. There is much more to life than being the greatest at one thing. We learn so much when we're successful, so why not use what you've learned, use your connections and do more with them? If you have a talent or skill that makes you happy, use it to improve your neighborhood. And if you feel a desire to do more, then go all out. You'll have plenty of time to rest when you're in the grave. Live a risky and spicy life and like Eleanor Roosevelt said, "every day do something that scares you." We should all stay hungry! Memoirs are about looking back, but I've lived my life by the opposite principle. At home I have a hundred photo albums starting with my childhood in Austria, and I never look at them. I'd rather do another project or make another movie and learn from looking forward! [on his autobiography, Total Recall] Digging up and piecing together memories proved to be as difficult as I imagined, and yet what made the work unexpectedly enjoyable was the help I got from others. I found myself swapping stories with old friends from the worlds of bodybuilding, business, sports, Hollywood and politics - a large cast of characters. I'm grateful to all of them for helping me recreate the past and for making it immediate and friendly. Finally, I thank my family. They were generous in helping me make sure this memoir delivers on its name. And thanks especially to Maria (Shriver), for her patience with the project and for remaining as always the person I could go to whenever I got stuck. If I accomplished and solidified my position in the bodybuilding world, from then on, I would be on a roll. Nobody would stop me. There is no such thing as an Austrian Shakespearean actor. It doesn't exist. You're not supposed to laugh on the (film) set. When you're not on camera, stay in character, act your part, giving it everything you have in order to draw the best out of the actor who is being filmed. It was very difficult for me in the beginning - I was told by agents and casting people that my body was 'too weird', that I had a funny accent, and that my name was too long. You name it, and they told me I had to change it. Basically, everywhere I turned, I was told that I had no chance. A few months ago, I got rear-ended by this guy. He took off, and I chased him. I will admit I drove at a slightly excessive speed. I cut him off, and two guys jumped out of the car looking tough. But when they saw me, they just said, 'Oh shit! The Terminator!' They were nice, and gave me their information. [on Terminator Genisys (2015)] It will be challenging because it will be a new director, and it will be a really action-packed movie. And sometimes it does get more difficult when you're 66 years old and doing this kind of action, versus when you're in your 30s or 40s! [on his eighties rivalry with Sylvester Stallone ] We had a competition. And here's a perfect example of how competition is healthy, because he was trying to out-do me. But I was also trying to out-do him. So who benefited? The fans. I was training harder, he was training harder. It was a competition of who has more muscles, who has more cuts, who has the lower body fat, who uses the biggest guns, who kills the most people, who has the most creative killings, and this went on and on and on. So the movies became better and better because of it. And eventually, we grew up, right?" he said. We were doing Planet Hollywood together and we were laughing about it on the plane when we flew around. We've become very good friends, and I'm a big supporter of Sly, because I really always thought I admired him, even though there was competition. He's a great director, he's a great writer, a great actor, a great producer and also a fantastic artist. His paintings are great. And he's a great family man. He has it all. I have a love interest in every one of my films: a gun. I would never exchange my life with anybody else's. If my life was a movie, no one would believe it. No matter the nationality, no matter the religion, no matter the ethnic background, America brings out the best in people. I went from being the Terminator to being the governator. I know a lot of athletes and models are written off as just bodies. I never felt used for my body. I just use my muscles as a conversation piece, like someone walking a cheetah down 42nd Street. I was striving to be the most muscular man, and it got me into the movies. It got me everything that I have. Failure is not an option. Everyone has to succeed. I am a big believer in education, because when I grew up in Austria - when I grew up in Austria I had a great education. I had great teachers. Even with my divorce and with everything, I don't need money. I don't suffer of anything that I've lost. I think that people are interested seeing me on the screen. You know, nothing is more important than education, because nowhere are our stakes higher; our future depends on the quality of education of our children today. I have a private plane. But I fly commercial when I go to environmental conferences. My friend James Cameron and I made three films together - True Lies (1994), The Terminator (1984) and Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991). Of course, that was during his early, low-budget, art-house period. There is no place, no country, more compassionate more generous more accepting and more welcoming than the United States of America. Strength does not come from winning. Your struggles develop your strengths. When you go through hardships and decide not to surrender, that is strength. People need to be insured so when you have an accident out there, or when something catastrophic happens to you, that you're covered and there's not someone else has to pay for you. That is as simple as that. The biggest problem that we have is that California is being run now by special interests. All of the politicians are not anymore making the moves for the people, but for special interests and we have to stop that. To restore the trust of the people, we must reform the way the government operates. The worst thing I can be is the same as everybody else. I hate that. I'm addicted to exercising and I have to do something every day. Political courage is not political suicide. I made my fair share of mistakes. In our society, the women who break down barriers are those who ignore limits. Politically there were failures. And also on the personal level, there were tremendous failures. Start wide, expand further, and never look back. Everything I have, my career, my success, my family, I owe to America. When the people become involved in their government, government becomes more accountable, and our society is stronger, more compassionate, and better prepared for the challenges of the future. I think that gay marriage should be between a man and a woman. Help others and give something back. I guarantee you will discover that while public service improves the lives and the world around you, its greatest reward is the enrichment and new meaning it will bring your own life. One of my movies was called True Lies (1994). It's what the Democrats should have called their convention. [He was being asked on what kind of Terminator he will be playing in Terminator Genisys (2015)] It's a character that has been programmed to protect them, to protect Sarah Connor, but I'm basically the same Terminator. I will destroy anything that's in front of me in order to save her. The last three or four reps is what makes the muscle grow. This area of pain divides the champion from someone else who is not a champion. That's what most people lack, having the guts to go on and just say they'll go through the pain no matter what happens. Freedom is a right ultimately defended by the sacrifice of America's servicemen and women. As you know, I'm an immigrant. I came over here as an immigrant, and what gave me the opportunities, what made me to be here today, is the open arms of Americans. I have been received. I have been adopted by America. Well, you know, I'm the forever optimist. I have plenty of money, unlike other Hollywood celebrities or athletes that have not invested well. As president, Reagan worked very well with Democrats to do big things. It is true that he worked to reduce the size of government and cut federal taxes and he eliminated many regulations, but he also raised taxes when necessary. The mind is the limit. As long as the mind can envision the fact that you can do something, you can do it, as long as you really believe 100 percent. [on what is like getting back into The Terminator character for Terminator Genisys (2015)] It's like you've been doing it your whole life, because I'm very passionate about the character. I think it's a great, interesting character. I think it's a great story. The whole concept that Cameron had way back in the early '80s, of creating a world where machines take over and things becoming a reality that no one could even think of in those days. It's really been great, because the whole team is really into going all out. It is fun to be in a movie like that. The studio is very enthusiastic about the Terminator movie - the producers, the director, they're very talented and great visionaries. You can tell, the stages - everything is really big and exciting. It's been a great experience. Well, I think that California has had a history of always spending more money than it takes in. Gray Davis can run a dirty campaign better than anyone, but he can't run a state. What we face may look insurmountable. But I learned something from all those years of training and competing. I learned something from all those sets and reps when I didn't think I could lift another ounce of weight. What I learned is that we are always stronger than we know. I welcome and seek your ideas, but do not bring me small ideas; bring me big ideas to match our future. I'm not perfect. I believe with all my heart that America remains 'the great idea' that inspires the world. It is a privilege to be born here. It is an honor to become a citizen here. It is a gift to raise your family here, to vote here, and to live here. If you work hard and play by the rules, this country is truly open to you. You can achieve anything. My relationship to power and authority is that I'm all for it. People need somebody to watch over them. Ninety-five percent of the people in the world need to be told what to do and how to behave. You can scream at me, call me for a shoot at midnight, keep me waiting for hours - as long as what ends up on the screen is perfect. I was born in Europe... and I've traveled all over the world. I can tell you that there is no place, no country, that is more compassionate, more generous, more accepting, and more welcoming than the United States of America. I am the most helpful and open up doors for everyone and I like to share. [He was being asked how long it takes to put on the prosthetics for Terminator Genisys (2015)] I think it was two and a half hours. But it's not every day. It depends which stage we're in the story. So this is getting now towards the end. It gets more and more severe. Women are the engine driving the growth in California's economy. Women make California's economy unique. Milk is for babies. When you grow up you have to drink beer. I came to Hollywood and within a decade I was one of the biggest action stars of all time. Government's first duty and highest obligation is public safety. I feel good because I believe I have made progress in rebuilding the people's trust in their government. I do the same exercises I did 50 years ago and they still work. I eat the same food I ate 50 years ago and it still works. Bodybuilding is much like any other sport. To be successful, you must dedicate yourself 100% to your training, diet and mental approach. My own dreams fortunately came true in this great state. I became Mr. Universe; I became a successful businessman. And even though some people say I still speak with a slight accent, I have reached the top of the acting profession. Maria is the best reason to come home. For 20 years, Simon & Schuster asked me, 'Why don't you write your autobiography?' If it bleeds, we can kill it. The resistance that you fight physically in the gym and the resistance that you fight in life can only build a strong character. Training gives us an outlet for suppressed energies created by stress and thus tones the spirit just as exercise conditions the body. The future is green energy, sustainability, renewable energy. [on if he feels protective of The Terminator franchise] Oh, no, we had very open discussions. After I got the first script, I had a lot of questions. Some of the things didn't make sense. They were tweaked; they didn't make sense to other people either. So it was fine-tuned. It was a process. There was a period of I think a few months. There were very talented people who went off and - and the great thing is that everyone was in sync. It wasn't like I was going off in one direction and David Ellison was thinking differently and then Alan was thinking differently. There was none of that. I think this is a very unique project because I think everyone is very protective - not just because of the art's sake, but I think also because of the business' sake. The studio sees this as, "If we do well here, we can go with another few. We can entertain people. We can make money. We've done a good job bringing back the franchise." So everyone is in sync with that. That's why everyone is working around the clock here to make this a great movie. I can promise you that when I go to Sacramento, I will pump up Sacramento. Learned helplessness is the giving-up reaction, the quitting response that follows from the belief that whatever you do doesn't matter. It's time to stop thinking of the Republican Party as an exclusive club where your ideological card is checked at the door, and start thinking about how we can attract more solution-based leaders like Nathan Fletcher and Anthony Adams. People should make up their own mind about what they think of me. I saw a woman wearing a sweatshirt with 'Guess' on it. I said, Thyroid problem? My body is like breakfast, lunch, and dinner. I don't think about it, I just have it. And now, of course this is another thing I didn't count on, that now as the governor of the state of California, I am selling California worldwide. You see that? Selling. The success I have achieved in bodybuilding, motion pictures, and business would not have been possible without the generosity of the American people and the freedom here to pursue your dreams. We are a forward-looking people, and we must have a forward-looking government. As long as I live, I will never forget that day 21 years ago when I raised my hand and took the oath of citizenship. Do you know how proud I was? I was so proud that I walked around with an American flag around my shoulders all day long. 'I'll be back' always sounded a little girly to me. I didn't leave bodybuilding until I felt that I had gone as far as I could go. It will be the same with my film career. When I feel the time is right, I will then consider public service. I feel that the highest honor comes from serving people and your country. If it's hard to remember, it'll be difficult to forget. What's fascinating is, people in Washington would rather spend time in Hollywood, and people in Hollywood would rather spend time in Washington. I'll be back. I think Americans are very patriotic. I have inhaled, exhaled everything. I knew I was a winner back in the late sixties. I knew I was destined for great things. People will say that kind of thinking is totally immodest. I agree. Modesty is not a word that applies to me in any way - I hope it never will. For me life is continuously being hungry. The meaning of life is not simply to exist, to survive, but to move ahead, to go up, to achieve, to conquer. It's simple, if it jiggles, it's fat. Teddy Roosevelt is still a hero among environmentalists for his conservationist policies. I told Warren if he mentions Prop. 13 one more time, he has to do 500 push-ups. I speak directly to the people, and I know that the people of California want to have better leadership. They want to have great leadership. They want to have somebody that will represent them. And it doesn't matter if you're a Democrat or a Republican, young or old. I'm not looking for sympathy at all. The writing is important, but the way you say the line and the pause you give it, the facial expression - all of that is very important. (2012) The day is twenty-four hours. I sleep six hours. That leaves eighteen hours to do something. (2012) I would always write down my New Year's resolutions and mark them off the way I mark off sets and reps... On New Year's Eve, you can just blabber out: I want to lose twenty pounds and I'm gonna read more. But what does that mean? There's too many variables there. If you're really serious about it, then write down when you're gonna lose the twenty pounds by. Is it March 1? Is it June 1? Make a commitment. (2012) The power of influence is one of the most unique powers that you can have. It's not the power of controlling people. It's developing a certain skill of communicating what you want to accomplish so that people will follow you. (2012) It was one of my early goals to be a millionaire. In the beginning, I wanted to have a gold Rolex, a Rolls-Royce, a cheetah - just stupid things that you think of when you're a kid. Then time goes by. The Rolls-Royce thing went out the window, because when you get to the level where you can afford one, all of a sudden you say, "It's a little bit over the top." A cheetah? I think in California they got rid of the law that says you can have wild animals. Having a cheetah is a stupid idea. (2012) I didn't get it at first. I'll be back. What the fuck is I'll? I will be back sounded much stronger in my mind. So I argued with Jim Cameron. And he said, "Look, Arnold, I don't tell you how to act. Please don't tell me how to write." After I saw it in the movie, I was so thankful to Cameron. That was a good lesson to learn. If someone is a good writer, stick to the script. 95% of the time you never know if a movie will be a huge success or that it will even be a sequel. I'm so happy I've been a part of some of the biggest and best action sequences. [The Terminator] James Cameron did an extraordinary job creating that character and whole phenomenon. I never thought we would do a sequel, catchphrases like "I'll be back" or "Hasta la vista, baby" would catch on and be repeated or think that 30yrs later I would be asked to come back to a franchise like this playing The Terminator, unlike Batman or James Bond. [The Terminator] It was a small movie. We really had to cut costs all the time. We shot it very quickly. We felt we had a good story and it would be successful. But we thought it would be for certain audiences only. No-one suspected it would be in Time magazine's top 10 movies of the year and that successful at the box-office and that people demanded a sequel that would be the highest grossing movie of that year. [the storm drain chase in Terminator 2] That's a fantastic scene. Most people are not comfortable with guns. [being Governor of California] I had my hands full. [James Cameron's movies] Extraordinary inspiration because it makes other directors online. [California] The seventh largest economy in the world. [James] Cameron has really stretched it beyond belief with visual effects in Judgment Day. [on becoming President of the United States]If I'd been born in America, I would've run.[October 2016] Salary (22)

1950s

Which musical featured the song Thank Heaven for Little Girls?

Arnold Schwarzenegger - Biography - IMDb Arnold Schwarzenegger Biography Showing all 733 items Jump to: Overview  (4) | Mini Bio  (1) | Spouse  (1) | Trade Mark  (9) | Trivia  (146) | Personal Quotes  (550) | Salary  (22) Overview (4) 6' 2" (1.88 m) Mini Bio (1) With an almost unpronounceable surname and a thick Austrian accent, who would have ever believed that a brash, quick talking bodybuilder from a small European village would become one of Hollywood's biggest stars, marry into the prestigious Kennedy family, amass a fortune via shrewd investments and one day be the Governor of California!? The amazing story of megastar Arnold Schwarzenegger is a true "rags to riches" tale of a penniless immigrant making it in the land of opportunity, the United States of America. Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger was born July 30, 1947, in the town of Thal, Styria, Austria, to Aurelia (Jadrny) and Gustav Schwarzenegger, the local police chief. From a young age, he took a keen interest in physical fitness and bodybuilding, going on to compete in several minor contests in Europe. However, it was when he emigrated to the United States in 1968 at the tender age of 21 that his star began to rise. Up until the early 1970s, bodybuilding had been viewed as a rather oddball sport, or even a mis-understood "freak show" by the general public, however two entrepreneurial Canadian brothers Ben Weider and Joe Weider set about broadening the appeal of "pumping iron" and getting the sport respect, and what better poster boy could they have to lead the charge, then the incredible "Austrian Oak", Arnold Schwarzenegger. Over roughly the next decade, beginning in 1970, Schwarzenegger dominated the sport of competitive bodybuilding winning five Mr. Universe titles and seven Mr. Olympia titles and, with it, he made himself a major sports icon, he generated a new international audience for bodybuilding, gym memberships worldwide swelled by the tens of thousands and the Weider sports business empire flourished beyond belief and reached out to all corners of the globe. However, Schwarzenegger's horizons were bigger than just the landscape of bodybuilding and he debuted on screen as "Arnold Strong" in the low budget Hercules in New York (1970), then director Bob Rafelson cast Arnold in Stay Hungry (1976) alongside Jeff Bridges and Sally Field , for which Arnold won a Golden Globe Award for "Best Acting Debut in a Motion Picture". The mesmerizing Pumping Iron (1977) covering the 1975 Mr Olympia contest in South Africa has since gone on to become one of the key sports documentaries of the 20th century, plus Arnold landed other acting roles in the comedy The Villain (1979) opposite Kirk Douglas , and he portrayed Mickey Hargitay in the well- received TV movie The Jayne Mansfield Story (1980). What Arnold really needed was a super hero / warrior style role in a lavish production that utilized his chiseled physique, and gave him room to show off his growing acting talents and quirky humor. Conan the Barbarian (1982) was just that role. Inspired by the Robert E. Howard short stories of the "Hyborean Age" and directed by gung ho director John Milius , and with a largely unknown cast, save Max von Sydow and James Earl Jones , "Conan" was a smash hit worldwide and an inferior, although still enjoyable sequel titled Conan the Destroyer (1984) quickly followed. If "Conan" was the kick start to Arnold's movie career, then his next role was to put the pedal to the floor and accelerate his star status into overdrive. Director James Cameron had until that time only previously directed one earlier feature film titled Piranha Part Two: The Spawning (1981), which stank of rotten fish from start to finish. However, Cameron had penned a fast paced, science fiction themed film script that called for an actor to play an unstoppable, ruthless predator - The Terminator (1984). Made on a relatively modest budget, the high voltage action / science fiction thriller The Terminator (1984) was incredibly successful worldwide, and began one of the most profitable film franchises in history. The dead pan phrase "I'll be back" quickly became part of popular culture across the globe. Schwarzenegger was in vogue with action movie fans, and the next few years were to see Arnold reap box office gold in roles portraying tough, no-nonsense individuals who used their fists, guns and witty one-liners to get the job done. The testosterone laden Commando (1985), Raw Deal (1986), Predator (1987), The Running Man (1987) and Red Heat (1988) were all box office hits and Arnold could seemingly could no wrong when it came to picking winning scripts. The tongue-in-cheek comedy Twins (1988) with co-star Danny DeVito was a smash and won Arnold new fans who saw a more comedic side to the muscle- bound actor once described by Australian author / TV host Clive James as "a condom stuffed with walnuts". The spectacular Total Recall (1990) and "feel good" Kindergarten Cop (1990) were both solid box office performers for Arnold, plus he was about to return to familiar territory with director James Cameron in Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991). The second time around for the futuristic robot, the production budget had grown from the initial film's $6.5 million to an alleged $100 million for the sequel, and it clearly showed as the stunning sequel bristled with amazing special effects, bone-crunching chases & stunt sequences, plus state of the art computer-generated imagery. Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991) was arguably the zenith of Arnold's film career to date and he was voted "International Star of the Decade" by the National Association of Theatre Owners. Remarkably, his next film Last Action Hero (1993) brought Arnold back to Earth with a hard thud as the self-satirizing, but confusing plot line of a young boy entering into a mythical Hollywood action film confused movie fans even more and they stayed away in droves making the film an initial financial disaster. Arnold turned back to good friend, director James Cameron and the chemistry was definitely still there as the "James Bond" style spy thriller True Lies (1994) co-starring Jamie Lee Curtis and Tom Arnold was the surprise hit of 1994! Following the broad audience appeal of True Lies (1994), Schwarzenegger decided to lean towards more family-themed entertainment with Junior (1994) and Jingle All the Way (1996), but he still found time to satisfy his hard-core fan base with Eraser (1996), as the chilling "Mr. Freeze" in Batman & Robin (1997) and battling dark forces in the supernatural action of End of Days (1999). The science fiction / conspiracy tale The 6th Day (2000) played to only mediocre fan interest, and Collateral Damage (2002) had its theatrical release held over for nearly a year after the tragic events of Sept 11th 2001, but it still only received a lukewarm reception. It was time again to resurrect Arnold's most successful franchise and, in 2003, Schwarzenegger pulled on the biker leathers for the third time for Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines (2003). Unfortunately, directorial duties passed from James Cameron to Jonathan Mostow and the deletion of the character of "Sarah Connor" aka Linda Hamilton and a change in the actor playing "John Connor" - Nick Stahl took over from Edward Furlong - making the third entry in the "Terminator" series the weakest to date. Schwarzenegger married TV journalist Maria Shriver in April, 1986 and the couple have four children. In October of 2003 Schwarzenegger, running as a Republican, was elected Governor of California in a special recall election of then governor Gray Davis. The "Governator," as Schwarzenegger came to be called, held the office until 2011. Upon leaving the Governor's mansion it was revealed that he had fathered a child with the family's live-in maid and Shriver filed for divorce. - IMDb Mini Biography By: David Montgomery < djmont@aol.com> and davesusanv@gmail.com Spouse (1) ( 26 April  1986 - present) (filed for divorce) (4 children) Trade Mark (9) Frequent movie line: "I'll be back." Often has his character say comedic one-liners that punctuate the action Many of his films have his characters doing feats of strength to match his muscular look, e.g. Commando (1985) where he is first seen in the film carrying a whole tree trunk on his shoulder. Films often have a chase sequence or action scene in a shopping mall. ( Commando (1985), Kindergarten Cop (1990), Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991), True Lies (1994) and Jingle All the Way (1996)). His characters are often family men who are protecting their children and his other characters often smoke cigars. Heavy Austrian accent Very muscular physique Trivia (146) Ranked #20 in Empire (UK) magazine's "The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time" list. [October 1997] Children with Maria Shriver : Katherine Schwarzenegger (b. December 13, 1989), Christina Maria Aurelia Schwarzenegger (b. July 23, 1991), Patrick Schwarzenegger (b. September 18, 1993) and Christopher Sargent Shriver Schwarzenegger (b. September 27, 1997). He is also the father of Joseph Baena (b. October 2, 1997) with Mildred Patricia Baena who was housekeeper in the family until 2011. Underwent heart surgery to correct a congenital heart valve condition. [April 1997] Called by the Guinness Book of World Records, "the most perfectly developed man in the history of the world." Noted fan of cigar smoking. His voice in Hercules in New York (1970) was dubbed. Was part-owner of Planet Hollywood and Schatzi restaurants. Advocate for the Republican party. He reprised his Terminator character for the theme park attraction T2 3-D: Battle Across Time (1996), a short film which uses an enhanced 3-D process that makes the film really appear to jump out at the audience. His production company is Oak Productions. 1983: Became a US citizen. His wife Maria Shriver is a niece of the late President John F. Kennedy and Senators Robert F. Kennedy and Ted Kennedy . Graduated from University of Wisconsin-Superior with a major in international marketing of fitness and business administration. [1979] Sold off his Planet Hollywood stock and is no longer a part owner of the chain. [2000] The soccer stadium in Graz, Austria (his home town) is named after him. Was considered for the title role in the 1970s TV series The Incredible Hulk (1978), but was reportedly deemed not tall enough. His former bodybuilding competitor, Lou Ferrigno , ultimately won the part. After leaving Austria for the first time, he came to England to work, earning under £30 a week. Received an Honorary Doctorate from his alma mater, the University of Wisconsin-Superior, in recognition of his charitable works. [1996] Son-in-law of Sargent Shriver and Eunice Kennedy Shriver . At his bodybuilding peak his chest was 57", waist 34", biceps 22", thighs 28½", calves 20", and his competition weight was 235 lbs (260 lbs off-season). He and Warner Bros. agreed to postpone the release of Collateral Damage (2002) indefinitely in the wake of the September 11th terrorist attacks on America. The plot centers around a firefighter who lost his family in a terrorist bomb attack. [September 2001] 9/7/01: Sues International Game Technology for the unauthorized use of his voice and likeness in slot machine games. His lawyer told the press he was seeking $20 million in damages, which is the amount he believes he would have received had he approved the use. Childhood friends stated that he often said his goals in life were to move to America, become an actor, and marry a Kennedy. He accomplished all three. Underwent a genioplasty -- a procedure in which his jaw has been moved back so that it no longer juts out. Was the first private citizen in the U.S. to own a Humvee (High Mobility Multi-Purpose Wheeled Vehicle). Lobbied to promote anti-juvenile delinquency initiative on California ballot that would commit the state to allocate $400 million for extracurricular activities and tutoring for students, kindergarten through ninth grade. [May 2002] Received an honorary doctorate from Chapman University in Orange, CA. [June 2002] Franco Columbu was best man at Arnold's wedding. 1/29/03: Underwent surgery for a torn rotator cuff as a result of an injury on the set of Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines (2003). Was in a sling for three to four weeks, but it was not expected to delay the completion of the movie. Ranked #9 in Star TV's Top 10 Box Office Stars of the 1990s. [2003] The character Rainier Wolfecastle in The Simpsons (1989) is based on him. Won Mr. Olympia title seven times (1970-1975, 1980). James Cameron originally wanted him for the role of Kyle Reese in The Terminator (1984), but after reading the script, Arnold asked Cameron to let him play the part of the Machine. Cameron replied "No, no! Reese is the star! He's the big hero! And the Terminator hardly has any lines!" but Arnold asked him to "trust me". 8/6/03: Announced his candidacy for the Governorship of California on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno (1992). Suffered a back injury (among other various assorted injuries) while filming Conan the Barbarian (1982) when the dogs who were chasing him jumped him from behind and he fell down the rock he was climbing to escape them. In Demolition Man (1993), Sandra Bullock 's character Lenina Huxley is telling Sylvester Stallone 's character John Spartan about the Arnold Schwarzenegger Presidential Library, explaining that, based on the sheer popularity of Schwarzenegger's movies, a Constitutional amendment was passed in order for Schwarzenegger to run for President, which, according to Huxley, he did. In 2003, ten years after this film's release, Schwarzenegger ran for the office of Governor of California, and won the election on 7 October 2003. While Schwarzenegger is not eligible to run for the presidency by present laws (as a naturalized citizen, not a native-born citizen as required by the Constitution), most past presidents have been governors of their respective home states. Some members of Congress are currently considering an amendment to the Constitution to allow foreign-born US citizens to be allowed to run for the Presidency, specifically with Schwarzenegger in mind, although other members of Congress are strongly opposed to the idea. Had one elder brother, Meinhard (1946-1971). His mother was Aurelia Jadrny (2 July 1922 - 2 August 1998) and his father was Gustav Schwarzenegger (Graz, 17 August 1907 - 1 December 1972), married in Murzsteg, 20 October 1945. His mother's surname is Czech. 10/7/03: Was elected Governor of California as a Republican. Turned down the role of John McClane in Die Hard (1988). The role went to Bruce Willis instead. Ironically, Willis has a line in the film where he says that the terrorists "have enough explosives to orbit Arnold Schwarzenegger". TV Guide selected Arnold Schwarzenegger's announcement on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno (1992) to run for Governor of California as the greatest TV moment of 2003. Said that filming the climatic fight at the end of Predator (1987) was made difficult by the fact that the late Kevin Peter Hall , who played the Predator, couldn't see through his mask. Has the record for winning the most major bodybuilding events in history, 13 (1 Mr. Junior Western Europe, 7 Mr. Olympias, and 5 Mr. Universes). After he had started lifting weights as a teenager, he noticed that his body was becoming disproportionate. His arms, shoulders and chest were developing nicely, but his calves and lower legs weren't coming along as he wanted. To motivate himself to work harder on his calves, he cut off all of his pants (trousers) at the knee. Walking around like that, people would look at (and maybe even laugh at) the big man with 'chicken' legs. It worked. His father, Gustav Schwarzenegger, nicknamed him "Cinderella" as a child and his older brother, Meinhard, constantly picked on him growing up. Both men were killed while driving under the influence. Only the second governor in California's history to be born in a foreign country. John Downey, the 7th Governor of California, was born in Ireland and served from 1860-1862. Has his look-alike puppet in the French show Les guignols de l'info (1988). Went AWOL from the Austrian army to enter his first bodybuilding contest. Stumped for President George W. Bush the weekend before his re-election in Ohio, as Schwarzenegger has always had a strong relationship with Ohio. He was voted the 53rd Greatest Movie Star of all time by Entertainment Weekly. Has played a character who died in only five of his films: The Terminator (1984), Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991), End of Days (1999) Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines (2003) and _Terminator: Genisys (2015)_ (the original T-800 who's chip was used to time travel to 2018. Arnold's primary T800 character, however, survived, being "upgraded" to T1000 status). Was considered for the role of the gentle giant Fezzik in the 1970s when William Goldman 's book "The Princess Bride" was first proposed to be made into a film ( The Princess Bride (1987)). Had his first romantic scene in a movie with actress Sandahl Bergman , in Conan the Barbarian (1982). Is good friends with fellow bodybuilder Sven-Ole Thorsen who, ironically, portrayed "Thorgrim," one of his leading foes, in Conan the Barbarian (1982). Turned down a request to reprise his Conan character in Kull the Conqueror (1997) (originally titled "Conan the Conqueror"). Also, he was supposed to play Conan in Red Sonja (1985), though ultimately, a new character was created who was essentially Conan in everything but name. Is the only person to receive Razzie nominations for Worst Actor, Worst Supporting Actor and Worst Screen Couple (with himself cloned) in the same year. All for the same movie, The 6th Day (2000). His life strangely mirrors the life of Conan from Conan the Barbarian (1982). Conan was born in a small village and grew up to be a physically powerful man, due to years of slavery. After winning great fame as a gladiator, he is given to wine and women, but later rejects this hedonistic lifestyle and goes on to perform great heroic feats and eventually is crowned king. Arnold was born in a small Austrian town and took up weightlifting as he got older. After achieving success as a bodybuilder, he indulged in drug abuse and womanizing, but he later rejected this and went on to become a vocal supporter of social causes, and was eventually elected governor of California. Performed many of his own stunts in his films, owing largely to the fact that it was hard to find stunt doubles who matched his size. Billy D. Lucas , Joel Kramer and Peter Kent eventually became his personal stunt doubles and close friends. His famous line "I'll be back", which originated from The Terminator (1984), was originally written as "I'll come back". Initially refused to star in Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines (2003) because James Cameron , who created the character and directed the first two films, would not be directing the third installment. Arnold tried to persuade Cameron to do the third film but Cameron declined and, feeling that the Terminator character was as much Arnold's as it was his own, Cameron advised Arnold to just do the third film and ask for a lot of money. While filming the behind the scenes documentary for the special edition DVD of Conan the Barbarian (1982), the microphone hit him in the head at the end of the interview, to which he immediately joked "You see, I can't even do an interview about Conan without getting hurt". Addressed the Republican National Convention. [2004] The etymology for Arnold is "Eagle Power." Grew up in a house that had no phone, no fridge and no toilet. Was the spokesperson for Japanese DirecTV, a competitor to Quentin Tarantino 's endorsed local satellite TV operator SkyperfecTV. Was considered for the title role in Flash Gordon (1980). The part eventually went to Sam J. Jones instead, because producer Dino De Laurentiis felt Schwarzenegger's German accent was ill-suited for this role. DeLaurentiis (in his heavy Italian accent) told Schwarzenegger, "You have an accent! I cannot use you for Flash Gordon! No! Flash Gordon has no accent! I cannot use you! No!" Ironically, Jones had to temporarily get rid of his own Texas accent for said role. While filming Predator (1987) he became close friends with co- star Jesse Ventura , who was also later elected a state governor (Minnesota). John Milius originally intended him to do the narration of Conan the Barbarian (1982) but the studio didn't trust his accent, so the narration was performed by Mako instead, who played the wizard. Withdrew from the city of Graz the right to use his name in association with its soccer stadium and returned his "Ehrenring" (ring of honor) after some politicians in the town had started a campaign against Schwarzenegger due to his refusal to stop the execution of convicted killer Stanley Tookie Williams (20 December 2005). The Green Party of Austria has resolved to strip Schwarzenegger of his Austrian citizenship due to his support for the death penalty. 12/12/05: As governor, he refused to grant clemency to convicted quadruple murderer and former gang leader Stanley Tookie Williams , who had been on Death Row for 24 years. He was soundly defeated on all four propositions of his "special election", which cost the state of California an estimated $45 million. Schwarzenegger accepted personal responsibility for the defeat, and appointed a Democrat as his new Chief of Staff. [November 2005] Second actor to be elected Governor of California. The first was Ronald Reagan . Broke six ribs in a motorcycle crash. [December 2001] He and his 11-year-old son Patrick were injured in a traffic accident when a car ran into Arnold's motorcycle. Patrick was in a sidecar. Arnold received 15 stitches. [February 2005] He has been nominated for a Razzie Award as Worst Actor eight times during his career, and in 2004 received a special award for being the "Worst Razzie Loser of Our First 25 Years." His performance as The Terminator in the "Terminator" films is ranked #40 on Premiere Magazine's 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time. Was asked to reprise his "Dutch" character from the first Predator (1987) film for the sequel, but he declined because he didn't like the script. He chose to do Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991) instead. Children - Katherine Eunice (born December 13, 1989), Christina Maria Aurelia (born July 23, 1991), Patrick Arnold (born September 18, 1993) and Christopher Sargent Shriver (September 27, 1997). Was asked to appear in a sequel to his 1985 film Commando (1985) but declined. He keeps the sword he used in Conan the Barbarian (1982) in the Governor's office in California. Is a huge fan of professional wrestling. 11/7/06: Easily re-elected as Governor of California. He is the first member of the Kennedy family to become a state Governor. 12/23/06: Broke his right femur while skiing in Sun Valley, ID. Although German is his native language, all his movies have been dubbed into German by Thomas Danneberg for the German-speaking market because his strong Austrian accent doesn't fit with the type of roles he plays. He joined President George Bush in New Hampshire and asked voters to "send a message to Pat Buchanan : Hasta la vista, baby". [1992] Related to actor George Wyner , who is also a close friend. Early in his career he appeared as a contestant on The Dating Game (1965). Was considered for the role of Judge Dredd in Judge Dredd (1995) in the early development stages. The part went to fellow Planet Hollywood founder Sylvester Stallone . In his childhood considered John Wayne his idol and role model. As Governor of California, he issued a proclamation making 26 May 2007 "John Wayne Day" in the state. Producer Joel Silver wanted Schwarzenegger to play "Doctor Manhattan" in a film adaptation of Alan Moore 's graphic novel Watchmen (2009) at one point. Acted with another future governor, Jesse Ventura , of Minnesota, in Predator (1987) and The Running Man (1987). Had stitches in his hand from the taking-off-airplane-to-tarmac stunt he performed for Commando (1985). Late October 2007: Personally flew to Malibu, CA, to survey the damage done by wildfires before any other politician, including the President. Was attached to do another film adaptation of the pulp hero Doc Savage (after the failed 1975 film) in the late 1990s, but the project never got off the ground. Publicly endorsed his close friend Senator John McCain 's bid to win the Republican nomination for the 2008 presidential election. He ended his association with Planet Hollywood early in 2000, saying the investment had not had the level of success he had expected. He saved a man's life while on vacation in Hawaii in 2004 by swimming into the sea to rescue him from drowning. Considered for the role of "Robert Neville" in I Am Legend (2007) back in 1996, with Ridley Scott as the director. As an environmentally conscious politician, always uses carbon credits when flying between his governor's office in Sacramento to his house in L.A., California. Turned down the role of Animal Mother in Full Metal Jacket (1987) and opted to do The Running Man (1987) instead. Considered for the main role in Strange Days (1995) but the job went to Ralph Fiennes instead. Was the original choice to play the title character in RoboCop (1987). Attended the funeral of Ronald Reagan in 2004, whom he considered a great hero. Due to the dismal failure of Conan the Destroyer (1984), Schwarzenegger rarely ever did sequels to his own movies. He's turned down sequels to Commando (1985), Predator (1987), Total Recall (1990) and True Lies (1994), as well as the third "Conan" film which became Kull the Conqueror (1997). The only exceptions that he has made are Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991), Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines (2003), The Expendables 2 (2012), The Expendables 3 (2014) and Terminator Genisys (2015). Honored by the Congressional Award in Washington, DC on June 25, 2002 with the Horizon Award. The Horizon Award is a special recognition from the Joint Leadership of the United States Congress and the Congressional Award Board of Directors. The Horizon Award is presented to individuals from the private sectors who have contributed to expanding opportunities for all Americans through their own personal contributions, and who have set exceptional examples for young people through their successes in life. Was good friends with WWE Hall of Famer André the Giant . Other than Around the World in 80 Days (2004), in which he only appeared in a supporting role, has starred in three movies with the word "Day" in the title, and all three make a biblical reference: Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991), End of Days (1999) and The 6th Day (2000). Has been crucified in two movies: Conan the Barbarian (1982) and End of Days (1999), where he was tied to a cross. Was seriously considered for the role of "Dr. Manhattan/Jon Osterman" in one of the many failed attempts at adapting Alan Moore 's "Watchmen" into film. Ultimately, director Zack Snyder cast Billy Crudup for the 2009 adaptation. The character "Arnold the Pitbull", featured on Tiny Toon Adventures (1990), voiced by Rob Paulsen , was a parody of him. Was considered for the role of Harry Stamper in Armageddon (1998). Was considered for the role of President James Mitchell in Air Force One (1997). Lives in Los Angeles, California and Ketchum, Idaho. Before he became a household name, Schwarzenegger appeared with bodybuilding buddies Franco Columbu and Frank Zane on the sleeve of Grand Funk Railroad 's 1974 album "All the Girls in the World Beware!!!" Band member faces were cleverly superimposed on their muscle-bound bodies. Appeared on the cover of GQ magazine three times: July '86, May '90 and June '93. Trophies won as athlete: 1965 Mr. Europe Jr.. Held in Germany. 1966 Best Builed Man of Europe/Mr. Europe/International Powerlifting-Championship/. All 3 events held in Germany. 1967 NABBA Mr. Universe Amateurs. Held in London. 1968 NABBA Mr. Universe Proffesional. Held in London. 1968 National Championship Weightlifting. Held in Germany. 1968 IFBB Mr. International. Held in Mexico. 1969 IFBB Mr. Universe Amateurs. Held in New York. 1969/1970 NABBA Mr. Universe Proffesional. Both times held in London. 1970 Mr. World. Held in Columbus, Ohio. 1970-1975 5 times in a row IFBB Mr. Olympia. Held in New York 1970/1973/1974, Paris 1971, Essen 1972, Pretoria 1975. 1980 For the 6th time IFBB Mr. Olympia. Held in Sydney, Australia. In his body building days, he once bench pressed as much as 450 pounds. While in office as governor, a Burger King promotion poster for the triple whopper stated "it's so big and beefy it just might run for governor". Parents feared he was gay when he was a teenager because he worshipped bodybuilders. His mother Aurelia phoned a doctor because she thought her son was 'turning south' due to all the pictures of oiled up males on his bedroom walls. In 1968 Joe Weider brought Schwarzenegger to Los Angeles and gave him $100 a week to write articles for his magazines that endorsed Weider products. Weider died at age 93 in March 2013. Inducted into the National Fitness Hall of Fame in 2005 (inaugural class). Is now the Republican Governor-elect of California [October 2003] Sofia, Bulgaria: Filming The Expendables 2 (2012). [October 2011] (around Christmas) Broke his leg when skiing with his family in Sun Valley, Idaho, USA. [December 2006] Refused to take the salary for Governor of California. Uses private jet at his own expense. [December 2003] Copenhagen, Denmark: Giving out the Sustainia Award, which recognizes outstanding performance within the area of sustainability. Also attended a book signing for his new autobiography. [October 2012] (17 November 2003) Sworn in as Governor of California. [November 2003] Reelected as Governor of California [November 2006] Running for Governor of California on the Republican ticket. [August 2003] Release of the book, "Fantastic: The Life of Arnold Schwarzenegger" by Laurence Leamer. [2006] First introduced to wife-to-be Maria Shriver by NBC's Tom Brokaw at a charity tennis tournament in 1977. He passed on lead roles in The Rock (1996), The Saint (1997) Face/Off (1997) and The Count of Monte Cristo (2002). He later stated he regretted passing on the former role. As of the release of The Last Stand (2013), he will have a total on-screen kill count of 509. WWE Hall of Famer. Personal favorite of his own films is Kindergarten Cop (1990). Friend and Predator (1987) co-star Jesse Ventura each went on to become, coincidentally, the 38th Governors of California and Minnesota. It was revealed in 2011 that he fathered an illegitimate son with the Schwarzenegger/Shriver family's housekeeper Mildred Patricia Baena. Schwarzenegger didn't know he fathered Baena's child until the child was a toddler and looked more and more like him. Joseph Baena was born only five days after Maria Shriver gave birth to her fourth child by Schwarzenegger, Christopher, therefore the children basically grew up alongside each other in the same home. Schwarzenegger revealed his illegitimate child to his wife during a marriage counseling sessions. The issue led to the couple's separation but as of 2016 they have yet to divorce. Was considered to play Doctor Octopus in James Cameron 's canceled Spider-Man movie. Unlike George Clooney and Chris O'Donnell , he does not regret taking the part of Mr. Freeze in Batman & Robin (1997). Joel Schumacher threatened not to direct the movie, if he did not play Mr. Freeze. (July 30, 2011) In his honor, the "Arnold Schwarzenegger's Birth House Museum" was officially opened in his hometown of Thal (Austria) in the actual house that had been home to him and his family. Some of the mementos on display include his childhood bed, motorcycle, replica of the desk he used as Governor of California, etc. Induced into the International Sports Hall of Fame in 2012 (inaugural class). When Schwarzenegger appeared on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson (1962) in 1979, he had long hair. He was growing it out to prepare for his role in Conan the Barbarian (1982). Former family friend Sondra Locke branded Schwarzenegger and his wife Maria Shriver as cowards for refusing to publicly side with her during litigious matters with Clint Eastwood . Was mentioned in the song "Jump Around" by House of Payne. Personal Quotes (550) I was always interested in proportion and perfection. When I was 15 I took off my clothes and looked in the mirror. When I stared at myself naked, I realized that to be perfectly proportioned I would need 20-inch arms to match the rest of me. [Interview in "Starlog" magazine in 1991, explaining his reluctance to do sequels to most of his successful films from the '80s] There's so little time to do all the things I want to do that I can't see any reason to get bogged down in sequels. Everything I have ever done in my life has always stayed. I've just added to it . . . but I will not change. Because when you are successful and you change, you are an idiot. I know that if you leave dishes in the sink, they get sticky and hard to wash the next day. I would rather be Governor of California than own Austria. I love the Hong Kong style of action movies, but that only looks good for small guys. The reason why the whole style was developed over there was because those guys were very puny guys - they're not powerful-looking guys, they're also not powerful guys. There's no weightlifting champion coming out of Hong Kong - maybe in the bantam division or the lightweight division or something like that, but normally you don't have really strong men coming out of there . . . they had to learn a technique that small people can do that are as effective as the big guy's strength. So that's where the martial arts came from. In the beginning I was selfish. It was all about, "How do I build Arnold? How can I win the most Mr. Universe and Mr. Olympic contests? How can I get into the movies and get into business?" I was thinking about myself . . . As I've grown up, got older, maybe wiser, I think your life is judged not by how much you have taken but by how much you give back. [during his campaign for California governor, about his history of "misbehavior"] Where I did make mistakes, or maybe go overboard sometimes . . . I regret that. This is a different Arnold. [on his fight scenes with the female T-X in Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines (2003)] How many times do you get away with this - to take a woman, grab her upside down and bury her face in a toilet bowl? The thing is you can do it, because, in the end, I didn't do it to a woman - she's a machine. We could get away with it without being crucified by who knows what group. [on his decision to run for governor of California] It was the most difficult decision in my life - except the one in 1978 when I decided to get a bikini wax. [after being pelted with an egg at a political rally] This guy owes me bacon now . . . you can't have egg without bacon. [responding to criticism during a televised debate] I just realized I have the perfect part for you in "Terminator 4." [victory speech after having won election as Governor of California] I will not fail, I will not disappoint you, I will not let you down. The worst I can be is the same as everybody else. I hate that. There's a lot of people who want me to get out of acting and want me to run for governor. I think it's mostly movie critics. You have to remember something: Everybody pities the weak; jealousy you have to earn. I took more abuse in Predator (1987) than I did in Conan the Barbarian (1982). I fell down that waterfall [40 feet] and swam in this ice-cold water for days and for weeks was covered in mud. It was freezing in the Mexican jungle. They had these heat lamps on all the time, but they were no good. If you stayed in front of the lamps, the mud dried. Then, you had to take it off and put new mud on again. It was a no-win situation. The location was tough. Never on flat ground. Always on a hill. We stood all day long on a hill, one leg down, one leg up. It was terrible. [referring to Democrats at a political rally in Ontario, California, in 2004] If they don't have the guts to come up here in front of you and say, "I don't want to represent you, I want to represent those special interests, the unions, the trial lawyers" . . . if they don't have the guts, I call them girlie men. [at the 2004 Republican National Convention] Speaking of acting, one of my movies was called True Lies (1994). It's what the Democrats should have called their convention. President [ George Bush ] knows you can't reason with people that are blinded by hate. But let me tell you something: Their hate is no match for our decency, their hate is no match for the leadership and the resolve of George Bush. [Talking about his Conan the Barbarian (1982) director]: John Milius used to call himself the dog trainer. Guess who were the dogs? [From an interview about his reaction to reading the original The Terminator (1984) screenplay] I have read a lot of action adventure scripts, and this definitely was one of the best. I knew that I wanted to play the part of the Terminator as soon as I started reading. [About being taken seriously] I don't care. The important thing to me is that I'm doing work that people enjoy out there, that the movie makes good money, that the studio makes the money back, and that I'm having a great time at what I'm doing. I don't even consider myself serious. So how do I expect people to take me serious? I think this whole Hollywood thing has to be taken much looser . . . it's just entertainment. "There were various stepping-stones in my career. One of them was Conan the Barbarian (1982), because it was the first time I did a film with that kind of budget and I had the title role. The next big stepping-stone was The Terminator (1984). With "The Terminator", I think people became aware of the fact that I didn't really have to take my shirt off or run around and expose my muscles in order to sell tickets. After I did "The Terminator" and we had seen it be more successful than the Conan films, people then sent me a variety of different kinds of scripts - all in the action-adventure genre, but they were not muscle movies or Viking movies or pirate movies or anything like that. [Talking about playing the Terminator] I had to act like a cyborg, which meant I couldn't show any kind of human fear or reaction to the fire, explosions, or gunfire that was going off around me. That can be difficult when you're walking through a door with its frame on fire, trying to reload a gun, and at the same time thinking in the back of your mind that people have accidents doing these kinds of stunts and that it might be my turn. [About more sequels to The Terminator (1984)] I don't necessarily want to leave the magic of the Terminator movies behind, and who says we have to? According to what we know about the future, there were hundreds of Terminators built. The story of the Terminator could go on forever. [From an interview expressing concern over making Conan the Destroyer (1984) less brutal than its predecessor, Conan the Barbarian (1982)] I think it's a mistake. I know Sylvester Stallone made an extra $20 million because he got a PG rating for Rocky III (1982), but it's a matter of how much you want to stay within the character's reality. Can you slaughter people and never see blood? Is it possible? You must have battles. That's part of life, war, and the world of Conan. [Talking about director Richard Fleischer ] The first day Fleischer came to see me work out, he told me, "Arnold, could you put on some more muscles?" I couldn't believe it! It turned out that Fleischer thought [ John Milius '] decision to keep Conan clothed throughout the first film was a mistake. Fleischer believes that people want to see my body much more often than they did the first time around, so they will. I spend most of my time in Conan the Destroyer (1984) fighting off people while I'm dressed in a loincloth. [About the dog accident while making Conan the Barbarian (1982)] One of them hit me too soon. It caught me off guard and I went right over the ledge. I fell ten feet and landed on my back. I was covered with scratches and bruises. It was probably a pretty good beginning for this movie, though. It set the tone for the whole time we were there. This was going to be fun . . . but dangerous. [Talking about director John Milius ] "There never would have been a Conan movie without him. [on Warren Beatty ] There are some people who are close to him that say he is just starving for attention, and that's the way he gets attention. Other people said, "Look, he's not working and he just feels like he should maybe get involved in politics". Instead, I just think that maybe he is jealous that I did jump in. I find it silly, because I respect his work. Well, I think because a lot of people don't know why I'm a Republican, I came first of all from a socialistic country which is Austria and when I came over here in 1968 with the presidential elections coming up in November, I came over in October, I heard a lot of the press conferences from both of the candidates, [ Hubert H. Humphrey ] and [ Richard Nixon ], and Humphrey was talking about more government is the solution, protectionism, and everything he said about government involvement sounded to me more like Austrian socialism. Then when I heard Nixon talk about it, he said open up the borders, the consumers should be represented there ultimately and strengthen the military and get the government off our backs. I said to myself, "What is this guy's party affiliation?" I didn't know anything at that point. So I asked my friend, "What is Nixon?" He's a Republican. And I said, "I am a Republican". That's how I became a Republican." [on refusing to grant clemency to condemned killer Stanley Tookie Williams ] After studying the evidence, searching the history, listening to the arguments and wrestling with the profound consequences, I could find no justification for granting clemency. The facts do not justify overturning the jury's verdict, or the decisions of the courts in this case. [After undergoing heart surgery in 1997] We made, actually, history, because it was the first time ever that doctors could prove that a lifelong Republican has a heart. As a kid - as a kid I saw socialist - the socialist country that Austria became after the Soviets left. Now don't misunderstand me: I love Austria and I love the Austrian people. But I always knew that America was the place for me. In school, when the teacher would talk about America, I would daydream about coming here. I would daydream about living here. I would sit there and watch for hours American movies, transfixed by my heroes, like John Wayne . Everything about America seemed so big to me, so open, so possible. I have no sexual standards in my head that say this is good or this is bad. Homosexual - that only means to me that he enjoys sex with a man and I enjoy sex with a woman. It's all legitimate to me. I didn't think about money. I thought about the fame, about just being the greatest. I was dreaming about being some dictator of a country or some savior like Jesus. I'm 6'2". I've heard rumors that I'm really much shorter in real life like 5'6" or something like that - which is ridiculous. I can assure you this is not the case. People look up to me, and not just because I do a lot of work in the community. I mean, most people really look up to me. California will not wait for our federal government to take strong action on global warming. We won't wait for the federal government. We will move forward because we know it's the right thing to do. We will lead on this issue and we will get other western states involved. I think there's not great leadership from the federal government when it comes to protecting the environment. Money doesn't make you happy. I now have $50 million but I was just as happy when I had $48 million. [in a 1987 interview] I have to give the audiences what they enjoy seeing while I try to bring in a little something new, with different movies, different time periods and all those things. But what's important is to entertain the people -- everything else means nothing. [on his late friend and role model, body builder Reg Park]: Reg was a dear friend, an extraordinary mentor and a personal hero. Other than my parents, there may be no single person who had more to do with me becoming the person I am today than Reg. He was like a second father to me. It was Reg who impressed upon me how hard I would have to work if I wanted to achieve my dreams. I'll always remember him making me do calf-raises with 1,000 pounds at 5 o'clock in the morning. [on Terminator Salvation (2009)] I think it's cool to continue on with the franchise, in case I want to jump over again and get into the acting after I'm through here (as Governor of California). There are such high standards and now there are always new standards being set for action. You see that with Iron Man (2008) and with The Dark Knight (2008) and that other film this summer, um, Wanted (2008). That was an excellent movie! There was this train coming down from a bridge, falling, and they're fighting inside the train car. Jesus, that is unbelievable that you can do that. To have the imagination to write it and the talent to shoot it and make it real on the screen. It's a whole new dimension. With Batman and Terminator, those big movies, there's a certain expectation and if you don't live up to it, if the movie is not a 10, then the business will be soft. If Terminator Salvation (2009) is pushing it forward, it will be breaking records all the time. If director McG has the T4 and the kind of shots that has the audience thinking, 'Now how did he do that?' -- then it is 'Terminator' and you can blow everyone away and every record at the box office. [on Terminator Salvation (2009)] I hope they do well, and I hope it is a huge hit. I do hope it creates a spectacle on the screen. That is what James Cameron created. [on watching Will Ferrell movies] In those you howl for two hours and you feel like you get a six-pack of ab muscles from all the laughs! [on Terminator Salvation (2009)] I wasn't sure who the Terminator was. I don't know if there is one or if he's the star or the hero. These are the things that determine the success and how strong the movie will be. I know California is supposed to be a place where dreams come true, but my life has gone way beyond the dream. My dream was to come to America, become the greatest bodybuilder of all time and do what Reg Park had done by going into Hercules movies. And if that worked out, I was going to build a gym business and then live happily ever after. Then all of a sudden I shot right by my dream. I stopped doing the strong man stuff, did the Terminator movies and became the highest-paid actor in Hollywood. I got $30 million for Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines (2003), you know. [on the death of Michael Jackson ] Michael was a pop phenomenon who never stopped pushing the envelope of creativity. Though there were serious questions about his personal life, Michael was undoubtedly a great entertainer and his popularity spanned generations and the globe. [on the death of Patrick Swayze ] Patrick Swayze was a talented and passionate artist who struck a memorable chord with audiences throughout the world. He played a wide range of characters both on stage and in movies and his celebrated performances made the hard work of acting look effortless - which I know from experience is not easy. As a fan and as an actor, I admired Patrick and I know that he will be dearly missed. On behalf of all Californians, Maria and I send our deepest condolences to Patrick's family, friends and fans. I am here to spend. I love to spend Hollywood's money! (June 1993). [on Sylvester Stallone in The Expendables (2010)] It is a great inspiration for people to see someone at his age still at the top of his game -- acting, writing, directing, doing his own stunts and fight scenes -- I mean, what an amazing talent. And for him to still be so athletic and be able to rip off his shirt and have a six-pack is just unbelievable. [on the death of Tony Curtis ] Tony Curtis was a Hollywood icon, a great performer and artist and devoted family man. I saw his extraordinary talent and ability to inspire generations of Americans firsthand on the set of Christmas in Connecticut (1992)' and will always remember our times together. [on a return to movies when his term as Governor of California ends] I have no idea. So it depends if someone comes with a great script or a great idea...you know, would I still have the patience to sit on the set and to do a movie for three months or six months? All of those things, I don't know, but I did have a meeting with James Cameron , we talked about some very important things. The meaning of life is not simply to exist, to survive, but to move ahead, to go up, to achieve, to conquer. (On the power of visualizing your goals) When I was very young, I visualized myself being and having what it was that I wanted. The mind is really so incredible. Before I won my first Mr. Universe, I walked around the tournament like I owned it. The title was already mine. I had won it so many times in my mind that there was no doubt I would win it. Then, when I moved on to the movies, the same thing. I visualized myself being a successful actor and earning big money. I could feel and taste success. I just knew it would happen. [on the passing of Elaine Kaufman] Elaine was an early supporter of my acting career and would often call to let me know when an influential writer or producer came in so I could stop and schmooze. [on Terminator Salvation (2009)] The last one was awful. It tried hard, not that they didn't try, the acting and everything - it missed the boat. [on visiting Venice, California] This place is insane. You never have to smoke a joint. You just go on a bicycle ride in the morning, inhale, and you live off everyone else. [on Predator 2 (1990)] A predator in a city is a bad idea. [on his career as a bodybuilder] I had a very clear vision of where I wanted to go. You realize you have to pay no attention to the naysayers. When you learn those lessons in sports, you can apply those lessons for the rest of your life. [on his Governor's salary] I didn't take a penny of my salary during my terms. After all, it was petty cash compared to what you make in the movies. You can't have a life full of successes. In bodybuilding, I tried bench-pressing 500lb many times and failed. That's how you get there. You have to be daring. They're writing right now Terminator Genisys (2015). There have been some writers on it for the last year-and-a-half and they could not pull it off. We have told them over and over that they are going in the wrong direction, now they've finally got rid of those writers and they've got new really quality writers. Now they're going in the right direction. I think this year the script will be finished and we will be able to go into pre-production. [on the death of his mentor Joe Weider ] He advised me on my training, on my business ventures, and once, bizarrely, claimed I was a German Shakespearean actor to get me my first acting role in -- Hercules in New York (1970) even though I barely spoke English. He was there for me constantly throughout my life, and I will miss him dearly. [his father] A lot of sons would have been crippled by his demands, but instead the discipline rubbed off on me. I turned it into drive. To this day, I'm more comfortable when there's someone to schmooze with until I fall asleep. When you grow up in a harsh environment, you never forget how to withstand physical punishment, even long after the hard times end. If you wanted a girl, you had to make an effort to have a conversation, not just drool like a horny dog. I associate glasses with intellectuals. I came to America, won Mr. Universe, and now I'm in the movies. Most bodybuilders don't have very interesting insights or routines. In America, unlike Europe, there weren't a million obstacles to starting a business. After coming to California, I posed in the heights above Malibu. Bodybuilders like this spot because the ridges in the distance seem little and your muscles look bigger than the mountains. The applause of a crowd made me stronger. If you get muscles, you can go to the beach and pick up girls. Americans love foreign names. I wanted to be rich very quickly. Monstrous, futuristic, what I envisioned America as all about. Something that seems impossible at the start can be achieved. [on sweat] It's a great way to lose body fat. Nights without sleep don't mean you can't perform at a high level the next day and days without food don't mean you'll starve. I aimed to be a leader someday. If you let ego show through, you're put in your place. [on journalists] They see everything from the outside. Staying on top of the hill is harder than climbing it. Its great to have someone to go home to. When you have a relationship in a foreign language, you have to be extra careful not to miscommunicate. I couldn't believe how difficult learning a new language could be. Pronunciations were especially dangerous. [Mr. Universe, Mr. World and Mr. Olympia] Winning all three would be like unifying the heavyweight title in boxing: it would make me the undisputed world champion. Mr World was by far the biggest bodybuilding event I'd ever seen. In bodybuilding I was king of the mountain, but in everyday LA I was just another immigrant struggling to learn English and make a life. I was glad to be away living my own life. I always saw myself as a citizen of the world. The more popular bodybuilding grew in prisons, the more guys would get the message to behave. Winning narrowly didn't make me feel good; I wanted my dominance to be clear. [after his father had a stroke] It was painful and upsetting to see a man who had been so smart and so strong lose his coordination and his ability to think. He died not long after. [his nephew Patrick] He became my pride and joy. Real estate was the place to invest. The math of real estate really spoke to me. I like to always wander in like a puppy. Bodybuilders look in the mirror as they train. You need to be your own trainer. If millions of people came to see my movies someday, it was important that they know where the muscles came from. I wanted to promote bodybuilding, both so that more people would take part and to benefit my career. If I wanted to promote bodybuilding to a new audience, I'd have to find my own way. [on bodybuilding] It needed fresh blood. I find joy in the gym because every rep and every set gets me one step closer to my goal. I liked getting swept up into a cloud of celebs. [on Jack Nicholson , 'Warren Beatty', and Roman Polanski ] They all had such enormous passion for their profession. Having women in the gym made us train harder. I had no idea that reading from a script means you're supposed to act out the role. [personal motto] Presentation, presentation, presentation. When somebody sets the bar so low, you can't go wrong. [endorsing bodybuilding publicly] It was a boost for bodybuilding in America; suddenly the sport had a face and a personality. In an entertainment interview, you could just make up stuff! In bodybuilding, you try to suppress emotions and march forwards with determination; in acting its the opposite. To live your life as an actor, you can't be afraid of someone stirring up your emotions. Europe was always far less puritanical than the United States. Sometimes its hard to explain to your toddler what you do at the office. I've been retired from bodybuilding since 1980 but I'll always stay involved. [during his open-heart surgery] Maria (Shriver) put a brave face on a scary situation. I get goosebumps when Nelson Mandela talks about inclusion, tolerance and forgiveness. [on Maria Shriver ] If I hadn't been her style and she hadn't been mine, we never would have ended up together. Maria meshed with everything that I was, what I stood for, and what I was doing. I got addicted to her. Maria was such a forceful personality that she would just run over guys. She wanted to be unique and different. I was a self-made man. In politics, when disputes arise and camps form, you have to grasp what's happening and move very quickly. I could go on for hours about what draws me to Maria (Shriver) but still never fully explain the magic. Love stories are built around people's idiosyncrasies. [on Conan the Barbarian] There was no stunt double because it would have been difficult to find someone with a body like mine. Dino (De Laurentiis) had a reputation for getting things done. He was very powerful in that way, and people in Hollywood knew it and didn't mess with him. [on Conan the Barbarian (1982)] I'd never done a love scene on camera and found it really strange. My character and his stolen Harley were a perfect combo of cyborg and machine in Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991). Our first major decision as a couple (he and Maria Shriver ) was to find a house and call it our place. When people come to me with a movie concept or a script, I always ask "What is the poster? What is the image? What are we trying to sell here?" Danny DeVito is a master of comedy, loves stogies, and cooks pasta on the set-no wonder he made such a great twin. Ivan Reitman took a chance on me as a comic hero. Sylvester Stallone , Bruce Willis and I had great fun opening Planet Hollywood restaurants around the world. Total anonymity is almost impossible in Hollywood. The outside world looked at our relationship (he and Maria Shriver) in a simple-minded way, as a juicy success story. According to this way of thinking, Maria becomes part of my trophy collection. [on Maria Shriver ] She brought a great foundation of knowledge and was a great partner to work with because we both grew. When you start out, its all about one to one contact. I'd always advanced by starting with a clear vision and working as hard as possible to achieve it. For Maria (Shriver) to go out and be in front of the camera was a real declaration of independence. [on Maria Shriver ] She was the ideal woman for me. Writing something is different from saying it. I was Conan, and millions of dollars were being spent to make me shine. For the first time, I felt like the star. [on Oprah Winfrey ] She was talented and aggressive, and you could tell she believed in herself. An aspect of being a Kennedy cousin (Maria Shriver) was that you were never completely free. Since there were so many cousins, the number of command performances were high. Every one of the killings in Conan (the Barbarian) was well shot and extraordinary. [on Conan the Barbarian (1982)] A Star Wars: Episode IV - A New Hope (1977) set on Earth. (John) Milius always pushed the envelope. Conan (the Barbarian) has stunts that have since been outlawed from movies. The bloodshed in Conan seems tame by today's standards. At the time, the film introduced a whole new dimension of violence on screen. Actors had five quarts of blood strapped to their chests, the same amount in the human body. Whenever it was spilled, Milius shot it against a light background to get the full carnage. I was really annoyed by the way that powerful studio executives kowtowed to the members of the ratings board. I saw myself as a businessman first. [on Ronald Reagan] He was wonderful at painting ideas in ways that everyone could understand. My definition of living is to have excitement always; that's the difference between living and existing. If you want to fight prejudice you have to have tolerance centers everywhere. I was amazed to see how negative most of the people in Hollywood remained toward Reagan during his presidency. He represented the values that had brought me to America. The US was the greatest country with the best opportunities and now that it was my home, I wanted to keep it that way and make it even better. After the turmoil and gloom of the 1970s, Americans voted for Reagan because he reminded them of their strength. [the outrageous and conservative sides to his personality] I wanted to feel comfortable in both worlds. There has to be investment in the public good. I'd have made more money if Jimmy Carter still occupied the White House. You do a movie or a book, you promote the hell out of it, you travel the world as if its your marketplace, and in the meantime, you work out and take care of business and explore even more. When I learned about The Terminator (1984), I loved the idea that he was a machine that never had to sleep. For me, the question was always how to fit in all the stuff I want to do. I seldom saw my life as hectic, the thought rarely crossed my mind. I'm not a religious person. I never like to cut things from my life; I only add. I'd felt like an American from the time I was 10 years old. [his first thought when he met James Cameron ] A skinny, intense guy. I never went to a competition to compete; I went to win. I wasn't sure I was free from prejudice; I'd made prejudiced comments. When you promote a movie, you want to win over everybody. If you give political speeches, you are bound to turn off somebody. I considered the US my permanent home. I kept quiet about politics whenever I visited Austria. I never wanted to be perceived as some wise guy coming back and telling people what to do. I always believed in shooting for the top, and to become an American is like becoming a member of the winning team. [his first thought about The Terminator (1984)] Strange name. Poses are the snapshots, and the routine is the movie. Bodybuilding is a lot like politics; you go from town to town, hoping word will spread. [on bodybuilding competitions] You can't just pose on stage like a robot and then walk off; people will never get to know your personality. At the top of the ladder, there was always room for one more. The more people who stay on the bottom, the more crowded it becomes. If I can see it and believe it, then I can achieve it. [on James Cameron ] He seemed more real than the people I met from Hollywood. [on The Terminator (1984)] No thinking, no blinking, no thought, just action. [on restaurants] In Hollywood, the actor never pays. Once I've locked in on a vision for myself, I always resist changing the plan. I'm a big believer in hard work, grinding it out, and not stopping until it's done. [on James Cameron ] The women he married, although a long list, were women you didn't want to mess with. I never left the house without $1000 in cash and a no-limit credit card. The conventional wisdom in Hollywood is that playing a villain is career suicide. I think more like a businessman than like a typical actor. Compared to Conan the Barbarian (1982), Conan the Destroyer (1984) was a trip to Club Med. [on James Cameron ] A control freak, he has eyes in the back of his head. He knows the name of everyone on the set and no screwup gets past him; if you screw up he'll make a scene publicly and embarrass you. I always think the world of people who make a project their own and are on it 24 hours a day. [the Golden Raspberry Awards] A kind of Oscar in reverse for bad movies. You should marry when you're set financially and the toughest struggles of your career are behind you. Most marriages break up over financial issues. I wasn't marrying her ( Maria Shriver ) because she came from wealth. What was Maria's was hers. [ Maria Shriver 's portrait in his art collection] Among these beautiful images, Maria's was the gem. [on Jacqueline Kennedy] She had an amazing ability to ask questions that would make you wonder "how did she know that"? She always made people feel welcome. Gitte ( Brigitte Nielsen ) had a personality filled with laughter and fun mixed with a great hunger for attention. When you make a movie, you can never really predict what will turn out to be the most repeated line. [on The Terminator] The American public accepted me as both a hero and a villain. In the mind of the public, the star is responsible for a movie's success. [on marriage] Just let me stumble into it; I don't want to be forewarned. You can over-think anything. There are always negatives. The more you know, the less you tend to do something. [on marriage] I might not have done it if I'd known everything I'd have to go through. I'm always comparing life to a climb, not just because there's a struggle but also because I find at least as much joy in the climbing as in reaching the top. I pictured marriage as a whole mountain range of fantastic challenges. [on Grace Jones ] An interesting non-actor; talented and entertaining, she could not do anything low-key. Have at least ten good laughs a day. The makeup trailer is the place on the set where everyone talks. If anybody's worried about anything, that's where you see it. It's the mother of all beauty salons. The makeup trailer is all about a soothing atmosphere, because you're getting ready for a scene. Actresses have more problems than the average housewife. [on his wedding day] I loved watching Maria (Shriver) coming up the aisle. She looked so regal but at the same time, she radiated warmth and happiness. I was riding the great wave of action movies. They became as important to the 1980s as Westerns were in the 1950s. Action movies are always more of an ordeal than a pleasure to make. [on John McTiernan ] If a director of his caliber had done the sequel to Predator (1987), the movie could have become a major franchise on a par with The Terminator (1984) or Die Hard (1988). It's always easy to be smart in hindsight. Stallone and I were the leading forces in the genre. We created work for up and coming action stars like Chuck Norris , Jean-Claude Van Damme , Dolph Lundgren and Bruce Willis . Clint Eastwood began to show more muscle as a result. The body was key. The era had arrived where muscular men were viewed as attractive. Looking physically heroic had become the aesthetic. Early in my movie career, the hardest thing was giving up control. In bodybuilding, everything had been up to me. In movies, you depend on others right from the start. [on the opening scene] You have one idea and then sit down and cook up the rest. Whenever I finished filming a movie, my job was only half done. Every film had to be nurtured in the marketplace. Some of the greatest artists never sold much because they didn't know how. No matter what I did in life, I was aware that you had to sell it. Listening made me a more effective promoter. You have to cultivate your audience and expand it with each new film. Nurturing a movie means paying attention to the distributors. You do the things they feel are important because they go all out in pushing the theatres. When I had a good director, my movies went through the roof because I was directed well. If I had a director who was confused with no compelling vision for the movie, it would fizzle. I didn't make The Terminator the success that it was; it was James Cameron 's vision that made the movie great. Everything in life has a funny side. I'd always been the perfect target for jokes; there was so much material to work from. Meeting comedians helped me to understand comedy. I really liked being around people who are funny. [on Total Recall (1990)] Working with Sharon Stone will always be a challenge. She was a sweetie off the set but needed tons of attention on-set. There are just some actors who need more attention. People just have their hang-ups and insecurities and acting definitely brings that out. In acting you take criticism so much more personally. You get upset, but every job has its downside. [on Paul Verhoeven and Total Recall (1990)] So many things he said were brilliant. He had a masterful vision. He had enthusiasm, and did a great job. I was proud my interest and passion helped to bring about the movie. But the experience also proves how important marketing is - how important it is to tell the people what this is about; really blow up their skirt and make them say, "I have to go see this movie." A Special Achievement Oscar is how the Motion Picture Academy honors an accomplishment for which there is no set category. I grew up in a culture where you respect the elders. When I see a great performer, I always start to dream. Maybe its the Leo in me, the perpetual performer who always wants to be the center of attention. Starting with something disarming and funny is a good way to stand out. You become more likable, and people receive your information much better. Whenever I watched a comedy, I always thought "I could have done that!" But if I was going to branch into comedies, I would need someone to be my cheerleader. [on Total Recall (1990)] For me, it connected with the sense I had sometimes that my life was too good to be true. It wouldn't matter if you watched Total Recall (1990) 20 years from now, you could still enjoy it. There's just something very appealing about futuristic movies if they have great action and believable characters. A change in studio management can sink a movie. Once you pick a director, you have to have total faith in him and go with his judgment. [on The Running Man (1987)] It was totally screwed up by hiring a first-time director and not giving him time to prepare. [his first impression of Paul Verhoeven on Total Recall (1990)] A skinny, intense-looking Dutch guy. Every director wants to pee on the script and make his mark. [on Danny DeVito ] He's the opposite of a crazy Hollywood personality and the Milton Berle of comic acting. Compared to an action hero, it was easier being a comic star. [his singing ability] I'm no Frank Sinatra . The only time I sing in real life is at the end of a party when I want the guests to leave. [on George Bush ] He had tremendous strength of character and will. This was our next President, the real American hero. He had a casual approach to campaigning; not everything had to be perfect. I belonged to the NRA because I believed in the constitutional right to bear arms. I am a patriotic American. I saw Ronald Reagan and George Bush take an economy that looked like Pee-wee Herman and make it look like Superman. Eisenhower and Kennedy championed fitness as a way for America to stand strong against the Soviets. Fitness is important for all Americans, not just athletes. A lot of schools have great athletic programs but not great fitness programs. I'd never seen a director fine-tune a movie as methodically as Ivan Reitman . I was on a crusade around the world to promote health and fitness to young people. Governments don't want to be told they're doing something wrong. I'd always felt we lacked real men in movies. [when his first child was born] Fuck! This is my first baby. You can be so overwhelmed by something that billions of people in history have done. And from that moment on, your life as a couple has changed. But as long as you love the baby, you'll figure it out, just like with everything you love doing. Caring for babies is hardwired into the brain. I was addicted to public service. Humour was what made me stand out from other action leads. It opened up the (action) movie and made it appealing to more people. [on The Terminator (1984), Commando (1985), Predator (1987) and Total Recall (1990)] They all focused on the universal theme of good vs evil. If the press sees you coming out of the Oval Office with the President, you'll win respect. Fitness is fun. I felt very strongly that I had to carry to all 50 states the message that fitness was a national priority. I love being on the road and meeting people. That's what I do best. The Great American Workout was from 7 to 9 o'clock in the morning. When in Austria, I often put on traditional clothes and do as the Austrians do. Hiking in the Alps I'd sometimes wear loud obnoxious Hawaiian shorts just to get a rise out of the Lederhosen traditionalists. [on James Cameron ] [He] is a big believer in surprising the audience. His knowledge of science and the world of the future went way beyond the ordinary. [on Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991)] It was typical James Cameron genius to have character development in a machine. My friendship with the President (George Bush Sr) quickly became a very big part of my life. It was warm from the time we first met during the Reagan years. [on the Gulfstream III jet] The perfect vehicle for visiting the States. After being the fitness czar, running for Governor of California felt like deja vu. My talent is fitness and this is something I can give back. You can't have people just like your movie, you need them to be passionate. Word of mouth is what makes movies big, because while you can put in millions to promote the movie on the first weekend, you can't afford to do that every week. Its embarrassing to fail at the box office. When you feel embarrassed, you assume the whole world is focused on your failure. [on George Bush ] If you had talent and did him a favour or he liked you, he would push you forward whether it made sense or not. He was a different breed, a sweetheart of a guy. The fact he put such trust in me had a powerful effect. I felt there would never, ever be a time, no matter what happened, when I would violate that trust or let the man down. A person's muscles don't care where the resistance comes from. America wouldn't be the land of the free if it wasn't the home of the brave. When you see the work they do and the risks they take, you realize what we owe our military. 1991 was golden for me. [on Planet Hollywood] A glitzy new moneymaking machine. It was not just an event; it was the beginning of an empire. I came to America because it's the greatest place in the world, and I'm going to do everything I can to keep it the greatest place. I've always felt appreciative of the armed forces because I've benefited from the American dream, and their courage and determination is what safeguards it. [during Conan the Destroyer (1984)] I'm finally getting paid a million dollars for a movie, but now Sylvester Stallone 's making 3 million, I feel like I'm standing still. If I heard an idea or saw a script that was exceptionally good and triggered something in me, I wanted to make that movie. I loved the idea of new challenges, along with new dangers of failure. Clint (Eastwood) was one of the few Hollywood personalities who had his head screwed on straight. (Richard) Nixon was very good at paying attention to you. We need more leaders like him. Nobody in Hollywood wins all the time. At some point, you're bound to get a beating. America can be powerful only if you have a strong military. I figured that the idea of eventually ending up in politics was not that far fetched when someone like (Richard) Nixon suggested it. I love factories, and whenever I'm passionate about a product, I want to see it being made. Cubans are geniuses. They have the best climate, they have the best soil, and they have the tradition: generations of people who are passionate about rolling cigars and who are always looking for ways to make the cigars ever more perfect. When you look at a cigar and it has those thick veins in it, it's either a cheaper cigar or someone wasn't paying attention. As with everything, it's important to have a great-looking label. Cuban cigars truly are as good as people say. You can sniff out the fakes ones within seconds. I always like to be called up for a speech without any prior notice. No-one expects you to blow people up in a comedy. When you feel good about someone and you know specifically why, it's not difficult at all to speak from the heart. I'm like a little kid who loves to show off and share things that I have experienced. I thought I was the poster boy for the American dream. I came to the US virtually broke, worked hard, kept focused on my goal, and made it. This really was the land of opportunity. If a kid like me could do it, anybody could. I had a fire inside of me to succeed. Anything is possible, but you have to do your end of the work. Making money was never my only goal, but money opened the door to interesting investments. In the mid-1990s the Internet was just an odd new idea. The most important thing was not how much you make, but how much you invest, how much you keep. I never wanted to join the long list of famous entertainers and athletes who wiped out financially. My goal was to get rich and stay rich. I never like business relationships that are purely work. [his personal motto] Take one dollar and turn it into two. I wanted big investments that were interesting, creative and different. Conservative bets didn't interest me. I was proud to pay taxes on the money I earned. I could tolerate big risks in exchange for big returns, but I'm always open to new ideas. Singapore Airlines had the best reputation in the airline business. The Boeing 747 was the ballsiest airliner. Stan Winston 's special effects studio was torture; on The Terminator, it took 30 minutes for the cement to dry when designing the prosthetics to cover my face. The first time I went through it I got very anxious and thought of pleasant memories to endure it. My heart surgery reminded me of all that. The more you promote yourself as the ultimate action hero, the more people form a larger than life perception of you. [after heart surgery] I felt as vigorous as Hercules. Planet Hollywood opened in Moscow, Sydney, Helsinki, London, San Antonio Texas (drawing 100,000 spectators) and Paris. Planet Hollywood was like The Beatles . Sometimes when you look at a deal, you see less danger and you're too willing to take the plunge. The more risky things are, the more upside there is. I'd hear guys bragging about their new Gulfstream IV or IV-SP and I'd get to say, "That's great guys. Let me talk about my 747..." It was a great conversation stopper. God is the one who made the science possible. [on heart surgery] Big risk, big reward. [on Maria Shriver ] She had a tendency to blow things up into high drama, even things that weren't life and death, whereas I would play everything down. I'm a person who does not like to talk about things over and over. I make quick decisions, I don't ask opinions, and I don't think over the same things. I want to move on. She's an outward processor, while I keep things bottled up. There's a moment going into surgery that I really hate. The moment when the anesthesia takes hold, when you know you're going out, losing consciousness and don't know if you'll ever wake up from it. [after heart surgery] I got a second or third lease on life. on [Planet Hollywood] I'd love to do it again, only to have it managed better. Whoopi (Goldberg), Bruce (Willis), Sly (Stallone) and all the other big-name participants would tell you that Planet Hollywood was fun. With the huge parties, openings, premieres, we met people all over the world and had the time of our lives. She ( Maria Shriver ) is a very good writer, with an unbelievable vocabulary and grace with words. Holidays become more meaningful when you have a family. Talking to kids in your second language is never easy to do. After I came to America, I learned to think a bit more about my family rather than just myself. With my mother I built a good relationship where she and I really communicated. I loved doing things for my mother. She deserved to be treated like a queen. She was buried next to my father because they were so connected. You're just one person, and the country is much bigger, and it's what will live forever. Big-time celebrities don't like flying commercial. Promotion and merchandising were realms I truly understood. [on California] America's golden state. America is my true home. I wasn't interested in symbols. I was interested in action. Big cats have always fascinated me. Independent producers are the saviours in Hollywood because they'll take risks that the big studios won't. I love shooting at night because I have a lot of energy at night and I get lots of inspiration. [on heart surgery] It gave me energy beyond belief. I feel like a totally new person. And I no longer had to convince people that I still had a pulse. [on being governor] He can bring a vision to the state; you get blamed for everything and you get credit for everything. It's high risk, high reward. I felt tremendous loyalty and pride about California. I wanted America to stay the bastion of free enterprise and protect it from following Europe in the direction of bureaucracy and stagnation. You make a big mistake to lock in programs that require you to keep spending at boom-time levels. The more I read up on California, the more it was like bad news piled on top of bad news. We can't continue this way. We need change. I was fiscally conservative, pro-business, against raising taxes, pro-choice, pro-gay, pro-lesbian, pro-environment, pro-reasonable gun control, pro-reasonable social safety net. We needed to avoid trying to win over the press and instead play to the people. I was all about leadership and major projects and reforms that could attract massive public support. I pride myself on being able to juggle many tasks. I got a college education while bodybuilding, married Maria (Shriver) in the middle of filming Predator, and made Kindergarten Cop and Terminator 2 while launching Planet Hollywood. Most juvenile crime is committed between 3 and 6 o'clock in the afternoon. I would not go into a competition with a disadvantage. If you don't get killed, you win. I thought I would never die. [winning the title of Mr Universe] It is my lifetime realized. I am very happy to be Mr Universe. I say it again, it sounds so good. I am very happy to be Mr Universe. My thanks to everyone in England who have helped me. They have been very kind to me. Thank you all. Los Angeles stood out because it was the only big city that had after-school programs in every one of its 90 elementary schools. State officials and lawmakers just didn't see after-school programs as important. After-school programs not only help the kids but also reduce the strain on the teachers. Young kids relate better to young people, especially after a whole day of teachers and school. They want counsellors in jeans and with spiky hair, who can serve as parent figures but who don't look like them - not that many retired teachers want to go back to work. The reason I wanted to be healthy was that I never wanted to ask anyone for money. It was so against my grain. Raising cash from the set of a movie was a huge advantage. I had a track record of organizing summits across fifty states. I loved seeing wounded veterans and entertaining them and thanking them for their great work. I'd assumed that a recall would be just like a normal election. I never argued with people who underestimated me. If the accent and the muscles and the movies made people think I was stupid, it worked to my advantage. Our elected leaders will either act decisively, or we will act in their place. [governorship] I would give up my movie career for that. Californians love their cars. Spend no more than the state is taking in. Its hard for any governor to make the changes that were needed. I loved it when people say that something can't be done. That's when I really get motivated; I like to prove them wrong. And I liked the idea of working on something bigger than me. [California] It is the place in the world where everyone wants to go. It was wrapped in problems, but it was also heaven. There is a disconnect between the people of California and the politicians of California. We the people are doing our job: work hard, pay taxes, raise our families. The politicians are not doing their job. They fiddle, they fumble, and they fail. These words resonated more strongly than any movie script I'd read. [Baghdad] The wild driving, the poverty, no money and a leadership vacuum - like California right now. I was not the least bit intimidated by the thought of a campaign. It was like every other major decision I'd faced. I thought about winning. I knew it would happen. I was locked in automatic pilot. As every spouse knows, you have to pick the right moment to bring up a loaded subject. When I came here, California was a beacon. [why he wanted to become governor of California] I'm tired of this acting stuff. I need a new challenge. In politics everybody knows everything. You're totally exposed. When I met Maria [Shriver], she was full of life, excitement, and hunger for the world. She wanted to be a rebel, not have a job on Capitol Hill. Whatever she [Maria Shriver] wanted to do, I would help her get there. One side of Maria [Shriver] was ballsy and brave and wanted to be a strong partner. Making a career decision had always been an incredible high. Making a career decision as a husband and a father was a whole different deal. Declaring a candidacy was so loaded. California is more important than everyone's career. Is firefighting a macho enough profession for an action hero? The real life heroism at Ground Zero laid that question to rest. Elected officials usually hate ballot initiatives because they reduce their power and make the state harder to govern. Republicans and unions usually don't mix. I wanted to know what it really took to run for office, given that I wasn't a typical candidate. I remember marvelling at how ordinary citizens could limit the state's power. I took pride in my financial independence. Leave no stone unturned. I always paid close attention to focus groups and surveys and in politics, opinion research plays an even bigger role. [being governor of California] This was the best job I ever had. There is no contradiction in being both a Republican and an environmentalist For me, talking convincingly about the future was easy: all I had to do was point to what we'd achieved since I came into office. California politics was this big centrifuge that forced voters, policies and parties away from the center. I challenged Californians to stop yielding to the far left and the far right and return to the center. Centrist does not mean weak, or watered down or warmed over. It means well balanced and well grounded. The American people are instinctively centrist. So should be our government. America's political parties should return to the center, where the people are. The left and the right don't have a monopoly on conscience. We are not waiting for politics, for our problems to get worse, or for the federal government. Because the future does not wait. Not only can we lead California into the future, we can show the nation and the world how to get there. [politics] You get so immersed in the job there are side effects on the people you love. Even if you succeed in protecting your wife and kids from the public spotlight, they feel they're sharing and losing you. Trying to reform health care had almost destroyed Bill Clinton 's presidency. I'd always thought it was a disgrace that the greatest country in the world didn't provide a health care system for all of its people, as many European countries do. Our health care reform became America's, and California led the way. All the great ideas come from local governments. I am of the Reagan view that we should not go off the cliff with flags flying. The California Republican Party should be a right of center party that occupies the broad middle of California. Even when acting in a movie, I would not shoot a stunt if I hadn't rehearsed it a minimum of ten times. President Bush (Jr) was always available to talk. If I raised only one issue at a time, I would get a fair hearing. If you need to do something that's not in the manual, throw the manual out. Never bullshit. The statistics in the wake of a disaster are always tragic. When the federal government meddles in markets, the states pay the price. When you're spending more money than you're taking in, you cut spending. Simple. Ad-libbing can backfire when you're running for governor. I'm not really the crying type. It's painful to have just endorsed things that you now have no money for. I felt like a schmuck backing out on commitments I wanted to make but could no longer afford. The consequences of cuts are not just dollars, but people. We're all getting screwed. I was forced to make unpopular decisions that nobody, least of all me, was happy about. [on his children] The drama of the presidential election interested them more than my job. I believe in sprinting through to the finish line. All great movements in history start out on a grassroots level, not in places like Washington or Paris or Moscow or Beijing. I'm proud to say I found a way to cram 36 hours of work into a single day. Budget negotiations are no different than grueling five hour weight lifting sessions in the gym. The joy of working out is that with each painful rep you get a step closer to achieving your goal. I was deeply frustrated with party leaders and the press for not making plain the budget history. When I stepped up to the podium, I was overwhelmed to realize I was standing where John F. Kennedy , Nelson Mandela and Mikhail Gorbachev had all addressed the UN before me. Unlike regular politicians, I had nothing to lose. Six years of ups and downs forged me as a governor. I had more forward momentum than ever before. I felt more like a hungry eagle rather than a lame duck. The key to real permanent reform is being in sync with the hearts and minds of the people. We had rattled so many cages on the left and the right with our reforms. Of all the things I've done with my life, nothing is seared in my memory more than looking into the eyes of someone who has just lost everything he loved in the world. Being governor was more complex and challenging than I had imagined. That's the problem of presenting yourself as the Governator. You can do miracles but not the kind that require wearing a cape and being able to fly. As governor, you're neither a solitary champion nor a star. Compared to making a movie, when you accomplish something in government, the satisfaction is so much larger and long lasting. In a movie, you are entertaining people for a few hours in a dark theatre. In government, you are affecting entire lives; generations even. Change takes big balls. I've always idolized (Mikhail) Gorbachev because of the courage it took to dismantle the political system that he grew up under. For Gorbachev to have the guts to embrace change rather than further oppress his people or pick fights with the West has always amazed me. Fitness promotes health and enhances the quality of life. [lying to Maria Shriver about his infidelity] Instead of doing the right thing, I'd just put the truth in a mental compartment and locked it up where I didn't deal with it every day. [on his illegitimate son] Politically, I didn't feel it was anybody's business because I hadn't campaigned on family values. If I was going to talk about bad behavior, I wanted to do it on my own timetable. Although Maria (Shriver) and I remain separated, I still try to treat everyone as if we are together. Maria has a right to be bitterly disappointed and never look at me the same way again. What had made my career fun for more than 30 years was sharing it with Maria (Shriver). We'd done everything together and now there was no one to come home to. A green global economy is desirable, necessary, and within reach. You start reading scripts and visualizing the scene and how to direct it, how to choreograph the stunt, and then you get into it and then you look forward to doing it. Normally an action star keeps to himself on the set. There's a difference between being 35 and almost 65. [University of Southern California] It prides itself on being neither conservative nor liberal but open minded. It operates by promoting discussion to draw the best ideas from the brightest minds across the political spectrum. The great leaders always talk about things that are much bigger than themselves. They say working for a cause that will outlive us is what brings meaning and joy. The more I'm able to accomplish in the world, the more I agree. I always wanted to be an inspiration for people, but I never set out to be a role model in everything. It's never been my goal to set an example in everything I do. I don't believe that violence on-screen creates violence on the street or in the home. Otherwise there would have been no murders before movies were invented, and the Bible is full of them. I prefer being way out there, shocking people. Rebelliousness is part of what drove me from Austria. Being outrageous is a way to succeed. No one could put me in a mold. Being different was right up my alley. Life is richer when we embrace the multitudes we all contain. Impossible was a word I loved to ignore when I was governor. The only way to make the possible possible is to try the impossible. If you fail, so what? That's what everybody expects. But if you succeed, you make the world a much better place. Never follow the crowd. Go where it's empty. It's easier to stand out when you aim straight for the top. No matter what you do in life, selling is part of it. You can do the finest work and if people don't know, you have nothing! The most important thing is to make people aware. [on Muhammad Ali ] I always admired him because he was a champion, had a great personality, and he was generous and always thoughtful toward others. If all athletes could be like him, the world would be better off. Don't overthink. If you think all the time, the mind cannot relax. Part of us needs to go through life instinctively. Turning off your mind is an art. Knowledge is extremely important for making decisions. The more knowledge you have, the more you're free to rely on your instincts. The more you know, the more you hesitate. When you are not confident of your decision-making process, it will slow you down. Overthinking is why people can't sleep at night: it cripples you. Many movie deals are made under pressure, and if you freeze, you lose. To test yourself and grow, you have to operate without a safety net. Forget Plan B. If there is no Plan B, then Plan A has to work. You can use outrageous humour to settle a score. What are the odds for an Austrian farm boy to come to America and become the greatest bodybuilding champion of all time, to get in the movie business, marry a Kennedy, and then get elected governor of the biggest state in the United States? If government is not taking in enough revenue because of an economic slowdown, then everyone should chip in and sacrifice. Writing out my goals became second nature, and so did the conviction that there are no shortcuts. It took hundreds and even thousands of repetitions for me to learn to hit a great three-quarter back pose, deliver a punchline, dance the tango in True Lies (1994), paint a beautiful birthday card, and say "I'll be back" just the right way. I have come to feel great affection for the peoples of the world, because they have always been so welcoming to me, whether as a bodybuilder, a movie star, a private citizen, or as governor of the great state of California. Don't blame your parents. They've done their best for you, and if they've left you with problems, those problems are now yours to solve. I could channel my upbringing in a positive way rather than complain. I could use it to have a vision, set goals, find joy. I don't have to lick my wounds. Sometimes you have to appreciate the very people and circumstances that traumatized you. Today I hail the strictness of my upbringing, and the fact I didn't have anything I wanted in Austria, because those were the very factors that made me hungry; it put fuel on the fire in my belly. It drove and motivated me. There are a thousand keys to success. [on his infidelity] It was one of those stupid things that I promised myself never to do. A lot of people, no matter how successful or unsuccessful in life, make stupid choices involving sex. Secrecy is just part of me. I keep things to myself no matter what. I'm not a person who was brought up to talk. Bodybuilders who are blind to themselves or deaf to others usually fall behind. [on Mr. Universe] I wanted to win it so decisively that people would forget I'd ever lost. Take care of your body and your mind. Focusing on the body was no problem for me. I realized that the mind is a muscle and we should train it too. If world leaders have time to work out, so do you. [Gorbachev dismantling the USSR] I'm amazed by the courage it took to not go for immediate gratification but to look for the best direction for the country in the long run. To me Gorbachev is a hero, at the same level as Nelson Mandela, who overcame the anger and despair of 27 years in prison. When given the power to shake the world, both of them chose to build rather than destroy. [on Pope John Paul II balancing his duties with an exercise regime] If that guy can do it, I've got to get up even earlier! Be hungry for success, hungry to make your mark, hungry to be seen and to be heard and to have an effect. And as you move up and become successful, make sure also to be hungry for helping others. Don't rest on your laurels. Too many former athletes spend their lives talking about how great they were 20 years ago. So many accomplished people just coast. They wish they could still be somebody and not just talk about the past. There is much more to life than being the greatest at one thing. We learn so much when we're successful, so why not use what you've learned, use your connections and do more with them? If you have a talent or skill that makes you happy, use it to improve your neighborhood. And if you feel a desire to do more, then go all out. You'll have plenty of time to rest when you're in the grave. Live a risky and spicy life and like Eleanor Roosevelt said, "every day do something that scares you." We should all stay hungry! Memoirs are about looking back, but I've lived my life by the opposite principle. At home I have a hundred photo albums starting with my childhood in Austria, and I never look at them. I'd rather do another project or make another movie and learn from looking forward! [on his autobiography, Total Recall] Digging up and piecing together memories proved to be as difficult as I imagined, and yet what made the work unexpectedly enjoyable was the help I got from others. I found myself swapping stories with old friends from the worlds of bodybuilding, business, sports, Hollywood and politics - a large cast of characters. I'm grateful to all of them for helping me recreate the past and for making it immediate and friendly. Finally, I thank my family. They were generous in helping me make sure this memoir delivers on its name. And thanks especially to Maria (Shriver), for her patience with the project and for remaining as always the person I could go to whenever I got stuck. If I accomplished and solidified my position in the bodybuilding world, from then on, I would be on a roll. Nobody would stop me. There is no such thing as an Austrian Shakespearean actor. It doesn't exist. You're not supposed to laugh on the (film) set. When you're not on camera, stay in character, act your part, giving it everything you have in order to draw the best out of the actor who is being filmed. It was very difficult for me in the beginning - I was told by agents and casting people that my body was 'too weird', that I had a funny accent, and that my name was too long. You name it, and they told me I had to change it. Basically, everywhere I turned, I was told that I had no chance. A few months ago, I got rear-ended by this guy. He took off, and I chased him. I will admit I drove at a slightly excessive speed. I cut him off, and two guys jumped out of the car looking tough. But when they saw me, they just said, 'Oh shit! The Terminator!' They were nice, and gave me their information. [on Terminator Genisys (2015)] It will be challenging because it will be a new director, and it will be a really action-packed movie. And sometimes it does get more difficult when you're 66 years old and doing this kind of action, versus when you're in your 30s or 40s! [on his eighties rivalry with Sylvester Stallone ] We had a competition. And here's a perfect example of how competition is healthy, because he was trying to out-do me. But I was also trying to out-do him. So who benefited? The fans. I was training harder, he was training harder. It was a competition of who has more muscles, who has more cuts, who has the lower body fat, who uses the biggest guns, who kills the most people, who has the most creative killings, and this went on and on and on. So the movies became better and better because of it. And eventually, we grew up, right?" he said. We were doing Planet Hollywood together and we were laughing about it on the plane when we flew around. We've become very good friends, and I'm a big supporter of Sly, because I really always thought I admired him, even though there was competition. He's a great director, he's a great writer, a great actor, a great producer and also a fantastic artist. His paintings are great. And he's a great family man. He has it all. I have a love interest in every one of my films: a gun. I would never exchange my life with anybody else's. If my life was a movie, no one would believe it. No matter the nationality, no matter the religion, no matter the ethnic background, America brings out the best in people. I went from being the Terminator to being the governator. I know a lot of athletes and models are written off as just bodies. I never felt used for my body. I just use my muscles as a conversation piece, like someone walking a cheetah down 42nd Street. I was striving to be the most muscular man, and it got me into the movies. It got me everything that I have. Failure is not an option. Everyone has to succeed. I am a big believer in education, because when I grew up in Austria - when I grew up in Austria I had a great education. I had great teachers. Even with my divorce and with everything, I don't need money. I don't suffer of anything that I've lost. I think that people are interested seeing me on the screen. You know, nothing is more important than education, because nowhere are our stakes higher; our future depends on the quality of education of our children today. I have a private plane. But I fly commercial when I go to environmental conferences. My friend James Cameron and I made three films together - True Lies (1994), The Terminator (1984) and Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991). Of course, that was during his early, low-budget, art-house period. There is no place, no country, more compassionate more generous more accepting and more welcoming than the United States of America. Strength does not come from winning. Your struggles develop your strengths. When you go through hardships and decide not to surrender, that is strength. People need to be insured so when you have an accident out there, or when something catastrophic happens to you, that you're covered and there's not someone else has to pay for you. That is as simple as that. The biggest problem that we have is that California is being run now by special interests. All of the politicians are not anymore making the moves for the people, but for special interests and we have to stop that. To restore the trust of the people, we must reform the way the government operates. The worst thing I can be is the same as everybody else. I hate that. I'm addicted to exercising and I have to do something every day. Political courage is not political suicide. I made my fair share of mistakes. In our society, the women who break down barriers are those who ignore limits. Politically there were failures. And also on the personal level, there were tremendous failures. Start wide, expand further, and never look back. Everything I have, my career, my success, my family, I owe to America. When the people become involved in their government, government becomes more accountable, and our society is stronger, more compassionate, and better prepared for the challenges of the future. I think that gay marriage should be between a man and a woman. Help others and give something back. I guarantee you will discover that while public service improves the lives and the world around you, its greatest reward is the enrichment and new meaning it will bring your own life. One of my movies was called True Lies (1994). It's what the Democrats should have called their convention. [He was being asked on what kind of Terminator he will be playing in Terminator Genisys (2015)] It's a character that has been programmed to protect them, to protect Sarah Connor, but I'm basically the same Terminator. I will destroy anything that's in front of me in order to save her. The last three or four reps is what makes the muscle grow. This area of pain divides the champion from someone else who is not a champion. That's what most people lack, having the guts to go on and just say they'll go through the pain no matter what happens. Freedom is a right ultimately defended by the sacrifice of America's servicemen and women. As you know, I'm an immigrant. I came over here as an immigrant, and what gave me the opportunities, what made me to be here today, is the open arms of Americans. I have been received. I have been adopted by America. Well, you know, I'm the forever optimist. I have plenty of money, unlike other Hollywood celebrities or athletes that have not invested well. As president, Reagan worked very well with Democrats to do big things. It is true that he worked to reduce the size of government and cut federal taxes and he eliminated many regulations, but he also raised taxes when necessary. The mind is the limit. As long as the mind can envision the fact that you can do something, you can do it, as long as you really believe 100 percent. [on what is like getting back into The Terminator character for Terminator Genisys (2015)] It's like you've been doing it your whole life, because I'm very passionate about the character. I think it's a great, interesting character. I think it's a great story. The whole concept that Cameron had way back in the early '80s, of creating a world where machines take over and things becoming a reality that no one could even think of in those days. It's really been great, because the whole team is really into going all out. It is fun to be in a movie like that. The studio is very enthusiastic about the Terminator movie - the producers, the director, they're very talented and great visionaries. You can tell, the stages - everything is really big and exciting. It's been a great experience. Well, I think that California has had a history of always spending more money than it takes in. Gray Davis can run a dirty campaign better than anyone, but he can't run a state. What we face may look insurmountable. But I learned something from all those years of training and competing. I learned something from all those sets and reps when I didn't think I could lift another ounce of weight. What I learned is that we are always stronger than we know. I welcome and seek your ideas, but do not bring me small ideas; bring me big ideas to match our future. I'm not perfect. I believe with all my heart that America remains 'the great idea' that inspires the world. It is a privilege to be born here. It is an honor to become a citizen here. It is a gift to raise your family here, to vote here, and to live here. If you work hard and play by the rules, this country is truly open to you. You can achieve anything. My relationship to power and authority is that I'm all for it. People need somebody to watch over them. Ninety-five percent of the people in the world need to be told what to do and how to behave. You can scream at me, call me for a shoot at midnight, keep me waiting for hours - as long as what ends up on the screen is perfect. I was born in Europe... and I've traveled all over the world. I can tell you that there is no place, no country, that is more compassionate, more generous, more accepting, and more welcoming than the United States of America. I am the most helpful and open up doors for everyone and I like to share. [He was being asked how long it takes to put on the prosthetics for Terminator Genisys (2015)] I think it was two and a half hours. But it's not every day. It depends which stage we're in the story. So this is getting now towards the end. It gets more and more severe. Women are the engine driving the growth in California's economy. Women make California's economy unique. Milk is for babies. When you grow up you have to drink beer. I came to Hollywood and within a decade I was one of the biggest action stars of all time. Government's first duty and highest obligation is public safety. I feel good because I believe I have made progress in rebuilding the people's trust in their government. I do the same exercises I did 50 years ago and they still work. I eat the same food I ate 50 years ago and it still works. Bodybuilding is much like any other sport. To be successful, you must dedicate yourself 100% to your training, diet and mental approach. My own dreams fortunately came true in this great state. I became Mr. Universe; I became a successful businessman. And even though some people say I still speak with a slight accent, I have reached the top of the acting profession. Maria is the best reason to come home. For 20 years, Simon & Schuster asked me, 'Why don't you write your autobiography?' If it bleeds, we can kill it. The resistance that you fight physically in the gym and the resistance that you fight in life can only build a strong character. Training gives us an outlet for suppressed energies created by stress and thus tones the spirit just as exercise conditions the body. The future is green energy, sustainability, renewable energy. [on if he feels protective of The Terminator franchise] Oh, no, we had very open discussions. After I got the first script, I had a lot of questions. Some of the things didn't make sense. They were tweaked; they didn't make sense to other people either. So it was fine-tuned. It was a process. There was a period of I think a few months. There were very talented people who went off and - and the great thing is that everyone was in sync. It wasn't like I was going off in one direction and David Ellison was thinking differently and then Alan was thinking differently. There was none of that. I think this is a very unique project because I think everyone is very protective - not just because of the art's sake, but I think also because of the business' sake. The studio sees this as, "If we do well here, we can go with another few. We can entertain people. We can make money. We've done a good job bringing back the franchise." So everyone is in sync with that. That's why everyone is working around the clock here to make this a great movie. I can promise you that when I go to Sacramento, I will pump up Sacramento. Learned helplessness is the giving-up reaction, the quitting response that follows from the belief that whatever you do doesn't matter. It's time to stop thinking of the Republican Party as an exclusive club where your ideological card is checked at the door, and start thinking about how we can attract more solution-based leaders like Nathan Fletcher and Anthony Adams. People should make up their own mind about what they think of me. I saw a woman wearing a sweatshirt with 'Guess' on it. I said, Thyroid problem? My body is like breakfast, lunch, and dinner. I don't think about it, I just have it. And now, of course this is another thing I didn't count on, that now as the governor of the state of California, I am selling California worldwide. You see that? Selling. The success I have achieved in bodybuilding, motion pictures, and business would not have been possible without the generosity of the American people and the freedom here to pursue your dreams. We are a forward-looking people, and we must have a forward-looking government. As long as I live, I will never forget that day 21 years ago when I raised my hand and took the oath of citizenship. Do you know how proud I was? I was so proud that I walked around with an American flag around my shoulders all day long. 'I'll be back' always sounded a little girly to me. I didn't leave bodybuilding until I felt that I had gone as far as I could go. It will be the same with my film career. When I feel the time is right, I will then consider public service. I feel that the highest honor comes from serving people and your country. If it's hard to remember, it'll be difficult to forget. What's fascinating is, people in Washington would rather spend time in Hollywood, and people in Hollywood would rather spend time in Washington. I'll be back. I think Americans are very patriotic. I have inhaled, exhaled everything. I knew I was a winner back in the late sixties. I knew I was destined for great things. People will say that kind of thinking is totally immodest. I agree. Modesty is not a word that applies to me in any way - I hope it never will. For me life is continuously being hungry. The meaning of life is not simply to exist, to survive, but to move ahead, to go up, to achieve, to conquer. It's simple, if it jiggles, it's fat. Teddy Roosevelt is still a hero among environmentalists for his conservationist policies. I told Warren if he mentions Prop. 13 one more time, he has to do 500 push-ups. I speak directly to the people, and I know that the people of California want to have better leadership. They want to have great leadership. They want to have somebody that will represent them. And it doesn't matter if you're a Democrat or a Republican, young or old. I'm not looking for sympathy at all. The writing is important, but the way you say the line and the pause you give it, the facial expression - all of that is very important. (2012) The day is twenty-four hours. I sleep six hours. That leaves eighteen hours to do something. (2012) I would always write down my New Year's resolutions and mark them off the way I mark off sets and reps... On New Year's Eve, you can just blabber out: I want to lose twenty pounds and I'm gonna read more. But what does that mean? There's too many variables there. If you're really serious about it, then write down when you're gonna lose the twenty pounds by. Is it March 1? Is it June 1? Make a commitment. (2012) The power of influence is one of the most unique powers that you can have. It's not the power of controlling people. It's developing a certain skill of communicating what you want to accomplish so that people will follow you. (2012) It was one of my early goals to be a millionaire. In the beginning, I wanted to have a gold Rolex, a Rolls-Royce, a cheetah - just stupid things that you think of when you're a kid. Then time goes by. The Rolls-Royce thing went out the window, because when you get to the level where you can afford one, all of a sudden you say, "It's a little bit over the top." A cheetah? I think in California they got rid of the law that says you can have wild animals. Having a cheetah is a stupid idea. (2012) I didn't get it at first. I'll be back. What the fuck is I'll? I will be back sounded much stronger in my mind. So I argued with Jim Cameron. And he said, "Look, Arnold, I don't tell you how to act. Please don't tell me how to write." After I saw it in the movie, I was so thankful to Cameron. That was a good lesson to learn. If someone is a good writer, stick to the script. 95% of the time you never know if a movie will be a huge success or that it will even be a sequel. I'm so happy I've been a part of some of the biggest and best action sequences. [The Terminator] James Cameron did an extraordinary job creating that character and whole phenomenon. I never thought we would do a sequel, catchphrases like "I'll be back" or "Hasta la vista, baby" would catch on and be repeated or think that 30yrs later I would be asked to come back to a franchise like this playing The Terminator, unlike Batman or James Bond. [The Terminator] It was a small movie. We really had to cut costs all the time. We shot it very quickly. We felt we had a good story and it would be successful. But we thought it would be for certain audiences only. No-one suspected it would be in Time magazine's top 10 movies of the year and that successful at the box-office and that people demanded a sequel that would be the highest grossing movie of that year. [the storm drain chase in Terminator 2] That's a fantastic scene. Most people are not comfortable with guns. [being Governor of California] I had my hands full. [James Cameron's movies] Extraordinary inspiration because it makes other directors online. [California] The seventh largest economy in the world. [James] Cameron has really stretched it beyond belief with visual effects in Judgment Day. [on becoming President of the United States]If I'd been born in America, I would've run.[October 2016] Salary (22)

i don't know

The Queen Elizabeth liner was destroyed by fire in the 70s in which harbour?

On This Day: The Queen Elizabeth Catches Fire in Hong Kong Harbor Fireboats spray water in vain on the burning Queen Elizabeth, Jan. 9, 1972. On This Day: The Queen Elizabeth Catches Fire in Hong Kong Harbor January 09, 2011 06:00 AM by findingDulcinea Staff On Jan. 9, 1972, the British ocean liner Queen Elizabeth burst into flames and sank in Victoria Harbour. Although the fires were determined to be the work of arsonists, no one has ever been charged with the crime. Queen Elizabeth Capsizes The RMS Queen Elizabeth, a 83,000-ton ocean liner, was the largest ship in the world when it launched in 1938. It was retired 30 years later and subsequently purchased by Chinese shipping tycoon C.Y. Tung, who brought the ship to Hong Kong to be converted to a floating school called “Seawise University.” On the morning of Sunday, Jan. 9, 1972, while the Queen Elizabeth was anchored in Hong Kong’s Victoria Harbour, a series of fires suddenly broke out aboard the ship , forcing hundreds of visiting shipyard workers and their families to evacuate the ship. John A. Hudson, an Englishman who had sailed his own boat into Hong Kong Harbor, describes watching the fire : “What caught our attention from a distance across the water was smoke coming from the ship's portholes; not just one or two portholes but from almost all of them from stem to stern on one side. … What had started as puffs of smoke from portholes turned into a raging inferno in the upper superstructure generating huge volumes of smoke. This, over only a three hour period. Firefighting boats tried to extinguish the fire for the next 24 hours, but they could not prevent the ship from capsizing. “Next day, with her upper decks collapsed and her massive steel hull buckled like so much soggy cardboard, the ship, still burning, keeled over,” wrote Time. “The Queen had died.”

Hong Kong

What breed of dog did Columbo own?

History News - The Queen Elizabeth, Is Destryed By Fire Your are here : => Breaking News The Queen Elizabeth, is Destryed by Fire Sunday, January 9, 1972. :�� Former ocean liner, the Queen Elizabeth, is destroyed by fire in Hong Kong harbour. � The ship was named after Queen Elizabeth, wife of King George VI of the UK and queen consort at the time it was built. It was launched in Scotland on 27 September 1938, and initially used as a transport vehicle during World War II. In 1946, the ship left Southampton, England, on its first run across the Atlantic as a luxurious ocean liner. � It was retired from service in 1968. Queen Elizabeth was the largest passenger steamship ever constructed and held the record for the largest passenger ship of any kind until being surpassed in 1996 by the Carnival Destiny. � In 1968, the Queen Elizabeth was sold to a group of US businessmen who planned to develop the ship into a hotel and tourist attraction. � Generating huge debts and forced to close after being declared a fire hazard, it was sold in 1970 to C W Tung, a Taiwanese shipping tycoon, who intended to transform it into a mobile, floating university. Renamed the Seawise University, the ship was destroyed by fire on 9 January 1972, in Hong Kong harbour. �

i don't know

What was the first movie western called?

Film History Before 1920 1970s | 1980s | 1990s | 2000s | 2010s The Lumiere Brothers and the Cinematographe: The innovative Lumiere brothers in France, Louis and Auguste (often called "the founding fathers of modern film"), who worked in a Lyons factory that manufactured photographic equipment and supplies, were inspired by Edison's work. They created their own combo movie camera and projector - a more portable, hand-held and lightweight device that could be cranked by hand and could project movie images to several spectators. It was dubbed the Cinematographe and patented in February, 1895. The multi-purpose device (combining camera, printer and projecting capabilities in the same housing) was more profitable because more than a single spectator could watch the film on a large screen. They used a film width of 35mm, and a speed of 16 frames per second - an industry norm until the talkies. By the advent of sound film in the late 1920s, 24 fps became the standard. The first public test and demonstration of the Lumieres' camera-projector system (the Cinematographe) was made on March 22, 1895, in the Lumieres' basement. During the private screening to a scientific conference - a trial run for their public screening later at the end of the year (see below), they caused a sensation with their first film, Workers Leaving the Lumiere Factory (La Sortie des Ouviers de L'Usine Lumiere a Lyon), although it only consisted of an everyday outdoor image - factory workers leaving the Lumiere factory gate for home or for a lunch break. As generally acknowledged, cinema (a word derived from Cinematographe) was born on December 28, 1895, in Paris, France. The Lumieres presented the first commercial and public exhibition of a projected motion picture to a paying public in the world's first movie theatre - in the Salon Indien, at the Grand Cafe on Paris' Boulevard des Capucines. [In 1897, a cinema building was built in Paris, solely for the purpose of showing films.] It has often been considered "the birth of film" or "the First Cinema" since the Cinematographe was the first advanced projector (not experimental) and the first to be offered for sale. The 20-minute program included ten short films with twenty showings a day. These factual shorts (or mini-documentaries), termed actualities, with the mundane quality of home movies, included the following: La Sortie des Ouviers de L'Usine Lumière à Lyon (1895) (Workers Leaving the Lumiere Factory) (46 seconds) La Voltige (1895) (Horse Trick Riders) (46 seconds) La Pêche aux Poissons Rouges (1895) (Fishing for Goldfish) (42 seconds) Le Débarquement du Congrès de Photographie à Lyon (1895) (The Disembarkment of the Congress of Photographers in Lyon) (48 seconds) Les Forgerons (1895) (Blacksmiths) (49 seconds) Le Jardinier (l'Arroseur Arrosé) (The Gardener or The Sprinkler Sprinkled) (1895) (49 seconds) Le Repas (de Bébé) (1895) (Baby's Meal) (41 seconds) Le Saut à la Couverture (1895) (Jumping onto the Blanket) (41 seconds) La Place des Cordeliers à Lyon (1895) (Cordeliers Square in Lyon) (44 seconds) La Mer (Baignade en Mer) (1895) (Bathing in the Sea) (38 seconds) The ten shorts included the famous first comedy (# 6) of a gardener with a watering hose (aka The Sprinkler Sprinkled, Waterer and Watered, or L'Arrouseur Arrose), the factory worker short (# 1, see above), a sequence (# 9) of a horse-drawn carriage approaching toward the camera, and a scene (# 7) of the feeding of a baby. The Lumieres also became known for their 50-second short Arrivee d'un train en gare a La Ciotat (1895) (Arrival of a Train at La Ciotat), which some sources reported was shocking to its first unsophisticated viewing audience. By 1898, the Lumiere's company had produced a short film catalog with over 1,000 titles. Other Developments in Projecting Machines: Two brothers in Berlin, Germany - inventors Emil and Max Skladanowsky - created their own film device for projecting films in November, 1895. Also in 1895, American inventor Major Woodville Latham (who had been working with Eugene Lauste and W.K.L. Dickson) developed an unpopular projector called an Eidoloscope (or Panoptikon projector). In New York on Frankfort Street, it was demonstrated by Latham for the NY press on April 21, 1895. It was one of the first public exhibitions of motion pictures in the world. What was most innovative and long-lasting was its Latham Loop - a feature of movie projectors. It involved the addition of a slack-forming loop to the film path to restrain the inertia of the take-up reel, and prevent the tearing of sprocket holes. It also allowed for the use of films longer than three minutes. (This showing preceded the landmark exhibition of the Lumieres in Paris by about eight months. See above.) On June 1, 1895, Latham applied for a patent for his "Projecting-Kinetoscope" with the "Latham Loop." It was granted and lasted until its expiration in 1913. By 1905, virtually all movie projectors used the Latham Loop. (The loop is still used in virtually all film cameras and projectors almost to this day.) And American inventors Thomas Armat and Charles Francis Jenkins developed the Phantascope in 1893, an improved device (with intermittent-motion mechanisms) for projecting films on a screen. In September-October, 1895, they debuted their projection device (projecting Kinetoscope films, but not using a Kinetoscope) at the Cotton States Exposition in Atlanta, Georgia, and then patented it. In London in January of 1896, Birt Acres also developed a machine to project films, called a Kinetic Lantern. In the same year of 1896, another Englishman Robert William Paul also developed and manufactured a popular projector which he called a Theatrograph. He became a pioneering film producer in Britain through his The Northern Photographic Works company. In 1896, Edison's Company (because it was unable to produce a workable projector on its own) purchased an improved version of Thomas Armat's movie projection machine (the Phantascope, originally invented by C. Francis Jenkins in 1893), and renamed it the Vitascope. It was hailed as Edison's latest invention, although he had only commercialized the Phantascope. The Vitascope was the first commercially-successful celluloid motion picture projector in the US. On April 23, 1896, Thomas Edison presented the first publically-projected Vitascope motion picture (with hand-tinting) in the US to a paying American audience on a screen, at Koster and Bial's Music Hall in New York City (at 34th Street and Broadway), with his latest invention - the projecting kinetoscope or Vitascope. Customers watched the Edison Company's Vitascope project a ballet sequence in an amusement arcade during a vaudeville act. At the time, the Vitascope was showing films in only one location, this one in NYC, but that wouldn't last for long. The "Pathé-Frères" Company was founded in 1896 in Paris by Charles and Emile Pathè. By the next decade, it would become the largest producer of films in the world. Around 1906-7, only one-third of the films released in the US were American-made. Pathé-Frères was responsible for over one-third of the films shown on US screens. By 1897, the 35 mm film gauge became widely accepted as the standard gauge for motion pictures, although American Mutoscope and other film companies continued to use other gauges. In 1909, the 35 mm width with 4 perforations per frame became accepted as the international standard film gauge. More Notable Films and Developments: The Corbett-Fitzsimmons Fight (1897), another filmed boxing match, reported to be 100 minutes in length (the longest film ever to be released by that date), and shown by the Veriscope Company, had its debut on May 22, 1897 at the Academy of Music in New York City. Some consider it the world's first feature film. It included all fourteen 3-minute rounds of the bout, in addition to a 5-minute introduction, and non-stop filming during the one-minute rest period between rounds. Running commentary was provided by an expert sports announcer from the side of the ring - the first of its kind. One of the earliest projects the Edison Studios created (probably in July of 1897) was the advertising film Admiral Cigarette (1897), promoting the slogan "We All Smoke." The 28 second-long silent film was the first prototype commercial for the Admiral Cigarette company. Edison's film was the first advertising film, or commercial, to be submitted for copyright, on August 5, 1897. The Spanish-American War in 1898 drew camera operators to Cuba, but they were shut out by the US Army. Since they could not capture the battles on film, many went into studios and created them using models and painted backdrops -- the start of scale-model effects. The First Permanent Movie Theatres: Films were increasingly being shown as part of vaudeville shows, variety shows, and at fairgrounds or carnivals. Audiences would soon need larger theaters to watch screens with projected images from Vitascopes after the turn of the century, using stage and opera houses and music halls. The earliest 'movie theatres' were converted churches or halls, showing one-reelers (a 10-12 minute reel of film - the projector's reel capacity at the time). The primitive films were usually more actualities and comedies. After showing films in a lakefront park, William "Pop" Rock and Walter Wainwright transformed a converted vacant store (at 623 Canal St.) in New Orleans, Louisiana into Vitascope Hall. On July 26, 1896, it became the first "storefront theater" in the US dedicated exclusively to showing motion pictures, although it screened films for only two months. The theatre accommodated 400 people, and had two shows per day, with admission 10 cents. The world's first permanent movie theatre exclusively designed for showing motion pictures was the Edisonia Vitascope Hall, a 72 seat theatre which opened in downtown Buffalo, New York on Monday, October 19, 1896 in the Ellicott Square Building on Main Street. It was created by Buffalo-based entrepreneur Mitchell H. Mark, a supreme visionary of the future of motion picture theaters. It was likely that the opening night's showing including US premieres of the Lumiere films (see above), since Mark had contracted with the Lumieres (and Pathe Freres) in France to exhibit their films in the US. The Vitascope Theater in Buffalo remained open for nearly two years. With his brother Moe, Mitchell Mark would open other theaters in Buffalo, as well as New York City, Boston and elsewhere. They were responsible for one of history's earliest "movie palaces," the 2800-seat Mark Strand Theater in NYC. Early Jewish film pioneer Sigmund Lubin (aka Siegmund Lubszynski) constructed the first purposely-built movie theater in West Philadelphia, PA for the National Export Exposition, in 1899. Lubin's Cineograph Theatre was a small, modest portable theatre built on the esplanade or midway of the fair. It was possibly the world's first structure erected expressly for the presentation of motion pictures. For ten cents, patrons could view "continuous shows" of the Spanish-American War, reproductions of boxing matches, and several of Lubin's own home-made productions. The film billed as "The Sensation of the Hour" was The Dreyfus Court Martial Scene. It was evidence of Lubin's early work as a motion picture distributor and exhibitor, to showcase his projectors, cameras, and films. Later on in 1902 in downtown Los Angeles, Thomas L. Talley's storefront, 200-seat Electric Theater was another of the first permanent US theaters to exclusively exhibit movies - it charged patrons a dime, up from a nickel at the nickelodeons. Alice Guy (Blaché): The First Female Movie Director French-born Alice Guy (Blaché) started in the film business as a secretary for Léon Gaumont in 1894. In 1896, she joined Gaumont in his new company founded in Paris in 1895, the Gaumont Film Company, and began making primitive sound films when she was promoted to be the head of motion picture production at the studio. She is generally acknowledged as the world's first female director in the motion picture industry (with France's Gaumont Film Company). Her first film made in April of 1896 was the one-minute in length fictional film La Fée aux Choux (The Cabbage Fairy). Some historians consider it the first ever narrative fiction film. She became one of the key figures in the systematic development of the narrative film. Georges Melies: French Cinematic Magician Aside from technological achievements, another Frenchman who was a member of the Lumiere's viewing audience, Georges Melies, expanded development of film cinema with his own imaginative fantasy films. When the Lumiere brothers wouldn't sell him a Cinematographe, he developed his own camera (a version of the Kinetograph), and then set up Europe's first film studio in 1897. It was the first movie studio that used artificial illumination, a greenhouse-like structure that featured both a glazed roof and walls and a series of retractable blinds. It was an influential model on the development of future studios. Parisian French film-maker Georges Méliès first film based on a trick of substitution (one of the earliest instances of trick photography with stop-action - an early special effect) was Escamotage d'une dame au théâtre Robert Houdin (1896) (aka The Conjuring of a Woman at the House of Robert Houdin). The roots of horror films (and vampire films in particular) may also be traced back to Georges Méliès' two-minute short film Le Manoir du Diable (1896) (aka Manor/House of the Devil, or The Devil's Castle, or The Haunted Castle), although it was meant to be an amusing, entertaining film. Melies became the film industry's first film-maker to use artificially-arranged scenes to construct and tell a narrative story, with his most popular and influential film to date, Cendrillon (1899) (aka Cinderella). He created about 500 films (one-reelers usually) over the next 15 years (few of which survived), and screened his own productions in his theatre. Melies wrote, designed, directed, and acted in hundreds of his own fairy tales and science fiction films, and developed techniques such as stop-motion photography, double and multiple-exposures, time-lapse photography, "special effects" such as disappearing objects (using stop-trick or substitution photography), and dissolves/fades. In late 1911, he contracted with French film company Pathe to finance and distribute his films, and then went out of business by 1913. An illusionist and stage magician, and a wizard at special effects, Melies exploited the new medium with a pioneering, 14-minute science fiction work, Le Voyage Dans la Lune - A Trip to the Moon (1902) . It was his most popular and best-known work, with about 30 scenes called tableaux. He incorporated surrealistic special effects, including the memorable image of a rocketship landing and gouging out the eye of the 'man in the moon.' Melies also introduced the idea of narrative storylines, plots, character development, illusion, and fantasy into film, including trick photography (early special effects), hand-tinting, dissolves, wipes, 'magical' super-impositions and double exposures, the use of mirrors, trick sets, stop motion, slow-motion and fade-outs/fade-ins. Although his use of the camera was innovative, the camera remained stationary and recorded the staged production from one position only. Further US Development: The key years in the development of the cinema in the U.S. were in the late 1800s and early 1900s, when the Edison Company was competing with a few other burgeoning movie companies. The major pioneering movie production companies, mostly on the East Coast, that controlled most of the industry were these rivals: the Edison Manufacturing Company - began producing films for the Kinetoscope in 1891, with headquarters and production facilities in West Orange, NJ (see above); formally became a company in 1894. Afterwards, Edison intensely fought for control of 'his' movie industry by harrassing, sue-ing, or buying patents from anyone he thought was threatening his company. the Selig Polyscope Company (originally called The W.N. Selig Company), was founded in 1896, in Chicago, Illinois by "Colonel" William Selig. Initially, the company specialized in slapstick comedies, "jungle" films, historical subjects, serials, travel films, and the early westerns starring Tom Mix. the American Vitagraph Company, formed by British-born Americans J. Stuart Blackton and Albert E. Smith in 1896. The company's first fictional film was The Burglar on the Roof, filmed and released in 1897. It soon became the largest film company, turning out 200 films a year. American Mutoscope Company, founded in 1895 in New York City, NY by disenchanted Edison worker William K. L. Dickson, Herman Casler, Henry Marvin and pocket lighter inventor Elias Koopman. Their first motion picture machine was the Mutoscope - a peephole, flip-card device similar in size to a Kinetoscope. Instead of using film, a spinning set of photographs mounted on a drum inside the cabinet gave the impression of motion. This was followed by a projector - the Biograph Projector, that was first demonstrated in New York City in 1896. It was the first time projected images from an American film company were shown to an American movie theatre audience. They also devised a hand-cranked camera called the Mutograph (originally called the Biograph) that didn't use sprocket holes or perforations in the motion-picture film. The company released its first film in 1896, titled Empire State Express. Soon, the American Mutoscope Company became the most popular film company in America. They were formally renamed the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company in 1899 (and simply Biograph by 1909). They marketed their own films and their new Biograph projector, thus becoming the foremost motion picture company in the US. The American Mutoscope Company's The Haverstraw Tunnel (1897) became its most popular film - it was the first "phantom ride" film in which a camera was mounted on the front of a train, and recorded its passage into a tunnel. They were also known for many firsts: the early documentary Divers at Work on the Wreck of the Maine (1898) - the first film shot in Havana, Cuba at the location of the sunken warship W.L.K. Dickson's filming of Pope Leo XIII in Rome, M.H. Pope Leo in a Chair (1898) - Leo XIII was the first Pope captured on film at the Vatican the first production company to be contracted by the White House, in 1899, and the first studio to record films of a living president, William McKinley in 1903, establishment of the first movie studio in the world (in NYC) to rely exclusively on artificial light makers of the first western film shot and produced in the West, A California Hold Up (1906) in 1906, Biograph's Florence Lawrence was the world's first "movie star" -- dubbed: "The Biograph Girl" the first major motion picture company in southern California to make an actual film in Los Angeles -- A Daring Hold-Up in Southern California (1906) makers of the first film shot specifically in the village north of LA known as "Hollywood" - a "Latino" melodrama titled In Old California (1910) makers of one of the first full-length feature films, D. W. Griffith's epic Judith of Bethulia (1914) Edison Vs. Mutoscope: In May of 1898, Edison filed a patent-infringement suit against the American Mutoscope Company, claiming that the studio had infringed on his patent for the Kinetograph movie camera. [Edison’s competitors had developed other motion-picture devices, which became the Biograph and the Mutoscope.] After years of legal battles, in July of 1901, a U.S. Circuit Court in New York ruled that Biograph had infringed on Edison's patent claims. Biograph appealed the ruling, claiming it had a different camera design. The decision was reversed in March 1902 by a U.S. Court of Appeals. It ruled that Edison did not invent the motion-picture camera, but allowed that he had invented the sprocket system that moved perforated film through the camera. The new ruling essentially disallowed Edison from establishing a monopoly on motion picture apparatus - and ultimately on the making of films. By 1903, most studios made films using the 35mm format. (See more about the development of Biograph further below) "Moving pictures" were increasing in length, taking on fluid narrative forms, and being edited for the first time. Two of the earliest westerns (or cowboy-related) films were both Edison Manufacturing Company films made at Black Maria: the one-shot (less than one minute short) Thomas Edison's Cripple Creek Bar Room Scene (1899) - with the 'first' western saloon setting Poker at Dawson City (1899) Breakthrough Films of Edwin S. Porter - the "Father of the Story Film": Inventor and former projectionist Edwin S. Porter (1869-1941), who in 1898 had patented an improved Beadnell projector with a steadier and brighter image, was also using film cameras to record news events. Porter was one of the resident Kinetoscope operators and directors at the Edison Company Studios in the early 1900s, who worked in different film genres. Porter was hired at Edison's Company in late 1900 and began making short narrative films, such as the 10-minute long Jack and the Beanstalk (1902). He was responsible for directing the six-minute long The Life of an American Fireman (1903) - often alleged to be the first American documentary, docudrama, fictionalized biopic or realistic narrative film, with non-linear continuity. It combined re-enacted scenes, the dreamy thoughts of a sleeping fireman seen in a round iris or 'thought balloon', and documentary stock footage of actual fire scenes, and it was dramatically edited with inter-cutting (or jump-cutting) between the exterior and interior of a burning house. Edison was actually uncomfortable with Porter's editing techniques, including his use of close-ups to tell an entertaining story. The Great Train Robbery (1903) With the combination of film editing and the telling of narrative stories, Porter produced one of the most important and influential films of the time to reveal the possibility of fictional stories on film. The film was the one-reel, 14-scene, approximately 10-minute long The Great Train Robbery (1903) - it was based on a real-life train heist and was a loose adaptation of a popular stage production. His visual film, made in New Jersey and not particularly artistic by today's standards - set many milestones at the time: it was the first narrative Western film with a storyline, and included various western cliches (a shoot-out, a robbery, a chase, etc.) that would be used by all future westerns [Note: the same claim was made for the earlier 21-minute Kit Carson (1903)] it was a ground-breaking film - and one of the earliest films to be shot out of chronological sequence, using revolutionary parallel cross-cutting (or parallel action) between two simultaneous events or scenes; it did not use fades or dissolves between scenes or shots it effectively used rear projection in an early scene (the image of a train seen through a window), and two impressive panning shots it was the first 'true' western, but not the first actual western [Note: Edison's Cripple Creek Bar-Room Scene (1899) was probably the first western.] it was the first real motion picture smash hit, establishing the notion that film could be a commercially-viable medium it featured a future western film hero/star, Gilbert M. Anderson (aka "Broncho Billy") In an effective, scary, full-screen closeup (placed at either the beginning or at the end of the film at the discretion of the exhibitor), a bandit shot his gun directly into the audience. The film also included exterior scenes, chases on horseback, actors that moved toward (and away from) the camera, a camera pan with the escaping bandits, and a camera mounted on a moving train. Porter also developed the process of film editing - a crucial film technique that would further the cinematic art. Most early films were not much more than short, filmed stage productions or records of live events. In the early days of film-making, actors were usually unidentified and not even trained actors. The earliest actors in movies, that were dubbed "flickers," supplemented their stage incomes by acting in moving pictures. Nickelodeons: Expanded Film Exhibition In the early 1900s, motion pictures ("flickers") were no longer innovative experiments. They soon became an escapist entertainment medium for the working-class masses, and one could spend an evening at the cinema for a cheap entry fee. Kinetoscope parlors, lecture halls, and storefronts were often converted into nickelodeons, the first real movie theatres. The normal admission charge was a nickel (sometimes a dime). Nickel- was attached to the Greek word for theater -- "odeon." Hence the name nickelodeon. They usually remained open from early morning to midnight. The first nickelodeon, a small storefront theater or dance hall converted to view films, was opened in Pittsburgh by Harry Davis and John Harris in June of 1905, showing The Great Train Robbery . Urban, foreign-born, working-class, immigrant audiences loved the cheap form of entertainment and were the predominent cinema-goers. One-reel shorts, silent films, melodramas, comedies, or novelty pieces were usually accompanied with piano playing, sing-along songs, illustrated lectures, other kinds of 'magic lantern' slide shows, skits, penny arcades, or vaudeville-type acts. Standing-room only shows lasted between ten minutes and an hour. The demand for more and more films increased the volume of films being produced and raised profits for their producers. But newspaper critics soon denounced their sensational programs (involving seduction, crime, sex and infidelity) as morally objectionable and as the cause of social unrest and criminal behavior - and they called for censorship. They also criticized the unsanitary and unsafe conditions in the often makeshift nickelodeons. By the early 20th century, nickelodeons were being transformed into more lavish movie palaces (see more below) in metropolitan areas. By 1908, there were approximately 8,000 neighborhood theatres. The First Feature-Length Films: In the early years of cinema, film producers were worried that the American public could not last through a film that was an hour long, thereby delaying the advent of feature films (60-90 minutes in length) in the US. According to most sources, the first continuous, full-length narrative feature film (defined as a commercially-made film at least an hour in length) was writer/director Charles Tait's five-reel biopic of a notorious outback folk hero and bushranger, The Story of the Kelly Gang (1906, Australia), with a running time of between 60-70 minutes. Only fragments of the film survive to this day. Australia was the only country set up to regularly produce feature-length films prior to 1911. [The film was remade many times, notably as director Tony Richardson's Ned Kelly (1970) with rock star Mick Jagger in the lead role, and as Ned Kelly (2003) with Heath Ledger, Orlando Bloom, Geoffrey Rush and Naomi Watts.] The first US documentary re-creation, Sigmund Lubin's one-reel film The Unwritten Law (1907) (subtitled "A Thrilling Drama Based on the Thaw-White Case/Tragedy") dramatized the true-life murder -- on June 25, 1906 -- of prominent architect Stanford White by mentally unstable and jealous millionaire Harry Kendall Thaw over the affections of model/showgirl Evelyn Nesbit (who appeared as herself), Thaw's wife. The film was considered quite controversial for its sensational and scandalous story of murder and sex. [Alluring chorine Nesbit would become a brief sensation, and the basis for Richard Fleischer's biopic film The Girl in the Red Velvet Swing (1955), portrayed by Joan Collins, and E.L. Doctorow's musical and film Ragtime (1981), portrayed by an Oscar-nominated Elizabeth McGovern.] The first feature-length film made in Europe was from France - Michel Carre's L'Enfant Prodigue (1907, Fr.), an adaptation of a stage play, that premiered in Paris on June 20, 1907. The first feature-length film produced in the US was Vitagraph's Les Miserables (1909) (each reel of the four-reel production was released separately). A second feature film, Stuart Blackton's Vitagraph five-reel production titled The Life of Moses (1909) was also released in separate installments. The first feature-length film to be released in its entirety in the US was the 69-minute epic Dante's Inferno (1911, It.) (aka L’Inferno), inspired by Dante's 14th century poem The Divine Comedy. It opened in New York on December 10, 1911 at Gane’s Manhattan Theatre. It was made by three directors Francesco Bertolini, Giuseppe de Liguoro, and Adolfo Padovan, took two years to make, and cost over $180,000. The first US feature film to be shown in its entirety was H. A. Spanuth's five-reel production of Oliver Twist (1912). The four-reel silent costume drama Queen Elizabeth (1912, Fr.) (aka Les Amours de la Reine Élisabeth) (starring Sarah Bernhardt) was the third film to be shown whole, in its US premiere in July at the Lyceum Theatre in NYC. The five-reel Richard III (1912) is thought to be the earliest surviving complete feature film made in the US. Although US production and exhibition of feature films started slowly in 1912, the next few years demonstrated tremendous growth when foreign competition (with often superior products) encouraged development. Film History of the Pre-1920s

Kit Carson

Which Oscar-winning actress was born on exactly the same day as actress Lindsay Wagner?

Westerns Films Westerns Films Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5 | Examples Westerns are the major defining genre of the American film industry, a nostalgic eulogy to the early days of the expansive, untamed American frontier (the borderline between civilization and the wilderness). They are one of the oldest, most enduring and flexible genres and one of the most characteristically American genres in their mythic origins. [The popularity of westerns has waxed and waned over the years. Their most prolific era was in the 1930s to the 1960s, and most recently in the 90s, there was a resurgence of the genre. They appear to be making an invigorating comeback (both on the TV screen and in theatres). Modern movie remakes, such as 3:10 To Yuma (2007) and the Coen Brothers' True Grit (2010) have also paid homage to their mid-20th century predecessors.] See all Greatest Westerns Title Screens This indigenous American art form focuses on the frontier West that existed in North America. Westerns are often set on the American frontier during the last part of the 19th century (1865-1900) following the Civil War, in a geographically western (trans-Mississippi) setting with romantic, sweeping frontier landscapes or rugged rural terrain. However, Westerns may extend back to the time of America's colonial period or forward to the mid-20th century, or as far geographically as Mexico. A number of westerns use the Civil War, the Battle of the Alamo (1836) or the Mexican Revolution (1910) as a backdrop. The western film genre often portrays the conquest of the wilderness and the subordination of nature, in the name of civilization, or the confiscation of the territorial rights of the original inhabitants of the frontier. Specific settings include lonely isolated forts, ranch houses, the isolated homestead, the saloon, the jail, the livery stable, the small-town main street, or small frontier towns that are forming at the edges of civilization. They may even include Native American sites or villages. Other iconic elements in westerns include the hanging tree, stetsons and spurs, saddles, lassos and Colt .45's, bandannas and buckskins, canteens, stagecoaches, gamblers, long-horned cattle and cattle drives, prostitutes (or madams) with a heart of gold, and more. Very often, the cowboy has a favored horse (or 'faithful steed'), for example, Roy Rogers' Trigger, Gene Autry's Champion, William Boyd's (Hopalong Cassidy) Topper, the Lone Ranger's Silver and Tonto's Scout. Western films have also been called the horse opera, the oater (quickly-made, short western films which became as commonplace as oats for horses), or the cowboy picture. The western film genre has portrayed much about America's past, glorifying the past-fading values and aspirations of the mythical by-gone age of the West. Over time, westerns have been re-defined, re-invented and expanded, dismissed, re-discovered, and spoofed. In the late 60s and early 70s (and in subsequent years), 'revisionistic' Westerns that questioned the themes and elements of traditional/classic westerns appeared (such as Sam Peckinpah's The Wild Bunch (1969) , Arthur Penn's Little Big Man (1970), Robert Altman's McCabe & Mrs. Miller (1971), and later Clint Eastwood's Unforgiven (1992) ). Westerns Film Plots: Usually, the central plot of the western film is the classic, simple goal of maintaining law and order on the frontier in a fast-paced action story. It is normally rooted in archetypal conflict - good vs. bad, virtue vs. evil, white hat vs. black hat, man vs. man, new arrivals vs. Native Americans (inhumanely portrayed as savage Indians), settlers vs. Indians, humanity vs. nature, civilization vs. wilderness or lawlessness, schoolteachers vs. saloon dance-hall girls, villains vs. heroes, lawman or sheriff vs. gunslinger, social law and order vs. anarchy, the rugged individualist vs. the community, the cultivated East vs. West, settler vs. nomad, and farmer vs. industrialist to name a few. Often the hero of a western meets his opposite "double," a mirror of his own evil side that he has to destroy. Typical elements in westerns include hostile elements (often Native Americans), guns and gun fights (sometimes on horseback), violence and human massacres, horses, trains (and train robberies), bank robberies and holdups, runaway stagecoachs, shoot-outs and showdowns, outlaws and sheriffs, cattle drives and cattle rustling, stampedes, posses in pursuit, barroom brawls, 'search and destroy' plots, breathtaking settings and open landscapes (the Tetons and Monument Valley, to name only a few), and distinctive western clothing (denim, jeans, boots, etc.). Western heroes are often local lawmen or enforcement officers, ranchers, army officers, cowboys, territorial marshals, or a skilled, fast-draw gunfighter. They are normally masculine persons of integrity and principle - courageous, moral, tough, solid and self-sufficient, maverick characters (often with trusty sidekicks), possessing an independent and honorable attitude (but often characterized as slow-talking). The Western hero could usually stand alone and face danger on his own, against the forces of lawlessness (outlaws or other antagonists), with an expert display of his physical skills (roping, gun-play, horse-handling, pioneering abilities, etc.). Subgenres of Westerns: There are many subgenres of the typical or traditional western, to name a few: the epic Western (i.e., The Big Country (1958)) the 'singing cowboy' Western (films of Gene Autry and Roy Rogers, see below) the "spaghetti" Western (the "Man With No Name" trilogy of films by Sergio Leone) the "noir" Western (i.e., Pursued (1947)) the "contemporary" Western (i.e., Hud (1963)) the "revisionistic" Western (i.e., Little Big Man (1970), Dances With Wolves (1990)) the "comedy" Western (i.e., Cat Ballou (1965), Blazing Saddles (1974) ) the "post-apocalyptic" Western (i.e., Mad Max 2: The Road Warrior (1981-2), The Postman (1997)) the "science-fiction" or "space" Western (i.e., Outland (1981)) Influences on the Western: In many ways, the cowboy of the Old West was the American version of the Japanese samurai warrior, or the Arthurian knight of medieval times. [No wonder that westerns were inspired by samurai and Arthurian legends, i.e., Kurosawa's Yojimbo (1961) served as the prototype for Clint Eastwood's A Fistful of Dollars (1964), and Kurosawa's The Seven Samurai (1954) was remade as John Sturges' The Magnificent Seven (1960). Le Mort D'Arthur by Sir Thomas Malory also inspired much of Shane (1953) - a film with a mythical western hero acting like a noble knight in shining leather in its tale of good vs. evil.] They were all bound by legal codes of behavior, ethics, justice, courage, honor and chivalry. Western Film Roots: The roots of the film western are found in many disparate sources, often of literary origins: folk music of the colonial period James Fenimore Cooper's novels such as his 1826 story The Last of the Mohicans (re-made as a feature film at least three times - Clarence Brown's 1920 version, a 1932 version starring Harry Carey, and George Seitz' 1936 version with Randolph Scott, and most recently as the popular film The Last of the Mohicans (1992) starring Daniel Day Lewis as the heroic white frontiersman scout named Hawkeye, raised as a Mohican) Francis Parkman's The Oregon Trail (1849) Samuel Clemens' (Mark Twain) Roughing It (1872) Bret Harte's short stories dime novels about Western heroes Owen Wister's influential The Virginian, published in 1902, the first modern western novel prolific Zane Grey's (1875-1939) 60+ novels that inspired dozens of films, including his best-known western Riders of the Purple Sage (1918, 1925, 1931, 1941); also The Rainbow Trail (1918, 1925), George Seitz's The Vanishing American (1925) - the first film made in Monument Valley, Rangle River (1937), The Mysterious Rider (1933, 1938), Lone Star Ranger (1942), Nevada (1927, 1936, 1944), Western Union (1941), Gunfighters (1947), and Red Canyon (1949) other mythologies (tales of Davy Crockett, Daniel Boone, Jim Bowie, Gen. George A. Custer, Wild Bill Hickok, Buffalo Bill Cody, Calamity Jane, Wyatt Earp, Doc Holliday, Bat Masterson), and outlaws (such as the James Brothers, the original Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, and Billy the Kid) screen cowboy Gene Autry's "Cowboy Code" (or Cowboy Commandments) written in the late 1940s - a collection of moralistic principles and values that cowboys reportedly live by, including such tenets as: the cowboy never shoots first or takes unfair advantage, always tells the truth, must help people in distress, and is a patriot The most often-portrayed western heroes on screen have been (in descending order): William Frederick Cody ("Buffalo Bill"), William Bonney ("Billy the Kid"), Jesse James, Wild Bill Hickok, Gen. George A. Custer, and Wyatt Earp. Silent Westerns: The western was among the first film genres, growing in status alongside the development of Hollywood's studio production system. There were only a few great silent westerns, although the best ones established some of the archetypes that are part of the genre even today. The earliest westerns (silent films without the sound of gunfire, horse's hoofbeats, and the cattle trail) are gems of American history. A few of the earliest western-like films were two shorts from Thomas Edison's Manufacturing Company: the less-than 1 minute-long Cripple Creek Bar Room Scene (1899) (with its prototypical western bar-room scene, and a barmaid played by a man) Poker at Dawson City (1899) (set during the Alaska Gold Rush, about a crooked poker game with flagrant cheating that led to a fight) Edwin S. Porter's Pioneering Western: But the 'first real movie' or commercially narrative film that gave birth to the genre was Edwin S. Porter's pioneering western The Great Train Robbery (1903) . Porter (named 'the father of the story film') was responsible for the one-reel, 10-minute long film, shot - curiously - on the East Coast (New Jersey and Delaware) rather than the Western setting of Wyoming. [The first westerns were shot, until 1906, on the East Coast.] Porter had also directed and filmed Edison's short publicity western-themed film A Romance of the Rail (1903). Almost all the essential elements or conventions of typical westerns were included: good guys vs. bad guys, a robbery or wrong-doing, a chase or pursuit, and a final showdown, all in a natural setting. The film ended (or began) with a stunning close-up (the first!) of a gunman (George Barnes) firing directly into the camera - and audience. It was the most commercially successful film of the pre-nickelodeon era. Porter's film was a milestone in film-making for its storyboarding of the script, the first use of title cards, an ellipsis, and a panning shot, and for its cross-cutting editing techniques. One of its stars with multiple roles, Gilbert M. Anderson (Max Aronson), later took the name "Broncho Billy" Anderson and became famous as the first western film hero - the genre's first cowboy. As in other genres, westerns quickly became character-driven and stars began to be developed. Porter's other film in the same year was a non-Western, Life of An American Fireman (1903) featuring more overlapping action and cross-cut editing, and a last-minute rescue of a mother and child in a burning building. And Edison's A Race for Millions (1907) also featured typical western plot elements - a high-noon shootout, and claim-jumping. In fact, a number of major film studios were making westerns as early as 1907, and by the end of the first decade of the century, about twenty percent of all of Hollywood's films were westerns. Other Early Westerns and Their Directors/Producers: The American Mutoscope and Biograph Co. claimed to have made the first western one year before Porter's The Great Train Robbery (1903) . A few early westerns copyrighted by Biograph were the 21-minute long Kit Carson (1903) and the 15-minute The Pioneers (1903). The first western produced in the West was Biograph's A California Hold Up (1906). Note: The first sagebrush sagas were either shot on soundstages or made on the East Coast, until the wide expanse of the West opened up for on-location shoots. D. W. Griffith dabbled in silent westerns at Biograph Studios between 1908 and 1913, producing such pictures as: In Old California (1910), Griffith's first western-filmed western, followed by The Twisted Trail (1910) with Mary Pickford The Last Drop of Water (1911), with the western's first characteristic scenes of a wagon train siege and a cavalry rescue the innovatively-filmed Fighting Blood (1911) about conflict between white settlers and Sioux Indians in the Dakota territory of 1899 and Griffith's last major Biograph western filmed in S. California, titled The Battle of Elderbush Gulch (1914), a two-reel pre-cursor to his most (in)famous landmark film, Birth of a Nation (1915) , with Lillian Gish and Mae Marsh The first feature-length western was Lawrence B. McGill's six-reel Arizona (1913). The first film to feature an all-Native American cast was Hiawatha (1913), made by the Colonial Motion Picture Corporation and based on Longfellow's poem. Young Cecil B. De Mille's first motion picture was The Squaw Man (1914), usually credited as the first feature filmed entirely in Hollywood. [De Mille remade the film in 1918 and 1931.] Even in the early days of the film industry, some real-life cowboys and legendary western figures appeared in films: Wyatt Earp in The Half-Breed (1919) Buffalo Bill Cody in The Adventures of Buffalo Bill (1917) Thomas Ince (1882-1924), known for inventing the studio system, was the first studio executive who embraced the western in the teen years. He arrived in California in 1911, where he produced detailed scripts with new situations and characters for a vast number of classic westerns. In 1912, his Bison Company production studios (known as Inceville) purchased the Miller Brothers 101 Ranch and the Wild West Show to use their props and performers for his assembly-line, mass-produced films. In the early 1910s, famed director John Ford's older brother Francis was directing and starring in westerns in California for producer Ince, before joining Universal and Carl Laemmle in 1913. The First Westerns Super-Star of the Silent Era: William S. Hart Ince was responsible for discovering and bringing Shakespearean actor William S. Hart (1870-1946) to prominent stardom by signing him up in his New York Motion Picture Company. Hart served as both actor and director after moving to Hollywood, and was often portrayed as a "good bad man" on the screen (with his Pinto pony named Fritz). He emerged as one of the greatest Western heroes in the mid-1910s, until the release of his last film in 1925: The Disciple (1915) The Taking of Jim McLane (1915) Devil's Double (1916) The Return of Draw Egan (1916) Truthful Tulliver (1916) The Narrow Trail (1917), Hart's first feature production for Paramount Branding Broadway (1918), set in modern-day New York City! Riddle Gawne (1918) Sand (1920), reportedly Pres. Woodrow Wilson's favorite Hart film The Testing Block (1920) The Toll Gate (1920), Hart's first film with his own production company The Three Word Brand (1921), with Hart playing three roles White Oak (1921) Wild Bill Hickok (1923) Singer Jim McKee (1924) Tumbleweeds (1925), Hart's best-known and greatest western, by director King Baggot and from UA - about the Cherokee Strip (Oklahoma) Gold Rush; the film's title referred to a breed of roaming cowboys

i don't know

Which Amendment to the Constitution brought in prohibition in 1920?

The Supreme Court upholds national prohibition, 1920 | The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History The Supreme Court upholds national prohibition, 1920 A primary source by Wayne B. Wheeler After more than a century of activism, the temperance movement achieved its signal victory with the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment to the US Constitution in 1919. The amendment abolished “the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors,” and provided for “concurrent” federal and state authority to enforce the ban. It was controversial from its inception: it did not define “intoxicating liquors,” it did not specifically forbid the purchase of alcohol, it established “concurrent” state and federal enforcement but did not provide any means for enforcement, and its constitutionality was in question. To provide for enforcement of the amendment, a powerful lobbying group called the Anti-Saloon League, led by its top lawyer, Wayne B. Wheeler, devised the National Prohibition Act, also known as the Volstead Act. Though the law’s wording was confusing, it defined intoxicating liquors as anything over 0.5% alcohol by volume. It also laid the groundwork for federal and state responsibility to prosecute violators. President Woodrow Wilson’s veto of the law was swiftly overridden by Congress in October 1919. The constitutionality of the new law and the amendment itself were challenged in a series of legal cases that were brought before the US Supreme Court as the National Prohibition Cases (1920). In this document, Wheeler reviewed the meaning of the Court’s decision to uphold the law: The decision will go down in history as one of the great judicial landmarks in the progress of our civilization. There will be an effort in Congress and in the State Legislatures to nullify the law, and we will meet the practical problem of law enforcement for years to come, but this decision will be the judicial foundation upon which prohibition will rest through the ages. Thirteen years later, the Twenty-first Amendment was ratified, overturning the Eighteenth Amendment and ending national prohibition in 1933. View images of the entire document  here . Questions for Discussion You are seeing this page because you are not currently logged into our website. If you would like to access this page and you are not logged in, please  login  or  register  for a  gilderlehrman.org  account, and then visit the link that brought you to this notice. Thanks!

eighteen

Which oil scandal hit the US in 1924?

Why Prohibition? | Temperance & Prohibition Temperance & Prohibition Why Prohibition? Why Prohibition? Why did the United States have a prohibition movement, and enact prohibition? We offer some generalizations in answer to that question. Prohibition in the United States was a measure designed to reduce drinking by eliminating the businesses that manufactured, distributed, and sold alcoholic beverages. The Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution took away license to do business from the brewers, distillers, vintners, and the wholesale and retail sellers of alcoholic beverages. The leaders of the prohibition movement were alarmed at the drinking behavior of Americans, and they were concerned that there was a culture of drink among some sectors of the population that, with continuing immigration from Europe, was spreading. The prohibition movement's strength grew, especially after the formation of the Anti-Saloon League in 1893. The League, and other organizations that supported prohibition such as the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, soon began to succeed in enacting local prohibition laws. Eventually the prohibition campaign was a national effort. During this time, the brewing industry was the most prosperous of the beverage alcohol industries. Because of the competitive nature of brewing, the brewers entered the retail business. Americans called retail businesses selling beer and whiskey by the glass saloons. To expand the sale of beer, brewers expanded the number of saloons. Saloons proliferated . It was not uncommon to find one saloon for every 150 or 200 Americans, including those who did not drink. Hard-pressed to earn profits, saloonkeepers sometimes introduced vices such as gambling and prostitution into their establishments in an attempt to earn profits. Many Americans considered saloons offensive, noxious institutions. The prohibition leaders believed that once license to do business was removed from the liquor traffic, the churches and reform organizations would enjoy an opportunity to persuade Americans to give up drink. This opportunity would occur unchallenged by the drink businesses ("the liquor traffic") in whose interests it was to urge more Americans to drink, and to drink more beverage alcohol. The blight of saloons would disappear from the landscape, and saloonkeepers no longer allowed to encourage people, including children, to drink beverage alcohol. Some prohibition leaders looked forward to an educational campaign that would greatly expand once the drink businesses became illegal, and would eventually, in about thirty years, lead to a sober nation. Other prohibition leaders looked forward to vigorous enforcement of prohibition in order to eliminate supplies of beverage alcohol. After 1920, neither group of leaders was especially successful. The educators never received the support for the campaign that they dreamed about; and the law enforcers were never able to persuade government officials to mount a wholehearted enforcement campaign against illegal suppliers of beverage alcohol. The best evidence available to historians shows that consumption of beverage alcohol declined dramatically under prohibition. In the early 1920s, consumption of beverage alcohol was about thirty per cent of the pre-prohibition level. Consumption grew somewhat in the last years of prohibition, as illegal supplies of liquor increased and as a new generation of Americans disregarded the law and rejected the attitude of self-sacrifice that was part of the bedrock of the prohibition movement. Nevertheless, it was a long time after repeal before consumption rates rose to their pre-prohibition levels. In that sense, prohibition "worked." We have included a table of data about alcohol consumption . We also present some data in graphic form, including the consumption of beer in gallons, the consumption of distilled spirits in gallons, and the consumption of absolute alcohol in gallons for beer and spirits, and, in total, for all beverage alcohol. We also have some separate data for malt beverage production (beer).

i don't know

Phil Collins appeared in which Spielberg film with Robin Williams?

Hook (1991) - IMDb IMDb 17 January 2017 4:34 PM, UTC NEWS There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error When Captain Hook kidnaps his children, an adult Peter Pan must return to Neverland and reclaim his youthful spirit in order to challenge his old enemy. Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON TV a list of 28 titles created 24 Mar 2012 a list of 45 titles created 08 Apr 2012 a list of 25 titles created 08 Jun 2012 a list of 25 titles created 15 Apr 2013 a list of 34 titles created 06 Mar 2014 Search for " Hook " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for 5 Oscars. Another 5 wins & 12 nominations. See more awards  » Videos After a bitter divorce, an actor disguises himself as a female housekeeper to spend time with his children held in custody by his former wife. Director: Chris Columbus When two kids find and play a magical board game, they release a man trapped for decades in it and a host of dangers that can only be stopped by finishing the game. Director: Joe Johnston The scientist father of a teenage girl and boy accidentally shrinks his and two other neighborhood teens to the size of insects. Now the teens must fight diminutive dangers as the father searches for them. Director: Joe Johnston A troubled child summons the courage to help a friendly alien escape Earth and return to his home world. Director: Steven Spielberg A martial arts master agrees to teach karate to a bullied teenager. Director: John G. Avildsen A toon-hating detective is a cartoon rabbit's only hope to prove his innocence when he is accused of murder. Director: Robert Zemeckis In order to save their home from foreclosure, a group of misfits set out to find a pirate's ancient valuable treasure. Director: Richard Donner A troubled boy dives into a wondrous fantasy world through the pages of a mysterious book. Director: Wolfgang Petersen Daniel accompanies his mentor to Okinawa who is off to see his dying father and confront his old rival, while Daniel inadvertently makes an enemy of his own. Director: John G. Avildsen A newly recruited night security guard at the Museum of Natural History discovers that an ancient curse causes the animals and exhibits on display to come to life and wreak havoc. Director: Shawn Levy When a street urchin vies for the love of a beautiful princess, he uses a genie's magic power to make himself off as a prince in order to marry her. Directors: Ron Clements, John Musker Stars: Scott Weinger, Robin Williams, Linda Larkin Story of a wonderful little girl, who happens to be a genius, and her wonderful teacher vs. the worst parents ever and the worst school principal imaginable. Director: Danny DeVito Edit Storyline Peter Pan (Williams) has grown up to be a cut-throat merger and acquisitions lawyer, and is married to Wendy's granddaughter. Captain Hook (Hoffman) kidnaps his children, and Peter returns to Never Land with Tinkerbell (Roberts). With the help of her and the Lost Boys, he must remember how to be Peter Pan again in order to save his children by battling with Captain Hook once again. Written by Ed Sutton <esutton@mindspring.com> What if Peter Pan grew up? Genres: 11 December 1991 (USA) See more  » Also Known As: 70 mm 6-Track (70 mm prints)| Dolby SR (35 mm prints) Color: Did You Know? Trivia Gwyneth Paltrow 's second film. She appears briefly, as the teen-aged Wendy during the quick sequence as Wendy is growing up. See more » Goofs In the scenes that take place in Neverland, Peter's arms are hairless, but in the other scenes, thick hair can be seen covering Peter's arms. See more » Quotes Wendy Darling : The stories are true! I swear to you! I swear on everything I adore, and now he's come back to seek his revenge. The fight isn't over for Captain James Hook. He wants you back. He knows that you'll follow Jack and Maggie to the ends of the earth and beyond. And by heaven, you must find a way. Only you can save your children. Somehow, you must go back. You must make yourself remember. Wendy Darling : Peter, don't you know who you are? [...] See more » Crazy Credits After Tootles flies away and the end credits start, one of the stars in the sky continues to glow. According to the Peter Pan stories, "The second star to the right and straight out till morning" is where NeverLand is located. See more » Connections

Hook

1998 was the Chinese year of which creature?

Hook by Steven Spielberg |Robin Williams, Dustin Hoffman, Julia Roberts | 43396039308 | DVD | Barnes & Noble® Videos Overview Steven Spielberg's variation on Peter Pan, Hook comes to DVD with a superb widescreen anamorphic transfer that preserves the original theatrical aspect ratio of 2.35:1. Closed-captioned English soundtracks are rendered in both Dolby Digital 5.1 and Dolby Digital Surround. English subtitles are accessible. Supplemental materials include theatrical trailers, talent files, and production notes. This disc offers excellent picture and sound quality, making it worth a look, especially considering the reasonable list price. Advertising Editorial Reviews All Movie Guide - Perry Seibert Turning Peter Pan into an exploration of yuppie angst and a metaphor for rediscovering one's "inner-child," Hook might very well be the worst film of Steven Spielberg's career. The first of many disappointing fantasy-themed family comedies featuring Robin Williams, Hook dispenses with the charm and terror of the original tale in order to revel in some busy art direction and make parents realize they need to spend more time with their kids. Such moralizing would be fine if the film were at all entertaining, but none of the characters make any sense in their modern incarnations. The only character who works in a new way is Captain Hook, who misses battling with Peter, but Dustin Hoffman spends time chewing the scenery instead of acting. This is an artistic dead-end for everyone involved. Product Details

i don't know

Which country does musician Alfred Brendel come from?

Alfred Brendel: 'I am a pessimist who enjoys being pleasantly surprised' | Interview | Music | The Guardian The Observer Alfred Brendel: 'I am a pessimist who enjoys being pleasantly surprised' As he is feted with a lifetime achievement award, the peerless concert pianist Alfred Brendel reflects on life two years after retirement – the pleasures of art, going to concerts, the sonatas he still plays at home… and the particular joy of C minor Alfred Brendel at his home in Hampstead, north London, September 2010. Photographed for the Observer by Sophia Evans Share on Messenger Close Bewilderment is stamped on the famous wrinkled brow of Alfred Brendel KBE when he opens his north London front door. "Have you come with the luggage?" My bags and umbrella may constitute baggage, but hardly luggage. "I thought," he continues, checking his watch anxiously, "yo u might be the man with the suitcase. They said he'd come now. But he hasn't…" Out of this halting dialogue, which begins to feel worthy of Pinter – to name only one of Brendel's many illustrious, in this case lamented, friends – it emerges that he has just arrived back from Salzburg. His bags have been lost. Even the world's most celebrated retired pianist is prey to airline incompetence. Agreeing to listen out for the doorbell, we move into a graceful, small drawing room at the front of the house, more like a receiving room from another era where you might give your card to a maid and wait in hope. The contents of floor-to-ceiling bookshelves reflect his formidably well-stocked mind – poetry, literature, philosophy and countless art catalogues. Coffee and biscuits have been carefully laid out, enough for several visitors, by some invisible hand. But Brendel, dressed in his familiar, comfortable tweedy attire with a slate-grey jumper which complements his eyes, though he'd probably be appalled at the idea, is alone, dealing with comings and goings himself. Whereas privately his friends delight in his clever, zany humour and mercurial mental energy, his public persona can seem a little remote. Today, however, suitcase problems aside, he is smilingly at ease. He has good reason. He has just been honoured with Gramophone magazine's lifetime achievement award, the ultimate recording industry accolade, entirely fitting for a man whose studio career spans 52 years and who has probably issued more discs than any other single living pianist. "It's certainly gratifying to find one has not been forgotten already," he says, a little of the old stiff formality returning. Seeing my expression of sheer disbelief – recalling the black-market tickets for his series of farewell concerts two years ago and the high-emotion response they engendered, the talk of a massive Brendel-shaped hole being left in concert life, knowing that he still has a huge following the world over who turn out to hear him lecture – he allows himself a warm, crinkly grin. Moreover, he is regarded by colleagues as the "musicians' musician" as well as the "pianists' mentor". Not, then, so easy to forget. Brendel's thoughts, unexpected and spirited though they always are, follow a clear line. If you throw him a question, he will answer it and await the next one. He is precise and logical, his sentences well-shaped through a still strong and charming Austrian accent. His writings on music, published in two books and a collection, have become classics in their field. Now, to be sure of accuracy, he presents me with two freshly typed sheets of paper in a plastic folder headed "A Lifetime of Recordings", with his name written in ink at the top, presumably lest it be mistaken for someone else's. In this mini-essay, a precis of his studio career written when he learned about the Gramophone award, he recalls the novelty of being given one of the new Revox reel-to-reel tape recorders in his late teens. Shortly after, a few days before Christmas, as he recalls, he was invited by the Nixa label to record Prokofiev's Piano Concerto No 5. "I had never seen the piece and wrote back: 'Please send me the music'." Not, by his own admission, the most fluent of sight-readers, he worked hard over the holiday period to master it. At the end of January, with a conductor who was "charming, if not very competent", and an orchestra who apparently fitted the same description, he made his first recording, reviewed in the December 1951 edition of Gramophone magazine. A near seamless studio journey followed, mostly with the Philips and Decca labels, through three sets of Beethoven concertos, two each of Beethoven's piano sonatas, Schubert's later piano works, the Brahms concertos, plus Haydn, Mozart, Liszt, Schumann – all composers whose work he has, with faithful advocacy, almost reinvented for a modern public. The absences are as interesting as the inclusions: very little Bach; virtually nothing in the way of French music or – for most pianists, a god – Chopin. Brendel has always stuck to music with which, as a performer, he feels kinship. That's the end of the matter. "The mix of spontaneity and control, concerts and recordings, keeps one in check. I was lucky that my last performances were captured live on disc, and survive as documents." For a player too often, and misleadingly, accused of being an "intellectual", this mix of restraint and freedom is vital. "I don't feel guilty about being 'intellectual' if that means thinking about the structure and character and humour in a piece of music. But I'm not talking about dry analysis, which is relatively easy if you know how. I do the opposite. I familiarise myself with a piece and wait for it to tell me what it's about, and what makes it a masterpiece. That's what fascinates." Brendel may have performed his final concert in 2008, conducted by his beloved friend – another of the illustrious and lamented – Sir Charles Mackerras, but his diary is still jammed with public commitments: readings of his own epigrammatic and witty poetry (published as One Finger Too Many and Cursing Bagels, with a collected edition due shortly), evenings of speech and music with fellow musicians including, at next month's Wimbledon music festival, his son, the cellist Adrian Brendel, as well as three lectures at the Wigmore Hall, London. His son and daughter also continue to run an annual festival at Plush, Dorset, where he has a country home. Final, however, means final. He is no longer a concert pianist. He no longer needs to stick plasters on his fingers to practise, as he once did. The lid of his magnificent grand piano, in a studio crammed with books, CDs, African art, death masks and drawings of Liszt and Beethoven and memorabilia of a long career, is shut. A lush bank of garden foliage outside, dripping in the rain, seems to enclose and give privacy to this light-filled, upper ground-floor room, intensifying the silence. So, he has well and truly stopped? "Not completely!" he explodes, chuckling. "In my lectures I play examples – maybe 60 or 70 of them. I have to know where they belong, and stay alert. And make sure my fingers still work. It's not so easy…" But for pleasure? A Schubert impromptu or a Haydn sonata or one of those other works etched on his heart through a lifetime's close encounter. He seems about to say no. "Well, I might play the slow movement of Op 106." He is referring to Beethoven's monumental "Hammerklavier" sonata, generally reckoned the most challenging composition of the entire solo piano repertoire . Why that in particular? "Because. Because there is no end to it." When Brendel makes a remark like that, an entire stampede of wild horses would not persuade him to elaborate. He resists maxims and hates soundbites. He has said, for example, that his favourite key signature is C minor. Can he explain what that means in terms a layman might understand? He strives. "Mozart's pieces in that key, or those of Schubert and Beethoven, occupy a special sound world. But the way we measure pitch changes over time, so it's not an absolute thing. These works belong to a certain family which we must call 'sublime'. They have a particular kind of energy, which tries to rebel against fate. I cannot say more. These are approximations." One of his poems describes a trill in a Beethoven sonata (on the note E flat, in Op 111) so miraculous that the keys play the notes themselves while the mythical pianist levitates above the piano in a kind of ecstasy. Does he believe, as many do, in the mystical powers of music? Comically and momentarily, Brendel looks caught out. "I am a sceptic. I go to the edge, peer in and see what's there. I am a great admirer of religious music without being religious. As a performer you are a musical character actor. When you play St Francis preaching to the birds [he's referring to a Liszt "Légend"], you have to believe what you are doing, and be a convincing saint in a way which can turn it into poetry." Given his reputation as a pianist of immense control and finesse, did any aspect come easily or was it all slog? "Not all slog. But some skills I knew I had: a very good memory, not photographic but reliable. I would say I was lucky to have musical understanding, which came in part from having spent some years, as a young man, writing compositions. In fact in my very first recital [in Graz, when he was 17] I played my own piano sonata which had a double fugue in it." Typical… others might have settled for a little minuet. Where is it now? "I don't know. Or if I do I am not showing it to you! Nowadays when a young pianist asks me for advice I say: try to compose something. You will profit from the experience of trying to make something go from first note to last." He has a few pupils. While that in itself is no secret, and their names are easy to find, he refuses to talk about them for their own sakes, knowing the fragility of concert careers. At the Gramophone awards, his one-time student and close friend, the concert pianist Imogen Cooper, described the experience of studying with Brendel: "We spent a full 20 minutes working on one single chord in a late Schubert sonata, he with demonic intensity, I with a kind of rigid terror, until I got it exactly right. Then, so help me God, I had to try to play the next one…" Reluctant to enter into the current political fray about arts cuts or music education, he instead makes a typically incisive observation about the musical world at large. "I'm not a sociologist. I go to concerts" – he is one of the few who does, often seen leaping to his feet to lead an ovation. "I listen to some recordings. I coach string quartets and singers. I notice that, today, there are more violinists of a high quality. They used to all come from Russia or America but now the mix is diverse. Quite a few are ladies. Quite a few are good-looking, which wouldn't influence me unduly…" He blushes and twinkles at this, especially since I make it clear I don't entirely, or even slightly, believe him. His use of the term "ladies" is an example of his fluent but quaint English. Before our hour is up, Brendel describes his close affection for the many pictures on his walls. As a young man he also painted, but now only collects: a Jean Arp collage of wonky symmetry "which puts me back in balance when I feel out of it"; works by Max Neumann and a large, bright canvas by Maria Lassnig, an abstract expressionist and fellow Austrian. Brendel predicts my unasked question. "Yes, I am still Austrian by nationality and passport." This despite having lived in Britain, in this same house, or, strictly, two adjoined in Hampstead, for nearly 40 years. Where, then, are his roots? He was born in Moravia, now in the Czech Republic, and lived mainly in Graz and Vienna. His family was not especially musical and the fact that his piano lessons, begun at six years old and lasting around 10 years, led to a career came as a surprise to all. He remains devoted to what tends to be termed the "Austro-Hungarian" musical tradition but points out that much of it – Beethoven, obviously – is German. "I am not rooted. I am very happy not to need any sort of soil." Recently he experienced a more local upheaval. Now his three children, with his second wife Irene, have grown up and left home, they have sealed off and let one of the houses. "Thousands of books and pictures have been brought from next door. We have scaled down. It is still all very confusing. I get up to go next door and find there's a wall." Brendel has always said that he never regarded himself as "just a pianist". He claims he was never "driven", and therefore always had the freedom to stop whenever he chose. "My big fear was that without the adrenaline of giving concerts I would have more aches and pains. Luckily that has not happened. When once asked how I would like to die, I said, 'in time' – meaning not dragging on longer than is right." He pauses then demands: "Do you know how old I am?" Seventy-nine, I reply. "I am nearly 80," he insists, as if my answer is wrong. Isn't this a somewhat pessimistic approach? "I regard pessimism as a sign of intelligence. Optimism is a very welcome and life-enhancing feature, a gift, but not necessarily a realistic outlook." He sees my perennially optimistic expression cloud somewhat. "OK, I am a pessimist who enjoys being pleasantly surprised." He chortles, then furrows his owlish brow again, looking out of the window on to the wet street, no doubt wondering all over again where his luggage is. Full details of the 2010 Gramophone awards can be found at gramophone.co.uk/awards/2010

Austria

Theodore Francis international airport is in which US state?

Alfred Brendel Interview with Bruce Duffie . . . . . Pianist  Alfred  Brendel A Conversation with Bruce Duffie As life relentlessly goes on, regular concert-goers know that performers will eventually stop being part of their seasons.  We learn to expect this, but some retirements are harder to envision than others.  In December of 2008, Alfred Brendel will give his final concert before the public.  We will, of course, have a large pile of recordings to relive, but somehow the thought of having no more concerts from him just does not seem right. For many years, he has spoiled us with solo and concerto performances of beauty and intelligence.  He has taken us along as he re-thought works, and each new rendering has given us a better picture of the mind of both composer and player.  More details can be found in the biography from his management at the end of this interview, and he also has a website with all the expected information.  Being a great city, Chicago is a place that pianists like to visit for both concertos with our orchestra and solo recitals for our public, and Brendel has given us many afternoons and evenings of enjoyment and enlightenment.  It was on one of those trips that I had the pleasure of sitting down with him for a chat.  Though he was very busy — as he always is — he agreed to speak with me for a few minutes while he was practicing for a solo recital at Orchestra Hall in the spring of 1991.  The room where we met was the musicians ’ lounge in the basement, and it had several chess-tables for the members of the Chicago Symphony to use during their down-time.  I asked the pianist if he played this intriguing game and was a bit surprised when he said that he didn’t..... Bruce Duffie:    You don’t play chess?  What do you do when you are not playing piano? Alfred Brendel:    I have many interests.  I write.  I have always been a visual person.  I don’t paint anymore, which I have done in my teens, extensively.  But I look.  I have a family; I have friends.  I want to talk to people outside my profession.  So there is a lot to do. BD:    Specifically outside the profession? AB:    I meet enough musicians in my life, so when I am at home in London I see mainly literary people, philosophers, and others. BD:    Does getting away from music make the music better when you come back to it? AB:    I am certainly somebody who needs that kind of life.  I could not bear the thought that music gulps me up completely.  I have the illusion — although maybe it’s more than an illusion — that I do what I do out of choice. BD:    So you are not a slave to the instrument? AB:    [Laughs] I hope not. BD:    Do you ever feel that you have perhaps too many concerts, or too many recordings, and so you purposely cut back? AB:    I have always tried to get a good balance, to get the balance right between how much I should play and how much I should be available to my family, and to my various interests.  The solution is not too bad.  It’s no always easy, you know.  It’s sometimes a battle between me and my wife and my agent, but we manage! BD:    I assume that you could fill six hundred dates a year if you accepted all of the offers.  How do you decide which dates you’ll accept and which dates you’ll pass on? AB:    Long ago I decided — that was in ’63 — that I can’t do everything, so I haven’t gone back to Latin America.  I had decided quite a few years ago that four tours in Australia were enough and that I shall skip this very distant island, as well as New Zealand.  I’m going to Japan about every third year, and to Israel.  I keep in touch with certain European capitals, and certain American cities.  As my availability in the United States is very limited, it is very hard sometimes to know what to do.  That is how to keep in touch with the great orchestras, for instance.  But last year, I had made an entirely orchestral tour, for once.  I was with all the great orchestras except Chicago. BD:    And you’ll catch us again next season? AB:    That’s right! BD:    How do you divide your career between orchestral appearances and solo recitals? AB:    It depends very much on what I’m doing, and what my projects are.  I had a lot of Brahms Concertos in the fall, and now I have mainly solo recitals for the moment.  But then in the autumn, I do again the Beethoven cycle with Simon Rattle in England. BD:    Oh, the five Concerti? AB:    Yes.  And in the next two seasons I have a cycle of piano concertos with the London Philharmonia, from Bach to Schoenberg, besides starting the Beethoven Sonatas again.  I wanted to go into that matter once more and with a lot of leisure, so I spread them over three seasons.  I want to restudy all the pieces and see what happens. BD:    Do you start with clean scores? AB:    I try to, yes.  I try, really, to forget everything, or put anything into question, and then come to a new result.  It may resemble the old, or it may not.  [Both laugh] BD:    In other words, if you come to the same conclusions it will resemble the old? AB:    Then it has shown me that I’ve done something right in the past.  It may be gratifying, or at least it will give me that illusion.  You see, I’m a skeptic. BD:    Completely? AB:    Basically.  Maybe not completely, but basically. BD:    You say you try to forget everything.  When you are working on the Beethoven Sonatas, do you also try to forget all of the Bach and Schubert and Schoenberg and everything else that you’ve studied in order to come just to Beethoven alone? AB:    Not really.  The older I get, hopefully the more clearly I can understand in the context what musical history is about:  how music proceeded, how one composer did something new that composers before had not done before, for instance.  Or how one composer used things in his own way that the composers did before, or combined matters that have never been combined before — that kind of thing.  I’m very interested to find out what was new at a certain time, and how certain harmonies maybe struck the people at that time, and not necessarily at our time.   BD:    Well, is it right to play Beethoven and think of ears that have not gone through a couple of World Wars and Depressions and all of this progress? AB:    Certainly not!  I am a person of the twentieth century.  I play in modern halls and I have decided to play on modern instruments, though I am very interested in the historic ones.  But you have to do several things at the same time when you are a performer.  When you play on stage, you have to forget yourself and control yourself at the same time. BD:    That sounds like it would create schizophrenia. AB:    Oh, absolutely!  It is the behavior of a split personality.  And if I may mention a third activity:  you have to consider what the person hears in the twentieth row. BD:    Does that change if you have a small hall with only twenty rows, or a big hall with a hundred and fifty rows? AB:    It may change my basic outlook, but then of course one always has to try to listen in to the hall and see how it sounds.  Sometimes this is really divining! [Both laugh] BD:    I would think that you, at the keyboard, would be in almost the worst place to hear the acoustics of the hall. AB:    There are halls where the difference is not very large.  For instance, the Vienna Musikverein is a very good place to judge your own sound in connection with listeners.  And there are other places where the difference may be totally misleading, and where certain people in certain parts of the hall hear different things.  This is the case with virtually all very large halls. BD:    Is there anything you, as the artist, can do to compensate for this, or do you just have to present the artistry and hope that everyone will hear as best they can in whatever seat they have purchased? AB:    The latter, yes, yes.  I try to play with conviction, and I try to satisfy myself, which is very difficult. BD:    Are you ever satisfied? AB:    [Laughs] Sometimes for the moment, but it doesn’t last very long. BD:    Does it last ‘til the next satisfaction? AB:    If I have the possibility to check what I have done, I may have things to rethink.  But there always are sometimes pleasant surprises. BD:    Is there any possibility that you can over-analyze and overindulge yourself in the thinking about a piece of music, and lose whatever spontaneity there is within the creativity? AB:    There is the possibility to over-analyze, and there is the possibility to over-emphasize meaning to be too direct, relying too much on your wonderful personal feelings.  On the whole, I think this is the greater danger.  There should be a fusion of the two.  One should, particularly when one gets older, get aware of certain things within the composition, but always in connection with the emotions, and always starting new processes, never relying that what one has found out is the gospel. BD:    There’s the skeptic again.  [Both laugh]  Then how much of what you play is Beethoven or Schubert or Liszt, and how much is Brendel? AB:    You would have to construct a new machine to measure this.  This is really not my first concern.  I try never to forget that the composer is there first, that without the composer I would not be on stage at all, that one has to serve the composer as best as one can.  But it means not to be just totally literal, but to bring a piece to life, and to bring it to life before our present-day ears, for our present-day conditions.  So it is not possible, what I felt was sometimes done in the fifties and early sixties, to try to switch off your own personality and expect the ghost of the composer coming down directly from heaven if you do. BD:    You’ve abandoned this? AB:    I have never done it.  I was always opposed to it, but I felt that at that time there were quite a few people who subscribed to it. BD:    There are recordings which exist from early in your career, and recordings which you are now making of the same music.  Do you disown the old recordings, as far as artistic interpretation? AB:    I’m very far from remembering all of them, and as far as my offspring goes, I’m sometimes glad if it leaves me and they lead their own lives! [Laughs]  I would have to listen again to all those records and then give you an account of what I like and what I dislike.  There may be some old recordings, at least some movements, which I still like or which I find convincing in their own terms.  And there may be some recent recordings that I dislike. BD:    Is it, then, a mistake for someone to come to you and say, “I’ve studied your earlier recording of this and your middle recording of this and your later recording of this, and in the first recording you did such and such at this bar, and in the later recording you did thus and so at that bar?” AB:    It depends what use the listener can make of such information.  If it becomes a sort of sterile passion, then I’m all against it.  But if the listener is still able to see things as a greater unit, listen to a whole movement, a whole piece, and see how the detail fits in the whole, whether it makes sense in the whole, then it’s fine.  I try to do that all the time.  When I question my playing, I listen and say, “Well, there is something that’s not quite wrong here.  What did I do?  Did I overemphasize something?  Did I underemphasize?  Did I do the right thing, but not in the right measure?”  There are many possibilities.  There are sometimes minute corrections that make an enormous difference.  BD:    It seems that the newer composers are putting more and more indications in the score as to exactly what you should do where and when.  Do you find this more confining or less confining? AB:    There are various degrees of precision within the notation.  Already when you take Mozart’s solo works, some of them are very thoroughly marked.  In fact, most of my colleagues leave out some of those markings, because they think it doesn’t fit the music. BD:    Are these markings Mozart’s? AB:    Mozart’s!  Mozart’s. BD:    They’re not by later editors or someone else ? AB:    No, not at all.  But they are very extreme in some cases, and they show that he performed with great emphasis of detail.  Whereas there are some other pieces, like the big F Major Sonata, which has almost no markings, no dynamic markings at all, and where it needs a performer who knows Mozart’s works very well — particularly the chamber music works and orchestral works, and maybe some opera — to decide what one should do with it. BD:    Would it be good, then, for a young pianist to start with the works which are more marked up and then go to the ones that are have fewer indications in the score? AB:    I would say as regards to Mozart, that a young performer should do well to play a lot of concertos first and then go and play the solo repertory, or get back to some pieces that he has learned too soon.  In the solo works, everything is much more exposed; every note counts to a degree which is very rare in music.  So they are much harder to perform than almost anything. BD:    The orchestra can cover up little mistakes or little un-understandings? AB:    Also the orchestra gives the player quite a few clues what he should do.  The piano and the orchestra share quite a lot of material usually.  And even if the piano concertos are not dynamically marked, or very rarely, it is much easier in the context to do things which are not ludicrous! [Both laugh] BD:    You have twenty-seven concerti of Mozart to work with.  If you’re going to do a whole cycle, you obviously must do all of them.  Are there a few that you’ve come to reluctantly, but you feel you must do just to finish the cycle? AB:    Yes.  I left a few when I did my recordings.  First I didn’t want to do them at all, and then I reconsidered, and said, “There must be something wrong with me because there should be enough interest in these pieces for me to deal with.”  I’m still doubtful about the earlier concertos before K. 271, the Jeunehomme Concerto, which is the first very great masterpiece and not really surpassed later.  There are a few works in between, even some parts of the Coronation Concerto, that are not the best Mozart, I would say. BD:    But even is superlative music, is it not? AB:    It usually is, yes.  Yes, of course. *     *     *     *     * BD:    Let me pursue this just a little bit.  What are some of the traits that go into making a piece of music a masterwork? AB:    Well, to answer this question you should have studied composition yourself and composed enough to be able to look at other works that you deal with from a composer’s point of view.  This is a suggestion to all younger performers that I meet, if they ask me what they should do.  The first question is:  do you compose?  Do you have a good understanding of composition?  Did you put pieces together yourself?  It helps to just get at least the first degree of feeling to know how a piece hangs together and why it hangs to together; then gradually, in dealing with masterpieces, to find out why certain pieces are different from others, and how masterworks of the same composer are different.  They wouldn’t be masterworks otherwise.  They contribute something that the composer has not done elsewhere.  To characterize them, to find out this difference, is one of the wonderful tasks of the performer — not to have a stereotyped approach to what the composer has done, but within the very large world of a great composer, to define those pieces.  And it is easier to define them if you play cycles, because you have them next to one another.  You try, as in a much-performed work of variations, to set the variations apart from one another. BD:    But a set of variations has all the variations within it, so is a cycle of works like a set of variations on the composer? AB:    Well, as far as the variety of the pieces goes, if you play a large cycle of variations, you still have to have an overview and give the kind of large breadth of the cycle.  If I play the Symphonic Etudes, for instance, then there is an enormous drive over the whole work.  Or, there is a wonderful arch over pieces like Beethoven’s Eroica Variations or the Diabelli Variations.  On the other hand, the F Major Variations, Opus 34, that I have played here, are all separated.  They are in different meters and different tempi and in different keys, and that is something you need.  There is no other work where that has been done before or after.  So they really stand apart. BD:    Could someone juggle them around and put them in a different order? AB:    No, that is impossible.  But they stand apart in the way that one variation does not grow out from the other.  They are separated by little pauses.  They are, of course, organized — Beethoven would not be Beethoven if they did not — in the way that they are in the same distance of keys, always one-third apart until the last but one, which leads to the finale in the fifth. BD:    You could say he’s created a cycle of thirds rather than a cycle of fifths. AB:    Yes. BD:    When you look at the thirty-two sonatas, does that form an integrated cycle? AB:    Integrated in the way that each work is different.  Each work counts.  Even the small sonatas, I think, are finished masterpieces.  Therefore, it is one of the few cycles that is worth playing as a cycle.  If you would play all the Haydn Sonatas, or even all the Mozart Sonatas, it is not the same level of general achievement.  Though, for instance, I’m very far from underrating both Mozart’s and Haydn’s Sonatas.  There are some absolutely tremendous pieces there.  But with Haydn, you have to make a choice.  If I will ever do a little Haydn cycle, that would be two recitals! [Laughs] BD:    I see.  We’ve kind of been dancing around this, so let me ask the question straight out:  What is the purpose of music? AB:    That I cannot answer; I’m sorry.  Maybe ask me again in ten years! [Both laugh] BD:    All right, I’ll put that in my book!  Let me change it a little bit to see if we can come up with a partial answer.  Why do you perform music? AB:    Because I thought when I was eighteen or nineteen that I had potential as a musician, that it’s worth exploring, that it would be a matter of a lifetime, if I’m lucky, to develop these possibilities, and it would be interesting to see what comes out.  Also, of course, my love of sounds, of connections of sounds, connections that made sense or that overwhelmed me in certain other ways; my admiration and respect for the great composers, and sometimes my sympathy for some lesser composers. BD:    So it’s been more than forty years that you’ve been dealing with this.  Are you pleased with the progress that you have made in that time? AB:    It’s difficult to give you an answer.  On the whole, I think I have not wasted my time.  I think I have developed and I think my public has noticed it!  I do not regret what I have done.  There is always, maybe, the possibility to have done it better, but I hope to continue for a few years and see what is still there to be brought out, and to be added, and to be filtered.  This is also a matter of getting older — to find out what is more and less important, to sift through one’s musical experience and discard what is not of primary importance or primary quality, and try to keep the rest, and keep it together. BD:    Perhaps some things that are not of primary quality now were of primary quality earlier? AB:    Well, I would be in a sorry state if I would not have a somewhat clearer picture of what performance is about than I had twenty years ago! [Both laugh] BD:    Are you now where you expected to be when you arrived at sixty? AB:    I did not devise my future in such precise terms.  When I was twenty, I had a certain vision of what one could achieve, what I might achieve when I’m fifty, and I think, more or less, this has come about.  Now, after fifty, I am not particularly adamant to know exactly what will happen.  I improvise. *     *     *     *     * BD:    How much of the work of preparing each score is done in the practice room, and how much is left for the inspiration of the evening’s concert? AB:    I think one should be very well prepared, but one should know the limits within which a certain work makes sense.  A work is like a character in a drama, or sometimes like the interaction of several characters in a drama.  This character, or these characters, only make sense within their possibilities.  If you step out of these possibilities, then it gets to be nonsense.  Now, within these possibilities there’s quite a bit of leeway, with some works much more than with others.  There are also works where you have to hit exactly one nerve to make them sound convincing.  I have an old lady friend, a very old lady, who has heard many of my concerts and who usually comes to me after the concert.  She’s a very good musician and a very astute person, and she says, “You’ve played everything differently today!” [Laughs] BD:    Does that please you, or merely amuse you? AB:    Both, both! BD:    Is this one of the qualities that sets a work apart as being great, that it can be played in different ways? AB:    I suppose that great masterpieces are more complex by definition, that you can look into them from various angles, also at various times and various periods of musical development, and see a logical line.  But it doesn’t mean that everybody can do anything! BD:    You have to have a starting point? AB:    Well, a starting point — more than a starting point, really an awareness of what the basis of a piece is, and not only what the construction is like, but particularly what the emotional context is like.  Where are the characters?  Where does the atmosphere change?  How does the whole movement function as an emotional entity?  This sort of oversight is also a kind of talent.  You may have it, you may also develop it, but some people never get it. BD:    Is this what differentiates between the great performers and the lesser performers? AB:    I would think so.  It’s one of the things, at least, yes. BD:    What are some of the other things? AB:    Honesty; the feeling for emotional quality, which means that there is a difference between emotions of the first order and emotions that are second or third-hand; sentimentality — gush.  [Both laugh]  Also, something that has already been written about:  saying that some people want everything overemphasized because they do not know that the true feeling has its own order, and that sometimes the finest feeling has the greatest effect if it is almost concealed. BD:    Ah, subtlety.  AB:    Yes. BD:    What advice do you have for someone who would like to write music for the piano these days? AB:    To do something which has not been done before. [Laughs] When I see a good piano piece, I don’t want to hear a repetition of something.  As I told you, I’m always looking out for something that has not been done before.  It is the first criteria of a piece that is worthwhile. It is not wrong sometimes to go back to older styles, but you have to do something new with them. BD:    You’re not looking for novelty for novelty’s sake, though? AB:    I am convinced that novelty is one of the best criteria to see whether a piece is worthwhile or not, and I have gained this conviction in dealing with the repertory between Bach and Schoenberg; looking at the pieces and trying to see how they fitted into their time, and what they have done to change the course of music or to add something to it. BD:    Is the same is not true of performances of the music:  novelty for novelty’s sake? AB:    Absolutely not!  A performance is not a creation, or only in a very limited sense.  If a composer hates his father, metaphorically speaking, then he is in the right position, even if he tries to learn from him.  If a performer hates his father, he should change his profession. BD:    What about audiences?  Do you have advice for the typical or even the sophisticated audience that comes to hear your performance? AB:    My first advice is to concentrate and be silent.  There are, unfortunately, too many people these days who are used to sitting in front of the television set, and used to one-way traffic — something comes out and nothing goes in.  There has been more noise lately, in audiences, than even before.  I have heard people not only cough, but also sneeze loudly, for instance.  I heard digital watches and hearing aids going off, and even tennis shoes squeaking.  I have some of that on tape at home!  So I can only implore the public to realize that the silence, the concentration of the public, is part of the performance that it really enhances the performance.  By being silent, the audience participates in a good performance, not by contributing noises. BD:    Do you feel that if you have a completely silent performance, that you, perhaps, have succeeded better than where there were tennis shoes and alarm watches? AB:    Not necessarily.  It would be too easy to explain it that way and it would excuse too many people who simply don’t know at all what a performance is about, and why they sit there and wait for the softest beat to do their cough.  If there are two or three people like that in the audience, then it can really be a big hindrance to everybody, and it is not always your own personal magnetism that can avoid it. *     *     *     *     * BD:    Are you optimistic about the future of music? AB:    I am a pessimist generally.  The world is not in a very good state.  If I am optimistic about anything, then it is about the future of the arts! BD:    How can you play Mozart all the time and not be an optimist? AB:    I’m not sure Mozart was an optimist himself. BD:    But isn’t his music the embodiment of divine optimism? AB:    No, I cannot share this view.  His music would be very one-sided and rather narrow in its possibilities if it could only express that.  Mozart could be deeply pessimistic.  His works in minor keys are some of the most desolate soliloquies that I know in music.  Mozart had all these dimensions and I think it would mean to simplify him if one put him into one drawer — like it would simplify any great composer. BD:    You say you go from Bach to Schoenberg.  Have you found nothing post-Schoenberg that interests you? AB:    Oh, I have a lot of interest in new works, but I don’t play them because it would mean specializing on a few pieces while I could otherwise maintain a large older repertory.  But I do go and listen, and I try to know the composers.  And I try to get some sort of feedback from my encounter of new music. BD:    If someone writes a piece of music for you, will you not even consider playing it? AB:    I would consider it, but I’m not sure if I would play it in the end — not because I wouldn’t like the piece, but because I would think that there maybe somebody else who could do it better. BD:    Your performances always have to be the best? AB:    Not de facto, but at least one should try to make them the best within your own possibilities. BD:    Are you still expanding your repertoire in the time between Bach and Schoenberg with new pieces or new composers from within that era? AB:    I try to, yes. BD:    How do you decide, then, which you’ll add, and which you won’t? AB:    Oh, there has been a waiting list of pieces! [Both laugh] BD:    Is it a very short list, or is it as long as your arm? AB:    It is too long for me to still master it.  But I also want to keep in touch with the important works that I’ve played before, and go back to them at least in certain intervals.  I’m not one of the pianists who will learn a piece, think that one has mastered it, and put it into the wastepaper basket.  This is one type of performer.  There is another type who are obsessively repeating the pieces that they have played.  That’s also not my way. BD:    You try to hit the middle? AB:    [Laughs] I try! BD:    Thank you for coming back to Chicago, and thank you for spending a little time with me.  I appreciate it very much. AB:    My pleasure.  Sorry we don’t have hours, but I have to go back to the instrument.  The tuner will be there as well.  [Though not at this particular engagement, much insight can be found in my Interview with Franz Mohr , Chief Concert Technician for Steinway & Sons 1968-1992,] Now celebrating his 60th year of performing before the public, Alfred Brendel is recognized by audiences the world over for his legendary ability to communicate the emotional and intellectual depths of whatever music he performs. A supreme master of his art, his accomplishments as an interpreter of the great composers have earned him a place among the world's most revered musicians. Having spent the earlier part of this season in the concert halls of Vienna, Berlin, London, Budapest, and other musical capitals of Europe, Mr. Brendel appears on his annual North American tour, performing Mozart K.491 with James Levine and the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra at Carnegie Hall; Beethoven Piano Concerto No. 3 with Kent Nagano and the Montreal Symphony, with Franz Welser-Möst and the Cleveland Orchestra, with Osmo Vänskä and the Minnesota Orchestra, and with Stéphane Denève and the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra. He appears in recital at Carnegie Hall, for the Celebrity Series of Boston, with Chicago Symphony Presents and at the Washington Performing Arts Society. Mr. Brendel has performed with virtually all leading orchestras and conductors. He has appeared in the major cultural centers of Europe and the Far East, and his annual tours of North America have taken him from coast to coast. In recent seasons Mr. Brendel has performed with the Boston Symphony, New York Philharmonic, Philadelphia Orchestra, and the Chicago Symphony with Daniel Barenboim conducting, the Minnesota Orchestra and Osmo Vänskä, and the Los Angeles Philharmonic in the inaugural season of the new Disney Hall. He is an annual visitor to Carnegie Hall, where in 1983 he became the first pianist since the legendary Artur Schnabel to play all 32 Beethoven sonatas. At Carnegie Hall in 1999, he appeared six times in just over three weeks to delight audiences with recitals, chamber music, lieder with baritone Matthias Goerne, poetry reading, and a Mozart concerto with James Levine and the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra. Mr. Brendel's performance at Carnegie Hall the year before - on April 26, 1998 - marked the exact anniversary of his first public recital fifty years ago at the Kammermusiksaal in Graz, Austria. The same series of celebratory events took place later that year at the Lucerne Festival. Strongly identified for his performances of Mozart, Mr. Brendel marked the composer's 250th birth anniversary on January 27, 2006 with a special performance of Mozart's final piano concerto, K.595, with the Berlin Philharmonic and Simon Rattle at Carnegie Hall, which they performed together thereafter with the Philadelphia Orchestra. Alfred Brendel is one of the most prolific recording artists of all time, and for the past thirty years has recorded exclusively for Philips Classics. He is the first pianist to have recorded all of Beethoven's piano compositions and one of the few to have recorded the complete Mozart piano concertos. An extensive discography includes "The Art of Alfred Brendel," a deluxe limited-edition collection of his comprehensive and varied repertoire. His recent releases include a live recording of Schubert sonatas; the five Beethoven piano concertos with Simon Rattle and the Vienna Philharmonic (the fourth time Mr. Brendel has committed these works to disc); Mozart Concertos with the Scottish Chamber Orchestra and Charles Mackerras; works by Haydn, Schubert and Liszt recorded live in Salzburg; and a series of discs devoted to the complete sonatas and other solo works of Mozart. Also recently released is a recording of the complete Beethoven sonatas for piano and cello with his son, cellist Adrian Brendel. He has won many prizes for his recordings, notably the Grand Prix du Disque, the Japan Record Academy Award, Gramophone's "Critics' Choice," the Edison Prize, and the Grand Prix de l'Académie du Disque Français. In 2001, Mr. Brendel received a Lifetime Achievement Award in Cannes at MIDEM, the world's largest recording industry's fair. Mr. Brendel is well versed in the fields of literature, language, architecture and films. In addition to his latest books, Alfred Brendel on Music and Ausgerechnet Ich ("Me Of All People"), he has published two collections of articles, lectures and essays. He is a frequent contributor to The New York Review of Books, having written articles on Mozart, Liszt and Schoenberg. Mr. Brendel's volumes of poetry – "A collection of texts which can be numbered among the sparse ranks of genuinely comic literature and which make their author possibly ‘immortal.'" (Frankfurter Allegmeine Zeitung,) include One Finger Too Many, published in the United States by Random House, and Cursing Bagels, released in English by Faber and Faber. He has given readings of his works in New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Dallas, and in many of the cultural capitals of Europe. Mr. Brendel is the subject of the BBC documentary "Alfred Brendel - Man and Mask." Born in Weissenberg, Moravia, Alfred Brendel spent his childhood traveling throughout Yugoslavia and Austria. His father, an architectural engineer, businessman and cinema director, also ran a resort hotel on the Adriatic. The younger Brendel began piano lessons at the age of six but, owing to the family's continuous travel, had to give up one piano teacher after another. In his teens, he attended the Graz Conservatory where he studied piano, composition and conducting. He also showed talent as a painter and, when he made his recital debut at the age of 17, an art gallery near the concert hall was showing a one-man exhibition of his watercolors. He discontinued formal piano studies soon after, preferring to attend occasional master classes, including those given by the famed pianist Edwin Fischer. To this day Mr. Brendel regards his untraditional musical background as something of an advantage. "Many times a teacher can be too influential," he says. "Being self-taught, I learned to distrust anything I hadn't figured out myself." Although Mr. Brendel's artistic interests as a young man did not focus on music alone, his winning the prestigious Busoni Piano Competition in Italy launched his career as a performing musician. He quickly established a reputation of unusual integrity and insight into the music of Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Schumann and Schubert, as well as the works of Liszt and several 20th century composers. Alfred Brendel is the recipient of honorary doctorates from Oxford, London, Sussex and Yale universities. He is only the third pianist in history to be named an honorary member of the Vienna Philharmonic, a distinction he shares with his illustrious predecessors, Emil von Sauer and Wilhelm Backhaus. Mr. Brendel has been awarded the Leonie Sonning Prize, the Furtwängler Prize for Musical Interpretation, London's South Bank Award, the Robert Schumann Prize presented in Zwickau, Schumann's birthplace; the Ernst von Siemens Prize and, most recently, "A Life for Music – the Artur Rubinstein Prize," presented by the Artur Rubinstein Cultural Association of Venice, Italy. In 1989 he was appointed an honorary Knight Commander of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II for "Outstanding Services to Music in Britain," where he has made his home since 1972. (Biography from Colbert Artists Management, Inc., January 2008) © 1991 Bruce Duffie This interview was recorded in the musicians’ lounge in the basement of Orchestra Hall in Chicago on April 20, 1991.  Portions were used on WNIB (along with musical examples) in 1996 and 1999.  The transcription was made in 2008 and posted on this website in November of that year.  To see a full list (with links) of interviews which have been transcribed and posted on this website, click here . Award - winning broadcaster Bruce Duffie was with WNIB, Classical 97 in Chicago from 1975 until its final moment as a classical station in February of 2001.  His interviews have also appeared in various magazines and journals since 1980, and he now continues his broadcast series on WNUR-FM, as well as on Contemporary Classical Internet Radio. You are invited to visit his website for more information about his work, including selected transcripts of other interviews, plus a full list of his guests.  He would also like to call your attention to the photos and information about his grandfather , who was a pioneer in the automotive field more than a century ago.  You may also send him E-Mail with comments, questions and suggestions.

i don't know

In which soap did Demi Moore find fame?

Demi Moore - Biography - IMDb Demi Moore Biography Showing all 122 items Jump to: Overview  (3) | Mini Bio  (1) | Spouse  (3) | Trade Mark  (2) | Trivia  (71) | Personal Quotes  (29) | Salary  (13) Overview (3) 5' 5" (1.65 m) Mini Bio (1) Demi Moore was born on November 11, 1962, in Roswell, New Mexico. Her father, Charles Foster Harmon, Sr., left her mother, Virginia Beverly (King), before Demi was born. Her stepfather, Danny Guynes, did not add much stability to her life, either. He frequently changed jobs and made the family move a total of 40 times. The parents kept on drinking, arguing and beating, until Guynes finally committed suicide. Demi quit school at age 16 to work as a pin-up-girl. At 18, she married rock musician Freddy Moore ; the marriage lasted four years. At 19, she became a regular on the soap opera General Hospital (1963) (1982-1983). From the first salaries, she started partying and sniffing cocaine. That lasted more than three years, until director Joel Schumacher threatened to fire her from the set of St. Elmo's Fire (1985) when she turned up high. She got a withdrawal treatment and returned clean within a week... and stayed clean. With determination and a skill for publicity stunts, like the nude appearance on the cover of Vanity Fair while pregnant, she made her way to fame. Thanks to the huge commercial success of Ghost (1990) and the controversial pictures Indecent Proposal (1993) and Disclosure (1994), she became Hollywood's most sought-after and most expensive actress. In 2009, Demi Moore and spouse Ashton Kutcher launched The Demi and Ashton Foundation, a non-profit, non-governmental organization directed towards fighting child sexual slavery. Its first campaign in "Real Men Don't Buy Girls". On April 23, 2011, Demi and Ashton appeared together for their first on-air interview on CNN's Piers Morgan Tonight (2011) to promote their foundation and start the work towards ending child sexual slavery. The foundation's website enables people to educate themselves, show support and take action or make a donation. They first got involved in the issue in 2008 and that a great deal of the early work just involved starting discussions, raising awareness and creating urgency. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Tom Zoerner < Tom.Zoerner@informatik.uni-erlangen.de> / rob clement Spouse (3) Trivia (71) Hired three cameramen to videotape the birth of her first child. Bruce and Demi announce they are ending their marriage of eleven years. No reasons given. [June 1998] Chosen by People (USA) magazine as one of the 50 Most Beautiful People in the World. [1996] Was once engaged to Emilio Estevez . She posed nude while seven months pregnant with daughter Scout LaRue Willis for a 1991 Vanity Fair magazine cover. In August 1992, she again posed nude for Vanity Fair, this time wearing body paint that resembled a man's suit. Stripped on Late Show with David Letterman (1993), allegedly to disprove rumors that she's too fat for her new movie Striptease (1996). Owns a production company: "Moving Pictures". She appeared in John Parr 's music video "St. Elmo's Fire (Man In Motion)". Listed as one of twelve "Promising New Actors of 1986" in John Willis's Screen World, Vol. 38. In order to play a coke addict, Jules, in St. Elmo's Fire (1985), she had to sign a contract stipulating that she would stop her own alcohol and drug abuse, an agreement that caused her life to turn around. Was one of three finalists for the lead in Flashdance (1983). No one could decide between the three, so a group of about 50 men were brought into a room, shown the three audition tapes and asked who they would want to sleep with the most. Jennifer Beals won by a landslide. Was replaced by Sandra Bullock for the lead in While You Were Sleeping (1995). Operations on her left eye during childhood caused her to wear a patch. First actress to reach 10 million dollar salary mark. Aunt of actors Cooper Guynes and Oliver Guynes . Demi's real father, Charles Harmon, abandoned the family before she was born, which is why she didn't share his last name on her birth certificate. Continues to receive royalty checks for songs she wrote before becoming an actress. Was spoofed in the video game Leisure Suit Larry 7: Love for Sail! (1996) as a hypersexual version of herself called "Dewmi (pronounced "Do Me") Moore". First job was as a bill collector. Voted #22 on VH1's Hottest Hotties. Though born in New Mexico, she spent much of her childhood in Eastern Pennsylvania. Supporter of Arsenal Football Club, and attends home games whenever she is in London. She quit school at age 16 and started working as a pin-up girl. According to an article in the now defunct Buzz magazine, she was so demanding when it came to perks and fringe benefits, her nickname around Hollywood studio executives was "Gimme Moore". Was one of the nine original members of the 1980s "brat pack", along with Judd Nelson , Mare Winningham , Anthony Michael Hall , Andrew McCarthy , Rob Lowe , Molly Ringwald , Emilio Estevez and Ally Sheedy . The only Brat Packer to become a huge and long-lasting movie star after the Brat Pack era ended. Along with Pia Zadora , Madonna , Pauly Shore and Sylvester Stallone , one of the few people who have "won" back to back awards at the Razzies in successive years. She "won" Worst Actress of 1997 for her performances in the films The Juror (1996) and Striptease (1996), then again the next year she "won" Worst Actress for her role in G.I. Jane (1997). Her wedding with Ashton Kutcher was attended by about 100 guests. Among them were ex-husband Bruce Willis , their three daughters, Ashton's best friend and co-star from That '70s Show (1998), Wilmer Valderrama , and Demi's close friend Lucy Liu . Auditioned for (and won) the role of Jackie Templeton on General Hospital (1963) after producers put out a casting call for a " Margot Kidder / Karen Allen " type actress (both of whom were top box office stars at the time). Married Bruce Willis at the Golden Nugget Hotel in Las Vegas. Little Richard presided over her wedding to Bruce Willis . Ally Sheedy was one of the bridesmaids. Attended (but did not graduate from) Fairfax High School in Los Angeles with actor/producer Byron Allen . Her ancestry includes English and Scottish. Lived next door to Nastassja Kinski when moving to Los Angeles to pursue acting. Her professional first name "Demi" (short for her birth name Demetria) is pronounced "deh-ME", not "DEM-ee", with emphasis on the second syllable just as in "Demetria". Her mother died from cancer in 1998 at age 54. Older half-sister of Morgan Guynes . Her mother was 18 when she had her. In 1995, became the highest-paid actress in film history, up until that time, earning $12.5 million for Striptease (1996). Thanked by Blink 182 in the liner notes of their album "Enema of the State". Credited along with actor Daniel Morton for saving a woman's life through Twitter. Was 20th Century Fox's choice to play Katharine Clifton in The English Patient (1996). When the film's producers refused to give in on the studio's decision to cast Moore, Fox withdrew their funding. Miramax eventually picked up the film and the role was given to Kristin Scott Thomas . Auditioned for the role of Luisa Contini in Nine (2009), but Marion Cotillard was cast in the role instead. Had to drop out of A League of Their Own (1992) due to pregnancy. Lives in Los Angeles, California and Hailey, Idaho. Along with Gerard Butler , Ben Stiller , Susan Sarandon and director Paul Haggis , she visited a camp for internally displaced persons managed by Sean Penn and his Jenkins-Penn Humanitarian Relief Organization in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. [April 2010] The controversial Vanity Fair magazine cover of Moore - nude and pregnant - was photographed by Annie Leibovitz in May 1991. Had knee surgery. [February 2011] Remains friends with Daniel Morton since helping save a woman's life on Twitter together. Former publicist is Michael Levine . Showed interest in the title role in Æon Flux (2005) that Charlize Theron eventually played. Aeon creator Peter Chung disapproved of the casting of Moore. Turned down the role of Sarah Tobias in The Accused (1988), which went to Jodie Foster . Met first husband Freddy Moore at the Troubadour nightclub in Los Angeles when she was 16 years old. Has three younger paternal half-siblings (James, Charlotte, and Charles Jr.) who she does not have a relationship with. Gave birth to her first child at age 25, daughter Rumer Glenn Willis (aka Rumer Willis ) on August 16, 1988. Rumer's father is Demi's second ex-husband, Bruce Willis . Gave birth to her second child at age 28, daughter Scout LaRue Willis on July 20, 1991. Scout's father is Demi's second ex-husband, Bruce Willis . Gave birth to her third child at age 31, daughter Tallulah Belle Willis on February 3, 1994. Tallulah's father is Demi's second ex-husband, Bruce Willis . Separated from her third husband of 6 years Ashton Kutcher . [November 2011] (December 21, 2012) Third husband Ashton Kutcher filed for divorce after a 13 month separation and 7 years of marriage. A huge fan of Susan Boyle . When Moore enthused about her on Twitter, the millions who followed helped to turn Boyle into a global megastar. Sadly, Boyle didn't know much about Moore and nothing about Moore's husband Ashton Kutcher . Spokeswoman/model for Ann Taylor clothing store chain. [August 2011] Is a (raw) vegan. Has been romantically linked with Leonardo DiCaprio , Colin Farrell , Timothy Hutton , Pedro Aguinaga , Martin Henderson , Anthony Kiedis , Tobey Maguire , Harry Morton , Peter Morton , Will Hanigan , Guy Oseary , Alex Rodríguez , Thomas Jane , Owen Wilson , Dweezil Zappa and Vito Schnabel . Dated martial arts instructor Oliver Whitcomb from 1999 to 2002. Is an avid doll collector and keeps a separate residence in Idaho to house her 2,000 vintage dolls. Was part owner of the Planet Hollywood restaurant chain. Fan of Rita Hayworth and the movie Gilda (1946). Recorded a five-track demo tape in 1982 under the guidance of music producer Greg Penny and almost got a deal from RCA records. Appeared in a 1986 stage play with Robin Bartlett called "The Early Girl" at Circle Repertory Theatre in New York. Brought into fashion the women's pixie cut, a hairstyle she debuted for photographers at the Beverly Hills premiere of When Harry Met Sally... (1989) in July 1989. When Ghost (1990) was released in the summer of 1990, millions of women emulated this short, boy-like crop. Rented out Six Flags Magic Mountain amusement park in Valencia, Ca. for her 29th birthday in 1991. Personal Quotes (29) All you need is for some of these things to appear in print a couple of times and people start to believe it. I think what really is happening is that the only way the media can allow me to be smart and ambitious is by making me a bitch. The truth is you can have a great marriage, but there are still no guarantees. There's this idea that if you take your clothes off, somehow you must have loose morals. There's still a negative attitude in our society towards women who use a strength that's inherent - their femininity - in any way that might be considered seductive. Time is an amazing equalizer. I think if you stay true to yourself and keep moving forward, things come around. On the changes made to Nathaniel Hawthorne 's "The Scarlet Letter" (she starred in the adaptation): In truth, not very many people have read the book...the ultimate message of "Hester Prynne" would have been lost if we'd stayed with the original ending. I didn't want to work and drag my kids with me while they were trying to cross this huge transition. I wanted them to become as stable and as confident as possible. There are people who go through this and don't have the financial means, but I did. It wasn't a risk; it was the right thing to do. Once you've tasted a bit of success, it's more challenging. We have to continue to be willing to take a risk so that we don't get too safe. Unwillingness to risk failure is always there, but it gets harder when you feel you have more to lose. So the better place to keep yourself in is out of your comfort zone, willing to try even at the risk of failing. And that's not natural to me at all. In fact, it's completely unnatural. I think we all want the same things. We all want to feel loved, and feel a part of something, but we all have self-doubt no matter where we came from. [on plastic surgery] It's completely false, I've never had it done. It's a way to combat your neurosis. The scalpel won't make you happy. For the moment I prefer to be a beautiful woman of my age than try desperately to look thirty. [to Susan Boyle ] You have nothing to lose - just keep sharing your light. I don't think anyone could imagine it, but with Redford, all of a sudden, I was very shy and more self-conscious. This was THE Robert Redford and he's a kind of shy and reserved guy. I'm honored if I can inspire somebody else. [on her approach to acting] It's 100 percent instinct. I haven't had years of learning in acting class. It just didn't go that way for me. Not because I ever felt I was so wonderful I didn't need it. I'm sure I could use plenty of guidance. Actually, I was too insecure to want to take that path. I always just felt that if I got in a class and somebody said, 'Boy, you're really not good, and maybe you should consider something else,' I would have had to, and I thought that if I could fake it long enough maybe I could figure it out. There's that old saying, 'Fake it until you make it,' and I think I might have been skating on that thin ice for a while in the hope nobody would find me out. I never even really had the ability to put myself in that kind of learning situation until right before I did Ghost (1990), when I worked in New York with a teacher named Harold Guskin . I enjoyed it, but being in a class would probably still be intimidating for me. The press is a big machine that runs of its own will, and to fight against it would take too much of my focus and my energy. All I can really do is try to find the safest way I can to use the press for positive things - promoting what I love, the movies I make. The rest of it, even though sometimes it hurts, sometimes it's disappointing, sometimes it's unjust, I just don't want to get caught up in it. I've seen what the press does to other stars, and I know I'm no exception. Everybody has their day. Sometimes it's a good time for you in the press, sometimes it's just your turn to get hit. There seems to be no rhyme or reason, no matter what you're doing or how hard you're working. Except you do see that sometimes it comes like the tide - if it's been a really good time for you, the press starts looking for reasons to bring you down, and if you're really down it seems as if they start to jump on a bandwagon so they can be the creators and bring you back. So I just try to ride the wave. I do take a stand about how a scene should be played. I have a passion for my work, and that sometimes triggers creative conflicts. I have no obligation to be politically correct. [on About Last Night... (1986)] Some of the critics didn't like the happy ending. But there was no way you could have any other ending on that movie. After building up compassion for the characters, to just throw it away with an unhappy ending would have been stupid. [on working with Michael Caine in Flawless (2007), 2008] Fantastic. I have to say, I've certainly grown in having a greater appreciation for who he is. I realized actually, when I was 20 when I did the film ( Blame It on Rio (1984)) playing his daughter, we didn't have the resource to be able to watch his films like we have today. Young actors now can go back and find everything. For me to have really been that familiar, I would've had to go to those arthouses and really waited to get that little sliver. So now I really have a greater appreciation, which hopefully we do as we get older anyway. [on women in combat] If there are women, whatever that percentage might be - two percent, five percent - if they have the desire, if they have the ability to match up on an equal standard, then I think we want them there, because that just means somebody's found what they're supposed to do in their lifetime that they're good at. And if they have the passion to create that kind of commitment to be there, why shouldn't they be? [on 1950s anti-abortion laws depicted in her film, If These Walls Could Talk (1996)] The shame and degradation that these women faced - that is really what is criminal. [1985, on being dubbed a member of the "Brat Pack"] I hate it! I find it embarrassing, hateful and demeaning. I used to say that I attended 48 schools, but I think it's something over 30. I attended six high schools, and I always had at least two schools in every grade. Sometimes I made three moves in one grade. My shortest stay was two months. [2005] In his own way, Ashton is romantic. We were apart for awhile, and he phoned me and said he'd shaved his leg. One leg. Because then at night, he said, it's like sleeping with a woman when he rubs against himself. Some of my lowest points were the most exciting opportunities to push through to be a better person. There's nothing wrong with having a desire to want nice things. It's when we place that as a measure of the value of ourselves that it goes askew. [at a briefing on Domestic Sex Trafficking in Washington D.C., 5/4/10] As long as one person is enslaved, we are all enslaved. As long as we continue to allow these young women to be criminalized, the message we're putting out is that women and girls can be bought ... It's time that we bring the dirty little secret out into the open. There was a point in my career that I was being encouraged to do a film for what felt like the wrong reasons, which were for monetary reasons. But I had an overwhelming sense of intuition that it wasn't right, that it felt unsafe, that there were elements that really just were wrong. And what's interesting is, I didn't follow my intuition. I allowed myself to be persuaded. And the biggest part of why that was created is that I didn't have enough self-confidence or trust in my own information. [presenting Ghost (1990) at the ArcLight Hollywood, April 2013] It's something that touches people's heart, it transcends and has comforted people's soul in great loss and it has instilled a sense of hope and magic that those we love are always still with us. I'm truly grateful to have been part of this film, and I'm honored to be sharing with you tonight. I thank AFI and Target for bringing together this magical night for you to see it on the big screen. I'm sure there was a huge boon in pottery classes that they hadn't seen since macrame, Birkenstocks, and hairy legs were in fashion! Salary (13)

General Hospital

To the nearest million, what is the population of London, England?

Demi Moore Ghost, Indecent Proposal, Striptease, G.I. Jane, Bobby, LOL Date of Birth: November 11, 1962 Place of Birth: Roswell, New Mexico, USA Height: 5′ 5″ (1.65 m) Birth Name: Demetria Gene Guynes Demi Guynes Kutcher, known professionally as Demi Moore, is an American actress, film producer, film director, former songwriter, and model. Demi Moore dropped out of high school at age 16 to pursue an acting career, and posed for a nude pictorial in Oui magazine in 1980. After making her film debut in 1981, she appeared on the soap opera General Hospital and subsequently gained attention for her roles in Blame It on Rio (1984) and St. Elmo’s Fire (1985). Her first film to become both a critical and commercial hit was About Last Night (1986), which established her as a Hollywood star. In 1990, Moore starred in Ghost, the highest-grossing film of that year, which brought her a Golden Globe nomination. She had a string of additional box-office successes over the early 1990s with A Few Good Men (1992), Indecent Proposal (1993), and Disclosure (1994). In 1996, Moore became the highest-paid actress in film history when she was paid a then-unprecedented fee of $12.5 million to star in Striptease. The high-profile disappointment of that film as well as her next, G.I. Jane (1997), was followed by a lengthy hiatus and significant downturn in Moore’s career, although she has remained a subject of substantial media interest during the years since. Moore took her professional name from her first husband, musician Freddy Moore, and is the mother of three daughters from her second marriage to actor Bruce Willis . She married her third husband, actor Ashton Kutcher , in 2005, and separated from him in November 2011. 2. Early life Demi Moore was born in Roswell, New Mexico. Prior to Moore’s birth, her biological father, Air Force man Charles Harmon, Sr. left her mother, Virginia King, after a two-month marriage. When Moore was three months old, her mother married Dan Guynes, a newspaper advertising salesman, he did not add much stability to her life, either. He frequently changed jobs and made the family move a total of 40 times; as a result, the family moved many times. As a curious note, her ancestry includes English and Scottish. She was named Demetria after a shampoo that her mother saw in a magazine. Virginia was age 18 when she had her. Moore said in 1991, “My dad was Dan Guynes. He raised me. There is a man who would be considered my biological father who I don’t really have a relationship with.” Moore learned of him at age 13, when she found her mother and stepfather’s marriage certificate and inquired about the circumstances since “I saw my parents were married in February 1963. I was born in ’62.” The parents kept on drinking, arguing and beating. Dan Guynes committed suicide in October 1980 at age 37, two years after divorcing Moore’s mother. Moore’s biological father appeared on Inside Edition in 1995, making an appeal to see his grandchildren. Virginia Guynes had a long record of arrests for crimes, including drunk driving and arson. Moore broke off contact with her in 1990, when Guynes walked away from a rehab stay Moore had paid for at the Hazelden Foundation in Minnesota. Guynes later embarrassed her daughter by posing nude for the low-end magazine High Society in 1993, where she spoofed Moore’s controversial Vanity Fair pregnancy and bodypaint covers, and parodied her love scene from the film Ghost. Moore and Guynes briefly reconciled shortly before Virginia died from cancer in 1998 at the age of 54. Moore has a maternal half-brother, Morgan Guynes, who in 1988 was a U.S. Marine stationed in North Carolina, and gave her away at her wedding the previous year; two paternal half-brothers, Charles Harmon Jr. and James Craig Harmon who in 2006 was sentenced to 10 years in jail for aggravated assault; and a paternal half-sister, Charlotte Harmon Eggar, who in 2012 said she had not seen Moore in 30 years. Moore was cross-eyed as a child; this was ultimately corrected by two surgeries. She also suffered from kidney dysfunction. At age 15, Moore moved to West Hollywood, California, where her mother worked for a magazine-distribution company. Moore attended Fairfax High School there, and recalled, “I moved out of my family’s house when I was 16 and left high school in my junior year.” Demi quit school at age 16 to work as a pin-up-girl. She worked at a debt collection agency and had a stint as a pin-up girl in Europe upon signing with the Elite Modeling Agency, then enrolled in drama classes after being inspired by her neighbor, 17-year-old German actress Nastassja Kinski. At 19, she became a regular on the soap opera General Hospital. From the first salaries, she started partying and sniffing cocaine. That lasted more than three years, until director Joel Schumacher threatened to fire her from the set of St. Elmo’s Fire when she turned up high. She got a withdrawal treatment and returned clean within a week; and stayed clean. With determination and a skill for publicity stunts, like the nude appearance on the cover of Vanity Fair while pregnant, she made her way to fame. Thanks to the huge commercial success of Ghost and the controversial pictures Indecent Proposal and Disclosure, she’s Hollywood’s most sought-after and most expensive actress. 3. Personal life In August 1979, three months before her 17th birthday, Moore met rock musician Freddy Moore at the Los Angeles nightclub The Troubadour. Freddy Moore was married to another woman at that time. On February 8, 1980, at 18, she married Freddy Moore, 12 years her senior, and moved into an apartment in West Hollywood; the marriage lasted four years. Before their marriage, Demi had already begun using Freddy’s surname as her stage name. She filed for divorce in September 1984; it was finalized on August 7, 1985. Following her divorce from Freddy Moore, Moore was engaged to actor Emilio Estevez. The pair had planned to marry in December 1986, but called off the engagement. On November 21, 1987, Moore married her second husband, actor Bruce Willis at the Golden Nugget Hotel in Las Vegas. She stated on her marriage license that this was her first marriage, explaining in an interview the following year, “I did it only because I thought it was going to take longer if I put that [first marriage] on there.” Demi Moore and Bruce Willis have three daughters together: Rumer (born August 16, 1988), Scout (born July 20, 1991), and Tallulah (born February 3, 1994). The couple separated on June 24, 1998, but did not file for divorce until October 18, 2000. Their divorce was finalized one day after the filing. On January 28, 1998, Moore and Willis sued their former nanny, Kim Tannahill, in a U.S. district court in Blaine County, Idaho, claiming she billed them for personal expenses, reneged on some $8,000 worth of loans and spoke about their private lives in violation of a confidentiality agreement. The couple sought at least $300,000 in damages. On February 2, 1998, Tannahill filed a countersuit in a Los Angeles Superior Court. In that lawsuit, Tannahill claimed that she was subjected to “intimidation, threats and force,” and accused Moore of locking her in a bedroom for a two-hour “verbal beating” upon firing her in August 1997, quoting Moore as saying “It’s scary what I could do to you.” Tannahill’s lawsuit was thrown out by a federal judge in April 1998, while the suit filed by Moore and Willis was settled out of court. Moore had a longstanding relationship with martial arts instructor Oliver Whitcomb, whom she dated from 1999 to 2002. In May 2003, Moore was sued by the former manager of her Idaho ranch, Lawrence Bass, for sexual harassment and discrimination. Bass sought more than $250,000 in damages, claiming in his lawsuit that Moore approached him in the same manner as did her character with Michael Douglas in the 1994 film Disclosure, then fired him, months later, after he had turned down her advances. Bass, who also filed complaints with the federal Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and Idaho’s Human Rights Commission, had been the subject of seven restraining orders, was arrested in 1998 for domestic abuse, and was wanted for failing to answer a five-count criminal harassment complaint against him. Idaho state investigators ruled there was “no probable cause” to support his allegations against Moore. The case was dismissed in February 2004. Moore filed a countersuit against Bass, who served a 10-day jail sentence for civil contempt. Also in 2003, Moore began dating actor Ashton Kutcher , who is 15 years her junior. They married on September 24, 2005. The wedding was attended by about 150 close friends and family of the couple, including her ex-husband Bruce Willis , their three daughters, Ashton’s best friend and co-star from That ’70s Show, Wilmer Valderrama , and Demi’s close friend Lucy Liu. In November 2011, after months of media speculation about the state of the couple’s marriage, Moore announced her decision to end her marriage to Kutcher. After over a year of separation, Kutcher filed for divorce from Moore on December 21, 2012 in Los Angeles Superior Court, citing irreconcilable differences. Moore filed her response papers in March 2013, requesting spousal support and payment of legal fees from Kutcher. In 2009, Demi Moore and spouse Ashton Kutcher launched The Demi and Ashton Foundation, a non-profit, non-governmental organization directed towards fighting child sexual slavery. Its first campaign in “Real Men Don’t Buy Girls”. On April 23, 2011, Demi and Ashton appeared together for their first on-air interview on CNN’s “Piers Morgan Tonight” to promote their foundation and start the work towards ending child sexual slavery. The foundation’s website enables people to educate themselves, show support and take action or make a donation. They first got involved in the issue in 2008 and that a great deal of the early work just involved starting discussions, raising awareness and creating urgency. In November 2012, the foundation said it was announcing “a new name and refined mission” as Thorn, which aimed “to disrupt and deflate the predatory behavior of those who abuse and traffic children, solicit sex with children or create and share child pornography”. Demi Moore owns a production company: “Moving Pictures”. As a curious note, her professional first name “Demi” (short for her birth name Demetria) is pronounced “deh-ME”, not “DEM-ee”, with emphasis on the second syllable just as in “Demetria”. She is a follower of Philip Berg’s Kabbalah Centre religion, and initiated Kutcher into the faith, having said that she “didn’t grow up Jewish, but … would say that [she has] been more exposed to the deeper meanings of particular rituals than any of [her] friends that did.” According to The New York Times, Moore is “the world’s most high-profile doll collector,” and among her favorites is the Gene Marshall fashion doll. At one point, Moore kept a separate residence to house her 2,000 dolls. While she landed on PETA’s Worst-Dressed List in 2009 for wearing fur, two years later she supported the group’s efforts to ban circus workers’ use of bullhooks on elephants. 4. Career Demi Moore co-wrote three songs with Freddy Moore and appeared in the music video for their “It’s Not a Rumor,” performed by his band The Nu Kats. She continues to receive royalty checks from her brief songwriting career (1980-1981). Moore appeared on the cover of the January 1981 issue of the adult magazine Oui, in which she posed for a series of photographs containing full frontal nudity. In a 1988 interview, Moore claimed she only posed for the cover of Oui—I was 16; I told them I was 18 and that the photos inside the issue were for a European fashion magazine. In 1990, she told another interviewer, I was 17 years old. I was underage. It was just the cover. Moore made her film debut with a supporting role in the low-budget teen drama Choices in year 1981, directed by Silvio Narizzano. Her second feature was the 1982, 3-D science fiction/horror film Parasite, for which director Charles Band had instructed casting director Johanna Ray to find me the next Karen Allen. Moore gained greater exposure when she joined the cast of the ABC soap opera General Hospital, playing the role of Jackie Templeton from 1982 to 1983. During her tenure on the series, she made an uncredited cameo appearance in the 1982 spoof Young Doctors in Love. Demi Moore was one of three finalists for the lead in Flashdance in 1983. No one could decide between the three, so a group of about 50 men was brought into a room, shown the three audition tapes and asked who they would want to sleep with the most. Jennifer Beals won by a landslide. Moore’s film career took off in 1984 following her appearance in the sex comedy Blame It on Rio. That same year, she played the lead role in No Small Affair. Her commercial breakthrough came in Joel Schumacher’s yuppie drama St. Elmo’s Fire in 1985, which received negative reviews but was a box office success. Because of that film, Moore was often listed as part of the Brat Pack, a label she shunned at the time. She progressed to more serious material with About Last Night… at year 1986, which marked a positive turning point in her career, as she later noted that she started to see better scripts following its release. Film critic Roger Ebert gave the film 4 out of 4 stars and praised her performance, writing, “There isn’t a romantic note she isn’t required to play in this movie, and she plays them all flawlessly.” The success of About Last Night… was not rivaled by Moore’s other two 1986 releases: One Crazy Summer and Wisdom, the last youth-oriented films she would star in. Moore made her professional stage debut in an Off-Broadway production of The Early Girl, which ran at the Circle Repertory Company in fall 1986. In 1988, Moore starred as a prophecy-bearing mother in the apocalyptic drama The Seventh Sign –her first outing as a solo film star. The following year, she played the quick-witted local laundress and prostitute in Neil Jordan’s Depression-era allegory We’re No Angels, opposite Robert De Niro. Was dubbed as of the nine original members of the 1980s “brat pack“, along with Judd Nelson, Mare Winningham, Anthony Michael Hall, Andrew McCarthy, Rob Lowe, Molly Ringwald, Emilio Estevez and Ally Sheedy. However, in a 1986 interview, Moore refused the acknowledgment by stating “I don’t belong in any ‘Brat Pack'”. Her most successful film was the supernatural romantic melodrama Ghost, with Patrick Swayze and Whoopi Goldberg, a sleeper hit that grossed $505 million at the box office and was the highest-grossing film of 1990. The love scene between Moore and Patrick Swayze that starts in front of a potter’s wheel as the song “Unchained Melody” plays has become an iconic moment in film history. Ghost was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture, and Moore’s performance as Molly Jensen garnered her a Golden Globe Award nomination as Best Actress. In 1991, Demi Moore co-produced and starred in the mystery thriller Mortal Thoughts with Glenne Headly and Bruce Willis , and appeared as a blonde for the first time in the romantic comedy The Butcher’s Wife, with Jeff Daniels. Both films were box-office disappointments, but Moore sustained her A-list status with her starring roles in Rob Reiner’s A Few Good Men with Tom Cruise and Jack Nicholson in 1992; Adrian Lyne’s Indecent Proposal alongside Robert Redford and Woody Harrelson in 1993; and Barry Levinson’s Disclosure with Michael Douglas, Donald Sutherland and Caroline Goodall in 1994; all of which opened at #1 at the box office and were blockbuster hits. She posed nude while seven months pregnant with daughter Scout LaRue Willis for a 1991 Vanity Fair magazine cover. In August 1992, she again posed nude for Vanity Fair, this time wearing body paint that resembled a man’s suit. Stripped on Late Show with David Letterman on year 1993, allegedly to disprove rumors that she’s too fat for her new movie Striptease. Later, in 1996, Demi Moore was chosen by People magazine as one of the 50 most beautiful people in the world. By 1995, Moore was the highest-paid actress in Hollywood. She subsequently had a string of unsuccessful films starting The Scarlet Letter, with Gary Oldman and Robert Duvall, a “freely adapted” version of the historical romance novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne, in which her portrayal of Hester Prynne was met with harsh criticism. Despite the poor reception of that film and her follow-up release, The Juror, Moore was paid a record-breaking salary of $12.5 million in 1996 to star in Striptease, with Burt Reynolds. Much hype was made about Moore’s willingness to dance topless for the part, though this was the sixth time she had shown her breasts on film. Although the film was actually a financial success—grossing over $113 million worldwide —it failed to reach expectations and was widely considered a flop. Meanwhile, she also produced and starred in a controversial miniseries for HBO called If These Walls Could Talk, a three-part anthology about abortion. Its screenwriter, Nancy Savoca, directed two segments, including one in which Moore played a widowed nurse in the early 1950s seeking a back-alley abortion, the segment name is 1952, with her acted: Shirley Knight and Catherine Keener. For that role, Moore received a second Golden Globe nomination as Best Actress. Also in 1995 was replaced by Sandra Bullock for the lead in While You Were Sleeping. Demi Moore was 20th Century Fox’s choice to play Katharine Clifton in The English Patient at 1996. However, the film’s producers refused to give in on the studio’s decision to cast Moore, and as a result Fox backed out of the film. Eventually, the film was picked up by Miramax and the role was given to Kristin Scott Thomas, who went on to receive a Best Actress Oscar nomination for her performance, was cast instead. Demi Moore famously shaved her head in order to play a Navy SEALS recruit in Ridley Scott’s G.I. Jane, alongside Viggo Mortensen and Anne Bancroft in 1997. The film was a moderate box office success, but its domestic gross was only slightly more than it cost to make. During the film’s production, it was reported that Moore had ordered studio chiefs to charter two planes for her and her entourage, which reinforced her negative reputation for being a diva. After G.I. Jane, Moore took a low-profile role in Woody Allen’s Deconstructing Harry, with Judy Davis and Julia Louis-Dreyfus, among other actors. Then left the Hollywood spotlight and moved to Hailey, Idaho on a full-time basis to devote herself to raising her three daughters. She was offscreen for three years before re-emerging in the arthouse drama Passion of Mind in 2000, the first English-language film from Belgian director Alain Berliner. Her performance was critically acclaimed, but the film itself received mixed reviews and was deemed naggingly slow by some critics. Moore then resumed her self-imposed career hiatus and continued to turn down film offers. Another three years passed before Demi Moore acted again. She returned to the screen as the villain of the 2003 film Charlie’s Angels: Full Throttle, with Drew Barrymore, Lucy Liu, Cameron Diaz and Bernie Mac, but that was followed by yet another three-year absence. In the interim, Moore signed on as the face of the Versace fashion brand and then the Helena Rubinstein brand of cosmetics. In 2006, she appeared in Bobby which featured an all-star cast, including Harry Belafonte, Nick Cannon, Joy Bryant, Laurence Fishburne, Heather Graham, Anthony Hopkins, Helen Hunt, Joshua Jackson, Lindsay Lohan, Shia LaBeouf, and her husband Ashton Kutcher , although they did not appear in any scenes together. Moore reunited with Blame It on Rio co-star Michael Caine for the British crime drama Flawless, which came out in a limited release in 2008 with generally positive reviews. As of 2012, her last appearance in a widely released film was in 2007’s Mr. Brooks with Kevin Costner. Since then, she has acted in several independent films, including the 2011 corporate drama Margin Call, with Kevin Spacey, Paul Bettany and Jeremy Irons, in this movie she had a small role. She also auditioned for the role of Luisa Contini in Nine (2009), but Marion Cotillard was cast in the part instead. Demi Moore had been cast to play feminist activist Gloria Steinem in the Linda Lovelace biographical film Lovelace, but within a month of being announced for the role, she dropped out of the production in the wake of a January 23, 2012 hospitalization and what her representative called professional assistance to treat her exhaustion and improve her overall health. Sarah Jessica Parker took over the role. Also in 2012, she had part on the movie LOL, directed by Lisa Azuelos, she share screen with Jean-Luc Bilodeau, Douglas Booth and Miley Cyrus. In 2013 she was part of film Very Good Girls, alongside Elizabeth Olsen and Dakota Fanning. It was announced for 2014, Demi was part of Forsaken with Kiefer Sutherland. 5. Filmography

i don't know

What did Clarice Cliff create?

Why did Clarice Cliff become so famous?   Why did Clarice Cliff become so famous? Leonard Griffin, author of five books on Clarice, and founder of the Clarice Cliff Collectors Club, talks about the woman behind the art.     When I bought my first piece of Clarice Cliff pottery in 1979 many antique dealers had not even heard of her. Some referred to her �Clarence� Cliff! The startling contrast between designs such as Crocus and Lugano; or shapes such as her Yo Yo vase and the very traditional My Garden ware, was puzzling. How could ONE person have designed such a diversity of designs? At the time there had been just one book about her, published in 1976 and was out of print. However, I finally managed to get a copy of the L�Odeon Clarice Cliff book, and devoured its contents eagerly. The more I learned about her pottery and life the more I become thoroughly engrossed. This was a very exciting time as many of the pieces I found were not in the book. What were to become her most famous creations, the classic Age of Jazz figures, were shown only in archive black and white photographs. It was clear there was much to discover. Such is the �spell� cast by Clarice�s art that today posters, books and her personal possessions are all sought by enthusiasts. Yet the early eighties saw a quiet build in interest, so fortunately I managed to assemble a collection in the days when pieces cost tens of pounds, rather than thousands. To answer the many mysteries about Clarice and her pottery, I started the Clarice Cliff Collectors Club back in 1982. Seeing the vast diversity of shapes and designs in other people's collections made me realise it might take years to catalogue them all, and I am still trying to complete this task 18 years later. I began to research Clarice�s work in Stoke on Trent, where between 1982 and 1988 I traced over 30 of Clarice�s original paintresses. They had been just 14 years old when they joined her between 1927 and 1936, so were robust, lively women, surprised at the interest in their work. On my trips to Stoke I also discovered both the old decorating shop at Newport Pottery and the original tip where the breakages, �shards� were dumped! I still cherish a box with hundreds of pieces of �broken Bizarre� ~ another collector�s foible! Soon, I had so much new information that I decided to write a book of my own on Clarice, but no British publisher could be interested. Then, fate played its part; American collectors Louis and Susan Meisel approached me. Our mutual love for Clarice�s work inspired us to produce a new book. We added new shapes, new designs, new names to Clarice�s story. And for the first time, we illustrated the Age of Jazz figures! Bizarre Affair was published in 1988 and is still in print today. It added a hint of the personal story behind the amazing pots, as the title referred to the affair Clarice had with the factory owner Colley Shorter. Bizarre Affair exhibitions were staged at the National Theatre, London, and Warrington Museum, and yet more devotees discovered Clarice. The poster has already sold for �20 to �30, and an original edition of the book now sells for up to �50.   Since 1988 the ceramics world has never been the same: suddenly Clarice was really discovered! But she was certainly not the chosen �doyenne of British ceramics amongst academics and �serious� writers. Luckily, ceramics collectors chose not to listen to the critics. Christies in South Kensington introduced sales of just Clarice Cliff pottery in 1989. They were amazed to find that hundreds of enthusiasts arrived on viewing and sales days, and �celebrity collectors� were soon spotted. Cliff devotees were rumoured to include Jerry Hall, Dawn French and Whoopi Goldberg. Clarice�s pottery was exported to many countries, including the USA and Canada, South Africa, New Zealand and Australia, so collectors and auctions are found around the world. Indeed, the current World record is for a teaset sold by Christie�s in Melbourne in 1999 for �17,500! Most recently, the phenomenal prices have appeared on eBay. There are usually over 250 pieces of Clarice Cliff on offer and a humble four inch high Beehive honeypot in Carpet sold for an astounding �2530 ($4050). I only ever intended to write one other Clarice book, for her Centenary year of 1999. I had my plans mapped-out as early as 1994.. but suddenly, such was the interest in her, that I wrote three books between 1995 and 1998. In schools, thousands of youngsters did art projects based on her designs or shapes, and at the other end of the spectrum, newly retired people were studying her work because they found her bright, primary colours rejuvenating. Clarice�s unique contribution was to bring colour into the lives of everyday people. And she was also the first woman to produce her own shapes en-masse in a Staffordshire �potbank� ~ hundreds of them! She designed over 20 teapot shapes alone, and companies adapted her designs; not only on pottery, but on aprons, tea towels, doormats, trays, calendars, even biscuit tins! This spate of look-alike ware cashed�in on Clarice�s style, much in the same way that �Mockintosh� appeared to copy the unique style of Charles Rennie Mackintosh. Some collectors may find it hard to accept that thousands of plates with her patterns printed on them have been produced, but it is an affordable way of buying her Art, otherwise she might be another renowned, but distant designer from another era. She really is the people�s designer from the Thirties: her work was aimed at a mass market then, and the �magic� still works! As prices continue to rise, it is still possible for new devotees to buy actual hand-painted reproductions of her work by Wedgwood. These represent an affordable way to enjoy her amazing shapes and patterns. Ironically, Wedgwood has employed a team of young decorators to produce these piece, and they are based in Tunstall, Clarice�s home town! Clarice�s Centenary year was 1999, and she was finally acknowledged for her achievements in her home town of Stoke-on-Trent. The Wedgwood Museum held an exhibition Clarice Cliff : The Art of Bizarre for six months. It was visited by 100,000 people including her original painters - the Bizarre �girls�- now all in their eighties. They became the focus for the public interest and adulation Clarice never really had. Perhaps one pivotal reason Clarice Cliff has become so famous is because she was just an ordinary person with whom we can all strongly identify. She was modest about her achievements to the last, refusing to go to an exhibition of her work in 1972 just before her death. Her �girls� tell us that she would have been �stunned� at the interest now. But it was inevitable for someone who, in a few years created a range of over 400 different shapes which could be ordered on any of over 500 major designs. No other Potteries designer ever achieved this unique skill of being both a prolific modeller of shapes and creator of designs: her fame is based on sheer talent. Clarice�s Centenary has gone, but her �star� continues to rise. In the first auction after Centenary year her pottery has not only maintained its high prices, but suddenly made many new record prices. Lotus jugs, one of her most available shapes, were sold for �7000 to �8000 in standard designs. An Age of Jazz figure, that we did not really know a great deal about in 1982, made a world record price of �15,500 ! One of my first members had paid �20 for hers in the seventies. Clarice would have �chuckled�, for she was an artist who thoroughly enjoyed her work. She herself said in 1933: "Having a little fun at my work does not make me any less of an artist, and people who appreciate truly beautiful and original creations in pottery are not frightened by a little innocent tomfoolery." The Clarice Cliff Collectors Club is at www.claricecliff.com       Credits: Images of Clarice Cliff and Colley Shorter are � Leonard Griffin� and Pavilion Books 1998/1999 Credits: Images of Wedgwood Clarice Cliff reproductions � Leonard Griffin� and Josiah Wedgwood� Credits: Clarice Cliff pottery images, and 1988 �Bizarre Affair� poster � Leonard Griffin� and Clarice Cliff Collectors Club  

Pottery

Which James Bond film features a song by Louis Armstrong?

The Classic Creatives: Clarice Cliff | The Young Creatives The Classic Creatives: Clarice Cliff Clarice Cliff, ceramic artist extraordinaire (1899-1972). What did she do? Clarice was famed for her iconic designs: her striking use of colour and pattern make her pieces instantly recognisable, and her work is still highly sought after by collectors. Her pieces regularly sell at auction for thousands of pounds. Having been surrounded by the industry from a young age – her aunts worked as hand painters at a nearby pottery firm – Clarice undertook a number of apprenticeships before being given her own studio; it was then that she began to create her own patterns on pieces of broken pottery. She named her products the ‘Bizarre’ range and called the team of young women who painted her designs the ‘Bizarre girls’. In 1928, she created the ‘Crocus’ ranges, and it was here that her success began to accelerate. By 1929, she had over 70 people working for her. In the early 1930s, she was appointed the manager of a project that involved dozens of the period’s best artists, titled Modern Art for the Table. Other artists involved included Barbara Hepworth, Vanessa Bell and Paul Nash. She worked with a diverse range of products, including plates, vases and coffee pots, and created all of her designs by hand. What inspired her work? Clarice was born and raised in Stoke-on-Trent in Staffordshire, which is still famed for its pottery today (among others, it’s home to the Wedgwood Museum); it was a city buzzing with opportunity for budding ceramic artists. One of the biggest influences in her work was the Art Deco movement, which favoured bold patterns, striking colour and screamed 1920s glamour. Many of her pieces were based around hot, dusty landscapes, often painted in Mediterranean-esque brights: think deep blue skies, rolling yellow fields and a red-roofed cottage. What is her best known piece of work? Her Crocus range is still what she is best known for, but all of her work is loved across the globe; a plaque she painted sold in America for £39,500. Why should I care about her work? In a time when the ‘career woman’ didn’t exist – women had barely managed to secure the vote when Cliff was at her most prevalent during the 1930s – Clarice managed to successfully make her mark on a traditionally male industry, based purely on her talent. Her hard-work ethic – undertaking strenuous apprenticeships and developing her talents on the job – makes her an inspiration. Work hard and the results will – eventually – come. Considering that she created her designs alone, her huge range of varied patterns reflect her expert eye for design. Her colourful pieces  brought a splash of practical style to homes across the country. She said… ‘Having a little fun at my work does not make me any less of an artist and people who appreciate truly beautiful and original creations in pottery are not frightened by innocent tomfoolery!’ More of Clarice’s designs can be seen at the Victoria & Albert museum .  Like this:

i don't know

In what year were US ground troops first dispatched to Vietnam?

1965 - U.S. Sends Troops to Vietnam 1965 - U.S. Sends Troops to Vietnam 20th Century History Expert By Jennifer Rosenberg U.S. Sends Troops to Vietnam (1965): In response to the Gulf of Tonkin Incident of August 2 and 4, 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson , per the authority given to him by Congress in the subsequent Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, decided to escalate the Vietnam Conflict by sending U.S. ground troops to Vietnam. On March 8, 1965, 3,500 U.S. Marines landed near Da Nang in South Vietnam; they are the first U.S. troops arrive in Vietnam.

1965

In 1999 Anna Kournikova signed a lucrative contract to model what?

What Everyone Should Know About the Vietnam War What Everyone Should Know About the Vietnam War Sign Up for Our Free Newsletters Thanks, You're in! Health Tip of the Day Recipe of the Day There was an error. Please try again. Please select a newsletter. Please enter a valid email address. Did you mean ? Updated February 27, 2016. What Was the Vietnam War? The Vietnam War was the prolonged struggle between nationalist forces attempting to unify the country of Vietnam under a communist government and the United States (with the aid of the South Vietnamese) attempting to prevent the spread of communism. Engaged in a war that many viewed as having no way to win, U.S. leaders lost the American public's support for the war. Since the end of the war, the Vietnam War has become a benchmark for what not to do in all future U.S. foreign conflicts. Dates of the Vietnam War: 1959 -- April 30, 1975 Also Known As: American War in Vietnam, Vietnam Conflict, Second Indochina War, War Against the Americans to Save the Nation Ho Chi Minh Comes Home There had been fighting in Vietnam for decades before the Vietnam War began. The Vietnamese had suffered under French colonial rule for nearly six decades when Japan invaded portions of Vietnam in 1940. continue reading below our video Overview of the Vietnam War It was in 1941, when Vietnam had two foreign powers occupying them, that communist Vietnamese revolutionary leader Ho Chi Minh arrived back in Vietnam after spending 30 years traveling the world. Once Ho was back in Vietnam, he established a headquarters in a cave in northern Vietnam and established the Viet Minh , whose goal was to rid Vietnam of the French and Japanese occupiers. Having gained support for their cause in northern Vietnam, the Viet Minh announced the establishment of an independent Vietnam with a new government called the Democratic Republic of Vietnam on September 2, 1945. The French, however, were not willing to give up their colony so easily and fought back. For years, Ho had tried to court the United States to support him against the French, including supplying the U.S. with military intelligence about the Japanese during World War II . Despite this aid, the United States was fully dedicated to their Cold War foreign policy of containment, which meant preventing the spread of Communism. This fear of the spread of Communism was heightened by the U.S. " domino theory ," which stated that if one country in Southeast Asia fell to Communism then surrounding countries would also soon fall. To help prevent Vietnam from becoming a communist country, the U.S. decided to help France defeat Ho and his revolutionaries by sending the French military aid in 1950. France Steps Out, U.S. Steps In In 1954, after suffering a decisive defeat at Dien Bien Phu , the French decided to pull out of Vietnam. At the Geneva Conference of 1954, a number of nations met to determine how the French could peacefully withdraw. The agreement that came out of the conference (called the Geneva Accords ) stipulated a cease fire for the peaceful withdrawal of French forces and the temporary division of Vietnam along the 17th parallel (which split the country into communist North Vietnam and non-communist South Vietnam). In addition, a general democratic election was to be held in 1956 that would reunite the country under one government. The United States refused to agree to the election, fearing the communists might win. With help from the United States, South Vietnam carried out the election only in South Vietnam rather than countrywide. After eliminating most of his rivals, Ngo Dinh Diem was elected. His leadership, however, proved so horrible that he was killed in 1963 during a coup supported by the United States. Since Diem had alienated many South Vietnamese during his tenure, communist sympathizers in South Vietnam established the National Liberation Front (NLF), also known as the Viet Cong , in 1960 to use guerrilla warfare against the South Vietnamese. First U.S. Ground Troops Sent to Vietnam As the fighting between the Viet Cong and the South Vietnamese continued, the U.S. continued to send additional advisers to South Vietnam. When the North Vietnamese fired directly upon two U.S. ships in international waters on August 2 and 4, 1964 (known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident ), Congress responded with the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. This resolution gave the President the authority to escalate U.S. involvement in Vietnam. President Lyndon Johnson used that authority to order the first U.S. ground troops to Vietnam in March 1965. Johnson's Plan for Success President Johnson's goal for U.S. involvement in Vietnam was not for the U.S. to win the war, but for U.S. troops to bolster South Vietnam's defenses until South Vietnam could take over. By entering the Vietnam War without a goal to win, Johnson set the stage for future public and troop disappointment when the U.S. found themselves in a stalemate with the North Vietnamese and the Viet Cong. From 1965 to 1969, the U.S. was involved in a limited war in Vietnam. Although there were aerial bombings of the North, President Johnson wanted the fighting to be limited to South Vietnam. By limiting the fighting parameters, the U.S. forces would not conduct a serious ground assault into the North to attack the communists directly nor would there be any strong effort to disrupt the Ho Chi Minh Trail (the Viet Cong's supply path that ran through Laos and Cambodia). Life in the Jungle U.S. troops fought a jungle war, mostly against the well-supplied Viet Cong. The Viet Cong would attack in ambushes, set up booby traps, and escape through a complex network of underground tunnels. For U.S. forces, even just finding their enemy proved difficult. Since Viet Cong hid in the dense brush, U.S. forces would drop Agent Orange or napalm bombs , which cleared an area by causing the leaves to drop off or to burn away. In every village, U.S. troops had difficulty determining which, if any, villagers were the enemy since even women and children could build booby traps or help house and feed the Viet Cong. U.S. soldiers commonly became frustrated with the fighting conditions in Vietnam. Many suffered from low morale, became angry, and some used drugs. Surprise Attack - The Tet Offensive On January 30, 1968, the North Vietnamese surprised both the U.S. forces and the South Vietnamese by orchestrating a coordinated assault with the Viet Cong to attack about a hundred South Vietnamese cities and towns. Although the U.S. forces and the South Vietnamese army were able to repel the assault known as the  Tet Offensive , this attack proved to Americans that the enemy was stronger and better organized than they had been led to believe. The Tet Offensive was a turning point in the war because President Johnson, faced now with an unhappy American public and bad news from his military leaders in Vietnam, decided to no longer escalate the war. Nixon's Plan for "Peace With Honor" In 1969,  Richard Nixon  became the new U.S. President and he had his own plan to end U.S. involvement in Vietnam.  President Nixon outlined a plan called Vietnamization, which was a process to remove U.S. troops from Vietnam while handing back the fighting to the South Vietnamese. The withdrawal of U.S. troops began in July 1969. To bring a faster end to hostilities, President Nixon also expanded the war into other countries, such as Laos and Cambodia -- a move that created thousands of protests, especially on college campuses, back in America. To work toward peace, new peace talks began in Paris on January 25, 1969. When the U.S. had withdrawn most of its troops from Vietnam, the North Vietnamese staged another massive assault, called the  Easter Offensive  (also called the Spring Offensive), on March 30, 1972. North Vietnamese troops crossed over the demilitarized zone (DMZ) at the 17th parallel and invaded South Vietnam. The remaining U.S. forces and the South Vietnamese army fought back. The Paris Peace Accords On January 27, 1973, the peace talks in Paris finally succeeded in producing a cease-fire agreement. The last U.S. troops left Vietnam on March 29, 1973, knowing they were leaving a weak South Vietnam who would not be able to withstand another major communist North Vietnam attack. Reunification of Vietnam After the U.S. had withdrawn all its troops, the fighting continued in Vietnam. In early 1975, North Vietnam made another big push south which toppled the South Vietnamese government. South Vietnam officially surrendered to communist North Vietnam on April 30, 1975. On July 2, 1976, Vietnam was reunited as a  communist country , the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Prev

i don't know

Which member of the Monkees came from Washington DC?

The Monkees Washington, D.C. Tickets - $20 - $45 at Warner Theatre. 2016-05-26 6 Stars 5.0 by 4 members Hey hey, it's The Monkees, and here they come, treating you to a night of all their greatest hits at the Warner Theatre in D.C. Two of The Monkees' original four members -- Micky Dolenz and Peter Tork -- reunite to sing "Last Train to Clarksville" and "I'm a Believer," along with so many other jams. At the height of their success in 1967, The Monkees sold more albums than The Beatles or The Rolling Stones. Don't miss this special night of timeless rock classics, acoustic numbers and fan favorites. * Additional fees apply. No coupon or promo codes necessary to enjoy the displayed discount price. All offers for The Monkees have expired. The last date listed for The Monkees was Thursday May 26, 2016 / 8:00pm.

Peter Tork

Which ship was sunk by a German submarine in 1915 with a loss of 1400 lives including 128 Americans?

Monkees - Pop-Cult.Com Classic 60's Toys The Monkees On the 8th of September, 1965, an advertisement was run in The Daily Variety in Los Angeles which read: 'Madness!! Auditions. Folk & Roll Musicians-Singers for acting roles in new TV series. Running Parts for 4 insane boys, age 17-21. Want spirited Ben Frank's-types. Have courage to work. Must come down for interview.' 437 young hopefuls auditioned and the final four who were chosen became The Monkees. The four Monkees were Michael Nesmith (born 30th December 1942 in Houston, Texas), Peter Tork (born Peter Halsten Thorkelson on 13th February 1942 in Washington DC), Micky Dolenz (born George Michael Dolenz on 8th March 1945 in Los Angeles) and Davy Jones (born 30th December 1945 in Manchester, England). Michael and Peter were already musicians and Micky and Davy had experiences with fame as child stars. Michael had released records under the name of Michael Blessing and Peter was a folk musician. Micky, using the name Braddock, had stared in the 1950's television series Circus Boy, and Davy had been Ena Sharples' grandson in Coronation Street and starred in stage musicals such as Pickwick and Oliver! The pilot episode, filmed in October and broadcast the following month, proved a success with teenagers. The show was a half-hour situation comedy concerned with the life of an up and coming rock band. The Beatles were the main influence, as the show was inspired by The Beatles Debut film A Hard Days Night. The TV network NBC had found a winner. In almost three years the group had filmed 58 episodes of the series, made a feature film and sold more than 16 million albums and 7.5 million singles. Originally the idea was that the show focused on the struggles of the band with a song or two per episode. Musicians were hired to play the music and The Monkees only sang. Songwriters such as Goffin and King, Neil Sedaka, Neil Diamond, and Harry Nilsson were hired to write the songs while the boys were busy filming the series. The first episode premiered on the NBC network on 12 September 1966, at the same time as Star Trek. Initial ratings were low as viewers became used to the humor, but the response from teenage America was enough to ensure the series lasted for one season. Soon enough, the show clocked approximately ten million viewers per week. Most of The Monkees' fans refused to believe that they were a pre-fabricated band. So when the first single 'Last Train to Clarksville' was released in 1966 it reached number one in the charts and earned The Monkees their first of many Gold Discs. In November their self titled album was released and was also a success, staying at the top of the LP charts for 13 weeks. Both Michael Nesmith and Peter Tork protested to the fact that they were not allowed to play their own music and soon Micky Dolenz and Davy Jones joined them. By the end of '67 the popularity of the show was enough that the group were able to negotiate their artistic freedom. The Monkees entered the recording studios as a band for the first time and came up with their third album Headquarters. This album proved their musical abilities. Inspired by their efforts, the Monkees became a live act and toured the world. Their live appearances in concerts in Hawaii and Britain caused riots and 'Monkeemania' was born. The last episode was aired in the US on 25 March 1968, and the end of the show saw the end of The Monkees as a band. The group featured in the film Head co-produced by Jack Nicholson and Bob Rafelson however the film failed to win critical acclaim. Peter Tork was the first member to leave the band to pursue a solo career. The remaining members continued as a trio, but by 1970 The Monkees disbanded. Mike Nesmith started a successful solo career and Mickey and Davy joined up with Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart for a little while during the seventies. The TV series still enjoys many reruns and is almost as popular as it was in the sixties. The Monkees briefly reunited in the mid 1980's and again in 1996, when they embarked on a world tour to mark their thirtieth anniversary. Many of the Monkees' hits have been covered by artists such as The Sex Pistols, EMF (With Reeves and Mortimer) and Ant & Dec. Site and all content Copyrighted 2012 T Frye.

i don't know

In what decade were video recorders first developed?

The History of Video Recorders, Video Tape and Television By Mary Bellis Updated August 21, 2016. Charles Ginsburg led the research team at Ampex Corporation in developing one of the first practical videotape recorders or VTRs in 1951. It captured live images from television cameras by converting the information into electrical impulses and saving the information on magnetic tape. By 1956, VTR technology was perfected and in common use by the television industry. But Ginsburg wasn’t done yet. He led the Ampex research team in developing a new machine that could run the tape at a much slower rate because the recording heads rotated at high speed. This allowed the necessary high-frequency response. He became known as the "father of the video cassette recorder.” Ampex sold the first VTR for $50,000 in 1956, and the first VCassetteRs -- or VCRs -- were sold by Sony in 1971. The Early Days of Video Recording Film was initially the only medium available for recording television programs -- magnetic tape was considered, and it was already being used for sound, but the greater quantity of information carried by the television signal demanded new studies. A number of American companies began investigating this problem during the 1950s.  Tape Recording Technology Audio and video magnetic recording has had a greater impact on broadcasting than any other development since the invention of radio/TV transmission itself. Video tape in a large cassette format was introduced by both JVC and Panasonic around 1976. This was the most popular format for home use and for video store rentals for many years until it was replaced by CDs and DVDs. VHS stands for Video Home System. The First Television Cameras American engineer, scientist and inventor Philo Taylor Farnsworth devised the television camera in the 1920s, although he would later declare that "there's nothing on it worthwhile." It was an “image dissector” that converted a captured imagine into an electrical signal. Farnsworth was born in 1906 on Indian Creek in Beaver County, Utah. His parents expected him to become a concert violinist but his interests drew him to experiments with electricity. He built an electric motor and produced the first electric washing machine his family ever owned at the age of 12. He then went on to attend Brigham Young University where he researched television picture transmission. Farnsworth had already conceived of his idea for television while in high school, and he cofounded Crocker Research Laboratories in 1926 which he later renamed Farnsworth Television, Inc. He then changed the name again to Farnsworth Radio and Television Corporation in 1938. Farnsworth was the first inventor to transmit a television image comprised of 60 horizontal lines in 1927. He was only 21 years old. The image was a dollar sign. One of the keys to his success was the development of the dissector tube that essentially translated images into electrons that could be transmitted to a TV. He filed for his first television patent in 1927. He had already won an earlier patent for his image dissection tube, but he lost later patent battles to RCA, which owned the rights to many of inventor  Vladimir Zworkyin’s  TV patents. Farnsworth went on to invent over 165 different devices. He held over 300 patents by the end of his career, including a number of significant television patents -- although he was not a fan of what his discoveries had wrought. His final years were spent battling depression and alcohol. He died on March 11, 1971, in Salt Lake City, Utah. Digital Photography and Video Stills Digital camera technology is directly related to and evolved from the same technology that once recorded  television  images. Both television/video cameras and digital cameras use a CCD or charged coupled device to sense light color and intensity. A still video or digital camera called the Sony Mavica single-lens reflex was first demonstrated in 1981. It used a fast-rotating magnetic disc that was two inches in diameter and could record up to 50 images formed in a solid-state device inside the camera. The images were played back through a television receiver or monitor, or they could be printed out. Advancements in Digital Technology  NASA converted from using analog to digital signals with their space probes to map the surface of the moon in the 1960s, sending digital images back to earth. Computer technology was also advancing at this time and NASA used computers to enhance the images that the space probes were sending. Digital imaging had another government use at the time – in spy satellites. Government use of digital technology helped advance the science of digital imaging, and the private sector also made significant contributions. Texas Instruments patented a filmless electronic camera in 1972, the first to do so. Sony released the Sony Mavica electronic still camera in August 1981, the first commercial electronic camera. Images were recorded onto a mini disc and placed into a video reader that was connected to a television monitor or color printer. The early Mavica cannot be considered a true digital camera, however, even though it started the digital camera revolution. It was a video camera that took video freeze-frames. The First Digital Cameras  Since the mid-1970s, Kodak has invented several solid-state image sensors that "convert light to digital pictures" for professional and home consumer use. Kodak scientists invented the world's first megapixel sensor in 1986, capable of recording 1.4 million pixels that could produce a 5 x 7 inch digital photo-quality print. Kodak released seven products for recording, storing, manipulating, transmitting and printing electronic still video images in 1987, and in 1990, the company developed the Photo CD system and proposed "the first worldwide standard for defining color in the digital environment of computers and computer peripherals." Kodak released the first professional digital camera system (DCS), aimed at photojournalists in 1991, a Nikon F-3 camera equipped with a 1.3 megapixel sensor. The first digital cameras for the consumer market that would work with a home computer via a serial cable were the Apple QuickTake camera in 1994, the Kodak DC40 camera in 1995, the Casio QV-11 also in 1995, and Sony's Cyber-Shot Digital Still Camera in 1996. Kodak entered into an aggressive co-marketing campaign to promote its DC40 and to help introduce the idea of digital photography to the public. Kinko's and Microsoft both collaborated with Kodak to create digital image-making software workstations and kiosks which allowed customers to produce photo CD discs and add digital images to documents. IBM collaborated with Kodak in making an Internet-based network image exchange. Hewlett-Packard was the first company to make color inkjet printers that complemented the new digital camera images. The marketing worked and now digital cameras are everywhere.

1950s

Who had the noels Spy Hook and Spy Line published in the 80s?

Digital Camera - A History By Mary Bellis Updated August 16, 2016. The history of the digital camera dates back to the early 1950s. Digital camera technology is directly related to and evolved from the same technology that recorded  television  images. Digital Photography and the VTR In 1951, the first video tape recorder (VTR) captured live images from television cameras by converting the information into electrical impulses (digital) and saving the information onto magnetic tape. Bing Crosby laboratories (the research team funded by Crosby and headed by engineer John Mullin) created the first early VTR and by 1956, VTR technology was perfected (the VR1000 invented by Charles P. Ginsburg and the Ampex Corporation) and in common use by the television industry. Both television/video cameras and digital cameras use a CCD (Charged Coupled Device) to sense light color and intensity. Digital Photography and Science During the 1960s, NASA converted from using analog to digital signals with their space probes to map the surface of the moon (sending digital images back to earth). Computer technology was also advancing at this time and NASA used computers to enhance the images that the space probes were sending. Digital imaging also had another government use at the time that being spy satellites. Government use of digital technology helped advance the science of digital imaging, however, the private sector also made significant contributions. Texas Instruments patented a film-less electronic camera in 1972, the first to do so. In August, 1981, Sony released the Sony Mavica electronic still camera, the camera which was the first commercial electronic camera. Images were recorded onto a mini disc and then put into a video reader that was connected to a television monitor or color printer. However, the early Mavica cannot be considered a true digital camera even though it started the digital camera revolution. It was a video camera that took video freeze-frames. Kodak Since the mid-1970s, Kodak has invented several solid-state image sensors that "converted light to digital pictures" for professional and home consumer use. In 1986, Kodak scientists invented the world's first megapixel sensor, capable of recording 1.4 million pixels that could produce a 5x7-inch digital photo-quality print. In 1987, Kodak released seven products for recording, storing, manipulating, transmitting and printing electronic still video images. In 1990, Kodak developed the Photo CD system and proposed "the first worldwide standard for defining color in the digital environment of computers and computer peripherals." In 1991, Kodak released the first professional digital camera system (DCS), aimed at photojournalists. It was a Nikon F-3 camera equipped by Kodak with a 1.3 megapixel sensor. Digital Cameras for Consumers The first digital cameras for the consumer-level market that worked with a home computer via a serial cable were the Apple QuickTake 100 camera (February 17 , 1994), the Kodak DC40 camera (March 28, 1995), the Casio QV-11 (with LCD monitor, late 1995), and Sony's Cyber-Shot Digital Still Camera (1996). However, Kodak entered into an aggressive co-marketing campaign to promote the DC40 and to help introduce the idea of digital photography to the public. Kinko's and Microsoft both collaborated with Kodak to create digital image-making software workstations and kiosks which allowed customers to produce Photo CD Discs and photographs, and add digital images to documents. IBM collaborated with Kodak in making an internet-based network image exchange. Hewlett-Packard was the first company to make color inkjet printers that complemented the new digital camera images. The marketing worked and today digital cameras are everywhere.

i don't know

the first credit cards were for use in what type of establishments?

The History of the Credit Card The first credit card.  Courtesy of Diners Club. Updated October 19, 2015. Charging for products and services has become a way of life. No longer do people bring cash when they buy a sweater or a large appliance, they charge it. Some people do it for the convenience of not carrying cash; others "put it on plastic" so they can purchase an item they can not yet afford. The credit card that allows them to do this is a twentieth century invention. At the beginning of the twentieth century, people had to pay cash for almost all products and services. Although the early part of the century saw an increase in individual store credit accounts, a credit card that could be used at more than one merchant was not invented until 1950. It all started when Frank X. McNamara and two of his friends went out to supper. The Famous Supper In 1949, Frank X McNamara, head of the Hamilton Credit Corporation, went out to eat with Alfred Bloomingdale, McNamara's long-time friend and grandson of the founder of the Bloomingdale's store, and Ralph Sneider, McNamara's attorney. continue reading below our video 4 Tips for Improving Test Performance The three men were eating at Major's Cabin Grill, a famous New York restaurant located next to the Empire State Building , to discuss a problem customer of the Hamilton Credit Corporation. The problem was that one of McNamara's customers had borrowed some money but was unable to pay it back. This particular customer had gotten into trouble, when he had lent a number of his charge cards (available from individual department stores and gas stations) to his poor neighbors who needed items in an emergency. For this service, the man required his neighbors to pay him back the cost of the original purchase plus some extra money. Unfortunately for the man, many of his neighbors were unable to pay him back within a short period of time and he was then forced to borrow money from the Hamilton Credit Corporation. At the end of the meal with his two friends, McNamara reached into his pocket for his wallet so that he could pay for the meal (in cash). He was shocked to discover that he had forgotten his wallet. To his embarrassment, he then had to call his wife and have her bring him some money. McNamara vowed never to let this happen again. Merging the two concepts from that dinner, the lending of credit cards and not having cash on hand to pay for the meal, McNamara came up with a new idea - a credit card that could be used at multiple locations. What was particularly novel about this concept was that there would be a middleman between companies and their customers. Prev

Restaurant

In which country was Ursula Andrews born?

Are credit cards widely accepted at local establishments? - Cozumel Forum - TripAdvisor Are credit cards widely accepted at local establishments? - Cozumel Forum Review a place you’ve visited JOIN Are credit cards widely accepted at local establishments? In cooperation with: Which Cozumel hotels are on sale? mm/dd/yyyy mm/dd/yyyy Are credit cards widely accepted at local establishments? Apr 09, 2008, 1:01 PM We do not like to carry a lot of cash and/or pay ATM fees. We do like to eat at local restaurants. Also we are renting a car for the week and plan doing many activities all around the island. Will I have trouble with my credit cards being accepted? I understand that at a roadside stand or when buying small goods at a store that does not get many tourists’ I will need cash, but as a general rule of thumb are credit cards widely accepted? Thanks, Chuck Travelers interested in this topic also viewed... Show Prices 1. Re: Are credit cards widely accepted at local establishments? Apr 09, 2008, 1:14 PM None of the beach bars on the east side accept credit cards. I'm not sure about the west side beach bars like CnC's or Mia. You'll be able to rent a car with a credit card, but some places will want to charge 5-7% to use a credit card. In addition, some credit card companies are now charging a "conversion fee" of 1.5% So you'll pay a penalty for credit cards. Most of the major restaurants do accept credit cards: Prima, La Choza , Guidos, La Morena , etc. The smaller places do not. Look for the posted signs if they don't- nothing like washing dishes all night long. Most of the larger retail stores accept credit cards. Chedraui's accepts credit cards and they have English language ATM's. Still, your best bet is a couple of hundred in US cash and then pull money out of the ATM as you need it. I think $3000 pesos ($280 usd) cost me $3-4 dollars in fees so the cost was cheaper than my credit card company mark up. Also- most USD are exchanged at 10:1 at bars and restuarants. It's not the best exchange rate you can get. The ATM is the best exchange rate followed by the cambios. Traveler's checks get a poor exchange rate at the cambios. Whatever you do, don't use the AMEX exchange in Customs. They have the worst exchange on the island. Be sure to call your credit card company before you leave the US so they know your purchases are legit. We were making a lot of electronic purchases one day when they thought our credit card had been stolen. They put a freeze on it. Fortunately, we had a second card to use while the first one was being unfrozen. Report inappropriate content 2. Re: Are credit cards widely accepted at local establishments? Apr 09, 2008, 1:30 PM On the off chance that you use Bank of America, there is a bank there, Sandander (sp?), that is affiliated with them and you won't pay a fee at their ATM. We do business with Cozumel Sailing and they've told me that, while they'll take credit cards, they don't like to because of some kind of high surcharge that they have to pay. I don't remember exactly what the ATM fees are in Cozumel but I'm thinking they weren't any higher than the fees you pay here if you use an ATM not affiliated with your bank. We've just used credit cards for hotels and rental cars and use ATM's for everything else. One attraction mentioned in this post 3. Re: Are credit cards widely accepted at local establishments? Apr 09, 2008, 2:07 PM I have been told that the businesses can be hit with up to 15% in merchant fees, so they will either add that into the transaction or be very reluctant to accept a card. A much bigger issue which I haven't seen any complaints about in quite a while but will caution you to be aware of is the prices shown on your credit card receipt. Prices in Coz should be in Pesos with about a 10 to 1 ratio. There have been a few messages here (a long time ago mind you) where after the bill was done the amount was billed back in US dollars at home. Make sure the receipt clearly says Pesos. Report inappropriate content

i don't know

What was CBS TV news broadcaster Walter Cronkite's stock closing phrase?

Walter Cronkite's final broadcast on CBS Evening News - YouTube Walter Cronkite's final broadcast on CBS Evening News Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Apr 22, 2013 On April 16, 1962, Cronkite succeeded Douglas Edwards as anchorman of the CBS Evening News (initially Walter Cronkite with the News), a job in which he became an American icon. The program expanded from 15 to 30 minutes on September 2, 1963, making Cronkite the anchor of American network television's first nightly half-hour news program. During the early part of his tenure anchoring the CBS Evening News, Cronkite competed against NBC's anchor team of Chet Huntley and David Brinkley, who anchored the Huntley-Brinkley Report. For most of the 1960s, the Huntley-Brinkley Report had more viewers than Cronkite's broadcast. This began to change in the late 1960s, as RCA made a corporate decision not to fund NBC News at the levels CBS funded CBS News. Consequently, CBS News acquired a reputation for greater accuracy and depth in its broadcast journalism. In 1969, during the Apollo 11 (with co-host and former astronaut Wally Schirra) and Apollo 13 moon missions, Cronkite received the best ratings and made CBS the most-watched television network for the missions. In 1970, when Huntley retired, the CBS Evening News finally dominated the American TV news viewing audience. Although NBC finally settled on the skilled and well-respected broadcast journalist John Chancellor, Cronkite proved to be more popular and continued to be top-rated until his retirement in 1981. One of Cronkite's trademarks was ending the CBS Evening News with the phrase "...And that's the way it is," followed by the date. Keeping to standards of objective journalism, he omitted this phrase on nights when he ended the newscast with opinion or commentary. Beginning with January 16, 1980, Day 50 of the Iran hostage crisis, Cronkite added the length of the hostages' captivity to the show's closing to remind the audience of the unresolved situation, ending only on Day 444, January 20, 1981. His last day in the anchor chair at the CBS Evening News was on March 6, 1981; he was succeeded the following Monday by Dan Rather. Cronkite's farewell statement: "This is my last broadcast as the anchorman of The CBS Evening News; for me, it's a moment for which I long have planned, but which, nevertheless, comes with some sadness. For almost two decades, after all, we've been meeting like this in the evenings, and I'll miss that. But those who have made anything of this departure, I'm afraid have made too much. This is but a transition, a passing of the baton. A great broadcaster and gentleman, Doug Edwards, preceded me in this job, and another, Dan Rather, will follow. And anyway, the person who sits here is but the most conspicuous member of a superb team of journalists; writers, reporters, editors, producers, and none of that will change. Furthermore, I'm not even going away! I'll be back from time to time with special news reports and documentaries, and, beginning in June, every week, with our science program, Universe. Old anchormen, you see, don't fade away; they just keep coming back for more. And that's the way it is: Friday, March 6, 1981. I'll be away on assignment, and Dan Rather will be sitting in here for the next few years. Good night." In June 2009, Cronkite was reported to be terminally ill. He died on July 17, 2009, at his home in New York City, at the age of 92. He is believed to have died from cerebrovascular disease. Category

Walter Cronkite

Who had a 70s No 1 hit with Let Your Love Flow?

CBS Evening News - Season 2009 - TV.com CBS Evening News - Season 2009 Follow Daily 6:30 PM on CBS Premiered Sep 02, 1963 In Season USER EDITOR 12/31/09 0.0 Thursday: A U.S.-born cleric is tied to the Christmas Day terror attempt; Also, President Obama reviews top-government intelligence reports on suspect Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab; And, celebrating New Year's Eve around the world. 12/30/09 0.0 Wednesday: A suicide bomber strikes inside a U.S. base in Afghanistan. At least eight Americans are killed; Plus, Dutch and U.S. officials are in a dispute over why body scans weren't already being used in the Netherlands. 12/29/09 0.0 Tuesday: President Obama is demanding answers on why authorities missed signs before the Christmas Day terror attempt; Plus, An aspiring filmmaker lost his job as an ad executive and creates a film about it. 12/28/09 0.0 Monday: Abdulmutallab's email trail leads back to boarding school, where he started painting an online portrait of alienation; Plus, Yemen is becoming a home to a growing branch of al Qaeda. 12/27/09 0.0 Sunday: Terror suspect Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab is out of the hospital and in federal custody; Plus, Some of the most famous photographs ever taken are being tinged by controversy and nagging doubts. 12/26/09 0.0 Saturday: Officials are learning more about suspected terrorist Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab and the substance he used to try to bring down a plane; Plus, 3 Modern Wise Men Want 'Peace on Earth.' 12/25/09 0.0 Friday: An attempted act of terror on board a Delta Airlines plane, as an alleged al-Qaeda collaborator sets off an explosive; Also, President Obama raises airport security; And, deployed troops and Christmas. 12/24/09 0.0 Thursday: The U.S. Senate passes historic health care reform legislation; Also, Pope Benedict XVI is attacked during a Christmas Eve Vatican ceremony; And, communities set up Christmas trees on a budget. 12/23/09 0.0 Wednesday: An American Airlines flight came extremely close to ending in tragedy as the jet skidded off the runway; Plus, Holiday travel plans for travelers are about to be ruined thanks to another wicked storm. 12/22/09 0.0 Tuesday: The family of a man hailed as a national hero in Mexico's drug war was executed just hours after he was laid to rest; Plus, Nationwide, small business bankruptcy filings are up 44 percent. 12/21/09 0.0 Monday: New time restrictions set for airlines keeping passengers on the tarmac; Also, remembering what many consider one of the worst decades in modern history; And, Rwandan women unite to weave their way out of poverty. 12/19/09 0.0 Saturday: A huge snow storm is sweeping through the U.S. hurting holiday travel and shopping; Plus, Senate Democrats say they have rounded up the 60th vote for the health care reform bill. Episode 20091217 0.0 Thursday: Liberals divided over the Obama administration; Also, U.S. military drones hacked by Iraqi insurgents; And, one woman inspires many by finding smiles in the unlikeliest of places. 12/16/09 0.0 Wednesday: Congress gets closer to passing historic health care reform legislation; Also, hate crimes escalate in small town America; And, why big banks are eager to pay back government stimulus funds. 12/15/09 0.0 Tuesday: President Obama claims he has a solution to the Guantanamo Bay Problem; Plus, economic and emotional pressures are behind a surge in teenage runaways. 12/14/09 0.0 Monday: Two of the TARP program's largest recipients both claimed an air of deep appreciation towards taxpayers; Plus, Researchers raise troubling new questions about the safety of CT scans. 12/13/09 0.0 Sunday: White House advisors say putting Americans back to work is their top priority; Plus, Britain Government has taken action against big bank bonuses by announcing a plan to tax them to the hilt. 12/12/09 0.0 Saturday: Tiger Woods learned one of his major sponsors is phasing out his commercials; Plus, Pakistani police question five young American Muslims suspected of making contact with a Taliban recruiter. 12/11/09 0.0 Friday: 5 Americans are suspected of terrorism in Pakistan; Also, an exclusive report on the looming drug war violence in Tijuana; And, Samoan children illegally adopted in the U.S. 12/9/09 0.0 Wednesday: Congress reconsiders the controversial public health care option; Also, 5 Americans arrested over terrorism charges; And, an NFL athlete's daughter faces the ultimate fight. 12/8/09 0.0 Tuesday: An interview with U.S. forces leader in Iraq, Gen. Ray Odierno; Also, American officials warn Afghan President Karzai to take more action; And, why global warming may actually help Greenland. 12/7/09 0.0 Monday: The EPA releases a monumental warning on greenhouse gas emissions; Also, a Chicago man is charged with aiding the Mumbai terror attacks; And, Steve Hartman's "Assignment America." 12/1/09 0.0 Tuesday: President Obama announces his strategy for the war in Afghanistan; a suspected cop killer is fatally shot; and military families ready themselves for an increase in deployments. 11/30/09 0.0 Monday: President Obama will defend his decision to send 30,000 more troops to Afghanistan in his upcoming speech; Plus, as 4 slain police officers were mourned, the search continues for the suspect of the murders. 11/27/09 0.0 Friday: Customers race for bargains on this Black Friday; Also, Secret Service admits error after a couple crashes a White House dinner party; Also, a drama teacher conveys "The American Spirit." 11/26/09 0.0 Thursday: The holiday shopping season is off to an early start as some stores are opening their doors on Thanksgiving Day; Plus, how U.S. troops celebrated their Thanksgiving. 11/25/09 0.0 Wednesday: Toyota announces its largest recall ever amid deadly accidents involving faulty pedals; Also, a holiday travel myth debunked; And, a gourmet chef helps the needy with his "American Spirit." 11/24/09 0.0 Tuesday: Pres. Obama says that he has decided on a strategy for the war in Afghanistan; Also, a Belgium man was conscious while supposedly in a coma for 23 years; And, sea lions invade San Francisco. 11/23/09 0.0 Monday: The largest crib recall in U.S. history after a series of alarming infant deaths; Also, Pres. Obama faces increased opposition from the American public; And, Steve Hartman's "Assignment America." 11/21/09 0.0 Saturday: The hotly debated discussion over health care reform has just heated up even more; Plus, Protests broke out at many Calif. College Campuses following a steep hike in tuition. 11/20/09 0.0 Friday: Guidelines are revised this week alone concerning female cancer screenings; Also, suicide epidemic at a French corporation; And, a black teen overcomes adversity with "The American Spirit." 11/18/09 0.0 Wednesday: Controversy over a federal report on mammograms; Also, Pres. Obama says he would fire anyone on his staff who revealed Afghan War details; And, the reemergence of China's Silk Road. 11/17/09 0.0 Tuesday: Pres. Obama visits China while his approval ratings decline back in the U.S.; Also, a controversial report on mammograms stirs debate; And, America's skyrocketing obesity trend. 11/15/09 0.0 Sunday: President Obama arrived in China on his first official visit and his visit may highlight a different relationship with China; Plus, the H1N1 Virus Death Toll Quadruples. 11/14/09 0.0 Saturday:President Obama arrived in Singapore, calling himself the first "Pacific President"; Plus, Officials are having their say regarding the case of accused 9/11 plotters standing trial in New York. 11/13/09 0.0 Friday: Alleged 9/11 masterminds will be tried in New York City; Also, NASA says that water has been discovered under the Moon's surface; And, a blind rower exhibits the "American Spirit." 11/12/09 0.0 Thursday: A new CDC report reveals thousands of Americans have died from H1N1 virus; Also, Pres. Obama asks for new Afghan War strategies; And, employers cut down on worker web use. 11/11/09 0.0 Wednesday: Pres. Obama ventures into new ground at Arlington Cemetery on Veterans Day; Also, new details emerge about the alleged Ft. Hood shooter; And, one soldier defies the odds. 11/10/09 0.0 Tuesday: A poignant memorial service for those killed during the Ft. Hood shooting; Also, H1N1 virus outbreak in Afghanistan; Plus, rape kits nationwide go untested. 11/9/09 0.0 Monday: The investigation continues into the Ft. Hood shooting rampage; Also, why many U.S. rape cases are not prosecuted; And, Steve Hartman's "Assignment America." 11/8/09 0.0 Sunday: The health care debate will move to the U.S. Senate, where approval is far from guaranteed; Plus, The abortion debate heated up in the halls of Capitol Hill and on the House floor itself. 11/7/09 0.0 Saturday: After months of town hall debates, health reform had a big test on the floor of the House of Representatives; Plus, Ft. Hood survivor, Corporal Nathan Hewitt speaks in a CBS News exclusive. 11/6/09 0.0 Friday: The aftermath of the Ft. Hood army base massacre, as questions remain as to why a soldier opened fire on his own; Also, the unemployment rate soars above ten percent; And, Katie Couric meets "Precious." 11/2/09 0.0 Monday: Struggling automaker Ford gets a jump start; Also, an exclusive interview with former Vice President Al Gore about climate change reform; Also, Steve Hartman's "Assignment America." 10/31/09 0.0 Saturday: The growing business of haunted houses, scaring visitors for fun, and profit; Plus, Afghanistan election appears to be in jeopardy as there may be a boycott at the polls. 10/29/09 0.0 Thursday: The U.S. economy faces a rebound from the recession; Also, President Obama present at the return of 18 Americans killed in Afghanistan; And, a nationwide teen heroin epidemic emerges. 10/28/09 0.0 Wednesday: Taliban insurgents launch a deadly attack on a U.N. site in Afghanistan; Also, an update on the young victims facing the H1N1 virus; And, the "American Spirit" reaches Ethiopia. 10/27/09 0.0 Tuesday: U.S. soldier casualties increase amid insurgent ambushes in Afghanistan; Also, automaker Ford gets a jump start; And, the highly anticipated Michael Jackson documentary, "This Is It." 10/26/09 0.0 Monday: Two Northwest Airlines pilots told investigators that they did not fall asleep; Plus, American officials in Afghanistan are now investigating a series of U.S. helicopter crashes in the region. 10/25/09 0.0 Sunday: Two car bomb explosions in Baghdad killed more than 130 people and injured dozens; Plus, "Paranormal Activity" was made on an extremely low-budget but the payoff has been huge. 10/24/09 0.0 Saturday: The government stepped up the fight against H1N1, declaring the virus a national emergency; Plus, There's a high tech renaissance in a city laid low by the recession. 10/21/09 0.0 Wednesday: The White House aims to cut bonuses for Wall Street firms which received stimulus tax-payer dollars; Also, Mexican drug cartels operating in Atlanta; And, reform in the Catholic Church. 10/18/09 0.0 Sunday: There is still no winner in the disputed Afghan election and pressure is mounting on President Karzai; Plus, the price of Gold is soaring and investors are rushing to this precious commodity. 10/17/09 0.0 Saturday: The death toll from H1N1 continues to rise especially among children and teens; Plus, Scientists have released disturbing new findings about the shrinking polar ice cap. 10/16/09 0.0 Friday: The number of U.S. fatalities due to the dreaded H1N1 virus continues to rise; Also, questions remain over the so-called "balloon boy,"; And, Afghanistan runoff election likely. 10/12/09 0.0 Monday: After months of cooperation, health insurance officials now say the Senate's reform plan will not work; Also, a potential H1N1 vaccine shortage; And, Steve Hartman's "Assignment America." 10/11/09 0.0 Sunday: New evidence that the H1N1 is especially dangerous for young people is making parents desperate for vaccine; Also, dozens of gun shows are welcoming buyers with no questions asked. 10/9/09 0.0 Friday: Strong reactions throughout the world as U.S. President Barack Obama is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize; Also, more homeowners now face foreclosure; And, biking for a dream. 10/7/09 0.0 Wednesday: A special edition concerning "The Road Ahead" for the U.S. war in Afghanistan; Also, Chicago teen murders reach epidemic levels. 10/5/09 0.0 Monday: A special edition of the "CBS Evening News" featuring exclusive in-depth coverage of the ongoing war between the U.S. and Taliban forces in Afghanistan. 10/4/09 0.0 Sunday: U.S. forces are hunting down a terrorist network in Afghanistan, while 8 Americans die at a remote outpost; Plus, after earthquakes struck the island of Sumatra. International aid is arriving. Episode 20091001 0.0 Thursday: Thousands of people missing or dead after devastating quakes and tsunamis throughout Samoa and Indonesia; Also, tensions ease slightly during summit between U.S. and Iranian officials. 9/30/09 0.0 Wednesday: Hundreds feared dead after a massive earthquake strikes Indonesia and a tsunami hits the Samoan islands; Also, celebrating the 70th anniversary of "The Wizard of Oz." 9/29/09 0.0 Tuesday: An earthquake triggers a deadly tsunami in American Somoa; Also, concerns over the safety of the new H1N1 vaccine; And, inside Madeleine Albright's unique collection. 9/28/09 0.0 Monday: Iran's missile test heightens tensions abroad; Also, officials from France and Poland defend arrested filmmaker Roman Polanski; And, President Obama's Chicago bid for the 2016 Olympics. 9/26/09 0.0 Saturday: Iran recently said it would allow U.N. inspectors inside its underground plant; Also, Feds are trying to figure out how the life of a one-time street vendor led to terrorism. 9/24/09 0.0 Thursday: A new revolutionary vaccine may prevent contraction of HIV; Also, FBI officials claim to have thwarted two separately planned bomb attacks against the U.S. 9/23/09 0.0 Wednesday: World leaders converge for a crucial United Nations summit; Also, Libyan leader Moammar Gadhafi; And, Katie Couric's exclusive interview with Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. 9/20/09 0.0 Sunday: 3 men have been arrested on charges due to false statements to the FBI in the terrorism investigation; Plus, A racy radio program about women's issues in Afghanistan is angering the Taliban. 9/17/09 0.0 Thursday: Pres. Obama revises prior Bush administration plans to monitor Iran's missile defense program; Also, police arrest suspect in Yale murder investigation; And, honoring a fallen soldier. 9/16/09 0.0 Wednesday: Republicans and Democrats aim for a bi-partisan health care reform effort; Also, Pres. Obama may send thousands of more troops to Afghanistan; Also, a 92-year-old British music sensation. 9/15/09 0.0 Tuesday: S.C. Republican Rep. Joe Wilson accused of racism after heckling Pres. Obama; Also, officials prepare to release an H1N1 vaccine; And, rescuing marine life. 9/14/09 0.0 Monday: President Obama travels to Wall Street and advises caution to investors; Plus, an exclusive interview with U.S. Treasury Sec. Timothy Geithner; Also, murder at Yale University. 9/12/09 0.0 Saturday: A large outpouring of anger against the Obama administration took place from the White House to the Capitol; Also, The search continues for Yale Student, Annie Le, who vanished unexpectedly. 9/11/09 0.0 Friday: The U.S. mourns on the 8th anniversary of the September 11th attacks; Also, CNN sets off a false alarm; And, Steve Hartman's "Assignment America." 9/9/09 0.0 Wednesday: Pres. Obama delivers a special prime time address to Congress in order to tackle health care reform; Also, a special tribute to CBS News legend Walter Cronkite. 9/8/09 0.0 Tuesday: The battle over health care reform is moving into a new phase; Plus, Health officials say anti-virals should be reserved for people at higher risk of complications. 9/7/09 0.0 Monday: After many setbacks with the healthcare debate, President Obama turned to his union supporters; Also, The men involved in a foiled plot to blow up U.S.-bound airliners were convicted today. 9/2/09 0.0 Wednesday: The Securities and Exchange Commission is heavily criticized for its investigation of Wall Street swindler Bernie Madoff; Also, U.S. troops face growing offensive from the Taliban. 8/29/09 0.0 Saturday: Hundreds of mourners were gathered at a Boston church to pay their last respects to the late Ted Kennedy; Also, firefighters are battling CA wildfires, and some are raging near Los Angeles. 8/27/09 0.0 A special tribute at the John F. Kennedy presidential Library in Boston to honor Edward Kennedy; Also, A 29-year-old claimed to be a 1991 kidnap victim. Episode 20090826 0.0 Wednesday: A special tribute to the influential and historic U.S. Senator Edward M. Kennedy, who has died at the age of 77 after a battle with brain cancer. 8/25/09 0.0 Pres. Obama nominates Federal Reserve chairman Ben Bernanke for a second term; Also, a new British PSA sends a graphic message about texting and driving; And, more violence emerges in Afghanistan. 8/24/09 0.0 Monday: A criminal investigation opens concerning the alleged CIA torture techniques while interrogating suspected terrorists; Also, pop icon Michael Jackson's death ruled a homicide. 8/23/09 0.0 Sunday: Although Hurricane Bill never threatened, swimmers are to stay out of the ocean; Also, The Blue Angels at the air show never fail to wow the crowds; Plus, wildfires are burning through Athens 8/22/09 0.0 Saturday: The alleged bomber of Pan Am 103 was released in order to pave the way for British business deals; Plus, Critics say Obama hasn't done a good job explaining why health reform is needed. 8/20/09 0.0 Thursday: Scotland officials release the terminally-ill convicted terrorist behind the infamous Lockerbie bombing; Also, school officials concerned over H1N1 virus; And, two friends set out on an unusual humanitarian mission. 8/19/09 0.0 Wednesday: Legendary TV news producer, and "60 Minutes" creator, Don Hewitt dies at the age of 86; Also, Democrats and progressives strike back in the health care debate. 8/18/09 0.0 Tuesday: Taliban forces try to hinder voters in Afghanistan; Also, abusive debt collectors targeted by U.S. lawmakers; And, providing clean water to villages in Africa. 8/17/09 0.0 Monday: Pres. Obama faces growing skepticism over health care reform; Also, violence escalates between U.S. and Taliban forces in Afghanistan; And, the blind sports broadcaster. 8/15/09 0.0 Saturday: California wildfires have threatened hundreds of homes, as thousands of residents evacuate; Plus, Obama heads off at Colorado to continue to push his health care reform. 8/14/09 0.0 Friday: Following a fall from grace over a dog-fighting scandal, controversial football player Michael Vick will return to the NFL; Plus, Steve Hartman's "Assignment America." 8/13/09 0.0 Thursday: More town hall riots ensue as conservatives voice their opposition to health care reform; Also, inside the ensuing battles between U.S. forces and the Taliban in Afghanistan. 8/11/09 0.0 Tuesday: Pres. Obama defends his healthcare plan amidst growing opposition from conservatives; Also, inside the racial tensions of a suburban N.Y. county; And, remembering Eunice Kennedy Shriver. 8/10/09 0.0 Monday: The leaders of Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. meet for a summit on the H1N1 virus and to discuss other issues facing North America; Plus, inside a summer camp for youth with Down syndrome. 8/9/09 0.0 Sunday: Search crews finally hoisted what's left of the sightseeing helicopter out of the Hudson River; Also, President Obama will be in Mexico for a summit meeting with Mexican and Canadian leaders. 8/6/09 0.0 Thursday: The U.S. Senate votes to approve Sonia Sotomayor as the next Supreme Court Justice; Also, filmmaker John Hughes dead at 59; And, California sea lions at risk. 8/5/09 0.0 Wednesday: Bill Clinton's mission to N. Korea put him back on the front page, but it wasn't hastily arranged; Plus, As the unemployment rate rises, so does the homeless rate. 8/4/09 0.0 Tuesday: President Clinton met with N. Korea's leader Kim Jong II on what U.S officials said was a personal trip; Also, The Dept. of Transportation said Cash for Clunkers will not be discontinued. 8/3/09 0.0 Monday: Ford is having their best numbers in years, which may be due to Ford not taking a government bailout; Also, 'Cash for Clunkers' will end if another $2 billion in funding is not approved. 8/1/09 0.0 Saturday: Obama is spending much of his time explaining health reform repeatedly; Plus, Cash for clunkers was supposed to last, but reports claim that the money had run out in a week. 7/28/09 0.0 Tuesday: Police and federal agents raided the home of Dr. Conrad Murray; Studies show a significant shortage of primary care physicians in the U.S; Also, a Texas program lowers teen fatality rate. 7/26/09 0.0 Sunday: Sarah Palin will hand over the reins of power to Lt. Governor Sean Parnell; Also, Hillary Clinton is laying down the law, not just with Iran and North Korea, but here in the U.S. 7/25/09 0.0 Saturday: Obama tried to regain momentum on health care by saying his plan will benefit small business owners; Also, the Henry Gates incident apparently drew a crowd, which could be a problem. 7/24/09 0.0 Friday: After accusing a police sergeant of acting stupidly, the president has a very public change of heart; the auto trade-in plan takes a wrong turn; and a family reunion, 31 years later. 7/21/09 0.0 Tuesday: Katie Couric speaks with U.S. President Barack Obama about his fight for healthcare reform; Also, Ben Bernanke predicts imminent economic recovery; And; an artist risks her life for her work. 7/16/09 0.0 Thursday: Millions of middle class families now face home foreclosure; Also, the CBS News series "Children of the Recession," And, the 40th anniversary of the Apollo moon landing. 7/15/09 0.0 Wednesday: CBS News medical correspondent Dr. Jon LaPook speaks with President Obama about health care reform; Also, the continuation of the CBS News series, "Financial Family Tree." 7/11/09 0.0 Saturday: While Obama visited Africa, he was blunt about the work that still needs to be done; plus, the U.S. is in need of troops; Also, an ancient car dealership closes in Illinois. 7/9/09 0.0 Thursday: General Motors prepares to exit bankruptcy; Also, Chicago cemetery workers accused of digging up bodies and reselling the plots; And, the rolling-skating babies video web craze. 7/8/09 0.0 Wednesday: Speculation grows over speculators who may be driving up the cost of oil; Plus, criticisms emerge against bottled water; And, Steve Hartman's "Assignment America." 7/6/09 0.0 Monday: Thousands of fans gather in Los Angeles for the highly-anticipated Michael Jackson tribute concert; Plus, Alaskan Gov. Sarah Palin's mysterious behavior after her resignation announcement. 7/5/09 0.0 Sunday: Ten days after the death of Michael Jackson, there has been still no letup in the worldwide tributes to the king of pop; Plus, President Obama is leaving on a weeklong foreign trip. 7/4/09 0.0 Saturday: 223 years after our nation declared its independence, thousands traveled to Liberty Island; Plus, Michael Jackson fans are eager to attend his memorial service at the Staples Center 7/3/09 0.0 Friday: Alaskan Governor Sarah Palin announces her surprising resignation; Michael Jackson's memorial date is confirmed; and possibly the most dangerous job in the world. 7/1/09 0.0 Wednesday: Inside Michael Jackson's Neverland estate; Also, prescription painkiller addiction emerges as a nationwide epidemic; And, revitalizing the healthcare industry. 6/30/09 0.0 Tuesday: The FDA warns against use of popular painkillers Vicodin and Percocet; And, Al Franken is declared Minnesota's new senator after a contentious 7-month battle. 6/29/09 0.0 Monday: Disgraced financier Bernie Madoff is sentenced to 150 years in prison for his massive Ponzi scheme, the worst in history; Plus, Michael Jackson's estate now in question. 6/28/09 0.0 Sunday: Investigators say Dr. Murray, who was with Michael Jackson during his last moments, provided useful information; Also, Infomercial king, Billy Mays dies; Plus, Bernard Madoff Facing Judgment. 6/27/09 0.0 Saturday: President Obama urged the Senate to pass a landmark bill dealing with climate change; Plus, Michael Jackson's family is confused, upset and angry, and wants answers. 6/25/09 0.0 Thursday: Michael Jackson, one of music's most influential singers, dies at the age of 50; 70's sex symbol Farrah Fawcett also dies, after losing her battle with anal cancer. 6/24/09 0.0 Wednesday: GOP South Carolina Gov. Mark Sanford admits to having an affair after mysteriously disappearing; Plus, Katie Couric's exclusive interview with former British P.M. Tony Blair. 6/23/09 0.0 Tuesday: Pres. Obama condemns the Iranian government over protester bloodshed; Also, newly released Nixon tapes reveal his shocking positions on social issues; And, a new series, "Life After Debt." 6/22/09 0.0 Monday: Two Washington, D.C. commuter trains collide, killing several passengers and leaving dozens of others injured; Also, government crackdown intensifies in Iran; And, an artist fights gloom over the recession. 6/21/09 0.0 Sunday: Iran's capital was quiet, but the crisis is far from over; June 21st is the start of summer, but where is the sun?; Plus, Author and dad, Michael Lewis tells us about paternal truths. 6/20/09 0.0 Saturday: The violence on Iran's streets is still in full force; Plus The creative guru of Apple, Steve Jobs, has been on medical leave after recovering from a liver transplant. 6/19/09 0.0 Friday: A CBS News exclusive interview with President Obama; Plus, how the stage is set for a showdown in Iran; And, Steve Hartman's "Assignment America." 6/18/09 0.0 Thursday: A Continental Airlines pilot dies while in mid-flight; Plus, our continuing series "Children Of The Recession." 6/17/09 0.0 Wednesday: Iranian protesters use Facebook, Twitter, and other social networking sites to stage demonstrations; Also, tracing the effects of the recession from one business to another. 6/16/09 0.0 Tuesday: Iranian Supreme Leader Ayatollah Khamenei announces an investigation after violent protests over the presidential election; Plus, a new perspective on global warming. 6/12/09 0.0 Friday: Both major candidates each claim victory in the Iranian presidential election; Also, the U.N. imposes heavy sanctions on North Korea; And, Steve Hartman's "Assignment America." 6/10/09 0.0 Wednesday: A security guard is shot to death as an 88-year-old white supremacist opens fire at the Holocaust Museum in Washington, D.C.; Also, a controversial program pays students for good grades. 6/8/09 0.0 Monday: In a massive initiative, Pres. Obama proposes to save or create 600,000 jobs in the next 100 days; Also, the dangers of angioplasty; And, Disney finally features a black princess. 6/4/09 0.0 Thursday: Arabic communities react around the world to President Obama's groundbreaking diplomatic speech in Cairo; Also, actor David Carradine found dead in Bangkok; And, a W.W. II hero remembered. 6/3/09 0.0 Wednesday: As Pres. Obama travels to the Middle East to deliver a critical speech to the Arab World, Osama Bin Laden releases a new tape condemning the U.S. leader; Also, a new cancer drug for canines. 6/2/09 0.0 Tuesday: Pres. Obama reaches out to the Muslim World; Also, Brazilian officials say they have found debris from doomed Air France Flight 447; And, shocking calorie counts at many chain restaurants. 5/12/09 0.0 "Tuesday: Newly-released audio tapes suggest pilot error in the crash of Continental Flight 3407; Also, space shuttle Atlantis encounters a setback on a mission to fix the Hubble Space Telescope. 5/8/09 0.0 Friday: Wildfires engulf Santa Barbara; Also, Pakistani civilians flee over fears of Taliban insurgents; And, Steve Hartman's "Assignment America." 5/7/09 0.0 Thursday: The Fed released the results of its "stress tests" for major banks; Plus, the power of a Cherokee word helps heal a wounded Iraq veteran. 5/6/09 0.0 Wednesday: Katie Couric provides exclusive news coverage from Afghanistan; Also, automaker Ford announces innovative green technology investments; And, parrot mistreatment rampant in the U.S. 4/29/09 0.0 Wednesday: The recession deepens, but there are signs the worst may be over. And, on his 100th day in office, the President is optimistic. 4/21/09 0.0 "Tuesday: Pres. Obama says that Bush Administration officials may face charges for authorizing torture techniques; Also, an unlikely suspect is arrested in the "Craigslist Murder." 4/12/09 0.0 "Bob Schieffer spoke to Mexican Ambassador Arturo Sarukhan about increasing border violence; a panel of journalists discussed the Somali pirates and Afghan war and Passover at the White House. 4/10/09 0.0 Friday: An U.S. boat captain tries to escape his pirate captors off the coast of Somalia; Plus, feeding premature babies breast milk may be very beneficial; And, Steve Hartman's "Assignment America." 4/9/09 0.0 Thursday: U.S. officials attempt to rescue an American boat captain held captive by Somali pirates; Also, the alarming suicide epidemic now facing the American military. 4/7/09 0.0 Tuesday: American troops in Baghdad receive surprise visit from Pres. Obama; Also, U.S. Attorney General David Holder defends Justice Department's prosecution of Sen. Ted Stevens. 4/6/09 0.0 Monday: A deadly earthquake hits central Italy leaving at least 100 dead; New research could help erase one's traumatic memories; Plus, business is sweeter than ever for candy companies. 4/5/09 0.0 "Bob Schieffer spoke with Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner about economic recovery; CBS\'s Lara Logan and The Washington Post\'s Perry Bacon discussed world relations and Bob Schieffer\'s royal amusement. 4/3/09 0.0 Friday: A shooting rampage in Upstate New York leaves 14 dead, with no apparent motive; Plus, new research sugests that the human heart may be able to repair itself. 4/3/09 0.0 Friday: A shooting rampage in Upstate New York leaves 14 dead, with no apparent motive; Plus, new research sugests that the human heart may be able to repair itself. 3/31/09 0.0 Tuesday: Katie Couric anchors a special edition of the "CBS Evening News" from London. World leaders gather in the U.K. for a historic G20 summit in order to address the global economic crisis. 3/27/09 0.0 Friday: New details emerge in the Obama administration's plans to stop Al Qaeda; Plus, American life forever changed as a result of this recession; And, Steve Hartman's "Assignment America." 3/26/09 0.0 Thursday: U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner proposes sweeping reform for a very troubled Wall Street; Plus, North Dakota faces devastating floods; And, bacon, bacon, bacon! 3/22/09 0.0 "Harry Smith spoke with Rep. Barney Frank and Sen. Charles Grassley about the outcome of AIG outrage; White House Economic Advisor Austan Goolsbee discussed banks and the state of Obama\'s economy. 3/20/09 0.0 Friday: Pres. Obama faces a tough week in office; Also, the U.S. and China face off at sea; And, Steve Hartman's "Assignment America." 3/19/09 0.0 Thursday: More fallout for financially strapped AIG; Plus, Lara Logan's exclusive report on violence in Iraq; And, First Lady Michelle Obama reaches out to students in the D.C. area. 3/18/09 0.0 Wednesday: AIG's CEO says bonus money will be returned; Plus, the Mexican Drug War sparks danger for Spring Break '09; And, Katie Couric investigates convicted rapists serving in the U.S. military. 3/17/09 0.0 Tuesday: More uproar over AIG executives and their million-dollar bonuses; Plus, Katie Couric investigates female sex abuse in the military; And, an Irish tradition reaches New York City students. 3/15/09 0.0 "National Economic Council Director Lawrence Summers spoke about controversial AIG bonuses; The New York Times\' Thomas Friedman discussed bank bailouts and Bob Schieffer talks trash. 3/13/09 0.0 Friday: Wall Street finally scores a gain this week; Plus, comedian Jon Stewart faces off with CNBC's Jim Cramer; And, financial optimists in Steve Hartman's 'Assignment America' 3/10/09 0.0 Tuesday: A good day for Wall Street as the Dow soars up 380 points; Also, Bernie Madoff is set to agree to a 150 year prison sentence; And, Rush Limbaugh faces off with the White House. 3/5/09 0.0 Thursday: Pres. Obama aims for universal health care, with the help of other politicans; Plus, shares of Citigroup stocks sink below a dollar; And, the first 100 "grays" in office. 3/4/09 0.0 Wednesday: Pres. Obama promises an end to the days of wasteful spending; Plus, thousands of U.S. veterans documents mysteriously disappear; And; a 91-year-old grandma becomes an internet sensation. 3/3/09 0.0 Tuesday: Pres. Obama encourages economic optimism; Plus, an investigation into a charity's alleged jet corruption; And, forget elevators, a new U.K. building has full scale slides for adults. 2/25/09 0.0 Wednesday: Pres. Obama pushes for economic reform; Plus, officials investigate a plane crash near Amsterdam; Also, Mexican drug wars reach explosive levels. 2/22/09 0.0 "Bob Schieffer spoke with HUD Secretary Shaun Donovan about Obama\'s Housing Plan; Governors from Ohio, Indiana and New Jersey discussed state budgets; and America looks the other way at its border. 2/19/09 0.0 Thursday: The FBI finds a missing Texas billionaire on the run from authorities; Pres. Obama travels to Canada; Plus, a 90-year-old man finds a new calling. 2/15/09 0.0 "Bob Schieffer spoke with President Obama\'s Press Secretary Robert Gibbs about the stimulus; Rep. Barney Frank and Sen. Richard Shelby discussed bailouts; and Schieffer finally changed the subject. 2/8/09 0.0 "Bob Schieffer spoke with Republican Sen. John Mccain and Democratic Sen. Kent Conrad about President Obama\'s stimulus plan and Economic Advisor Christina Romer discussed the bank bailouts. 1/30/09 0.0 Friday: Republicans decry Pres. Obama's stimulus package; More trouble for Bernie Madoff and his family; Plus, Steve Hartman meets a very precocious porcupine. 1/29/09 0.0 Thursday: Pres. Obama blasts Wall Street bonuses; Gov. Blagojevich gets ousted from office by the Ill. Senate; plus, Katie Couric investigates domestic violence in the military. 1/25/09 0.0 "In a CBS exclusive interview with Vice President Joe Biden, Bob Schieffer discusses President Obama\'s economic plan, the closing of Guantanamo Bay and continued violence in the Middle East. 1/23/09 0.0 Friday: Pres. Obama meets opposition from Republicans over his stimulus package; plus, one of the biggest credit card scams in history; also, Steve Hartman's "Assignment America." 1/22/09 0.0 Thursday: Pres. Obama orders the closing of the U.S. prison at Guantanamo; human rights organizations accuse Israel of committing war crimes; plus hospitals ask the underinsured for cash up front. 1/21/09 0.0 Wednesday: President Obama has a busy full first day in office; a new strategy for U.S. soldiers in Afghanistan; plus, a sinking economy forces students to get creative. 1/18/09 0.0 "Bob Schieffer spoke with Director Lawrence Summers, Slate magazine\'s John Dickerson and Georgetown University\'s Michael Eric Dyson about Barack Obama\'s inauguration and his first steps as President. 1/16/09 0.0 Friday: New details about the miraculous water landing of US Airways Flight 1549; more setbacks for the banking industry; plus, legendary cellist Yo-Yo Ma gets inspired by the Obama inauguration. 1/15/09 0.0 Thursday: A US Airways jet crashes into the Hudson River; talks of a cease fire in the Gaza Strip; plus, Elly Lilly's $1.4 billion crime. 1/14/09 0.0 Wednesday: Katie Couric speaks exclusively with President-elect Barack Obama; Osama Bin Laden releases a new audio tape condemning Pres. Bush; plus, Steve Hartman meets an unlikely marching band. 1/13/09 0.0 Tuesday: Portions of the nation reach 40 degrees below zero; Hamas supplies are smuggled underground from Egypt to Gaza; plus, more and more cases of stalking in the U.S. 1/12/09 0.0 Monday: President Bush held his final news conference; Did banks know they would get a bailout before Congress was told? And, a most honored guest will attend President-elect Obama's inauguration. 1/11/09 0.0 "Bob Schieffer spoke with Sen. Dick Durbin and Roland Burris about Burris\' controversial Senate nomination; Rep. John Boehner spoke on Obama\'s tax plan and Bob Schieffer looks forward to new memories. 1/8/09 0.0 Thursday: President-elect Obama tells Congress that action must be taken immediately to stop recession, the U.N. suspends aid shipments to the Gaza Strip; plus, YouTube brings fame and fortune. 1/4/09 0.0 "Bob Schieffer spoke with Vice President Dick Cheney about controversial strategies utilized in the war with Iraq, homeland security and his power as vice president. 1/1/09 0.0 Thursday: Israeli warplanes kill a top Hamas leader; a bizarre bombing plot on New Year's Eve; and 2009 begins with a winter wallop. 12/31/09 0.0 Jeff Glor previews an upcoming story on the "CBS Evening News" about the recent, and perhaps surprising, drop in divorce rates despite tough economic times. 12/30/09 0.0 As we enter a new decade, CBS News takes a special look back at the most talked about moments of 2009; the highs, the lows and the controversies, Wednesday on the CBS Evening News. 12/28/09 0.0 The recent security changes at airports and on planes were sudden and strict. As Wyatt Andrews tells us, there were some major delays for passengers who were flying internationally. 12/27/09 0.0 One of the country's biggest electric utilities has received federal stimulus money for a pioneering project aimed at cutting harmful gas emissions before they pollute the planet. Cynthia Bowers has more. 12/26/09 0.0 Authorities in two other countries are working to fill in the background of the Christmas terror attack suspect and to determine if and where he might have been trained. Richard Roth reports. 12/25/09 0.0 CBS News' Jeff Glor speaks with justice and homeland security correspondent Bob Orr about a suspect tied to al Qaeda who allegedly set off an explosive on board a Delta Airlines flight. 12/25/09 0.0 While on vacation in Hawaii, President Obama has been 'actively monitoring' the situation involving a suspect who set off explosive substances while on a Delta Airlines flight. Chip Reid reports. 12/23/09 0.0 Katie Couric previews an upcoming report of the CBS evening news about why some military women are at risk of losing custody of their children. 12/22/09 0.0 Six weeks ago, Maj. Gen. Anthony Cucolo issued an order making pregnancy punishable by court martial for both men and women. Since then four women have become pregnant. David Martin reports. 12/22/09 0.0 When production slowed down at a Colorado cabinet company, workers started making doll houses for those in need. Barry Peterson has more on this episode of "American Spirit." 12/22/09 0.0 Ted Kennedy Jr. shares the story of his grandmother's foreign policy gaff during the Cuban missile crisis. 12/21/09 0.0 Handcrafted baskets are a modern business, helping African people escape poverty. As Dave Price reports, these baskets on store shelves have an amazing story, beginning in the African nation Rwanda. 12/20/09 0.0 Sunday: One military family, with a loved one overseas, speaks of love, sacrifice and separation; Plus, The approach of the 2010 mid-term elections is creating anxiety among congressional Democrats. 12/20/09 0.0 Actress Brittany Murphy has died in Los Angeles at the age of 32. No cause of death has been announced for the star, She was 32. 12/18/09 0.0 Many Republicans intentionally dragged out a debate on a defense spending bill, hoping that in turn would hold up the health care bill Democrats want to pass before Christmas. Nancy Cordes reports. 12/18/09 0.0 A new report shows a striking rise in autism cases among children. We'll break down the numbers and look at what's behind the increase tonight on the CBS Evening News. 12/18/09 0.0 A new study says that one of every hundred 8-year-olds was diagnosed with autism or a related disorder in 2006. That's a 57 percent jump from four years earlier. Dr. Jennifer Ashton reports. 12/18/09 0.0 Friday: Congressional Republicans openly attempt to stall health care reform progress; Also, an alarming rise reported among autism cases in the U.S.; And, a doctor attempts to ease the adoption process with her "American Spirit." 12/17/09 0.0 As some American senior citizens find it difficult to afford health care, many have moved to Mexico as an alternative for treatment and medicine. Kelly Cobiella reports from the town of Manzanillo. 12/17/09 0.0 What began as a car accident outside his Florida home in the wee hours of black Friday . . . quickly turned into a black eye on the reputation of the world's top golfer. CBS News' John Bentley looks at the VIP lifestyle that landed Tiger in such hot water. 12/16/09 0.0 After months of fierce bipartisan debate, congressional Democrats say they have nearly enough votes in order to enact health care reform legislation. Nancy Cordes reports from Capitol Hill. 12/14/09 0.0 Katie Couric previews a CBS Evening News report on teenagers who run away or are kicked out of their homes, only to find more problems.. 12/14/09 0.0 A retired Scottish-born man should have died long ago. But after facing death on more than one occasion, he decided to share his secret to happiness ... music. Steve Hartman reports. 12/14/09 0.0 President Obama told top executives of the nation's biggest banks that American taxpayers bailed them out, now it's time to start giving back. As Chip Reid reports, Obama was firm, but positive. 12/14/09 0.0 Paul Samuelson, the foremost American economist of the 20th century has died. As Katie Couric reports, Samuelson died at his home in Belmont, Massachusetts, he was 94. 12/11/09 0.0 A young football star is determined to repeat his father's success on the field, but not his mistakes away from the game. Jeff Glor reports on a strong bond between a father and son. 12/11/09 0.0 An adoption agency has stoked anguish among dozens of American families who may have unwittingly received Samoan children who were actually never orphans. Maureen Maher reports. 12/10/09 0.0 Thursday: President Obama defends U.S. foreign policy as he accepts a Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo; Plus, inside congressional wasteful spending; And, pets get saved thanks to the "American Spirit." 12/9/09 0.0 Two new proposals have been announced which would effectively eliminate any tentative public option plan amid Congressional health care reform. Nancy Cordes reports from Capitol Hill. 12/9/09 0.0 As U.S. government stimulus dollars are dispersed to various organizations, some Republican lawmakers claim that these funds are being misused or wasted. Sharyl Attkisson investigates. 12/8/09 0.0 Katie Couric previews the "CBS Evening News" report on Greenland's melting glaciers and the effect this will have on the rest of the world. 12/7/09 0.0 In a monumental first for the U.S. government, the Environmental Protection Agency has declared that greenhouses gases pose a significant health risk. Wyatt Andrews reports on this historic ruling. 12/7/09 0.0 Marine Biologist, Anke Hofmeister speaks about how the reef has changed over time due to climate change. Also, 90% of coral species died due to rising sea water temperature. 12/6/09 0.0 Sunday: In a Calif. town, the war is part of everyday life since the Marine Corps base is close by; Plus, President Obama makes his way to Capitol Hill to rally Senate Democrats behind health care reform. 12/5/09 0.0 "48 Hours Mystery" has been following the Amanda Knox case from the beginning. Peter Van Sant examines a key piece of evidence used to link the killing to Knox and her former boyfriend. 12/5/09 0.0 Saturday: Amanda Knox is gearing up for an appeal following her conviction for the murder of her roommate; Plus, Hundreds rallied in NYC to protest plans to hold terrorism trials in a federal courthouse. 12/5/09 0.0 American college student Amanda Knox is gearing up for a long appeal process following her conviction for the murder of her British roommate Meredith Kercher. Allen Pizzey has the latest from Italy. 12/4/09 0.0 Friday: American student Amanda Knox is found guilty of murder; many economists predict a turnaround in the job market; and, Warren Buffett's sister plans to give away her fortune. 12/3/09 0.0 Katie Couric reports on the debate over re-confirming Fed chairman Ben Bernanke, a new report showing retail sales fell in November and more. 12/2/09 0.0 In the full interview, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton tells Katie Couric about President Obama's Afghanistan strategy. She said deploying more troops protects America and helps fight terrorism. 12/1/09 0.0 After all speculation surrounding the Tiger Woods investigation, authorities declared the case closed with a simple moving violation. As Randall Pinkston reports, Woods was at fault in the crash 12/1/09 0.0 After all speculation surrounding the Tiger Woods investigation, authorities declared the case closed with a simple moving violation. As Randall Pinkston reports, Woods was at fault in the crash 11/30/09 0.0 With rumors continuing to swirl about his accident, Tiger Woods remained out of sight again, communicating only through his Web site, reports Randall Pinkston. 11/30/09 0.0 As the city of Lakewood, Washington mourned the 4 slain police officers, the search continues for the suspect of the murders, who has a long criminal record. John Blackstone reports. 11/29/09 0.0 Sunday: Iran has defied the U.N. by declaring that it plans to build more uranium enrichment plants; Plus, Four police officers have been shot to death in what officers call 'a flat-out ambush.' 11/29/09 0.0 Four police officers have been shot to death at a Seattle coffee shop in what officers call 'a flat-out ambush.' As Hattie Kauffman reports, officers are still trying to figure out details. 11/29/09 0.0 It has shaped up to be a busy week for President Obama, whose popularity still hovers just below the 50 percent mark. John Dickerson and Jeff Greenfield speak with Russ Mitchell. 11/28/09 0.0 The Silk Road, China's most notorious trade route for the last two millennia, now features thousands of miles of modern expressways. CBS News' Terry McCarthy reports from the oasis city of Turpan. 11/28/09 0.0 Saturday: A mystery emerges over golf star Tiger Woods' car crash; Also, British officials launch an inquiry into the 2003 invasion of Iraq; And, a special tour along China's infamous Silk Road. 11/26/09 0.0 Aftershocks are still being felt from the new guidelines for mammograms. As the controversy heads to Congress, is it a question of cost versus care? Wyatt Andrews reports. 11/26/09 0.0 It is a tough holiday season for many Americans out of work. For young people, unemployment is higher as they try to start a career in the middle of a recession. Kelly Wallace reports. 11/26/09 0.0 Many U.S. troops at war this Thanksgiving would give anything to be with their family, but there is still an important battle to fight. Mandy Clark has more on U.S. troops celebrating Thanksgiving at war. 11/22/09 0.0 The recent Senate votes have set the stage for a bruising battle over Health Care Reform. As Kimberly Dozier reports, a grueling debate has begun. 11/21/09 0.0 A young pianist from California found his way to Carnegie Hall after years of practice and a talent far beyond his years. As Bill Whitaker reports, this little kid has big dreams. 11/20/09 0.0 France Telecom is undergoing a major restructuring in which the goal is to cut billions of dollars in expenses. The process has led to an epidemic of suicide. Sheila MacVicar reports. 11/20/09 0.0 In this economy, states are trying to attract and retain businesses and the taxes they generate. An increasingly nasty border battle is raging between California and Nevada. Ben Tracy reports. 11/20/09 0.0 Phones are ringing off the hook in many medical offices throughout the nation as the public reacts to two new guidelines this week concerning cancer screenings. Dr. Jon LaPook reports. 11/19/09 0.0 Thursday: A major health care reform milestone as the Senate passes legislation; Also, a computer glitch sparks airline delays nationwide; And, this year's hottest new toy. 11/17/09 0.0 While President Obama continues to push China to open its markets to more American products, U.S. companies are already making large profits there. Celia Hatton reports. 11/17/09 0.0 While the recession has noticeably limited the amount of funds donated to charities, Sharyl Attkisson reports the heads of many non-profits have actually received increased compensation. 11/16/09 0.0 General Motors is starting to see signs of stability after the company recently filed for bankruptcy. As Dean Reynolds reports, GM says it will soon be repaying its loans o the federal government. 11/16/09 0.0 In her new book, Sarah Palin claims that John McCain's campaign officials micromanaged her. Although McCain's camp has fired back, many Republicans view Palin favorably. Jeff Greenfield reports. 11/16/09 0.0 In Beijing, President Obama challenged China's government to allow unfettered access to the Internet. Chief White House correspondent Chip Reid reports. 11/12/09 0.0 While President Obama departs for a four-nation trip to Asia, Katie Couric notes that his diplomatic visit could help to re-strengthen ties between the U.S. and Japan, which have recently been stained. 11/11/09 0.0 As the H1N1 flu continues to spread, for many of us it is a financial burden. As Jeff Glor reports, many small businesses aren't offering paid sick days, so they must keep germs to a minimum. 11/10/09 0.0 Controversy has erupted in the United Kingdom over Prime Minister Gordon Brown's letter to a mother whose son died in Afghanistan, as Brown's penmanship has come in to question. Richard Roth reports. 11/8/09 0.0 The fall of the Berlin Wall was a defining moment in history. World leaders have gathered for a recent celebration in Berlin to mark 20-years after the fall. Mark Phillips reports. 11/8/09 0.0 In Fort Hood, Texas, the shadow of the recent armed attack still hangs heavy over military families and civilians alike. As Don Teague reports, their future means trying to move on from tragedy. 11/7/09 0.0 With the H1N1 flu now widespread in the U.S., many Americans who want the vaccine say the Government's message is garbled and ever-changing. Hari Sreenivasan reports on this growing confusion. 11/5/09 0.0 Restrictions placed on sex offenders will be tightened next year when all states will be required to closely track sex offenders and inform the public about the most violent. Bill Whitaker reports. 11/5/09 0.0 Thursday: An American soldier opens fire on his own, killing at least 12 and severely injuring dozens more at the Ft. Hood army base in Texas. 11/5/09 0.0 Katie Couric speaks with CBS News' David Martin at the Pentagon and correspondent Don Teague, reporting from the Ft. Hood army base in Texas. 11/4/09 0.0 Wednesday: A grizzly murder case unfolds after several bodies are discovered in a Cleveland home; Plus, a massive oil-spill off the coast of Australia; And, one boy's mission to end bullying. 11/3/09 0.0 CBS News senior political correspondent Jeff Greenfield, along with "Face The Nation" host and chief Washington correspondent Bob Schieffer, provide analysis of this year's key political races. 11/3/09 0.0 Once thought to be a virus targeting young people, a new study finds that the H1N1 virus can be just as deadly for all age groups, particularly seniors. Dr. Jon LaPook reports. 11/3/09 0.0 Tuesday: Several key elections throughout the nation may reveal America's attitudes towards the Obama administration; Also, H1N1 and the elderly; And, broadcast news gets a hip-hop remix. 11/3/09 0.0 An audio technology known as "autotune" helps singers hit perfect notes on their songs and even live shows. Nancy Cordes reports the trend is even a sensation on YouTube. Episode 1102 0.0 Wednesday: Toyota announces its largest recall ever amid deadly accidents involving faulty pedals; Also, a holiday travel myth debunked; And, a gourmet chef helps the needy with his "American Spirit." 11/1/09 0.0 Sunday: Turmoil continues in Afghanistan as Abdullah withdraws from the run-off election; Plus, with children at a high risk from the H1N1 virus parents weigh the pro's and con's of vaccination. 11/1/09 0.0 A celebration in New York marked the first quarter century of The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. As Anthony Mason reports, the main attraction was some all-star fund-raising concerts. 10/31/09 0.0 Secretary of State Hillary Clinton was in the Middle East making another push for new peace talks. From there she flew to Jerusalem for talks with Israeli leaders. Wyatt Andrews has more. 10/30/09 0.0 Although billions of federal stimulus dollars have been allocated to the education sector, Ben Tracy reports that many schools, especially in California, still face financial peril. 10/27/09 0.0 Author Sapphire talks about the new movie "Precious" inspired by her novel "Push," the process of casting the lead actress Gabourey Sidibe, and the inspirational message of the story. 10/27/09 0.0 Sapphire speaks about casting Gabourey Sidibe as the lead actress in the new movie "Precious," which was based on her novel "Push," and what she was looking for during the interview process. 10/26/09 0.0 The Republican Party is looking for a few good men, and there is growing concern among some GOP leaders about this message. Katie Couric comments. 10/25/09 0.0 As President Obama Declared the H1N1 virus a National Emergency, many question what will this declaration mean for doctors on the front lines of the flu fight? Randall Pinkston has the latest. 10/24/09 0.0 The treasury department took aim at seven companies that have not paid back their Federal Bailout money. Jeff Glor is joined by Managing Director of Zephyr Management, James Awad. 10/24/09 0.0 Michigan officials confirmed that Detroit will host the 6th annual Stem Cell Summit next year. As Jim Axelrod reports, this is part of Detroit's effort to market itself as a high-tech center. 10/23/09 0.0 Friday: National Transportation Safety Board announces a probe after two pilots fly plane 150 miles past arrival airport; And, an 11-year-old highlights "The American Spirit." 10/23/09 0.0 President Obama is raising eyebrows and the ire some of journalists with his feud against the Fox News Channel. Jeff Greenfield reports. 10/23/09 0.0 As Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton's approval rating is at 65 percent, higher than both Michelle and President Barack Obama's. Katie Couric comments that even conservatives are changing their tune. 10/22/09 0.0 Thursday: A CBS News Exclusive report investigates DEA raids on Mexican drug cartels operating in Atlanta; Also, an alarming teen suicide trend emerges; And, Twitter brings notice to snack carts. 10/21/09 0.0 Over 600 schools have closed for at least a day because of the thousands of students affected by H1N1. As Dean Reynolds reports, H1N1 is taking a toll on children and their education. 10/21/09 0.0 Nearly half a millennium after Anglicans split with the Roman Catholic Church, the Vatican wants them back. As Jim Axelrod reports, the Catholic Church will make it easier for Anglicans to convert. 10/20/09 0.0 Katie Couric and author Rosalind Wiseman discuss the delicate balance between between kind of keeping an eye on kids, but also respecting their privacy. 10/20/09 0.0 Ireland has long been associated with the art of matchmaking, as CBS News' Mark Phillips reports. In fact, couples are still connecting and finding love in pubs to this day across the Emerald Isle. 10/20/09 0.0 Tuesday: Alarming trends emerge as most H1N1 hospital patients are under 25; Also, Hamid Karzai agrees to a run-off election; And, finding love in Ireland. 10/19/09 0.0 Monday: Colorado police now say that the "balloon boy" incident was in fact a hoax; Also, landmark reform for U.S. medical marijuana laws; And, Steve Hartman's "Assignment America." 10/18/09 0.0 Fears are heightening over the H1N1 flu virus and the damage it can inflict on the lungs. As Hari Sreenivasan reports, the 12th child has died in just one week. 10/17/09 0.0 The more America learns about the Balloon escapade over Colorado, the more puzzling it becomes. As Rick Salinger reports, the Colorado father recently promised a 'big announcement.' 10/16/09 0.0 For the past year, air fares nationwide have been reduced as a result of the recession. But, as Nancy Cordes reports, this is about to change as prices continue to rise for the upcoming holiday season. 10/15/09 0.0 Thursday: A media frenzy erupts after a 6-year-old boy was feared lost on a helium balloon 1,200 ft. above ground; Also, a wave of violence sweeps Pakistan; And, war stories from Afghanistan. 10/15/09 0.0 CBS News teams recount their experiences in war-torn Afghanistan. Hear from Randall Pinkston, Lara Logan, Jim Axelrod and more. 10/15/09 0.0 Katie Couric says "Whatever!" to some of the most, like...you know...irritating words and phrases in the English language. 10/14/09 0.0 Rep. Debbie Wasserman Schultz had breast cancer at age 41. After revealing her very personal story, there's no telling how many lives she saved because of it. Nancy Cordes reports. 10/14/09 0.0 Wednesday: Wall Street's big milestone after the Dow surges to over 10,000 points; Also, women continue to struggle for freedom in Afghanistan; And, a U.S. Congresswoman battles breast cancer. 10/13/09 0.0 Tuesday: A momentous turning point for health care reform as a Senate committee passes new legislation; Also, surprising new data about the H1N1 virus; And, President Obama's link to a fallen soldier. 10/13/09 0.0 The first injectable doses of the H1N1 vaccine has arrived the U.S. The CDC released surprising data that deepens the mystery of why H1N1 makes people sicker than others. Dr. Jon LaPook reports. 10/12/09 0.0 The insurance industry has released a report suggesting that the current health care reform legislation will raise premiums. But, as Chip Reid reports, the White House argues otherwise. 10/12/09 0.0 Nearly two months after the presidential election in Afghanistan, evidence has emerged suggesting that the counting of the ballots may have been tampered or falsified. David Martin reports. 10/11/09 0.0 After decades of helping out readers everywhere, some glossy magazines are disappearing from American life. As Michelle Miller reports, some magazine issues may be coming to your computers. 10/8/09 0.0 White House officials say esident Obama's strategy will be to defeat al Qaeda in Pakistan, while downplaying the need to completely eliminate the Taliban in Afghanistan. Chip Reid reports. 10/8/09 0.0 CBS News' Bianca Solorzano discusses the latest study which indicates that airlines, while frequently slapping fees on travelers, have increased times for flight delays. 10/7/09 0.0 Pakistan's border is home to thousands of Taliban and al Qaeda fighters who often cross into Afghanistan to attack American forces. Terry McCarthy reports from Pakistan's Swat Valley. 10/6/09 0.0 Katie Couric discusses that Gen. McChrystal is taking heat for expressing his view that the situation in Afghanistan is deteriorating. The White House should remain open to all informed opinions. 10/6/09 0.0 With increasing political and public pressure, President Barack Obama now faces a difficult decision regarding U.S. troop deployment levels in Afghanistan. Chip Reid reports. 10/6/09 0.0 Tuesday: The continuation of the CBS News special series, "The Road Ahead," featuring in-depth coverage of the U.S. war in Afghanistan; Plus, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. 10/5/09 0.0 As U.S. military forces continue to fight in Afghanistan, CBS News takes an in-depth look at the covert operations of the Taliban, one of America's greatest enemies. Lara Logan reports from Kabul. 10/3/09 0.0 Saturday: The disaster of the Indonesian earthquake unfolds as officials report the quake destroyed 4 villages; Plus, A cloud has been cast over the hopes that an economic recovery is underway. 10/2/09 0.0 Joe Halderman, an Emmy nominated winning producer for 48 Hours, was arraigned on charges of first degree grand larceny after threatening late night TV host David Letterman. Jeff Glor reports. 10/1/09 0.0 After the Cash-for-Clunkers program ended, car sales dropped drastically nationwide. But, as CBS News national correspondent Dean Reynolds reports, there may still be some bright signs ahead. 10/1/09 0.0 U.S. Airways Captain "Sully" Sullenberger has returned to the skies, along with co-pilot Jeffrey Skiles, on the exact route they were supposed to fly before the infamous "Miracle on the Hudson." Jeff Glor reports. 9/30/09 0.0 Three munchkins from the cast of "The Wizard of Oz" talk to Kelly Wallace about the long-lasting success of the film. 9/30/09 0.0 Seventy years after "The Wizard of Oz" rose to fame, the film is still maintaining its popularity among children. Kelly Wallace reports. 9/30/09 0.0 President Obama and his aides are seriously debating future troop deployment in Afghanistan, as the top-ranking U.S. general in that country has asked for more soldiers. David Martin reports. 9/30/09 0.0 Despite extensive research, and growing public interest, scientists say that powerful tsunami waves still remain a mystery. CBS News' John Blackstone reports from Menlo Park, Calif. 9/29/09 0.0 Studies show that texting or using a cell-phone while driving is like having a blood-alcohol level of .08%. As Daniel Seiberg reports, despite all the laws and summits, real solution lies in our hands. 9/29/09 0.0 Howard Krongar's job was to investigate alleged misconduct at the U.S. embassy in Kabul. Sharyl Attkisson reports on how one of his personal relationships may have prevented him from doing so. 9/29/09 0.0 The credit card industry got a bill of its own after 800 pages of rules spelling out the credit card reforms President Obama signed into law. Jim Axelrod reports on this monumental change. 9/29/09 0.0 Tina Brown, founder of The Daily Beast, tells Katie Couric she expects a new golden age of journalism as the era of online media matures. Watch more at @KatieCouric on CBSNews.com. 9/28/09 0.0 Kelly Wallace speaks about the growing tensions over Iranian missiles. Iran's leaders insist their nuclear program is only for energy production, but world leaders are ready to react to a military threat. 9/28/09 0.0 After more than 30 years as a fugitive, famed director, Roman Polanksi is behind bars for raping a 13-year-old girl. As Ben Tracy reports, it's becoming an international tug-of-war. 9/27/09 0.0 NY Governor Paterson dug in his heels in the face of the White House pressure to quit the 2010 election. As Hari Sreenivasan reports, a photo op barely disguised the rift between Obama and Paterson. 9/27/09 0.0 Sunday: Iran recently tested several missiles and plans to test medium and long range missiles as well; Plus, a determined paraplegic continues to climb Africa's highest mountain. 9/26/09 0.0 Accused terrorist, Najibullah Zazi is in prison facing a court hearing. Investigators are trying to figure out how the life of a one-time street vendor led to this moment. Hari Sreenivasan reports. 9/26/09 0.0 The long captivity of Jaycee Duggard has many wondering how sex offenders are able to go unnoticed. As Ben Tracy reports, some offenders are accused of going to great lengths to commit their crimes. 9/25/09 0.0 Friday: Widespread surprise as President Obama delivers claim that Iran secretly holds a second nuclear test facility; Also, Pittsburgh G20 summit ends as leaders announce financial reform. 9/25/09 0.0 President Barack Obama surprised many throughout the international community over his allegations that Iran has been operating a second secret nuclear test facility. Chip Reid reports. 9/24/09 0.0 UCLA freshman held the biggest, one-day volunteer campaign that any school has ever done. Bill Whitaker reports on their day of service. 9/23/09 0.0 In part one of an exclusive interview with Katie Couric, Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad speaks about his country's nuclear ambitions. 9/23/09 0.0 In part two of an exclusive interview with Katie Couric, Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad speaks about Iranian protests and his comments regarding the Holocaust. 9/23/09 0.0 Libyan leader Muammar Qaddafi went to New York to address leaders at the United Nations during a special summit. As Jim Axelrod reports, Qaddafi has drawn considerable controversy during his visit. 9/23/09 0.0 During an exclusive interview with Katie Couric, Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad said that officials in his nation have in fact been willing to comply with nuclear weapons inspections. 9/22/09 0.0 Katie Couric comments on the frustration of getting a doctor's appointment. If Congress extends health insurance to more Americans, getting a doctor's appointment may become even more difficult. 9/22/09 0.0 9/21/09 0.0 Denver, Colo. resident Najibullah Zazi and his father, along with a suspect in Queens, N.Y., have all been accused of lying to the FBI and maintaining ties with al Qaeda. Armen Keteyian reports. 9/21/09 0.0 The top-ranking U.S. commander in Afghanistan has told President Obama that the war could be lost if more American troops are not soon deployed there. David Martin reports from the Pentagon. 9/21/09 0.0 Monday: The FBI launches a massive probe after the arrest of three al Qaeda terror suspects; Also, an exclusive interview with the Foreign Minister of Pakistan; Plus, Steve Hartman's "Assignment America." 9/20/09 0.0 A paralyzed man is determined to conquer Africa's legendary Mt. Kilimanjaro. As Karen Brown reports, this man takes the phrase, "climb every mountain" literally. 9/20/09 0.0 A controversial radio program about women's issues in Afghanistan is angering the Taliban and waging a new kind of battle to win hearts and minds. Mandy Clark reports on the 'Radio Wars'. 9/19/09 0.0 Saturday: An expanded tax credit plan could be just the bump the housing market needs; Also, Californians continue to battle against seals for beach rights; Plus, Stock Market on a Rebound. 9/18/09 0.0 Friday: New regulations for the banking industry; Also, Pres. Obama prepares for a full-out multi-network TV media blitz in order to sell his health care reform legislation; And, Steve Hartman's "Assignment America." 9/18/09 0.0 Katie Couric spoke to Bob Schieffer of 60 Minutes about his interview with President Obama. The discussion included the health care debate and funding without raising taxes for the middle class. 9/18/09 0.0 A tax of one cent per ounce on soft drinks could be a major source of revenue for health care reform. Katie Couric comments on the explosive moment for the soda industry. 9/18/09 0.0 Several graduate students from Yale University spoke with CBS News about the campus-wide reaction to the murder of their peer, Annie Le. 9/18/09 0.0 New regulations on compensation for key bank employees wouldn't set caps on salaries, but would force banks to abandon bonus plans that encourage excessive risk taking. Anthony Mason reports. 9/17/09 0.0 An arrest has been made in the murder of Yale grad student Annie Le. Raymond Clark III is in police custody on $3 million bail. Randall Pinkston is following the investigation. 9/16/09 0.0 Katie Couric speaks about the impact of the late Crystal Lee Sutton, whose fight to unionize Southern textile plants with low pay and poor conditions was dramatized in the film "Norma Rae." 9/16/09 0.0 The FBI has searched the home of an alleged terrorist who may be involved in one of the biggest terror investigations since 9/11. As Bob Orr reports, the FBI still lacks hard intelligence. 9/15/09 0.0 In Rep. Joe Wilson's South Carolina district, the majority of his constituents are staunch, white Republicans. Mark Strassmann reports on accusations racial overtures fueled Wilson's comment. 9/15/09 0.0 A playful Hawaiian seal is loved by many, but he eventually could turn dangerous as he continues to grow. As John Blackstone reports, a wildlife rescue team is hoping this seal can beat the odds. 9/14/09 0.0 Law enforcement officials say they have discovered the body of 24-year-old Yale University student Annie Le. As Randall Pinkston reports, police believe that Le was murdered by an acquaintance. 9/12/09 0.0 It seems as if nobody dislikes Derek Jeter. He is a player who sets an example of excellence and professionalism that stretches far beyond sports. Jeff Glor reports on his remarkable feat. 9/12/09 0.0 A new policy of honesty and apology health policy has proven to be a shrewd business practice for one hospital system. As Priya David reports, this policy has worked wonders against malpractice suits. 9/11/09 0.0 President Obama's had just left 9/11 ceremonies at the Pentagon when a nearby Coast Guard routine drill was mistaken for an anniversary terrorist attack in a CNN on air report. Bob Orr reports. 9/10/09 0.0 Following his prime time Congressional address, President Obama has seized on renewed interest in his plans for health care reform. Chip Reid reports on the ongoing campaign for new legislation. 9/10/09 0.0 Representative Joe Wilson, R-S.C., is in the penalty box after yelling "you lie" during President Obama's speech to Congress. Katie Couric comments on Wilson's outburst. 9/9/09 0.0 GOP leaders have said there's a possibility of a compromise on health care reform but only if President Obama focuses on areas of broad bipartisan agreement. Nancy Cordes reports. 9/9/09 0.0 Addressing Congress over the controversy surrounding health care reform, Pres. Obama said that everyone in the United States will be required to hold basic health insurance. 9/9/09 0.0 In a special congressional address, President Barack Obama commended Sen. Ted Kennedy, who recently died at age 77, and his lifelong devotion towards health care reform. 9/7/09 0.0 Violence was a concern heading into the Afghan election, but now it has switched to vote rigging. As Mandy Clark reports, there are accusations that supporters cheated the election by different means. 9/6/09 0.0 Since the mid-90's, nutrition facts were on the side of food products. Now, some packaged foods are getting new front-of-the-box labels. Randall Pinkston reports on this 'smart choices program'. 9/6/09 0.0 A nationally broadcasted speech by President Obama to schools has caused controversy. The complaints have caused some school districts to decide they won't carry the speech. Don Teague reports. 9/6/09 0.0 The debate on Capitol Hill is heating up again, as President Obama will take his health care case directly to Congress and the American people. Kimberly Dozier has the latest. 9/6/09 0.0 Sunday: President Obama will take his health care case directly to Congress and the American people; Also, As Washington gets back to work, the Obama Administration is set to have a busy autumn. 9/5/09 0.0 As government pushes to launch 45 million doses of the H1N1 vaccine, many families are wondering if the vaccine is completely safe. Michelle Miller reports. 9/5/09 0.0 One Dutch community made an attempt to change the rules of the road by implementing no traffic lights or street signs. Mark Phillips has the story of a Dutch town's shared roadway. 9/5/09 0.0 At Washington's State's main campus, back to school means back to bed. The H1N1 virus has hit two thousand students. As Mark Strassmann reports, schools hope the vaccine will help when it arrives. 9/5/09 0.0 The Calif. central valley grows many U.S. agricultural products. However, a drought has set off a battle for the water left, and provided a study of climate change dilemmas. Seth Doane reports. 9/5/09 0.0 The NATO Commander in Afghanistan acknowledged that civilians were harmed during the recent airstrike. As Elizabeth Palmer reports, the incident is another blow to the NATO unity. 9/5/09 0.0 Saturday: The H1N1 virus has hit two thousand students, and many question if the future vaccine is safe; Plus, Calif. Officials said they have clear evidence of arson in the station fire North of L.A. 9/4/09 0.0 Friday: The growing U.S. unemployment rate leaves jobless nationwide to resort to drastic measures; Also, social conservatives outraged over a White House staffer's remarks. 9/4/09 0.0 After the credit crisis erupted last September, monthly job losses quickly deepened hitting a low of 700,000. But as Anthony Mason reports, they've now returned to levels before the panic. 9/4/09 0.0 A U.S. air strike aimed at a group of Taliban fighters resulted in the deaths of Afghan civilians. Elizabeth Palmer reports on the resulting pressure put on America's top commander in Afghanistan. 9/3/09 0.0 The CDC reported that with school back in session there has been an increase in H1N1 cases among young people. Dr. Jennifer Ashton reports that the CDC stressed the mildness of the cases. 9/3/09 0.0 The House Foreign Relations Committee is investigating whether a percentage of the money the U.S. is spending in Afghanistan is going straight to the Taliban. Nancy Cordes reports. 9/2/09 0.0 A new report finds gross incompetence by the Securities and Exchange Commission in allowing Bernie Madoff's crimes to remain undetected. Armen Keteyian reports. 9/1/09 0.0 Tuesday: Wildfires cause severe damage throughout Los Angeles County; Also, an exclusive report on alleged U.S. security hazing in Afghanistan; And, Bernie Madoff's sons under scrutiny. 9/1/09 0.0 Phillip Garrido was sentenced to a 50-year sentence in 1976, but was paroled 11 years into his sentence. As Hattie Kauffman reports, this is raising serious questions about the parole process. 8/31/09 0.0 Monday: A special exclusive report from Afghanistan; Also, four years later, Katrina victims still confined to FEMA trailers; And, a new sensor in sports helmets. 8/31/09 0.0 In the case of Jaycee Dugard, some people think the parole officer who regularly visited the property should have discovered the secret backyard prison. As John Blackstone reports, questions remain. 8/30/09 0.0 Sunday: In California, authorities are pleading with residents to evacuate as wildfires continue; Plus, A man who has spent his years since retiring from space exploration as an artist 8/29/09 0.0 The solved kidnapping case of Jaycee Dugard stunned the nation. As John Blackstone reports, anger is growing that authorities missed opportunities in the past to crack this case. 8/29/09 0.0 Senator Ted Kennedy was the baby of the family who eventually became the patriarch. As Jeff Glor reports, a patriarch is the role Ted Kennedy was perfectly suited for. 8/28/09 0.0 At a memorial service in Boston, Sen. Orrin Hatch (R-Utah) discussed his late friend, Sen. Edward "Ted" Kennedy. Despite their ideological differences, the two shared a friendship. 8/28/09 0.0 During the memorial service for Senator Edward Kennedy at the JFK presidential Library, Senator Christopher J. Dodd (D-Conn.) shared his personal memories and admiration for his close friend and colleague. 8/28/09 0.0 CBS News radio correspondent Carrie McCormick was injured while on assignment in Afghanistan, as Harry Smith reports. McCormick injured in an IED blast while traveling with U.S. soldiers. 8/26/09 0.0 The assassinations of Ten Kennedy's brothers meant that their lives will always be measured in terms of possibilities, but for Ted, his triumphs can be measured in full. Jeff Greenfield Reports. 8/24/09 0.0 Pro golfer J.P. Hayes turned himself in after he unwittingly used a non-regulation prototype ball for two shots in the PGA tournament. Mark Strassmann reports. 8/24/09 0.0 Katie Couric speaks with James Bamford, an author and CIA intelligence expert, about the latest reports alleging torture by CIA officials during the interrogations of alleged terror suspects. 8/22/09 0.0 One of the youngest detainees at Guantanamo Bay prison will likely be returned to Afghanistan. Lara Logan tells us the story of a soldier who broke ranks over Guantanamo and followed his conscience. 8/22/09 0.0 Martha's Vineyard is not only the current vacation spot of Barack Obama, but also one of the most culturally diverse places in the nation. Randall Pinkston reports. 8/18/09 0.0 U.S. Marines are going town by town in Helmand Providence trying to flush out the Taliban before Thursday's elections. Lara Logan reports. 8/17/09 0.0 As Central Texas is suffers from its worst drought in history, snakes search for water in yards, agriculture losses could top $4 billion, and dried-up lakes become attractions. Don Teague reports. 8/17/09 0.0 The Spanish voice of Tampa Bay Rays baseball, Enrique "The Volcano" Oliu was born blind. Kelly Cobiella reports on the sports broadcaster's gift to explain a game he has never seen. 8/17/09 0.0 Up to 60,000 Americans have canceled their AARP memberships due to anger over the group's position on health care. As Sharyl Attkisson reports, many are switching to a 'conservative alternative.' 8/17/09 0.0 CBS News Investigative Correspondent Sharyl Attkisson spoke with AARP Senior Vice President for Social Impact Cheryl Matheis about the AARP's position on health care reform. 8/17/09 0.0 As Republican and Democratic lawmakers continue to debate the Obama administration's public health care option, Nancy Cordes reports that a co-operative plan may serve as an effective compromise. 8/16/09 0.0 President Obama claims that just streamlining hospital practices could help pay for health reform. Randall Pinkston shows us a hospital that where improved care and savings go hand in hand. 8/15/09 0.0 Cash for Clunkers has been an extreme success. Automakers continue to boost production, but some dealerships still await their reimbursements. Terrell Brown reports. 8/14/09 0.0 After serving 18 months in federal prison for running a dog fighting ring out of his Virginia home, Michael Vick rejoins the NFL with a two-year deal with the Philadelphia Eagles. Jeff Glor reports. 8/13/09 0.0 More and more Americans are caught in a mortgage squeeze where their monthly payment goes up, but the value of their home goes down. Ben Tracy reports. 8/13/09 0.0 As President Obama continues to defend healthcare reform, White House officials respond with an email campaign for supporters. Sharyl Attkisson reports. 8/13/09 0.0 Benjamin Franklin famously wrote that "nothing is certain except death and taxes." Katie Couric takes a look at how proposed healthcare reform is treating life's certainties. 8/12/09 0.0 Wednesday: Conservative outrage and death threats towards Democratic congressman continues over Pres. Obama's proposed health care reform; Also, the U.S. launches a new offensive against Taliban forces in Afghanistan. Friday No results found. Important: You must only upload images which you have created yourself or that you are expressly authorised or licensed to upload. By clicking "Publish", you are confirming that the image fully complies with TV.com’s Terms of Use and that you own all rights to the image or have authorization to upload it. Please read the following before uploading Do not upload anything which you do not own or are fully licensed to upload. The images should not contain any sexually explicit content, race hatred material or other offensive symbols or images. Remember: Abuse of the TV.com image system may result in you being banned from uploading images or from the entire site – so, play nice and respect the rules! Choose background:

i don't know

Which state renewed Mike Tyson's boxing license in 1998?

CHATTER; Mike Tyson's Boxing License - The New York Times The New York Times N.Y. / Region |CHATTER; Mike Tyson's Boxing License Search CHATTER; Mike Tyson's Boxing License AUG. 16, 1998 Should Mike Tyson have had his license to fight in New Jersey approved by the state Athletic Control Board? A Concrete Thinker Why is it inappropriate to bite off an opponent's ear while boxing? This is a ''sport'' where the goal is to beat one's opponent into unconsciousness so that he falls to the floor, at which point the beater and his fans wait excitedly to see if the opponent is hurt severely enough to remain on the floor during the referee's count. Tyson has already been punished with jail for being a literal thinker. He does not and will never understand mixed messages, so don't punish him further. DORIS ROSE Whiting The Best Give Tyson his license. To me, boxing is synonymous with violence, and Mike Tyson is certainly as violent as they come. I abhor barbarity, but those who crave it may as well enjoy the top of the line. AUDREY CORN Denville Fans Will Pay Regardless of whether Mike Tyson can fight, or even read for that matter, is of no concern to the promoters and fans of boxing. If enough enthusiasm is focused on his return to the ring, fans will be curious enough to watch the fight. Somehow everyone will make money except for the fans who pay $60 dollars or more to watch for three minutes of fist and fury. Advertisement Bronx, N.Y. Judge Him in the Ring Tyson has paid millions for his mistake. He should be allowed to fight again. Latrell Sprewell (the strangler) has not paid as much. Only in the ring can Tyson now be judged. MANUEL GARCIA Pittsburg, Calif. Emotional Instability No one seems to be speaking of emotional instability in the case of Mike Tyson. He said he bit the ear of the other fighter because the other fighter made him mad. Normal, healthy people, including boxers, do not react that way. This was only one of many examples he has given to us. Do we need to be 'burned' twice to learn the lesson? KATHERINE PACHECO Elizabeth With the many stories about Mike Tyson's uncontrollable and sometimes violent behavior, it would have been very foolish for the state Athletic Control Board to give him a license to box in New Jersey. A sports figure often becomes the idol of youngsters. By giving Mr. Tyson a license to box in New Jersey, the state would be telling youngsters in an indirect way that these uncontrollable burts of anger are O.K. LAURA COBRINIK

Nevada

Neil Armstrong was a pilot in which war?

ESPN.com: BOXING - Transcript: Mike Tyson's medical evaluation Neuropsychological evaluation Circumstances of the Evaluation: This evaluation was requested by the Nevada State Athletic Commission in order to provide medical input regarding Mr. Tyson's request for reinstatement of his boxing license. Pursuant to your letter of September 21, 1998, we have completed an evaluation by a team of psychiatrists, psychologists, and neurologists. To the extent possible, we utilized the assessment measures which you requested. Where other measures were used, the reasons for their use will be discussed. Members of the evaluation team: The following individuals took direct part in the evaluation. Thomas Deters, Ph.D, Neuropsychologist, Law and Psychiatry Service Massachusetts General Hospital and Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts David Henderson, MD, Psychiatrist, Massachusetts General Hospital and Freedom Trail Clinic, Boston, Massachusetts Barry D. Jordan, MD, Neurologist, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California David Medoff, Ph.D, Psychologist, Law and Psychiatry Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Jeremy D. Schmahmann, MD, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Ronald Schouten, MD, JD, Director, Law & Psychiatry Service, Massachusetts General Hospital Sources of Information: The following sources of information were relied upon in conducting this evaluation and in reaching the conclusions contained herein. Multiple formal interviews with Mr. Tyson over a five-day period, in addition to frequent contact wit Mr. Tyson and opportunities to observe him in the clinical setting over the course of five days. Dr. Schouten's interview time was six hours, Dr. Henderson's 1.5 hours, and Dr. Jordan's one hour. Drs. Deters and Madoff conducted additional clinical interviews as part of the testing. Neurological evaluation by Drs. Schmahmann and Jordan. Psychological testing by Dr. Medoff Neuropsychological testing by Dr. Deters Telephone conference between Dr. Schouten and Larry Curry, MSW. Telephone conference between Monica Tyson, MD and Dr. Schouten. Electroencephalogram (EEG) -- New Jersey Athletic Commission hearing on July 29, 1998 -- Nevada Athletic Commission hearing on September 19, 1998 Warning of Limitation on Confidentiality: At the initiation of the evaluation, Mr. Tyson was informed that the contents of the evaluation would not be protected by the usual rules of confidentiality. He was further informed that he could refuse to answer any or all questions posed to him. Mr. Tyson expressed a clear understanding of these limitations and agreed to proceed. He indicated his ongoing understanding of these conditions throughout the evaluation process. Relevant history: Mr. Tyson is a 32-year-old, African-American, married man. He has four children. Mr. Tyson spent his early childhood in Brooklyn, New York, where he attended school. Due to behavioral difficulties he was placed in a school in upstate New York. He reports receiving special education services because of these behavioral problems. At approximately age 12 he was taken into the home of Cus D'Amato and Camille Ewald where he came under Mr. D'Amato's tutelage and trained as a boxer. Mr. Tyson attended Catskill High School but left school after the 10th grade. He studied for the Graduate Equivalency Diploma but failed to pass the examination by a narrow margin. Mr. Tyson became very close to Mr. D'Amato and Ms. Ewald. The relationship between these individuals and Mr. Tyson has been described by Mr. Tyson and others as a relationship between parents and a child. Mr. D'Amato died in 1985 and Mr. Tyson describes his reaction to Mr. D'Amato's death as that of a child losing a parent. He continues to maintain contact with Ms. Ewald and continues to support her. Mr. Tyson's biological parents are both deceased, as is his sister. He has one brother who lives in California. Mr. Tyson gave a history of repeated head injuries as a child, including multiple episodes of loss of consciousness as a result of being struck with objects in fights. He denied any loss of consciousness as an adult and particularly denies loss of consciousness while boxing. He has no history of serious illness, surgeries, or seizures. There is no history of headache or other neurological difficulties. He denied current substance abuse, including steroids. In 1992, Mr. Tyson's successful boxing career was interrupted by a prison sentence of six years. Mr. Tyson was released in three years due to a reduction in sentence for good behavior while incarcerated. Upon release from prison he returned to boxing. His career was once again interrupted on June 28, 1997. On that date, during a bout with Evander Holyfield, Mr. Tyson committed a major foul by biting Mr. Holyfield on the ear. After a two-point deduction, the fight resumed and Mr. Tyson again bit Mr. Holyfield. After the end of the round, Mr. Tyson was disqualified as a result of the second biting.   Mike Tyson following his psychological evaluation at Massachusetts General Hospital. As part of the evaluation process, Mr. Tyson was asked about symptoms of depression and other illnesses at the time of the Holyfield fight. He reported that he was experiencing significant depression at the time, in the contest of multiple financial and personal problems. There was no indication that he was suffering symptoms of another psychiatric disorder at the time. He denied using steroids or other substances at the time. Immediately following the fight, Mr. Tyson explained in an interview that he had retaliated for the head-butting because he was concerned about his career being ended by repeated injury from head-butting, feared that he would lose his job and not be able to support his family, and was not being protected by the officials. When asked about the foul, Mr. Tyson reports that he was very angry because he felt he had been the victim of head-butting from Mr. Holyfield in their previous bout and nothing had been done. His head been cut in that fight, and was cut again in Tyson-Holyfield II. After protesting the head butt and getting no response, Mr. Tyson reported that he felt that this was no longer a prize fight, but had become a street fight. He reported that when that occurred, he simply "snapped" and retaliated against Mr. Holyfield by biting him. While he did not have perfect recall for all the events that occurred during this bout, there was no evidence from Mr. Tyson's account of the incident or from the videotape that the incident occurred during a dissociative state, psychotic episode, or in any other state of loss of awareness. Review of the tape indicates that the initial bite occurred after a few blows from Mr. Holyfield and immediately after another clashing of heads. This had been preceded by at least one head butt. Mr. Tyson had his license revoked for life by the Nevada Athletic Commission after this incident. It is our understanding that he became eligible to apply for reinstatement after one year. This report is requested in connection with that application for reinstatement. Since the fight in June 1998, Mr. Tyson has asked Mr. Holyfield to forgive him, and Mr. Holyfield has written in support of Mr. Tyson's reinstatement. Mr. Tyson reported that the biting incident, and loss of his license, has ruined his career and his life. He expressed remorse about the incident, as well as great concern that he will not be able to fulfill his obligation to support his family if he cannot box. Mr. Tyson was adamant that he will never let anything like that happen again. Mr. Tyson has changed his management team since June 1997. He feels that he was betrayed by members of that team and has has a civil lawsuit pending against them for monetary damages. He noted that "people let me down. People I would have died for." According to Mr. Tyson, he underwent some psychological evaluation and some counseling as a child. The exact nature of those evaluations is unclear, and the records of the evaluations and any testing he may have had are not available at this time. Mr. Tyson reported that he has felt depressed all of his life. He received a diagnosis of Manic Depressive Illness several years ago and was placed on lithium carbonate, a mood stabilizer. He stated that this slowed him down considerably and that he stopped taking the medication after several doses. In December of 1997, Mr. Tyson entered treatment with Richard Goldberg, MD, Professor and Chair of the Department of Psychiatry at Georgetown Medical School. Mr. Tyson saw Dr. Goldberg for seven or eight visits until Mr. Tyson relocated to Denver to begin training. He subsequently contacted Larry Curry, MSW, who is a psychotherapist with expertise in anger management and working with professional athletes. Mr. Tyson has been on an antidepressant medication prescribed by Dr. Goldberg; however, he reported that this has not been particularly helpful to him. He has had discussions with Dr. Goldberg about the possibility of increasing the dosage of this medication. The frequency of meetings between Mr. Tyson and Dr. Goldberg remains uncertain, as Mr. Tyson has relocated to Denver for the present time. The relationship with Dr. Goldberg appears to be a solid one. Mr. Tyson reported that he derives great benefit from working with Dr. Goldberg and wishes to continue the relationship if at all possible. Mr. Tyson was particularly protective of that relationship and is hesitant to have the content of their discussions revealed in detail. Dr. Goldberg's findings on examination and his impressions of Mr. Tyson are similar to those derived by this evaluation team as outlined below. On September 29, the evaluation team received a copy of Dr. Goldberg's letter of July 21, 1998 to Attorney Fusco in which he indicated that Mr. Tyson suffers from "dysthymic disorder (chronic depression) and issues related to his personality." Members of the evaluation team reviewed the videotape of the July 27, 1998 New Jersey hearing. We noted that Mr. Tyson maintained excellent behavioral control during the course of the extensive and detailed questioning. He indicated that he did not want to speak any further because he was "angry" and did so in a calm voice. Mr. Tyson did raise his voice plaintively when Attorney Fusco began advocating for him, asking Mr. Fusco if he knew what Mr. Tyson meant. he subsequently used an expletive, wondering out loud what he was expected to do. It was the impression of the evaluation team the Mr. Tyson's behavior at the New Jersey hearing was not indicative of a significant problem with impulse control. In fact, we interpreted it as an example of reasonable control under significant pressure. Similarly, we found Mr. Tyson's behavior during the Nevada hearing on September 19, 1998 to be appropriate and evidence of good control under stress. Several incidents have occurred over the last months involving Mr. Tyson which have raised concerns about his impulse control and anger management. The evaluation team has reviewed testimony and evidence involving these incidents. The evidence regarding the restaurant incident in Washington, D.C, is consistent with Mr. Tyson's account that while words were exchanged between Mr. Tyson and a young woman in a restaurant, Mr. Tyson did not engage in any form of physical assault towards the individual. A second incident, involving a motor-vehicle accident in Gaithersburg, Maryland, was explained by Mr. Tyson in a manner consistent with his representations to others. No further details of that incident are outlined here in light of the fact that the alleged incident is potentially the subject of an ongoing criminal hearing.

i don't know

Which English-born US citizen hosted Masterpiece theater?

A New 'Good Evening' For 'Masterpiece Theater' - NYTimes.com A New 'Good Evening' For 'Masterpiece Theater' By ELIZABETH KOLBERT Correction Appended It's a tough chair to fill, but someone's got to sit in it. Three months after Alistair Cooke ever so politely bade goodbye to "Masterpiece Theater," the show's sponsors announced yesterday that Russell Baker would become the program's new host. At a news conference in the "library" of the Palace Hotel in Manhattan, Mr. Baker, surrounded by fake books, assured reporters that he would not allow his irreverent style to impinge on the highbrow tone of "Masterpiece Theater." In the case of an episode that is "egregiously ridiculous," though, he acknowledged, "a little needle might be apropos." Mr. Baker, who is 67 and a New York Times columnist, said he had first been approached about taking Mr. Cooke's place almost a year ago. He demurred. "My reply was I'd like to be the man who succeeds the man who succeeds Alistair Cooke," he said. But several months went by, and Mr. Baker's self-esteem improved to the point where, he said, "I thought, 'Why not give it a try?' " He added that is was particularly influenced by his daughter, Kasia, who urged him to get out of his "rut," and by a desire to fulfill his destiny as a citizen: "In America, if you're not on television, somehow you're not American," he said. Hundreds Were Considered Rebecca Eaton, the executive producer of "Masterpiece Theater," said Mr. Baker had been chosen from among hundreds of actors, journalists, historians and aristocrats who had been considered for the job, and dozens more who had sent in unsolicited tapes. "We knew it when we found it," she said of Mr. Baker, a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist and the author of more than a dozen books. In spite of his new duties as host, which he is to assume in the fall, Mr. Baker will continue to write his "Observer" column for The Times. Mr. Baker will be only the second regular host of "Masterpiece Theater," the nation's longest-running prime-time drama series. Mr. Cooke, who held the position since the show's inception in 1971, announced his retirement in July. Since he left the show in November, guest hosts have filled in. Mr. Cooke and his genteel English manner became so closely identified with "Masterpiece Theater" that the news of his American successor yesterday seemed to suggest not so much a passing of the torch as a passing of an era. Mr. Baker took pains, however, to reassure reporters that he enjoyed the kind of long, rambling 19th-century novels favored by "Masterpiece Theater's" producers, and that in any case he did not plan to have any influence on the content of show. But he said, "I certainly hope we'll do Proust's 'Remembrance of Things Past.' " "Masterpiece Theatre" is sponsored by the Mobil Corporation and presented by WGBH, the public television station in Boston. The programs in the series are usually purchased from British producers. A Longtime Fan Mr. Baker, who lives in Virginia, said he was a fan of "Masterpiece Theater," and had watched most of the shows. He listed among his favorites "The Golden Bowl," "Jeeves and Wooster" and "Memento Mori." Under closer questioning, he also acknowledged that he was a fan of the afternoon soap opera "All My Children." As interpreted by Mr. Cooke, the duties of the host were to introduce the show and offer a few closing comments. Mr. Baker said viewers should not expect radical changes. "It's a mistake to make brave assertions about how original you're going to be," he said. Mr. Baker said he was succeeding Mr. Cooke in a spirit of humility: "You enter, as George Bush would say, in a prayer mode." Photo: Russell Baker will be only the second regular host of the popular "Masterpiece Theater." (Michelle V. Agins/The New York Times) Correction: February 25, 1993, Thursday A front-page picture caption in The Living Section yesterday, with a cross reference to an article about Russell Baker's selection as host of "Masterpiece Theater," omitted the identity of the girl with Mr. Baker. She was his granddaughter Laura Baker.  

Alistair Cooke

Nickelodeon was founded in 1979 by which company?

"Masterpiece Classic" (1971) - News NEWS trailers and videos full cast and crew trivia official sites memorable quotes Overview 31 March 2004 | The Hollywood Reporter - Movie News | See recent The Hollywood Reporter - Movie News news » LONDON -- Former BBC broadcaster Alistair Cooke , who was famous in the United States as host of Omnibus in the 1950s and Masterpiece Theatre in the 1970s and '80s, died Tuesday at his New York home. He was 95. No cause of death was given. The Britain-born American citizen broadcast a 15-minute weekly news commentary, Letter From America, on BBC Radio for 58 years, recording his last one this month (HR 3/3). The show, which began in 1946, had more than 2,500 editions, making it the longest-running radio program in the world. "I can no longer continue my 'Letter From America, ' " Cooke said in a statement released by the BBC at the time. "I have had much enjoyment in doing these talks and hope that some of it has passed over to the listeners, to all of whom I now say thank you for your loyalty and goodbye." » 30 March 2004 | The Hollywood Reporter - Movie News | See recent The Hollywood Reporter - Movie News news » LONDON -- Veteran BBC broadcaster Alistair Cooke , who was famous in the United States as host of Omnibus in the '50s and Masterpiece Theater in the '70s and '80s, died at his New York home Tuesday. He was 95. The British-born American citizen broadcast a 15-minute news commentary, Letter From America on BBC Radio for 58 years, recording his last one earlier this month (HR 03/03). The show, which began in 1946, had more than 2,500 editions, making it the longest-running radio program in the world. "I can no longer continue my 'Letter From America, '" Cooke said in a statement released at the time by the BBC. "I have had much enjoyment in doing these talks and hope that some of it has passed over to the listeners, to all of whom I now say thank you for your loyalty, and goodbye." Tributes to Cooke, whose distinctive voice and broadcasting style bridged American and British society since his arrival in Manhattan in 1937, flowed in Tuesday after the BBC announced his death. "He was really one of the greatest broadcasters of all time," said British Prime Minister Tony Blair . "I was a big fan. I thought they were extraordinary essays. They brought an enormous amount of insight and understanding to the world. We shall feel his loss very keenly indeed." » 2 March 2004 | The Hollywood Reporter - Movie News | See recent The Hollywood Reporter - Movie News news » LONDON -- The longest-running radio program in the world came to an end Tuesday when Alistair Cooke , 95, announced his retirement from BBC Radio 4's 58-year-old Letter from America on doctor's orders. "I can no longer continue my 'Letter From America, '" Cooke said in a statement released by the BBC. "Throughout 58 years, I have had much enjoyment in doing these talks and hope that some of it has passed over to the listeners, to all of whom I now say thank you for your loyalty, and goodbye." Transplanted Englishman Cooke, who typed his weekly Letter from a Manhattan apartment overlooking Central Park since 1946, became famous in America as the host of Masterpiece Theatre on PBS from 1971-1992, introducing British dramatic series with his distinctive voice. » 11 January 2004 | The Hollywood Reporter - Movie News | See recent The Hollywood Reporter - Movie News news » PBS has yet to find a new corporate sponsor to support Masterpiece Theater after longtime underwriter Exxon Mobil Corp. bows out at end of the current season, PBS president Pat Mitchell said Saturday during PBS' TCA session. PBS needs an estimated $7 million in corporate funding to support its veteran franchise. Mitchell vowed that Masterpiece would continue for the next two seasons with PBS' support even without a corporate partner. Separately, PBS announced the start of production today in New York on a new entry, PBS Hollywood Presents , a series to star Richard Dreyfuss as a veteran cop working Manhattan's Upper West Side. The production, which also features Rita Moreno , Blair Brown and Rosie Perez , will be shot live in real-time in two 45-minute segments to simulate a live telecast, PBS officials said. » 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | 2010 | 2009 | 2008 | 2007 | 2006 | 2004 4 items from 2004 IMDb.com, Inc. takes no responsibility for the content or accuracy of the above news articles, Tweets, or blog posts. This content is published for the entertainment of our users only. The news articles, Tweets, and blog posts do not represent IMDb's opinions nor can we guarantee that the reporting therein is completely factual. Please visit the source responsible for the item in question to report any concerns you may have regarding content or accuracy.

i don't know

Which element along with polonium did the Curies discover?

Marie and Pierre Curie and the Discovery of Polonium and Radium Lists of Nobel Prizes and Laureates Lists of Nobel Prizes and Laureates Marie and Pierre Curie and the Discovery of Polonium and Radium by Nanny Fröman * Introduction Marie and Pierre Curie 's pioneering research was again brought to mind when on April 20 1995, their bodies were taken from their place of burial at Sceaux, just outside Paris, and in a solemn ceremony were laid to rest under the mighty dome of the Panthéon. Marie Curie thus became the first woman to be accorded this mark of honour on her own merit. One woman, Sophie Berthelot, admittedly already rested there but in the capacity of wife of the chemist Marcelin Berthelot (1827-1907). It was François Mitterrand who, before ending his fourteen-year-long presidency, took this initiative, as he said "in order to finally respect the equality of women and men before the law and in reality" ("pour respecter enfin ...l'égalité des femmes et des hommes dans le droit comme dans les faits"). In point of fact - as the press pointed out - this initiative was symbolic three times over. Marie Curie was a woman, she was an immigrant and she had to a high degree helped increase the prestige of France in the scientific world. At the end of the 19th century, a number of discoveries were made in physics which paved the way for the breakthrough of modern physics and led to the revolutionary technical development that is continually changing our daily lives. Around 1886, Heinrich Hertz demonstrated experimentally the existence of radio waves. It is said that Hertz only smiled incredulously when anyone predicted that his waves would one day be sent round the earth. Hertz died in 1894 at the early age of 37. In September 1895, Guglielmo Marconi sent the first radio signal over a distance of 1.5 km. In 1901 he spanned the Atlantic. Hertz did not live long enough to experience the far-reaching positive effects of his great discovery, nor of course did he have to see it abused in bad television programs. It is hard to predict the consequences of new discoveries in physics. On November 8, 1895, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen at the University of Würzburg, discovered a new kind of radiation which he called X-rays. It could in time be identified as the short-wave, high frequency counterpart of Hertz's waves. The ability of the radiation to pass through opaque material that was impenetrable to ordinary light, naturally created a great sensation. Röntgen himself wrote to a friend that initially, he told no one except his wife about what he was doing. People would say, "Röntgen is out of his mind". On January 1, 1896, he mailed his first announcement of the discovery to his colleagues. "... und nun ging der Teufel los" ("and now the Devil was let loose") he wrote. His discovery very soon made an impact on practical medicine. In physics it led to a chain of new and sensational findings. When Henri Becquerel was exposing salts of uranium to sunlight to study whether the new radiation could have a connection with luminescence, he found out by chance - thanks to a few days of cloudy weather - that another new type of radiation was being spontaneously emanated without the salts of uranium having to be illuminated - a radiation that could pass through metal foil and darken a photographic plate. The two researchers who were to play a major role in the continued study of this new radiation were Marie and Pierre Curie. Marie Marie Curie. Marie Sklodowska, as she was called before marriage, was born in Warsaw in 1867. Both her parents were teachers who believed deeply in the importance of education. Marie had her first lessons in physics and chemistry from her father. She had a brilliant aptitude for study and a great thirst for knowledge; however, advanced study was not possible for women in Poland. Marie dreamed of being able to study at the Sorbonne in Paris, but this was beyond the means of her family. To solve the problem, Marie and her elder sister, Bronya, came to an arrangement: Marie should go to work as a governess and help her sister with the money she managed to save so that Bronya could study medicine at the Sorbonne. When Bronya had taken her degree she, in her turn, would contribute to the cost of Marie's studies. So it was not until she was 24 that Marie came to Paris to study mathematics and physics. Bronya was now married to a doctor of Polish origin, and it was at Bronya's urgent invitation to come and live with them that Marie took the step of leaving for Paris. By then she had been away from her studies for six years, nor had she had any training in understanding rapidly spoken French. But her keen interest in studying and her joy at being at the Sorbonne with all its opportunities helped her surmount all difficulties. To save herself a two-hours journey, she rented a little attic in the Quartier Latin. There the cold was so intense that at night she had to pile on everything she had in the way of clothing so as to be able to sleep. But as compensation for all her privations she had total freedom to be able to devote herself wholly to her studies. "It was like a new world opened to me, the world of science, which I was at last permitted to know in all liberty," she writes. And it was France's leading mathematicians and physicists whom she was able to go to hear, people with names we now encounter in the history of science: Marcel Brillouin, Paul Painlevé, Gabriel Lippmann , and Paul Appell. After two years, when she took her degree in physics in 1893, she headed the list of candidates and, in the following year, she came second in a degree in mathematics. After three years she had brilliantly passed examinations in physics and mathematics. Her goal was to take a teacher's diploma and then to return to Poland. Marie Sklodowska, before she left for Paris. Pierre Pierre Curie. Now, however, there occurred an event that was to be of decisive importance in her life. She met Pierre Curie. He was 35 years, eight years older, and an internationally known physicist, but an outsider in the French scientific community - a serious idealist and dreamer whose greatest wish was to be able to devote his life to scientific work. He was completely indifferent to outward distinctions and a career. He earned a living as the head of a laboratory at the School of Industrial Physics and Chemistry where engineers were trained and he lived for his research into crystals and into the magnetic properties of bodies at different temperatures. He had not attended one of the French elite schools but had been taught by his father, who was a physician, and by a private teacher. He passed his baccalauréat at the early age of 16 and at 21, with his brother Jacques, he had discovered piezoelectricity, which means that a difference in electrical potential is seen when mechanical stresses are applied on certain crystals, including quartz. Such crystals are now used in microphones, electronic apparatus and clocks. Marie, too, was an idealist; though outwardly shy and retiring, she was in reality energetic and single-minded. Pierre and Marie immediately discovered an intellectual affinity, which was very soon transformed into deeper feelings. In July 1895, they were married at the town hall at Sceaux, where Pierre's parents lived. They were given money as a wedding present which they used to buy a bicycle for each of them, and long, sometimes adventurous, cycle rides became their way of relaxing. Their life was otherwise quietly monotonous, a life filled with work and study. Persuaded by his father and by Marie, Pierre submitted his doctoral thesis in 1895. It concerned various types of magnetism, and contained a presentation of the connection between temperature and magnetism that is now known as Curie's Law. In 1896, Marie passed her teacher's diploma, coming first in her group. Their daughter Irène was born in September 1897. Pierre had managed to arrange that Marie should be allowed to work in the school's laboratory, and in 1897, she concluded a number of investigations into the magnetic properties of steel on behalf of an industrial association. Deciding after a time to go on doing research, Marie looked around for a subject for a doctoral thesis. Becquerel's discovery had not aroused very much attention. When, just a day or so after his discovery, he informed the Monday meeting of l'Académie des Sciences, his colleagues listened politely, then went on to the next item on the agenda. It was Röntgen's discovery and the possibilities it provided that were the focus of the interest and enthusiasm of researchers. Becquerel himself made certain important observations, for instance that gases through which the rays passed become able to conduct electricity, but he was soon to leave this field. Marie decided to make a systematic investigation of the mysterious "uranium rays". She had an excellent aid at her disposal - an electrometer for the measurement of weak electrical currents, which was constructed by Pierre and his brother, and was based on the piezoelectric effect. Surprising Results Results were not long in coming. Just after a few days, Marie discovered that thorium gives off the same rays as uranium. Her continued systematic studies of the various chemical compounds gave the surprising result that the strength of the radiation did not depend on the compound that was being studied. It depended only on the amount of uranium or thorium. Chemical compounds of the same element generally have very different chemical and physical properties: one uranium compound is a dark powder, another is a transparent yellow crystal, but what was decisive for the radiation they gave off was only the amount of uranium they contained. Marie drew the conclusion that the ability to radiate did not depend on the arrangement of the atoms in a molecule, it must be linked to the interior of the atom itself. This discovery was absolutely revolutionary. From a conceptual point of view it is her most important contribution to the development of physics. She now went through the whole periodic system. Her findings were that only uranium and thorium gave off this radiation. Marie's next idea, seemingly simple but brilliant, was to study the natural ores that contain uranium and thorium. She obtained samples from geological museums and found that of these ores, pitchblende was four to five times more active than was motivated by the amount of uranium. It was her hypothesis that a new element that was considerably more active than uranium was present in small amounts in the ore. Marie and Pierre - A Fruitful Collaboration Fascinating new vistas were opening up. Pierre gave up his research into crystals and symmetry in nature which he was deeply involved in and joined Marie in her project. They found that the strong activity came with the fractions containing bismuth or barium. When Marie continued her analysis of the bismuth fractions, she found that every time she managed to take away an amount of bismuth, a residue with greater activity was left. At the end of June 1898, they had a substance that was about 300 times more strongly active than uranium. In the work they published in July 1898, they write, "We thus believe that the substance that we have extracted from pitchblende contains a metal never known before, akin to bismuth in its analytic properties. If the existence of this new metal is confirmed, we suggest that it should be called polonium after the name of the country of origin of one of us." It was also in this work that they used the term radioactivity for the first time. After another few months of work, the Curies informed the l'Académie des Sciences, on December 26, 1898, that they had demonstrated strong grounds for having come upon an additional very active substance that behaved chemically almost like pure barium. They suggested the name of radium for the new element. Arduous Work In order to be certain of showing that it was a matter of new elements, the Curies would have to produce them in demonstrable amounts, determine their atomic weight and preferably isolate them. To do so, the Curies would need tons of the costly pitchblende. However, it was known that at the Joachimsthal mine in Bohemia large slag-heaps had been left in the surrounding forests. Marie considered that radium ought to be left in the residue. A sample was sent to them from Bohemia and the slag was found to be even more active than the original mineral. Several tons of pitchblende was later put at their disposal through the good offices of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. It was now that there began the heroic époque in their life that has become legendary. At this stage they needed more room, and the principal of the school where Pierre worked once again came to their aid. They could use a large shed which was not occupied. There the very laborious work of separation and analysis began. Marie carried out the chemical separations, Pierre undertook the measurements after each successive step. Physically it was heavy work for Marie. She processed 20 kilos of raw material at a time. First of all she had to clear away pine needles and any perceptible debris, then she had to undertake the work of separation. "Sometimes I had to spend a whole day stirring a boiling mass with a heavy iron rod nearly as big as myself. I would be broken with fatigue at day's end," she writes. In a preface to Pierre Curie's collected works, Marie describes the shed as having a bituminous floor, and a glass roof which provided incomplete protection against the rain, and where it was like a hothouse in the summer, draughty and cold in the winter; yet it was in that shed that they spent the best and happiest years of their lives. There they could devote themselves to work the livelong day. Sometimes they could not do their processing outdoors, so the noxious gases had to be let out through the open windows. The only furniture were old, worn pine tables where Marie worked with her costly radium fractions. Since they did not have any shelter in which to store their precious products the latter were arranged on tables and boards. Marie could remember the joy they felt when they came into the shed at night, seeing "from all sides the feebly luminous silhouettes" of the products of their work. The dangerous gases of which Marie speaks contained, among other things, radon - the radioactive gas which is a matter of concern to us today since small amounts are emitted from certain kinds of building materials. Wilhelm Ostwald , the highly respected German chemist, who was one of the first to realize the importance of the Curies' research, traveled from Berlin to Paris to see how they worked. Neither Pierre nor Marie was at home. He wrote: "At my earnest request, I was shown the laboratory where radium had been discovered shortly before ... It was a cross between a stable and a potato shed, and if I had not seen the worktable and items of chemical apparatus, I would have thought that I was been played a practical joke." Marie Presents Her Doctoral Thesis At the same time as the Curies were engaged in their arduous work, each of them had their teaching duties. From 1900 Marie had had a part-time teaching post at the École Normale Supérieur de Sèvres for girls. After thousands of crystallizations, Marie finally - from several tons of the original material - isolated one decigram of almost pure radium chloride and had determined radium's atomic weight as 225. She presented the findings of this work in her doctoral thesis on June 25, 1903. Of the three members of the examination committee, two were to receive the Nobel Prize a few years later: Lippmann , her former teacher, in 1908 for physics, and Moissan , in 1906 for chemistry. The committee expressed the opinion that the findings represented the greatest scientific contribution ever made in a doctoral thesis. A little celebration in Marie's honour, was arranged in the evening by a research colleague, Paul Langevin. The guests included Jean Perrin , a prominent professor at the Sorbonne, and Ernest Rutherford , who was then working in Canada but temporarily in Paris and anxious to meet Marie Curie. He had good reason. His study of the deflection of radiation in magnetic fields had not met with success until he had been sent a strongly radioactive preparation by the Curies. By that time he was already famous and was soon to be considered as the greatest experimental physicist of the day. It was a warmish evening and the group went out into the garden. Pierre had prepared an effective finale to the day. When they had all sat down, he drew from his waistcoat pocket a little tube, partly coated with zinc sulfide, which contained a quantity of radium salt in solution. Suddenly the tube became luminous, lighting up the darkness, and the group stared at the display in wonder, quietly and solemnly. But in the light from the tube, Rutherford saw that Pierre's fingers were scarred and inflamed and that he was finding it hard to hold the tube. Serious Health Problems A week earlier Marie and Pierre had been invited to the Royal Institution in London where Pierre gave a lecture. Before the crowded auditorium he showed how radium rapidly affected photographic plates wrapped in paper, how the substance gave off heat; in the semi-darkness he demonstrated the spectacular light effect. He described the medical tests he had tried out on himself. He had wrapped a sample of radium salts in a thin rubber covering and bound it to his arm for ten hours, then had studied the wound, which resembled a burn, day by day. After 52 days a permanent grey scar remained. In that connection Pierre mentioned the possibility of radium being able to be used in the treatment of cancer. But Pierre's scarred hands shook so that once he happened to spill a little of the costly preparation. Fifty years afterwards the presence of radioactivity was discovered on the premises and certain surfaces had to be cleaned. In actual fact Pierre was ill. His legs shook so that at times he found it hard to stand upright. He was in much pain. He consulted a doctor who diagnosed neurasthenia and prescribed strychnine. And the skin on Marie's fingers was cracked and scarred. Both of them constantly suffered from fatigue. They evidently had no idea that radiation could have a detrimental effect on their general state of health. Pierre, who liked to say that radium had a million times stronger radioactivity than uranium, often carried a sample in his waistcoat pocket to show his friends. Marie liked to have a little radium salt by her bed that shone in the darkness. The papers they left behind them give off pronounced radioactivity. If today at the Bibliothèque Nationale you want to consult the three black notebooks in which their work from December 1897 and the three following years is recorded, you have to sign a certificate that you do so at your own risk. People will have to do this for a long time to come. In fact it takes 1,620 years before the activity of radium is reduced to a half. Rutherford was just as unsuspecting in regard to the hazards as were the Curies. When it turned out that one of his colleagues who had worked with radioactive substances for several months was able to discharge an electroscope by exhaling, Rutherford expressed his delight. This confirmed his theory of the existence of airborne emanations. In view of the potential for the use of radium in medicine, factories began to be built in the USA for its large-scale production. The question came up of whether or not Marie and Pierre should apply for a patent for the production process. They were both against doing so. Pure research should be carried out for its own sake and must not become mixed up with industry's profit motive. Researchers should be disinterested and make their findings available to everyone. Marie and Pierre were generous in supplying their fellow researchers, Rutherford included, with the preparations they had so laboriously produced. They furnished industry with descriptions of the production process. Nobel Prize In 1903, Marie and Pierre Curie were awarded half the Nobel Prize in Physics . The citation was, "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel." Henri Becquerel was awarded the other half for his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity. In a letter to the Swedish Academy of Sciences, Pierre explains that neither of them is able to come to Stockholm to receive the prize. They could not get away because of their teaching obligations. He adds, "Mme Curie has been ill this summer and is not yet completely recovered." That was certainly true but his own health was no better. Not until June 1905 did they go to Stockholm, where Pierre gave a Nobel lecture. At the prize award ceremony, the president of the Swedish Academy referred in his speech to the old proverb: "union gives strength." He went on to quote from the Book of Genesis, "It is not good that the man should be alone; I will make him an help meet for him." Although the Nobel Prize alleviated their financial worries, the Curies now suddenly found themselves the focus of the interest of the public and the press. Their seemingly romantic story, their labours in intolerable conditions, the remarkable new element which could disintegrate and give off heat from what was apparently an inexhaustible source, all these things made the reports into fairy-tales. At the center was Marie, a frail woman who with a gigantic wand had ground down tons of pitchblende in order to extract a tiny amount of a magical element. Even Le Figaro, otherwise a sensible newspaper, began with "Once upon a time ..." They were pursued by journalists from the whole world - a situation they could not deal with. Marie wrote, "The shattering of our voluntary isolation was a cause of real suffering for us and had all the effects of disaster." Pierre wrote in July 1905, "A whole year has passed since I was able to do any work ... evidently I have not found the way of defending us against frittering away our time, and yet it is very necessary. It is a question of life or death from the intellectual point of view." But as Elisabeth Crawford emphasizes in her book The Beginnings of the Nobel Institution, from the latter's viewpoint, the awarding of the 1903 Prize for Physics was masterly. Formerly, only the Prize for Literature and the Peace Prize had obtained wide press coverage; the Prizes for scientific subjects had been considered all too esoteric to be able to interest the general public. The commotion centered on the award of the Prize to the Curies, especially Marie Curie, aroused once and for all the curiosity of the press and the public. The work of researchers was exciting, their findings fascinating. The health of both Marie and Pierre Curie gave rise to concern. Their friends tried to make them work less. All their symptoms were ascribed to the drafty shed and to overexertion. Their dearest wish was to have a new laboratory but no such laboratory was in prospect. When Paul Appell, the dean of the faculty of sciences, appealed to Pierre to let his name be put forward as a recipient for the prestigious Legion of Honor on July 14,1903, Pierre replied, "... I do not feel the slightest need of being decorated, but I am in the greatest need of a laboratory." Although Pierre was given a chair at the Sorbonne in 1904 with the promise of a laboratory, as late as 1906 it had still not begun to be built. Pierre was given access to some rooms in a building used for study by young medical students. Pierre Curie never obtained a real laboratory. Dreadful Catastrophe On April 19, 1906, Pierre Curie was run over by a horse-drawn wagon near the Pont Neuf in Paris and killed. Now Marie was left alone with two daughters, Irène aged 9 and Ève aged 2. Shock broke her down totally to begin with. But even now she could draw on the toughness and perseverance that were fundamental aspects of her character. When she was offered a pension, she refused it: I am 38 and able to support myself, was her answer. She was appointed to succeed Pierre as the head of the laboratory, being undoubtedly most suitable, and to be responsible for his teaching duties. She thus became the first woman ever appointed to teach at the Sorbonne. After some months, in November 1906, she gave her first lecture. The large amphitheater was packed. As well as students, her audience included people from far and near, journalists and photographers were in attendance. Many people had expected something unusual to occur. Perhaps some manifestation of the historic occasion. When Marie entered, thin, pale and tense, she was met by an ovation. However the expectations of something other than a clear and factual lecture on physics were not fulfilled. But Marie's personality, her aura of simplicity and competence made a great impression. Irène was now 9 years old. Marie had definite ideas about the upbringing and education of children that she now wanted to put into practice. Her circle of friends consisted of a small group of professors with children of school age. Marie organized a private school with the parents themselves acting as teachers. A group of some ten children were accordingly taught only by prominent professors: Jean Perrin, Paul Langevin, Édouard Chavannes, a professor of Chinese, Henri Mouton from the Pasteur Institute, a sculptor was engaged for modeling and drawing. Marie took the view that scientific subjects should be taught at an early age but not according to a too rigid curriculum. It was important for children to be able to develop freely. Games and physical activities took up much of the time. Quite a lot of time was taken for travel, too, for the children had to travel to the homes of their teachers, to Marie at Sceaux or to Langevin's lessons in one of the Paris suburbs. The little group became a kind of school for the elite with a great emphasis on science. The children involved say that they have happy memories of that time. For Irène it was in those years that the foundation of her development into a researcher was laid. The educational experiment lasted two years. Subsequently the pupils had to prepare for their forthcoming baccalauréat exam and to follow the traditional educational programs. A Second Nobel Prize In 1908 Marie, as the first woman ever, was appointed to become a professor at the Sorbonne. She went on to produce several decigrams of very pure radium chloride before finally, in collaboration with André Debierne, she was able to isolate radium in metallic form. André Debierne, who began as a laboratory assistant, became her faithful collaborator until her death and then succeeded her as head of the laboratory. In 1911 she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry . The citation by the Nobel Committee was, "in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element." Now that the archives have been made available to the public, it is possible to study in detail the events surrounding the awarding of the two Prizes, in 1903 and 1911. In a letter in 1903, several members of the l'Académie des Sciences, including Henri Poincaré and Gaston Darboux, had nominated Becquerel and Pierre Curie for the Prize in Physics. Marie's name was not mentioned. This caused Gösta Mittag-Leffler, a professor of mathematics at Stockholm University College, to write to Pierre Curie. That letter has never survived but Pierre Curie's answer, dated August 6, 1903, has been preserved. He wrote, "If it is true that one is seriously thinking about me (for the Prize), I very much wish to be considered together with Madame Curie with respect to our research on radioactive bodies." Drawing attention to the role she played in the discovery of radium and polonium, he added, "Do you not think that it would be more satisfying from the artistic point of view, if we were to be associated in this manner?" (plus joli d'un point de vue artistique). Some biographers have questioned whether Marie deserved the Prize for Chemistry in 1911. They have claimed that the discoveries of radium and polonium were part of the reason for the Prize in 1903, even though this was not stated explicitly. Marie was said to have been awarded the Prize again for the same discovery, the award possibly being an expression of sympathy for reasons that will be mentioned below. Actually, however, the citation for the Prize in 1903 was worded deliberately with a view to a future Prize in Chemistry. Chemists considered that the discovery and isolation of radium was the greatest event in chemistry since the discovery of oxygen. That for the first time in history it could be shown that an element could be transmuted into another element, revolutionized chemistry and signified a new epoch. A Terrible Year Rejected by the Academy Despite the second Nobel Prize and an invitation to the first Solvay Conference with the world's leading physicists, including Einstein , Poincaré and Planck , 1911 became a dark year in Marie's life. In two smear campaigns she was to experience the inconstancy of the French press. The first was started on 16 November 1910, when, by an article in Le Figaro, it became known that she was willing to be nominated for election to l'Académie des Sciences. Examples of factors other than merit deciding an election did exist, but Marie herself and her eminent research colleagues seemed to have considered that with her exceptionally brilliant scientific merits, her election was self-evident. Notwithstanding, it turned out that it was not merit that was decisive. The dark underlying currents of anti-Semitism, prejudice against women, xenophobia and even anti-science attitudes that existed in French society came welling up to the surface. Normally the election was of no interest to the press. The most rabid paper was the ultra-nationalistic and anti-Semitic L'Action Française, which was led by Léon Daudet, the son of the writer Alphonse Daudet. Dreyfus had got redress for his wrongs in 1906 and had been decorated with the Legion of Honour, but in the eyes of the groups who had been against him during his trial, he was still guilty, was still "the Jewish traitor." The pro-Dreyfus groups who had supported his cause were suspect and the scientists who were supporting Marie were among them. Jokes in bad taste alternated with outrageous accusations. It was said that in her career, Pierre's research had given her a free ride. She came from Poland, though admittedly she was formally a Catholic but her name Sklodowska indicated that she might be of Jewish origin, and so on. A week before the election, an opposing candidate, Édouard Branly, was launched. The vote on January 23, 1911 was taken in the presence of journalists, photographers and hordes of the curious. The election took place in a tumultuous atmosphere. In the first round Marie lost by one vote, in the second by two. In all, fifty-eight votes were cast. A Nobel Prize in 1903 and support from prominent researchers such as Jean Perrin, Henri Poincaré, Paul Appell and the permanent secretary of the Académie, Gaston Darboux, were not sufficient to make the Académie open its doors. This event attracted international attention and indignation. It deeply wounded both Marie and indeed Édouard Branly, too, himself a well-merited researcher. The Langevin Affair However, Marie's tribulations were not at an end. When, at the beginning of November 1911, Marie went to Belgium, being invited with the world's most eminent physicists to attend the first Solvay Conference, she received a message that a new campaign had started in the press. Now it was a matter of her private life and her relations with her colleague Paul Langevin, who had also been invited to the conference. He had had marital problems for several years and had moved from his suburban home to a small apartment in Paris. Marie was depicted as the reason. Both were described in slanderous terms. The scandal developed dramatically. Marie stands up in her own defence and managed to force an apology from the newspaper Le Temps. The same day she received word from Stockholm that she had been awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. However, the very newspapers that made her a legend when she received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903, now completely ignored the fact that she had been awarded the Prize in Chemistry or merely reported it in a few words on an inside page. The Langevin scandal escalated into a serious affair that shook the university world in Paris and the French government at the highest level. Madame Langevin was preparing legal action to obtain custody of the four children. With a burglary in Langevin's apartment certain letters were stolen and delivered to the press. Léon Daudet made the whole thing into a new Dreyfus affair. Day after day Marie had to run the gauntlet in the newspapers: an alien, a Polish woman, a researcher supported by our French scientists, had come and stolen an honest French woman's husband. Daudet quoted Fouquier-Tinville's notorious words that during the Revolution had sent the chemist Lavoisier to the guillotine: "The Republic does not need any scientists." Marie's friends immediately backed her up. Jean Perrin, Henri Poincaré and Émile Borel appealed to the publishers of the newspapers. Henri Poincaré's cousin, Raymond Poincaré, a senior lawyer who was to become President of France in a few years time, was engaged as advisor. But the scandal kept up its impetus with headlines on the first pages such as "Madame Curie, can she still remain a professor at the Sorbonne?" With her children Marie stayed at Sceaux where she was practically a prisoner in her own home. Her friends feared that she would collapse. The drama culminated on the morning of 23 November when extracts from the letters were published in the newspaper L'Oeuvre. There was no proof of the accusations made against Marie and the authenticity of the letters could be questioned but in the heated atmosphere there were few who thought clearly. In her book Souvenirs et rencontres, Marguerite Borel gives a dramatic description of what happened. Émile Borel was extremely indignant and acted quickly. Marie had to be fetched from Sceaux and live with them until the storm was over. Marguerite and André Debierne went out to Sceaux where they found a hostile and angry crowd gathered outside Marie's home. Someone shouted, "Go home to Poland." A stone hit the house. Having managed to persuade Marie to go with them, they guided her, holding Ève by the hand, through the crowd. Marie sat stiff and deathly pale throughout their journey. Marguerite wanted to take her hand, but did not venture to do so. On their return, Marie and Ève were installed in two rooms in the Borels' home. Henriette Perrin looks after Irène. But the Borels' home was owned by the École Normale Supérieure and Émile Borel was called up to the Minister of Education (Théodore Steeg, le ministre de l'Instruction publique) who informed him that he had no right to let Marie Curie stay in his home. It would cast a shadow on the École Normale. If Borel persisted in keeping his guest, he would be dismissed. "So be it then, I shall persist," was Borel's answer. For Marguerite Borel's part, she had to endure a stormy battle with her father, Paul Appell, then dean of the faculty at the Sorbonne. He was furious that the Borels have gotten mixed up in the matter. He revealed that with several other influential people he was planning an interview with Marie in order to request her to leave France: her situation in Paris was impossible. "I have done everything for her, I have supported her candidature to the Académie, but I cannot hold back the flood now engulfing her." Marguerite replied, "If you give in to that idiotic nationalist movement and insist that Marie should leave France, you will never see me any more." Appell, who was in the process of putting on his shoes, threw one of them to hit the door - but the interview with Marie did not take place. Langevin who had been repeatedly insulted, then felt forced to challenge Gustave Téry, the editor of the newspaper that printed the letters, to a duel. Fighting a duel was a usual way of obtaining satisfaction in France at that time, although scarcely in academic circles. Newspaper publishers who had come up against each other in this dispute had already fought duels. Swords were generally used and a duellist was usually content with inflicting a thorough scratch on his opponent for the duel to be considered decided. But fatal accidents did in fact occur. Langevin found it hard to find seconds, but managed to persuade Paul Painlevé, a mathematician and later Prime Minister, and the director of the School of Physics and Chemistry. The duel, with pistols at a distance of 25 meters, was to take place on the morning of November 25. Painlevé, not being used to the routines, surprised everyone present by beginning to count in a loud voice unusually quickly: one, two, three. Téry did not raise his pistol. Langevin, who had first raised his, then lowered it. No shot was fired. The journalists wrote about the silence and about the pigeons quietly feeding on the field. In the midst of all its gravity, the duel had turned into a farce. However, the publication of the letters and the duel were too much for those responsible at the Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm. Marie received a letter from a member, Svante Arrhenius , in which he said that the duel had given the impression that the published correspondence had not been falsified. He asked her to cable that she would not be coming to the prize award ceremony and to write him a letter to the effect that she did not want to accept the Prize until the Langevin court proceedings had shown that the accusations against her were absolutely without foundation. Of those most closely affected, the person who remained level-headed despite the enormous strain of the critical situation was in fact Marie herself. In a well-formulated and matter-of-fact reply, she pointed out that she had been awarded the Prize for her discovery of radium and polonium, and that she could not accept the principle that appreciation of the value of scientific work should be influenced by slander concerning a researcher's private life. On December 6, Langevin wrote a long letter to Svante Arrhenius, whom he had met previously. He described the whole situation, explained what circles were behind the smear campaign. He appealed to the Nobel Committee not to let it be influenced by a campaign which was fundamentally unjust. Nor, in fact, was it so influenced. Marie gathered all her strength and gave her Nobel lecture on December 11 in Stockholm. The lecture should be read in the light of what she had gone through. She made clear by her choice of words what were unequivocally her contributions in the collaboration with Pierre. She spoke of the field of research which "I have called radioactivity" and "my hypothesis that radioactivity is an atomic property," but without detracting from his contributions. She declared that she also regarded this Prize as a tribute to Pierre Curie. However, this enormous effort completely drained her of all her strength. She sank into a depressed state. On December 29, she was taken to a hospital whose location was kept secret for her protection. When she had recovered to some extent, she traveled to England, where a friend, the physicist Hertha Ayrton, looked after her and saw that the press was kept away. A whole year passed before she could work as she had done before. In her book, Marguerite Borel quotes Jean Perrin's words, 'But for the five of us who stood up for Marie Curie against a whole world when a landslide of filth engulfed her, Marie would have returned to Poland and we would have been marked by eternal shame.' The five were Jean and Henriette Perrin, Émile and Marguerite Borel and André Debierne. Legal proceedings were never taken. Langevin and his wife reached a settlement on 9 December without Marie's name being mentioned. We shall never know with any certainty what was the nature of the relationship between Marie Curie and Paul Langevin. It is referred to by Paul Langevin's son, André Langevin, in his biography of his father, which was published in 1971. He writes, "Is it not rather natural that friendship and mutual admiration several years after Pierre's death could develop step by step into a passion and a relationship?" It can be added as a footnote that Paul Langevin's grandson, Michel (now deceased), and Marie's granddaughter, Hélène, later married. Hélène Langevin-Joliot is a nuclear physicist and has made a close study of Marie and Pierre Curie's notebooks so as to obtain a picture of how their collaboration functioned. Marie had opened up a completely new field of research: radioactivity. Various aspects of it were being studied all over the world. In Uppsala Daniel Strömholm, professor of chemistry, and The Svedberg , then associate professor, investigated the chemistry of the radioactive elements. In 1909 they were close to the discovery of isotopes. However it was the British physicist Frederick Soddy who in the following year, finally clarified the concept of isotopes. Marie's laboratory became the Mecca for radium research. Eva Ramstedt, who took a doctorate in physics in Uppsala in 1910, studied with Marie Curie in 1910-11 and was later associate professor in radiology at Stockholm University College in 1915-32. The Norwegian chemist Ellen Gleditsch worked with Marie Curie in 1907-1912. War When, in 1914, Marie was in the process of beginning to lead one of the departments in the Radium Institute established jointly by the University of Paris and the Pasteur Institute, the First World War broke out. Marie placed her two daughters, Irène aged 17 and Ève aged 10, in safety in Brittany. She herself took a train to Bordeaux, a train overloaded with people leaving Paris for a safer refuge. But Marie had a different reason for her journey. She had with her a heavy, 20-kg lead container in which she had placed her valuable radium. Once in Bordeaux the other passengers rushed away to their various destinations. She remained standing there with her heavy bag which she did not have the strength to carry without assistance. Some official finally helped her find a room where she slept with her heavy bag by her bed. The next day, having had the bag taken to a bank vault, she took a train back to Paris. It was now crowded to bursting point with soldiers. Throughout the war she was engaged intensively in equipping more than 20 vans that acted as mobile field hospitals and about 200 fixed installations with X-ray apparatus. Marie driving one of the radiology cars in 1917. © Marie Sklodowska Curie Museum She trained young women in simple X-ray technology, she herself drove one of the vans and took an active part in locating metal splinters. Sometimes she found she had to give the doctors lessons in elementary geometry. Irène, when 18, became involved, and in the primitive conditions both of them were exposed to large doses of radiation. After the Peace Treaty in 1918, her Radium Institute, which had been completed in 1914, could now be opened. It became France's most internationally celebrated research institute in the inter-war years. Even so, as her French biographer Françoise Giroud points out, the French state did not do much in the way of supporting her. In the USA radium was manufactured industrially but at a price which Marie could not afford. She had to devote a lot of time to fund-raising for her Institute. She also became deeply involved when she had become a member of the Commission for Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations and served as its vice-president for a time. She frequently took part in its meetings in Geneva, where she also met the Swedish delegate, Anna Wicksell. Missy Marie regularly refused all those who wanted to interview her. However, a prominent American female journalist, Marie Maloney, known as Missy, who for a long time had admired Marie, managed to meet her. This meeting became of great importance to them both. Marie told Missy that researchers in the USA had some 50 grams of radium at their disposal. "And in France, then?" asked Missy. "My laboratory has scarcely more than one gram," was Marie's answer. "But you ought to have all the resources in the world to continue with your research. Someone must see to that," Missy said. "But who?" was Marie's reply in a resigned tone. "The women of America," promised Missy. Missy, like Marie herself, had an enormous strength and strong inner stamina under a frail exterior. She now arranged one of the largest and most successful research-funding campaigns the world has seen. First of all she got the New York papers to promise not to print a word on the Langevin affair and - so as to feel safe - unbelievably enough managed to take over all their material on the Langevin affair. Due to the press, Marie became enormously popular in America, and everyone seemed to want to meet her - the great Madame Curie. Missy had to struggle hard to get Marie to accept a program for her visit on a par with the campaign. Finally, she had to turn to Paul Appell, now the university chancellor, to persuade Marie. In spite of her diffidence and distaste for publicity, Marie agreed to go to America to receive the gift - a single gram of radium - from the hand of President Warren Harding. "I understand that it will be of the greatest value for my Institute," she wrote to Missy. When all this became known in France, the paper Je sais tout arranged a gala performance at the Paris Opera. It was attended by the most prominent personalities in France, including Aristide Briand , then Foreign Minister, who was later, in 1926, to receive the Nobel Peace Prize. Jean Perrin made a speech about Marie's contribution and the promises for the future that her discoveries gave. The great Sarah Bernhardt read an "Ode to Madame Curie" with allusions to her as the sister of Prometheus. After being dragged through the mud ten years before, she had become a modern Jeanne d'Arc. Missy Maloney, Irène, Marie and Ève Curie in the USA. Photo kindly provided by William Brown Maloney Papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University, USA. Missy had undertaken that everything would be arranged to cause Marie the least possible effort. In spite of this Marie had to attend innumerable receptions and do a round of American universities. Outwardly the trip was one great triumphal procession. She became the recipient of some twenty distinctions in the form of honorary doctorates, medals and membership in academies. Great crowds paid homage to her. But for Marie herself, this was torment. Where possible, she had her two daughters represent her. Marie and Missy became close friends. The inexhaustible Missy organized further collections for one gram of radium for an institute which Marie had helped found in Warsaw. Marie's second journey to America ended only a few days before the great stock exchange crash in 1929. In the last ten years of her life, Marie had the joy of seeing her daughter Irène and her son-in-law Frédéric Joliot do successful research in the laboratory. She lived to see their discovery of artificial radioactivity, but not to hear that they had been awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for it in 1935. Marie Curie died of leukemia on July 4, 1934. Epilogue It is worth mentioning that the new discoveries at the end of the nineteenth century became of importance also for the breakthrough of modern art. X-ray photography focused art on the invisible. The human body became dissolved in a shimmering mist. Wassily Kandinsky, one of the pioneers of abstract painting, wrote about radioactivity in his autobiographical notes from 1901-13. He claimed that in his soul the decay of the atom was synonymous with the decay of the whole world. The thickest walls had suddenly collapsed. Everything had become uncertain, unsteady and fluid. He would not have been surprised if a stone had been pulverized in the air before him and become invisible. For the physicists of Marie Curie's day, the new discoveries were no less revolutionary. Although admittedly the world did not decay, what nevertheless did was the classical, deterministic view of the world. Radioactive decay, that heat is given off from an invisible and apparently inexhaustible source, that radioactive elements are transformed into new elements just as in the ancient dreams of alchemists of the possibility of making gold, all these things contravened the most entrenched principles of classical physics. For radioactivity to be understood, the development of quantum mechanics was required. But it should be noted that the birth of quantum mechanics was not initiated by the study of radioactivity but by Max Planck's study of radiation from a black body in 1900. It was an old field that was not the object of the same interest and publicity as the new spectacular discoveries. It was not until 1928, more than a quarter of a century later, that the type of radioactivity that is called alpha-decay obtained its theoretical explanation. It is an example of the tunnel effect in quantum mechanics. Much has changed in the conditions under which researchers work since Marie and Pierre Curie worked in a drafty shed and refused to consider taking out a patent as being incompatible with their view of the role of researchers; a patent would nevertheless have facilitated their research and spared their health. But in one respect, the situation remains unchanged. Nature holds on just as hard to its really profound secrets, and it is just as difficult to predict where the answers to fundamental questions are to be found. Names Mentioned in the Text Appell, Paul (1855-1930), mathematician Arrhenius, Svante (1859-1927), Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1903 Ayrton, Hertha (1854-1923), English physicist Becquerel, Henri (1852-1908), Nobel Prize in Physics 1903 Borel, Émile (1871-1956), mathematician Borel, Marguerite, author, married to Émile Borel Branly, Édouard (1844-1940), physicist Briand, Aristide (1862-1932), eminent French statesman, Nobel Peace Prize 1926 Brillouin, Marcel (1854-1948), theoretical physicist Darboux, Gaston (1842-1917), mathematician Daudet, Léon (1867-1942), editor of L'Action Française Debierne, André (1874-1949), Marie Curie's colleague for many years Einstein, Albert (1879-1955), Nobel Prize in Physics 1921 Giroud, Françoise (1916- ), author, former minister Gleditsch, Ellen (1879-1968), chemist Lippmann, Gabriel (1845-1921), Nobel Prize in Physics 1908 Marconi, Guglielmo (1874-1937), Nobel Prize in Physics 1909 Mittag-Leffler, Gösta (1846-1927), mathematician Moissan, Henri (1852-1907), Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1906 Ostwald, Wilhelm (1853-1932), Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1909 Painlevé, Paul (1863-1933), mathematician Perrin, Jean (1870-1942) Nobel Prize in Physics 1926 Planck, Max (1858-1947), Nobel Prize in Physics 1918 Poincaré, Henri (1854-1912), mathematician, philosopher Poincaré, Raymond (1860-1934), lawyer (president 1913-1920) Ramstedt, Eva (1879-1974), physicist Röntgen, Wilhelm Conrad (1845-1923), Nobel Prize in Physics 1901 Rutherford, Ernest (1871-1937), Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1908 Soddy, Frederick (1877-1956), Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1921 Strömholm, Daniel (1871-1961), chemist, professor at Uppsala University Svedberg, The (1884-1971), Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1926 Bibliography Bensuade-Vincent, Bernadette, Marie Curie, femme de science et de légende, Reveu du Palais de la découverte, Vol. 16. n ° 157 avril 1988, 15-30. Crawford, Elisabeth, The Beginnings of the Nobel Institution, The Science Prizes 1901-1915, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, & Edition de la Maison des Sciences, Paris, 1984. Curie, Eve, Madame Curie, Gallimard, Paris, 1938. In English, Doubleday, New York. Curie, Marie, Pierre Curie and Autobiographical Notes, The Macmillan Company, New York, 1923. Subsequently Marie Curie refused to authorize publication of her Autobiographical Notes in any other country. Gleditsch, Ellen, Marie Sklodowska Curie (in Norwegian), Nordisk Tidskrift, Årg. 35, 1959. Kandinsky, Wassily, Look Into the Past 1901-1913, The Blue Rider, Paul Klee. Franz Marc, New York, 1945. Langevin, André, Paul Langevin, mon père, Les Éditeur Français Réunis, Paris, 1971. Marbo, Camille (Pseudonym for Marguerite Borel), Souvenirs et Rencontres, Grasset, Paris, 1968. McGrayne, Sharon Bertsch, Nobel Prize Women in Science, Their Lives, Struggles and Momentous Discoveries, A Birch Lane Press Book, Carol Publishing Group, New York, 1993. Nobel Lectures including Presentation Speeches and Laureates' Biographies, Physics 1901-21. Published for the Nobel Foundation in 1967 by Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam-London-New York. Nobel Lectures including Presentation Speeches and Laureates' Biographies, Chemistry 1901-21. Published for the Nobel Foundation in 1967 by Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam-London-New York. Pflaum, Rosalynd, Grand Obsession: Madame Curie and Her World, Doubleday, New York, 1989. Quinn, Susan, Marie Curie: A Life, Simon & Schuster, New York, 1995. Ramstedt, Eva, Marie Sklodowska Curie, Kosmos. Papers on Physics (in Swedish) published by Svenska Fysikersamfundet, nr 12, 1934. Reid, Robert, Marie Curie, William Collins Sons & Co Ltd, London, 1974. Science, Technology and Society in the Time of Alfred Nobel. Proceedings of a Nobel Symposium. Edited by Carl Gustaf Bernhard, Elisabeth Crawford, Per Sörbom. Published for the Nobel Foundation by Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1982. Other Sources

Radium

In The Banana Splits what sort of animal was Snorky?

Polonium - Element information, properties and uses | Periodic Table Chemistry in its element: polonium (Promo) You're listening to Chemistry in its element brought to you by Chemistry World, the magazine of the Royal Society of Chemistry. (End promo) Chris Smith Hello, this week in Chemistry in its element the story of a substance that was named to snub Russia, power space probes keeps paper static free and has even been used as a murder weapon in London. To reveal the secrets of Marie Curie's element, and that's polonium, here's Johnny Ball Johnny Ball Polonium, (element 84), was discovered in 1898 and named after Poland, the homeland of Marie Curie (Ne Sklodowska) who found it with her husband Pierre Curie. This loyalty was a direct affront to Russia who had dominated Poland for so long. The only way she could become educated whilst a teenager, was by risking imprisonment by the Russians by attending secret underground schools, which had to change locations every couple of days. It was only by escaping to Paris, following her older brother and sister, that she was able to forge a career. She was so poor in the early years in Paris, that she sometimes fainted through lack of food. Still she worked tirelessly. In 1894 she met Pierre, who had made a name for himself in discovering piezoelectricity and was one of her lecturers. They married in July 1895. She wore a black dress as it would be serviceable for her work in the laboratory. They did not exchange rings, but bought each other a bicycle, on which they honeymooned. X rays had been discovered by Roentgen (Nov 95) and uranium radiation by Becquerel (Feb 96) in Paris. Working with him (98), Marie coined the phrase "radioactivity" and decided to make this here object of study, because no one else was doing it. They realised that radiation was coming from the very atoms and that this was a sign of the atoms breaking up. Only by studying the break up of atoms through radiation, were scientists able to clearly understand how atoms are made up. For this the Curies and Becquerel shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903. The discovery of polonium (July 98) was no mean task. Pitchbende, a uranium bearing ore, seemed to be far to radio active than could be accounted for by the uranium. The couple got the waste ore free, after the uranium had been removed. They sieved and sorted by hand, ounce by ounce, through tons of pitchblende before tiny amounts of polonium were discovered. With the polonium extracted, there was clearly something far more radioactive left behind and soon they had isolated the much more important element radium in December 1898. Radium was so named as it glowed in the dark. Pierre died in a tragic accident in 1906. In driving rain he seemed to walk in front of a large horse-drawn wagon, and a wheel shattered his head. Some think  the pain he was in as a result of radiation burns and sickness may have caused his lack of awareness. Marie was devastated, but her work continued. For discovering polonium and radium, she received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1911, becoming the only woman ever to receive two such prizes. However, there was still more success due for the family. Her daughter Irene also became a scientist, and in 1934, Marie saw Irene and her husband Frederick Joliot-Curie produce the first ever artificial radioactive element. This led to our modern ability to manipulate almost every element for our specific scientific needs. Irene and Frederick also received the Nobel Prize in 1935, but sadly Marie had now died. Natural polonium, Po-210, is still very rare and forms no more than 100 billions of a gram per ton of uranium ore. Because it is so rare, polonium is made by first making bismuth (also found in pitchblende). Bismuth-209 is found and then artificially changed to bismuth-210 which then decays to form polonium-210. This process requires a nuclear reactor, so it is not an easy element to source. It was a shocking discovery that the former Russian agent Alexander Litvinenko was poisoned with this very radioactive element. The alpha particles it emits are so weakly penetrating it could easily have been carried in a simple sealed container, and would have to be ingested, for example in a cup of tea, to do any serious harm. However, once inside the body, as it continued to disintegrate, it would become fatal. Polonium has a position in the periodic table that could make it a metal, a metalloid or a nonmetal. It is classed as a metal as its electrical conductivity decreases as its temperature rises. Because of this property it is used in industry to eliminate dangerous static electricity in making paper or sheet metal. Because of its short half life, its decay generates considerable heat (141 W per gram of metal). It can be used as a convenient and very light heat source to generate reliable thermoelectric power in space satellites and lunar stations, as no moving parts are involved. Chris Smith Johnny Ball lifting the lid on the radioactive element polonium discovered by Marie Curie and her husband Pierre. Next time on Chemistry in its element we remain radioactive much like the substance itself with earth scientist Ian Farnan. Ian Farnan Anyone familiar with the iconic image of the mushroom cloud understands the tremendous explosive power of a correctly controlled detonation of plutonium. The energy density is mind-boggling: a sphere of metal 10 cm in diameter and weighing just 8 kg is enough to produce an explosion at least as big as the one that devastated Nagasaki in 1945. Chris Smith Ian Farnan with what promises to be an explosive edition of Chemistry in its element next week. I'm Chris Smith, thank you for listening and see you next time. (Promo) Chemistry in its element is brought to you by the Royal Society of Chemistry and produced by  thenakedscientists.com . There's more information and other episodes of Chemistry in its element on our website at  chemistryworld.org/elements . (End promo)

i don't know

Who had an 80s No 1 hit with Can't Fight This Feeling?

REO Speedwagon - Can't Fight This Feeling (music video) - [043f6d673] REO Speedwagon - Can't Fight This Feeling Description buy Music video by REO Speedwagon performing Can't Fight This Feeling. (C) 1984 Sony BMG Music Entertainment  "Can't Fight This Feeling" is a number-one power ballad performed by the American rock band REO Speedwagon about a man falling in love with a girl with whom he has been friends for a long time.  The song first appeared on REO Speedwagon's 1984 album Wheels Are Turnin'. It was the group's second number-one hit on the U.S. charts (the first being 1981's "Keep on Loving You", also written by Kevin Cronin) and reached number sixteen in the UK. "Can't Fight This Feeling" has appeared on dozens of 'various artists' compilation albums, as well as several REO Speedwagon greatest hits albums. Tags: 

REO Speedwagon

Which parallel was the truce line in the Korean War?

REO Speedwagon:Can't Fight This Feeling Lyrics | LyricWikia | Fandom powered by Wikia REO Speedwagon:Can't Fight This Feeling Lyrics 1,877,275pages on on the compilation album The Ballads (1999) This song has been covered by… This song is featured in the television series Supernatural . This song is featured in a television advert for Hallmark Cards and Horton Hears a Who!. I can't fight this feeling any longer And yet I'm still afraid to let it flow What started out as friendship has grown stronger I only wish I had the strength to let it show I tell myself that I can't hold out forever I say there is no reason for my fear 'Cause I feel so secure when we're together You give my life direction, you make everything so clear And even as I wander, I'm keeping you in sight You're a candle in the window on a cold, dark winter's night And I'm getting closer than I ever thought I might And I can't fight this feeling anymore I've forgotten what I started fighting for It's time to bring this ship into the shore And throw away the oars forever 'Cause I can't fight this feeling anymore I've forgotten what I started fighting for And if I have to crawl upon the floor Come crashing through your door Baby, I can't fight this feeling anymore My life has been such a whirlwind since I saw you I've been running around in circles in my mind And it always seems that I'm following you, girl 'Cause you take me to the places that alone I'd never find And even as I wander, I'm keeping you in sight You're a candle in the window on a cold, dark winter's night And I'm getting closer than I ever thought I might And I can't fight this feeling anymore I've forgotten what I started fighting for It's time to bring this ship into the shore And throw away the oars forever 'Cause I can't fight this feeling anymore I've forgotten what I started fighting for And if I have to crawl upon the floor Come crashing through your door Baby, I can't fight this feeling anymore Ooh, ooh, ooh

i don't know

On a computer keyboard which letter is between A and D?

Account Suspended Account Suspended This Account has been suspended. Contact your hosting provider for more information.

S

Which musical featured the song Flash Bang, Wallop?

Clevy Keyboard | Clevy » Request pricing Clevy Keyboard The Clevy Keyboard is an attractively designed keyboard, designed to help teach writing and keyboard skills to young children. Its design also makes the Clevy Keyboard very suitable for keyboard users with a wide array of special needs. Familiar font The font in which the characters are printed onto the Clevy Keyboard’s keys is similar to the font used in traditional education of hand-writing, which makes keys immediately identifiable. Large keys The keys of the Clevy Keyboard are 30% bigger and the characters on them even up to 4 times bigger than those on an average keyboard, making them simpler to find and easier to hit. Intelligent colour coding The differently coloured keys cleverly represent the different functional areas and make the keyboard fun for children to work with. Clever key arrangement The keys are arranged vertically to improve positioning of the hands and to make the appearance less cluttered. Unnecessary, distracting keys are left out. Solid construction Clevy keyboards have internal steel frames and each individual key is mounted onto a high-quality, mechanical switch capable of handling well over 50 million keystrokes. Most keyboards on the market use membrane-type internal switches , which are far less durable and consistent. Spillproof The keyboard’s housing is designed to guide possible spilled fluids straight through the keyboard, keeping these liquids away from the internal electronics. Key repeat on or off Key repeat can be switched off with an on-board switch, causing a letter to appear on the screen only once no matter how long a key is pressed. This same switch also enables the use of function keys by pressing the letter “f” and the respective number (eg. f+1=F1). Wireless The Clevy Keyboard is also available in in a wireless version as part of the Simply Works range, the World’s first fully integrated wireless system specifically for users with motor skills difficulties.

i don't know

What was Hitchcock's first sound movie?

Blackmail (1929): Hitchcock's First Sound Film | Emanuel Levy Blackmail (1929): Hitchcock's First Sound Film March 7, 2013 by EmanuelLevy Leave a Comment Hitchcock’s “Blackmail,” made in 1929, is considered to be the first significant sound feature made by the British film industry. The film was a critical and commercial hit. Among its awards is a citation as the best British movie of 1929. When production began, “Blackmail” meant to be silent, but during the process, the new technology offered Hitchcock exciting opportunities, especially for the kinds of films he was interested in. A completed silent version of Blackmail was released in 1929 shortly after the talkie version hit theaters. The silent version of Blackmail actually ran longer in theaters and proved more popular, largely because most theaters in Britain were not yet equipped for sound. All the scenes with Alice White (Czech actress Anna Ondra) had to be reshot because of her heavy accent English actress Joan Barry spoke Ondra’s lines, while Ondre pantomimed the words As post-dubbing was impossible, it called for repetition of the scenes for sound dialogue. The film’s story is deceptively simple: Young Alice White and her beau detective Frank Webber (John Longden) quarrel at a restaurant, and Alice departs with a handsome stranger (Cyril Ritchard). The stranger, who turns out to be an artist, invites Alice to his studio. He persuades her to put on a circus costume so that he can sketch her, but then he attempts to make violent love to her. In response, she stabs him to death with a knife. Assigned to the case, Webber begins to suspect that the girl is involved but he conceals his suspicion from his superiors. The blackmail occurs, when a man claims to have seen Alice entering the artist’s quarters The detective, trying to shift blame for the killing to the blackmailer, leads to the man’s flight. A chase ensues, ending with the blackmailer’s death, falling through the dome of the British Museum (a site Hitchcock will return to in future films). The girl decides to clear her conscience but is prevented from doing so by the detective But the conclusion is ambiguous and bittersweet at best, as the future of the couple, who now share a secret guilt, is in doubt. Visually, the expression on Alice’s face shows bewilderment and anguish. Several of Hitchcock motifs and trademarks are evident in the movie, including a likable heroine who’s a beautiful blonde in peril, and a famous landmark (a national monument, statue) in the climactic finale (See cheap product key for windows 7 “Foreign Correspondent,” “North by Northwest”). Thematically, the movie deals with the inevitable disparity between appearance and reality–the significant notion that physical appearances should not be confused with reality, and the constant reversal of normative expectations. The figures who represent law and order are themselves corruptible. In “Blackmail,” as in future films, the apparent righteousness of the police is completely undermined The movie examines the dilemma of love versus duty, which is manifest in three movements. After the opening close-up of the spinning wheel of a police van, we see the police arresting a man who is then fingerprinted and thrown into jail. The prints dissolve over his face, an indication of how the police regard a man’s identity During the arrest, the detective acts as if the procedure were the most routine event. He washes his hands afterwards, and remarks casually to a colleague that he has a date. The film then moves from theme of duty to theme of love. The second movement shows the detective’s relationship with Alice White, leading to the quarrel in the restaurant Alice doesn’t want to go to the movies, claiming that she has seen “everything worth seeing” (A good, inside joke by Hitchcock about movies as mass entertainment). But Frank wants to see the film “Fingerprints,” which, not surprisingly, is about police work. They argue over their plans, and Frank leaves. Alice then accepts an offer from an handsome stranger who asks her, “have you ever seen an artist’s studio?” Alice, like other Hitchcock heroines, is ambiguous toward sex: She both wants and rejects it. Even so, they go to his place, climbing five flights, and the ever-meticulous Hitchcock utilizes objective side-view crane, which follows them as they go up the levels. It’s a dizzy height to which the couple ascends. Tension is continuously present—and building up. Thus, once inside the studio-bedroom, suspense builds up steadily. The shadows that fall across the artist’s face are mustaches, fingerprints and skulls The sexual innuendo is strong but the artist does not force himself upon the girl until she has changed costumes. He lays the piano and they together sketch a crude drawing of her at his easel Hitchcock’s cameo, a signature occurrence in most of his films, shows him being bothered by a small boy (Jacque Carter) as he reads a book on the Underground. This is the lengthiest of Hitchcock’s cameo appearances, about 10 minute long. Two future directors worked on “Blackmail”: Ronald Neame operated the clapperboard and Michael Powell (“The Red Shoes”) took still photographs. Cast

Blackmail

Which newspaper did Jackie Kennedy work for just before her marriage?

Alfred Hitchcock | Moviepedia | Fandom powered by Wikia Edit Hitchcock's films draw heavily on both fear and fantasy, and are known for their droll humour. They often portray innocent people caught up in circumstances beyond their control or understanding. This often involves a transference of guilt in which the "innocent" character's failings are transferred to another character and magnified. Another common theme is the exploration of the compatibility of men and women; Hitchcock's films often take a cynical view of traditional romantic relationships. Original 1940 poster. Although Hitchcock was an enormous star during his lifetime, he was not usually ranked highly by contemporaneous film critics. Rebecca was the only one of his films to win the Academy Award for Best Picture , although four others were nominated. Hitchcock never won the Academy Award for Best Director. He was awarded the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award for lifetime achievement in 1967, but never personally received an Academy Award of Merit . The French New Wave critics, especially Eric Rohmer , Claude Chabrol , and François Truffaut, were among the first to promote his films as having artistic merit beyond entertainment. Hitchcock was one of the first directors to whom they applied their auteur theory, which stresses the artistic authority of the director in the movie-making process. Through his fame, public persona, and degree of creative control, Hitchcock transformed the role of the director, which had previously been eclipsed by that of the producer. He is seen today as the quintessential director who managed to combine art and entertainment in a way very few have ever matched. His innovations and vision have influenced a great number of, and . Biography Edit As a major talent in a new industry with plenty of opportunity, he rose quickly. In 1925, Michael Balcon of Gainsborough Pictures gave him a chance to direct his first film, The Pleasure Garden , made at the Ufaz studios in Germany. However, the commercial failure of this film, and his second, The Mountain Eagle , threatened to derail his promising career, until he attached himself to the thriller genre. The resulting film, The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog , was released in 1927 and was a major commercial and critical success. Like many of his earlier works it was influenced by Expressionist techniques he had witnessed first hand in Germany. In it, attractive blondes are strangled and the new lodger (Ivor Novello) in the Bunting family's upstairs apartment falls under heavy suspicion. This is the first truly "Hitchcockian" film, incorporating such themes as the "wrong man". 39 Steps Following the success of The Lodger, Hitchcock began his first efforts to promote himself in the media, and hired a publicist to cement his growing reputation as one of the British film industry's rising stars. In 1926, he was to marry his assistant director Alma Reville. They had a daughter, Patricia, in 1928. Alma was Hitchcock's closest collaborator. She wrote some of his screenplays and worked with him on every one of his films. In 1929, he began work on Blackmail , his tenth film. While the film was in production, the studio decided to make it one of Britain's first sound pictures. With the climax of the film taking place on the dome of the British Museum, Blackmail also began the Hitchcock tradition of using famous landmarks as the backdrop to a story. In 1933, Hitchcock was once again working for Michael Balcon at Gaumont-British Picture Corporation. His first film for the company, The Man Who Knew Too Much (1934), was a success, while his second, The 39 Steps (1935), is often considered one of the best films from his early period. It was also one of the first to introduce the concept of the " MacGuffin ", a plot device around which a whole story would revolve. In The 39 Steps, the MacGuffin is a stolen set of blueprints. His next major success was in 1938, The Lady Vanishes , a clever and fast-paced film about the search for a kindly old Englishwoman (Dame May Whitty), who disappears while on board a train in the fictional country of Vandrika (a thinly-veiled version of Nazi Germany). By the end of the 1930s, Hitchcock was at the top of his game artistically, and in a position to name his own terms when David O. Selznick managed to entice the Hitchcocks across to Hollywood. Hollywood Edit Hitchcock's gallows humour continued in his American work, together with the suspense that became his trademark. However, working arrangements with his new producer were less than optimal. Selznick suffered from perennial money problems and Hitchcock was often unhappy with the amount of creative control demanded by Selznick over his films. Subsequently, Selznick ended up "loaning" Hitchcock to the larger studios more often than producing Hitchcock's films himself. With the Poster prestigious picture Rebecca in 1940, Hitchcock made his first American movie, although it was set in England and based on a novel by English author Dame Daphne du Maurier. This Gothic melodrama explores the fears of a naïve young bride who enters a great English country home and must grapple with a distant husband, a predatory housekeeper, and the legacy of her husband's late wife. It has also subsequently been noted for the lesbian undercurrents in Judith Anderson's performance. The film won the Academy Award for Best Picture of 1940. Hitchcock's second American film, the European-set thriller Foreign Correspondent was also nominated for Best Picture that year. Hitchcock's work during the 1940s was very diverse, ranging from the romantic comedy, Mr. & Mrs. Smith (1941) and the courtroom drama The Paradine Case (1947), to the dark and disturbing Shadow of a Doubt (1943). Shadow of a Doubt , his personal favorite, was about young Charlotte "Charlie" Newton (Teresa Wright), who suspects her beloved uncle Charlie Spencer (Joseph Cotten) of murder. In its use of overlapping characters, dialogue, and closeups it has provided a generation of film theorists with psychoanalytic potential, including Jacques Lacan and Slavoj Žižek. The film also harkens to one of Cotten's better known films, Citizen Kane . Spellbound explored the then very fashionable subject of psychoanalysis and featured a dream sequence which was designed by Salvador Dali . The actual dream sequence in the film was considerably cut from the original planned scene that was to run for some minutes but proved too disturbing for the finished film. Notorious (1946) marked Hitchcock's first film as a producer as well as director. As Selznick failed to see the subject's potential, he allowed Hitchcock to make the film for RKO. From this point on, Hitchcock would produce his own films, giving him a far greater degree of freedom to pursue the projects that interested him. Starring Ingrid Bergman and Hitchcock regular Cary Grant, and featuring a plot about Nazis, radium and South America, Notorious was a huge box office success and has remained one of Hitchcock's most acclaimed films. Its inventive use of suspense and props briefly led to Hitchcock being under surveillance by the CIA due to his use of uranium as a plot device. Rope (his first color film) came next in 1948. Here Hitchcock experimented with marshalling suspense in a confined environment, as he had done earlier with Lifeboat . He also experimented with exceptionally long takes - up to ten minutes (see Themes and devices ). Featuring James Stewart in the leading role, Rope was the first of an eventual four films Stewart would make for Hitchcock. Based on the Leopold and Loeb case of the 1920s, Rope is also among the earliest openly gay-themed films to emerge from the Hays Office controlled Hollywood studio era. Under Capricorn, set in nineteenth-century Australia, also used this short-lived technique, but to a more limited extent. For these two films he formed a production company with Sidney Bernstein, called Transatlantic Pictures, which folded after these two unsuccessful pictures. Peak years and decline Edit Lobby Card With Strangers on a Train (1951), his first epic film based on the novel by Patricia Highsmith , Hitchcock combined many of the best elements from his preceding British and American films. Two men casually meet and speculate on removing people who are causing them difficulty. One of the men, though, takes this banter entirely seriously. With Farley Granger reprising some elements of his role from Rope, Strangers continued the director's interest in the narrative possibilities of homosexual blackmail and murder. Three very popular films, all starring Grace Kelly , followed. Dial M for Murder was adapted from the popular stage play by Frederick Knott. This was originally another experimental film, with Hitchcock using the technique of 3D cinematography. Rear Window, starred James Stewart again, as well as Thelma Ritter and Raymond Burr . Here the wheelchair-bound Stewart observes the movements of his neighbours across the courtyard and becomes convinced one of them has murdered his wife. Like Lifeboat and Rope , the movie was photographed almost entirely within the confines of a small space: Stewart's tiny studio apartment overlooking the massive courtyard set. To Catch a Thief, set in the French Riviera, starred Kelly and Cary Grant. In 1956, Hitchcock also remade his 1934 film The Man Who Knew Too Much , this time with James Stewart and Doris Day. The spiral motif in Vertigo 1958's Vertigo again starred Stewart, this time with Kim Novak and Barbara Bel Geddes. The film was a commercial failure, but has come to be viewed by many as one of Hitchcock's masterpieces. Hitchcock followed Vertigo with three very different films, which were all massive commercial successes. All are also recognised as among his very best films: North by Northwest (1959), Psycho (1960), and The Birds (1963). The latter two were particularly notable for their unconventional soundtracks, both by Bernard Herrmann: the screeching strings in the murder scene in Psycho pushed the limits of the time, and The Birds dispensed completely with conventional instruments, using an electronically produced soundtrack. These were his last great films, after which his career slowly wound down. In 1972 Hitchcock returned to London to film Frenzy , his last major success. For the first time, Hitchcock allowed nudity and profane language, which had before been taboo, in one of his films. Failing health slowed down his output over the last two decades of his life. Family Plot (1976) was his last film. It related the escapades of "Madam" Blanche Tyler played by Barbara Harris , a fraudulent spiritualist, and her taxi driver lover Bruce Dern making a living from her phony powers. William Devane and Katherine Helmond co-starred. Hitchcock was created a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II in the 1980 New Years Honours. He died just four months later, on April 29, before he had the opportunity to be formally invested by the Queen. He was nevertheless entitled to be known as Sir Alfred Hitchcock and to use the postnominal letters KBE , because he remained a British subject when he adopted American citizenship in 1956. Lobby Card Alfred Hitchcock died from renal failure in his Bel Air, Los Angeles, home aged 80, and was survived by his wife Alma Reville, and their daughter, Patricia Hitchcock O'Connell. His body was cremated, and apparently there was no public funeral or memorial service. Themes and devices

i don't know

What are the international registration letters of a vehicle from Turkey?

Oval car stickers - World Standards Oval car stickers Google+3 What’s the deal with those white oval-shaped bumper stickers? Good question! The usage of these white oval decals originated in Europe in the early 20th century. European countries are relatively small and drivers have always frequently crossed from country to country. Moreover, in those days European licence plates all looked confusingly similar, so Europe needed to find an easy way to identify each vehicle’s country of registration. They came up with the idea of making it mandatory to put a white oval-shaped sticker with black country initials on the back of all vehicles. This European custom became an international requirement in many countries after the U.N.’s Geneva Convention on Road Traffic (1949) and Vienna Convention on Road Traffic (1968). It was agreed upon that a distinguishing sign of the country of registration had to be displayed on the rear of the vehicle. It also stipulated that the sign could either be placed separately from the registration plate or could be incorporated into the vehicle’s number plate and if the international registration letter was incorporated into the licence plate, it also had to appear on the front number plate. These days, oval stickers with an international circulation mark are not as common anymore in Europe, since standard E.U. number plates have integrated the country code into a blue strip on the left side of the plate. This blue section is actually the flag of Europe (a circle of 12 yellow stars on a blue background), with the country code of the member state underneath it. Since only two countries border the United States and the vast majority of Americans, Canadians and Mexicans hire a car instead of bringing their own when they go abroad, there was no need for car ovals at all. This explains why these oval-shaped country stickers have never been subject to any kind of regulation by the American Government. At some point in the early 80s, however, it became trendy for Americans to look European: with the yuppie bimmer craze, it was not uncommon to see BMWs with the German “D” oval sticker (Deutschland) driving on American highways (see picture on the left). Soon, some Americans started putting all kinds of other stickers on their cars in order to boast about what amazing (European) destinations they had been to. White oval bumper stickers gradually became a fad status symbol, so people started making Euro-looking stickers with abbreviations for places in the States. Common stickers are for instance things like “MV” for Martha’s Vineyard, “CA” for California, “ACK” for Nantucket (which is the airport code) and “OBX” for the Outer Banks of North Carolina. Below is an extensive listing of all independent countries of the world and their international car code. Country

TR

Who wrote The Turn Of The Screw in the 19th century and The Ambassadors in the 20th?

International Aircraft Registration Prefix Codes International Aircraft Registration Prefixes Tail Numbers An aircraft registration is a unique alphanumeric string that identifies a civilian aircraft. Because airplanes typically display their registration numbers on the aft fuselage just forward of the tail, in earlier times more often on the tail itself, the registration is often referred to as the “tail number”. In the United States, the registration number is also referred to as an “N-number”, as it starts with the letter N. de Haviland DH-88 “Comet” (G-ACSS) The de Havilland DH-88 “Comet” shown above displays the registration “G-ACSS”. The “G-” prefix denotes that it is registered in the United Kingdom. International Standards The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) maintains the standards for aircraft registration. Article 20 of the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation requires that all signatory countries register aircraft over a certain weight with a national aviation authority. Upon registration, the aircraft receives its unique “registration” which must be displayed prominently on the aircraft. Annex 7 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation describes the definitions, location, and measurement of nationality and registration marks. The aircraft registration is made up of a prefix selected from the country's call-sign prefix allocated by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), making the registration a quick way of determining the country of origin, and the registration suffix. Depending on the country of registration, this suffix is a numeric or alphanumeric code and consists of one to five digits or characters respectively. The ICAO provides a supplement to Annex 7 which provides an updated list of approved Nationality and Common Marks used by various countries. Boeing 777-200 (4X-ECC) When painted on the fuselage, the prefix and suffix are separated by a dash … for example 4X-ECC, however when entered in a flight plan, the dash is omitted (for example 4XECC). In the United States, the prefix and suffix are painted without a dash. Private aircraft usually use their registration as their radio call-sign, but most commercial aircraft use the ICAO airline designator or a company call-sign. In some instances, it may be sufficient to simply display the suffix letters, with the country prefix omitted. For example, gliders registered in Australia would omit the VH prefix and simply display the suffix. Obviously this is only suitable where the aircraft does not fly in the airspace of another country. Even if the suffix consists solely of alphabetical characters in a certain country, gliders and ultralights may sometimes use digits instead. For example, in Germany, D-ABCD can be an aircraft while D-1234 is a glider. In Australia, early glider registration suffixes began with the letter &ldwquo;G”, and it is not uncommon to find such gliders only displaying the last two letters of the suffix, as they lacked the range to travel internationally. For example, VH-GIQ would simply be displayed as IQ. Different countries have different registration schemes: Canadian registrations start with C, British with G, German with D, and so forth. A comprehensive list is tabulated below. United States of America An “N-number” is an aircraft registration number used in the United States. All aircraft registered there have a number starting with N. Due to the large numbers of aircraft registered in the United States an alpha-numeric system is used. N-numbers may only consist of 1 to 5 characters and must start with a number other than zero and can not end in more than two letters. In addition, N-numbers may not contain the letters I or O, due to their close similarity with the numbers 1 and 0. Each alphabetic character in the suffix can have one of 24 discrete values, while each numeric digit can be one of 10, except the first, which can take on only nine values. This yields a total of 915,399 possible registration numbers in the name-space, though certain combinations are reserved either for government use or for other special purposes. Goodyear Blimp “Spirit of America” (N10A) The following are the N-Number combinations that could be used: N1 to N9 (Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) internal use only) N1A to N9Z (Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) internal use only) N10A to N99Z

i don't know

Which American nuclear submarine was the first to sail across the North Pole under the ice cap?

Nautilus travels under North Pole - Aug 03, 1958 - HISTORY.com This Day in History: 08/03/1958 - Nautilus Reaches North Pole The Nautilus nuclear sub travels under the North Pole, the space shuttle Columbia launches, Jesse Owens wins his 4th gold medal at the Berlin Olympics, and the Statue of Liberty reopens after 9-11 in This Day in History video. The date is August 3rd. The Statue of Liberty is on Liberty Island and was designed by sculptor, Frederic Bartholdi. Lead Story Nautilus travels under North Pole Share this: Nautilus travels under North Pole Author Nautilus travels under North Pole URL Publisher A+E Networks On August 3, 1958, the U.S. nuclear submarine Nautilus accomplishes the first undersea voyage to the geographic North Pole. The world’s first nuclear submarine, the Nautilus dived at Point Barrow, Alaska, and traveled nearly 1,000 miles under the Arctic ice cap to reach the top of the world. It then steamed on to Iceland, pioneering a new and shorter route from the Pacific to the Atlantic and Europe. The USS Nautilus was constructed under the direction of U.S. Navy Captain Hyman G. Rickover, a brilliant Russian-born engineer who joined the U.S. atomic program in 1946. In 1947, he was put in charge of the navy’s nuclear-propulsion program and began work on an atomic submarine. Regarded as a fanatic by his detractors, Rickover succeeded in developing and delivering the world’s first nuclear submarine years ahead of schedule. In 1952, the Nautilus’ keel was laid by President Harry S. Truman, and on January 21, 1954, first lady Mamie Eisenhower broke a bottle of champagne across its bow as it was launched into the Thames River at Groton, Connecticut. Commissioned on September 30, 1954, it first ran under nuclear power on the morning of January 17, 1955. Much larger than the diesel-electric submarines that preceded it, the Nautilus stretched 319 feet and displaced 3,180 tons. It could remain submerged for almost unlimited periods because its atomic engine needed no air and only a very small quantity of nuclear fuel. The uranium-powered nuclear reactor produced steam that drove propulsion turbines, allowing the Nautilus to travel underwater at speeds in excess of 20 knots. In its early years of service, the USS Nautilus broke numerous submarine travel records and on July 23, 1958, departed Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on “Operation Northwest Passage”–the first crossing of the North Pole by submarine. There were 116 men aboard for this historic voyage, including Commander William R. Anderson, 111 officers and crew, and four civilian scientists. The Nautilus steamed north through the Bering Strait and did not surface until it reached Point Barrow, Alaska, in the Beaufort Sea, though it did send its periscope up once off the Diomedes Islands, between Alaska and Siberia, to check for radar bearings. On August 1, the submarine left the north coast of Alaska and dove under the Arctic ice cap. The submarine traveled at a depth of about 500 feet, and the ice cap above varied in thickness from 10 to 50 feet, with the midnight sun of the Arctic shining in varying degrees through the blue ice. At 11:15 p.m. EDT on August 3, 1958, Commander Anderson announced to his crew: “For the world, our country, and the Navy–the North Pole.” The Nautilus passed under the geographic North Pole without pausing. The submarine next surfaced in the Greenland Sea between Spitzbergen and Greenland on August 5. Two days later, it ended its historic journey at Iceland. For the command during the historic journey, President Dwight D. Eisenhower decorated Anderson with the Legion of Merit. After a career spanning 25 years and almost 500,000 miles steamed, the Nautilus was decommissioned on March 3, 1980. Designated a National Historic Landmark in 1982, the world’s first nuclear submarine went on exhibit in 1986 as the Historic Ship Nautilus at the Submarine Force Museum in Groton, Connecticut. Related Videos

Nautilus

What was John Glenn/'s first spacecraft called?

For The First Time (or the last time): 1958: first submarine reaches North Pole For The First Time (or the last time) when things changed in society and technology Thursday, August 30, 2007 1958: first submarine reaches North Pole Expeditions to the South and North Poles began as early as the 1500s, but many of them encountered extreme conditions that forced them to turn back. Other expeditions suffered great tragedy and losses due to rampant illness among crew members, violent encounters with indigenous peoples, and navigation difficulties. The earliest seafaring vessels were wooden ships powered only by sails, hardly a worthy match for the extreme ice conditions at the ends of the Earth. But as sea trade increased, ships became more powerful, sturdy, and capable of enduring the severe conditions faced by crews as they made their way north and southward. The timeline below represents some of the milestones in exploration and science in the Earth's polar regions during the last 200 years or so. 1773: Using his exceptional navigation skills, Captain James Cook and his crew become the first to cross the Antarctic Circle, confirming that the southern continent is an extremely icy and forbidding place. Previously, there had been hopes of a "second Europe" somewhere at high southern latitudes in the South Pacific. 1823: Englishman James Weddell sails to 74° South and penetrates the sea that bears his name today. This is the farthest south reached up to that time. The Weddell Sea would not be reached again until 1914, by Ernest Shackleton. 1827: Sir William Edward Parry, with James Clark Ross, attempts to reach the North Pole by sledge from Spitsbergen. He is forced to turn back, due to the fatigue of his party, but gets as far as 82° 45' North, establishing a Farthest North record that will stand for 50 years. 1881-84: As America's contribution to the International Polar Year, Adolphus Greely leads an expedition to the Arctic to establish a station at remote Lady Franklin Bay on Ellesmere Island. A major goal of the expedition was to try and reach the Pole, or at least plant the U.S. flag on a new Farthest North point. Although he managed to reach 83° 24' North, farther than any previous attempts, he never reached the North Pole, and 19 of his 25 men died waiting for a rescue expedition. 1882-83: The first International Polar Year (IPY) is established, with eleven nations agreeing to establish 15 new observation stations in the Arctic and Antarctica. 1892: Norwegian Carl Larsen lands his ship, the Jason, near the Antarctic Peninsula on Seymour Island. He discovers fossils that become the first evidence of a previous warmer climate in Earth's polar regions. 1893-95: One man's demise was another man's claim to fame. When wreckage from the ill-fated Jeannette expedition was found on the southwest coast of Greenland, it was quickly deduced that the wood fragments had drifted across the Arctic Ocean. Norwegian explorer Fridtjof Nansen concluded that perhaps a ship could do the same thing. In a new, state-of-the-art ship designed to rise under lateral pressure from the ice, called the Fram, Nansen and Otto Sverdrup drifted across the Arctic Ocean. When the ship became frozen in the Arctic pack ice near the New Siberian Islands, Nansen and Frederik Johansen left the Fram and tried to reach the North Pole by traveling over the ice. Although they were forced to turn back, they surpassed 86° North and established a new Farthest North Record. The entire expedition took nearly three years, during which time a significant amount of scientific data were collected. 1903-05: Roald Amundsen completes the first successful navigation of the Northwest Passage on his ship, the Gjoa. The survival skills he learned from the Inuit people while wintering at Gjoa Haven played a large role in his future exploration successes. 1908: Explorers Ernest Shackleton, Frank Wild, Eric Marshall, and Jameson Adams attempt to reach the South Pole. Within 30 days, they surpass Robert Scott's 1903 effort, but illness and under-nourishment forces them to turn back, despite having come within 97 nautical miles of the South Pole. Shackleton reaches a greater latitude during this trip than had yet been reached in the North. 1909: After two previous attempts (1902 and 1906), Robert Peary reaches the North Pole on April 6, 1909. Peary had learned from his assistant Matthew Henson the value of observing Eskimo ways, and he also believed that his chances of success would be greater by starting in late winter, when the ice was firmer, than in summer. The expedition set off from Ellesmere Island on March 1, 1909, with 23 men, 133 dogs, and 19 sleds. Only six men (Peary, Hensen, and four Eskimos) completed the final 133 miles to the North Pole, the remaining men having returned to land after completing their portions of the expedition. Peary's claim comes just days after Frederick Cook's false claim of having reached the North Pole a year earlier. 1911-12: Both Roald Amundsen and Robert Scott reach the South Pole. Amundsen's team arrives first on December 14, 1911, after discovering a new route that took only 57 days. Scott's team arrives on January 18, 1912, only to find that Amundsen had already been there and planted a Norwegian flag. Completely dispirited by their failure to reach the Pole first and physically ravaged by a tortuous journey, Scott and all five members of the team that accompanied him to the Pole perish on the return trip. 1926: In a joint American-Italian-Norwegian expedition, Roald Amundsen and Lincoln Ellsworth set out from Spitsbergen on the airship Norge, commanded by Umberto Nobile and piloted by Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen. After a 16-hour flight, the crew reaches the North Pole on the morning of May 12, 1926, where they drop the Norwegian, Italian, and American flags. 1930: On November 29, flying from a base at the Bay of Whales, Richard Byrd and three fellow explorers become the first to fly over the South Pole in a flight that lasted 18 hours, 41 minutes. 1932-33: The Second International Polar Year takes place, with 40 nations participating in Arctic research. Due to the worldwide depression, the second IPY is smaller than originally envisioned. 1957-58: The Third International Polar Year (later renamed the International Geophysical Year) begins with a strong Antarctic effort by scientists from 67 countries. The Amundsen-Scott Base at the South Pole is constructed to facilitate Operation Deepfreeze, a series of scientific expeditions to Antarctica. 1958: On August 3, the USS Nautilus becomes the first submarine to reach the North Pole. After 96 hours and 1830 miles submerged under the Arctic ice cap, it surfaces in the Greenland Sea. (info from the University of Arizona) Posted by

i don't know

Which branch of medicine is concerned with disorders of the blood?

Branches of medicine | Medicine branches | Medicine | Medical Schools Branches of Medicine Medical schools »  Medicine »  Branches of medicine Branches of medicine Medicine as a career has a variety of specializations; but focusing in the branches with more demand that help you as a future doctor to define your specialty, the list is as follow. Consider that depend of your country, some of the branches of medicine could get a difference in the names. In this sense we make a reference to the main branches offered in the majority of countries. Basic sciences In general the basic sciences are related to the study and to the training; receive by every student as a part of their medicine career. Anatomy is the branch of medicine and biology which is concerned with the shape and structure of body and the relationship of its organs. Also related to morphology of animals and plants. Biochemistry is the branch of chemistry studying the chemical behavior in living systems. It also applied to dentistry, veterinary medicine and pharmacology in which a biochemist could investigate a drug action. Biostatistics, also referred as a biometry, it is the use of statistical tests to analyze biological data and the interpretation of its results. Cytology or cell biology is the branch of science life that deals with the structure, composition, function of cells, and also the interaction between them in an environment in which they exists. Embryology is the branch of biology that studies the formation and early development of living organisms, from the ovum´s fertilization to the fetus stage. Endocrinology is the branch of medicine and biology related to the specific secretions called hormones and their effect of the endocrine organs which include thyroid, adrenals, pituitary, ovaries, pancreas and testes. Epidemiology is the study of the occurrence, distribution, and control of diseases in populations within public health, causes by a virus, bacteria or some other factor. Genetics is part of the biology and concern the study of genes, heredity and their effects on inheritance of specific traits and on other biological processes. Histology is the branch of medicine and biology that study the microscopic structure of cells and tissues under a light microscope. Immunology considered as the main branch of medical science that deals with all mechanics physiological of the biological integral defense of all organisms, called the immune system. Microbiology is the science that studies microscopic organisms, specifically for them which are under the power of human eye. Molecular biology is the branch of biology and chemistry and deals with the study molecular of the process developed in the organisms. Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system. Actually is part of chemistry, engineering, mathematics, philosophy and psychology fields. Nutrition is the study of dietary requirements for people. Know the composition of food will help to prevent health problems. Pathology is the study of disease, its causes, mechanisms and effects on the organisms. Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their origin, nature, properties and effects upon living organisms. Is related to biological effects causes by drugs on organisms. Physiology is the branch of medicine and closely related to the anatomy, physiology deals with the activities and processes of living organisms, as well as mechanical and physical functions. Toxicology is closely related to medicine, chemistry and biology, basically is the study of the nature, effects and detection of poisons and the treatment of poisoning. Medical Specialties Once students have concluded the medical school is common that they want to reinforce their studies following a specialty of medicine inside surgical, internal medicine, diagnostic or clinical specialties. Consider these common specialties around world-wide to take a final decision. Diagnostic Specialties These specialties are generally take place inside a clinical laboratory, where investigation and screening procedures are realized also taking a count transfusion and the cell therapy. Allergology concern the study of allergies and hypersensitivity disorder on immunology system. Angiology is the study of circulatory and lymphatic system, their arteries, vases, veins and its diseases. Cardiology deals with the disorders of the heart as a subspecialty of internal medicine and at the same time it is divided in congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease and electrophysiology. Cellular pathology is the study of cellular alterations in disease. Clinical chemistry is related with diagnosis by making biochemical analysis of blood, body fluids and tissues. Clinical microbiology is concerned with the in vitro diagnosis of diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Clinical immunology is a broad branch of biomedical science that covers the study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms. Endocrinology as a subspecialty of internal medicine concern the diagnostic and treat of endocrine organs. Gastroenterology is part of internal medicine and comprises the study of gastrointestinal tract whereby the digestive system, diseases and treatments. Hematology is the study of blood diseases, including leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma. Interventional radiology is an area of specialty within the field of radiology which uses various radiological techniques. Nephrology is a branch of the internal medicine and study the function of kidney, treatments and disease that include dialysis and renal transplant. Nuclear Medicine is a branch of medicine specializing within the field of radiology in the use of radionuclides for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Ophtalmology is dealing with disorders and surgery of the visual pathways closely related to anatomy, physiology of the eye. Paediatrics or pediatrics deals with the health care of children to adolescents´ average to 18 years old. Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery is a branch of internal medicine and it concerns all operations in order to restore parts of body to look normal. Transfusion medicine is related with the transfusion of blood and blood component, as well as the maintenance of a "blood bank". Urology is inside surgical and internal specialty and are closely related to the nephrology, it study the diseases of the male reproductive system and the urinary tract. Clinical Specialties As a part of medical specialties we can mention the main specialties considered world-wide. Anesthesiology (AE) or anaesthesia (BE) an anesthesiologist administers anesthesia and monitors patients under anesthesia during surgery and other medical procedures. Dermatology is the branch of medicine and the unique specialty that join medical and surgery specialties. It deals with diseases and disorders of the skin and its appendages. Emergency medicine is the branch of medicine that deals with care and treatment of a condition resulting from an accident or other urgent need. Hospital medicine is the general medical care of hospitalized patients. Doctors whose principal professional focus is hospital medicine are called hospitalists. Internal medicine is the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of many medical conditions for adult people. Naturopathic medicine is a system of medicine that believes in the body's natural healing forces. Neurology is the branch of science that deals with the structure, functioning and diseases of the nervous system. Obstetrics and gynecology (often abbreviated as Ob/Gyn) is the field of medicine devoted to conditions specific to women. Palliative care is an approach to life-threatening chronic illnesses, especially at the end of life. Interdisciplinary fields The interdisciplinary fields include sub-specialties of medicine. Consider the list below. Aviation medicine applies medical knowledge to human activities to prevent diseases in pilots and aircrews as patients, in the aviation field. Bioethics is the branch of ethics that studies moral values in the biomedical sciences. Biomedical Engineering is a field that deals with the application of engineering principles to medical practice. Clinical pharmacology is a field of medicine that studies the effects of drugs on people. Conservation medicine is the study the connection between human and animal health, and environmental conditions. Diving medicine (or hyperbaric medicine) is the avoidance and treatment of diving-related problems. Forensic medicine is the branch of medical science that uses medical knowledge for legal purposes. Keraunomedicine is a division of medical study pertaining to lightning injuries. Medical informatics, medical computer science, medical information and eHealth are moderately recent fields that deal with the application of computers and information technology to medicine. Nosology is the branch of medical science dealing with the classification of disease. Pharmacogenomics is the study of genetic variation underlying differential response to drugs. Sports medicine deals with the treatment and preventive care of athletes, amateur and professional Therapeutics is the branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of disease. Travel medicine or emporiatrics is the branch of medicine that deals with the prevention and management of health problems of international.

Hematology

Where was The Iron Triangle?

Physician Directory ‹ Lakeland Regional Medical Center A branch of science that deals with the phenomena and cause of immunity and immune responses. Anesthesiology The branch of science dealing with anesthesia and anesthetics. Cardiac Electophysiology A branch of science concerned with the electrical phenomena associated with a physiological process such as the function of a body or a bodily part. Cardiology The study of the heart and its action and diseases. Child & Adolescent Psychiatry Diagnosis and treatment of mental or emotional conditions, including substance abuse in children. Clinical Psychology The branch of psychology concerned with the treatment of abnormal mentation and behavior Critical Care Medicine Intensive care medicine or critical care medicine is concerned with providing greater than ordinary medical care and observation to people in a critical or unstable condition Dermatology A branch of science dealing with the skin, its structure, function and diseases. Diagnostic Radiology The application of radiology including X-rays, radioactive isotopes and ionizing radiation for the application of information for diagnosis and treatment of disease. Emergency Medicine A branch of medicine where unforeseen combination of circumstances call for immediate medical attention. Endocrinology A science dealing with the glands of the body, such as the thyroid and pituitary. Family Practice General medical practice regularly called by a family in time of medical need. Gastroenterology The study of the disease and pathology of the stomach and intestines. General Dentistry The branch of science which deals with the care of teeth and associated structures. General Surgery A branch of medicine concerned with diseases and conditions requiring or amenable to operative or manual procedures. Geriatrics A branch of medicine that deals with the problems and disease of old age and aging people Gynecologic Oncology A branch of medicine that deals with the cancers of female reproductive track. Gynecology The branch of medicine that deals with the diseases and hygiene of women. Hand Surgery A hand surgeon specializes in treatment of injuries to the hand. Hematology/Oncology The specialty of medicine that deals with study of the blood, blood-forming organs, tumors and malignancies. Hematopathology The study of blood, bone marrow, and the organs and tissues that use blood cells to perform their functions. Infectious Disease The study of a disease caused by the entrance into the body of organisms which grow and multiply. Internal Medicine A branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of nonsurgical disease. Interventional Cardiology A branch of the medical specialty of cardiology that deals specifically with the mechanical treatment of heart diseases. Interventional Radiology Area of specialty within the field of radiology which uses various radiological techniques (such as x-ray, computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, and ultrasounds) to place wires, tubes, or other instruments inside a patient to diagnose or treat an array of conditions. Maternal Fetal Medicine A branch of medicine that deals with expectant mothers and their fetuses. Medical Oncology Diagnosis and treatment of tumors and cancer. Neonatology A branch of medicine concerned with the care, development and diseases of the newborn infant. Nephrology A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of disease of the kidneys. Neurology The scientific study of the nervous system, its structure, function and abnormalities. Neuroradiology A subspecialty of radiology devoted to diagnosis and treatment of conditions affecting the brain, spine, and other parts of the nervous system. Neurosurgery Neurosurgeons specialize in the surgical treatment of disorders of the brain, spinal cord and nerves. Obstetrics and Gynecology The branch of medicine dealing with birth and the diseases & hygiene of women. Occupational Medicine The branch of medicine dealing with the study, prevention, and treatment of workplace injuries and occupational diseases and with the promotion of optimal health and safety in the workplace. Ophthalmology The branch of medicine dealing with the structure, functions and diseases of the eye. Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery Diagnosis and treatment of deformities, injuries and diseases in or near the mouth. Orthodontics A special field in dentistry which involves diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of bite abnormalities or facial irregularities. Orthopaedic Surgery The branch of surgery concerned with acute, chronic, traumatic and recurrent injuries and other disorders of the locomotor system, its musclular and bone parts. Otolaryngology The diagnosis and medical or surgical treatment of ear, nose and throat disease and injuries. Pain Management A subspecialty of anesthesiology that is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of the entire range of painful disorders. Pediatric Cardiology Pediatric cardiologists specialize in the prevention, diagnosis and medical (non-surgical) treatment of heart and blood vessel diseases in children. Pediatric Dentistry A pediatric dentist is a dental specialist who is trained in the pharmacokinetic, physiologic, anatomic, and psychologic factors peculiar to children and the care of their teeth. Pediatric Neurology Diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the nervous system which include illnesses involving the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves and muscles in infants, children and adolescents. Pediatrics A branch of medicine dealing with the development, care and disease of children. Peripheral Vascular Surgery These physicians specialize in the diseases of the arteries and veins of the extremities, especially those conditions that interfere with adequate flow of blood to or from the extremities, such as atherosclerosis or hardening of the arteries. Plastic Surgery The branch of surgery concerned with the repair, restoration, or improvement of lost, injured, defective, or misshapen parts of the body by transfer of tissue. Podiatric Surgery The specialty of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of conditions and diseases of the foot and ankle. Psychiatry A branch of medicine that deals with mental, emotional or behavioral disorders. Pulmonary Disease A branch of medicine concerning the diagnosis and treatment of the disease of the lungs. Radiation Oncology A branch of medicine concerning the treatment of tumors and malignancies with radiant energy. Radiology The branch of medicine concerned with the use of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. Rheumatology A medical science that deals with rheumatic diseases, characterized by inflammation and pain in muscles and joints. Sleep Disorders Diagnosis and treatment of an abnormality which disturbs and prevents the body and mind from acquiring a period of rest Surgical Oncology The branch of surgery which focuses on the surgical managment of malignant neoplasms (cancer). Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery Thoracic and cardiovascular surgeons specialize in the treatment of diseases and injuries of the heart, lung, esophagus and major blood vessels by surgical repair and removal of damaged tissues. Urology The branch of medicine dealing with the urinary or urogenital organs. Vascular Surgery A vascular surgeon is specially trained to perform surgery involving vessels in any part of the body including the extremities.

i don't know

What is the correct name of laughing gas?

General Chemistry Online: FAQ: Introduction to inorganic chemistry: What is laughing gas? Introduction to inorganic chemistry Next Question What is laughing gas? Laughing gas is nitrous oxide, N2O (more properly called dinitrogen oxide). It is a colorless gas with a sweet odor and taste. Inhalation leads to disorientation, euphoria, numbness, loss of motor coordination, dizziness, and ultimately a loss of consciousness. The gas is used as an anaesthetic, as a propellant in whipped cream cans, and as an oxidizing agent in racing cars. What is the structure of nitrous oxide? Linear structure of N2O. Click on the picture for a 3D Chime model. Formal charge considerations suggest that the most important resonance structures are A third structure involving a triple bond between the nitrogen and oxygen is unlikely because that would result in high formal charges. These resonance structures can be used to explain experimental bond lengths. The nitrogen-nitrogen bond is 1.126 Angstroms long which is slightly longer than the triple bond length in N2 (1.098 Angstroms). The nitrogen-oxygen bond is 1.186 Angstroms long. This is longer than the typical N=O bond (about 1.14 Angstroms), which agrees with the prediction of partial single-bond character for the NO bond in N2O. The molecule is not strongly polar, despite the large electronegativity difference between nitrogen and oxygen. The resonance structures again can be used to explain why: the negative formal charge is concentrated on the terminal nitrogen in the structure at left,. The oxygen bears a negative formal charge in the other structure. Each structure is polar, but the dipole moments point in opposite directions. The dipole moment is expected to be small due to cancellation of the contributions from both structures. The low polarity of the gas makes it both fat and water soluble. This allows it to travel through the bloodstream and into the fatty membranes of nerve cells where it produces its characteristic effects. Nitrous oxide's fat solubility and low toxicity make it an ideal propellant for whipped cream. It dissolves easily in cream under pressure and bubbles out of solution when the pressure is released, creating a fine creamy foam. How was nitrous oxide discovered? Joseph Priestley (the discover of oxygen, soda pop , and carbon dioxide) described the preparation of "nitrous air diminished" in his classic 1772 paper Observations on Different Kinds of Air. The gas he collected over mercury supported combustion, but did not itself burn. He described the bizarre enlarged double-cone of a candle flame in nitrous oxide with great excitement: "I have now discovered an air five or six times as good as common air... nothing I ever did has surprised me more, or is more satisfactory." But Priestley seems to have overlooked the powerful psychoactive effects of breathing nitrous oxide. Over 20 years later, Humphry Davy wrote about the intoxicating effects of nitrous oxide , comparing them to the effects of alcohol. Breathing air after inhaling high concentrations of the gas sometimes lead to hysterical laughter. It also lead to a cessation of pain and "laughing gas" became the first artifical anaesthetic. It was in common use by surgeons in the late 19th century, and is still widely used in dentistry today. Why is nitrous oxide used in rocket fuels and racing cars? Nitrous oxide supports combustion better than air does. The N2O molecule dissociates at temperatures well below what is required for combustion, delivering an atom of oxygen and freeing molecular nitrogen: N2O(g) N2(g) + O(g) The free oxygen atom quickly reacts with the fuel. A huge gain in horsepower results, since more fuel can be burned in less time. If there is a large excess of nitrous oxide in the engine, the fuel will detonate. At the extremely high temperature produced by the explosion, oxygen atoms freed by decomposing N2O will attack the engine metal, severely damaging it. How is nitrous oxide prepared? The gas is present in trace amounts in Earth's atmosphere as a result of high temperature reactions between nitrogen and oxygen. Industrially the gas is prepared by gently heating ammonium nitrate [ Archibald ]: NH4NO3(s) 2 H2O(g) + N2O(g) The preparation is dangerous because of N2O's tendency to explosively decompose into nitrogen and oxygen at high temperatures. (The World Trade Center and Oklahoma City bombings involved detonation of nitrous oxide produced by rapid high temperature decomposition.) N2O manufactured this way should NOT be inhaled, because it is contaminated with NO2 (a corrosive, irritating gas that can cause permanent lung and genetic damage!) Is breathing nitrous oxide dangerous? While anaesthetists mix nitrous oxide with oxygen, recreational users sometimes do not. Breathing gas rushing from a cylinder can quickly flush all air out of the lungs and cause suffocation. Another hazard of nitrous oxide stems from the fact that it is NOT an ideal gas. N2O molecules attract each other. The attractions require energy to break, so the expansion absorbs heat and the temperature of the gas plummets. A rapid expansion of nitrous oxide can cool it enough to cause frostbite. People doing whippets have actually frozen their lips, tongues, or vocal cords- and under the anaesthetic influence of nitrous oxide, the damage is done before any pain is felt. Nitrous oxide has also been linked to birth defects, nerve damage, and permanent organ damage. References and Links A Short History of Chemistry, J. R. Partington, Dover, New York, 1989. Engravings showing the apparatus Priestley used to isolate nitrous oxide can be found in Partington's book, along with much interesting biographical information. The Preparation of Pure Inorganic Substances, E. H. Archibald, Wiley, New York, 1932. Preparation of nitrous oxide by thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate.

Nitrous oxide

What is the distance between bases on a little league baseball field?

Laughing Gas - Drugs.com Laughing Gas Laughing Gas may be available in the countries listed below. Ingredient matches for Laughing Gas Nitrous Oxide is reported as an ingredient of Laughing Gas in the following countries: Japan ← International Drug Name Search Important Notice: The Drugs.com international database is in BETA release. This means it is still under development and may contain inaccuracies. It is not intended as a substitute for the expertise and judgement of your physician, pharmacist or other healthcare professional. It should not be construed to indicate that the use of any medication in any country is safe, appropriate or effective for you. Consult with your healthcare professional before taking any medication. FDA Consumer Updates

i don't know

How many home runs did baseball great Ty Cobb hit in the three world series in which he played?

The Official Web Site of Ty Cobb; Biography of Ty Cobb A 1942 survey of former major league managers pointed the finger toward Ty Cobb as the greatest baseball player of all time. Many great players have surfaced on the diamond, but none out-hit, outplayed, or out-hustled the man they called "The Georgia Peach." According to the Elias Sports Bureau, during 24 seasons, most with the Detroit Tigers and a couple with the Philadelphia Athletics, Cobb compiled a .367 batting average, the highest in the history of the game. He is the leader in runs scored with 2,245, and was the all-time hit leader until the mid-1980s when Pete Rose eclipsed him. In 1936, Ty Cobb became the first inductee of baseball�s Hall of Fame, earning 222 out of a possible 226 votes. The eldest of three children, he grew up in Royston, Georgia, under the watchful eyes of his father, who was a schoolteacher, principal, newspaper publisher, state senator, and county school commissioner who urged Ty to study. When Ty went off to play professional baseball, his father sternly warned him, "Don't come home a failure." It is unlikely that anyone can beat his lifetime batting average. In his 24 seasons of playing baseball he topped the .300 barrier 23 times. Cobb's first great season came in 1907, and the Tigers rode success all the way to the World Series. That season, the centerfield's batting average was .350. Other league bests include 212 hits, 119 RBIs, and 49 stolen bases. Cobb did not stop there. He won nine consecutive batting titles starting in 1907. Cobb might be remembered best for his intimidating and harsh playing style. He was never afraid to go to extremes to win a game. He could take pain, as well as hand it out. "I recall when Cobb played a series with each leg a mass of raw flesh," Grantland Rice wrote. "He had a temperature of 103 and the doctors ordered him to bed for several days, but he got three hits, stole three bases, and won the game. Afterward he collapsed at the bench." Cobb looked for every possible way to win. He used his great speed and precision hitting as the best weapons available in the dead-ball, strong-pitching era. Cobb studied pitchers and took advantage of their weaknesses. Against Walter Johnson, the great Washington right-hander who was afraid of hitting batters with fastballs, Cobb crowded the plate. Johnson worked him outside, fell behind in the count, and finally threw slow pitches over the plate. Cobb clobbered ball after ball. His best years were 1911, when he led the league in every major offensive category but homers and batted a career high .420, and in 1915 when he stole 96 bases. Ty paid the price for success. He would practice sliding until his legs were raw. He would place blankets along the base and practice bunting a ball on the basket. During the winter he hunted through daylight hours in weighted boots so that his legs would be strong for the upcoming campaign. He overlooked no opportunity to gain an edge over his opponents, most of whom admired his drive to succeed. Cobb appreciated the value of a dollar and engaged in annual haggles with Detroit executives before signing his contract. Cobb's earnings were invested wisely, mostly in General Motors and Coca-Cola stock, which made him very wealthy and probably baseball's first millionaire.

None

In cross-country bike racing, what do the initials BMX represent?

Ty Cobb - TV.com Ty Cobb EDIT A 1942 survey of former Major League managers pointed the finger toward Ty Cobb as the greatest baseball player of all time. Many great players have surfaced on the diamond, but none out-hit, outplayed, or out-hustled the man they called "The Georgia Peach." During 24 seasons, most with… more Credits S 6: Ep 48 EPISODE #269 7/31/55 S 2: Ep 26 Lady of the Orchids 3/18/54 S 3: Ep 33 Dude's Decision 2/10/57 Become a contributor Important: You must only upload images which you have created yourself or that you are expressly authorised or licensed to upload. By clicking "Publish", you are confirming that the image fully complies with TV.com’s Terms of Use and that you own all rights to the image or have authorization to upload it. Please read the following before uploading Do not upload anything which you do not own or are fully licensed to upload. The images should not contain any sexually explicit content, race hatred material or other offensive symbols or images. Remember: Abuse of the TV.com image system may result in you being banned from uploading images or from the entire site – so, play nice and respect the rules! Choose background:

i don't know