dgM6592EfRc-00000-00000016-00000318 claims they have the same tv as directv
dgM6592EfRc-00001-00000319-00000495 well when it comes to customer
dgM6592EfRc-00002-00000496-00000695 satisfaction america's leading
dgM6592EfRc-00003-00000696-00001039 independent index shows otherwise today
dgM6592EfRc-00004-00001040-00001231 dish network's customers are more
dgM6592EfRc-00005-00001232-00001487 dissatisfied than ever actually at an
dgM6592EfRc-00006-00001488-00001775 all-time low but directv's customers
dgM6592EfRc-00007-00001776-00001967 once again gave us the highest
dgM6592EfRc-00008-00001968-00002191 satisfaction rating of any satellite or
dgM6592EfRc-00009-00002192-00002455 cable provider so don't be fooled by
dgM6592EfRc-00010-00002456-00002758 dish network when you compare directv
dgM6592EfRc-00011-00002759-00003040 wins every
diBjpCcIhnY-00000-00000338-00000811 okay the talk is about AI and bias so I
diBjpCcIhnY-00001-00000813-00001066 talk about what are the responsibilities
diBjpCcIhnY-00002-00001067-00001316 that we are when we build machine
diBjpCcIhnY-00003-00001317-00001558 learning algorithms and models and I
diBjpCcIhnY-00004-00001559-00001777 start from the idea that AI learns as a
diBjpCcIhnY-00005-00001778-00002147 child and that basically when a child
diBjpCcIhnY-00006-00002148-00002284 learns learns from everything that is
diBjpCcIhnY-00007-00002285-00002635 around them and from the experience that
diBjpCcIhnY-00008-00002636-00002933 a makes and everything so society and
diBjpCcIhnY-00009-00002934-00003118 even the way you think or the people you
diBjpCcIhnY-00010-00003119-00003290 and country in your life may influence
diBjpCcIhnY-00011-00003290-00003511 the way you see the world and this is a
diBjpCcIhnY-00012-00003513-00003728 bias that we all have and we need to be
diBjpCcIhnY-00013-00003729-00003997 conscious about it because when we build
diBjpCcIhnY-00014-00003997-00004311 algorithms we might want to not be
diBjpCcIhnY-00015-00004312-00004583 excluding anybody so we want to be as
diBjpCcIhnY-00016-00004584-00004781 much inclusive and diverse as we can and
diBjpCcIhnY-00017-00004782-00005141 so the idea is to start from a very
diBjpCcIhnY-00018-00005142-00005315 simple example that happened to me
diBjpCcIhnY-00019-00005316-00005534 actually there was buying a toy for my
diBjpCcIhnY-00020-00005535-00005795 niece and then getting to actually
diBjpCcIhnY-00021-00005796-00006092 understanding that there is that may be
diBjpCcIhnY-00022-00006093-00006341 a problem when we build machine learning
diBjpCcIhnY-00023-00006342-00006478 algorithm and then we need to be
diBjpCcIhnY-00024-00006479-00006770 conscious about it basically the idea
diBjpCcIhnY-00025-00006770-00007076 came from me going inside a toy shop and
diBjpCcIhnY-00026-00007077-00007267 if you see the toy shops are basically
diBjpCcIhnY-00027-00007268-00007505 divided into so there is the pink area
diBjpCcIhnY-00028-00007506-00007831 and the blue area and that make me think
diBjpCcIhnY-00029-00007833-00008027 about it I was like I wanted to find a
diBjpCcIhnY-00030-00008028-00008234 toy and I didn't care if it was just a
diBjpCcIhnY-00031-00008235-00008474 male toy or a female so I just wanted
diBjpCcIhnY-00032-00008475-00008714 something for my niece so I started
diBjpCcIhnY-00033-00008715-00009023 talking about it and I tried using I'm a
diBjpCcIhnY-00034-00009024-00009191 sort of a scientist so I tried to use
diBjpCcIhnY-00035-00009192-00009410 the data that I have to see what happens
diBjpCcIhnY-00036-00009411-00009667 if I give the catalog the toy catalogues
diBjpCcIhnY-00037-00009668-00009835 to a machine learning algorithm that is
diBjpCcIhnY-00038-00009836-00010060 able to recognize what is in a picture
diBjpCcIhnY-00039-00010061-00010381 and I found out that he actually learned
diBjpCcIhnY-00040-00010382-00010583 the difference between pink toys and
diBjpCcIhnY-00041-00010584-00010910 blue toys and that actually was not the
diBjpCcIhnY-00042-00010911-00011117 point I wanted to have but it made me
diBjpCcIhnY-00043-00011118-00011366 thought about it so what happens if you
diBjpCcIhnY-00044-00011367-00011695 actually don't think about current and
diBjpCcIhnY-00045-00011696-00011930 conscious bias that you have by society
diBjpCcIhnY-00046-00011931-00012226 and the way they and the way you grow up
diBjpCcIhnY-00047-00012227-00012496 when you create an algorithms you may
diBjpCcIhnY-00048-00012497-00012653 discriminate someone
diBjpCcIhnY-00049-00012654-00012944 a religion or another in a sexual
diBjpCcIhnY-00050-00012944-00013141 orientation or whatever and so it's
diBjpCcIhnY-00051-00013143-00013358 really important to take care and try to
diBjpCcIhnY-00052-00013359-00013547 have maybe when you when you build an
diBjpCcIhnY-00053-00013547-00013754 algorithm to have a diverse team with
diBjpCcIhnY-00054-00013755-00013955 different opinion it doesn't mean that
diBjpCcIhnY-00055-00013956-00014156 we are all racist but it means that we
diBjpCcIhnY-00056-00014157-00014399 have sort of a lens that make us see the
diBjpCcIhnY-00057-00014400-00014600 world in a certain way and everybody has
diBjpCcIhnY-00058-00014601-00014794 a different lens and you need all the
diBjpCcIhnY-00059-00014796-00014984 lenses to understand how actually the
diBjpCcIhnY-00060-00014985-00015097 word is because we are a diverse
diBjpCcIhnY-00061-00015099-00015322 environment and that's really important
diBjpCcIhnY-00062-00015324-00015841 and so I think that when when when you
diBjpCcIhnY-00063-00015843-00016106 build this kind of algorithms you you
diBjpCcIhnY-00064-00016107-00016394 need to take care in of of this skill in
diBjpCcIhnY-00065-00016395-00016581 consideration
diBjpCcIhnY-00066-00016582-00017112 [Music]
dljSVgQN2oQ-00000-00000013-00000243 the Canaan Valley National Wildlife
dljSVgQN2oQ-00001-00000244-00000559 Refuge CV and W are in Tucker County
dljSVgQN2oQ-00002-00000560-00000841 West Virginia was the 500th National
dljSVgQN2oQ-00003-00000842-00001129 Wildlife Refuge ANWR to be established
dljSVgQN2oQ-00004-00001130-00001378 in the United States the refuge
dljSVgQN2oQ-00005-00001379-00001561 preserves a moist Valley with unique
dljSVgQN2oQ-00006-00001562-00001735 wetlands and uplands at a relatively
dljSVgQN2oQ-00007-00001736-00001900 high elevation in the Allegheny
dljSVgQN2oQ-00008-00001901-00002155 Mountains it is administered by the US
dljSVgQN2oQ-00009-00002156-00002977 Fish and Wildlife Service USFWS
dljSVgQN2oQ-00010-00002978-00003490 topic history
dljSVgQN2oQ-00011-00003490-00003721 advocacy for the establishment of a
dljSVgQN2oQ-00012-00003722-00003958 Wildlife Refuge in Canaan Valley began
dljSVgQN2oQ-00013-00003959-00004342 as early as 1961 in the 1970s
dljSVgQN2oQ-00014-00004343-00004543 environmental and citizens groups
dljSVgQN2oQ-00015-00004544-00004819 battled with Allegheny Power Systems ApS
dljSVgQN2oQ-00016-00004820-00005061 which had owned more than 13,000 acres
dljSVgQN2oQ-00017-00005062-00005302 fifty-three square kilometers of Canaan
dljSVgQN2oQ-00018-00005303-00005602 Valley since 1923 over construction of a
dljSVgQN2oQ-00019-00005603-00005842 long anticipated hydroelectric facility
dljSVgQN2oQ-00020-00005843-00005997 that would have flooded about a quarter
dljSVgQN2oQ-00021-00005998-00006367 of the valley in 1977 the federal Power
dljSVgQN2oQ-00022-00006368-00006616 Commission issued a license to ApS for
dljSVgQN2oQ-00023-00006617-00006749 construction of the pumped-storage
dljSVgQN2oQ-00024-00006750-00006979 hydroelectric project formerly known as
dljSVgQN2oQ-00025-00006980-00007279 the Davis Power Project however the
dljSVgQN2oQ-00026-00007280-00007465 following year the project was denied a
dljSVgQN2oQ-00027-00007466-00007698 Clean Water Act permit by the US Army
dljSVgQN2oQ-00028-00007700-00007977 Corps of Engineers the Corpse decision
dljSVgQN2oQ-00029-00007978-00008196 cited adverse impacts upon the valleys
dljSVgQN2oQ-00030-00008197-00008431 wetlands a relatively new concept at the
dljSVgQN2oQ-00031-00008432-00008680 time Canaan Valley and W R was initially
dljSVgQN2oQ-00032-00008681-00008869 approved following an environmental
dljSVgQN2oQ-00033-00008870-00009274 impact statement on May 30th 1979 ApS
dljSVgQN2oQ-00034-00009275-00009474 appealed the Corpse decision all the way
dljSVgQN2oQ-00035-00009475-00009712 to the Supreme Court which in 1988
dljSVgQN2oQ-00036-00009713-00009904 declined to hear the case thus clearing
dljSVgQN2oQ-00037-00009905-00010185 the way for creation of the refuge about
dljSVgQN2oQ-00038-00010186-00010524 86 acres 350,000 square meters were
dljSVgQN2oQ-00039-00010525-00010719 purchased in the valley to establish the
dljSVgQN2oQ-00040-00010720-00011160 refuge on July 11 1994 another 12,000
dljSVgQN2oQ-00041-00011161-00011374 acres 48 square kilometers were
dljSVgQN2oQ-00042-00011375-00011719 purchased from APs in 2002 with other
dljSVgQN2oQ-00043-00011720-00012016 additions most recently 120 acres in
dljSVgQN2oQ-00044-00012017-00012421 2008 and 325 acres one square kilometer
dljSVgQN2oQ-00045-00012422-00012705 in 2011 the refuge now encompasses some
dljSVgQN2oQ-00046-00012706-00013168 16,000 628 acres 67 square kilometers of
dljSVgQN2oQ-00047-00013169-00013396 a total authorized size of twenty-five
dljSVgQN2oQ-00048-00013397-00013615 thousand four hundred fifty nine acres
dljSVgQN2oQ-00049-00013616-00013960 103 square kilometers this represents
dljSVgQN2oQ-00050-00013961-00014280 almost 70% of the valleys 25,000 acres
dljSVgQN2oQ-00051-00014281-00014968 100 square kilometers
dljSVgQN2oQ-00052-00014969-00015484 topic wildlife
dljSVgQN2oQ-00053-00015485-00015749 several habitat types can be found in
dljSVgQN2oQ-00054-00015750-00015965 the wet soils of the forests shrublands
dljSVgQN2oQ-00055-00015966-00016159 and open spaces in the refuge
dljSVgQN2oQ-00056-00016160-00016448 white-tailed deer raccoons geese and
dljSVgQN2oQ-00057-00016449-00016685 squirrels are common and minks bobcats
dljSVgQN2oQ-00058-00016686-00016936 black bears and barred owls can be seen
dljSVgQN2oQ-00059-00016937-00017216 beaver dams affect local water levels
dljSVgQN2oQ-00060-00017217-00017483 game bird species include wild turkeys
dljSVgQN2oQ-00061-00017484-00017747 roughed grouse and Woodcock s-- the area
dljSVgQN2oQ-00062-00017748-00017957 is also an important habitat for many
dljSVgQN2oQ-00063-00017958-00018161 declining North American bird species
dljSVgQN2oQ-00064-00018162-00018359 including the bobbling clay-colored
dljSVgQN2oQ-00065-00018360-00018446 sparrow
dljSVgQN2oQ-00066-00018447-00018671 henslowe sparrow northern saw-whet owl
dljSVgQN2oQ-00067-00018672-00018971 and cerulean Warbler the fish Fonda
dljSVgQN2oQ-00068-00018972-00019112 includes native brook trout and
dljSVgQN2oQ-00069-00019113-00019848 introduced species of trout and bass
dljSVgQN2oQ-00070-00019849-00020583 topic recreation and access facilitated
dljSVgQN2oQ-00071-00020584-00020796 refuge activities include wildlife
dljSVgQN2oQ-00072-00020797-00021015 observation and photography hunting
dljSVgQN2oQ-00073-00021016-00021285 fishing hiking environmental education
dljSVgQN2oQ-00074-00021286-00021618 and nature programs the refuge maintains
dljSVgQN2oQ-00075-00021619-00021921 31 miles 50 kilometres of designated
dljSVgQN2oQ-00076-00021922-00022317 trails including 31 miles 50 kilometres
dljSVgQN2oQ-00077-00022318-00022707 for pedestrian use 23 miles 37
dljSVgQN2oQ-00078-00022708-00023121 kilometres for bicycle use 22 miles 35
dljSVgQN2oQ-00079-00023122-00023319 kilometres for horseback use of the
dljSVgQN2oQ-00080-00023320-00023565 refuge also maintains 7 miles 11
dljSVgQN2oQ-00081-00023566-00023763 kilometres of roads for licensed
dljSVgQN2oQ-00082-00023764-00024455 vehicles to provide public access
dljSVgQN2oQ-00083-00024456-00024996 topic see also
dljSVgQN2oQ-00084-00024997-00025416 Kanan Valley Resort State Park
dmxcfGv6rnI-00000-00000158-00000446 tetrasodium pyrophosphate also called
dmxcfGv6rnI-00001-00000447-00000653 sodium pyrophosphate tetrasodium
dmxcfGv6rnI-00002-00000654-00000947 phosphate or tsp pee is a colorless
dmxcfGv6rnI-00003-00000948-00001124 transparent crystalline chemical
dmxcfGv6rnI-00004-00001125-00001298 compound with the formula sodium
dmxcfGv6rnI-00005-00001299-00001553 phosphide o7 it is a salt composed of
dmxcfGv6rnI-00006-00001554-00001895 pyrophosphate and sodium ions toxicity
dmxcfGv6rnI-00007-00001896-00002092 is approximately twice that of table
dmxcfGv6rnI-00008-00002093-00002324 salt when ingested orally there is also
dmxcfGv6rnI-00009-00002325-00002650 a hydrated form sodium phosphide o 710
dmxcfGv6rnI-00010-00002651-00002908 h2o
dmxcfGv6rnI-00011-00002909-00003574 use tetrasodium pyrophosphate is used as
dmxcfGv6rnI-00012-00003575-00003775 a buffering agent and emulsifier a
dmxcfGv6rnI-00013-00003776-00003964 dispersing agent and a thickening agent
dmxcfGv6rnI-00014-00003965-00004191 and is often used as a food additive
dmxcfGv6rnI-00015-00004192-00004441 common foods containing tetrasodium
dmxcfGv6rnI-00016-00004442-00004675 pyrophosphate include chicken nuggets
dmxcfGv6rnI-00017-00004676-00004960 marshmallows pudding crabmeat imitation
dmxcfGv6rnI-00018-00004961-00005181 crab canned tuna and soy based meat
dmxcfGv6rnI-00019-00005182-00005382 alternatives and cat foods and cat
dmxcfGv6rnI-00020-00005383-00005511 treats where it is used as a
dmxcfGv6rnI-00021-00005512-00005809 palatability enhancer
dmxcfGv6rnI-00022-00005810-00006025 in toothpaste and dental floss
dmxcfGv6rnI-00023-00006026-00006268 tetrasodium pyrophosphate acts as a
dmxcfGv6rnI-00024-00006269-00006472 tartar control agent serving to remove
dmxcfGv6rnI-00025-00006473-00006697 calcium and magnesium from saliva and
dmxcfGv6rnI-00026-00006698-00006829 thus preventing them from being
dmxcfGv6rnI-00027-00006830-00007072 deposited on teeth tetrasodium
dmxcfGv6rnI-00028-00007073-00007297 pyrophosphate is used in commercial
dmxcfGv6rnI-00029-00007298-00007501 dental rinses before brushing to aid in
dmxcfGv6rnI-00030-00007502-00007749 plaque reduction
dmxcfGv6rnI-00031-00007750-00008033 tetrasodium pyrophosphate is sometimes
dmxcfGv6rnI-00032-00008034-00008245 used in household detergents to prevent
dmxcfGv6rnI-00033-00008246-00008459 similar deposition on clothing but due
dmxcfGv6rnI-00034-00008460-00008656 to its phosphate content it causes
dmxcfGv6rnI-00035-00008657-00008884 eutrophication of water promoting algae
dmxcfGv6rnI-00036-00008885-00009099 growth
dmxcfGv6rnI-00037-00009100-00009700 production tetrasodium pyrophosphate is
dmxcfGv6rnI-00038-00009701-00009880 produced by the reaction of furnace
dmxcfGv6rnI-00039-00009881-00010039 grade phosphoric acid with sodium
dmxcfGv6rnI-00040-00010040-00010267 carbonate to form disodium phosphate
dmxcfGv6rnI-00041-00010268-00010537 which is then heated to 450 degrees
dmxcfGv6rnI-00042-00010538-00010696 Celsius to form tetrasodium
dmxcfGv6rnI-00043-00010697-00010977 pyrophosphate
dmxcfGv6rnI-00044-00010978-00011218 alternatively it can be created by the
dmxcfGv6rnI-00045-00011219-00011413 molecular dehydration of dye basic
dmxcfGv6rnI-00046-00011414-00011706 sodium phosphate at 500 degrees Celsius
dmxcfGv6rnI-00047-00011707-00012288 932 degrees Fahrenheit
dmxcfGv6rnI-00048-00012289-00012589 references
dmPvDJQYqvy-00000-00000071-00000247 hello this is gabriella with sewing
dmPvDJQYqvy-00001-00000248-00000399 eagle ministries
dmPvDJQYqvy-00002-00000400-00000663 the past couple of weeks the lord keeps
dmPvDJQYqvy-00003-00000664-00000935 bringing me back to the book of jonah
dmPvDJQYqvy-00004-00000936-00001174 and i know you probably know the book of
dmPvDJQYqvy-00005-00001175-00001247 jonah
dmPvDJQYqvy-00006-00001248-00001550 very well and so did i but the lord just
dmPvDJQYqvy-00007-00001551-00001647 brought forth
dmPvDJQYqvy-00008-00001648-00001959 some issues one of the things has been
dmPvDJQYqvy-00009-00001960-00002279 unforgiveness and to be aware of the
dmPvDJQYqvy-00010-00002280-00002495 offenses that we may have
dmPvDJQYqvy-00011-00002496-00002815 and the offenses that we may take and
dmPvDJQYqvy-00012-00002816-00003095 carry even offenses that other people
dmPvDJQYqvy-00013-00003096-00003142 have
dmPvDJQYqvy-00014-00003143-00003447 or situations and we start
dmPvDJQYqvy-00015-00003447-00003686 carrying those offenses that we have no
dmPvDJQYqvy-00016-00003688-00003847 business doing
dmPvDJQYqvy-00017-00003847-00004151 and when i look at the book of jonah
dmPvDJQYqvy-00018-00004152-00004479 god asked jonah the prophet he he was a
dmPvDJQYqvy-00019-00004480-00004622 prophet
dmPvDJQYqvy-00020-00004623-00004895 and he spoke to him to go to nineveh and
dmPvDJQYqvy-00021-00004896-00005135 to speak to these people and to give
dmPvDJQYqvy-00022-00005136-00005463 a message to them but jonah was
dmPvDJQYqvy-00023-00005464-00005775 afraid and in the in
dmPvDJQYqvy-00024-00005776-00006183 jonah 4 if you read verse 1 but it
dmPvDJQYqvy-00025-00006184-00006302 greatly displeased
dmPvDJQYqvy-00026-00006303-00006639 jonah and he resented it because he
dmPvDJQYqvy-00027-00006640-00006959 ultimately watched when he finally went
dmPvDJQYqvy-00028-00006959-00007167 to nineveh and spoke the word of the
dmPvDJQYqvy-00029-00007168-00007255 lord
dmPvDJQYqvy-00030-00007256-00007583 and the power of god fell in the place
dmPvDJQYqvy-00031-00007584-00007834 and there was repentance and change and
dmPvDJQYqvy-00032-00007836-00007983 transformation
dmPvDJQYqvy-00033-00007984-00008278 and you know the gift of repentance it's
dmPvDJQYqvy-00034-00008279-00008463 a gift from god
dmPvDJQYqvy-00035-00008464-00008719 repentance when that spirit falls on
dmPvDJQYqvy-00036-00008720-00008791 people
dmPvDJQYqvy-00037-00008792-00009159 it is a supernatural sign and wonder
dmPvDJQYqvy-00038-00009160-00009527 and god has a reason for doing that
dmPvDJQYqvy-00039-00009528-00009863 so when finally jonah repented and went
dmPvDJQYqvy-00040-00009864-00010031 through this whole ordeal
dmPvDJQYqvy-00041-00010032-00010263 trying to go in a different direction
dmPvDJQYqvy-00042-00010264-00010446 going on the boat or the ship
dmPvDJQYqvy-00043-00010447-00010727 going to tarshish and you know about the
dmPvDJQYqvy-00044-00010728-00010919 storm and how the people
dmPvDJQYqvy-00045-00010920-00011167 on the boat on that ship were really
dmPvDJQYqvy-00046-00011168-00011278 vexed and
dmPvDJQYqvy-00047-00011279-00011471 wondering what was happening but then
dmPvDJQYqvy-00048-00011472-00011670 eventually they had to throw
dmPvDJQYqvy-00049-00011671-00012031 jonah over the over overboard
dmPvDJQYqvy-00050-00012032-00012310 but in all of this you also i needed to
dmPvDJQYqvy-00051-00012311-00012431 consider
dmPvDJQYqvy-00052-00012432-00012759 that those people the owners of the ship
dmPvDJQYqvy-00053-00012760-00012958 didn't just throw him over but they
dmPvDJQYqvy-00054-00012959-00013135 really repented
dmPvDJQYqvy-00055-00013136-00013335 and they said we don't really want to
dmPvDJQYqvy-00056-00013336-00013494 throw anyone over the sh
dmPvDJQYqvy-00057-00013495-00013791 over overboard but they knew they
dmPvDJQYqvy-00058-00013791-00013991 finally had to do that
dmPvDJQYqvy-00059-00013991-00014238 and that it was god's will for them to
dmPvDJQYqvy-00060-00014240-00014391 do it but they asked
dmPvDJQYqvy-00061-00014391-00014791 also for for repentance they repented
dmPvDJQYqvy-00062-00014791-00014855 about that
dmPvDJQYqvy-00063-00014856-00015119 forgiveness lord forgive us for even
dmPvDJQYqvy-00064-00015119-00015271 throwing him over
dmPvDJQYqvy-00065-00015272-00015519 so there is something deep down in
dmPvDJQYqvy-00066-00015519-00015638 people's hearts
dmPvDJQYqvy-00067-00015640-00015838 and they weren't even jews they weren't
dmPvDJQYqvy-00068-00015840-00015975 believer but
dmPvDJQYqvy-00069-00015976-00016230 believers but see god created them as
dmPvDJQYqvy-00070-00016231-00016294 well
dmPvDJQYqvy-00071-00016295-00016583 and he gave them a conscience and they
dmPvDJQYqvy-00072-00016584-00016686 did not feel
dmPvDJQYqvy-00073-00016687-00016894 comfortable about doing that but there
dmPvDJQYqvy-00074-00016895-00017086 was still grace and mercy
dmPvDJQYqvy-00075-00017087-00017327 and i want to just bring that forth that
dmPvDJQYqvy-00076-00017328-00017550 there needs to be the love of god and
dmPvDJQYqvy-00077-00017551-00017615 grace
dmPvDJQYqvy-00078-00017616-00017927 and mercy in the midst of chaos
dmPvDJQYqvy-00079-00017928-00018271 and god's mercy is real right even right
dmPvDJQYqvy-00080-00018272-00018358 now
dmPvDJQYqvy-00081-00018359-00018663 so when jonah was displeased when
dmPvDJQYqvy-00082-00018664-00018983 he finally went and and spoke to to the
dmPvDJQYqvy-00083-00018984-00019127 people in nineveh
dmPvDJQYqvy-00084-00019128-00019407 and the reason why he was so angry and
dmPvDJQYqvy-00085-00019408-00019535 he did not want to go
dmPvDJQYqvy-00086-00019536-00019807 there yes he was afraid because they
dmPvDJQYqvy-00087-00019808-00019958 were
dmPvDJQYqvy-00088-00019959-00020271 arch enemies of the jewish people
dmPvDJQYqvy-00089-00020272-00020519 and they were full of atrocities and
dmPvDJQYqvy-00090-00020520-00020703 what they've done against the jewish
dmPvDJQYqvy-00091-00020704-00020822 people
dmPvDJQYqvy-00092-00020823-00021158 were awful awful awful so jonah was
dmPvDJQYqvy-00093-00021159-00021207 angry
dmPvDJQYqvy-00094-00021208-00021614 he was upset he had emotions about this
dmPvDJQYqvy-00095-00021615-00021878 and his whole life his whole the
dmPvDJQYqvy-00096-00021879-00022150 resentment that was in him
dmPvDJQYqvy-00097-00022151-00022391 and the anger that was in him and the
dmPvDJQYqvy-00098-00022392-00022550 fear that was in him
dmPvDJQYqvy-00099-00022551-00022871 but also unforgiveness that was in him
dmPvDJQYqvy-00100-00022872-00023071 and then when he had to watch what
dmPvDJQYqvy-00101-00023072-00023175 happened to
dmPvDJQYqvy-00102-00023176-00023519 nineveh after he preached this word
dmPvDJQYqvy-00103-00023520-00023822 and they returned and they and and they
dmPvDJQYqvy-00104-00023823-00024255 fasted and they prayed and they
dmPvDJQYqvy-00105-00024256-00024567 repented with sackcloth and ashes so to
dmPvDJQYqvy-00106-00024568-00024671 speak
dmPvDJQYqvy-00107-00024672-00024942 and came back to the lord the entire
dmPvDJQYqvy-00108-00024943-00025063 city of
dmPvDJQYqvy-00109-00025064-00025414 nineveh came to the lord a wicked people
dmPvDJQYqvy-00110-00025415-00025758 they were absolutely wicked but the lord
dmPvDJQYqvy-00111-00025760-00025887 loved them and so
dmPvDJQYqvy-00112-00025888-00026134 coming back to jonah 4 and verse 1 and
dmPvDJQYqvy-00113-00026135-00026279 i'm speaking and i'm
dmPvDJQYqvy-00114-00026280-00026543 reading about out of the tree of life
dmPvDJQYqvy-00115-00026544-00026662 version
dmPvDJQYqvy-00116-00026663-00026958 but it greatly deplete displeased jonah
dmPvDJQYqvy-00117-00026960-00027127 and he resented it
dmPvDJQYqvy-00118-00027127-00027374 so he prayed to adonai and said please
dmPvDJQYqvy-00119-00027375-00027639 lord was not this what i said when i was
dmPvDJQYqvy-00120-00027639-00027846 still in my own country
dmPvDJQYqvy-00121-00027847-00028111 that's what i anticipated fleeing to
dmPvDJQYqvy-00122-00028112-00028223 tarshish
dmPvDJQYqvy-00123-00028224-00028535 for i knew that you are gracious
dmPvDJQYqvy-00124-00028536-00028870 and a compassionate god slow to anger
dmPvDJQYqvy-00125-00028872-00029231 and full of kindness and relenting over
dmPvDJQYqvy-00126-00029232-00029599 calamity so please adam i take my soul
dmPvDJQYqvy-00127-00029600-00029911 from me because better is my death than
dmPvDJQYqvy-00128-00029912-00030023 my life
dmPvDJQYqvy-00129-00030024-00030318 this is where he ended up what was in
dmPvDJQYqvy-00130-00030319-00030358 his
dmPvDJQYqvy-00131-00030360-00030735 heart what was in his mind he definitely
dmPvDJQYqvy-00132-00030736-00030774 was
dmPvDJQYqvy-00133-00030775-00031095 unforgiving he couldn't forgive them he
dmPvDJQYqvy-00134-00031095-00031214 couldn't forgive
dmPvDJQYqvy-00135-00031216-00031511 all the atrocities they did against his
dmPvDJQYqvy-00136-00031512-00031614 people
dmPvDJQYqvy-00137-00031616-00031918 jonah's people but here was god and he
dmPvDJQYqvy-00138-00031919-00031990 knew
dmPvDJQYqvy-00139-00031991-00032295 how god was that he was full of kindness
dmPvDJQYqvy-00140-00032295-00032614 relenting over calamity he is slow to
dmPvDJQYqvy-00141-00032616-00032807 anger he's gracious and he's the
dmPvDJQYqvy-00142-00032808-00032983 compassionate god
dmPvDJQYqvy-00143-00032984-00033311 and jonah was displeased
dmPvDJQYqvy-00144-00033312-00033607 at god's mercy so sometimes we have to
dmPvDJQYqvy-00145-00033608-00033711 ask ourselves
dmPvDJQYqvy-00146-00033712-00034007 is there any unforgiveness in us and i
dmPvDJQYqvy-00147-00034008-00034215 said that before but also again
dmPvDJQYqvy-00148-00034216-00034455 unforgiveness and if we're taking an
dmPvDJQYqvy-00149-00034456-00034590 offense because
dmPvDJQYqvy-00150-00034591-00034911 jonah was resenting it and he was
dmPvDJQYqvy-00151-00034912-00035046 displeased
dmPvDJQYqvy-00152-00035047-00035423 because he resented those people
dmPvDJQYqvy-00153-00035424-00035639 he did not want to forgive them he did
dmPvDJQYqvy-00154-00035640-00035774 not want he took
dmPvDJQYqvy-00155-00035775-00036087 on that offense for so
dmPvDJQYqvy-00156-00036088-00036487 many years that were coming through his
dmPvDJQYqvy-00157-00036488-00036543 people
dmPvDJQYqvy-00158-00036544-00036862 against the people from nineveh
dmPvDJQYqvy-00159-00036863-00037190 so again that resentment but also
dmPvDJQYqvy-00160-00037191-00037511 taking on a an offense against these
dmPvDJQYqvy-00161-00037512-00037583 people
dmPvDJQYqvy-00162-00037584-00037815 so he his emotions were right in the
dmPvDJQYqvy-00163-00037816-00038007 middle of all of that
dmPvDJQYqvy-00164-00038008-00038351 so he even wanted to die but yet and i
dmPvDJQYqvy-00165-00038352-00038415 said
dmPvDJQYqvy-00166-00038416-00038774 is it good for you to be so angry
dmPvDJQYqvy-00167-00038775-00039087 is it good that we are so angry do we
dmPvDJQYqvy-00168-00039088-00039190 have any right
dmPvDJQYqvy-00169-00039191-00039535 to be really angry when god does
dmPvDJQYqvy-00170-00039536-00039646 something and he may
dmPvDJQYqvy-00171-00039647-00039951 does it differently but see in
dmPvDJQYqvy-00172-00039952-00040230 all of the situations we have a word of
dmPvDJQYqvy-00173-00040231-00040335 the lord
dmPvDJQYqvy-00174-00040336-00040671 but then we go through the opposite
dmPvDJQYqvy-00175-00040672-00040871 you know we go through a wilderness a
dmPvDJQYqvy-00176-00040872-00040990 lot of times and
dmPvDJQYqvy-00177-00040991-00041230 it seems like god's word is never coming
dmPvDJQYqvy-00178-00041231-00041446 to pass or we don't even know
dmPvDJQYqvy-00179-00041447-00041807 like what god has spoken so we are
dmPvDJQYqvy-00180-00041808-00042102 angry and we resent it and we're not
dmPvDJQYqvy-00181-00042103-00042343 open to see what the lord is
dmPvDJQYqvy-00182-00042344-00042646 telling us until we repent like
dmPvDJQYqvy-00183-00042647-00042974 jonah had to do and in the fish in the
dmPvDJQYqvy-00184-00042975-00043095 belly of the fish
dmPvDJQYqvy-00185-00043096-00043446 he had to cry out to god and he knew he
dmPvDJQYqvy-00186-00043447-00043599 was running away from god
dmPvDJQYqvy-00187-00043600-00043774 and he knew it was time for him to
dmPvDJQYqvy-00188-00043775-00043918 repent
dmPvDJQYqvy-00189-00043919-00044230 but was that only to to
dmPvDJQYqvy-00190-00044231-00044439 help himself to get out of this
dmPvDJQYqvy-00191-00044440-00044583 situation
dmPvDJQYqvy-00192-00044584-00044839 and he still was reluctant but he went
dmPvDJQYqvy-00193-00044840-00044895 to
dmPvDJQYqvy-00194-00044896-00045279 nineveh because he was afraid of god
dmPvDJQYqvy-00195-00045280-00045599 was there no change of heart to the
dmPvDJQYqvy-00196-00045600-00045718 point where he
dmPvDJQYqvy-00197-00045719-00045911 would rejoice with them and he would
dmPvDJQYqvy-00198-00045912-00046111 rejoice that they repented
dmPvDJQYqvy-00199-00046112-00046430 and rejoiced that the very enemies of
dmPvDJQYqvy-00200-00046431-00046727 god and the enemies of the jewish people
dmPvDJQYqvy-00201-00046728-00047046 would now be different and that that
dmPvDJQYqvy-00202-00047047-00047367 is because god wants them to repent and
dmPvDJQYqvy-00203-00047368-00047439 god's
dmPvDJQYqvy-00204-00047440-00047758 god releases the the gift of repentance
dmPvDJQYqvy-00205-00047759-00047807 i believe
dmPvDJQYqvy-00206-00047808-00048095 we need to really pray right now for our
dmPvDJQYqvy-00207-00048096-00048223 enemies
dmPvDJQYqvy-00208-00048224-00048471 and pray for them and really cry out for
dmPvDJQYqvy-00209-00048472-00048679 them instead of just always
dmPvDJQYqvy-00210-00048680-00048958 praying for our own agenda and what we
dmPvDJQYqvy-00211-00048959-00049055 want
dmPvDJQYqvy-00212-00049056-00049351 and what is really in our hearts but are
dmPvDJQYqvy-00213-00049352-00049535 we willing to really stand
dmPvDJQYqvy-00214-00049536-00049871 in the gap for those who don't know god
dmPvDJQYqvy-00215-00049872-00050207 and so the lord was saying so jonah went
dmPvDJQYqvy-00216-00050208-00050367 out from the city and sat
dmPvDJQYqvy-00217-00050368-00050543 east of the city and you know the whole
dmPvDJQYqvy-00218-00050544-00050671 thing that
dmPvDJQYqvy-00219-00050672-00051039 um he was scorched but then
dmPvDJQYqvy-00220-00051040-00051366 um a plant grew up over
dmPvDJQYqvy-00221-00051367-00051646 jonah to give shade over over his head
dmPvDJQYqvy-00222-00051647-00051879 to spare him from his discomfort
dmPvDJQYqvy-00223-00051879-00052158 so jonah was very happy about the plant
dmPvDJQYqvy-00224-00052159-00052311 glory be to god
dmPvDJQYqvy-00225-00052312-00052550 he was so thankful because the plant was
dmPvDJQYqvy-00226-00052551-00052654 helping him
dmPvDJQYqvy-00227-00052655-00052966 from being this in discomfort
dmPvDJQYqvy-00228-00052967-00053294 and he had the shade that he needed but
dmPvDJQYqvy-00229-00053295-00053511 there were seven but god at dawn the
dmPvDJQYqvy-00230-00053512-00053599 next day we
dmPvDJQYqvy-00231-00053600-00053871 prepared a worm that crippled the plant
dmPvDJQYqvy-00232-00053872-00054030 and it withered away
dmPvDJQYqvy-00233-00054032-00054271 when the sun rose god prepared a
dmPvDJQYqvy-00234-00054272-00054454 scorching east wind
dmPvDJQYqvy-00235-00054455-00054775 and the sun beat down on jonah's head
dmPvDJQYqvy-00236-00054776-00055126 so that he became faint so he implored
dmPvDJQYqvy-00237-00055127-00055430 that his soul would die saying
dmPvDJQYqvy-00238-00055432-00055807 my death would be better than my life
dmPvDJQYqvy-00239-00055808-00056063 verse 9 then god said to jonah is it
dmPvDJQYqvy-00240-00056064-00056175 good for you
dmPvDJQYqvy-00241-00056176-00056511 to be so angry about the plant
dmPvDJQYqvy-00242-00056512-00056854 it is he said i'm angry enough to die
dmPvDJQYqvy-00243-00056855-00057175 this is pretty serious this is very
dmPvDJQYqvy-00244-00057176-00057271 serious
dmPvDJQYqvy-00245-00057272-00057535 what is going on in the heart of jonah
dmPvDJQYqvy-00246-00057536-00057615 at that moment
dmPvDJQYqvy-00247-00057616-00057999 in time and verse 10 but adonai said
dmPvDJQYqvy-00248-00058000-00058238 you have pity on the plant for which you
dmPvDJQYqvy-00249-00058239-00058319 did no
dmPvDJQYqvy-00250-00058320-00058654 labor or make it grow that appeared
dmPvDJQYqvy-00251-00058655-00058735 overnight
dmPvDJQYqvy-00252-00058736-00059054 and perished overnight so shouldn't i
dmPvDJQYqvy-00253-00059055-00059254 have pity on nineveh
dmPvDJQYqvy-00254-00059255-00059511 the great city that has in it more than
dmPvDJQYqvy-00255-00059512-00059615 120
dmPvDJQYqvy-00256-00059616-00059894 000 people who don't know their right
dmPvDJQYqvy-00257-00059895-00060054 hand from their left
dmPvDJQYqvy-00258-00060055-00060382 as well as many animals wow what a
dmPvDJQYqvy-00259-00060383-00060511 statement from the lord
dmPvDJQYqvy-00260-00060512-00060806 selah and really think about that and
dmPvDJQYqvy-00261-00060807-00060863 see
dmPvDJQYqvy-00262-00060864-00061094 we've we've learned years ago i've
dmPvDJQYqvy-00263-00061095-00061319 learned especially in the 90s when we
dmPvDJQYqvy-00264-00061320-00061438 had the rival
dmPvDJQYqvy-00265-00061439-00061838 revival hitting the places and
dmPvDJQYqvy-00266-00061839-00062182 and really unforgiveness was exposed and
dmPvDJQYqvy-00267-00062183-00062447 all sorts of things were exposed
dmPvDJQYqvy-00268-00062448-00062671 you know when we have unforgiveness
dmPvDJQYqvy-00269-00062672-00062759 holds
dmPvDJQYqvy-00270-00062760-00063111 holds the other person hostage you know
dmPvDJQYqvy-00271-00063112-00063399 it it holds them hostage and but ill and
dmPvDJQYqvy-00272-00063400-00063430 it
dmPvDJQYqvy-00273-00063432-00063735 ultimately binds us in chains
dmPvDJQYqvy-00274-00063736-00063935 and it's been described as drinking
dmPvDJQYqvy-00275-00063936-00064038 poison
dmPvDJQYqvy-00276-00064039-00064263 and waiting for the other person to die
dmPvDJQYqvy-00277-00064264-00064382 so it
dmPvDJQYqvy-00278-00064383-00064663 it doesn't work and you know we always
dmPvDJQYqvy-00279-00064664-00064775 have to come
dmPvDJQYqvy-00280-00064776-00065006 what i've learned during the revival
dmPvDJQYqvy-00281-00065007-00065087 time was
dmPvDJQYqvy-00282-00065088-00065471 we have to come in a christ-like spirit
dmPvDJQYqvy-00283-00065472-00065735 which is always the opposite spirit to
dmPvDJQYqvy-00284-00065736-00065815 what the world
dmPvDJQYqvy-00285-00065816-00066119 system is doing around about us so i'm
dmPvDJQYqvy-00286-00066120-00066326 going to leave you with that
dmPvDJQYqvy-00287-00066327-00066647 again unforgiveness and taking on
dmPvDJQYqvy-00288-00066648-00066838 offenses right now
dmPvDJQYqvy-00289-00066839-00067150 is not what we need to do we really
dmPvDJQYqvy-00290-00067151-00067487 really let the holy spirit move mightily
dmPvDJQYqvy-00291-00067488-00067823 and just let the light of jesus christ
dmPvDJQYqvy-00292-00067824-00068126 shine into your hearts and let's see if
dmPvDJQYqvy-00293-00068127-00068319 there is any unforgiveness
dmPvDJQYqvy-00294-00068320-00068615 if there is any resentment is there
dmPvDJQYqvy-00295-00068616-00068743 anything that we
dmPvDJQYqvy-00296-00068744-00069063 against our enemies that we have that we
dmPvDJQYqvy-00297-00069064-00069094 net
dmPvDJQYqvy-00298-00069095-00069287 need to let go and we need to be
dmPvDJQYqvy-00299-00069288-00069519 merciful like god and we need to love
dmPvDJQYqvy-00300-00069520-00069647 our enemies
dmPvDJQYqvy-00301-00069648-00069999 just like jesus christ told us to do so
dmPvDJQYqvy-00302-00070000-00070206 hallelujah i want to leave you with that
dmPvDJQYqvy-00303-00070207-00070423 this is going to be part one
dmPvDJQYqvy-00304-00070424-00070687 and soon i will be releasing part two
dmPvDJQYqvy-00305-00070688-00070847 god bless you
dmPvDJQYqvy-00306-00070848-00071047 and if you would like to connect with
dmPvDJQYqvy-00307-00071048-00071247 soaring eagle ministries please visit
dmPvDJQYqvy-00308-00071248-00071680 the website soaringeagle.info
e1eMDM0rYCY-00000-00000008-00000289 hi I'm Broderick Reid and I work from
e1eMDM0rYCY-00001-00000290-00000548 home here on the Isle of Lewis making
e1eMDM0rYCY-00002-00000549-00000877 flowing wind turbines flying wind
e1eMDM0rYCY-00003-00000878-00001211 turbines are basically kite autogyro
e1eMDM0rYCY-00004-00001212-00001474 systems it's a bunch of kites that spins
e1eMDM0rYCY-00005-00001475-00001657 round in the air you see an old
e1eMDM0rYCY-00006-00001659-00002021 prototype on the wall there and they
e1eMDM0rYCY-00007-00002022-00002260 have tense lines that go down over hoops
e1eMDM0rYCY-00008-00002261-00002654 to turn ground-based generators this
e1eMDM0rYCY-00009-00002655-00002917 saves a whole lot of material because we
e1eMDM0rYCY-00010-00002918-00003100 are working in tension rather like a
e1eMDM0rYCY-00011-00003101-00003356 suspension bridge as compared to our big
e1eMDM0rYCY-00012-00003357-00003563 compressor balls to an arch so we don't
e1eMDM0rYCY-00013-00003564-00003833 have a tower we just have these lines
e1eMDM0rYCY-00014-00003834-00004286 coming down and it's the wind that lifts
e1eMDM0rYCY-00015-00004287-00004552 all the working parts into the air so we
e1eMDM0rYCY-00016-00004553-00004793 have much less material to go into
e1eMDM0rYCY-00017-00004794-00005066 better stronger winds and we can make
e1eMDM0rYCY-00018-00005067-00005267 much larger systems by working in
e1eMDM0rYCY-00019-00005268-00005497 tension instead of compression and
e1eMDM0rYCY-00020-00005498-00005786 bending like a normal wind turbine so
e1eMDM0rYCY-00021-00005787-00005972 hopefully we can make some enormous
e1eMDM0rYCY-00022-00005973-00006211 power but at the moment we only have a
e1eMDM0rYCY-00023-00006212-00006584 smaller prototypes working about 1.6
e1eMDM0rYCY-00024-00006584-00006803 kilowatts and they're very portable so
e1eMDM0rYCY-00025-00006804-00007110 you can charge up an Eevee car with this
e1eMDM0rYCY-00026-00007111-00007601 take it camping thanks
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00000-00000071-00000318 over to you joy would you like to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00001-00000319-00000495 we've got a few people here
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00002-00000496-00000726 okay good afternoon good evening good
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00003-00000727-00001023 morning from where you're joining us
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00004-00001024-00001199 and we're really happy to have you here
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00005-00001200-00001462 today to this side event
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00006-00001463-00001671 on dry lands and climate resilient
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00007-00001672-00001823 development
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00008-00001823-00001951 we are
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00009-00001952-00002239 looking at valuing climate variability
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00010-00002240-00002399 thank you for joining this interesting
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00011-00002400-00002518 session
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00012-00002519-00002871 we shall be looking at some um etiquette
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00013-00002872-00003150 as we wait for others to join
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00014-00003151-00003286 so
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00015-00003288-00003638 feel free to type into the uh chat where
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00016-00003639-00003799 you're joining us from
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00017-00003800-00003990 your organization
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00018-00003992-00004222 and anything interesting that you
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00019-00004223-00004519 you you recall about drylands
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00020-00004520-00004711 this is a an interesting session and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00021-00004712-00004911 we're really happy to have you
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00022-00004912-00005175 we are here with iid
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00023-00005176-00005367 celeb dado
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00024-00005368-00005822 um reconcile aldev kenyatta university
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00025-00005823-00006111 and also all of us are stakeholders
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00026-00006112-00006263 within the brazil
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00027-00006264-00006406 research
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00028-00006408-00006606 where we are looking at how to build
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00029-00006608-00006767 capacity
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00030-00006768-00006959 uh for sustainable food and water
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00031-00006959-00007127 security in dry lands
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00032-00007128-00007591 so we are the dryland station welcome
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00033-00007592-00007919 on the screen you can see the um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00034-00007920-00008174 structure of this session
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00035-00008175-00008391 i think as we go through it uh think
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00036-00008392-00008559 about drylands
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00037-00008560-00008823 lands variable are they fragile
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00038-00008824-00009014 are they diverse
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00039-00009015-00009263 think about all these things that you
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00040-00009264-00009471 hear about dry lands
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00041-00009472-00009583 and um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00042-00009584-00009855 we will start actually with a session
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00043-00009856-00010046 with an interactive poll
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00044-00010047-00010223 that looks at what do you think about
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00045-00010224-00010551 this drylands that we so often
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00046-00010552-00010846 uh imagine to be fragile
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00047-00010847-00011119 and try to see can we use integrated
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00048-00011120-00011263 approaches
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00049-00011264-00011527 the zoom poll will have five statements
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00050-00011528-00011678 about drylands
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00051-00011679-00011838 and you'll either vote whether you
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00052-00011839-00012095 strongly agree or disagree
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00053-00012096-00012359 and feel free to chat um in the in the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00054-00012360-00012551 chat box as well
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00055-00012552-00012727 we shall be having three main
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00056-00012728-00013015 presentations
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00057-00013016-00013294 mainly looking at a different way that
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00058-00013295-00013535 we can look at drylands look at some
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00059-00013536-00013815 examples and also look at some policy
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00060-00013816-00014071 implications
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00061-00014072-00014255 of some of the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00062-00014256-00014358 uh
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00063-00014359-00014566 variability that we see within the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00064-00014568-00014719 drylands
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00065-00014719-00015063 i think now um i'm glad to see many of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00066-00015063-00015294 you are continuing to indicate
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00067-00015295-00015535 uh who you are and where you're from
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00068-00015536-00015743 i see some familiar name feel very
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00069-00015744-00015871 welcome
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00070-00015872-00016119 feel free to continue
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00071-00016119-00016303 typing in the chat
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00072-00016304-00016383 and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00073-00016384-00016622 i think we'll go directly to the to the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00074-00016623-00016775 poll
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00075-00016776-00016927 feel free also to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00076-00016928-00017230 put other comments as we move along
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00077-00017231-00017671 so we are moving directly into the poll
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00078-00017672-00017943 and this will be question one says the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00079-00017944-00018207 natural environment in dry lands
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00080-00018208-00018430 especially low and very much rainfall is
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00081-00018431-00018750 a major constraint for food production
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00082-00018751-00018903 kindly you can
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00083-00018904-00019103 strongly agree agree neither agree or
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00084-00019104-00019367 disagree disagree or strongly
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00085-00019368-00019614 disagree
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00086-00019615-00019703 and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00087-00019704-00020063 any additional comments in the chat
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00088-00020064-00020214 i can see
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00089-00020215-00020686 uh disagree is moving at 75 percent
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00090-00020687-00021083 um now at 83 percent while 17 have
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00091-00021084-00021391 agreed and that 86 percent the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00092-00021392-00021775 disagreement are back to 75 percent
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00093-00021776-00022007 that the natural environment
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00094-00022008-00022222 oh there are some who neither agree or
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00095-00022223-00022407 disagree please you could write
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00096-00022408-00022663 something about why you neither agree or
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00097-00022664-00022783 disagree
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00098-00022784-00023039 or strongly disagree so strongly
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00099-00023040-00023339 disagree and disagree is actually
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00100-00023340-00023591 71 percent
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00101-00023592-00023919 and so um this disagreement that
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00102-00023920-00024078 actually the low and variable rainfall
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00103-00024079-00024214 is a major constraint for food
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00104-00024215-00024399 production
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00105-00024400-00024735 okay um anybody who would like to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00106-00024736-00024975 add further on why they
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00107-00024976-00025222 disagree or agree please feel free to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00108-00025223-00025342 just type
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00109-00025343-00025846 in the chat
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00110-00025847-00026070 thank you very much so we are moving to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00111-00026072-00026567 the second question
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00112-00026568-00026758 please if you could all participate we
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00113-00026760-00026935 noticed that only a percentage
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00114-00026936-00027199 participated in that question
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00115-00027200-00027423 uh livestock mobility is a copying
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00116-00027424-00027551 strategy
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00117-00027552-00027743 and this is mainly in response to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00118-00027744-00027918 pasture and water
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00119-00027919-00028207 and so far 100 percent have agreed and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00120-00028208-00028407 that is just um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00121-00028408-00028718 okay so more people are responding thank
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00122-00028719-00028911 you very much
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00123-00028912-00029039 so
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00124-00029039-00029311 this is still a volatile one
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00125-00029312-00029518 there are mixed reactions related to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00126-00029519-00029735 livestock mobility
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00127-00029736-00030014 with 38 percent strongly disagreeing as
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00128-00030016-00030295 the highest percentage
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00129-00030295-00030399 um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00130-00030400-00030695 36 plus 29
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00131-00030695-00030855 plus 27
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00132-00030856-00031070 so 56 percent
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00133-00031072-00031358 are agreeing either strongly or just
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00134-00031360-00031479 agreeing
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00135-00031480-00031814 that life supportability so far six uh
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00136-00031816-00032062 17 people have participated kindly if
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00137-00032063-00032199 you've not
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00138-00032200-00032535 um you can do that
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00139-00032536-00032935 so still we can see the results here are
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00140-00032936-00033246 mostly towards agreeing
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00141-00033247-00033511 again um we we have about six people who
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00142-00033512-00033702 are yet to participate
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00143-00033703-00033918 please give your view
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00144-00033919-00034135 and also you may want to type something
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00145-00034136-00034374 in the chat about your
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00146-00034375-00034687 your thinking towards why livestock
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00147-00034688-00035083 mobility is a copying strategy or
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00148-00035084-00035455 otherwise okay so um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00149-00035456-00035823 so strongly agree at um and agree at
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00150-00035824-00035959 sixty
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00151-00035960-00036174 one percent
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00152-00036175-00036735 we can move to question three
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00153-00036736-00036959 uh dry land environments are fragile
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00154-00036960-00037183 ecosystems
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00155-00037184-00037439 uh thank you philemon you'd say pastor
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00156-00037440-00037702 lin dream equals mobility and that is
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00157-00037703-00037918 why you're agreeing that it's a copying
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00158-00037919-00038102 strategy thank you for that
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00159-00038103-00038318 so dry land environments are fragile
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00160-00038319-00038567 ecosystems again this is
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00161-00038568-00038751 one where we
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00162-00038752-00038887 have a
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00163-00038888-00039046 different opinion
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00164-00039047-00039151 mostly
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00165-00039152-00039551 half half agreeing and half disagree
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00166-00039552-00039767 and um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00167-00039768-00040102 still moving on i i still see the agree
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00168-00040103-00040479 and disagree almost at 50 50.
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00169-00040480-00040807 i asked agree and strongly disagree
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00170-00040808-00041062 disagree and strongly disagree
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00171-00041063-00041302 at um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00172-00041303-00041862 at 47 percent and agree at um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00173-00041863-00042079 at 45
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00174-00042080-00042390 thank you uh prof sanya chris i see you
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00175-00042391-00042679 say that food production in dry lands is
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00176-00042680-00042958 very complex and it can be looked at
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00177-00042959-00043174 from various perspectives of interest
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00178-00043175-00043367 later on if we have time we may invite
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00179-00043368-00043735 you to tell us this complex perspectives
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00180-00043736-00043943 okay so um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00181-00043944-00044351 strongly agree and disagree is
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00182-00044352-00044679 45 percent and disagree and strongly
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00183-00044680-00044918 disagree is
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00184-00044919-00045271 50 percent so almost at par
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00185-00045272-00045455 that's a sentence that we something that
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00186-00045456-00045711 we need to discuss further and uh six
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00187-00045712-00045999 percent neither agree or disagree
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00188-00046000-00046135 we would need to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00189-00046136-00046479 you know discuss that further i see if
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00190-00046480-00046574 um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00191-00046575-00046774 further comments of people introducing
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00192-00046775-00046927 themselves
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00193-00046928-00047255 welcome dados all up some of these
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00194-00047256-00047527 acronyms later it will be good to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00195-00047528-00047711 just unpack them
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00196-00047712-00048071 so thank you that's this is a a question
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00197-00048072-00048335 where we are 50 50.
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00198-00048336-00048558 are they fragile or not
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00199-00048559-00048671 okay
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00200-00048672-00049215 and finally the last poll question
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00201-00049216-00049462 um this is large-scale agricultural
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00202-00049463-00049718 production in the dry lands is a better
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00203-00049719-00049951 way to ensure food security than small
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00204-00049952-00050230 scale subsistence farming so which way
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00205-00050231-00050374 dry lands
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00206-00050375-00050751 uh which way dry lands and um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00207-00050752-00051102 already uh it's a disagreement
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00208-00051103-00051279 uh strongly
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00209-00051279-00051366 and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00210-00051367-00051519 and disagree
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00211-00051520-00051807 that definitely we should not do dry
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00212-00051808-00052094 large-scale pro agricultural production
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00213-00052095-00052238 some voices have come with some
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00214-00052239-00052390 agreement
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00215-00052391-00052694 and uh we see 14 percent
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00216-00052695-00052807 that are
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00217-00052808-00052959 agreeing
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00218-00052960-00053126 compared to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00219-00053127-00053359 okay 12 percent agreeing
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00220-00053360-00053526 and 88
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00221-00053527-00053735 disagreeing
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00222-00053736-00054263 uh any anybody else who needs to add in
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00223-00054264-00054519 okay thank you i see you still also
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00224-00054520-00054766 continuing to introduce yourself welcome
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00225-00054767-00055119 very much to this session
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00226-00055120-00055350 um any anybody else participating
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00227-00055351-00055663 because we have 69 of the participants i
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00228-00055664-00055823 don't know that you're having challenges
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00229-00055824-00056015 with them clicking
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00230-00056016-00056287 so definitely this one goes towards
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00231-00056288-00056519 disagreement
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00232-00056520-00056759 okay
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00233-00056760-00056879 so
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00234-00056879-00057126 i think uh we can say that there are so
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00235-00057127-00057350 many perceptions
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00236-00057351-00057494 towards
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00237-00057495-00057799 dry lands and whether dry lands
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00238-00057800-00058054 are westlands or whether they can be
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00239-00058055-00058191 used
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00240-00058191-00058471 and how would they be used sustainably
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00241-00058472-00058711 and so this side event as i had said
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00242-00058712-00058871 earlier
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00243-00058872-00059142 is looking mainly at what alternative
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00244-00059144-00059447 perspective to dry lands and we
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00245-00059448-00059679 are looking at what we call valuing
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00246-00059679-00059975 variability value in climate variability
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00247-00059976-00060142 and we want to then showcase some
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00248-00060144-00060438 strategies and production systems that
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00249-00060439-00060711 are definitely
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00250-00060712-00060903 supporting this kind of violin
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00251-00060904-00061126 variability and then consider some
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00252-00061127-00061342 policy implications
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00253-00061344-00061511 of this perspective of violin
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00254-00061512-00061799 variability so those of you who have
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00255-00061800-00062111 experience you may continue to share
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00256-00062112-00062350 also in the um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00257-00062351-00062471 in the chat
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00258-00062472-00062838 as we begin
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00259-00062839-00063663 i'm now um going to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00260-00063664-00063894 bring to your attention our first
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00261-00063895-00064087 presentation
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00262-00064088-00064519 and um our first presentation by zaverio
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00263-00064520-00064950 who will introduce himself shortly um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00264-00064951-00065166 is actually introducing to us this
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00265-00065167-00065399 concept of violin variability welcome
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00266-00065400-00065535 zaverian
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00267-00065536-00065671 thank you joy
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00268-00065672-00065782 um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00269-00065783-00066047 i am i'm working on on pastoring has
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00270-00066048-00066263 been i've been working on pastors for um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00271-00066264-00066487 for the last 20 years
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00272-00066488-00066735 um i'm editor of nomadi people as you've
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00273-00066736-00066999 seen in the chat um and i just move into
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00274-00067000-00067126 the presentation because we don't have
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00275-00067127-00067335 very much time and if there is more time
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00276-00067336-00067694 later i will add information by myself
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00277-00067695-00068119 um the last 200 years of fossil fuel
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00278-00068120-00068343 based economies
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00279-00068344-00068655 have heated up the planet and eliminated
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00280-00068656-00068911 this biodiversity at an unprecedented
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00281-00068912-00069031 pace
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00282-00069032-00069159 the impact
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00283-00069160-00069406 on the natural cycles has has made
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00284-00069407-00069671 climate variability and the related
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00285-00069672-00069959 uncertainty a global issue
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00286-00069960-00070126 failing to stop
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00287-00070127-00070406 global warming is expected to lead to a
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00288-00070407-00070655 global catastrophe scenario
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00289-00070656-00070991 therefore resilience to climate change
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00290-00070992-00071191 when we talk about resilience to climate
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00291-00071192-00071287 change
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00292-00071288-00071543 we only refer to the to the several
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00293-00071544-00071871 decades of unprecedented global climate
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00294-00071872-00072231 variability once global warming has been
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00295-00072232-00072526 stopped
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00296-00072527-00072662 in the context of agricultural
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00297-00072663-00072935 development the response to high levels
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00298-00072936-00073119 of variability in the natural
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00299-00073120-00073415 environment has always been an effort to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00300-00073416-00073606 increase control
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00301-00073607-00073831 investing in reducing variability and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00302-00073832-00074143 trying to introduce stability
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00303-00074144-00074462 this modernist approach or project
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00304-00074463-00074694 of emancipating agriculture from the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00305-00074695-00075062 vagaries of nature continues to enchant
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00306-00075063-00075350 policy makers and donors alike
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00307-00075351-00075591 efforts in this direction have
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00308-00075592-00075862 relied on transfer of technology and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00309-00075863-00076119 mechanization schemes dams and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00310-00076120-00076367 large-scale irrigation
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00311-00076368-00076606 motorized water extraction chemical
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00312-00076607-00076950 fertilizer and pesticides
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00313-00076951-00077167 even the current race for fighting
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00314-00077168-00077419 climate change through green energy
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00315-00077420-00077599 industrialization
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00316-00077600-00077879 as eloquently argued by
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00317-00077880-00078206 jeff gibbs in his 2020 documentary the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00318-00078207-00078382 planet of the humans
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00319-00078383-00078703 remains within this money against nature
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00320-00078704-00078926 perspective
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00321-00078927-00079303 dependent as we are on externalizing
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00322-00079304-00079503 costs and risks
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00323-00079504-00079726 we struggle to grapple
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00324-00079727-00079871 with the idea
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00325-00079872-00080143 of something that simply cannot be
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00326-00080144-00080350 externalized
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00327-00080351-00080647 is there another way
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00328-00080648-00080999 as the natural world is becoming
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00329-00081000-00081191 more and more unpredictable under our
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00330-00081192-00081326 eyes
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00331-00081327-00081543 scientists are calling for a fundamental
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00332-00081544-00081806 rethinking of conventional globalized
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00333-00081807-00082047 agriculture and food systems no matter
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00334-00082048-00082175 the merits
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00335-00082176-00082447 and a move away from dependence on
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00336-00082448-00082735 energy intensive and resource intensive
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00337-00082736-00082838 processes
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00338-00082839-00083231 for externalizing nature's variability
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00339-00083232-00083494 the valuing variability concept belongs
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00340-00083495-00083671 to this perspective
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00341-00083672-00083918 it is rooted in lessons from regions of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00342-00083919-00084071 the world where
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00343-00084072-00084343 climate variability is neither a novelty
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00344-00084344-00084526 nor an anomaly
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00345-00084527-00084735 and it focuses on the experience
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00346-00084736-00084926 acknowledging small scale food
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00347-00084927-00085118 production systems with a long track
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00348-00085119-00085438 record of operating in these conditions
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00349-00085439-00085718 therefore demonstrating significant and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00350-00085719-00086206 empirically tested levels of resilience
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00351-00086207-00086399 in the dry lands the availability of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00352-00086400-00086694 potential inputs expands and contracts
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00353-00086695-00086911 dramatically through the year
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00354-00086912-00087294 and at unpredictable intervals between
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00355-00087295-00087415 years
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00356-00087416-00087647 patchy and itinerant
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00357-00087648-00087967 reigns of varying intensity make it
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00358-00087968-00088191 impossible to predict from one year to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00359-00088192-00088487 the next if a crop will mature or grass
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00360-00088488-00088767 will grow in a given location
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00361-00088768-00088991 environmental variability is further
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00362-00088992-00089231 increased as rainfall combines with
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00363-00089232-00089503 other variables for example the way
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00364-00089504-00089767 biodiversity or soil or the morphology
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00365-00089768-00090062 of the terrain can affect absorption and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00366-00090063-00090318 evapotranspiration
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00367-00090319-00090638 environmental variability rules
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00368-00090639-00090903 in the dry lands high both in time and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00369-00090904-00091023 in space
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00370-00091024-00091238 from the macro scale of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00371-00091239-00091503 inter-annual seasonal and regional
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00372-00091504-00091726 variations all the way down
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00373-00091727-00091975 to the to the micro microscale
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00374-00091976-00092062 and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00375-00092063-00092255 plants and leaves
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00376-00092256-00092343 or
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00377-00092344-00092438 crops
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00378-00092439-00092559 for example
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00379-00092560-00092838 nutrient content changes within the life
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00380-00092839-00093103 cycle of a plant and between day and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00381-00093104-00093423 night but also between plants or between
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00382-00093424-00093631 different parts of a plant
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00383-00093632-00093926 users like pastoralists and dryland
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00384-00093927-00094118 farmers learn to manage their
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00385-00094119-00094335 relationship with the environment of the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00386-00094336-00094647 time in space and across scales in order
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00387-00094648-00094894 to turn such a restless change into
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00388-00094895-00095094 valuable resources
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00389-00095095-00095367 they do so by finding ways of changing
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00390-00095368-00095606 at the same pace with the environment
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00391-00095607-00095823 and by keeping their options open to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00392-00095824-00096255 match the uncertain future
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00393-00096256-00096535 adaptive drylands food systems
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00394-00096536-00096750 specialize in achieving lower
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00395-00096751-00096991 variability in outputs by matching the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00396-00096992-00097206 variability in the environment with
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00397-00097207-00097494 variability integrated deliberately
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00398-00097495-00097647 integrated in the processes of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00399-00097648-00097767 production
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00400-00097768-00098071 variability in processes is preferred to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00401-00098072-00098287 stability and uniformity
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00402-00098288-00098487 a variable range of locations is
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00403-00098488-00098726 preferred to just one location
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00404-00098727-00098974 keeping a variety of species in the head
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00405-00098975-00099215 or a variety of crops in the field is
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00406-00099216-00099494 preferred to keep in just one
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00407-00099495-00099718 where variability is the norm
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00408-00099719-00099887 working with variability rather than
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00409-00099888-00100238 against it means higher productivity and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00410-00100239-00100415 more resilience
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00411-00100416-00100662 some groups of pastoralists in the sahel
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00412-00100663-00100847 move south at the beginning of the rainy
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00413-00100848-00101118 season to meet the rains then as the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00414-00101119-00101350 season progresses they follow the range
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00415-00101351-00101543 all the way back north to the edge of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00416-00101544-00101871 the sahara where pasture is best
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00417-00101872-00102103 this strategy aims to keep the herds on
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00418-00102104-00102262 green pasture for longer than it would
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00419-00102263-00102527 be possible in any of the locations
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00420-00102528-00102751 visited along the way
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00421-00102752-00102982 when successful it stretches the rainy
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00422-00102983-00103278 season in the experience of the animals
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00423-00103279-00103518 similarly some farming communities in
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00424-00103519-00103678 the high
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00425-00103679-00103830 in the dry highlands of northern
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00426-00103831-00104151 ethiopia leave stones in their fields
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00427-00104152-00104358 reducing the surface of the soil and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00428-00104359-00104654 therefore the concentration of moisture
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00429-00104655-00104975 in case of rain increasing it
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00430-00104976-00105223 this effectively increases the average
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00431-00105224-00105471 rainfall in the experience of the crop
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00432-00105472-00105654 same amount terrain
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00433-00105655-00105871 covering a smaller surface higher
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00434-00105872-00106031 concentration
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00435-00106032-00106239 in both examples the producer strategy
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00436-00106240-00106663 consists in introducing variability
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00437-00106664-00106910 it is worth emphasizing that the natural
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00438-00106911-00107102 environment that matters
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00439-00107103-00107471 in relation to people's livelihoods
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00440-00107472-00107734 is not the detached ecosystem
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00441-00107735-00107999 of geography and natural sciences
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00442-00108000-00108199 people's experience of the environment
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00443-00108200-00108478 is almost unfailingly mediated by other
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00444-00108479-00108566 people
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00445-00108567-00108783 either directly or in the form of social
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00446-00108783-00109054 and institutional interfaces
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00447-00109055-00109310 in value variability natural resource
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00448-00109311-00109510 management is not the management of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00449-00109511-00109758 stocks of objects but the management of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00450-00109759-00109966 the relationships that enable certain
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00451-00109967-00110231 people to experience certain things as
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00452-00110232-00110407 resources
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00453-00110408-00110654 fertile land is a resource in relation
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00454-00110655-00110910 to agriculture oil and coal are
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00455-00110911-00111110 resources in relation to fossil fuel
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00456-00111111-00111327 economies a drought is not the same
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00457-00111328-00111478 experience for those who can move
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00458-00111479-00111719 somewhere else and for those who cannot
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00459-00111720-00111951 a flood is not the same experience if
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00460-00111952-00112175 your livelihood depends on
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00461-00112176-00112534 recessional agriculture or or not
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00462-00112535-00112775 in practice it is usually impossible to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00463-00112776-00112966 isolate climate stressors from the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00464-00112967-00113086 background
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00465-00113088-00113519 of non-climate stressors
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00466-00113520-00113727 valuable opportunities can be small
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00467-00113728-00113999 scattered and short-lived
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00468-00114000-00114048 and in
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00469-00114049-00114551 [Music]
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00470-00114552-00114783 the video you need to unmute yourself
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00471-00114783-00115054 you have muted yourself
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00472-00115055-00115183 oop
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00473-00115183-00115278 when
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00474-00115279-00115543 oh i think maybe the it was muted uh in
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00475-00115544-00115702 trying to mute
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00476-00115703-00115847 the other
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00477-00115848-00116039 noise in the background sorry
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00478-00116040-00116366 i i don't think i did it when did i
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00479-00116367-00116583 when did you stop hearing me
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00480-00116583-00116871 i just well like just now okay
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00481-00116872-00116999 yeah um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00482-00117000-00117190 an intimate knowledge of the landscape
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00483-00117191-00117334 by people and animals down to the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00484-00117335-00117495 morphology of the terrain and its
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00485-00117496-00117751 biodiversity at the micro level can make
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00486-00117752-00117943 a big difference but not without the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00487-00117944-00118127 appropriate social and institutional
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00488-00118128-00118366 infrastructure
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00489-00118367-00118566 so let me recall
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00490-00118567-00118695 the key elements of value and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00491-00118696-00118975 variability
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00492-00118976-00119295 first one is that whether variability
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00493-00119296-00119447 in the natural environment is
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00494-00119448-00119647 experienced as an obstacle or as an
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00495-00119648-00119878 opportunity for food production depends
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00496-00119879-00120207 on the production system
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00497-00120208-00120399 dryland's food systems
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00498-00120400-00120639 aim to lower variability in outputs by
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00499-00120640-00120847 matching the variability in the natural
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00500-00120848-00121047 environment with variability in the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00501-00121048-00121254 processes of production
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00502-00121255-00121527 and finally opportunities and risk can
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00503-00121528-00121734 only be defined from the perspective of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00504-00121735-00122031 the users in the here and now they
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00505-00122032-00122286 cannot be
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00506-00122288-00122727 imagined or or deduced
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00507-00122728-00122975 a priori
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00508-00122976-00123151 there are also two important
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00509-00123152-00123351 implications to this
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00510-00123352-00123558 to these three tenets
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00511-00123559-00123743 and the first one is that thriving on
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00512-00123744-00124014 variability is possible and indeed many
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00513-00124015-00124327 professions specializing in doing it
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00514-00124328-00124599 we think of air traffic control finance
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00515-00124600-00124807 international trade or the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00516-00124808-00125047 pharmaceutical industry
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00517-00125048-00125223 and the second is the interventions that
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00518-00125224-00125463 reduce the variability in the processes
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00519-00125464-00125831 of production lead to higher variability
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00520-00125832-00126054 in outputs
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00521-00126055-00126286 although apparently are aimed at
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00522-00126288-00126758 reducing variability
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00523-00126759-00127031 african food
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00524-00127032-00127231 african food and agricultural systems
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00525-00127232-00127454 are considered hot spots of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00526-00127455-00127695 vulnerability to climate change
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00527-00127696-00128039 and especially so in the drylands
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00528-00128040-00128366 but on the opposite end of the spectrum
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00529-00128367-00128590 resilience to climate change
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00530-00128591-00128799 rests on the capacity to shield
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00531-00128800-00129078 production from the vagaries of nature
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00532-00129079-00129286 by means of high energy inputs and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00533-00129288-00129583 intensive use of resources
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00534-00129583-00129799 the problem with this is that high
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00535-00129800-00129990 energy inputs and intensive use of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00536-00129991-00130190 resources to separate production from
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00537-00130191-00130478 nature are very much what is raising
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00538-00130479-00130719 global average temperature
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00539-00130720-00130927 they are part of demands against nature
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00540-00130928-00131151 approach that has precipitated climate
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00541-00131152-00131423 change and that continues to fuel global
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00542-00131424-00131607 warming
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00543-00131608-00131839 mitigate the effects of climate change
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00544-00131840-00132039 by continuing to depend on these
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00545-00132040-00132335 measures my work locally for some on the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00546-00132336-00132447 short term
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00547-00132448-00132631 but at the cost of keeping the planet on
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00548-00132632-00132799 the present trajectory towards
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00549-00132800-00133127 catastrophic runaway climate change
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00550-00133128-00133359 dryland systems may not appear so
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00551-00133360-00133559 resilient at the moment but their
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00552-00133560-00133863 resilience is resting on working with
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00553-00133864-00134143 nature rather than against it
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00554-00134144-00134351 scientists believe that in the olive
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00555-00134352-00134614 scene changes in the global average
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00556-00134615-00134814 temperature have remained within plus or
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00557-00134815-00135095 less one degree centigrade
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00558-00135096-00135311 the la the latest report by the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00559-00135312-00135551 international panel for climate change
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00560-00135552-00135719 just a few weeks ago
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00561-00135720-00135902 says the global warming
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00562-00135903-00136119 you have three minutes remaining i'm
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00563-00136120-00136271 about to finish it says that the global
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00564-00136272-00136647 warming has reached uh one plus one
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00565-00136648-00137047 um centigrade degree centigrade already
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00566-00137048-00137223 and predicts they will reach one plus
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00567-00137224-00137543 five by 2040 in the most optimistic
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00568-00137544-00137743 scenario
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00569-00137744-00137975 plus one plus five
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00570-00137976-00138214 1.5 degrees
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00571-00138215-00138366 centigrade
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00572-00138367-00138535 that is the threshold of the paris
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00573-00138536-00138814 agreement is already 50 higher than the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00574-00138815-00139135 record of the last 10 000 years
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00575-00139136-00139343 beyond this threshold the risk of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00576-00139344-00139519 triggering a tipping point in natural
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00577-00139520-00139639 systems
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00578-00139640-00139959 is predicted to increase sharply
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00579-00139960-00140247 so facing this prop prospect there might
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00580-00140248-00140566 be more future in the relative relative
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00581-00140567-00140814 vulnerability of working with nature and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00582-00140815-00141078 valuing its variability than in the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00583-00141079-00141287 current resilience
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00584-00141288-00141502 based on fighting it
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00585-00141503-00141695 and that's my conclusion thank you very
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00586-00141696-00141807 much
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00587-00141808-00141902 um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00588-00141903-00142190 yeah the last slide shows the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00589-00142191-00142407 pastoralists turn availability into food
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00590-00142408-00142607 white paper that has just been produced
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00591-00142608-00142726 by celeb
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00592-00142727-00142831 and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00593-00142832-00143111 and of course the preacher in kenyatta
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00594-00143112-00143359 kenyatta university course on value
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00595-00143360-00143639 variability that is in preparation thank
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00596-00143640-00143847 you yeah thank you thank you very much
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00597-00143848-00144087 for keeping time
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00598-00144088-00144287 and um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00599-00144288-00144454 i
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00600-00144455-00144743 i'm thinking of what philemon said um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00601-00144744-00144959 posteriorly equals
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00602-00144960-00145119 mobility
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00603-00145120-00145383 so how variable are the dry lands we
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00604-00145384-00145702 want to look at a short video as you
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00605-00145703-00145975 digest what the very has talked about
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00606-00145976-00146223 this is a very short video of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00607-00146224-00146511 pastoralism is the future
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00608-00146512-00146959 and um as the video please take time to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00609-00146960-00147159 comment in the chat
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00610-00147160-00147343 so that we can come back to some of the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00611-00147344-00147502 issues
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00612-00147503-00147671 and um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00613-00147672-00147783 this is a
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00614-00147784-00148031 a three-minute video that will just show
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00615-00148032-00148126 us
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00616-00148127-00148407 what what is going on and um it is by
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00617-00148408-00149007 celeb thank you very much
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00618-00149008-00149295 on about 40 percent of land on earth
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00619-00149296-00149566 rainfall is highly unpredictable
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00620-00149567-00149823 where and when crops and pasture will be
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00621-00149824-00150102 able to grow can change from one year to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00622-00150103-00150239 the next
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00623-00150240-00150478 food production systems that depend on
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00624-00150479-00150759 predictability struggle to control these
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00625-00150760-00151031 natural environments even with costly
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00626-00151032-00151175 investments
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00627-00151176-00151454 this option was never truly sustainable
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00628-00151455-00151654 and with global climate change is
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00629-00151655-00151831 meeting its limits
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00630-00151832-00152063 but depending on predictability is a
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00631-00152064-00152159 choice
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00632-00152160-00152407 it does not need to be that way
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00633-00152408-00152639 highly variable natural environments
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00634-00152640-00152863 actually offer opportunities for food
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00635-00152864-00153143 production when producers specialize in
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00636-00153144-00153366 being in the right place at the right
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00637-00153367-00153526 time
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00638-00153527-00153799 pastoralists are such producers
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00639-00153800-00154031 they specialize in making sustainable
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00640-00154032-00154311 use of highly variable environments to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00641-00154312-00154478 produce food
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00642-00154479-00154663 by managing their animals grazing
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00643-00154664-00154871 itineraries to match the changing
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00644-00154872-00155111 opportunities in their landscape they
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00645-00155112-00155311 can keep their herds in a relatively
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00646-00155312-00155487 stable condition
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00647-00155488-00155719 they track beneficial combinations of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00648-00155720-00155999 forage plants and highest concentrations
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00649-00156000-00156159 of nutrients
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00650-00156160-00156359 this keeps their animals on the best
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00651-00156360-00156631 possible diet that only a variable
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00652-00156632-00156847 landscape can offer
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00653-00156848-00157031 when they have the freedom to move to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00654-00157032-00157295 the right place at the right time
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00655-00157296-00157566 pastoralists make sustainable use of the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00656-00157567-00157790 natural environment and produce
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00657-00157791-00158071 organically for domestic markets and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00658-00158072-00158223 export
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00659-00158224-00158447 conventional food production systems
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00660-00158448-00158735 that choose to depend on predictability
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00661-00158736-00159063 need to combat variability to control
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00662-00159064-00159278 the natural environment
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00663-00159279-00159487 with climate change the natural
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00664-00159488-00159695 environment is becoming even more
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00665-00159696-00159902 variable everywhere
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00666-00159903-00160247 this is now our common future
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00667-00160248-00160478 if we learn from pastoralists
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00668-00160479-00160775 environmental variability can become an
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00669-00160776-00160895 asset
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00670-00160896-00161126 they are walking the path to sustainable
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00671-00161127-00161407 food production systems in the face of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00672-00161408-00161575 climate change
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00673-00161576-00161807 by sustainably turning environmental
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00674-00161808-00162166 variability into food pastoralists are
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00675-00162167-00163471 already in the future
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00676-00163472-00163678 thank you very much i was
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00677-00163679-00163838 expecting to see
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00678-00163839-00164111 some comments in the chat
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00679-00164112-00164399 um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00680-00164400-00164726 regarding um the presentation on violin
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00681-00164727-00164878 variability
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00682-00164879-00165102 i thank you all maybe you are digesting
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00683-00165103-00165278 and will continue to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00684-00165279-00165463 bring some of these comments later as we
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00685-00165464-00165854 move on i'd like now to introduce our
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00686-00165855-00166159 second presenter dr fionangarachu
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00687-00166160-00166438 who are allowed to introduce herself
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00688-00166439-00166599 and she'll showcase some local
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00689-00166600-00166743 strategies
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00690-00166744-00167031 and production systems that would
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00691-00167032-00167238 would ideally be
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00692-00167239-00167463 part of um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00693-00167464-00167695 integrated into a climate resilient
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00694-00167696-00167990 system for wildling variability welcome
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00695-00167991-00168143 fiona
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00696-00168144-00168383 thank you very much prof
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00697-00168384-00168743 um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00698-00168744-00169023 thank you ali for sharing the slide so
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00699-00169024-00169247 as was mentioned i will be focusing on
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00700-00169248-00169566 illustrating violent variability
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00701-00169567-00169775 through various examples
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00702-00169776-00169990 next slide
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00703-00169991-00170166 so the focus this is an overview of my
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00704-00170167-00170375 presentation so i will start with
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00705-00170376-00170590 various examples with pastoralists and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00706-00170591-00170823 has been mentioned by the chart focusing
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00707-00170824-00171078 on mobility as a strategy but looking at
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00708-00171079-00171271 the various diverse ways different
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00709-00171272-00171454 countries have applied this across
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00710-00171455-00171607 different contexts
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00711-00171608-00171751 then we'll also have some examples
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00712-00171752-00171935 around crop farming which does happen in
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00713-00171936-00172143 the dry lands and the focus will be
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00714-00172144-00172366 quite a bit on moisture conservation
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00715-00172367-00172543 then i'll talk a little bit about how
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00716-00172544-00172759 through this brusher project building a
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00717-00172760-00172966 capacity for sustainable food and more
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00718-00172967-00173247 security in the dry lands of africa is
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00719-00173248-00173463 integrating viral variability and just a
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00720-00173464-00173702 quick conclusion in some useful links
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00721-00173703-00173895 next slide
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00722-00173896-00174175 so we'll be focusing on about five very
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00723-00174176-00174454 quick case studies uh first in wajir in
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00724-00174455-00174687 northeastern kenya in kichui in
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00725-00174688-00174935 southeastern kenya in north kordofan in
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00726-00174936-00175254 sudan as well as examples in malawi
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00727-00175255-00175583 ghana and uganda
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00728-00175584-00175766 and in uganda we'll focus on the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00729-00175767-00175911 karamoja
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00730-00175912-00176031 area
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00731-00176032-00176199 next slide
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00732-00176200-00176359 and next slide that's just the map of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00733-00176360-00176519 karamoja
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00734-00176520-00176759 so first and foremost is in
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00735-00176760-00176878 wajeer
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00736-00176879-00176975 and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00737-00176976-00177159 the first example that i am displaying
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00738-00177160-00177423 here is mobility linked to water
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00739-00177424-00177678 harvesting slash water conservation
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00740-00177679-00177790 and what you can see here in your
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00741-00177791-00177999 picture is a water plant which are very
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00742-00178000-00178159 common across the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00743-00178160-00178366 dryland areas especially in the north of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00744-00178367-00178631 kenya and this is just a small reservoir
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00745-00178632-00178911 that's created by excavating the open
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00746-00178912-00179151 ground as shallow as one meter as deep
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00747-00179152-00179343 as about three meters
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00748-00179344-00179438 um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00749-00179439-00179654 that's really used to collect the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00750-00179655-00179831 water collect and store the surface
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00751-00179832-00180014 runoff during the rainy seasons which
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00752-00180015-00180135 can be quite
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00753-00180136-00180359 um significant especially with flash
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00754-00180360-00180463 flooding
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00755-00180464-00180683 etc and this is mainly used by the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00756-00180684-00180911 pastoralists to stretch the rainy season
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00757-00180912-00181119 and in combination with mobility so
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00758-00181120-00181287 moving from different water plants to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00759-00181288-00181478 different water plants it works with the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00760-00181479-00181751 variability in rainfall and the dynamics
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00761-00181752-00181902 between the dry season and the wet
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00762-00181903-00182151 season to provide water for their
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00763-00182152-00182351 livestock and you can see there in the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00764-00182352-00182495 picture right in the distance there's
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00765-00182496-00182671 some goats that are
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00766-00182672-00182887 getting some water and as well as some
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00767-00182888-00183078 households they're accessing this
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00768-00183079-00183599 particular water next slide
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00769-00183600-00183799 and the next example uh moving from
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00770-00183800-00184119 majira into uh uganda country in east
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00771-00184120-00184278 africa another country
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00772-00184279-00184631 is on um different aspects of mobility
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00773-00184632-00184766 so you can see a picture there of a
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00774-00184767-00185007 pastoralist you know coming into new
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00775-00185008-00185335 lush landscape with his cattle and that
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00776-00185336-00185519 there's different ways that mobility can
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00777-00185520-00185783 be used by pastoralists to adapt to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00778-00185784-00186119 variability so one of the first ways is
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00779-00186120-00186366 mobility we think a lot of times i think
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00780-00186367-00186543 of mobility as occurring during the dry
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00781-00186544-00186702 season that's kind of the traditional
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00782-00186703-00186902 mobility that during the dry season
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00783-00186903-00187095 pastoralists will move from water point
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00784-00187096-00187247 to water point of grazing land to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00785-00187248-00187471 grazing land um for their cattle but
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00786-00187472-00187654 this is a bit of a counter argument that
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00787-00187655-00187847 mobility can be used
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00788-00187848-00188014 with the kind of variable distribution
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00789-00188015-00188278 in different pastures and water in time
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00790-00188279-00188423 and space
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00791-00188424-00188638 during the rainy season as a proactive
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00792-00188639-00188838 strategy so not a coping mechanism but a
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00793-00188839-00188983 proactive strategy
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00794-00188984-00189199 so this is where they move from pasture
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00795-00189200-00189487 to pasture during the rainy season
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00796-00189488-00189647 to get their cattle fed and get them
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00797-00189648-00189847 flattened and be able to sell them at
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00798-00189848-00190126 the market at the highest price possible
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00799-00190127-00190326 you can also think of mobility in terms
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00800-00190327-00190566 of market access and here we have two
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00801-00190567-00190838 examples one in niger and one in uganda
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00802-00190839-00191071 so for the nigeria example we have
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00803-00191072-00191231 pastoralists who
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00804-00191232-00191407 have really perfected a system that
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00805-00191408-00191702 allows them to sell their livestock move
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00806-00191703-00191911 their livestock to different markets to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00807-00191912-00192087 certain markets at certain times of the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00808-00192088-00192302 year when the prices are the highest and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00809-00192303-00192511 to be able to sell their cattle at those
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00810-00192512-00192783 particular markets now once this is done
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00811-00192784-00192959 they're not only selling their cattle
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00812-00192960-00193126 they also need to buy you know grain
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00813-00193127-00193326 food stuff etc they don't necessarily
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00814-00193327-00193495 buy them at those same markets so
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00815-00193496-00193711 through technological innovations such
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00816-00193712-00193935 as mobile money transfers they're able
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00817-00193936-00194135 to transfer this income earned from the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00818-00194136-00194343 sale of their cattle to other discount
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00819-00194344-00194550 markets to buy grain
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00820-00194551-00194719 which is maybe cheaper than the original
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00821-00194720-00194895 market right they are selling from and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00822-00194896-00195102 therefore they can maximize um you know
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00823-00195103-00195287 the variability and this viability not
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00824-00195288-00195390 only in
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00825-00195391-00195671 i mean precipitation but also in trade
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00826-00195672-00195895 to their particular advantage and for
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00827-00195896-00196166 the uganda example um you know mobility
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00828-00196167-00196414 is applied in the karamoja region uh to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00829-00196415-00196654 enhance the market access
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00830-00196655-00196887 uh so mobility in the rainy season
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00831-00196888-00197038 supports basically you know the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00832-00197039-00197238 fattening of the cattle so that they're
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00833-00197239-00197454 providing a more valuable commodity and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00834-00197455-00197623 marketing
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00835-00197624-00197838 this animal in the various markets and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00836-00197839-00198078 this is also supported by
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00837-00198079-00198271 both technology technological
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00838-00198272-00198502 innovations in the mobile systems and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00839-00198503-00198726 also scouting to track similar to the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00840-00198727-00199007 nigeria case study different locations
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00841-00199008-00199231 where the market prices might be best
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00842-00199232-00199431 this is also used to track for example
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00843-00199432-00199695 where grasses may be salty or where the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00844-00199696-00199902 the grazing lands are more secure and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00845-00199903-00200119 these are all forms of how our pastoral
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00846-00200120-00200350 mobility can be used in very diverse
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00847-00200351-00200647 ways next slide
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00848-00200648-00200783 so from
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00849-00200784-00201119 uganda we move to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00850-00201120-00201383 uh south kordofan and south sudan
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00851-00201384-00201654 and this is a case study of the portable
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00852-00201655-00201847 water bladders
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00853-00201848-00202166 so previous assumptions state that
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00854-00202167-00202359 you know or to more traditional ways of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00855-00202360-00202559 thinking of water in the dry lands so
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00856-00202560-00202695 that you know water has to be found
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00857-00202696-00202871 locally it has to be fixed it has to be
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00858-00202872-00203054 permanent it has to be a boho all those
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00859-00203055-00203287 are useful yes but in this particular
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00860-00203288-00203487 innovation part of the problem in this
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00861-00203488-00203814 area was that um the settlements around
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00862-00203815-00204047 the water points or that kind of access
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00863-00204048-00204263 at the water points with large herds and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00864-00204264-00204423 large number of people wanting that
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00865-00204424-00204663 particular access was leading to land uh
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00866-00204664-00205014 degradation so the solution that um the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00867-00205015-00205294 innovation that was proposed was that we
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00868-00205296-00205479 can use you can see that picture that is
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00869-00205480-00205679 a water a portable water bladder it's
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00870-00205680-00205919 just that it's this
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00871-00205919-00206175 um unit that can fill up with quite a
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00872-00206176-00206319 lot of liters of water and be
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00873-00206319-00206551 transported on something as simple as a
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00874-00206552-00206710 camel to a truck
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00875-00206711-00207006 to the areas where the pastoralists are
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00876-00207007-00207358 so in this way we are um you know not
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00877-00207359-00207575 not not basically confining the past
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00878-00207576-00207742 particular water points and kind of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00879-00207744-00207958 leading to land degradation but we are
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00880-00207959-00208182 matching a variable process which are
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00881-00208183-00208382 the bladders that's the variable process
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00882-00208383-00208558 to the variable input in terms of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00883-00208559-00208806 rainfall slash access to water and this
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00884-00208807-00209006 is what severe was talking about in his
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00885-00209007-00209358 introduction to the concept uh next
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00886-00209359-00209631 slide
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00887-00209632-00209942 so this is what i've discussed um before
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00888-00209944-00210087 and this is the course that i wanted to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00889-00210088-00210310 read out from the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00890-00210311-00210551 article standing wealth 2013 that
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00891-00210552-00210775 portable water points such as the water
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00892-00210776-00210998 bladders much access to water with
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00893-00211000-00211231 selective and transient use of pasture
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00894-00211232-00211639 made possible by strategic mobility
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00895-00211640-00211951 next slide
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00896-00211952-00212239 so now we are done with the postural
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00897-00212240-00212446 examples and we're looking forward to a
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00898-00212448-00212615 lot more discussion of these and other
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00899-00212616-00212782 examples during the breakout discussion
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00900-00212783-00212991 group so keep the chat going and keep
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00901-00212992-00213231 these in mind now we're moving now to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00902-00213232-00213487 tituli in kenya a semi-arid area where
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00903-00213488-00213671 uh where a lot of agriculture takes
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00904-00213671-00213831 place rather than
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00905-00213832-00214031 pastoralism and small-scale livestock
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00906-00214032-00214134 keeping
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00907-00214135-00214406 so on your left there is a picture of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00908-00214407-00214623 road water harvesting
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00909-00214623-00214806 which is one of the innovations that has
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00910-00214807-00214927 been used
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00911-00214928-00215158 to cope with the variable rainfall in
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00912-00215159-00215271 t2e
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00913-00215271-00215575 i was there in 2019
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00914-00215576-00215663 and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00915-00215664-00215831 during some interviews what i found
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00916-00215832-00216055 interesting was when asking the farmers
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00917-00216056-00216198 whether rainfall has increased or
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00918-00216200-00216358 decreased in the last 10 years quite a
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00919-00216359-00216582 significant number of them talked about
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00920-00216583-00216775 it increasing but over a shorter period
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00921-00216776-00217063 of time so leading to flash floods and a
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00922-00217064-00217271 lot of waste of water so this was one of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00923-00217271-00217519 the innovations um in terms of digging
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00924-00217519-00217710 culverts around the road systems because
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00925-00217711-00217846 the road systems are very good with
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00926-00217848-00218087 channeling water from the higher areas
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00927-00218088-00218358 especially when there's high rainfall to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00928-00218359-00218558 the lower lying areas where the farms
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00929-00218559-00218767 are and using these channels and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00930-00218767-00219006 culverts within the farms through water
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00931-00219007-00219263 ponds zypits and channels to conserve
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00932-00219264-00219527 that water for farm use and sometimes
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00933-00219528-00219679 yes domestic
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00934-00219680-00219798 use
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00935-00219800-00219942 and the picture
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00936-00219944-00220198 on the right is uh sundance and river
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00937-00220200-00220398 wells also in kitui
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00938-00220400-00220623 and this is an innovation that's used in
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00939-00220623-00220791 seasonal rivers in the area these are
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00940-00220792-00220998 rivers that flow for about six three to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00941-00221000-00221223 six months during the year
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00942-00221223-00221567 and um what is used is the natural sand
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00943-00221567-00221734 that's located within the river you can
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00944-00221735-00221982 see here at the back the high river bank
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00945-00221983-00222271 and what this is used is during the wet
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00946-00222271-00222487 season to channel water into these you
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00947-00222488-00222631 see here the lady fetching from the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00948-00222632-00222903 lower area this is a natural dam or
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00949-00222904-00223063 river well
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00950-00223064-00223303 and using very basic tools and not that
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00951-00223304-00223519 much money simply labor they can be able
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00952-00223519-00223671 to dig out these wells within the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00953-00223671-00223887 seasonal rivers and as i said before
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00954-00223888-00224127 with the water example stretch the rainy
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00955-00224128-00224367 season a little bit longer and use those
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00956-00224367-00224575 water again for agriculture and in this
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00957-00224576-00224879 particular case for domestic
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00958-00224880-00224991 use
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00959-00224992-00225271 next slide
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00960-00225271-00225598 so next example takes us a bit south to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00961-00225600-00225719 malawi
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00962-00225719-00226023 and this is um among
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00963-00226023-00226303 agroforestry um innovations that i know
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00964-00226304-00226479 a lot of us have probably more
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00965-00226480-00226639 experience and more detail in and will
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00966-00226640-00226791 look forward to getting that in the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00967-00226792-00227006 breakout groups so this is traditional
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00968-00227007-00227182 aqua forestry using a specific
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00969-00227183-00227510 indigenous tree located in malawi
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00970-00227511-00227615 that
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00971-00227616-00227879 grows its leaves in the dry season quite
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00972-00227880-00228079 nicely and that provides you know fodder
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00973-00228080-00228206 for livestock
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00974-00228207-00228375 but in the wet season you can see here
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00975-00228376-00228694 it's planted within a maze field
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00976-00228696-00228855 and the leaves actually drop in the wet
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00977-00228856-00229103 season not the dry season and provide
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00978-00229104-00229319 mulch and um cover
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00979-00229319-00229519 for conserving the moisture within the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00980-00229519-00229703 soil and again stretching that water and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00981-00229704-00229894 stretching that rain with season for a
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00982-00229896-00230215 better crop within the dry lands next
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00983-00230216-00230703 slide
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00984-00230704-00230942 um the next example is also on soil
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00985-00230944-00231119 moisture conservation but this we're
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00986-00231119-00231342 going to west africa and focusing on
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00987-00231344-00231567 ghana this is a picture my colleague
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00988-00231567-00231751 took of a
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00989-00231752-00231951 farm in ghana and you can't really see
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00990-00231952-00232142 but if you squint a little bit you can
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00991-00232144-00232334 see that there's stones that have been
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00992-00232335-00232567 placed this is the field an actual field
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00993-00232567-00232798 where seeds have been planted it looks
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00994-00232800-00232982 kind of bare and desolate but that's not
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00995-00232983-00233239 actually what it is so those stones do
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00996-00233240-00233423 have a purpose and this is called stone
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00997-00233423-00233671 bonding and this is the talesie region
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00998-00233671-00233910 upper east region in ghana and what this
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-00999-00233911-00234127 does is farmers strategically place
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01000-00234128-00234319 stones in their fields and these are not
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01001-00234319-00234487 boulders or rocks necessarily but small
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01002-00234488-00234687 stones that are available within the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01003-00234688-00234951 landscape and this is really going
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01004-00234952-00235134 much more into the micro level than the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01005-00235135-00235327 macro level of soil and water
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01006-00235328-00235575 conservation and what these stones do is
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01007-00235576-00235782 direct moisture
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01008-00235783-00236015 to from rainfall for example to the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01009-00236016-00236255 plants underneath and also provide cover
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01010-00236256-00236439 for the moisture conservation and allow
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01011-00236440-00236663 the plants to be able to again stretch
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01012-00236664-00236855 the rain and be able to use that
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01013-00236856-00237215 moisture throughout the rainy season
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01014-00237216-00237591 uh next slide
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01015-00237592-00237798 so those are the examples that we had
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01016-00237800-00237951 for you today and i know there are many
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01017-00237952-00238223 many more that we can further discuss
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01018-00238223-00238646 and so one of the ways that we are now
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01019-00238648-00238798 integrating this concept of violent
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01020-00238800-00239046 variability within this specific brecha
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01021-00239048-00239334 project as a very very quickly mentioned
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01022-00239335-00239567 is developing curriculums at various
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01023-00239567-00239831 levels at kenyatta university and one of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01024-00239832-00240023 the first ways we're doing this is by
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01025-00240023-00240231 reviewing the current course offerings
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01026-00240232-00240415 that teach or talk about the drylands
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01027-00240416-00240687 for example at ku we have an asa course
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01028-00240688-00240967 asal meaning arid and semi-arid lands at
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01029-00240967-00241182 the undergraduate level and also similar
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01030-00241183-00241415 courses at postgraduate level so at this
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01031-00241416-00241598 undergraduate level we are really
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01032-00241600-00241791 looking at what we teach about the dry
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01033-00241792-00241967 lands through the lens of value
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01034-00241967-00242239 variability to be able to start so to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01035-00242240-00242367 speak right from the beginning with
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01036-00242367-00242527 these students who are going to go out
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01037-00242528-00242694 there and be you know the future offices
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01038-00242696-00242879 policy makers etc
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01039-00242880-00242958 and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01040-00242959-00243103 currently right now we are also
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01041-00243104-00243327 developing a short course
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01042-00243328-00243558 specifically targeted at current policy
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01043-00243559-00243751 makers to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01044-00243752-00243863 both
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01045-00243864-00244006 look at what the current thinking is
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01046-00244007-00244215 about around dry lands and also try to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01047-00244216-00244455 integrate and internalize this concept
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01048-00244456-00244687 of modern variability um within their
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01049-00244688-00244855 work and how they can actually integrate
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01050-00244856-00245151 it in policy and practice
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01051-00245152-00245519 and as i conclude i repeat again that
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01052-00245519-00245727 this is really more about i'm sorry
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01053-00245728-00245919 thank you next slide this is more about
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01054-00245919-00246134 introducing variability in the processes
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01055-00246135-00246375 to match the variability in the outputs
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01056-00246376-00246598 and by doing that we can unlock
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01057-00246600-00246815 opportunities again as was talked about
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01058-00246816-00246942 in the video and in severe's
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01059-00246944-00247191 presentation that are inherent already
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01060-00247192-00247327 to the existing environmental
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01061-00247328-00247542 variability that has been there it's not
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01062-00247544-00247751 a recent phenomenon this is how
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01063-00247752-00247903 communities have been traditionally
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01064-00247904-00248119 dealing with it and going on to my next
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01065-00248119-00248263 point that really needs to start from
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01066-00248264-00248527 the local people and opportunities need
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01067-00248528-00248710 to be seen at the micro scale as well
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01068-00248711-00248846 and not only kind of focusing on the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01069-00248848-00249030 bigger picture macro scale
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01070-00249031-00249230 and i know in the next presentation uh
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01071-00249231-00249430 my colleague ahmed will be kind of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01072-00249431-00249646 trying to see how we can you know use
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01073-00249648-00249958 this viability or embed it within policy
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01074-00249959-00250223 so the last slide is just a list of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01075-00250223-00250351 links
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01076-00250352-00250471 uh to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01077-00250471-00250646 literature and as well as the standing
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01078-00250648-00250751 wealth
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01079-00250752-00250951 article that i referenced thank you very
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01080-00250952-00251142 much
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01081-00251144-00251487 yeah thank you very much fiona and um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01082-00251488-00251830 i wish to draw attention also to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01083-00251831-00252151 um the link to the celeb paper
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01084-00252152-00252351 in the chart and also
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01085-00252352-00252598 the documentary on green energy which
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01086-00252600-00252710 has been
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01087-00252711-00252942 also indicated in the chart
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01088-00252944-00253119 philomon thank you i have seen your
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01089-00253119-00253398 question on what are the macro is in
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01090-00253400-00253703 this these incentives to investing in
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01091-00253704-00253982 variability based systems we'll come
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01092-00253983-00254215 back to that later and there are many
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01093-00254216-00254439 more uh links that have just been given
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01094-00254440-00254598 by fiona
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01095-00254600-00254742 angarachu
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01096-00254744-00255015 i had told her to introduce herself and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01097-00255016-00255151 she did not
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01098-00255152-00255406 uh dr fionangarachu is a
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01099-00255407-00255582 research fellow in the department of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01100-00255583-00255806 geographic kenyatta university
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01101-00255807-00256023 working on the bresha project
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01102-00256023-00256142 so
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01103-00256144-00256310 we want to invite you to another short
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01104-00256311-00256471 video as you
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01105-00256471-00256734 um digest and look at the exam think
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01106-00256735-00256910 about the examples
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01107-00256911-00257230 as fiona said many of us in this
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01108-00257231-00257375 meeting right now
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01109-00257376-00257582 have so many other examples that we can
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01110-00257583-00257703 share
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01111-00257704-00257855 on um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01112-00257856-00258030 things that are currently going on being
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01113-00258031-00258175 integrated
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01114-00258176-00258471 in moving towards a clari resilient dry
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01115-00258471-00258751 land so feel free to also share links
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01116-00258752-00259071 and other resources in the chat so we'll
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01117-00259071-00259310 have another short video
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01118-00259311-00259534 on the international year of the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01119-00259535-00259671 rangelands
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01120-00259671-00259798 as we
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01121-00259800-00260030 think about just the examples that we've
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01122-00260031-00260678 looked at welcome
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01123-00260679-00262434 [Music]
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01124-00262435-00264154 [Music]
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01125-00264155-00265378 [Music]
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01126-00265379-00265545 [Applause]
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01127-00265546-00266442 [Music]
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01128-00266443-00266984 [Applause]
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01129-00266985-00267190 [Music]
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01130-00267191-00268888 [Applause]
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01131-00268889-00269830 [Music]
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01132-00269831-00271292 [Music]
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01133-00271293-00272046 [Music]
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01134-00272047-00273379 [Music]
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01135-00273380-00275663 [Music]
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01136-00275664-00275863 thank you very much
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01137-00275864-00276158 i now would like to invite you to our
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01138-00276159-00276367 third presentation
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01139-00276368-00276615 um dr gilbert i've also taken note of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01140-00276616-00276767 your question
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01141-00276768-00276895 and um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01142-00276896-00277103 on how will the effects of changing
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01143-00277104-00277279 lantern systems
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01144-00277280-00277606 be absorbed by pastoralism that we shall
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01145-00277607-00277934 discuss later but not like to invite
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01146-00277935-00278351 muhammad ibrahim who is the ceo of aldeh
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01147-00278352-00278582 to make his presentation
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01148-00278583-00278910 i will also invite him to say um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01149-00278911-00279143 something further about himself
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01150-00279144-00279327 but he'll be looking at lessons from
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01151-00279328-00279606 implementing that evolve climate finance
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01152-00279607-00279727 mechanism
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01153-00279728-00279943 in the dry lands of kenya tanzania
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01154-00279944-00280175 senegal and mali
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01155-00280176-00280415 welcome muhammad
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01156-00280416-00280710 thank you very much
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01157-00280711-00280903 i said uh
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01158-00280904-00281039 well by
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01159-00281040-00281251 joey
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01160-00281252-00281447 [Music]
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01161-00281448-00281751 been working in the thailand's
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01162-00281752-00281847 region
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01163-00281848-00282095 and the home of africa for the last 30
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01164-00282096-00282334 or so years
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01165-00282335-00282510 across different
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01166-00282511-00282671 as a consultant
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01167-00282672-00282910 as an employee of the government as a
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01168-00282911-00283087 civil servant
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01169-00283088-00283263 working with ian use
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01170-00283264-00283495 and also now
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01171-00283496-00283855 localized with the national engineers
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01172-00283856-00284151 as well as
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01173-00284152-00284343 the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01174-00284344-00284454 convener
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01175-00284455-00284671 of the asl network
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01176-00284672-00284903 recently since 2019
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01177-00284904-00285079 that's trying to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01178-00285080-00285430 do a
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01179-00285431-00285703 demand-driven approach to dealing with
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01180-00285704-00285934 policy and practice
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01181-00285935-00286447 in things related to ourselves
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01182-00286448-00286551 so
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01183-00286552-00286703 i'll take you through
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01184-00286704-00286919 my presentation
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01185-00286920-00287047 for today
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01186-00287048-00287319 and the lessons are said on climate
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01187-00287320-00287527 finance mechanisms
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01188-00287528-00287863 in kenya tanzania senegal and mali
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01189-00287864-00288054 these
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01190-00288055-00288254 programs have really
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01191-00288255-00288358 been
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01192-00288359-00288623 embedded in legislation
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01193-00288624-00288775 institutionalized
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01194-00288776-00288999 such that then
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01195-00289000-00289175 it works forward
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01196-00289176-00289367 to the next level
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01197-00289368-00289575 of how developed climate finance can
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01198-00289576-00289687 trickle down
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01199-00289688-00289919 from global level
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01200-00289920-00290287 in national level and as well as now
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01201-00290288-00290495 some national level we are further
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01202-00290496-00290806 looking at it with structures going down
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01203-00290807-00290943 at ground
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01204-00290944-00291215 uh world level in kenya i'll try and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01205-00291216-00291463 explain what that means as we go through
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01206-00291464-00291910 the slides
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01207-00291911-00292271 the devolved climates finance mechanism
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01208-00292272-00292575 basically in these five counties is what
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01209-00292576-00292719 i'll touch on
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01210-00292720-00292887 which is
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01211-00292888-00293110 given in the diagram on the right
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01212-00293111-00293279 as how it flows
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01213-00293280-00293391 however
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01214-00293392-00293647 in kenya the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01215-00293648-00293919 dcf mechanism
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01216-00293920-00294310 was done under the stock class
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01217-00294311-00294454 [Music]
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01218-00294455-00294599 plus
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01219-00294600-00294887 stock plus and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01220-00294888-00295006 stock
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01221-00295007-00295247 funded by defeat
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01222-00295248-00295391 as well as
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01223-00295392-00295671 cedar and the world bank
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01224-00295672-00296030 under the adaptation consortium
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01225-00296031-00296263 which is housed on the national drought
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01226-00296264-00296567 management authority
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01227-00296568-00296887 it contains the consortium contains a
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01228-00296888-00297119 number of local partners working at the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01229-00297120-00297310 county levels
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01230-00297311-00297454 which are five
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01231-00297455-00297775 counties in kenya
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01232-00297776-00297951 as well as
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01233-00297952-00298247 kenya metro meteorological department
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01234-00298248-00298615 christian aid double ied
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01235-00298616-00298871 and previously included resource
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01236-00298872-00299047 advocacy project
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01237-00299048-00299319 program as well as uk met office
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01238-00299320-00299830 this program ran from 2011.
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01239-00299831-00300071 in tanzania
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01240-00300072-00300406 the dcf consortium
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01241-00300407-00300719 is chaired by the president's office for
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01242-00300720-00300943 regional and local government
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01243-00300944-00301303 and was implemented in three districts
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01244-00301304-00301606 funding ran from 2014 to 2018
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01245-00301607-00301806 was under the tanzania climate change
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01246-00301807-00302054 institutional strengthening program
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01247-00302055-00302215 funded and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01248-00302216-00302482 that was followed by an aim for
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01249-00302483-00302654 resilience
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01250-00302655-00302910 the consortium partnered
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01251-00302911-00303087 with the un
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01252-00303088-00303343 capital development fund
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01253-00303344-00303487 local climate
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01254-00303488-00303767 adaptive living program
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01255-00303768-00304006 to form the local
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01256-00304007-00304151 cfi
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01257-00304152-00304358 mechanism which is the climate finance
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01258-00304359-00304679 initiative in mali and senegal
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01259-00304680-00305030 that the dcf project was implemented in
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01260-00305031-00305167 the regions of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01261-00305168-00305430 mokti in mali
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01262-00305431-00305654 and covering in
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01263-00305655-00305782 senegal
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01264-00305783-00306110 the funding ran from 2015 to 2019
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01265-00306111-00306375 from uk 8 under the based program
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01266-00306376-00306582 building resilience and adapt
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01267-00306583-00306815 adaptation to climate extremes and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01268-00306816-00307030 disaster
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01269-00307031-00307287 and also braised eggs that followed in
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01270-00307288-00307510 the consortium was led by near east
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01271-00307511-00307703 foundation with the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01272-00307704-00307871 innovative
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01273-00307872-00308454 environment and development in africa
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01274-00308455-00308743 as you can see now in the diagram right
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01275-00308744-00309015 the climate change funds and the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01276-00309016-00309279 circles that are in blue
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01277-00309280-00309375 give
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01278-00309376-00309647 how the flow of funds happen
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01279-00309648-00309967 which later we'll discuss a little bit
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01280-00309968-00310358 around the cuff which is the climate
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01281-00310359-00310687 fund which is called the dcf
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01282-00310688-00311039 and how decisions are really made within
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01283-00311040-00311199 these structures
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01284-00311200-00311279 which
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01285-00311280-00311479 in the end go to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01286-00311480-00311695 public investment
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01287-00311696-00311815 goods
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01288-00311816-00312030 these are prioritized
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01289-00312031-00312223 together with
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01290-00312224-00312551 local communities who are elected from a
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01291-00312552-00312767 grassroots approach
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01292-00312768-00313071 and proposals
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01293-00313072-00313182 flow
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01294-00313183-00313415 to the local government
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01295-00313416-00313647 and administrative
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01296-00313648-00313903 and technical sectors
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01297-00313904-00314079 based on the needs and priorities that
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01298-00314080-00314454 come from the communities
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01299-00314455-00314806 so in essence the calf has
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01300-00314807-00315095 in kenya a bit different now but
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01301-00315096-00315334 initially started off with a 90 percent
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01302-00315335-00315575 of the funding going to do the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01303-00315576-00315687 investments
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01304-00315688-00315863 and 10 percent to cover the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01305-00315864-00316158 administrative costs but in kenya
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01306-00316159-00316343 through looking at the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01307-00316344-00316671 pfm act the public finance management
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01308-00316672-00316943 act then it only allows three percent
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01309-00316944-00317191 for administrative so 97
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01310-00317192-00317423 goes into investments
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01311-00317424-00317799 next
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01312-00317800-00317958 so this
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01313-00317959-00318303 devolved climate finance mechanisms
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01314-00318304-00318567 are five key principles
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01315-00318568-00318791 which i had said from a community-led
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01316-00318792-00318943 planning model
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01317-00318944-00319079 where their
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01318-00319080-00319223 experiences and knowledge and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01319-00319224-00319479 institutions
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01320-00319480-00319615 of climate
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01321-00319616-00319806 managing climate variability and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01322-00319807-00320175 extremes is maximized on
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01323-00320176-00320430 we have an on this uncut
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01324-00320431-00320719 in a way that it's supportive and within
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01325-00320720-00320863 a devolved
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01326-00320864-00321158 system for example in kenya
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01327-00321159-00321382 we are talking about devolution in the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01328-00321383-00321630 2010 constitution
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01329-00321631-00321854 that created 47
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01330-00321855-00322079 sub-national level governments which are
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01331-00322080-00322327 called now the devolved units
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01332-00322328-00322599 and that is how it is anchored in
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01333-00322600-00322767 so the approach allows most of the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01334-00322768-00323087 knowledge and experiences that
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01335-00323088-00323254 are the decisions where the government
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01336-00323255-00323406 institutions working alongside the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01337-00323407-00323703 institutions that are customary
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01338-00323704-00323943 and builds and adds on
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01339-00323944-00324295 to the existing structures
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01340-00324296-00324423 this
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01341-00324424-00324647 dcf also has a social inclusion of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01342-00324648-00324791 climate variable
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01343-00324792-00324934 people
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01344-00324935-00325095 and creates
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01345-00325096-00325279 structures that
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01346-00325280-00325582 that address the power power
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01347-00325583-00325775 balance and dynamics of decision making
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01348-00325776-00325910 between the stakeholders that the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01349-00325911-00326191 different levels of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01350-00326192-00326471 the planning system looking at the dcf
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01351-00326472-00326639 where you have the world planning
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01352-00326640-00326887 committees then you have the county
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01353-00326888-00327095 planning structures
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01354-00327096-00327358 then each of those different levels have
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01355-00327359-00327678 different stakeholders in it
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01356-00327679-00327910 the mechanism also is very flexible and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01357-00327911-00328078 adaptive
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01358-00328079-00328391 management is used because it is
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01359-00328392-00328647 responsive to the local realities and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01360-00328648-00328847 changing conditions so the priorities
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01361-00328848-00328958 that come
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01362-00328959-00329175 and whatever the knowledge
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01363-00329176-00329406 is coming from the communities
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01364-00329407-00329654 informs
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01365-00329655-00329919 the needs and how the investments are
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01366-00329920-00330134 really prioritized
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01367-00330135-00330575 it emphasizes on public goods investment
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01368-00330576-00330751 these public goods investments that
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01369-00330752-00331063 build on the current production system
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01370-00331064-00331278 also adaptive systems that
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01371-00331279-00331495 adoption systems which the people are
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01372-00331496-00331639 using
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01373-00331640-00331734 which
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01374-00331735-00332078 account for better community dependency
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01375-00332079-00332287 on their common resources reinforce
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01376-00332288-00332639 reinforces need
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01377-00332640-00332958 and to anchor the community priorities
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01378-00332959-00333143 in the existing and high level
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01379-00333144-00333375 government planning so the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01380-00333376-00333543 are on the right
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01381-00333544-00333975 so we have the climate change fund
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01382-00333976-00334143 then we have the climate change planning
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01383-00334144-00334310 committees
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01384-00334311-00334615 we have the climate information services
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01385-00334616-00334871 and participatory planning tools
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01386-00334872-00335103 and then we have an m e
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01387-00335104-00335295 of resilience building
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01388-00335296-00335454 these are the four key components which
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01389-00335455-00335958 we'll discuss in the next slide
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01390-00335959-00336247 and these four mechanisms are uncut
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01391-00336248-00336671 within the mechanism the ccf mechanism
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01392-00336672-00336910 such that
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01393-00336911-00337239 this
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01394-00337240-00337487 ccf mechanism has
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01395-00337488-00337839 to work within a certain set of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01396-00337840-00338047 operational features in order now to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01397-00338048-00338351 enhance climate release resiliency in
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01398-00338352-00338495 the dry lands
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01399-00338496-00338863 so local governments
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01400-00338864-00339247 support what community have identified
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01401-00339248-00339463 okay so that then we can be able to get
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01402-00339464-00339782 the sustainable benefits to the people
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01403-00339783-00339958 and then we have some kind of a
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01404-00339959-00340134 transformative
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01405-00340135-00340278 adaptation
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01406-00340279-00340567 so the key operational features include
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01407-00340568-00340727 that
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01408-00340728-00340895 the resources that we are talking about
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01409-00340896-00341087 70 percent
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01410-00341088-00341351 goes to the lowest level
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01411-00341352-00341487 where
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01412-00341488-00341719 here in kenya for example we are calling
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01413-00341720-00342071 it the word level
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01414-00342072-00342263 so this fund
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01415-00342264-00342543 responds to the community priorities and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01416-00342544-00342854 specificities of the local context
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01417-00342855-00343151 within the highly hassle
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01418-00343152-00343399 variable
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01419-00343400-00343575 ecosystem
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01420-00343576-00343710 so
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01421-00343711-00343943 in this instance what normally happens
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01422-00343944-00344151 which will check in how the processes of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01423-00344152-00344382 identifying these priority needs really
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01424-00344383-00344527 come into being
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01425-00344528-00344775 then 70 percent of that resources which
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01426-00344776-00344991 we are talking about 9-7
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01427-00344992-00345175 goes into it
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01428-00345176-00345406 secondly it strengthens the community
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01429-00345407-00345527 control and choices of the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01430-00345528-00345751 implementation of the investment
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01431-00345752-00345975 where in the hustle
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01432-00345976-00346127 context now
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01433-00346128-00346351 the communities identify a certain kind
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01434-00346352-00346510 of public good
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01435-00346511-00346727 or a social services
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01436-00346728-00346895 which now
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01437-00346896-00347078 is within the boundaries of where they
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01438-00347079-00347271 are and where
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01439-00347272-00347543 the kind of priorities fall
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01440-00347544-00347654 across
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01441-00347655-00347830 the same for different
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01442-00347831-00348151 words then an entire world process
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01443-00348152-00348391 normally happens
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01444-00348392-00348591 it encourages more effective and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01445-00348592-00348806 participatory and inclusive kind of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01446-00348807-00348975 planning process
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01447-00348976-00349223 where communities prioritize
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01448-00349224-00349343 do a
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01449-00349344-00349478 normal
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01450-00349479-00349654 you have two minutes
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01451-00349655-00349967 you have two minutes yes yes thank you
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01452-00349968-00350039 so
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01453-00350040-00350358 this priorities are normally
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01454-00350359-00350527 privatized and then the communities are
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01455-00350528-00350799 able to say if it's water if it is any
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01456-00350800-00350943 kind of other response then the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01457-00350944-00351158 technical department's input can we get
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01458-00351159-00351482 to the next
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01459-00351483-00351903 list next slide so in this context where
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01460-00351904-00352110 there is a lot of other
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01461-00352111-00352271 major problems in the arid lands which
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01462-00352272-00352358 you know
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01463-00352359-00352678 marginalization and droughts plus a
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01464-00352679-00352895 number of things that is within those
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01465-00352896-00353134 kinds of context then
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01466-00353135-00353319 we need to really deal with this and how
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01467-00353320-00353543 we do it is through an entire kind of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01468-00353544-00353823 approach which is capacity building cis
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01469-00353824-00354151 processes a gender representation
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01470-00354152-00354278 of the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01471-00354279-00354495 of these different level committees a
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01472-00354496-00354678 public goods investment
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01473-00354679-00354887 and then the resilience planning tools
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01474-00354888-00355134 include seasonal calendars a resource
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01475-00355135-00355215 map
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01476-00355216-00355447 and this really helps to really
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01477-00355448-00355543 create
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01478-00355544-00355703 that balance that we are looking for
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01479-00355704-00356351 next
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01480-00356352-00356582 next slide please so you can see as an
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01481-00356583-00356703 example
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01482-00356704-00357206 this is a pan which was talked about by
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01483-00357207-00357399 the presenter before me
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01484-00357400-00357687 what really happens in that kind of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01485-00357688-00357903 fun it is in that kind of state and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01486-00357904-00358071 after the communities have prioritized
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01487-00358072-00358303 the investment resources have been
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01488-00358304-00358471 released through a service provider
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01489-00358472-00358671 model because they cannot directly be
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01490-00358672-00358758 given
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01491-00358759-00358958 to the committee themselves the service
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01492-00358959-00359247 provider is monitored and then it ends
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01493-00359248-00359447 in
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01494-00359448-00359599 the one on the right
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01495-00359600-00359671 end
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01496-00359672-00359975 is after you conserve that water then
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01497-00359976-00360271 you are able to get those kinds of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01498-00360272-00360478 water cures which the women are able to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01499-00360479-00360599 get clean
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01500-00360600-00360895 water the second one in between
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01501-00360896-00361127 is more about using
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01502-00361128-00361351 as well the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01503-00361352-00361454 solar
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01504-00361455-00361743 systems on the boreholes and really
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01505-00361744-00362015 helps to be able to deal with climate
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01506-00362016-00362334 variability but in my conclusion to this
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01507-00362335-00362471 presentation
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01508-00362472-00362678 there are key things that occur that we
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01509-00362679-00363103 need to capture next slide please
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01510-00363104-00363343 right now as we speak this process
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01511-00363344-00363534 started off from a five
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01512-00363535-00363647 county
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01513-00363648-00363999 and it's in almost 29 counties which
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01514-00364000-00364199 have established the systems out of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01515-00364200-00364606 seven counties in kenya with around
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01516-00364607-00364815 i confirmed again around seven
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01517-00364816-00365039 operational and functional now
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01518-00365040-00365310 however a fixed approach will
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01519-00365311-00365487 incorporate the learning and address the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01520-00365488-00365647 new challenges experienced in the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01521-00365648-00365799 different counties
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01522-00365800-00366030 an example where this has influenced
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01523-00366031-00366247 government in wajira county where
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01524-00366248-00366471 in the election of 2017
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01525-00366472-00366615 the government that was chosen was
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01526-00366616-00366775 chosen on a platform that they will be
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01527-00366776-00366943 able to come up with world development
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01528-00366944-00367239 projects and they were able to give 750
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01529-00367240-00367439 million of the budget to be able to do
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01530-00367440-00367623 that kind of projects and this resulted
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01531-00367624-00367910 in close to 300
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01532-00367911-00368254 so far 300 small community projects to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01533-00368255-00368527 climate change there's also need to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01534-00368528-00368782 value empowering vulnerable communities
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01535-00368783-00368975 and the institutions in order to really
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01536-00368976-00369182 deal with climate change challenges
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01537-00369183-00369315 and institutional
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01538-00369316-00369582 institutionalization is key continuity
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01539-00369583-00369806 the key to continuity and sustainability
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01540-00369807-00369967 of interventions
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01541-00369968-00370119 beyond
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01542-00370120-00370327 the difference five year cycle of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01543-00370328-00370463 government because governments are
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01544-00370464-00370806 selected and elected every five years
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01545-00370807-00371063 so far we have a draft world development
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01546-00371064-00371319 fund bill that has been developed which
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01547-00371320-00371551 now tries to link to the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01548-00371552-00371727 bigger
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01549-00371728-00371967 processes in 10 assault counties
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01550-00371968-00372102 and the assemblies are going to be
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01551-00372103-00372367 deliberating soon
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01552-00372368-00372623 this will also be linked toward
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01553-00372624-00372910 development plans alongside
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01554-00372911-00373119 disaster management cycle kind of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01555-00373120-00373327 priorities in hotspot areas
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01556-00373328-00373502 and then anchored within the planning
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01557-00373503-00373663 and budgeting processes which now
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01558-00373664-00373887 communities can be able to use these
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01559-00373888-00374119 development plans as tools to monitor
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01560-00374120-00374295 implementation of their priorities in a
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01561-00374296-00374575 yearly basis by government so thank you
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01562-00374576-00374815 very much
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01563-00374816-00375054 for that short presentation
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01564-00375055-00375310 yeah thank you very much there's really
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01565-00375311-00375575 a lot that we can discuss from that
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01566-00375576-00375710 presentation
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01567-00375711-00375927 but i think an important take home
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01568-00375928-00376223 message is the community-led planning
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01569-00376224-00376351 um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01570-00376352-00376591 you know understanding that the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01571-00376592-00376830 communities themselves have experienced
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01572-00376831-00377039 they've lived out their lives they have
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01573-00377040-00377239 the institutions the knowledge and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01574-00377240-00377591 actually recognizing that information
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01575-00377592-00377854 thank you so much mohammed and um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01576-00377855-00378087 kindly participants continue to write
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01577-00378088-00378295 comments i've seen a comment there which
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01578-00378296-00378519 we may think about later
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01579-00378520-00378806 whether the dry lands are dry gold
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01580-00378807-00379023 and this is something we can think about
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01581-00379024-00379254 as we now move into
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01582-00379255-00379463 the breakout rooms i know i've been
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01583-00379464-00379734 giving you a video after each presenter
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01584-00379735-00379943 but this is even not much more exciting
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01585-00379944-00380143 because you we get to go into small
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01586-00380144-00380230 groups
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01587-00380231-00380463 and flesh out further
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01588-00380464-00380775 what we have been uh discussing here
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01589-00380776-00381158 so um there will be three groups
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01590-00381159-00381391 and uh kindly uh once you get into the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01591-00381392-00381654 groups you'll get further instructions
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01592-00381655-00381839 thank you very much continue to write
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01593-00381840-00381951 your
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01594-00381952-00382287 comments and anything into the chat
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01595-00382288-00382606 thank you those who've been contributing
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01596-00382607-00383151 thank you the presenters as well
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01597-00383152-00383510 welcome back to the plenary
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01598-00383511-00383654 um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01599-00383655-00383806 somehow
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01600-00383807-00384023 the minutes go very quickly
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01601-00384024-00384102 and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01602-00384103-00384263 before you realize you're just being
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01603-00384264-00384406 bumped back
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01604-00384407-00384687 into the main room so
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01605-00384688-00384975 we thank you so much uh my group had
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01606-00384976-00385310 very exciting um uh
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01607-00385311-00385551 discussions and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01608-00385552-00385854 one part participant was describing some
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01609-00385855-00386063 interesting aspects of ethiopia and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01610-00386064-00386191 suddenly
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01611-00386192-00386454 we were brought back here we're happy to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01612-00386455-00386551 be here
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01613-00386552-00386863 and um i want to invite us to make
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01614-00386864-00387167 presentations of like three minutes
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01615-00387168-00387382 from each of the groups
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01616-00387383-00387606 and um i'll start in the order of group
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01617-00387607-00387871 one group two and three
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01618-00387872-00388182 just three minutes just some highlights
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01619-00388183-00388591 um i know each team was able to get um a
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01620-00388592-00388758 note taker
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01621-00388759-00388958 uh this is a a
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01622-00388959-00389167 position which was hotly contested in
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01623-00389168-00389463 our group everybody wanted it and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01624-00389464-00389647 we ended up giving someone so i know you
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01625-00389648-00389871 have somebody who is ready to present so
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01626-00389872-00390039 group one kindly
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01627-00390040-00390310 let's hear some
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01628-00390311-00390743 reporting back from what you discussed
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01629-00390744-00391127 yes i can do it um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01630-00391128-00391310 we
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01631-00391311-00391543 we had the the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01632-00391544-00391791 opposite situation obviously all those
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01633-00391792-00391958 ready to volunteer for reporting must
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01634-00391959-00392127 have been in your group
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01635-00392128-00392502 and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01636-00392503-00392654 okay um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01637-00392655-00393078 shall i share the screen or
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01638-00393079-00393302 let me share the screen
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01639-00393303-00393695 yes you may share the screen
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01640-00393696-00394119 you see it
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01641-00394120-00394406 i see the screen yeah okay good
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01642-00394407-00394710 uh i mean do you see the the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01643-00394711-00394958 jumbo
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01644-00394959-00395110 the jumbo
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01645-00395111-00395271 screen yes
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01646-00395272-00395430 everything is up so there you go yes
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01647-00395431-00395702 okay good okay um okay so to the first
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01648-00395703-00395958 uh to the first question um there was a
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01649-00395959-00396254 bit of hesitation um but um eventually
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01650-00396255-00396351 um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01651-00396352-00396551 we
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01652-00396552-00396751 decided
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01653-00396752-00396910 that um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01654-00396911-00397215 overall
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01655-00397216-00397518 there hasn't really been
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01656-00397519-00397758 [Music]
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01657-00397759-00397991 enough experience of applications of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01658-00397992-00398199 valium variability to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01659-00398200-00398415 at least within within our group
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01660-00398416-00398519 to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01661-00398520-00398630 to make
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01662-00398631-00398895 strong strong examples there was a
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01663-00398896-00399254 general um appreciation of the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01664-00399255-00399439 uh of the concept
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01665-00399440-00399863 um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01666-00399864-00400191 someone made a comment about the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01667-00400192-00400415 um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01668-00400416-00400751 the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01669-00400752-00400999 possibility of using it with relation to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01670-00401000-00401358 animal health uh taking advantage of a
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01671-00401359-00401510 biodiversity
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01672-00401511-00401663 um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01673-00401664-00401751 and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01674-00401752-00401943 eventually
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01675-00401944-00402134 someone
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01676-00402135-00402302 thought that policymaker didn't really
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01677-00402303-00402639 value the approach enough
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01678-00402640-00402847 with regards to the second
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01679-00402848-00403039 to the second question
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01680-00403040-00403134 again
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01681-00403135-00403310 we thought that was a need for a
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01682-00403311-00403495 stronger recognition
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01683-00403496-00403606 of a
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01684-00403607-00403919 pastoralist contribution to food systems
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01685-00403920-00404206 um there was some discussion of a vision
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01686-00404207-00404682 2010 2013 kenya and especially the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01687-00404683-00405054 um comment uh uh
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01688-00405055-00405254 about the fact that um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01689-00405255-00405463 although there is a strong emphasis
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01690-00405464-00405734 emphasis on variability in the in the in
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01691-00405735-00405999 the document and it seems to have been
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01692-00406000-00406254 particularly complicated or difficult to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01693-00406255-00406334 then
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01694-00406335-00406695 uh translate that attention into
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01695-00406696-00406812 practice
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01696-00406813-00407063 [Music]
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01697-00407064-00407327 and and putting community at the center
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01698-00407328-00407551 and hasn't been sufficiently
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01699-00407552-00408023 operationalized
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01700-00408024-00408230 and someone emphasized the fact that
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01701-00408231-00408502 valiant variability is like pastoralism
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01702-00408503-00408934 is transboundary in nature
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01703-00408935-00409134 finally
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01704-00409135-00409471 on the third question
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01705-00409472-00409734 um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01706-00409735-00409959 there should there should be um more
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01707-00409960-00410087 support
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01708-00410088-00410174 uh
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01709-00410175-00410663 to the to the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01710-00410664-00410934 [Music]
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01711-00410935-00411078 capacity to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01712-00411079-00411359 emphasize uh um community adaptation
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01713-00411360-00411574 especially to climate change as an
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01714-00411575-00411782 immediate result
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01715-00411783-00411966 and the obstacles
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01716-00411967-00412118 identified
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01717-00412119-00412310 are that there are contradictions in
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01718-00412312-00412551 policies land use changing and land
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01719-00412552-00412766 grabbing was an example of the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01720-00412767-00412934 the way
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01721-00412935-00413159 pastoralists lost access to significant
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01722-00413160-00413430 amount of rangeland in the law omo
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01723-00413431-00413678 valley in ethiopia
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01724-00413679-00413830 that has now been
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01725-00413831-00414214 converted to plantations so general
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01726-00414215-00414534 general anxiety about
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01727-00414535-00414710 the way
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01728-00414712-00414839 um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01729-00414839-00415151 the trend that is is still going on
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01730-00415152-00415239 uh
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01731-00415239-00415503 with regard to small scale producers and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01732-00415504-00415695 pastors in particular to lose access to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01733-00415696-00415814 resources
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01734-00415815-00415943 and uh
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01735-00415943-00416214 and a question on whether value and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01736-00416215-00416614 variability um is is a has a future or
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01737-00416615-00416863 not and at the same time
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01738-00416864-00417030 one could ask whether
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01739-00417031-00417287 the alternative approach has a future or
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01740-00417288-00417582 not but that seems to be a question that
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01741-00417583-00417839 is more rarely asked although it should
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01742-00417839-00418055 really be on everybody's mind in light
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01743-00418056-00418222 of climate change and that's my
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01744-00418223-00418470 conclusion thank you yeah thank you very
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01745-00418471-00418710 much um any members from the group you
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01746-00418712-00418999 may add additional comments in the chat
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01747-00419000-00419255 so that we move on to group two
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01748-00419256-00419591 because we are having 10 minutes to the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01749-00419592-00419807 end of session and we would like
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01750-00419808-00420007 to listen to everybody
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01751-00420008-00420247 so group two
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01752-00420247-00420495 yes um i think i report back for group
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01753-00420496-00420687 two this is fiona
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01754-00420688-00420927 and um first things first in our group
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01755-00420928-00421103 we talked about how
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01756-00421104-00421279 the vv concept would necessarily be
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01757-00421280-00421447 something that's easy to understand or
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01758-00421447-00421703 for policymakers to integrate
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01759-00421704-00421799 and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01760-00421800-00421959 you know understand your variability
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01761-00421960-00422222 really will inform a lot of the kind of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01762-00422223-00422391 development interventions that will
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01763-00422392-00422495 happen
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01764-00422496-00422743 um and also that uh from the policy
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01765-00422743-00422966 makers perspective um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01766-00422967-00423287 you know it might be difficult uh
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01767-00423288-00423366 for
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01768-00423367-00423583 them to see viability as an opportunity
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01769-00423584-00423718 for example
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01770-00423719-00423935 we see a lot of you know
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01771-00423935-00424135 programs where it's planting trees yes
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01772-00424135-00424287 which is good but cutting down of the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01773-00424288-00424470 indigenous trees so a lot of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01774-00424471-00424703 inappropriate policies stem from this
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01775-00424704-00424895 lack of understanding of the importance
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01776-00424896-00425239 of valuing variability in the dry lands
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01777-00425239-00425431 and another case study was about you
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01778-00425432-00425614 know index-based insurance programs
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01779-00425615-00425795 which have a tendency to focus on
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01780-00425796-00426095 sedentarization so that's one of the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01781-00426096-00426399 issues that we can address um quite
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01782-00426400-00426687 quickly um so in the next slide um in
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01783-00426688-00426887 terms of integrating this into policy
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01784-00426888-00427087 and practice
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01785-00427088-00427270 we also discussed that vv really applies
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01786-00427271-00427487 in all world contexts not only say in
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01787-00427488-00427663 developing contexts
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01788-00427664-00427903 and um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01789-00427904-00428159 how we see this being adopted is more
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01790-00428160-00428335 from kind of a bottom-up approach and a
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01791-00428335-00428503 community planning approach if that is
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01792-00428504-00428631 fully integrated the public
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01793-00428632-00428935 participation perspective um that is how
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01794-00428935-00429103 you can one of the ways we can achieve
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01795-00429104-00429318 vb in in practice
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01796-00429319-00429518 um and one of the key issues we discuss
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01797-00429519-00429751 here is how do you move beyond volume
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01798-00429752-00429966 variability just being something that's
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01799-00429967-00430143 adopted in projects or something that's
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01800-00430143-00430375 internalized more widely and that is
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01801-00430376-00430543 basically normalized so the same way we
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01802-00430543-00430783 normalize this issue of you know dry
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01803-00430784-00430966 lands being scarce dry lands not being
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01804-00430967-00431127 productive how do we change that
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01805-00431128-00431366 narrative and internalize it so it
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01806-00431367-00431583 doesn't depend on funding or projects
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01807-00431584-00431839 coming in to be able to uh you know
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01808-00431839-00431943 achieve
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01809-00431943-00432079 what we want to achieve and the other
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01810-00432080-00432207 key thing was
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01811-00432208-00432359 capacity building is what is going to be
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01812-00432360-00432583 important here in terms of adopting this
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01813-00432584-00432839 perspective across um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01814-00432839-00432935 board
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01815-00432935-00433110 and just finally this is when time was
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01816-00433112-00433343 running out some of the barriers of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01817-00433343-00433566 course our first resistance from you
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01818-00433567-00433766 know the key policy makers or the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01819-00433767-00433966 gatekeepers who we really need to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01820-00433967-00434318 possibly uh target with with this fairly
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01821-00434319-00434479 new or new concept or new way of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01822-00434480-00434583 thinking
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01823-00434584-00434863 and also one question we raised is how
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01824-00434864-00434975 you know a lot of the donors and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01825-00434976-00435118 governments are really interested in
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01826-00435119-00435335 more capital intensive projects kind of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01827-00435335-00435622 showy huge larger scale projects rather
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01828-00435623-00435783 than people and knowledge intensive
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01829-00435784-00436022 projects so that's something we need to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01830-00436023-00436255 think about also as we move forward and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01831-00436256-00436383 finally
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01832-00436384-00436551 a lot of issues to consider especially
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01833-00436552-00436759 around land and land policy when we're
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01834-00436760-00436918 talking about violent variability in the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01835-00436919-00437143 drylands and so issues around land
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01836-00437143-00437399 tenure and this idea that you know land
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01837-00437400-00437607 can be used for multiple purposes so if
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01838-00437608-00437759 you're having a solar field in the north
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01839-00437760-00437951 of kenya that doesn't mean cattle cannot
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01840-00437952-00438295 graze around that area thank you
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01841-00438296-00438503 yeah thank you very much group two and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01842-00438504-00438727 now we move to group three
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01843-00438728-00438951 again um any group member with
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01844-00438952-00439135 additional comments
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01845-00439135-00439414 or clarification just kindly just put it
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01846-00439415-00439591 in the chat
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01847-00439592-00439870 because um we have just five minutes
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01848-00439871-00440039 remaining
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01849-00440039-00440214 group three
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01850-00440215-00440439 okay thank you very much joy um ken you
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01851-00440439-00440663 can share your screen um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01852-00440664-00440895 yes thank you very much so um on the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01853-00440896-00441110 first question on experiences i think
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01854-00441112-00441310 the general consensus was
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01855-00441312-00441543 that
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01856-00441543-00441735 variability can be harnessed for games
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01857-00441735-00441918 either in dry lands or beyond on food
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01858-00441919-00442103 security resilience and economic
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01859-00442104-00442270 well-being in general
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01860-00442271-00442447 uh those sharing of experience for
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01861-00442447-00442687 example in the united kingdom where
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01862-00442688-00442879 it used to be like all this working with
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01863-00442880-00443031 nature before then after a while the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01864-00443032-00443270 second world war i became highly
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01865-00443271-00443383 mechanized
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01866-00443384-00443622 uh with clearing of large fields
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01867-00443623-00443831 production of hedgerows just to provide
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01868-00443832-00444039 spaces for industrial agriculture but
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01869-00444039-00444183 then now there's a movement to actually
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01870-00444184-00444399 go back to sustainable system of food
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01871-00444400-00444670 production agroecology
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01872-00444671-00444822 organic food production and just working
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01873-00444823-00445118 with nature to do that as well
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01874-00445119-00445310 those concerns around the impact of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01875-00445312-00445631 government large projects investments
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01876-00445632-00445863 that are beyond the pastoral capacity to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01877-00445864-00446039 just value viability
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01878-00446039-00446214 for example sugar plantations in some of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01879-00446215-00446414 these areas then
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01880-00446415-00446535 make it very very difficult for
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01881-00446535-00446710 pastoralists to just practice their
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01882-00446712-00447070 pastoral way and their mobility uh as as
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01883-00447071-00447295 a way of as a likely way
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01884-00447296-00447551 we also discussed issues of just how
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01885-00447552-00447735 we've normalized
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01886-00447735-00447951 bad ways of living with nature
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01887-00447952-00448095 of not valuing
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01888-00448096-00448303 the variability anthropocentric ways of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01889-00448304-00448503 lifestyles the speciesism believing that
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01890-00448504-00448655 human beings are
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01891-00448656-00448822 can continue to live while exploiting
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01892-00448823-00449063 everything else um so variability is
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01893-00449064-00449247 viewed as as
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01894-00449247-00449479 as something to be controlled as opposed
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01895-00449480-00449718 to something to be to be exploited
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01896-00449719-00449918 um and on the first question lastly we
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01897-00449919-00450214 talked about the the education as a tool
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01898-00450215-00450414 uh whether in kenya for example using
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01899-00450415-00450622 the cbc um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01900-00450623-00450887 to reorient educators and the audience
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01901-00450888-00451166 the young generation on on just valuing
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01902-00451167-00451327 variability
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01903-00451328-00451647 uh on question two to what extent um we
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01904-00451647-00451807 see we see violent variability as a
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01905-00451808-00451951 perspective adopted in policy and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01906-00451952-00452135 practice in our countries
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01907-00452135-00452283 um i
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01908-00452284-00452551 think maybe a good place to start was
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01909-00452552-00452718 about an assessment that has been done
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01910-00452719-00452999 on uh for example in kenya the cidps are
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01911-00453000-00453303 looking at the extents to which
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01912-00453304-00453479 food and water security their cell is
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01913-00453480-00453663 presented the cib cidps and the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01914-00453664-00453879 assumptions underlying some of the cidps
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01915-00453880-00454007 is that actually they perceive
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01916-00454008-00454287 variability as a problem and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01917-00454288-00454439 proposed solutions are large-scale
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01918-00454439-00454687 irrigation reducing livestock mobility
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01919-00454688-00454822 as opposed to looking at how they can
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01920-00454823-00455095 take advantage of of variability and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01921-00455096-00455303 there was a plenty of conversations
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01922-00455304-00455551 around some of the policy solutions that
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01923-00455552-00455679 can be pro
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01924-00455680-00455887 can be can can be helpful capacity
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01925-00455888-00456118 building of of of county governments for
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01926-00456119-00456343 example working with county assemblies
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01927-00456343-00456535 especially with governors and the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01928-00456535-00456751 political goodwill there to just
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01929-00456752-00456983 normalize the evaluation of variability
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01930-00456984-00457103 in some of these
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01931-00457104-00457295 counties working with communities
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01932-00457296-00457447 themselves so that they'll drive on on
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01933-00457447-00457695 the driving sea and the driving seat
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01934-00457696-00457959 involving of young people in schools
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01935-00457960-00458159 through clubs for example
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01936-00458160-00458295 um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01937-00458296-00458407 let me see
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01938-00458408-00458622 i think also i think for me it's a from
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01939-00458623-00458807 a donor perspective how can we also work
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01940-00458808-00459007 with donors to just reorient where they
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01941-00459008-00459214 invest as well uh probably away from
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01942-00459215-00459359 some of this large-scale industrial
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01943-00459360-00459487 agriculture that undermines the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01944-00459488-00459751 evaluation of variability to to channel
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01945-00459752-00460014 some of these resources to more
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01946-00460015-00460270 agroecology and regenerative ways of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01947-00460271-00460487 food production
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01948-00460488-00460718 on question three uh what would be the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01949-00460719-00460895 implications of adopting
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01950-00460896-00461118 uh violent vulnerability perspective uh
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01951-00461119-00461287 in policy and practice
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01952-00461288-00461414 um i think some of these things have
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01953-00461415-00461591 been alluded to already we talked about
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01954-00461592-00461783 participatory planning as a critical
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01955-00461784-00462014 thing we need to look at
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01956-00462015-00462199 uh there was the whole challenge of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01957-00462200-00462391 modernization of ecosystems for purposes
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01958-00462392-00462518 of production
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01959-00462519-00462735 uh with the assumption of that we will
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01960-00462735-00462943 have greater productivity we can if we
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01961-00462943-00463183 can drain in variability itself
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01962-00463184-00463318 so i think the implication is actually
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01963-00463319-00463495 we have to have a paradigm shift and b
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01964-00463496-00463695 other than what we are currently
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01965-00463696-00463879 in terms of production
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01966-00463880-00464159 some challenges and barriers um the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01967-00464160-00464327 first one is enabling environment for
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01968-00464328-00464622 participatory real work for example
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01969-00464623-00464807 there's a huge
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01970-00464808-00465047 role to be played by political will and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01971-00465047-00465231 policy frameworks as well as to create
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01972-00465232-00465431 those enabling environment
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01973-00465432-00465622 the challenge of political short-termism
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01974-00465623-00465783 so for example in kenya we just changed
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01975-00465784-00466039 the cabinet now so sometimes you build
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01976-00466039-00466231 dependency on an individual or a
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01977-00466232-00466391 politician and then once they change
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01978-00466392-00466566 office or the governors go and new ones
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01979-00466567-00466814 coming you have to start from scratch
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01980-00466815-00467118 as well so that's a a key barrier um and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01981-00467119-00467335 there was a proposal to how can we make
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01982-00467335-00467503 it systemic so that's not dependent on
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01983-00467504-00467655 individuals but it's dependent on the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01984-00467656-00467935 system itself and lastly
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01985-00467935-00468127 uh the challenge of we're talking about
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01986-00468128-00468327 ethopia actually where dry lands cover
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01987-00468328-00468599 huge geographic geographies some of them
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01988-00468600-00468807 with different economic systems and the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01989-00468808-00468991 challenge there is sometimes what is
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01990-00468992-00469095 happening in
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01991-00469096-00469247 a different place it's completely
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01992-00469247-00469431 different from another one and i thought
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01993-00469432-00469591 i think they our colleague was sharing
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01994-00469592-00469799 about how they built relationship with
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01995-00469800-00470135 politicians uh to make it mobility of
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01996-00470135-00470407 mobility as a system itself as a system
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01997-00470408-00470670 of livelihood for pastoralists uh
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01998-00470671-00470831 normalizing within capture within the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-01999-00470832-00471007 policy framework probably some of these
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02000-00471008-00471159 lessons we can learn from some of these
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02001-00471160-00471287 countries
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02002-00471288-00471527 um i'll stop that and then be my group
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02003-00471528-00471775 with adam thank you thank you so much
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02004-00471776-00472031 group three actually it's it's already 8
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02005-00472032-00472166 p.m
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02006-00472167-00472495 of 8 p.m on the kenyan end
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02007-00472496-00472679 and i noticed a number of people dropped
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02008-00472680-00472966 off perhaps because of that timing
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02009-00472967-00473047 i
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02010-00473047-00473318 just want to maybe point out some key
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02011-00473319-00473447 issues
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02012-00473447-00473783 one being that volume variability can be
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02013-00473784-00474087 harnessed that has come out clearly
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02014-00474088-00474279 and that we need some community-led
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02015-00474280-00474399 planning
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02016-00474400-00474670 we need to also recognize that um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02017-00474671-00474951 volume variability is transboundary and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02018-00474952-00475103 indeed when we are talking with the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02019-00475104-00475439 ethiopian colleague also the ugandan all
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02020-00475439-00475614 these um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02021-00475615-00475879 areas that we call drylands is one
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02022-00475880-00476207 continuous system and so even as we
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02023-00476208-00476366 think beyond
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02024-00476367-00476470 um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02025-00476471-00476743 how to harness it we need to remember
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02026-00476743-00476991 it's a transboundary i saw a point from
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02027-00476992-00477191 one of the groups about disease
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02028-00477192-00477543 outbreaks so any disease would obviously
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02029-00477543-00477759 affect all that um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02030-00477760-00477943 all that ecosystem
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02031-00477943-00478231 and then of course education as a tool
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02032-00478232-00478479 and um i think coming from kenyatta
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02033-00478480-00478766 university i would say are we able to
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02034-00478767-00478951 come up with curricula
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02035-00478952-00479247 even at university level short courses
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02036-00479247-00479439 and see how
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02037-00479439-00479766 we start influencing
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02038-00479767-00479935 by re
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02039-00479935-00480135 training or re
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02040-00480135-00480343 enabling them to think differently i
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02041-00480343-00480647 don't know whether um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02042-00480647-00480910 given that it is time up whether
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02043-00480912-00481135 there was the question from philemon i
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02044-00481135-00481359 think that was the only question
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02045-00481360-00481647 um that that looked very complicated in
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02046-00481647-00481822 fact i had said i would have allowed
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02047-00481823-00482014 philemon to speak
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02048-00482015-00482127 um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02049-00482128-00482318 and then of course the issue of the dry
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02050-00482319-00482422 gold
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02051-00482423-00482687 and the issue of lantern i was discussed
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02052-00482688-00483031 so if we have five minutes before we end
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02053-00483032-00483270 it would be good to just um hear the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02054-00483271-00483518 thinking behind that question because
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02055-00483519-00483695 remember philemon you came
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02056-00483696-00483918 up with the issue of um when you talked
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02057-00483919-00484159 about pastoralism equals
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02058-00484160-00484431 mobility and i think that question that
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02059-00484432-00484710 you raised was linked to that but the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02060-00484712-00484918 question as you can see
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02061-00484919-00485199 is is quite uh is quite deep perhaps
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02062-00485200-00485343 i'll allow you to unmute and say
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02063-00485343-00485566 something about it you may even have the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02064-00485567-00485895 answer
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02065-00485896-00486222 well uh prof uh i mean uh i mean those
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02066-00486223-00486375 are some of the i mean i got an
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02067-00486376-00486551 opportunity to ask a question that has
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02068-00486552-00486799 been pondering our minds um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02069-00486800-00486966 i mean as we
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02070-00486967-00487255 i i could introduce myself in the other
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02071-00487256-00487351 like
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02072-00487352-00487551 meet me like group i work at
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02073-00487552-00487679 international life
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02074-00487680-00487959 institute okay okay okay
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02075-00487960-00488279 yeah so we have been uh working on
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02076-00488280-00488487 promoting uh index-based livestock
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02077-00488488-00488831 insurance program in both canyon
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02078-00488832-00489079 and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02079-00489080-00489375 we have had several interactions several
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02080-00489376-00489559 groups uh stakeholders working in the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02081-00489560-00489822 past four settings and um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02082-00489823-00489951 when you
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02083-00489952-00490207 promote a product for example a normal
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02084-00490208-00490639 idea like uh instruments uh it you you
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02085-00490639-00490783 you feel some
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02086-00490784-00491055 pushbacks uh from some quarters people
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02087-00491056-00491279 fail to take it out though you think
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02088-00491280-00491455 that people are there today they are
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02089-00491456-00491639 rational in a sense that you would want
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02090-00491639-00491839 to impress a product that actually
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02091-00491839-00492070 pushes you from some shots
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02092-00492071-00492431 so it then like takes us back to like
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02093-00492432-00492622 the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02094-00492623-00492751 generic question
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02095-00492752-00492999 what are the incentives that are
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02096-00493000-00493191 necessary for people to adopt
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02097-00493192-00493359 innovations right
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02098-00493360-00493422 so
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02099-00493423-00493535 if you
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02100-00493535-00493727 when we fail to get answers to that we
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02101-00493728-00493895 ask ourselves so well what are the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02102-00493896-00494062 disincentives
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02103-00494063-00494327 like what discourages people from taking
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02104-00494328-00494591 up these innovative ideas you know
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02105-00494592-00494759 so then
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02106-00494760-00494910 uh
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02107-00494912-00495287 well we get several answers
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02108-00495288-00495383 from
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02109-00495384-00495727 and outside our teams but still we are
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02110-00495728-00495999 not yet convinced that we are at the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02111-00496000-00496222 point where we can
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02112-00496223-00496487 uh disentangle the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02113-00496488-00496791 i mean understand clearly
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02114-00496792-00497127 what would be the entry point
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02115-00497128-00497383 an innovation so that you can impress
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02116-00497384-00497583 especially if
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02117-00497584-00497927 it has got very clear direct effects and
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02118-00497928-00498214 direct benefits to the livelihoods
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02119-00498215-00498439 of the people concerned so that is the
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02120-00498439-00498679 background behind the question and i
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02121-00498680-00498855 thought this would be a good opportunity
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02122-00498856-00499095 to maybe share to another platformer
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02123-00499096-00499262 maybe a group of experts maybe i would
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02124-00499263-00499439 be able to get uh
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02125-00499439-00499775 feedback that is it
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02126-00499776-00500031 thank you because i see in future we may
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02127-00500032-00500143 also
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02128-00500143-00500447 invite you to give um a talk on that
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02129-00500447-00500622 and the perspectives of where you're
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02130-00500623-00500775 working from
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02131-00500776-00500895 so uh
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02132-00500896-00501103 good people i know it's time up but
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02133-00501104-00501318 thank you so much i would have liked us
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02134-00501319-00501575 to listen to abdul qadeer from ethiopia
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02135-00501576-00501783 but those were in the group were already
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02136-00501784-00502014 um got some points from there
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02137-00502015-00502279 so i would like uh to bring this to a
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02138-00502280-00502399 close
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02139-00502400-00502703 and to thank the team that has worked um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02140-00502704-00502943 and to thank you for staying
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02141-00502943-00503118 to the end
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02142-00503119-00503455 we should be able to provide you
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02143-00503456-00503662 the materials that we've used during
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02144-00503663-00503870 today and if you have any further
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02145-00503871-00503983 comments
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02146-00503984-00504175 it will be good if you can send them
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02147-00504176-00504366 we'll be sending you an evaluation i
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02148-00504367-00504462 think
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02149-00504463-00504687 and uh just so that we can improve in
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02150-00504688-00504975 future thank you so very much and um
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02151-00504976-00505239 enjoy your evening morning afternoon
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02152-00505239-00505439 i think for the people where i am at
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02153-00505439-00505766 they are rushing to the dining table
e5kx6ZyL1Jy-02154-00505767-00506280 yeah thank you so much and and goodbye
e6yD3-pKYmI-00000-00000122-00000815 mrs. number back I mean I split her with
e6yD3-pKYmI-00001-00000816-00001382 you oh well not enough humana move in
e6yD3-pKYmI-00002-00001383-00001882 yeah stupid well maybe my poison will
e6yD3-pKYmI-00003-00001884-00002666 kill her off bring my trap there my
e6yD3-pKYmI-00004-00002667-00003270 dears tendon that it's poison to him
e6yD3-pKYmI-00005-00003271-00003692 Quebec good me trap Oh in Trenton there
e6yD3-pKYmI-00006-00003693-00004085 was something at least welcome it's not
e6yD3-pKYmI-00007-00004086-00004727 time yet stoneboro hot exhaust yeah
e6yD3-pKYmI-00008-00004728-00005331 makeup fine the last sound you ever hear
e6yD3-pKYmI-00009-00005332-00006429 as you suggest
e6yD3-pKYmI-00010-00006430-00008292 hate to be your mid tower
e6yD3-pKYmI-00011-00008293-00008634 oh she think it's you
e6yD3-pKYmI-00012-00008635-00009708 Jim Oscar why did I give that you
e6yD3-pKYmI-00013-00009709-00009934 [__] diet everything it does more
e6yD3-pKYmI-00014-00009935-00010620 damage oh yeah today aunt did agree Oh
e6yD3-pKYmI-00015-00010621-00011200 Stevie I gotta get beat a sonogram kill
e6yD3-pKYmI-00016-00011201-00011934 then kill award there we got my [__]
e6yD3-pKYmI-00017-00011935-00013821 Eliza's agreed first blood damage
e6yD3-pKYmI-00018-00013822-00015715 easyboot the title wins the race I'm a
e6yD3-pKYmI-00019-00015716-00016047 power
e6yD3-pKYmI-00020-00016047-00016618 my path is clear
e6yD3-pKYmI-00021-00016619-00017054 dominating my offerings Petrova see
e6yD3-pKYmI-00022-00017055-00017342 seemed a overestimated you bein let the
e6yD3-pKYmI-00023-00017343-00018010 Sharks on this gift and power Jackson
e6yD3-pKYmI-00024-00018011-00018793 your top power is under it now I'm stuck
e6yD3-pKYmI-00025-00018794-00019748 how many zombies are there is free Terra
e6yD3-pKYmI-00026-00019749-00022630 readies Audrey's
e6yD3-pKYmI-00027-00022631-00023434 my spirit moves Cyrus to the bottom
e6yD3-pKYmI-00028-00023435-00025643 tower is under siege
e6yD3-pKYmI-00030-00030744-00031467 need one
e6yD3-pKYmI-00031-00031468-00032305 Oh
e6yD3-pKYmI-00032-00032306-00032786 trickshot
e6yD3-pKYmI-00033-00032787-00033446 as you
e6yD3-pKYmI-00034-00033447-00033807 yeah spear breakers charging MK
e6yD3-pKYmI-00035-00033808-00034290 starching you ocean one sweets from the
e6yD3-pKYmI-00036-00034291-00034541 guys they're bigger star chick yeah yeah
e6yD3-pKYmI-00037-00034542-00034860 teleport teleport oh you don't have a
e6yD3-pKYmI-00038-00034861-00035241 talk I did really not like that what's
e6yD3-pKYmI-00039-00035242-00035586 up found a neutral
e7Q-KuTW3bc-00000-00000006-00002671 [Music]
e7Q-KuTW3bc-00001-00002672-00002951 no way
e7Q-KuTW3bc-00002-00002952-00004487 no oil
e7Q-KuTW3bc-00004-00015251-00017452 [Music]
e7Q-KuTW3bc-00005-00017453-00019892 [Music]
e7Q-KuTW3bc-00007-00029536-00029589 [Applause]
e7Q-KuTW3bc-00008-00029591-00032582 [Music]
e7Q-KuTW3bc-00009-00032583-00032789 you
e8QUkziZUiu-00000-00000312-00001066 Hallelujah
e8QUkziZUiu-00001-00001067-00003665 [Music]
e8QUkziZUiu-00002-00003665-00004651 [Music]
e8QUkziZUiu-00003-00004652-00005056 [Music]
e8QUkziZUiu-00004-00005057-00006228 foreign
e8QUkziZUiu-00005-00006229-00007990 [Music]
e8QUkziZUiu-00006-00007991-00008590 [Music]
e8QUkziZUiu-00007-00008591-00009160 [Music]
e8QUkziZUiu-00008-00009161-00010073 foreign
e8QUkziZUiu-00009-00010074-00011019 [Music]
e8QUkziZUiu-00010-00011020-00011972 [Music]
e8QUkziZUiu-00011-00011973-00013799 [Music]
e8QUkziZUiu-00012-00013800-00014343 [Music]
e8QUkziZUiu-00013-00014344-00014711 [Music]
e8QUkziZUiu-00014-00014712-00015019 Hallelujah
e8QUkziZUiu-00015-00015019-00015821 [Music]
e8QUkziZUiu-00016-00015822-00016381 foreign
e8QUkziZUiu-00017-00016382-00018269 [Music]
e8QUkziZUiu-00018-00018270-00019214 [Music]
e8QUkziZUiu-00019-00019215-00020213 [Music]
e8QUkziZUiu-00020-00020214-00020652 foreign
e8QUkziZUiu-00021-00020653-00022000 [Music]
e8QUkziZUiu-00022-00022001-00023588 [Music]
e8QUkziZUiu-00023-00023589-00023909 [Music]
eqKNAAizYg0-00000-00000056-00000315 Charles Connellan company was a Scottish
eqKNAAizYg0-00001-00000316-00000555 shipbuilding company based in Scots tune
eqKNAAizYg0-00002-00000556-00001243 in Glasgow on the River Clyde
eqKNAAizYg0-00003-00001244-00001792 topic history
eqKNAAizYg0-00004-00001793-00002017 the company was founded by Charles
eqKNAAizYg0-00005-00002018-00002237 Connell who had served an apprenticeship
eqKNAAizYg0-00006-00002238-00002416 with Robert Steele and Coe before
eqKNAAizYg0-00007-00002417-00002638 becoming manager of Alexander Stephen
eqKNAAizYg0-00008-00002639-00002860 and Sons Kelvin Hall yard before he
eqKNAAizYg0-00009-00002861-00003049 started shipbuilding on his own account
eqKNAAizYg0-00010-00003050-00003320 at Scott's tune in 1861 initially
eqKNAAizYg0-00011-00003321-00003638 concentrating on sailing ships from 1918
eqKNAAizYg0-00012-00003639-00003797 the company became well known for
eqKNAAizYg0-00013-00003797-00004054 high-quality passenger and cargo ships
eqKNAAizYg0-00014-00004054-00004556 the yard closed from 1930 to 1937 due to
eqKNAAizYg0-00015-00004557-00004760 the great depression before rearmament
eqKNAAizYg0-00016-00004761-00005228 efforts stimulated demand in 1968 the
eqKNAAizYg0-00017-00005229-00005368 yard passed from Connell family
eqKNAAizYg0-00018-00005369-00005689 ownership after 107 years and became
eqKNAAizYg0-00019-00005690-00005924 part of upper Clyde shipbuilders upper
eqKNAAizYg0-00020-00005925-00006128 Clyde shipbuilders continued to operate
eqKNAAizYg0-00021-00006129-00006439 the Scots Doon yard until 1971 when it
eqKNAAizYg0-00022-00006440-00006791 collapsed and from 1972 to 1980 as
eqKNAAizYg0-00023-00006792-00007001 Scott's Doon Marine limited a subsidiary
eqKNAAizYg0-00024-00007002-00007313 of governed shipbuilders the Connell
eqKNAAizYg0-00025-00007314-00007691 shipyard was closed in 1980 after 119
eqKNAAizYg0-00026-00007692-00007955 years of shipbuilding the site was
eqKNAAizYg0-00027-00007956-00008149 cleared of cranes although some evidence
eqKNAAizYg0-00028-00008150-00008323 of the building berths remained visible
eqKNAAizYg0-00029-00008324-00008716 until about 2004 part of the yards
eqKNAAizYg0-00030-00008717-00008935 covered facilities are used by steel
eqKNAAizYg0-00031-00008936-00009188 stockholders GKN whilst the Riverside
eqKNAAizYg0-00032-00009189-00009403 berth has been used by Motherwell bridge
eqKNAAizYg0-00033-00009404-00010171 engineering for heavy fabrication work
eqKNAAizYg0-00034-00010172-00010764 topic ships built
eqKNAAizYg0-00035-00010765-00011005 Connells built a total of five hundred
eqKNAAizYg0-00036-00011006-00011230 and sixteen ships at Scott's dune
eqKNAAizYg0-00037-00011231-00011770 they include Michelangelo clipper 1865
eqKNAAizYg0-00038-00011771-00012270 sailing clipper wild deer 1863 composite
eqKNAAizYg0-00039-00012271-00012741 clipper ship tape saying 1865 sailing
eqKNAAizYg0-00040-00012742-00013219 clipper spindrift 1867 composite clipper
eqKNAAizYg0-00041-00013219-00013437 ship Lockhard
eqKNAAizYg0-00042-00013438-00014110 1873 sailing ship Balclutha 1886 iron
eqKNAAizYg0-00043-00014111-00014332 hold sailing ship preserved at the San
eqKNAAizYg0-00044-00014333-00014794 Francisco maritime museum Mersey 1894
eqKNAAizYg0-00045-00014794-00015207 iron hold sailing ship knight-errant
eqKNAAizYg0-00046-00015208-00015757 1897 cargo ship satin iya 1910 passenger
eqKNAAizYg0-00047-00015758-00016194 steamship Acacia class sloop HMS jonquil
eqKNAAizYg0-00048-00016194-00016765 1915 and HMS laburnum 1915 Erebus class
eqKNAAizYg0-00049-00016766-00017255 sloop HMS gladiolus 1915 HMS go disha
eqKNAAizYg0-00050-00017256-00017827 1916 and HMS hydrangea 1916 p class
eqKNAAizYg0-00051-00017828-00018283 sloop HMS P point one four 1916 and HMS
eqKNAAizYg0-00052-00018284-00019125 P 63 1916 Empire Celia 1943 moat cargo
eqKNAAizYg0-00053-00019126-00019648 steamship perlier passenger freighter
evvJXJMucyc-00000-00000071-00000238 what's up guys comment your favorite
evvJXJMucyc-00001-00000239-00000711 music disc
evvJXJMucyc-00002-00000712-00000935 yo what's up guys last video i killed
evvJXJMucyc-00003-00000936-00001191 landon mc now i am landon mc
evvJXJMucyc-00004-00001192-00001374 as you all know i have a long history
evvJXJMucyc-00005-00001375-00001614 with pig toots i've dueled him once now
evvJXJMucyc-00006-00001616-00001998 that i'm famous i'll duel him again
evvJXJMucyc-00007-00002000-00002167 all right all i gotta do guys is invite
evvJXJMucyc-00008-00002168-00002510 him to the game
evvJXJMucyc-00009-00002511-00002815 he is offline guys what are we gonna do
evvJXJMucyc-00010-00002816-00003080 oh no
evvJXJMucyc-00011-00003081-00003206 [Applause]
evvJXJMucyc-00012-00003207-00003383 man now that i can't fight pig tubes i
evvJXJMucyc-00013-00003384-00003486 don't know what i'm going to do for the
evvJXJMucyc-00014-00003488-00003622 rest of the video
evvJXJMucyc-00015-00003623-00003943 what wait a minute what guys is that him
evvJXJMucyc-00016-00003944-00004063 right there that's him right there
evvJXJMucyc-00017-00004064-00005447 that's pink toots
evvJXJMucyc-00018-00005448-00005791 guys pig toots rage quit um i guess that
evvJXJMucyc-00019-00005792-00005967 automatically makes me the winner
evvJXJMucyc-00020-00005968-00006270 guys guys i'm now the number one pvp in
evvJXJMucyc-00021-00006271-00006334 the
evvJXJMucyc-00022-00006335-00007211 the world
evvJXJMucyc-00023-00007212-00008246 [Music]
evDmvD3ERZ4-00000-00000049-00000320 the Global Positioning System GPS
evDmvD3ERZ4-00001-00000321-00000639 originally Masdar gps is a satellite
evDmvD3ERZ4-00002-00000640-00000858 based radio navigation system owned by
evDmvD3ERZ4-00003-00000859-00001014 the United States government and
evDmvD3ERZ4-00004-00001015-00001220 operated by the United States Air Force
evDmvD3ERZ4-00005-00001221-00001461 it is a global navigation satellite
evDmvD3ERZ4-00006-00001462-00001730 system that provides geolocation and
evDmvD3ERZ4-00007-00001731-00001910 time information to a GPS receiver
evDmvD3ERZ4-00008-00001911-00002114 anywhere on or near the earth where
evDmvD3ERZ4-00009-00002115-00002282 there is an unobstructed line-of-sight
evDmvD3ERZ4-00010-00002283-00002642 to four or more GPS satellites obstacles
evDmvD3ERZ4-00011-00002643-00002820 such as mountains and buildings block
evDmvD3ERZ4-00012-00002821-00003215 the relatively weak GPS signals the GPS
evDmvD3ERZ4-00013-00003216-00003422 does not require the user to transmit
evDmvD3ERZ4-00014-00003423-00003633 any data and it operates independently
evDmvD3ERZ4-00015-00003634-00003866 of any telephonic or Internet reception
evDmvD3ERZ4-00016-00003867-00004031 though these technologies can enhance
evDmvD3ERZ4-00017-00004032-00004254 the usefulness of the GPS positioning
evDmvD3ERZ4-00018-00004255-00004547 information the GPS provides critical
evDmvD3ERZ4-00019-00004548-00004775 positioning capabilities to military
evDmvD3ERZ4-00020-00004776-00004979 civil and commercial users around the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00021-00004980-00005241 world the United States government
evDmvD3ERZ4-00022-00005242-00005436 created the system maintains it and
evDmvD3ERZ4-00023-00005437-00005625 makes it freely accessible to anyone
evDmvD3ERZ4-00024-00005626-00005939 with a GPS receiver the GPS project was
evDmvD3ERZ4-00025-00005940-00006141 launched by the US Department of Defense
evDmvD3ERZ4-00026-00006142-00006398 in 1973 for use by the United States
evDmvD3ERZ4-00027-00006399-00006669 military and became fully operational in
evDmvD3ERZ4-00028-00006670-00007023 1995 it was allowed for civilian use in
evDmvD3ERZ4-00029-00007023-00007349 the 1980s advances in technology and new
evDmvD3ERZ4-00030-00007350-00007553 demands on the existing system have now
evDmvD3ERZ4-00031-00007554-00007809 led to efforts to modernize the GPS and
evDmvD3ERZ4-00032-00007809-00008037 implement the next generation of GPS
evDmvD3ERZ4-00033-00008038-00008288 Block III a satellites and next
evDmvD3ERZ4-00034-00008289-00008485 generation operational control system
evDmvD3ERZ4-00035-00008486-00008864 ocx announcements from Vice President Al
evDmvD3ERZ4-00036-00008865-00009089 Gore in the White House in 1998
evDmvD3ERZ4-00037-00009090-00009444 initiated these changes in 2000 the US
evDmvD3ERZ4-00038-00009445-00009642 Congress authorized the modernization
evDmvD3ERZ4-00039-00009643-00010077 effort gps 3 during the 1990s gps
evDmvD3ERZ4-00040-00010078-00010271 quality was degraded by the united
evDmvD3ERZ4-00041-00010272-00010453 states government in a program called
evDmvD3ERZ4-00042-00010454-00010742 selective availability this was
evDmvD3ERZ4-00043-00010743-00010995 discontinued in May 2000 by a law signed
evDmvD3ERZ4-00044-00010996-00011252 by President Bill Clinton the GPS system
evDmvD3ERZ4-00045-00011253-00011412 is provided by the United States
evDmvD3ERZ4-00046-00011413-00011631 government which can selectively deny
evDmvD3ERZ4-00047-00011632-00011828 access to the system has happened to the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00048-00011829-00012081 Indian military in 1999 during the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00049-00012082-00012288 Kargil war or degrade the service at any
evDmvD3ERZ4-00050-00012289-00012576 time as a result several countries have
evDmvD3ERZ4-00051-00012577-00012762 developed or are in the process of
evDmvD3ERZ4-00052-00012763-00012903 setting up other global or regional
evDmvD3ERZ4-00053-00012904-00013236 satellite navigation systems the Russian
evDmvD3ERZ4-00054-00013237-00013440 global navigation satellites
evDmvD3ERZ4-00055-00013441-00013688 GL ona SS was developed
evDmvD3ERZ4-00056-00013690-00013953 contemporaneously with GPS but suffered
evDmvD3ERZ4-00057-00013954-00014121 from incomplete coverage of the globe
evDmvD3ERZ4-00058-00014122-00014522 until the mid 2000s GL ona SS can be
evDmvD3ERZ4-00059-00014524-00014766 added to GPS devices making more
evDmvD3ERZ4-00060-00014766-00014955 satellites available and enabling
evDmvD3ERZ4-00061-00014956-00015156 positions to be fixed more quickly and
evDmvD3ERZ4-00062-00015157-00015344 accurately to within 2 meters
evDmvD3ERZ4-00063-00015344-00015654 China's bado navigation satellite system
evDmvD3ERZ4-00064-00015655-00015894 is due to achieve global reach in 2020
evDmvD3ERZ4-00065-00015894-00016143 there are also the European Union
evDmvD3ERZ4-00066-00016144-00016365 Galileo Positioning System and India's
evDmvD3ERZ4-00067-00016366-00016752 na VI C Japan's quasi zenith satellite
evDmvD3ERZ4-00068-00016753-00016962 system scheduled to commence in November
evDmvD3ERZ4-00069-00016963-00017235 2018 will be a gps satellite based
evDmvD3ERZ4-00070-00017236-00017481 augmentation system to enhance GPS
evDmvD3ERZ4-00071-00017482-00017844 accuracy when selective availability was
evDmvD3ERZ4-00072-00017845-00018141 lifted in 2000 GPS had about 5 meter
evDmvD3ERZ4-00073-00018142-00018441 accuracy the latest stage of accuracy
evDmvD3ERZ4-00074-00018442-00018702 enhancement uses the l5 band and is now
evDmvD3ERZ4-00075-00018703-00019056 fully deployed GPS receivers released in
evDmvD3ERZ4-00076-00019057-00019335 2018 that use the l5 band can have much
evDmvD3ERZ4-00077-00019336-00019566 higher accuracy pinpointing to within 30
evDmvD3ERZ4-00078-00019567-00020273 centimeters or just under one foot
evDmvD3ERZ4-00079-00020274-00020777 topic history
evDmvD3ERZ4-00080-00020778-00021038 the GPS project was launched in the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00081-00021039-00021344 United States in 1973 to overcome the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00082-00021345-00021545 limitations of previous navigation
evDmvD3ERZ4-00083-00021546-00021779 systems integrating ideas from several
evDmvD3ERZ4-00084-00021780-00021959 predecessors including classified
evDmvD3ERZ4-00085-00021960-00022147 engineering design studies from the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00086-00022148-00022453 1960s the US Department of Defense
evDmvD3ERZ4-00087-00022454-00022688 developed the system which originally
evDmvD3ERZ4-00088-00022689-00022976 used 24 satellites it was initially
evDmvD3ERZ4-00089-00022977-00023189 developed for use by the United States
evDmvD3ERZ4-00090-00023190-00023435 military and became fully operational in
evDmvD3ERZ4-00091-00023436-00023780 1995 civilian use was allowed from the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00092-00023781-00024077 1980s Roger L Easton of the Naval
evDmvD3ERZ4-00093-00024078-00024293 Research Laboratory Ivan a getting of
evDmvD3ERZ4-00094-00024294-00024485 the Aerospace Corporation and Bradford
evDmvD3ERZ4-00095-00024486-00024629 parkinson of the Applied Physics
evDmvD3ERZ4-00096-00024630-00024836 Laboratory are credited with inventing
evDmvD3ERZ4-00097-00024837-00025121 it the design of GPS is based partly on
evDmvD3ERZ4-00098-00025122-00025307 similar ground-based radio navigation
evDmvD3ERZ4-00099-00025308-00025550 systems such as Loren and the Decca
evDmvD3ERZ4-00100-00025551-00025845 navigator developed in the early 1940s
evDmvD3ERZ4-00101-00025847-00026138 freed warp winterberg proposed a test of
evDmvD3ERZ4-00102-00026139-00026333 general relativity detecting time
evDmvD3ERZ4-00103-00026333-00026558 slowing in a strong gravitational field
evDmvD3ERZ4-00104-00026558-00026780 using accurate atomic clocks placed in
evDmvD3ERZ4-00105-00026781-00027043 orbit inside artificial satellites
evDmvD3ERZ4-00106-00027044-00027311 special and general relativity predict
evDmvD3ERZ4-00107-00027312-00027514 that the clocks on the GPS satellites
evDmvD3ERZ4-00108-00027516-00027686 would be seen by the Earth's observers
evDmvD3ERZ4-00109-00027687-00027938 to run 38 microseconds faster per day
evDmvD3ERZ4-00110-00027939-00028073 than the clocks on the earth
evDmvD3ERZ4-00111-00028074-00028358 the GPS calculated positions would
evDmvD3ERZ4-00112-00028358-00028586 quickly drift into error accumulating to
evDmvD3ERZ4-00113-00028587-00028883 10 kilometers per day this was corrected
evDmvD3ERZ4-00114-00028883-00029210 for in the design of GPS winterberg
evDmvD3ERZ4-00115-00029211-00029555 freed wart 1956 relativist Yves I'd
evDmvD3ERZ4-00116-00029556-00029774 dilatation Ines khun slick and satellite
evDmvD3ERZ4-00117-00029775-00029981 in relativistic time dilation of an
evDmvD3ERZ4-00118-00029982-00030473 artificial satellite
evDmvD3ERZ4-00119-00030474-00030811 topic predecessor's
evDmvD3ERZ4-00120-00030812-00030994 you
evDmvD3ERZ4-00121-00030995-00031219 when the Soviet Union launched the first
evDmvD3ERZ4-00122-00031220-00031567 artificial satellite Sputnik one in 1957
evDmvD3ERZ4-00123-00031568-00031822 two American physicists William Dyer and
evDmvD3ERZ4-00124-00031823-00032001 George wife and Bach at Johns Hopkins
evDmvD3ERZ4-00125-00032002-00032220 University's Applied Physics Laboratory
evDmvD3ERZ4-00126-00032220-00032491 APL decided to monitor its radio
evDmvD3ERZ4-00127-00032492-00032779 transmissions within hours they realized
evDmvD3ERZ4-00128-00032780-00032971 that because of the Doppler effect they
evDmvD3ERZ4-00129-00032972-00033133 could pinpoint where the satellite was
evDmvD3ERZ4-00130-00033134-00033229 along its orbit
evDmvD3ERZ4-00131-00033230-00033484 the director of the APL gave them access
evDmvD3ERZ4-00132-00033485-00033652 to their UNIVAC to do the heavy
evDmvD3ERZ4-00133-00033653-00033940 calculations required early the next
evDmvD3ERZ4-00134-00033941-00034198 year Frank McClure the deputy director
evDmvD3ERZ4-00135-00034199-00034435 of the APL asked Guyer and wife and Bach
evDmvD3ERZ4-00136-00034436-00034632 to investigate the inverse problem
evDmvD3ERZ4-00137-00034633-00034864 pinpointing the users location given
evDmvD3ERZ4-00138-00034865-00035050 that of the satellite at the time the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00139-00035051-00035221 Navy was developing the submarine
evDmvD3ERZ4-00140-00035222-00035416 launched Polaris missile which required
evDmvD3ERZ4-00141-00035417-00035599 them to know the submarines location
evDmvD3ERZ4-00142-00035600-00035812 this led them an APL to develop the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00143-00035813-00036184 transit system in 1959 ARPA renamed
evDmvD3ERZ4-00144-00036185-00036472 DARPA in 1972 also played a role in
evDmvD3ERZ4-00145-00036473-00036667 transit transit was first successfully
evDmvD3ERZ4-00146-00036668-00037033 tested in 1960 it used a constellation
evDmvD3ERZ4-00147-00037034-00037234 of five satellites and could provide a
evDmvD3ERZ4-00148-00037235-00037459 navigational fix approximately once per
evDmvD3ERZ4-00149-00037460-00037903 hour in 1967 the US Navy developed the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00150-00037904-00038083 tomato light which proved the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00151-00038084-00038281 feasibility of placing accurate clocks
evDmvD3ERZ4-00152-00038282-00038572 in space a technology required for GPS
evDmvD3ERZ4-00153-00038573-00038950 in the 1970s the ground-based Omega
evDmvD3ERZ4-00154-00038951-00039139 navigation system based on phase
evDmvD3ERZ4-00155-00039140-00039358 comparison of signal transmission from
evDmvD3ERZ4-00156-00039359-00039547 pairs of stations became the first
evDmvD3ERZ4-00157-00039548-00039783 worldwide radio navigation system
evDmvD3ERZ4-00158-00039784-00040033 limitations of these systems drove the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00159-00040034-00040228 need for a more Universal navigation
evDmvD3ERZ4-00160-00040229-00040540 solution with greater accuracy although
evDmvD3ERZ4-00161-00040541-00040699 there were wide needs for accurate
evDmvD3ERZ4-00162-00040700-00040903 navigation in military and civilian
evDmvD3ERZ4-00163-00040904-00041122 sectors almost none of those was seen as
evDmvD3ERZ4-00164-00041123-00041296 justification for the billions of
evDmvD3ERZ4-00165-00041297-00041464 dollars it would cost in research
evDmvD3ERZ4-00166-00041465-00041710 development deployment and operation of
evDmvD3ERZ4-00167-00041711-00041943 a constellation of navigation satellites
evDmvD3ERZ4-00168-00041944-00042199 during the Cold War arms race the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00169-00042200-00042388 nuclear threat to the existence of the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00170-00042389-00042589 United States was the one need that did
evDmvD3ERZ4-00171-00042590-00042769 justify this cost in the view of the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00172-00042770-00043054 United States Congress this deterrent
evDmvD3ERZ4-00173-00043055-00043342 effect is why GPS was funded it is also
evDmvD3ERZ4-00174-00043343-00043552 the reason for the ultra secrecy at that
evDmvD3ERZ4-00175-00043553-00043855 time the nuclear triad consisted of the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00176-00043856-00044074 United States Navy submarine launched
evDmvD3ERZ4-00177-00044075-00044329 ballistic missiles SLBMs along with
evDmvD3ERZ4-00178-00044330-00044407 United State
evDmvD3ERZ4-00179-00044408-00044698 Air Force USAF strategic bombers and
evDmvD3ERZ4-00180-00044699-00044871 intercontinental ballistic missiles
evDmvD3ERZ4-00181-00044872-00045223 ICBMs considered vital to the nuclear
evDmvD3ERZ4-00182-00045224-00045385 deterrence posture accurate
evDmvD3ERZ4-00183-00045386-00045583 determination of the SLBM launch
evDmvD3ERZ4-00184-00045584-00045918 position was a force multiplier precise
evDmvD3ERZ4-00185-00045919-00046129 navigation would enable United States
evDmvD3ERZ4-00186-00046130-00046330 ballistic missile submarines to get an
evDmvD3ERZ4-00187-00046331-00046501 accurate fix of their positions before
evDmvD3ERZ4-00188-00046502-00046867 they launch their SLBMs the USAF with
evDmvD3ERZ4-00189-00046868-00047098 two thirds of the nuclear triad also had
evDmvD3ERZ4-00190-00047099-00047274 requirements for a more accurate and
evDmvD3ERZ4-00191-00047275-00047562 reliable navigation system the Navy and
evDmvD3ERZ4-00192-00047563-00047710 Air Force were developing their own
evDmvD3ERZ4-00193-00047711-00047932 technologies in parallel to solve what
evDmvD3ERZ4-00194-00047933-00048211 was essentially the same problem to
evDmvD3ERZ4-00195-00048212-00048457 increase the survivability of ICBMs
evDmvD3ERZ4-00196-00048458-00048624 there was a proposal to use mobile
evDmvD3ERZ4-00197-00048625-00048817 launch platforms comparable to the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00198-00048818-00049155 Russian SS 24 and SS 25 and so the need
evDmvD3ERZ4-00199-00049156-00049308 to fix the launch position had
evDmvD3ERZ4-00200-00049309-00049764 similarity to the SLBM situation in 1960
evDmvD3ERZ4-00201-00049765-00049945 the Air Force proposed a radio
evDmvD3ERZ4-00202-00049946-00050196 navigation system called mosaic mobile
evDmvD3ERZ4-00203-00050197-00050452 system for accurate ICBM control that
evDmvD3ERZ4-00204-00050453-00050761 was essentially a 3d Lorien a follow-on
evDmvD3ERZ4-00205-00050762-00051139 study project 57 was worked in 1963 and
evDmvD3ERZ4-00206-00051140-00051376 it was in this study that the GPS
evDmvD3ERZ4-00207-00051377-00051688 concept was born that same year the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00208-00051689-00052017 concept was pursued as project 621 B
evDmvD3ERZ4-00209-00052019-00052257 which had many of the attributes that
evDmvD3ERZ4-00210-00052258-00052600 you now see in GPS and promised
evDmvD3ERZ4-00211-00052601-00052828 increased accuracy for Air Force bombers
evDmvD3ERZ4-00212-00052829-00053179 as well as ICBMs updates from the navy
evDmvD3ERZ4-00213-00053179-00053382 transit system were too slow for the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00214-00053383-00053659 high speeds of airforce operation the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00215-00053660-00053863 Naval Research Laboratory continued
evDmvD3ERZ4-00216-00053864-00054049 making advances with their tomato
evDmvD3ERZ4-00217-00054050-00054286 I'm navigating satellites first launched
evDmvD3ERZ4-00218-00054287-00054634 in 1967 with the third one in 1974
evDmvD3ERZ4-00219-00054635-00054831 carrying the first atomic clock into
evDmvD3ERZ4-00220-00054832-00055063 orbit another important predecessor to
evDmvD3ERZ4-00221-00055064-00055276 GPS came from a different branch of the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00222-00055277-00055654 United States military in 1964 the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00223-00055654-00055869 United States Army orbited its first
evDmvD3ERZ4-00224-00055870-00056043 sequential collation of range
evDmvD3ERZ4-00225-00056044-00056226 Secor satellite used for geodetic
evDmvD3ERZ4-00226-00056227-00056503 surveying the suckers system included
evDmvD3ERZ4-00227-00056504-00056710 three ground-based transmitters at known
evDmvD3ERZ4-00228-00056711-00056916 locations that would send signals to the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00229-00056917-00057204 satellite transponder in orbit a fourth
evDmvD3ERZ4-00230-00057205-00057429 ground-based station at an undetermined
evDmvD3ERZ4-00231-00057430-00057616 position could then use those signals to
evDmvD3ERZ4-00232-00057616-00057814 fix its location precisely
evDmvD3ERZ4-00233-00057815-00058054 the last sector satellite was launched
evDmvD3ERZ4-00234-00058054-00058629 in 1969
evDmvD3ERZ4-00235-00058629-00059082 topic development
evDmvD3ERZ4-00236-00059083-00059341 with these parallel developments in the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00237-00059341-00059620 1960s it was realized that a superior
evDmvD3ERZ4-00238-00059621-00059761 system could be developed by
evDmvD3ERZ4-00239-00059762-00059997 synthesizing the best technologies from
evDmvD3ERZ4-00240-00059998-00060352 621 B transit to Mason and sucker in a
evDmvD3ERZ4-00241-00060353-00060661 multi service program satellite orbital
evDmvD3ERZ4-00242-00060662-00060907 position errors induced by variations in
evDmvD3ERZ4-00243-00060908-00061108 the gravity field and radar refraction
evDmvD3ERZ4-00244-00061109-00061378 among others had to be resolved a team
evDmvD3ERZ4-00245-00061379-00061645 led by Harold L jury of Pan Am aerospace
evDmvD3ERZ4-00246-00061646-00061987 division in Florida from 1970 to 1973
evDmvD3ERZ4-00247-00061988-00062245 used real-time data assimilation and
evDmvD3ERZ4-00248-00062246-00062482 recursive estimation to do so reducing
evDmvD3ERZ4-00249-00062483-00062689 systemic and residual errors to a
evDmvD3ERZ4-00250-00062690-00062872 manageable level to permit accurate
evDmvD3ERZ4-00251-00062873-00063183 navigation during Labor Day weekend in
evDmvD3ERZ4-00252-00063184-00063472 1973 a meeting of about 12 military
evDmvD3ERZ4-00253-00063473-00063676 officers at the Pentagon discussed the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00254-00063677-00063867 creation of a defense navigation
evDmvD3ERZ4-00255-00063869-00064195 satellite system DNS s it was at this
evDmvD3ERZ4-00256-00064196-00064369 meeting that the real synthesis that
evDmvD3ERZ4-00257-00064370-00064704 became GPS was created later that year
evDmvD3ERZ4-00258-00064705-00064975 the DNS s program was named nav star or
evDmvD3ERZ4-00259-00064976-00065185 navigation system using timing and
evDmvD3ERZ4-00260-00065186-00065446 ranging with the individual satellites
evDmvD3ERZ4-00261-00065447-00065662 being associated with the name nav star
evDmvD3ERZ4-00262-00065663-00065845 as with the predecessors transit
evDmvD3ERZ4-00263-00065846-00066025 intimation a more fully encompassing
evDmvD3ERZ4-00264-00066026-00066199 name was used to identify the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00265-00066200-00066403 constellation of NASTAR satellites
evDmvD3ERZ4-00266-00066404-00066898 Navstar gps 10 block AI prototype
evDmvD3ERZ4-00267-00066899-00067147 satellites were launched between 1978
evDmvD3ERZ4-00268-00067148-00067411 and 1985 an additional unit was
evDmvD3ERZ4-00269-00067412-00067579 destroyed in a launch failure the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00270-00067580-00067756 effects of the ionosphere on radio
evDmvD3ERZ4-00271-00067757-00067951 transmission through the ionosphere was
evDmvD3ERZ4-00272-00067952-00068188 investigated in a geophysics Laboratory
evDmvD3ERZ4-00273-00068189-00068341 of Air Force Cambridge Research
evDmvD3ERZ4-00274-00068342-00068653 Laboratory located at Hanscom Air Force
evDmvD3ERZ4-00275-00068654-00068902 Base outside Boston the lab was renamed
evDmvD3ERZ4-00276-00068903-00069121 the air force geophysical research lab
evDmvD3ERZ4-00277-00069122-00069670 AF GRL in 1974 AF GRL developed the Clos
evDmvD3ERZ4-00278-00069671-00069892 bashar model for computing ionosphere at
evDmvD3ERZ4-00279-00069893-00070219 corrections to GPS location of note has
evDmvD3ERZ4-00280-00070220-00070444 work done by australian space scientist
evDmvD3ERZ4-00281-00070445-00070819 elizabeth essex cohen at AF GRL in 1974
evDmvD3ERZ4-00282-00070820-00071059 she was concerned with the curving of
evDmvD3ERZ4-00283-00071060-00071266 the paths of radio waves traversing the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00284-00071267-00071515 ionosphere from Navstar satellites after
evDmvD3ERZ4-00285-00071516-00071833 Korean Airlines flight 0:07 a Boeing 747
evDmvD3ERZ4-00286-00071834-00072198 carrying 269 people was shot down in
evDmvD3ERZ4-00287-00072199-00072504 1983 after straying into the USSR's
evDmvD3ERZ4-00288-00072505-00072717 prohibited airspace in the vicinity of
evDmvD3ERZ4-00289-00072718-00072942 Sakhalin and mana on Islands President
evDmvD3ERZ4-00290-00072943-00073152 Ronald Reagan issued a directive making
evDmvD3ERZ4-00291-00073153-00073392 GPS freely available for civilian use
evDmvD3ERZ4-00292-00073393-00073608 once it was sufficiently developed as a
evDmvD3ERZ4-00293-00073609-00073917 common good the first block to satellite
evDmvD3ERZ4-00294-00073918-00074247 was launched on February 14 1989 and the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00295-00074248-00074433 twenty-fourth satellite was launched in
evDmvD3ERZ4-00296-00074434-00074844 1994 the GPS program cost at this point
evDmvD3ERZ4-00297-00074845-00075012 not including the cost of the user
evDmvD3ERZ4-00298-00075013-00075222 equipment but including the costs of the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00299-00075223-00075441 satellite launches has been estimated at
evDmvD3ERZ4-00300-00075442-00075675 five billion United States dollars than
evDmvD3ERZ4-00301-00075676-00075837 year dollars initially the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00302-00075838-00076035 highest-quality signal was reserved for
evDmvD3ERZ4-00303-00076036-00076257 military use and the signal available
evDmvD3ERZ4-00304-00076258-00076443 for civilian use was intentionally
evDmvD3ERZ4-00305-00076444-00076662 degraded in a policy known as selective
evDmvD3ERZ4-00306-00076663-00076944 availability this changed with President
evDmvD3ERZ4-00307-00076945-00077181 Bill Clinton signing on may 1st 2000 a
evDmvD3ERZ4-00308-00077182-00077388 policy directive to turn off selective
evDmvD3ERZ4-00309-00077389-00077556 availability to provide the same
evDmvD3ERZ4-00310-00077557-00077778 accuracy to civilians that was afforded
evDmvD3ERZ4-00311-00077779-00078000 to the military the directive was
evDmvD3ERZ4-00312-00078001-00078204 proposed by the US Secretary of Defense
evDmvD3ERZ4-00313-00078205-00078435 William Perry in view of the widespread
evDmvD3ERZ4-00314-00078436-00078714 growth of differential GPS services to
evDmvD3ERZ4-00315-00078715-00078942 improve civilian accuracy and eliminate
evDmvD3ERZ4-00316-00078943-00079248 the US military advantage moreover the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00317-00079249-00079470 US military was actively developing
evDmvD3ERZ4-00318-00079471-00079728 technologies to deny GPS service to
evDmvD3ERZ4-00319-00079729-00079920 potential adversaries on a regional
evDmvD3ERZ4-00320-00079921-00080151 basis since its deployment the US has
evDmvD3ERZ4-00321-00080152-00080343 implemented several improvements to the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00322-00080344-00080586 GPS service including new signals for
evDmvD3ERZ4-00323-00080587-00080787 civil use and increased accuracy and
evDmvD3ERZ4-00324-00080788-00080985 integrity for all users all the while
evDmvD3ERZ4-00325-00080986-00081170 maintaining compatibility with existing
evDmvD3ERZ4-00326-00081171-00081513 GPS equipment modernization of the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00327-00081514-00081681 satellite system has been an ongoing
evDmvD3ERZ4-00328-00081682-00081885 initiative by the US Department of
evDmvD3ERZ4-00329-00081886-00082074 Defense through a series of satellite
evDmvD3ERZ4-00330-00082075-00082254 acquisitions to meet the growing needs
evDmvD3ERZ4-00331-00082255-00082452 of the military civilians in the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00332-00082453-00082669 commercial market
evDmvD3ERZ4-00333-00082670-00083044 as of early 2015 high-quality faa grade
evDmvD3ERZ4-00334-00083045-00083377 standard positioning service SPS gps
evDmvD3ERZ4-00335-00083378-00083623 receivers provided horizontal accuracy
evDmvD3ERZ4-00336-00083624-00083872 of better than 3.5 meters although many
evDmvD3ERZ4-00337-00083873-00084082 factors such as receiver quality and
evDmvD3ERZ4-00338-00084083-00084253 atmospheric issues can affect this
evDmvD3ERZ4-00339-00084254-00084628 accuracy gps is owned and operated by
evDmvD3ERZ4-00340-00084629-00084787 the united states government as a
evDmvD3ERZ4-00341-00084788-00085051 national resource the department of
evDmvD3ERZ4-00342-00085052-00085309 defense as the steward of gps the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00343-00085310-00085651 interagency gps executive board i GE b
evDmvD3ERZ4-00344-00085652-00086041 oversaw gps policy matters from 1996 to
evDmvD3ERZ4-00345-00086042-00086380 2004 after that the national space-based
evDmvD3ERZ4-00346-00086381-00086566 positioning navigation and timing
evDmvD3ERZ4-00347-00086567-00086782 executive committee was established by
evDmvD3ERZ4-00348-00086783-00087067 presidential directive in 2004 to advise
evDmvD3ERZ4-00349-00087068-00087274 and coordinate federal departments and
evDmvD3ERZ4-00350-00087275-00087520 agencies on matters concerning the gps
evDmvD3ERZ4-00351-00087521-00087796 and related systems the executive
evDmvD3ERZ4-00352-00087797-00087946 committee is chaired jointly by the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00353-00087947-00088144 deputy secretaries of defense and
evDmvD3ERZ4-00354-00088145-00088414 transportation its membership includes
evDmvD3ERZ4-00355-00088415-00088579 equivalent level officials from the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00356-00088580-00088768 department's of state commerce and
evDmvD3ERZ4-00357-00088769-00088981 homeland security the joint chiefs of
evDmvD3ERZ4-00358-00088982-00089233 staff and nasa components of the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00359-00089234-00089382 executive office of the president
evDmvD3ERZ4-00360-00089383-00089575 participate as observers to the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00361-00089576-00089818 executive committee and the FCC chairman
evDmvD3ERZ4-00362-00089819-00090130 participates as a liaison the US
evDmvD3ERZ4-00363-00090131-00090334 Department of Defense is required by law
evDmvD3ERZ4-00364-00090335-00090607 to maintain a standard positioning
evDmvD3ERZ4-00365-00090608-00090850 service as defined in the federal radio
evDmvD3ERZ4-00366-00090851-00091060 navigation plan and the standard
evDmvD3ERZ4-00367-00091061-00091324 positioning service signal specification
evDmvD3ERZ4-00368-00091325-00091537 that will be available on a continuous
evDmvD3ERZ4-00369-00091538-00091903 worldwide basis and develop measures to
evDmvD3ERZ4-00370-00091904-00092122 prevent hostile use of GPS and its
evDmvD3ERZ4-00371-00092123-00092338 augmentations without unduly disrupting
evDmvD3ERZ4-00372-00092339-00092985 or degrading civilian uses
evDmvD3ERZ4-00373-00092986-00093582 topic timeline and modernization
evDmvD3ERZ4-00374-00093583-00093957 in 1972 the USAF central inertial
evDmvD3ERZ4-00375-00093958-00094169 guidance test facility Holloman AFB
evDmvD3ERZ4-00376-00094170-00094425 conducted developmental flight tests of
evDmvD3ERZ4-00377-00094426-00094694 four prototype GPS receivers in a Wye
evDmvD3ERZ4-00378-00094695-00094887 configuration over White Sands Missile
evDmvD3ERZ4-00379-00094888-00095097 Range using ground-based pseudo
evDmvD3ERZ4-00380-00095098-00095424 satellites in 1978 the first
evDmvD3ERZ4-00381-00095425-00095718 experimental block I'd GPS satellite was
evDmvD3ERZ4-00382-00095719-00096056 launched in 1983 after Soviet
evDmvD3ERZ4-00383-00096057-00096257 interceptor aircraft shot down the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00384-00096258-00096441 civilian airliner Cal double-oh-seven
evDmvD3ERZ4-00385-00096442-00096644 that strayed into prohibited airspace
evDmvD3ERZ4-00386-00096645-00096888 because of navigational errors killing
evDmvD3ERZ4-00387-00096889-00097218 all 269 people on board US President
evDmvD3ERZ4-00388-00097219-00097449 Ronald Reagan announced that GPS would
evDmvD3ERZ4-00389-00097450-00097665 be made available for civilian uses once
evDmvD3ERZ4-00390-00097666-00097818 it was completed although it had been
evDmvD3ERZ4-00391-00097819-00098025 previously published in navigation
evDmvD3ERZ4-00392-00098026-00098225 magazine and that the CA Code course
evDmvD3ERZ4-00393-00098226-00098426 acquisition code would be available to
evDmvD3ERZ4-00394-00098427-00098811 civilian users by 1985 ten more
evDmvD3ERZ4-00395-00098812-00099024 experimental block ice satellites had
evDmvD3ERZ4-00396-00099025-00099242 been launched to validate the concept
evDmvD3ERZ4-00397-00099243-00099591 beginning in 1988 command and control of
evDmvD3ERZ4-00398-00099592-00099794 these satellites was moved from Onizuka
evDmvD3ERZ4-00399-00099795-00100035 AFS California to the second satellite
evDmvD3ERZ4-00400-00100036-00100326 control squadron to SCS located at
evDmvD3ERZ4-00401-00100327-00100521 Falcon Air Force Station in Colorado
evDmvD3ERZ4-00402-00100522-00101013 Springs Colorado On February 14 1989 the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00403-00101014-00101207 first modern block to satellite was
evDmvD3ERZ4-00404-00101208-00101622 launched the Gulf War from 1990 to 1991
evDmvD3ERZ4-00405-00101623-00101801 was the first conflict in which the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00406-00101802-00102261 military widely used GPS in 1991 a
evDmvD3ERZ4-00407-00102262-00102479 project to create a miniature GPS
evDmvD3ERZ4-00408-00102480-00102714 receiver successfully ended replacing
evDmvD3ERZ4-00409-00102715-00102941 the previous 16 kilograms military
evDmvD3ERZ4-00410-00102942-00103181 receivers with a 1.2 5 kilograms
evDmvD3ERZ4-00411-00103182-00103578 handheld receiver in 1992 the second
evDmvD3ERZ4-00412-00103579-00103779 Space Wing which originally managed the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00413-00103780-00104001 system was inactivated and replaced by
evDmvD3ERZ4-00414-00104002-00104475 the 50th Space Wing by December 1993 GPS
evDmvD3ERZ4-00415-00104476-00104678 achieved initial operational capability
evDmvD3ERZ4-00416-00104679-00104988 IOC with a full constellation 24
evDmvD3ERZ4-00417-00104989-00105207 satellites available and providing the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00418-00105208-00105560 standard positioning service SPS full
evDmvD3ERZ4-00419-00105561-00105870 operational capability FOC was declared
evDmvD3ERZ4-00420-00105871-00106170 by Air Force Space Command AF SPC in
evDmvD3ERZ4-00421-00106171-00106511 April 1995 signifying full availability
evDmvD3ERZ4-00422-00106513-00106679 of the military's secure precise
evDmvD3ERZ4-00423-00106680-00106928 positioning service PPS
evDmvD3ERZ4-00424-00106929-00107260 in 1996 recognizing the importance of
evDmvD3ERZ4-00425-00107261-00107489 GPS to civilian users as well as
evDmvD3ERZ4-00426-00107490-00107750 military users US President Bill Clinton
evDmvD3ERZ4-00427-00107751-00108005 issued a policy directive declaring GPS
evDmvD3ERZ4-00428-00108006-00108218 a dual use system and establishing an
evDmvD3ERZ4-00429-00108219-00108467 interagency GPS executive board to
evDmvD3ERZ4-00430-00108468-00108835 manage it as a national asset in 1998
evDmvD3ERZ4-00431-00108836-00109070 United States Vice President Al Gore
evDmvD3ERZ4-00432-00109071-00109349 announced plans to upgrade GPS with two
evDmvD3ERZ4-00433-00109350-00109568 new civilian signals for enhanced user
evDmvD3ERZ4-00434-00109569-00109823 accuracy and reliability particularly
evDmvD3ERZ4-00435-00109824-00110045 with respect to aviation safety and in
evDmvD3ERZ4-00436-00110046-00110246 2000 the United States Congress
evDmvD3ERZ4-00437-00110247-00110441 authorized the effort referring to it as
evDmvD3ERZ4-00438-00110442-00110876 gps 3 on may 2nd 2000 selective
evDmvD3ERZ4-00439-00110877-00111133 availability was discontinued as a
evDmvD3ERZ4-00440-00111134-00111401 result of the 1996 executive order
evDmvD3ERZ4-00441-00111402-00111593 allowing civilian users to receive a
evDmvD3ERZ4-00442-00111594-00111974 none degraded signal globally in 2004
evDmvD3ERZ4-00443-00111975-00112181 the United States government signed an
evDmvD3ERZ4-00444-00112182-00112352 agreement with the European community
evDmvD3ERZ4-00445-00112353-00112607 establishing cooperation related to GPS
evDmvD3ERZ4-00446-00112608-00112988 and Europe's Galileo system in 2004
evDmvD3ERZ4-00447-00112989-00113225 United States President George W Bush
evDmvD3ERZ4-00448-00113226-00113489 updated the national policy and replaced
evDmvD3ERZ4-00449-00113490-00113678 the executive board with the National
evDmvD3ERZ4-00450-00113679-00113855 Executive Committee for space-based
evDmvD3ERZ4-00451-00113856-00114127 positioning navigation and timing
evDmvD3ERZ4-00452-00114128-00114416 November 2004 Qualcomm announced
evDmvD3ERZ4-00453-00114417-00114689 successful tests of assisted GPS for
evDmvD3ERZ4-00454-00114690-00115013 mobile phones in 2005 the first
evDmvD3ERZ4-00455-00115014-00115298 modernized GPS satellite was launched
evDmvD3ERZ4-00456-00115299-00115510 and began transmitting a second civilian
evDmvD3ERZ4-00457-00115511-00115805 signal l2c for enhanced user performance
evDmvD3ERZ4-00458-00115806-00116204 on September 14 2007 the aging
evDmvD3ERZ4-00459-00116205-00116414 mainframe-based ground segments control
evDmvD3ERZ4-00460-00116415-00116576 system was transferred to the new
evDmvD3ERZ4-00461-00116577-00116906 architecture evolution plan on May 19
evDmvD3ERZ4-00462-00116907-00117158 2009 the United States Government
evDmvD3ERZ4-00463-00117158-00117361 Accountability Office issued a report
evDmvD3ERZ4-00464-00117363-00117586 warning that some GPS satellites could
evDmvD3ERZ4-00465-00117588-00118009 fail as soon as 2010 on May 21st 2009
evDmvD3ERZ4-00466-00118010-00118217 the Air Force Space Command delayed
evDmvD3ERZ4-00467-00118218-00118481 fears of GPS failure saying there's only
evDmvD3ERZ4-00468-00118482-00118667 a small risk we will not continue to
evDmvD3ERZ4-00469-00118668-00118960 exceed our performance standard
evDmvD3ERZ4-00470-00118961-00119303 On January 11 2010 an update of ground
evDmvD3ERZ4-00471-00119304-00119498 control systems caused a software
evDmvD3ERZ4-00472-00119499-00119761 incompatibility with 8,000 to 10,000
evDmvD3ERZ4-00473-00119763-00119969 military receivers manufactured by a
evDmvD3ERZ4-00474-00119970-00120188 division of Trimble navigation Limited
evDmvD3ERZ4-00475-00120189-00120620 of Sunnyvale Calif On February 25th 2010
evDmvD3ERZ4-00476-00120621-00120872 the US Air Force awarded the contract to
evDmvD3ERZ4-00477-00120873-00121108 develop the GPS next generation
evDmvD3ERZ4-00478-00121109-00121373 operational control system ocx to
evDmvD3ERZ4-00479-00121374-00121646 improve accuracy and availability of GPS
evDmvD3ERZ4-00480-00121647-00121838 navigation signals and serve as a
evDmvD3ERZ4-00481-00121839-00122550 critical part of GPS modernization
evDmvD3ERZ4-00482-00122551-00123034 topic Awards
evDmvD3ERZ4-00483-00123035-00123383 On February 10th 1993 the National
evDmvD3ERZ4-00484-00123383-00123650 Aeronautics Association selected the GPS
evDmvD3ERZ4-00485-00123651-00123934 team as winners of the 1992 Robert J
evDmvD3ERZ4-00486-00123935-00124118 Collier trophy the nation's most
evDmvD3ERZ4-00487-00124119-00124403 prestigious aviation award this team
evDmvD3ERZ4-00488-00124404-00124583 combines researchers from the Naval
evDmvD3ERZ4-00489-00124583-00124817 Research Laboratory the USAF the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00490-00124818-00125000 Aerospace Corporation Rockwell
evDmvD3ERZ4-00491-00125001-00125207 International Corporation and IBM
evDmvD3ERZ4-00492-00125208-00125498 federal systems company the citation
evDmvD3ERZ4-00493-00125499-00125710 honors them for the most significant
evDmvD3ERZ4-00494-00125711-00125906 development for safe and efficient
evDmvD3ERZ4-00495-00125907-00126131 navigation and surveillance of air and
evDmvD3ERZ4-00496-00126132-00126341 spacecraft since the introduction of
evDmvD3ERZ4-00497-00126342-00126727 radio navigation fifty years ago
evDmvD3ERZ4-00498-00126728-00127042 - GPS developers received the National
evDmvD3ERZ4-00499-00127043-00127249 Academy of Engineering Charles stark
evDmvD3ERZ4-00500-00127250-00127615 Draper prize for 2003 Ivan getting
evDmvD3ERZ4-00501-00127616-00127807 emeritus president of the Aerospace
evDmvD3ERZ4-00502-00127808-00127993 Corporation and an engineer at the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00503-00127994-00128178 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
evDmvD3ERZ4-00504-00128179-00128484 established the basis for GPS improving
evDmvD3ERZ4-00505-00128485-00128695 on the world war two land-based radio
evDmvD3ERZ4-00506-00128696-00128944 system called Loren long-range radio aid
evDmvD3ERZ4-00507-00128945-00129078 to navigation
evDmvD3ERZ4-00508-00129079-00129325 Bradford Parkinson professor of
evDmvD3ERZ4-00509-00129326-00129550 Aeronautics and Astronautics at Stanford
evDmvD3ERZ4-00510-00129551-00129733 University conceived the present
evDmvD3ERZ4-00511-00129733-00129906 satellite based system in the early
evDmvD3ERZ4-00512-00129907-00130117 1960s and developed it in conjunction
evDmvD3ERZ4-00513-00130118-00130444 with the US Air Force Parkinson served
evDmvD3ERZ4-00514-00130445-00130788 21 years in the Air Force from 1957 to
evDmvD3ERZ4-00515-00130789-00131029 1978 and retired with the rank of
evDmvD3ERZ4-00516-00131030-00131323 colonel GPS developer Roger L Easton
evDmvD3ERZ4-00517-00131324-00131467 received the National Medal of
evDmvD3ERZ4-00518-00131468-00131833 Technology on February 13 2006 Francis
evDmvD3ERZ4-00519-00131834-00132175 the tenth came call USAF ret was
evDmvD3ERZ4-00520-00132176-00132409 inducted into the US Air Force space and
evDmvD3ERZ4-00521-00132410-00132583 missile pioneers Hall of Fame at
evDmvD3ERZ4-00522-00132584-00132868 lackland AFB San Antonio Texas
evDmvD3ERZ4-00523-00132869-00133108 March 2nd 2010 for his role in space
evDmvD3ERZ4-00524-00133109-00133273 technology development and the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00525-00133274-00133501 engineering design concept of GPS
evDmvD3ERZ4-00526-00133502-00133935 conducted as part of Project 621 B in
evDmvD3ERZ4-00527-00133936-00134272 1998 GPS technology was inducted into
evDmvD3ERZ4-00528-00134273-00134506 the Space Foundation space technology
evDmvD3ERZ4-00529-00134507-00134791 Hall of Fame on October 4th 2011 the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00530-00134792-00134973 International Astronautical Federation
evDmvD3ERZ4-00531-00134974-00135211 IAF awarded the Global Positioning
evDmvD3ERZ4-00532-00135212-00135565 System GPS its 60th anniversary award
evDmvD3ERZ4-00533-00135566-00135832 nominated by IAAF member the American
evDmvD3ERZ4-00534-00135833-00135991 Institute for Aeronautics and
evDmvD3ERZ4-00535-00135992-00136372 Astronautics AIAA the IAF honors and
evDmvD3ERZ4-00536-00136373-00136537 awards committee recognized the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00537-00136538-00136759 uniqueness of the GPS program in the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00538-00136760-00136960 exemplary role it has played in building
evDmvD3ERZ4-00539-00136961-00137134 international collaboration for the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00540-00137135-00137753 benefit of humanity
evDmvD3ERZ4-00541-00137754-00138425 topic basic concept of GPS
evDmvD3ERZ4-00542-00138426-00138779 you
evDmvD3ERZ4-00543-00138780-00139287 topic fundamentals
evDmvD3ERZ4-00544-00139288-00139590 the GPS concept is based on time and the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00545-00139591-00139794 known position of GPS specialized
evDmvD3ERZ4-00546-00139795-00140082 satellites the satellites carry very
evDmvD3ERZ4-00547-00140083-00140247 stable atomic clocks that are
evDmvD3ERZ4-00548-00140248-00140412 synchronized with one another and with
evDmvD3ERZ4-00549-00140413-00140682 the ground clocks any drift from true
evDmvD3ERZ4-00550-00140683-00140838 time maintained on the ground is
evDmvD3ERZ4-00551-00140839-00141105 corrected daily in the same manner the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00552-00141106-00141309 satellite locations are known with great
evDmvD3ERZ4-00553-00141310-00141633 precision GPS receivers have clocks as
evDmvD3ERZ4-00554-00141634-00141810 well but they are less stable and less
evDmvD3ERZ4-00555-00141811-00142200 precise each GPS satellite continuously
evDmvD3ERZ4-00556-00142201-00142425 transmits a radio signal containing the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00557-00142426-00142622 current time and data about its position
evDmvD3ERZ4-00558-00142623-00142878 since the speed of radio waves is
evDmvD3ERZ4-00559-00142879-00143034 constant and independent of the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00560-00143035-00143223 satellite speed the time delay between
evDmvD3ERZ4-00561-00143224-00143400 when the satellite transmits a signal
evDmvD3ERZ4-00562-00143401-00143583 and the receiver receives it is
evDmvD3ERZ4-00563-00143584-00143751 proportional to the distance from the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00564-00143752-00144036 satellite to the receiver a GPS receiver
evDmvD3ERZ4-00565-00144037-00144300 monitors multiple satellites and solves
evDmvD3ERZ4-00566-00144301-00144471 equations to determine the precise
evDmvD3ERZ4-00567-00144472-00144630 position of the receiver and its
evDmvD3ERZ4-00568-00144631-00144903 deviation from true time at a minimum
evDmvD3ERZ4-00569-00144904-00145107 for satellites must be in view of the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00570-00145108-00145305 receiver for it to compute for unknown
evDmvD3ERZ4-00571-00145306-00145512 quantities three position coordinates
evDmvD3ERZ4-00572-00145513-00146204 and clock deviation from satellite time
evDmvD3ERZ4-00573-00146205-00146734 topic more detailed description
evDmvD3ERZ4-00574-00146735-00147050 each GPS satellite continually
evDmvD3ERZ4-00575-00147051-00147182 broadcasts a signal
evDmvD3ERZ4-00576-00147183-00147353 carrier wave with modulation that
evDmvD3ERZ4-00577-00147354-00147679 includes a pseudo-random code sequence
evDmvD3ERZ4-00578-00147680-00147875 of ones and zeros that is known to the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00579-00147876-00148139 receiver by time aligning a receiver
evDmvD3ERZ4-00580-00148140-00148322 generated version and the receiver
evDmvD3ERZ4-00581-00148323-00148535 measured version of the code the time of
evDmvD3ERZ4-00582-00148536-00148763 arrival TOA of a defined point in the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00583-00148764-00148958 code sequence called an epoch can be
evDmvD3ERZ4-00584-00148959-00149206 found in the receiver clock timescale a
evDmvD3ERZ4-00585-00149207-00149420 message that includes the time of
evDmvD3ERZ4-00586-00149421-00149636 transmission taught of the code epoch in
evDmvD3ERZ4-00587-00149637-00149906 GPS timescale and the satellite position
evDmvD3ERZ4-00588-00149907-00150095 at that time conceptually the receiver
evDmvD3ERZ4-00589-00150096-00150224 measures the toas
evDmvD3ERZ4-00590-00150225-00150389 according to its own clock of for
evDmvD3ERZ4-00591-00150390-00150695 satellite signals from the toas and the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00592-00150696-00150914 tots the receiver forms for time of
evDmvD3ERZ4-00593-00150915-00151160 flight tof values which are given the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00594-00151161-00151334 speed of light approximately equivalent
evDmvD3ERZ4-00595-00151335-00151607 to receiver satellite ranges the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00596-00151608-00151745 receiver then computes its
evDmvD3ERZ4-00597-00151746-00151937 three-dimensional position and clock
evDmvD3ERZ4-00598-00151938-00152111 deviation from the for tofs
evDmvD3ERZ4-00599-00152112-00152411 in practice the receiver position in
evDmvD3ERZ4-00600-00152412-00152633 three-dimensional Cartesian coordinates
evDmvD3ERZ4-00601-00152634-00152813 with origin at the Earth's center and
evDmvD3ERZ4-00602-00152814-00152957 the offset of the receiver clock
evDmvD3ERZ4-00603-00152958-00153200 relative to the GPS time are computed
evDmvD3ERZ4-00604-00153201-00153410 simultaneously using the navigation
evDmvD3ERZ4-00605-00153411-00153704 equations to process the toffs the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00606-00153705-00153884 receivers earth-centered solution
evDmvD3ERZ4-00607-00153885-00154073 location is usually converted to
evDmvD3ERZ4-00608-00154074-00154289 latitude longitude and height relative
evDmvD3ERZ4-00609-00154290-00154544 to an ellipsoidal earth model the height
evDmvD3ERZ4-00610-00154545-00154721 may then be further converted to height
evDmvD3ERZ4-00611-00154722-00155045 relative to the geoid eg eg M 96
evDmvD3ERZ4-00612-00155046-00155303 essentially means sea level these
evDmvD3ERZ4-00613-00155304-00155540 coordinates may be displayed eg on a
evDmvD3ERZ4-00614-00155541-00155729 moving map display and/or recorded
evDmvD3ERZ4-00615-00155730-00156014 and/or used by some other system eg a
evDmvD3ERZ4-00616-00156015-00156624 vehicle guidance system
evDmvD3ERZ4-00617-00156625-00157231 topic user satellite geometry
evDmvD3ERZ4-00618-00157232-00157495 although usually not formed explicitly
evDmvD3ERZ4-00619-00157496-00157657 in the receiver processing the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00620-00157658-00157897 conceptual time differences of arrival t
evDmvD3ERZ4-00621-00157898-00158134 DOAs to find the measurement geometry
evDmvD3ERZ4-00622-00158135-00158470 each t do a corresponds to a hyperboloid
evDmvD3ERZ4-00623-00158471-00158794 of revolution c multilateration the line
evDmvD3ERZ4-00624-00158795-00158991 connecting the two satellites involved
evDmvD3ERZ4-00625-00158992-00159208 and its extensions forms the axis of the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00626-00159209-00159493 hyperboloid the receiver is located at
evDmvD3ERZ4-00627-00159494-00159649 the point where three hyperboloids
evDmvD3ERZ4-00628-00159650-00159828 intersect it is sometimes incorrectly
evDmvD3ERZ4-00629-00159829-00160036 said that the user location is at the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00630-00160037-00160285 intersection of three spheres while
evDmvD3ERZ4-00631-00160286-00160488 simpler to visualize this is the case
evDmvD3ERZ4-00632-00160489-00160662 only if the receiver has a clock
evDmvD3ERZ4-00633-00160663-00160846 synchronized with the satellite clocks
evDmvD3ERZ4-00634-00160847-00161107 ie the receiver measures true ranges to
evDmvD3ERZ4-00635-00161108-00161250 the satellites rather than range
evDmvD3ERZ4-00636-00161251-00161518 differences there are marked performance
evDmvD3ERZ4-00637-00161519-00161712 benefits to the user carrying a clock
evDmvD3ERZ4-00638-00161713-00161903 synchronized with the satellites
evDmvD3ERZ4-00639-00161904-00162157 foremost is that only three satellites
evDmvD3ERZ4-00640-00162158-00162310 are needed to compute a position
evDmvD3ERZ4-00641-00162311-00162579 solution if it were an essential part of
evDmvD3ERZ4-00642-00162580-00162835 the GPS concept that all users needed to
evDmvD3ERZ4-00643-00162836-00163026 carry a synchronized clock a smaller
evDmvD3ERZ4-00644-00163027-00163212 number of satellites could be deployed
evDmvD3ERZ4-00645-00163213-00163413 but the cost and complexity of the user
evDmvD3ERZ4-00646-00163414-00164021 equipment would increase
evDmvD3ERZ4-00647-00164022-00164663 topic receiver in continuous operation
evDmvD3ERZ4-00648-00164664-00164900 the description above is representative
evDmvD3ERZ4-00649-00164901-00165152 of a receiver startup situation most
evDmvD3ERZ4-00650-00165153-00165328 receivers have a track algorithm
evDmvD3ERZ4-00651-00165329-00165545 sometimes called a tracker that combines
evDmvD3ERZ4-00652-00165546-00165731 sets of satellite measurements collected
evDmvD3ERZ4-00653-00165732-00165989 at different times in effect taking
evDmvD3ERZ4-00654-00165990-00166163 advantage of the fact that successive
evDmvD3ERZ4-00655-00166164-00166373 receiver positions are usually close to
evDmvD3ERZ4-00656-00166374-00166652 each other after a set of measurements
evDmvD3ERZ4-00657-00166653-00166835 are processed the tracker predicts the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00658-00166836-00167039 receiver location corresponding to the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00659-00167040-00167306 next set of satellite measurements when
evDmvD3ERZ4-00660-00167307-00167471 the new measurements are collected the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00661-00167472-00167657 receiver uses a weighting scheme to
evDmvD3ERZ4-00662-00167658-00167791 combine the new measurements with the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00663-00167792-00168053 tracker prediction in general the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00664-00168054-00168253 tracker can improve receiver position
evDmvD3ERZ4-00665-00168254-00168500 and time accuracy B reject bad
evDmvD3ERZ4-00666-00168501-00168731 measurements and C estimate receiver
evDmvD3ERZ4-00667-00168732-00169037 speed and direction the disadvantage of
evDmvD3ERZ4-00668-00169038-00169238 a tracker is that changes in speed or
evDmvD3ERZ4-00669-00169239-00169424 Direction can be computed only with a
evDmvD3ERZ4-00670-00169425-00169637 delay and that derived Direction becomes
evDmvD3ERZ4-00671-00169638-00169814 inaccurate when the distance traveled
evDmvD3ERZ4-00672-00169815-00170006 between two position measurements drops
evDmvD3ERZ4-00673-00170007-00170183 below or near the random error of
evDmvD3ERZ4-00674-00170184-00170498 position measurement GPS units can use
evDmvD3ERZ4-00675-00170499-00170665 measurements of the Doppler shift of the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00676-00170666-00170870 signals received to compute velocity
evDmvD3ERZ4-00677-00170871-00171152 accurately more advanced navigation
evDmvD3ERZ4-00678-00171153-00171347 systems use additional sensors like a
evDmvD3ERZ4-00679-00171348-00171587 compass or an inertial navigation system
evDmvD3ERZ4-00680-00171588-00172209 to complement GPS
evDmvD3ERZ4-00681-00172210-00172826 topic none navigation applications
evDmvD3ERZ4-00682-00172827-00173138 in typical GPS operation as a navigator
evDmvD3ERZ4-00683-00173139-00173363 four or more satellites must be visible
evDmvD3ERZ4-00684-00173364-00173600 to obtain an accurate result the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00685-00173601-00173807 solution of the navigation equations
evDmvD3ERZ4-00686-00173808-00174004 gives the position of the receiver along
evDmvD3ERZ4-00687-00174005-00174146 with the difference between the time
evDmvD3ERZ4-00688-00174147-00174368 kept by the receivers onboard clock in
evDmvD3ERZ4-00689-00174369-00174581 the true time of day thereby eliminating
evDmvD3ERZ4-00690-00174582-00174785 the need for a more precise and possibly
evDmvD3ERZ4-00691-00174786-00175021 impractical receiver based clock
evDmvD3ERZ4-00692-00175022-00175283 applications for GPS such as time
evDmvD3ERZ4-00693-00175284-00175493 transfer traffic signal timing and
evDmvD3ERZ4-00694-00175494-00175673 synchronization of cell phone base
evDmvD3ERZ4-00695-00175674-00175865 stations make use of this cheap and
evDmvD3ERZ4-00696-00175866-00176125 highly accurate timing some GPS
evDmvD3ERZ4-00697-00176126-00176357 applications use this time for display
evDmvD3ERZ4-00698-00176358-00176554 or other than for the basic position
evDmvD3ERZ4-00699-00176555-00176749 calculations do not use it at all
evDmvD3ERZ4-00700-00176750-00177062 although for satellites are required for
evDmvD3ERZ4-00701-00177063-00177299 normal operation fewer apply in special
evDmvD3ERZ4-00702-00177300-00177626 cases if one variable is already known a
evDmvD3ERZ4-00703-00177627-00177806 receiver can determine its position
evDmvD3ERZ4-00704-00177807-00178109 using only three satellites for example
evDmvD3ERZ4-00705-00178110-00178291 a ship or aircraft may have known
evDmvD3ERZ4-00706-00178292-00178583 elevation some GPS receivers may use
evDmvD3ERZ4-00707-00178584-00178804 additional clues or assumptions such as
evDmvD3ERZ4-00708-00178805-00179000 reusing the last known altitude dead
evDmvD3ERZ4-00709-00179001-00179189 reckoning inertial navigation or
evDmvD3ERZ4-00710-00179190-00179384 including information from the vehicle
evDmvD3ERZ4-00711-00179385-00179585 computer to give a possibly degraded
evDmvD3ERZ4-00712-00179586-00179791 position when fewer than four satellites
evDmvD3ERZ4-00713-00179792-00180356 are visible
evDmvD3ERZ4-00714-00180357-00180874 topic structure
evDmvD3ERZ4-00715-00180875-00181156 the current GPS consists of three major
evDmvD3ERZ4-00716-00181157-00181402 segments these are the space segment a
evDmvD3ERZ4-00717-00181403-00181693 control segment and a user segment the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00718-00181694-00181939 US Airforce develops maintains and
evDmvD3ERZ4-00719-00181940-00182189 operates the space and control segments
evDmvD3ERZ4-00720-00182190-00182485 GPS satellites broadcast signals from
evDmvD3ERZ4-00721-00182486-00182754 space and each GPS receiver uses these
evDmvD3ERZ4-00722-00182755-00182887 signals to calculate its
evDmvD3ERZ4-00723-00182888-00183061 three-dimensional location latitude
evDmvD3ERZ4-00724-00183062-00183319 longitude and altitude and the current
evDmvD3ERZ4-00725-00183320-00183820 time
evDmvD3ERZ4-00726-00183821-00184340 topic space segment
evDmvD3ERZ4-00727-00184341-00184658 the space segment SS is composed of 24
evDmvD3ERZ4-00728-00184659-00184910 to 32 satellites in medium Earth orbit
evDmvD3ERZ4-00729-00184911-00185135 and also includes the payload adapters
evDmvD3ERZ4-00730-00185136-00185321 to the Boosters required to launch them
evDmvD3ERZ4-00731-00185322-00185645 into orbit the space segment SS is
evDmvD3ERZ4-00732-00185646-00185900 composed of the orbiting GPS satellites
evDmvD3ERZ4-00733-00185901-00186230 or space vehicles s V in GPS parlance
evDmvD3ERZ4-00734-00186231-00186623 the GPS designed originally called 424 s
evDmvD3ERZ4-00735-00186624-00186842 vs 8 each and three approximately
evDmvD3ERZ4-00736-00186843-00187049 circular orbits but this was modified to
evDmvD3ERZ4-00737-00187050-00187274 six orbital planes with four satellites
evDmvD3ERZ4-00738-00187275-00187532 each the six orbit planes have
evDmvD3ERZ4-00739-00187533-00187748 approximately 55 degrees inclination
evDmvD3ERZ4-00740-00187749-00187979 tilt relative to the earth's equator and
evDmvD3ERZ4-00741-00187980-00188180 are separated by sixty degrees right
evDmvD3ERZ4-00742-00188181-00188372 ascension of the ascending node angle
evDmvD3ERZ4-00743-00188373-00188549 along the equator from a reference point
evDmvD3ERZ4-00744-00188550-00188819 to the orbits intersection the orbital
evDmvD3ERZ4-00745-00188820-00189140 period is one-half a sidereal day ie 11
evDmvD3ERZ4-00746-00189141-00189326 hours and 58 minutes so that the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00747-00189327-00189545 satellites pass over the same locations
evDmvD3ERZ4-00748-00189546-00189749 or almost the same locations every day
evDmvD3ERZ4-00749-00189750-00190019 the orbits are arranged so that at least
evDmvD3ERZ4-00750-00190020-00190220 six satellites are always within line of
evDmvD3ERZ4-00751-00190221-00190373 sight from everywhere on the Earth's
evDmvD3ERZ4-00752-00190374-00190658 surface the result of this objective is
evDmvD3ERZ4-00753-00190659-00190847 that the four satellites are not evenly
evDmvD3ERZ4-00754-00190848-00191057 spaced 90 degrees apart within each
evDmvD3ERZ4-00755-00191058-00191345 orbit in general terms the angular
evDmvD3ERZ4-00756-00191346-00191525 difference between satellites in each
evDmvD3ERZ4-00757-00191526-00191903 orbit as 30 degrees 105 degrees 120
evDmvD3ERZ4-00758-00191904-00192200 degrees and 105 degrees apart which sum
evDmvD3ERZ4-00759-00192201-00192467 to 360 degrees orbiting at an altitude
evDmvD3ERZ4-00760-00192468-00192811 of approximately 20,000 200 kilometres
evDmvD3ERZ4-00761-00192812-00193004 12600 miles
evDmvD3ERZ4-00762-00193005-00193316 orbital radius of approximately 26,000
evDmvD3ERZ4-00763-00193317-00193736 600 kilometres 16,500 miles each SV
evDmvD3ERZ4-00764-00193737-00193955 makes two complete orbits each sidereal
evDmvD3ERZ4-00765-00193956-00194162 day repeating the same ground track each
evDmvD3ERZ4-00766-00194163-00194414 day this was very helpful during
evDmvD3ERZ4-00767-00194415-00194606 development because even with only four
evDmvD3ERZ4-00768-00194607-00194810 satellites correct alignment means all
evDmvD3ERZ4-00769-00194811-00195023 four are visible from one spot for a few
evDmvD3ERZ4-00770-00195024-00195326 hours each day for military operations
evDmvD3ERZ4-00771-00195327-00195524 the ground track repeat can be used to
evDmvD3ERZ4-00772-00195525-00195772 ensure good coverage in combat zones as
evDmvD3ERZ4-00773-00195773-00196175 of February 2016 there are 32 satellites
evDmvD3ERZ4-00774-00196176-00196451 in the GPS constellation 31 of which are
evDmvD3ERZ4-00775-00196452-00196745 in use the additional satellites improve
evDmvD3ERZ4-00776-00196746-00196931 the precision of GPS receiver
evDmvD3ERZ4-00777-00196932-00197141 calculations by providing redundant
evDmvD3ERZ4-00778-00197142-00197381 measurements with the increased number
evDmvD3ERZ4-00779-00197382-00197570 of satellites the constellation was
evDmvD3ERZ4-00780-00197571-00197776 changed to a non-uniform
evDmvD3ERZ4-00781-00197777-00198016 such an arrangement was shown to improve
evDmvD3ERZ4-00782-00198017-00198211 reliability and availability of the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00783-00198212-00198458 system relative to a uniform system when
evDmvD3ERZ4-00784-00198459-00198727 multiple satellites fail about nine
evDmvD3ERZ4-00785-00198728-00198934 satellites are visible from any point on
evDmvD3ERZ4-00786-00198935-00199145 the ground at any one time see animation
evDmvD3ERZ4-00787-00199146-00199327 at right ensuring considerable
evDmvD3ERZ4-00788-00199328-00199493 redundancy over the minimum four
evDmvD3ERZ4-00789-00199494-00200143 satellites needed for a position
evDmvD3ERZ4-00790-00200144-00200671 topic control segment
evDmvD3ERZ4-00791-00200672-00201009 the control segment CS is composed of a
evDmvD3ERZ4-00792-00201010-00201354 master control station MCS an
evDmvD3ERZ4-00793-00201355-00201706 alternative master control station for
evDmvD3ERZ4-00794-00201707-00202021 dedicated ground antennas and six
evDmvD3ERZ4-00795-00202022-00202300 dedicated monitor stations the MCS can
evDmvD3ERZ4-00796-00202301-00202501 also access US Air Force satellite
evDmvD3ERZ4-00797-00202502-00202828 control Network AFS CN ground antennas
evDmvD3ERZ4-00798-00202829-00202984 for additional command and control
evDmvD3ERZ4-00799-00202985-00203173 capability and not national
evDmvD3ERZ4-00800-00203174-00203416 geospatial-intelligence agency monitor
evDmvD3ERZ4-00801-00203417-00203647 stations the flight paths of the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00802-00203648-00203878 satellites are tracked by dedicated US
evDmvD3ERZ4-00803-00203879-00204100 Air Force monitoring stations in Hawaii
evDmvD3ERZ4-00804-00204101-00204409 Kwajalein at all Ascension Island Diego
evDmvD3ERZ4-00805-00204410-00204685 Garcia Colorado Springs Colorado and
evDmvD3ERZ4-00806-00204686-00204877 Cape Canaveral along with shared naam
evDmvD3ERZ4-00807-00204878-00205087 monitor stations operated in England
evDmvD3ERZ4-00808-00205088-00205398 Argentina Ecuador Bahrain Australia and
evDmvD3ERZ4-00809-00205400-00205669 Washington DC the tracking information
evDmvD3ERZ4-00810-00205669-00205869 is sent to the Air Force Space Command
evDmvD3ERZ4-00811-00205869-00206182 MCS at Schriever Air Force Base 25
evDmvD3ERZ4-00812-00206183-00206464 kilometres 16 miles ese of Colorado
evDmvD3ERZ4-00813-00206465-00206694 Springs which is operated by the second
evDmvD3ERZ4-00814-00206696-00206935 Space Operations Squadron - sobs of the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00815-00206936-00207151 US Air Force then
evDmvD3ERZ4-00816-00207152-00207415 - sobs contacts each GPS satellite
evDmvD3ERZ4-00817-00207416-00207631 regularly with a navigational update
evDmvD3ERZ4-00818-00207632-00207937 using dedicated or shared AF SCN ground
evDmvD3ERZ4-00819-00207938-00208237 antennas GPS dedicated ground antennas
evDmvD3ERZ4-00820-00208238-00208446 are located at Kwajalein Ascension
evDmvD3ERZ4-00821-00208448-00208704 Island Diego Garcia and Cape Canaveral
evDmvD3ERZ4-00822-00208705-00208987 these updates synchronize the atomic
evDmvD3ERZ4-00823-00208988-00209179 clocks onboard the satellites to within
evDmvD3ERZ4-00824-00209180-00209371 a few nanoseconds of each other and
evDmvD3ERZ4-00825-00209371-00209563 adjust the ephemeris of each satellites
evDmvD3ERZ4-00826-00209564-00209836 internal orbital model the updates are
evDmvD3ERZ4-00827-00209837-00210046 created by a Kalman filter that uses
evDmvD3ERZ4-00828-00210046-00210196 inputs from the ground monitoring
evDmvD3ERZ4-00829-00210196-00210423 stations space weather information and
evDmvD3ERZ4-00830-00210425-00210673 various other inputs satellite maneuvers
evDmvD3ERZ4-00831-00210673-00210982 are not precise by GPS standards so to
evDmvD3ERZ4-00832-00210983-00211156 change a satellites orbit the satellite
evDmvD3ERZ4-00833-00211157-00211398 must be marked unhealthy so receivers
evDmvD3ERZ4-00834-00211400-00211621 don't use it after the satellite
evDmvD3ERZ4-00835-00211621-00211840 maneuver engineers tracked the new orbit
evDmvD3ERZ4-00836-00211841-00212041 from the ground upload the new ephemeris
evDmvD3ERZ4-00837-00212042-00212335 and mark the satellite healthy again the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00838-00212336-00212611 operation control segment OCS currently
evDmvD3ERZ4-00839-00212612-00212803 serves as the control segment of record
evDmvD3ERZ4-00840-00212804-00213088 it provides the operational capability
evDmvD3ERZ4-00841-00213089-00213331 that supports GPS users and keeps the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00842-00213332-00213559 GPS operational and performing within
evDmvD3ERZ4-00843-00213560-00213737 specification
evDmvD3ERZ4-00844-00213738-00214009 osya successfully replaced the legacy
evDmvD3ERZ4-00845-00214010-00214258 1970s era mainframe computer at
evDmvD3ERZ4-00846-00214259-00214456 Schriever Air Force Base in September
evDmvD3ERZ4-00847-00214457-00214798 2007 after installation the system
evDmvD3ERZ4-00848-00214800-00214975 helped enable upgrades and provide a
evDmvD3ERZ4-00849-00214976-00215146 foundation for a new security
evDmvD3ERZ4-00850-00215148-00215344 architecture that supported US Armed
evDmvD3ERZ4-00851-00215346-00215690 Forces OCS will continue to be the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00852-00215691-00215891 ground control system of record until
evDmvD3ERZ4-00853-00215892-00216140 the new segment next generation GPS
evDmvD3ERZ4-00854-00216141-00216403 operation control system ocx
evDmvD3ERZ4-00855-00216404-00216590 is fully developed and functional the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00856-00216591-00216946 new capabilities provided by ocx will be
evDmvD3ERZ4-00857-00216948-00217135 the cornerstone for revolutionising
evDmvD3ERZ4-00858-00217136-00217423 gps's mission capabilities enabling Air
evDmvD3ERZ4-00859-00217425-00217598 Force Space Command to greatly enhance
evDmvD3ERZ4-00860-00217598-00217924 GPS operational services to u.s. combat
evDmvD3ERZ4-00861-00217925-00218138 forces civil partners and myriad
evDmvD3ERZ4-00862-00218139-00218473 domestic and international users the GPS
evDmvD3ERZ4-00863-00218475-00218719 ocx program also will reduce cost
evDmvD3ERZ4-00864-00218721-00219001 schedule and technical risk it is
evDmvD3ERZ4-00865-00219002-00219271 designed to provide 50% sustainment cost
evDmvD3ERZ4-00866-00219273-00219451 savings through efficient software
evDmvD3ERZ4-00867-00219452-00219607 architecture and performance-based
evDmvD3ERZ4-00868-00219608-00220003 logistics in addition GPS ocx is
evDmvD3ERZ4-00869-00220004-00220201 expected to cost millions less than the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00870-00220202-00220456 cost to upgrade OCS while providing four
evDmvD3ERZ4-00871-00220457-00220876 times the capability the GPS ocx program
evDmvD3ERZ4-00872-00220877-00221096 represents a critical part of GPS
evDmvD3ERZ4-00873-00221096-00221323 modernization and provides significant
evDmvD3ERZ4-00874-00221325-00221503 information assurance improvements over
evDmvD3ERZ4-00875-00221504-00221929 the current GPS OCS program ocx will
evDmvD3ERZ4-00876-00221930-00222103 have the ability to control and manage
evDmvD3ERZ4-00877-00222104-00222371 GPS legacy satellites as well as the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00878-00222371-00222590 next generation of gps 3 satellites
evDmvD3ERZ4-00879-00222591-00222775 while enabling the full array of
evDmvD3ERZ4-00880-00222776-00223096 military signals built on a flexible
evDmvD3ERZ4-00881-00223098-00223313 architecture that can rapidly adapt to
evDmvD3ERZ4-00882-00223314-00223514 the changing needs of today's and future
evDmvD3ERZ4-00883-00223515-00223759 gps users allowing immediate access to
evDmvD3ERZ4-00884-00223760-00224017 GPS data and constellation status
evDmvD3ERZ4-00885-00224019-00224176 through secure accurate and reliable
evDmvD3ERZ4-00886-00224177-00224516 information provides the warfighter with
evDmvD3ERZ4-00887-00224517-00224725 more secure actionable and predictive
evDmvD3ERZ4-00888-00224726-00224917 information to enhance situational
evDmvD3ERZ4-00889-00224919-00225125 awareness
evDmvD3ERZ4-00890-00225126-00225496 enables new modernized signals l 1c l 2
evDmvD3ERZ4-00891-00225498-00225817 c & l 5 and has m code capability which
evDmvD3ERZ4-00892-00225819-00226057 the legacy system is unable to do
evDmvD3ERZ4-00893-00226058-00226271 provide significant information
evDmvD3ERZ4-00894-00226271-00226475 assurance improvements over the current
evDmvD3ERZ4-00895-00226476-00226655 program including detecting and
evDmvD3ERZ4-00896-00226656-00226856 preventing cyberattacks while isolating
evDmvD3ERZ4-00897-00226857-00227069 containing and operating during such
evDmvD3ERZ4-00898-00227069-00227381 attacks supports higher volume near
evDmvD3ERZ4-00899-00227382-00227516 real-time command and control
evDmvD3ERZ4-00900-00227517-00227780 capabilities and abilities on September
evDmvD3ERZ4-00901-00227781-00228080 14 2011 the US air force announced the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00902-00228081-00228383 completion of GPS ocx preliminary design
evDmvD3ERZ4-00903-00228384-00228575 review and confirmed that the ocx
evDmvD3ERZ4-00904-00228576-00228764 program is ready for the next phase of
evDmvD3ERZ4-00905-00228765-00229151 development the GPS ocx program has
evDmvD3ERZ4-00906-00229152-00229337 missed major milestones and is pushing
evDmvD3ERZ4-00907-00229338-00230169 the gps III a launch beyond april 2016
evDmvD3ERZ4-00908-00230171-00230682 topic user segment
evDmvD3ERZ4-00909-00230683-00230955 the user segments us is composed of
evDmvD3ERZ4-00910-00230956-00231159 hundreds of thousands of US and allied
evDmvD3ERZ4-00911-00231160-00231444 military users of the secure GPS precise
evDmvD3ERZ4-00912-00231444-00231657 positioning service and tens of millions
evDmvD3ERZ4-00913-00231658-00231894 of civil commercial and scientific users
evDmvD3ERZ4-00914-00231894-00232098 of the standard positioning service see
evDmvD3ERZ4-00915-00232098-00232500 GPS navigation devices in general GPS
evDmvD3ERZ4-00916-00232501-00232689 receivers are composed of an antenna
evDmvD3ERZ4-00917-00232690-00232908 tuned to the frequencies transmitted by
evDmvD3ERZ4-00918-00232909-00233142 the satellites receiver processors and a
evDmvD3ERZ4-00919-00233142-00233337 highly stable clock often a crystal
evDmvD3ERZ4-00920-00233338-00233583 oscillator they may also include a
evDmvD3ERZ4-00921-00233584-00233802 display for providing location and speed
evDmvD3ERZ4-00922-00233803-00234084 information to the user a receiver is
evDmvD3ERZ4-00923-00234085-00234240 often described by its number of
evDmvD3ERZ4-00924-00234241-00234426 channels this signifies how many
evDmvD3ERZ4-00925-00234427-00234694 satellites it can monitor simultaneously
evDmvD3ERZ4-00926-00234696-00234978 originally limited to four or five this
evDmvD3ERZ4-00927-00234979-00235148 has progressively increased over the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00928-00235150-00235421 years so that as of 2007 receivers
evDmvD3ERZ4-00929-00235423-00235617 typically have between 12 and 20
evDmvD3ERZ4-00930-00235617-00235851 channels though there are many receiver
evDmvD3ERZ4-00931-00235852-00236073 manufacturers they almost all use one of
evDmvD3ERZ4-00932-00236073-00236330 the chipsets produced for this purpose
evDmvD3ERZ4-00933-00236331-00236616 GPS receivers may include an input for
evDmvD3ERZ4-00934-00236617-00236853 differential Corrections using the RTC
evDmvD3ERZ4-00935-00236854-00237225 MSC 104 format this is typically in the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00936-00237226-00237651 form of an minus 232 rupees port at 4800
evDmvD3ERZ4-00937-00237652-00237966 bit s speed data is actually sent at a
evDmvD3ERZ4-00938-00237967-00238134 much lower rate which limits the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00939-00238135-00238341 accuracy of the signal sent using our
evDmvD3ERZ4-00940-00238342-00238683 TCM receivers with internal D GPS
evDmvD3ERZ4-00941-00238684-00238890 receivers can outperform those using
evDmvD3ERZ4-00942-00238891-00239316 external our TCM data as of 2006 even
evDmvD3ERZ4-00943-00239317-00239529 low-cost units commonly include wide
evDmvD3ERZ4-00944-00239530-00239846 area augmentation system Waze receivers
evDmvD3ERZ4-00945-00239846-00240183 many GPS receivers can relay position
evDmvD3ERZ4-00946-00240184-00240429 data to a PC or other device using the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00947-00240430-00240771 NMEA o 183 protocol although this
evDmvD3ERZ4-00948-00240771-00240978 protocol is officially defined by the
evDmvD3ERZ4-00949-00240979-00241173 National Marine Electronics Association
evDmvD3ERZ4-00950-00241173-00241485 and MEA references to this protocol have
evDmvD3ERZ4-00951-00241486-00241646 been compiled from public records
evDmvD3ERZ4-00952-00241648-00241941 allowing open source tools like GPS d to
evDmvD3ERZ4-00953-00241942-00242096 read the protocol without violating
evDmvD3ERZ4-00954-00242098-00242348 intellectual property laws other
evDmvD3ERZ4-00955-00242350-00242637 proprietary protocols exist as well such
evDmvD3ERZ4-00956-00242638-00242973 as the surf and mtk protocols receivers
evDmvD3ERZ4-00957-00242973-00243171 can interface with other devices using
evDmvD3ERZ4-00958-00243171-00243353 methods including a serial connection
evDmvD3ERZ4-00959-00243354-00243694 USB or bluetooth
evDmvD3ERZ4-00960-00243696-00244046 you
evDmvD3ERZ4-00961-00244046-00244594 topic applications
evDmvD3ERZ4-00962-00244596-00244925 while originally a military project gps
evDmvD3ERZ4-00963-00244926-00245132 is considered a dual use technology
evDmvD3ERZ4-00964-00245133-00245351 meaning it has significant military and
evDmvD3ERZ4-00965-00245352-00245717 civilian applications gps has become a
evDmvD3ERZ4-00966-00245717-00245935 widely deployed and useful tool for
evDmvD3ERZ4-00967-00245936-00246173 commerce scientific uses tracking and
evDmvD3ERZ4-00968-00246173-00246484 surveillance gps is accurate time
evDmvD3ERZ4-00969-00246485-00246719 facilitates everyday activities such as
evDmvD3ERZ4-00970-00246719-00246965 banking mobile phone operations and even
evDmvD3ERZ4-00971-00246966-00247142 the control of power grids by allowing
evDmvD3ERZ4-00972-00247142-00247807 well synchronized handoff switching
evDmvD3ERZ4-00973-00247808-00248288 topic civilian
evDmvD3ERZ4-00974-00248289-00248546 many civilian applications use one or
evDmvD3ERZ4-00975-00248546-00248827 more of GPS as three basic components
evDmvD3ERZ4-00976-00248828-00249065 absolute location relative movement and
evDmvD3ERZ4-00977-00249066-00249427 time transfer astronomy both positional
evDmvD3ERZ4-00978-00249428-00249634 and clock synchronization data is used
evDmvD3ERZ4-00979-00249635-00250000 in astrology and celestial mechanics GPS
evDmvD3ERZ4-00980-00250001-00250238 is also used in both amateur astronomy
evDmvD3ERZ4-00981-00250239-00250421 with small telescopes as well as by
evDmvD3ERZ4-00982-00250421-00250630 professional observatories for finding
evDmvD3ERZ4-00983-00250631-00250960 extrasolar planets automated vehicle
evDmvD3ERZ4-00984-00250961-00251176 applying location and routes for cars
evDmvD3ERZ4-00985-00251177-00251348 and trucks to function without a human
evDmvD3ERZ4-00986-00251348-00251680 driver cartography both civilian and
evDmvD3ERZ4-00987-00251681-00251908 military cartographers use GPS
evDmvD3ERZ4-00988-00251909-00252244 extensively cellular telephony clock
evDmvD3ERZ4-00989-00252246-00252473 synchronization enables time transfer
evDmvD3ERZ4-00990-00252473-00252665 which is critical for synchronizing its
evDmvD3ERZ4-00991-00252666-00252863 spreading codes with other base stations
evDmvD3ERZ4-00992-00252864-00253067 to facilitate inter-cell handoff and
evDmvD3ERZ4-00993-00253067-00253325 support hybrid gps cellular position
evDmvD3ERZ4-00994-00253326-00253546 detection for mobile emergency calls and
evDmvD3ERZ4-00995-00253548-00253648 other applications
evDmvD3ERZ4-00996-00253650-00253957 the first handsets with integrated gps
evDmvD3ERZ4-00997-00253958-00254248 launched in the late 1990s the US
evDmvD3ERZ4-00998-00254250-00254508 Federal Communications Commission FCC
evDmvD3ERZ4-00999-00254509-00254710 mandated the feature in either the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01000-00254711-00254912 handset or in the towers for use in
evDmvD3ERZ4-01001-00254913-00255191 triangulation in 2002 so emergency
evDmvD3ERZ4-01002-00255192-00255469 services could locate 911 callers
evDmvD3ERZ4-01003-00255469-00255716 third-party software developers later
evDmvD3ERZ4-01004-00255717-00256009 gained access to GPS api's from Nextel
evDmvD3ERZ4-01005-00256010-00256285 upon launch followed by Sprint in 2006
evDmvD3ERZ4-01006-00256286-00256589 and Verizon soon thereafter clock
evDmvD3ERZ4-01007-00256590-00256876 synchronization the accuracy of GPS time
evDmvD3ERZ4-01008-00256877-00257152 signals plus or minus 10 nanoseconds is
evDmvD3ERZ4-01009-00257153-00257350 second only to the atomic clocks they
evDmvD3ERZ4-01010-00257351-00257557 are based on and is used in applications
evDmvD3ERZ4-01011-00257558-00257859 such as GPS disciplined oscillators
evDmvD3ERZ4-01012-00257860-00258160 disaster relief emergency services many
evDmvD3ERZ4-01013-00258161-00258454 emergency services depend upon GPS for
evDmvD3ERZ4-01014-00258455-00258699 location and timing capabilities
evDmvD3ERZ4-01015-00258700-00259003 GPS equipped radio Suns and drop Suns
evDmvD3ERZ4-01016-00259004-00259219 measure and calculate the atmospheric
evDmvD3ERZ4-01017-00259221-00259435 pressure wind speed and direction up to
evDmvD3ERZ4-01018-00259436-00259704 27 kilometers from the Earth's surface
evDmvD3ERZ4-01019-00259705-00259942 radio occultation for weather and
evDmvD3ERZ4-01020-00259944-00260281 Atmospheric science applications fleet
evDmvD3ERZ4-01021-00260282-00260524 tracking used to identify locate and
evDmvD3ERZ4-01022-00260525-00260731 maintain contact reports with one or
evDmvD3ERZ4-01023-00260732-00260971 more fleet vehicles in real-time
evDmvD3ERZ4-01024-00260971-00261173 geofencing vehicle tracking systems
evDmvD3ERZ4-01025-00261173-00261454 person tracking systems and pet tracking
evDmvD3ERZ4-01026-00261455-00261673 systems use GPS to locate
evDmvD3ERZ4-01027-00261675-00261869 devices that are attached to or carried
evDmvD3ERZ4-01028-00261869-00262139 by a person vehicle or pet the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01029-00262140-00262331 application can provide continuous
evDmvD3ERZ4-01030-00262332-00262544 tracking and send notifications if the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01031-00262545-00262799 target leaves a designated or fenced in
evDmvD3ERZ4-01032-00262800-00263207 area geo-tagging applies location
evDmvD3ERZ4-01033-00263208-00263411 coordinates to digital objects such as
evDmvD3ERZ4-01034-00263412-00263663 photographs in exif data and other
evDmvD3ERZ4-01035-00263664-00263885 documents for purposes such as creating
evDmvD3ERZ4-01036-00263886-00264155 map overlays with devices like Nikon G
evDmvD3ERZ4-01037-00264156-00264737 p1 GPS aircraft tracking GPS for mining
evDmvD3ERZ4-01038-00264738-00265037 the use of our TK GPS has significantly
evDmvD3ERZ4-01039-00265038-00265259 improved several mining operations such
evDmvD3ERZ4-01040-00265260-00265454 as drilling shovelling vehicle tracking
evDmvD3ERZ4-01041-00265455-00265811 and surveying our TK GPS provides
evDmvD3ERZ4-01042-00265812-00266110 centimeter level positioning accuracy
evDmvD3ERZ4-01043-00266111-00266390 GPS data mining it is possible to
evDmvD3ERZ4-01044-00266391-00266666 aggregate GPS data from multiple users
evDmvD3ERZ4-01045-00266667-00266879 to understand movement patterns common
evDmvD3ERZ4-01046-00266880-00267151 trajectories and interesting locations
evDmvD3ERZ4-01047-00267152-00267458 GPS tours location determines what
evDmvD3ERZ4-01048-00267459-00267635 content to display for instance
evDmvD3ERZ4-01049-00267636-00267833 information about an approaching point
evDmvD3ERZ4-01050-00267834-00268184 of interest navigation navigators value
evDmvD3ERZ4-01051-00268185-00268370 digitally precise velocity and
evDmvD3ERZ4-01052-00268371-00268625 orientation measurements phasor
evDmvD3ERZ4-01053-00268626-00268886 measurements GPS enables highly accurate
evDmvD3ERZ4-01054-00268887-00269063 time stamping of power system
evDmvD3ERZ4-01055-00269064-00269228 measurements making it possible to
evDmvD3ERZ4-01056-00269229-00269591 compute phasers recreation for example
evDmvD3ERZ4-01057-00269592-00269885 geocaching geocaching GPS drawing
evDmvD3ERZ4-01058-00269886-00270062 waymarking and other kinds of
evDmvD3ERZ4-01059-00270063-00270398 location-based mobile games robotics
evDmvD3ERZ4-01060-00270399-00270686 self navigating autonomous robots using
evDmvD3ERZ4-01061-00270687-00270953 the GPS sensors which calculate latitude
evDmvD3ERZ4-01062-00270954-00271352 longitude time speed and heading sport
evDmvD3ERZ4-01063-00271353-00271544 used in football and rugby for the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01064-00271545-00271730 control and analysis of the training
evDmvD3ERZ4-01065-00271731-00272060 load surveying surveyors use absolute
evDmvD3ERZ4-01066-00272061-00272255 locations to make maps and determine
evDmvD3ERZ4-01067-00272256-00272606 property boundaries tectonics GPS
evDmvD3ERZ4-01068-00272607-00272807 enables direct fault motion measurement
evDmvD3ERZ4-01069-00272808-00273164 of earthquakes between earthquakes GPS
evDmvD3ERZ4-01070-00273165-00273353 can be used to measure crustal motion
evDmvD3ERZ4-01071-00273354-00273551 and deformation to estimate seismic
evDmvD3ERZ4-01072-00273552-00273746 strain buildup for creating seismic
evDmvD3ERZ4-01073-00273747-00274166 hazard maps telematics GPS technology
evDmvD3ERZ4-01074-00274167-00274337 integrated with computers and mobile
evDmvD3ERZ4-01075-00274338-00274559 communications technology and automotive
evDmvD3ERZ4-01076-00274560-00274845 navigation systems
evDmvD3ERZ4-01077-00274846-00275140 you
evDmvD3ERZ4-01078-00275141-00275741 topic restrictions on civilian use
evDmvD3ERZ4-01079-00275742-00276002 the US government controls the export of
evDmvD3ERZ4-01080-00276003-00276263 some civilian receivers all GPS
evDmvD3ERZ4-01081-00276264-00276476 receivers capable of functioning above
evDmvD3ERZ4-01082-00276477-00276799 18 kilometers 60,000 feet altitude and
evDmvD3ERZ4-01083-00276800-00277208 515 m/s 1,000 knots or designed or
evDmvD3ERZ4-01084-00277209-00277394 modified for use with unmanned air
evDmvD3ERZ4-01085-00277395-00277640 vehicles like eg ballistic or cruise
evDmvD3ERZ4-01086-00277641-00277835 missile systems are classified as
evDmvD3ERZ4-01087-00277836-00278066 munitions weapons which means they
evDmvD3ERZ4-01088-00278067-00278309 require State Department export licenses
evDmvD3ERZ4-01089-00278310-00278495 this rule applies even to otherwise
evDmvD3ERZ4-01090-00278496-00278723 purely civilian units that only receive
evDmvD3ERZ4-01091-00278724-00278963 the l1 frequency and the CA course
evDmvD3ERZ4-01092-00278964-00279305 acquisition code disabling operation
evDmvD3ERZ4-01093-00279306-00279494 above these limits exempts the receiver
evDmvD3ERZ4-01094-00279495-00279785 from classification as ammunition vendor
evDmvD3ERZ4-01095-00279786-00280022 interpretations differ the rule refers
evDmvD3ERZ4-01096-00280023-00280217 to operation at both the target altitude
evDmvD3ERZ4-01097-00280218-00280439 and speed but some receivers stop
evDmvD3ERZ4-01098-00280440-00280736 operating even when stationary this has
evDmvD3ERZ4-01099-00280737-00280934 caused problems with some amateur radio
evDmvD3ERZ4-01100-00280935-00281171 balloon launches that regularly reach 30
evDmvD3ERZ4-01101-00281172-00281531 kilometres 100,000 feet these limits
evDmvD3ERZ4-01102-00281532-00281726 only apply to units or components
evDmvD3ERZ4-01103-00281727-00281923 exported from the United States a
evDmvD3ERZ4-01104-00281924-00282179 growing trade in various components
evDmvD3ERZ4-01105-00282180-00282428 exists including GPS units from other
evDmvD3ERZ4-01106-00282429-00282707 countries these are expressly sold as
evDmvD3ERZ4-01107-00282708-00283230 eat are free
evDmvD3ERZ4-01108-00283231-00283737 topic military
evDmvD3ERZ4-01109-00283738-00284133 as of 2009 military GPS applications
evDmvD3ERZ4-01110-00284134-00284266 include
evDmvD3ERZ4-01111-00284267-00284524 navigation soldiers use GPS to find
evDmvD3ERZ4-01112-00284525-00284737 objectives even in the dark or in
evDmvD3ERZ4-01113-00284738-00284917 unfamiliar territory and to coordinate
evDmvD3ERZ4-01114-00284918-00285223 troop and supply movement in the United
evDmvD3ERZ4-01115-00285224-00285445 States Armed Forces commanders use the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01116-00285446-00285631 commander's digital assistant and lower
evDmvD3ERZ4-01117-00285632-00285888 ranks use the soldier digital assistant
evDmvD3ERZ4-01118-00285889-00286183 target tracking various military weapons
evDmvD3ERZ4-01119-00286184-00286411 systems use GPS to track potential
evDmvD3ERZ4-01120-00286412-00286627 ground and air targets before flagging
evDmvD3ERZ4-01121-00286628-00286879 them as hostile these weapons systems
evDmvD3ERZ4-01122-00286880-00287071 pass target coordinates to precision
evDmvD3ERZ4-01123-00287072-00287263 guided munitions to allow them to engage
evDmvD3ERZ4-01124-00287264-00287587 targets accurately military aircraft
evDmvD3ERZ4-01125-00287588-00287833 particularly in air-to-ground roles use
evDmvD3ERZ4-01126-00287834-00288157 GPS to find targets missile and
evDmvD3ERZ4-01127-00288158-00288415 projectile guidance GPS allows accurate
evDmvD3ERZ4-01128-00288416-00288646 targeting of various military weapons
evDmvD3ERZ4-01129-00288647-00288871 including ICBMs cruise missiles
evDmvD3ERZ4-01130-00288872-00289090 precision guided munitions and artillery
evDmvD3ERZ4-01131-00289091-00289453 shells embedded GPS receivers able to
evDmvD3ERZ4-01132-00289454-00289714 withstand accelerations of 12,000 grams
evDmvD3ERZ4-01133-00289715-00290056 or about 118 kilometers per second have
evDmvD3ERZ4-01134-00290057-00290340 been developed for use in 155-millimeter
evDmvD3ERZ4-01135-00290341-00290847 6.1 in howitzer shells search and rescue
evDmvD3ERZ4-01136-00290848-00291070 reconnaissance patrol movement can be
evDmvD3ERZ4-01137-00291071-00291421 managed more closely GPS satellites
evDmvD3ERZ4-01138-00291422-00291622 carry a set of nuclear detonation
evDmvD3ERZ4-01139-00291623-00291808 detectors consisting of an optical
evDmvD3ERZ4-01140-00291809-00292015 sensor called a bang meter an x-ray
evDmvD3ERZ4-01141-00292016-00292186 sensor a dosimeter and an
evDmvD3ERZ4-01142-00292187-00292495 electromagnetic pulse EMP sensor W
evDmvD3ERZ4-01143-00292496-00292699 sensor that form a major portion of the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01144-00292700-00292900 United States nuclear detonation
evDmvD3ERZ4-01145-00292901-00293194 detection system General William Shelton
evDmvD3ERZ4-01146-00293195-00293389 has stated that future satellites may
evDmvD3ERZ4-01147-00293390-00293653 drop this feature to save money gps type
evDmvD3ERZ4-01148-00293654-00293887 navigation was first used in war in the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01149-00293888-00294220 1991 Persian Gulf War before GPS was
evDmvD3ERZ4-01150-00294221-00294478 fully developed in 1995 to assist
evDmvD3ERZ4-01151-00294479-00294706 coalition forces to navigate and perform
evDmvD3ERZ4-01152-00294707-00294940 maneuvers in the war the war also
evDmvD3ERZ4-01153-00294941-00295231 demonstrated the vulnerability of GPS to
evDmvD3ERZ4-01154-00295232-00295456 being jammed when Iraqi forces installed
evDmvD3ERZ4-01155-00295457-00295675 jamming devices on likely targets that
evDmvD3ERZ4-01156-00295676-00295909 emitted radio noise disrupting reception
evDmvD3ERZ4-01157-00295910-00296561 of the weak GPS signal
evDmvD3ERZ4-01158-00296562-00297094 topic communication
evDmvD3ERZ4-01159-00297095-00297343 the navigational signals transmitted by
evDmvD3ERZ4-01160-00297344-00297595 GPS satellites encode a variety of
evDmvD3ERZ4-01161-00297596-00297748 information including satellite
evDmvD3ERZ4-01162-00297749-00297957 positions the state of the internal
evDmvD3ERZ4-01163-00297958-00298110 clocks and the health of the network
evDmvD3ERZ4-01164-00298111-00298380 these signals are transmitted on two
evDmvD3ERZ4-01165-00298381-00298576 separate carrier frequencies that are
evDmvD3ERZ4-01166-00298577-00298776 common to all satellites in the network
evDmvD3ERZ4-01167-00298777-00299062 to different encodings are used a public
evDmvD3ERZ4-01168-00299063-00299293 encoding that enables lower resolution
evDmvD3ERZ4-01169-00299294-00299494 navigation and an encrypted encoding
evDmvD3ERZ4-01170-00299495-00300122 used by the US military
evDmvD3ERZ4-01171-00300123-00300603 topic message format
evDmvD3ERZ4-01172-00300604-00300919 each GPS satellite continuously
evDmvD3ERZ4-01173-00300920-00301206 broadcasts a navigation message on l1 C
evDmvD3ERZ4-01174-00301207-00301612 a and P Y and l2 P Y frequencies at a
evDmvD3ERZ4-01175-00301613-00301852 rate of 50 bits per second C bit rate
evDmvD3ERZ4-01176-00301853-00302242 each complete message takes 750 seconds
evDmvD3ERZ4-01177-00302243-00302518 12 and a half minutes to complete the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01178-00302519-00302746 message structure has a basic format of
evDmvD3ERZ4-01179-00302747-00303040 a 1,500 bit long frame made up to 5 sub
evDmvD3ERZ4-01180-00303041-00303325 frames each sub frame being 300 bits six
evDmvD3ERZ4-01181-00303326-00303646 seconds long subframes four and five are
evDmvD3ERZ4-01182-00303647-00303898 sub commutated 25 times each so that a
evDmvD3ERZ4-01183-00303899-00304090 complete data message requires the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01184-00304091-00304429 transmission of 25 full frames each sub
evDmvD3ERZ4-01185-00304430-00304669 frame consists of 10 words each 30 bits
evDmvD3ERZ4-01186-00304670-00304729 long
evDmvD3ERZ4-01187-00304730-00305004 thus with 300 bits in a sub frame times
evDmvD3ERZ4-01188-00305005-00305314 v sub frames in a frame times 25 frames
evDmvD3ERZ4-01189-00305315-00305677 in a message each message is 37,500 bits
evDmvD3ERZ4-01190-00305678-00306004 long at a transmission rate of 50 bit s
evDmvD3ERZ4-01191-00306005-00306316 this gives 750 seconds to transmit an
evDmvD3ERZ4-01192-00306317-00306637 entire Almanac message GPS each
evDmvD3ERZ4-01193-00306638-00306877 thirty-second frame begins precisely on
evDmvD3ERZ4-01194-00306878-00307066 the minute or 1/2 minute as indicated by
evDmvD3ERZ4-01195-00307067-00307281 the atomic clock on each satellite the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01196-00307282-00307477 first sub frame of each frame encodes
evDmvD3ERZ4-01197-00307478-00307648 the week number and the time within the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01198-00307649-00307813 week as well as the data about the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01199-00307814-00308055 health of the satellite the second and
evDmvD3ERZ4-01200-00308056-00308205 the third sub frames contain the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01201-00308206-00308379 ephemeris the precise orbit for the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01202-00308380-00308655 satellite the fourth and fifth subframes
evDmvD3ERZ4-01203-00308656-00308832 contain the Almanac which contains
evDmvD3ERZ4-01204-00308833-00309064 course orbit and status information for
evDmvD3ERZ4-01205-00309065-00309303 up to 32 satellites in the constellation
evDmvD3ERZ4-01206-00309304-00309459 as well as data related to error
evDmvD3ERZ4-01207-00309460-00309712 correction thus to obtain an accurate
evDmvD3ERZ4-01208-00309713-00309952 satellite location from this transmitted
evDmvD3ERZ4-01209-00309953-00310165 message the receiver must demodulate the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01210-00310166-00310348 message from each satellite it includes
evDmvD3ERZ4-01211-00310349-00310666 in its solution for 18 to 30 seconds to
evDmvD3ERZ4-01212-00310667-00310870 collect all transmitted almanacs the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01213-00310871-00311105 receiver must demodulate the message for
evDmvD3ERZ4-01214-00311106-00311476 732 to 750 seconds or 12 and a half
evDmvD3ERZ4-01215-00311477-00311725 minutes all satellites broadcast at the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01216-00311726-00311953 same frequencies encoding signals using
evDmvD3ERZ4-01217-00311954-00312165 unique code division multiple access
evDmvD3ERZ4-01218-00312166-00312429 CDMA so receivers can distinguish
evDmvD3ERZ4-01219-00312430-00312606 individual satellites from each other
evDmvD3ERZ4-01220-00312607-00312937 the system uses two distinct CDMA
evDmvD3ERZ4-01221-00312938-00313168 encoding types the course acquisition
evDmvD3ERZ4-01222-00313169-00313414 see a code which is accessible by the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01223-00313415-00313675 general public and the precise py code
evDmvD3ERZ4-01224-00313676-00313905 which is encrypted so that only the u.s.
evDmvD3ERZ4-01225-00313906-00314092 military and other NATO nations who have
evDmvD3ERZ4-01226-00314093-00314295 been given access to the encryption code
evDmvD3ERZ4-01227-00314296-00314512 can access it the ephemeris is updated
evDmvD3ERZ4-01228-00314513-00314718 every two hours and is generally valid
evDmvD3ERZ4-01229-00314719-00314887 for four hours with provisions for
evDmvD3ERZ4-01230-00314888-00315112 updates every six hours or longer in non
evDmvD3ERZ4-01231-00315113-00315372 nominal conditions the almanac is
evDmvD3ERZ4-01232-00315373-00315624 updated typically every 24 hours
evDmvD3ERZ4-01233-00315625-00315834 additionally data for a few weeks
evDmvD3ERZ4-01234-00315835-00316020 following is uploaded in case of
evDmvD3ERZ4-01235-00316021-00316213 transmission updates that delay data
evDmvD3ERZ4-01236-00316214-00316750 upload
evDmvD3ERZ4-01237-00316751-00317325 topic satellite frequencies
evDmvD3ERZ4-01238-00317326-00317601 all satellites broadcast at the same two
evDmvD3ERZ4-01239-00317602-00317832 frequencies one point five seven five
evDmvD3ERZ4-01240-00317833-00318123 four two gigahertz l1 signal and one
evDmvD3ERZ4-01241-00318124-00318390 point two two seven six gigahertz l2
evDmvD3ERZ4-01242-00318391-00318726 signal the satellite network uses a CDMA
evDmvD3ERZ4-01243-00318727-00318948 spread spectrum technique where the low
evDmvD3ERZ4-01244-00318949-00319158 bitrate message data is encoded with a
evDmvD3ERZ4-01245-00319159-00319416 high rate pseudo-random PRN sequence
evDmvD3ERZ4-01246-00319417-00319662 that is different for each satellite the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01247-00319663-00319887 receiver must be aware of the PRN codes
evDmvD3ERZ4-01248-00319888-00320076 for each satellite to reconstruct the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01249-00320077-00320397 actual message data the see a code for
evDmvD3ERZ4-01250-00320398-00320652 civilian use transmits data at one point
evDmvD3ERZ4-01251-00320653-00320901 zero to three million chips per second
evDmvD3ERZ4-01252-00320902-00321150 whereas the P code for US military use
evDmvD3ERZ4-01253-00321151-00321354 transmits at ten point to three million
evDmvD3ERZ4-01254-00321355-00321636 chips per second the actual internal
evDmvD3ERZ4-01255-00321637-00321837 reference of the satellites is ten point
evDmvD3ERZ4-01256-00321838-00322065 two two nine nine nine nine nine nine
evDmvD3ERZ4-01257-00322066-00322311 five four three megahertz to compensate
evDmvD3ERZ4-01258-00322312-00322488 for relativistic effects that make
evDmvD3ERZ4-01259-00322489-00322635 observers on the earth perceive a
evDmvD3ERZ4-01260-00322636-00322824 different time reference with respect to
evDmvD3ERZ4-01261-00322825-00323127 the transmitters in orbit the l1 carrier
evDmvD3ERZ4-01262-00323128-00323394 is modulated by both the CA and P codes
evDmvD3ERZ4-01263-00323395-00323640 while the l2 carrier is only modulated
evDmvD3ERZ4-01264-00323641-00323889 by the P code the P code can be
evDmvD3ERZ4-01265-00323890-00324138 encrypted as a so-called py code that is
evDmvD3ERZ4-01266-00324139-00324339 only available to military equipment
evDmvD3ERZ4-01267-00324340-00324621 with a proper decryption key both the CA
evDmvD3ERZ4-01268-00324622-00324894 and P Y codes impart the precise time of
evDmvD3ERZ4-01269-00324895-00325218 day to the user the l3 signal at a
evDmvD3ERZ4-01270-00325219-00325407 frequency of one point three eight one
evDmvD3ERZ4-01271-00325408-00325665 zero five gigahertz is used to transmit
evDmvD3ERZ4-01272-00325666-00325839 data from the satellites to ground
evDmvD3ERZ4-01273-00325840-00326154 stations this data is used by the United
evDmvD3ERZ4-01274-00326155-00326400 States nuclear detonation and you Det
evDmvD3ERZ4-01275-00326401-00326688 detection system u.s. NDS to detect
evDmvD3ERZ4-01276-00326689-00326928 locate and report nuclear detonations
evDmvD3ERZ4-01277-00326929-00327183 and UD ETS in the Earth's atmosphere in
evDmvD3ERZ4-01278-00327184-00327465 near space one usage is the enforcement
evDmvD3ERZ4-01279-00327466-00327810 of nuclear test ban treaty z' the l4
evDmvD3ERZ4-01280-00327811-00328008 banned at one point three seven nine
evDmvD3ERZ4-01281-00328009-00328209 nine one three gigahertz is being
evDmvD3ERZ4-01282-00328210-00328401 studied for additional ionosphere at
evDmvD3ERZ4-01283-00328402-00328653 correction the l5 frequency band at one
evDmvD3ERZ4-01284-00328654-00328896 point one seven six four five gigahertz
evDmvD3ERZ4-01285-00328897-00329121 was added in the process of GPS
evDmvD3ERZ4-01286-00329122-00329421 modernization this frequency falls into
evDmvD3ERZ4-01287-00329422-00329631 an internationally protected range for
evDmvD3ERZ4-01288-00329632-00329856 aeronautical navigation promising little
evDmvD3ERZ4-01289-00329857-00330003 or no interference under all
evDmvD3ERZ4-01290-00330004-00330324 circumstances the first block iif
evDmvD3ERZ4-01291-00330325-00330528 satellite that provides this signal was
evDmvD3ERZ4-01292-00330529-00330702 launched in May 2010
evDmvD3ERZ4-01293-00330703-00331029 On February 5th 2016 the 12th and final
evDmvD3ERZ4-01294-00331030-00331395 block iif satellite was launched the l5
evDmvD3ERZ4-01295-00331396-00331617 consists of two carrier components that
evDmvD3ERZ4-01296-00331618-00331785 are in phase quadrature with each other
evDmvD3ERZ4-01297-00331786-00332103 each carrier component is by phase shift
evDmvD3ERZ4-01298-00332104-00332400 key BPSK modulated by a separate bit
evDmvD3ERZ4-01299-00332401-00332784 train l5 the third civil GPS signal will
evDmvD3ERZ4-01300-00332785-00332988 eventually support safety of life
evDmvD3ERZ4-01301-00332989-00333234 applications for aviation and provide
evDmvD3ERZ4-01302-00333235-00333578 improved availability and accuracy in
evDmvD3ERZ4-01303-00333579-00333861 2011 a conditional waiver was granted to
evDmvD3ERZ4-01304-00333862-00334029 LightSquared to operate a terrestrial
evDmvD3ERZ4-01305-00334030-00334257 broadband service near the l1 band
evDmvD3ERZ4-01306-00334258-00334515 although LightSquared had applied for a
evDmvD3ERZ4-01307-00334516-00334878 license to operate in the 15-25 to 1559
evDmvD3ERZ4-01308-00334879-00335157 band as early as 2003 and it was put out
evDmvD3ERZ4-01309-00335158-00335283 for public comment
evDmvD3ERZ4-01310-00335284-00335505 the FCC asked LightSquared to form a
evDmvD3ERZ4-01311-00335506-00335727 study group with the GPS community to
evDmvD3ERZ4-01312-00335728-00335979 test gps receivers and identify issue
evDmvD3ERZ4-01313-00335980-00336153 that might arise due to the larger
evDmvD3ERZ4-01314-00336154-00336300 signal power from the LightSquared
evDmvD3ERZ4-01315-00336301-00336627 terrestrial network the GPS community
evDmvD3ERZ4-01316-00336628-00336798 had not objected to the LightSquared
evDmvD3ERZ4-01317-00336799-00337098 formerly MSV and sky Terra applications
evDmvD3ERZ4-01318-00337099-00337323 until November 2010 when LightSquared
evDmvD3ERZ4-01319-00337324-00337512 applied for a modification to its
evDmvD3ERZ4-01320-00337513-00337761 ancillary terrestrial component atc
evDmvD3ERZ4-01321-00337762-00338154 authorization this filing sat mod 201 o
evDmvD3ERZ4-01322-00338155-00338589 1 1 1 800 2 3 9 amounted to a request to
evDmvD3ERZ4-01323-00338590-00338781 run several orders of magnitude more
evDmvD3ERZ4-01324-00338782-00339000 power in the same frequency band for
evDmvD3ERZ4-01325-00339001-00339204 terrestrial base stations essentially
evDmvD3ERZ4-01326-00339205-00339372 repurposing what was supposed to be a
evDmvD3ERZ4-01327-00339373-00339654 quiet neighborhood for signals from
evDmvD3ERZ4-01328-00339655-00339849 space as the equivalent of a cellular
evDmvD3ERZ4-01329-00339850-00340068 network testing in the first half of
evDmvD3ERZ4-01330-00340069-00340329 2011 has demonstrated that the impact of
evDmvD3ERZ4-01331-00340330-00340524 the lower 10 megahertz of spectrum is
evDmvD3ERZ4-01332-00340525-00340833 minimal to GPS devices less than 1% of
evDmvD3ERZ4-01333-00340834-00341145 the total gps devices are affected the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01334-00341146-00341346 upper 10 megahertz intended for use by
evDmvD3ERZ4-01335-00341347-00341607 LightSquared may have some impact on gps
evDmvD3ERZ4-01336-00341608-00341874 devices there is some concern that this
evDmvD3ERZ4-01337-00341875-00342135 may seriously degrade the GPS signal for
evDmvD3ERZ4-01338-00342136-00342420 many consumer uses Aviation Week
evDmvD3ERZ4-01339-00342421-00342648 magazine reports that the latest testing
evDmvD3ERZ4-01340-00342649-00342984 June 2011 confirms significant jamming
evDmvD3ERZ4-01341-00342985-00343377 of gps by LightSquared system
evDmvD3ERZ4-01342-00343378-00343699 you
evDmvD3ERZ4-01343-00343700-00344293 topic demodulation and decoding
evDmvD3ERZ4-01344-00344294-00344529 because all of the satellite signals are
evDmvD3ERZ4-01345-00344530-00344746 modulated onto the same l1 carrier
evDmvD3ERZ4-01346-00344747-00344982 frequency the signals must be separated
evDmvD3ERZ4-01347-00344983-00345238 after demodulation this is done by
evDmvD3ERZ4-01348-00345239-00345439 assigning each satellite a unique binary
evDmvD3ERZ4-01349-00345440-00345702 sequence known as a gold code the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01350-00345703-00345909 signals are decoded after demodulation
evDmvD3ERZ4-01351-00345910-00346093 using addition of the gold codes
evDmvD3ERZ4-01352-00346094-00346260 corresponding to the satellites
evDmvD3ERZ4-01353-00346261-00346396 monitored by the receiver
evDmvD3ERZ4-01354-00346397-00346570 if the Almanac information has
evDmvD3ERZ4-01355-00346571-00346768 previously been acquired the receiver
evDmvD3ERZ4-01356-00346769-00346948 picks the satellites to listen for by
evDmvD3ERZ4-01357-00346949-00347167 their PRN s unique numbers in the range
evDmvD3ERZ4-01358-00347168-00347500 1 through 32 if the Almanac information
evDmvD3ERZ4-01359-00347501-00347701 is not in memory the receiver enters a
evDmvD3ERZ4-01360-00347702-00347910 search mode until a lock is obtained on
evDmvD3ERZ4-01361-00347911-00348187 one of the satellites to obtain a lock
evDmvD3ERZ4-01362-00348188-00348354 it is necessary that there be an
evDmvD3ERZ4-01363-00348355-00348523 unobstructed line-of-sight from the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01364-00348524-00348772 receiver to the satellite the receiver
evDmvD3ERZ4-01365-00348773-00348940 can then acquire the Almanac and
evDmvD3ERZ4-01366-00348941-00349087 determine the satellites it should
evDmvD3ERZ4-01367-00349088-00349369 listen for as it detects each satellite
evDmvD3ERZ4-01368-00349370-00349615 signal it identifies it by its distinct
evDmvD3ERZ4-01369-00349616-00349912 CA code pattern there can be a delay of
evDmvD3ERZ4-01370-00349913-00350085 up to 30 seconds before the first
evDmvD3ERZ4-01371-00350086-00350275 estimate of position because of the need
evDmvD3ERZ4-01372-00350276-00350583 to read the ephemeris data processing of
evDmvD3ERZ4-01373-00350584-00350767 the navigation message enables the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01374-00350768-00350904 determination of the time of
evDmvD3ERZ4-01375-00350905-00351097 transmission and the satellite position
evDmvD3ERZ4-01376-00351098-00351364 at this time for more information see
evDmvD3ERZ4-01377-00351365-00352055 demodulation and decoding advanced
evDmvD3ERZ4-01378-00352056-00352646 topic navigation equations
evDmvD3ERZ4-01379-00352647-00352997 you
evDmvD3ERZ4-01380-00352998-00353539 topic problem description
evDmvD3ERZ4-01381-00353540-00353802 the receiver uses messages received from
evDmvD3ERZ4-01382-00353803-00353995 satellites to determine the satellite
evDmvD3ERZ4-01383-00353996-00354333 positions in time sent the XY and Z
evDmvD3ERZ4-01384-00354334-00354538 components of satellite position and the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01385-00354539-00354858 time sent are designated as Qi Yi Zi see
evDmvD3ERZ4-01386-00354859-00355023 where the subscript I denotes the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01387-00355024-00355348 satellite and has the value 1 2
evDmvD3ERZ4-01388-00355349-00355663 n where and for when the time of message
evDmvD3ERZ4-01389-00355664-00355825 reception indicated by the onboard
evDmvD3ERZ4-01390-00355826-00356143 receiver clock is T I the true reception
evDmvD3ERZ4-01391-00356144-00356467 time as T equals T I - B where B is the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01392-00356468-00356668 receivers clock bias from the much more
evDmvD3ERZ4-01393-00356669-00356890 accurate GPS clocks employed by the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01394-00356891-00357193 satellites the receiver clock bias is
evDmvD3ERZ4-01395-00357194-00357370 the same for all received satellite
evDmvD3ERZ4-01396-00357371-00357568 signals assuming the satellite clocks
evDmvD3ERZ4-01397-00357569-00357817 are all perfectly synchronized the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01398-00357818-00358132 message is transit time as T I - B - C
evDmvD3ERZ4-01399-00358133-00358434 where C is the satellite time assuming
evDmvD3ERZ4-01400-00358435-00358594 the message traveled at the speed of
evDmvD3ERZ4-01401-00358595-00358813 light C the distance traveled as TI
evDmvD3ERZ4-01402-00358814-00359314 minus B minus C C for n satellites the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01403-00359315-00360045 equations to satisfy our D I equals T
evDmvD3ERZ4-01404-00360046-00361515 tilde I minus B minus s I see I equals
evDmvD3ERZ4-01405-00361516-00361715 1/2
evDmvD3ERZ4-01406-00361716-00362083 n display style D underscore I equals
evDmvD3ERZ4-01407-00362084-00362410 left tilde T underscore IBS underscore I
evDmvD3ERZ4-01408-00362411-00362867 write C I equals 1 2 dots n where D is
evDmvD3ERZ4-01409-00362868-00363068 the geometric distance arranged between
evDmvD3ERZ4-01410-00363069-00363283 receiver and satellite at the values
evDmvD3ERZ4-01411-00363284-00363526 without subscripts are the XY and z
evDmvD3ERZ4-01412-00363527-00364005 components of receiver position D I
evDmvD3ERZ4-01413-00364006-00365746 equals x - x i2 plus y minus y I 2 plus
evDmvD3ERZ4-01414-00365747-00366604 Z minus Z I to display style D
evDmvD3ERZ4-01415-00366605-00366955 underscore I equals s QR t XX underscore
evDmvD3ERZ4-01416-00366956-00367285 I care at 2 plus YY underscore I carrot
evDmvD3ERZ4-01417-00367286-00367732 2 + ZZ underscore I carrot 2 defining
evDmvD3ERZ4-01418-00367733-00368644 pseudo rangs as P I equals T tilde I
evDmvD3ERZ4-01419-00368645-00369400 minus s I see display style P underscore
evDmvD3ERZ4-01420-00369401-00369662 I equals left tilde t underscore is
evDmvD3ERZ4-01421-00369663-00370024 underscore I write C we see they are
evDmvD3ERZ4-01422-00370025-00370533 biased versions of the true range P
evDmvD3ERZ4-01423-00370534-00370848 equals the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01424-00370849-00371409 I plus B see
evDmvD3ERZ4-01425-00371410-00372222 I equals 1 to n display style P
evDmvD3ERZ4-01426-00372223-00372490 underscore I equals D underscore I plus
evDmvD3ERZ4-01427-00372491-00373053 BC I equals 1 to N since the equations
evDmvD3ERZ4-01428-00373054-00373420 have 4 unknowns X Y Z B the three
evDmvD3ERZ4-01429-00373421-00373687 components of GPS receiver position and
evDmvD3ERZ4-01430-00373688-00373915 the clock bias signals from at least
evDmvD3ERZ4-01431-00373916-00374133 four satellites are necessary to attempt
evDmvD3ERZ4-01432-00374134-00374362 solving these equations they can be
evDmvD3ERZ4-01433-00374363-00374616 solved by algebraic or numerical methods
evDmvD3ERZ4-01434-00374617-00374859 existence and uniqueness of GPS
evDmvD3ERZ4-01435-00374860-00375048 solutions are discussed by Abel and
evDmvD3ERZ4-01436-00375049-00375333 Chaffee when n is greater than 4 this
evDmvD3ERZ4-01437-00375334-00375531 system is over determined and a fitting
evDmvD3ERZ4-01438-00375532-00375828 method must be used the amount of error
evDmvD3ERZ4-01439-00375829-00376023 in the results varies with the received
evDmvD3ERZ4-01440-00376024-00376251 satellites locations in the sky since
evDmvD3ERZ4-01441-00376252-00376452 certain configurations when the received
evDmvD3ERZ4-01442-00376453-00376659 satellites are close together in the sky
evDmvD3ERZ4-01443-00376660-00376980 cause larger errors receivers usually
evDmvD3ERZ4-01444-00376981-00377146 calculate a running estimate of the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01445-00377147-00377424 error in the calculated position this is
evDmvD3ERZ4-01446-00377425-00377649 done by multiplying the basic resolution
evDmvD3ERZ4-01447-00377650-00377850 of the receiver by quantities called the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01448-00377851-00378121 geometric dilution of position G DOP
evDmvD3ERZ4-01449-00378122-00378360 factors calculated from the relative sky
evDmvD3ERZ4-01450-00378361-00378624 directions of the satellites used the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01451-00378625-00378822 receiver location is expressed in a
evDmvD3ERZ4-01452-00378823-00379012 specific coordinate system such as
evDmvD3ERZ4-01453-00379013-00379315 latitude and longitude using the wgs84
evDmvD3ERZ4-01454-00379316-00379537 geodetic datum or a country specific
evDmvD3ERZ4-01455-00379538-00380094 system
evDmvD3ERZ4-01456-00380095-00380679 topic geometric interpretation
evDmvD3ERZ4-01457-00380680-00380943 the GPS equations can be solved by
evDmvD3ERZ4-01458-00380944-00381188 numerical and analytical methods
evDmvD3ERZ4-01459-00381189-00381429 geometrical interpretations can enhance
evDmvD3ERZ4-01460-00381430-00381594 the understanding of these solution
evDmvD3ERZ4-01461-00381595-00382052 methods
evDmvD3ERZ4-01462-00382053-00382526 topic spheres
evDmvD3ERZ4-01463-00382527-00382739 the measured range is called pseudo
evDmvD3ERZ4-01464-00382740-00382967 ranks contained clock errors in a
evDmvD3ERZ4-01465-00382968-00383171 simplified idealization in which the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01466-00383172-00383354 ranges are synchronized these true
evDmvD3ERZ4-01467-00383355-00383558 ranges represent the radii of spheres
evDmvD3ERZ4-01468-00383559-00383759 each centered on one of the transmitting
evDmvD3ERZ4-01469-00383760-00384047 satellites the solution for the position
evDmvD3ERZ4-01470-00384048-00384179 of the receiver is then at the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01471-00384180-00384350 intersection of the surfaces of these
evDmvD3ERZ4-01472-00384351-00384623 spheres signals from at minimum three
evDmvD3ERZ4-01473-00384624-00384821 satellites are required and their three
evDmvD3ERZ4-01474-00384822-00384995 spheres would typically intersect at two
evDmvD3ERZ4-01475-00384996-00385274 points one of the points is the location
evDmvD3ERZ4-01476-00385275-00385442 of the receiver and the other moves
evDmvD3ERZ4-01477-00385443-00385649 rapidly in successive measurements and
evDmvD3ERZ4-01478-00385650-00385805 would not usually be on Earth's surface
evDmvD3ERZ4-01479-00385806-00386135 in practice there are many sources of
evDmvD3ERZ4-01480-00386136-00386387 inaccuracy besides clock bias including
evDmvD3ERZ4-01481-00386388-00386560 random errors as well as the potential
evDmvD3ERZ4-01482-00386561-00386723 for precision loss from subtracting
evDmvD3ERZ4-01483-00386724-00386924 numbers close to each other if the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01484-00386925-00387095 Centers of the spheres are relatively
evDmvD3ERZ4-01485-00387096-00387332 close together this means that the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01486-00387333-00387503 position calculated from three
evDmvD3ERZ4-01487-00387504-00387689 satellites alone is unlikely to be
evDmvD3ERZ4-01488-00387690-00387914 accurate enough data from more
evDmvD3ERZ4-01489-00387915-00388079 satellites can help because of the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01490-00388080-00388298 tendency for random errors to cancel out
evDmvD3ERZ4-01491-00388299-00388484 and also by giving a larger spread
evDmvD3ERZ4-01492-00388485-00388724 between the sphere centers but at the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01493-00388725-00388898 same time more spheres will not
evDmvD3ERZ4-01494-00388899-00389068 generally intersect at one point
evDmvD3ERZ4-01495-00389069-00389333 therefore a near intersection gets
evDmvD3ERZ4-01496-00389334-00389642 computed typically via least squares the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01497-00389643-00389837 more signals available the better the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01498-00389838-00390452 approximation is likely to be
evDmvD3ERZ4-01499-00390453-00390956 topic hyperboloids
evDmvD3ERZ4-01500-00390957-00391172 if the suitor Onge between the receiver
evDmvD3ERZ4-01501-00391173-00391355 and satellite I and the suitor ons
evDmvD3ERZ4-01502-00391356-00391577 between the receiver and satellite J are
evDmvD3ERZ4-01503-00391578-00391874 subtracted pi - PJ the common receiver
evDmvD3ERZ4-01504-00391875-00392141 clock bias B cancels out resulting in a
evDmvD3ERZ4-01505-00392142-00392486 difference of distances DJ - DJ the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01506-00392487-00392657 locus of points having a constant
evDmvD3ERZ4-01507-00392658-00392870 difference in distance - two points here
evDmvD3ERZ4-01508-00392871-00393080 two satellites is a hyperbola on the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01509-00393081-00393296 plane and a hyperboloid of revolution in
evDmvD3ERZ4-01510-00393297-00393626 3d space see multilateration thus from
evDmvD3ERZ4-01511-00393627-00393794 for suitor Onge measurements the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01512-00393795-00393923 receiver can be placed at the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01513-00393924-00394112 intersection of the surfaces of three
evDmvD3ERZ4-01514-00394113-00394331 hyperboloids each with foci at a pair of
evDmvD3ERZ4-01515-00394332-00394610 satellites with additional satellites
evDmvD3ERZ4-01516-00394611-00394793 the multiple intersections are not
evDmvD3ERZ4-01517-00394794-00395009 necessarily unique and a best fitting
evDmvD3ERZ4-01518-00395010-00395597 solution is sought instead
evDmvD3ERZ4-01519-00395598-00396117 topic inscribed sphere
evDmvD3ERZ4-01520-00396118-00396345 the receiver position can be interpreted
evDmvD3ERZ4-01521-00396346-00396551 as the center of an inscribed sphere in
evDmvD3ERZ4-01522-00396552-00396779 sphere of radius BC given by the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01523-00396780-00397001 receiver clock bias be scaled by the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01524-00397002-00397242 speed of light see the in sphere
evDmvD3ERZ4-01525-00397243-00397430 location is such that it touches other
evDmvD3ERZ4-01526-00397431-00397650 spheres see problem of Apollonius
evDmvD3ERZ4-01527-00397651-00397856 hashtag applications the circumscribing
evDmvD3ERZ4-01528-00397857-00398064 spheres are centered at the GPS
evDmvD3ERZ4-01529-00398065-00398282 satellites whose radii equal to measured
evDmvD3ERZ4-01530-00398283-00398571 pseudo rang spy this configuration is
evDmvD3ERZ4-01531-00398572-00398739 distinct from the one described in
evDmvD3ERZ4-01532-00398740-00398946 section hashtag spheres in which the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01533-00398947-00399141 spheres radii were the unbiased or
evDmvD3ERZ4-01534-00399142-00399726 geometric ranges D
evDmvD3ERZ4-01535-00399727-00400245 topic spherical cones
evDmvD3ERZ4-01536-00400246-00400491 the clock in the receiver is usually not
evDmvD3ERZ4-01537-00400492-00400677 of the same quality as the ones in the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01538-00400678-00400848 satellites and will not be accurately
evDmvD3ERZ4-01539-00400849-00401121 synchronized to them this produces large
evDmvD3ERZ4-01540-00401122-00401337 errors in the computed distances to the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01541-00401338-00401412 satellites
evDmvD3ERZ4-01542-00401413-00401606 therefore in practice the time
evDmvD3ERZ4-01543-00401607-00401775 difference between the receiver clock
evDmvD3ERZ4-01544-00401776-00401979 and the satellite time is defined as an
evDmvD3ERZ4-01545-00401980-00402281 unknown clock bias B the equations are
evDmvD3ERZ4-01546-00402282-00402471 then solved simultaneously for the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01547-00402472-00402753 receiver position and the clock bias the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01548-00402754-00403106 solution space X Y Z B can be seen as a
evDmvD3ERZ4-01549-00403107-00403317 four dimensional geometric space and
evDmvD3ERZ4-01550-00403318-00403524 signals from at minimum four satellites
evDmvD3ERZ4-01551-00403525-00403767 are needed in that case each of the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01552-00403768-00403974 equations describes a spherical cone
evDmvD3ERZ4-01553-00403975-00404154 with the cusp located at the satellite
evDmvD3ERZ4-01554-00404155-00404316 and the base of sphere around the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01555-00404317-00404538 satellite the receiver is at the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01556-00404539-00404724 intersection of four or more of such
evDmvD3ERZ4-01557-00404725-00405255 cones
evDmvD3ERZ4-01558-00405256-00405792 topic solution methods
evDmvD3ERZ4-01559-00405793-00406113 you
evDmvD3ERZ4-01560-00406114-00406621 topic least-squares
evDmvD3ERZ4-01561-00406622-00406825 when more than four satellites are
evDmvD3ERZ4-01562-00406826-00407023 available the calculation can use the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01563-00407024-00407176 four best or more than four
evDmvD3ERZ4-01564-00407177-00407374 simultaneously up to all visible
evDmvD3ERZ4-01565-00407375-00407551 satellites depending on the number of
evDmvD3ERZ4-01566-00407552-00407791 receiver channels processing capability
evDmvD3ERZ4-01567-00407792-00408019 and geometric dilution of precision G
evDmvD3ERZ4-01568-00408020-00408370 DOP using more than four involves an
evDmvD3ERZ4-01569-00408371-00408574 over determined system of equations with
evDmvD3ERZ4-01570-00408575-00408799 no unique solution such a system can be
evDmvD3ERZ4-01571-00408800-00409000 solved by least squares or weighted
evDmvD3ERZ4-01572-00409001-00409746 least squares method X Charat Y carrot
evDmvD3ERZ4-01573-00409747-00411078 Zee carrot B carrot equals Arg min X Y Z
evDmvD3ERZ4-01574-00411079-00412703 B AI X - x i2 + y - y
evDmvD3ERZ4-01575-00412704-00413764 two plus z minus z i2
evDmvD3ERZ4-01576-00413765-00414587 plus B C minus P
evDmvD3ERZ4-01577-00414588-00415130 to display style left Pat X hat Y hat Z
evDmvD3ERZ4-01578-00415131-00415550 hat B right equals under set left X Y Z
evDmvD3ERZ4-01579-00415551-00415859 B right argh men sum underscore I left
evDmvD3ERZ4-01580-00415860-00416264 SQ r t XX underscore carrot 2 plus YY
evDmvD3ERZ4-01581-00416264-00416647 underscore i carrot 2 + ZZ underscore i
evDmvD3ERZ4-01582-00416649-00416945 carrot 2 + bc p underscore i right
evDmvD3ERZ4-01583-00416946-00417389 carrot 2
evDmvD3ERZ4-01584-00417390-00417853 topic iterative
evDmvD3ERZ4-01585-00417854-00418093 both the equations for four satellites
evDmvD3ERZ4-01586-00418093-00418303 or the least-squares equations for more
evDmvD3ERZ4-01587-00418304-00418471 than four are nonlinear and needs
evDmvD3ERZ4-01588-00418472-00418735 special solution methods a common
evDmvD3ERZ4-01589-00418735-00418891 approach is by iteration on the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01590-00418892-00419125 linearized form of the equations such as
evDmvD3ERZ4-01591-00419126-00419449 the gauss newton algorithm the gps was
evDmvD3ERZ4-01592-00419450-00419647 initially developed assuming use of a
evDmvD3ERZ4-01593-00419647-00419866 numerical least squares solution method
evDmvD3ERZ4-01594-00419867-00420145 ie before closed form solutions were
evDmvD3ERZ4-01595-00420146-00420629 found
evDmvD3ERZ4-01596-00420630-00421116 topic closed-form
evDmvD3ERZ4-01597-00421117-00421351 one closed-form solution to the above
evDmvD3ERZ4-01598-00421352-00421566 set of equations was developed by us
evDmvD3ERZ4-01599-00421567-00421845 Bancroft its properties are well known
evDmvD3ERZ4-01600-00421846-00422064 in particular proponents claim it is
evDmvD3ERZ4-01601-00422065-00422326 superior in low G DOP situations
evDmvD3ERZ4-01602-00422327-00422506 compared to iterative least squares
evDmvD3ERZ4-01603-00422507-00422568 methods
evDmvD3ERZ4-01604-00422569-00422764 bancroft's method as algebraic as
evDmvD3ERZ4-01605-00422764-00422985 opposed to numerical and can be used for
evDmvD3ERZ4-01606-00422987-00423238 four or more satellites when four
evDmvD3ERZ4-01607-00423239-00423451 satellites are used the key steps are
evDmvD3ERZ4-01608-00423452-00423720 inversion of a 4x4 matrix and solution
evDmvD3ERZ4-01609-00423721-00423981 of a single variable quadratic equation
evDmvD3ERZ4-01610-00423982-00424231 bancroft's method provides one or two
evDmvD3ERZ4-01611-00424232-00424416 solutions for the unknown quantities
evDmvD3ERZ4-01612-00424417-00424689 when there are two usually the case only
evDmvD3ERZ4-01613-00424690-00424893 one is a near-earth sensible solution
evDmvD3ERZ4-01614-00424894-00425074 when a receiver uses more than four
evDmvD3ERZ4-01615-00425075-00425224 satellites for a solution
evDmvD3ERZ4-01616-00425225-00425472 Bancroft uses the generalized inverse ie
evDmvD3ERZ4-01617-00425473-00425707 the pseudoinverse to find a solution a
evDmvD3ERZ4-01618-00425708-00425926 case has been made that iterative
evDmvD3ERZ4-01619-00425927-00426189 methods eg Gauss Newton algorithm for
evDmvD3ERZ4-01620-00426190-00426388 solving over determined nonlinear least
evDmvD3ERZ4-01621-00426389-00426700 squares NL LS problems generally provide
evDmvD3ERZ4-01622-00426701-00426982 more accurate solutions leak at all 2015
evDmvD3ERZ4-01623-00426983-00427422 states that bancroft's 1985 solution as
evDmvD3ERZ4-01624-00427423-00427668 a very early if not the first closed
evDmvD3ERZ4-01625-00427669-00427927 form solution
evDmvD3ERZ4-01626-00427928-00428134 other closed-form solutions were
evDmvD3ERZ4-01627-00428135-00428296 published afterwards although their
evDmvD3ERZ4-01628-00428297-00428976 adoption in practice is unclear
evDmvD3ERZ4-01629-00428977-00429625 topic error sources and analysis
evDmvD3ERZ4-01630-00429626-00429908 GPS error analysis examines error
evDmvD3ERZ4-01631-00429909-00430184 sources in GPS results and the expected
evDmvD3ERZ4-01632-00430185-00430466 size of those errors GPS makes
evDmvD3ERZ4-01633-00430467-00430664 Corrections for receiver clock errors
evDmvD3ERZ4-01634-00430664-00430850 and other effects but some residual
evDmvD3ERZ4-01635-00430851-00431078 errors remain uncorrect 'add error
evDmvD3ERZ4-01636-00431079-00431293 sources include signal arrival time
evDmvD3ERZ4-01637-00431295-00431497 measurements numerical calculations
evDmvD3ERZ4-01638-00431499-00431695 atmospheric effects ionospheric
evDmvD3ERZ4-01639-00431696-00431966 tropospheric delays ephemeris and clock
evDmvD3ERZ4-01640-00431967-00432218 data multipath signals and natural and
evDmvD3ERZ4-01641-00432218-00432497 artificial interference magnitude of
evDmvD3ERZ4-01642-00432497-00432653 residual errors from these sources
evDmvD3ERZ4-01643-00432654-00432854 depends on geometric dilution of
evDmvD3ERZ4-01644-00432855-00433135 precision artificial errors may result
evDmvD3ERZ4-01645-00433137-00433322 from jamming devices and threatened
evDmvD3ERZ4-01646-00433322-00433514 ships and aircraft or from intentional
evDmvD3ERZ4-01647-00433514-00433721 signal degradation through selective
evDmvD3ERZ4-01648-00433722-00433955 availability which limited accuracy to
evDmvD3ERZ4-01649-00433956-00434185 approximately equal six to twelve meters
evDmvD3ERZ4-01650-00434187-00434375 but has been switched off since May 1st
evDmvD3ERZ4-01651-00434376-00434942 2000
evDmvD3ERZ4-01652-00434943-00435600 topic accuracy enhancement and surveying
evDmvD3ERZ4-01653-00435601-00435950 you
evDmvD3ERZ4-01654-00435951-00436470 topic augmentation
evDmvD3ERZ4-01655-00436471-00436714 integrating external information into
evDmvD3ERZ4-01656-00436714-00436930 the calculation process can materially
evDmvD3ERZ4-01657-00436931-00437145 improve accuracy such augmentation
evDmvD3ERZ4-01658-00437146-00437397 systems are generally named or described
evDmvD3ERZ4-01659-00437398-00437601 based on how the information arrives
evDmvD3ERZ4-01660-00437602-00437884 some systems transmit additional error
evDmvD3ERZ4-01661-00437885-00438135 information such as clock drift ephemera
evDmvD3ERZ4-01662-00438137-00438325 or ionospheric delay others
evDmvD3ERZ4-01663-00438326-00438529 characterized prior errors while a third
evDmvD3ERZ4-01664-00438530-00438735 group provides additional navigational
evDmvD3ERZ4-01665-00438737-00439030 or vehicle information examples of
evDmvD3ERZ4-01666-00439031-00439234 augmentation systems include the wide
evDmvD3ERZ4-01667-00439235-00439518 area augmentation system Waze European
evDmvD3ERZ4-01668-00439519-00439732 geostationary navigation overlay service
evDmvD3ERZ4-01669-00439733-00440230 eg nos differential GPS d GPS inertial
evDmvD3ERZ4-01670-00440231-00440529 navigation systems ins and assisted GPS
evDmvD3ERZ4-01671-00440530-00440866 the standard accuracy of about 15 meters
evDmvD3ERZ4-01672-00440867-00441130 49 feet can be augmented to 3 to 5
evDmvD3ERZ4-01673-00441131-00441379 meters nine point eight to sixteen point
evDmvD3ERZ4-01674-00441380-00441652 four feet with D GPS and to about 3
evDmvD3ERZ4-01675-00441653-00442351 meters nine point eight feet with Waze
evDmvD3ERZ4-01676-00442352-00442893 topic precise monitoring
evDmvD3ERZ4-01677-00442894-00443139 accuracy can be improved through precise
evDmvD3ERZ4-01678-00443141-00443343 monitoring and measurement of existing
evDmvD3ERZ4-01679-00443344-00443602 GPS signals in additional or alternative
evDmvD3ERZ4-01680-00443603-00443902 ways the largest remaining error is
evDmvD3ERZ4-01681-00443903-00444100 usually the unpredictable delay through
evDmvD3ERZ4-01682-00444101-00444393 the ionosphere the spacecraft broadcast
evDmvD3ERZ4-01683-00444394-00444631 ionospheric model parameters but some
evDmvD3ERZ4-01684-00444632-00444904 errors remain this is one reason GPS
evDmvD3ERZ4-01685-00444905-00445102 spacecraft transmit on at least two
evDmvD3ERZ4-01686-00445103-00445456 frequencies l1 and l2 ionosphere ik
evDmvD3ERZ4-01687-00445457-00445641 delay as a well defined function of
evDmvD3ERZ4-01688-00445642-00445879 frequency in the total electron content
evDmvD3ERZ4-01689-00445880-00446074 Tec along the path so measuring the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01690-00446075-00446245 arrival time difference between the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01691-00446246-00446449 frequencies determines Tek and thus the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01692-00446450-00446626 precise ionospheric delay at each
evDmvD3ERZ4-01693-00446627-00446962 frequency military receivers can decode
evDmvD3ERZ4-01694-00446963-00447235 the py code transmitted on both l1 and
evDmvD3ERZ4-01695-00447235-00447550 l2 without decryption keys it is still
evDmvD3ERZ4-01696-00447551-00447754 possible to use a codeless technique to
evDmvD3ERZ4-01697-00447755-00448054 compare the p/y codes on l1 and l2 to
evDmvD3ERZ4-01698-00448055-00448218 gain much of the same error information
evDmvD3ERZ4-01699-00448218-00448483 this technique is slow so it is
evDmvD3ERZ4-01700-00448484-00448693 currently available only on specialized
evDmvD3ERZ4-01701-00448693-00448945 surveying equipment in the future
evDmvD3ERZ4-01702-00448946-00449170 additional civilian codes are expected
evDmvD3ERZ4-01703-00449171-00449380 to be transmitted on the l2 and l5
evDmvD3ERZ4-01704-00449381-00449716 frequencies see GPS modernization all
evDmvD3ERZ4-01705-00449717-00449938 users will then be able to perform dual
evDmvD3ERZ4-01706-00449939-00450114 frequency measurements and directly
evDmvD3ERZ4-01707-00450116-00450384 compute ionospheric delay errors a
evDmvD3ERZ4-01708-00450385-00450649 second form of precise monitoring is
evDmvD3ERZ4-01709-00450650-00450960 called carrier phase enhancement CP gps
evDmvD3ERZ4-01710-00450960-00451213 this corrects the error that arises
evDmvD3ERZ4-01711-00451214-00451429 because the pulse transition of the PRN
evDmvD3ERZ4-01712-00451430-00451612 is not instantaneous and thus the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01713-00451613-00451839 correlation satellite receiver sequence
evDmvD3ERZ4-01714-00451841-00452218 matching operation is imperfect CP GPS
evDmvD3ERZ4-01715-00452218-00452460 uses the l1 carrier wave which has a
evDmvD3ERZ4-01716-00452462-00452789 period of 1
evDmvD3ERZ4-01717-00452791-00453066 one thousand five hundred seventy five
evDmvD3ERZ4-01718-00453067-00453710 point four two times ten six
evDmvD3ERZ4-01719-00453711-00454079 equals zero point six three four seven
evDmvD3ERZ4-01720-00454080-00455033 five and s approximately equals 1 and s
evDmvD3ERZ4-01721-00455034-00455618 display style frac 1 mathroom s 1575
evDmvD3ERZ4-01722-00455619-00456008 point 4 2 times 10 carat 6 equals zero
evDmvD3ERZ4-01723-00456009-00456293 point six three four seven five math erm
evDmvD3ERZ4-01724-00456294-00456581 and s approximately one mathroom and s
evDmvD3ERZ4-01725-00456582-00456845 which is about one thousandth of the C a
evDmvD3ERZ4-01726-00456846-00457404 gold code bit period of one s ten twenty
evDmvD3ERZ4-01727-00457405-00458060 three times ten three equals nine
evDmvD3ERZ4-01728-00458060-00458629 hundred seventy seven point five and s
evDmvD3ERZ4-01729-00458630-00459229 approximately equals one thousand and s
evDmvD3ERZ4-01730-00459230-00459692 display style frac one math erm s 10 23
evDmvD3ERZ4-01731-00459693-00459968 times 10 carat three equals nine hundred
evDmvD3ERZ4-01732-00459969-00460235 seventy seven five math room NS
evDmvD3ERZ4-01733-00460236-00460466 approximately one thousand math room and
evDmvD3ERZ4-01734-00460467-00460785 s to act as an additional clock signal
evDmvD3ERZ4-01735-00460785-00461033 and resolve the uncertainty the phase
evDmvD3ERZ4-01736-00461034-00461246 difference error in the normal GPS
evDmvD3ERZ4-01737-00461247-00461475 amounts to two to three metres seven to
evDmvD3ERZ4-01738-00461476-00461870 ten feet of ambiguity CP GPS working to
evDmvD3ERZ4-01739-00461871-00462098 within one percent of perfect transition
evDmvD3ERZ4-01740-00462099-00462386 reduces this error to 3 centimeters 1.2
evDmvD3ERZ4-01741-00462387-00462668 and of ambiguity by eliminating this
evDmvD3ERZ4-01742-00462669-00462998 error source CP GPS coupled with DGPS
evDmvD3ERZ4-01743-00462999-00463229 normally realizes between 20 to 30
evDmvD3ERZ4-01744-00463230-00463487 centimeters 8 to 12 in of absolute
evDmvD3ERZ4-01745-00463488-00463827 accuracy relative kinematic positioning
evDmvD3ERZ4-01746-00463828-00464069 our KP is a third alternative for a
evDmvD3ERZ4-01747-00464070-00464333 precise GPS based positioning system in
evDmvD3ERZ4-01748-00464334-00464588 this approach determination of range
evDmvD3ERZ4-01749-00464589-00464804 signal can be resolved to a precision of
evDmvD3ERZ4-01750-00464805-00465104 less than 10 centimeters for in this is
evDmvD3ERZ4-01751-00465105-00465300 done by resolving the number of cycles
evDmvD3ERZ4-01752-00465301-00465467 that the signal is transmitted and
evDmvD3ERZ4-01753-00465468-00465660 received by the receiver by using a
evDmvD3ERZ4-01754-00465660-00465954 combination of differential GPS DGPS
evDmvD3ERZ4-01755-00465955-00466271 correction data transmitting GPS signal
evDmvD3ERZ4-01756-00466272-00466454 phase information and ambiguity
evDmvD3ERZ4-01757-00466455-00466667 resolution techniques via statistical
evDmvD3ERZ4-01758-00466668-00466931 tests possibly with processing in real
evDmvD3ERZ4-01759-00466932-00467097 time real time kinematic
evDmvD3ERZ4-01760-00467098-00467708 positioning RTK
evDmvD3ERZ4-01761-00467709-00468191 topic timekeeping
evDmvD3ERZ4-01762-00468192-00468506 you
evDmvD3ERZ4-01763-00468507-00469006 topic leap seconds
evDmvD3ERZ4-01764-00469007-00469245 while most clocks derive their time from
evDmvD3ERZ4-01765-00469246-00469510 coordinated Universal Time UTC the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01766-00469510-00469726 atomic clocks on the satellites are set
evDmvD3ERZ4-01767-00469727-00470091 to GPS time GPS t see the page of United
evDmvD3ERZ4-01768-00470092-00470364 States Naval Observatory the difference
evDmvD3ERZ4-01769-00470365-00470593 is that GPS time is not corrected to
evDmvD3ERZ4-01770-00470593-00470770 match the rotation of the earth so it
evDmvD3ERZ4-01771-00470771-00470956 does not contain leap seconds or other
evDmvD3ERZ4-01772-00470957-00471168 Corrections that are periodically added
evDmvD3ERZ4-01773-00471169-00471577 to UTC GPS time was set to match UTC in
evDmvD3ERZ4-01774-00471578-00471901 1980 but has since diverged the lack of
evDmvD3ERZ4-01775-00471902-00472162 Corrections means that GPS time remains
evDmvD3ERZ4-01776-00472163-00472375 at a constant offset with international
evDmvD3ERZ4-01777-00472376-00472828 atomic time tie-tie - GPS equals 19
evDmvD3ERZ4-01778-00472829-00473053 seconds periodic corrections are
evDmvD3ERZ4-01779-00473054-00473251 performed to the onboard clocks to keep
evDmvD3ERZ4-01780-00473252-00473452 them synchronized with ground clocks the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01781-00473453-00473683 GPS navigation message includes the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01782-00473684-00473958 difference between GPS time and UTC as
evDmvD3ERZ4-01783-00473959-00474427 of January 2017 GPS time has 18 seconds
evDmvD3ERZ4-01784-00474428-00474658 ahead of UTC because of the leap second
evDmvD3ERZ4-01785-00474659-00475005 added to UTC on December 31st 2016
evDmvD3ERZ4-01786-00475006-00475308 receivers subtract this offset from GPS
evDmvD3ERZ4-01787-00475309-00475558 time to calculate UTC and specific
evDmvD3ERZ4-01788-00475559-00475897 timezone values new GPS units may not
evDmvD3ERZ4-01789-00475897-00476131 show the correct UTC time until after
evDmvD3ERZ4-01790-00476132-00476476 receiving the UTC offset message the GPS
evDmvD3ERZ4-01791-00476477-00476835 UTC offset field can accommodate 255
evDmvD3ERZ4-01792-00476836-00477137 leap seconds eight bits
evDmvD3ERZ4-01793-00477138-00477533 equals
evDmvD3ERZ4-01794-00477534-00478047 topic accuracy
evDmvD3ERZ4-01795-00478048-00478433 equals GPS time is theoretically
evDmvD3ERZ4-01796-00478434-00478697 accurate to about 14 nanoseconds due to
evDmvD3ERZ4-01797-00478697-00478870 the clock drift that atomic clocks
evDmvD3ERZ4-01798-00478871-00479168 experience in GPS transmitters dot / or
evDmvD3ERZ4-01799-00479168-00479462 relative to what most receivers lose
evDmvD3ERZ4-01800-00479463-00479654 accuracy in the interpretation of the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01801-00479655-00479879 signals and are only accurate to 100
evDmvD3ERZ4-01802-00479880-00480103 nanoseconds
evDmvD3ERZ4-01803-00480104-00480495 equals
evDmvD3ERZ4-01804-00480496-00480984 topic format
evDmvD3ERZ4-01805-00480985-00481354 equals as opposed to the Year month and
evDmvD3ERZ4-01806-00481355-00481582 day format of the Gregorian calendar the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01807-00481583-00481834 GPS date is expressed as a week number
evDmvD3ERZ4-01808-00481835-00482097 in a seconds into week number the week
evDmvD3ERZ4-01809-00482099-00482317 number is transmitted as a 10-bit field
evDmvD3ERZ4-01810-00482318-00482622 in the CA and py navigation messages and
evDmvD3ERZ4-01811-00482624-00482835 so it becomes zero again every one
evDmvD3ERZ4-01812-00482837-00483025 thousand twenty-four weeks nineteen
evDmvD3ERZ4-01813-00483026-00483403 point six years GPS week zero started at
evDmvD3ERZ4-01814-00483404-00483664 0 hours 0 minutes and 0 seconds
evDmvD3ERZ4-01815-00483664-00483913 coordinated Universal time 0 hours 0
evDmvD3ERZ4-01816-00483914-00484243 minutes and 19 seconds time on January 6
evDmvD3ERZ4-01817-00484243-00484543 1980 and the week number became 0 again
evDmvD3ERZ4-01818-00484543-00484780 for the first time at 23 hours 59
evDmvD3ERZ4-01819-00484781-00485041 minutes and 47 seconds coordinated
evDmvD3ERZ4-01820-00485042-00485404 Universal Time on August 21st 1999 0
evDmvD3ERZ4-01821-00485405-00485674 hours 0 minutes and 19 seconds tie on
evDmvD3ERZ4-01822-00485675-00486034 August 22nd 1999 to determine the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01823-00486035-00486241 current Gregorian date a GPS receiver
evDmvD3ERZ4-01824-00486242-00486468 must be provided with the approximate
evDmvD3ERZ4-01825-00486470-00486832 date to within 3584 days to correctly
evDmvD3ERZ4-01826-00486833-00487168 translate the GPS date signal to address
evDmvD3ERZ4-01827-00487168-00487381 this concern the modernized GPS
evDmvD3ERZ4-01828-00487382-00487654 navigation message uses a 13 bit field
evDmvD3ERZ4-01829-00487655-00488139 that only repeats every 8,192 weeks 157
evDmvD3ERZ4-01830-00488141-00488605 years thus lasting until 2000 137 157
evDmvD3ERZ4-01831-00488606-00488954 years after GPS week zero
evDmvD3ERZ4-01832-00488955-00489375 equals
evDmvD3ERZ4-01833-00489376-00490044 topic carrier phase tracking survey
evDmvD3ERZ4-01834-00490045-00490381 equals another method that is used in
evDmvD3ERZ4-01835-00490382-00490585 surveying applications as carrier phase
evDmvD3ERZ4-01836-00490585-00490831 tracking the period of the carrier
evDmvD3ERZ4-01837-00490832-00491019 frequency multiplied by the speed of
evDmvD3ERZ4-01838-00491020-00491179 light gives the wavelength which is
evDmvD3ERZ4-01839-00491180-00491410 about zero point one nine meters for the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01840-00491410-00491727 l1 carrier accuracy within one percent
evDmvD3ERZ4-01841-00491728-00491910 of wavelength in detecting the leading
evDmvD3ERZ4-01842-00491911-00492112 edge reduces this component of suitor
evDmvD3ERZ4-01843-00492113-00492273 and error to as little as two
evDmvD3ERZ4-01844-00492274-00492522 millimeters this compares to three
evDmvD3ERZ4-01845-00492523-00492756 meters for the CA code and zero point
evDmvD3ERZ4-01846-00492757-00493020 three meters for the P code two
evDmvD3ERZ4-01847-00493021-00493248 millimeter accuracy requires measuring
evDmvD3ERZ4-01848-00493249-00493467 the total phase the number of waves
evDmvD3ERZ4-01849-00493468-00493666 multiplied by the wave length plus the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01850-00493667-00493833 fractional wavelength which requires
evDmvD3ERZ4-01851-00493834-00494133 specially equipped receivers this method
evDmvD3ERZ4-01852-00494134-00494373 has many surveying applications it is
evDmvD3ERZ4-01853-00494374-00494547 accurate enough for real-time tracking
evDmvD3ERZ4-01854-00494548-00494745 of the very slow motions of tectonic
evDmvD3ERZ4-01855-00494746-00495085 plates typically 0 to 100 millimetres 0
evDmvD3ERZ4-01856-00495085-00495285 to 4 inches per year
evDmvD3ERZ4-01857-00495285-00495502 triple differencing followed by
evDmvD3ERZ4-01858-00495503-00495660 numerical route finding and a
evDmvD3ERZ4-01859-00495661-00495837 mathematical technique called least
evDmvD3ERZ4-01860-00495838-00496050 squares can estimate the position of one
evDmvD3ERZ4-01861-00496051-00496239 receiver given the position of another
evDmvD3ERZ4-01862-00496239-00496462 first compute the difference between
evDmvD3ERZ4-01863-00496463-00496687 satellites then between receivers and
evDmvD3ERZ4-01864-00496688-00496977 finally between epochs other orders of
evDmvD3ERZ4-01865-00496978-00497152 taking differences are equally valid
evDmvD3ERZ4-01866-00497153-00497385 detailed discussion of the errors is
evDmvD3ERZ4-01867-00497386-00497673 omitted the satellite carrier total
evDmvD3ERZ4-01868-00497674-00497871 phase can be measured with ambiguity as
evDmvD3ERZ4-01869-00497872-00498445 to the number of cycles let phi r
evDmvD3ERZ4-01870-00498446-00499335 i s j t k display style phi r underscore
evDmvD3ERZ4-01871-00499337-00499777 is underscore j t underscore k denote
evDmvD3ERZ4-01872-00499778-00499987 the phase of the carrier of satellite j
evDmvD3ERZ4-01873-00499988-00500487 measured by receiver i at time t k
evDmvD3ERZ4-01874-00500488-00500866 display style t underscore k this
evDmvD3ERZ4-01875-00500867-00501031 notation shows the meaning of the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01876-00501032-00501388 subscripts I J and K the receiver our
evDmvD3ERZ4-01877-00501389-00501643 satellite s and time T come in
evDmvD3ERZ4-01878-00501643-00501984 alphabetical order as arguments of Phi
evDmvD3ERZ4-01879-00501985-00502314 display style thigh and to balance
evDmvD3ERZ4-01880-00502316-00503079 readability and conciseness let by i j k
evDmvD3ERZ4-01881-00503080-00504337 equals Phi R I s j t k display style phi
evDmvD3ERZ4-01882-00504338-00504730 underscore i j k equals Phi R underscore
evDmvD3ERZ4-01883-00504731-00505159 is underscore JT underscore K be a
evDmvD3ERZ4-01884-00505160-00505459 concise abbreviation also we defined
evDmvD3ERZ4-01885-00505460-00506382 three functions Delta R Delta s Delta T
evDmvD3ERZ4-01886-00506383-00506668 display style Delta caret our Delta
evDmvD3ERZ4-01887-00506668-00507016 caret s Delta caret T which returned
evDmvD3ERZ4-01888-00507017-00507247 differences between receivers satellites
evDmvD3ERZ4-01889-00507247-00507474 and time points respectively each
evDmvD3ERZ4-01890-00507475-00507700 function has variables with three
evDmvD3ERZ4-01891-00507701-00507939 subscripts as its arguments these three
evDmvD3ERZ4-01892-00507941-00508656 functions are defined below if alpha I J
evDmvD3ERZ4-01893-00508657-00509070 kay display style alpha underscore i j k
evDmvD3ERZ4-01894-00509071-00509370 is a function of the three integer
evDmvD3ERZ4-01895-00509371-00509658 arguments i j and k than it is a valid
evDmvD3ERZ4-01896-00509659-00510191 argument for the functions Delta R Delta
evDmvD3ERZ4-01897-00510192-00510852 s Delta T display style Delta caret our
evDmvD3ERZ4-01898-00510853-00511235 Delta caret s Delta caret T with the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01899-00511236-00512222 values defined as Delta R alpha i j k
evDmvD3ERZ4-01900-00512222-00512445 equals
evDmvD3ERZ4-01901-00512446-00513442 alpha I plus 1 j k-
evDmvD3ERZ4-01902-00513443-00514177 alfa i j k display style delta carat our
evDmvD3ERZ4-01903-00514178-00514507 alpha underscore i j k equals alpha
evDmvD3ERZ4-01904-00514508-00514893 underscore I plus 1 j k alpha underscore
evDmvD3ERZ4-01905-00514895-00516491 i j k delta s alpha i j k equals alpha i
evDmvD3ERZ4-01906-00516492-00517827 J plus 1 k minus alpha i j k display
evDmvD3ERZ4-01907-00517828-00518141 style delta carat s alpha underscore i j
evDmvD3ERZ4-01908-00518142-00518522 k equals alpha underscore i j plus 1 k
evDmvD3ERZ4-01909-00518523-00518589 alpha
evDmvD3ERZ4-01910-00518589-00519788 underscore i j k and delta t alpha i j k
evDmvD3ERZ4-01911-00519789-00519999 equals
evDmvD3ERZ4-01912-00520000-00521477 alfa i j k plus 1 minus alpha i j k
evDmvD3ERZ4-01913-00521478-00521768 display style delta carat t alpha
evDmvD3ERZ4-01914-00521770-00522126 underscore i j k equals alpha underscore
evDmvD3ERZ4-01915-00522127-00522684 i j k plus 1 alpha underscore i j k also
evDmvD3ERZ4-01916-00522685-00523135 if alpha i
evDmvD3ERZ4-01917-00523135-00524330 j/k a and D beta L M and display style
evDmvD3ERZ4-01918-00524331-00524639 alpha underscore i j k and beta
evDmvD3ERZ4-01919-00524640-00525032 underscore l m n are valid arguments for
evDmvD3ERZ4-01920-00525033-00525191 the three functions and a and B are
evDmvD3ERZ4-01921-00525192-00526231 constants then uh alpha i j k plus b
evDmvD3ERZ4-01922-00526232-00526979 beta L m and display style a alpha
evDmvD3ERZ4-01923-00526980-00527333 underscore i j k plus b beta underscore
evDmvD3ERZ4-01924-00527334-00527535 l m n
evDmvD3ERZ4-01925-00527536-00527751 is a valid argument with values defined
evDmvD3ERZ4-01926-00527752-00529386 as Delta R a alpha i j k plus b beta L m
evDmvD3ERZ4-01927-00529387-00530936 and equals Delta R alpha i j k plus b
evDmvD3ERZ4-01928-00530937-00531912 delta r beta L m and display style Delta
evDmvD3ERZ4-01929-00531913-00532314 caret ra alpha underscore i j k plus b
evDmvD3ERZ4-01930-00532315-00532641 beta underscore l m n equals a delta
evDmvD3ERZ4-01931-00532642-00532758 carat R alpha
evDmvD3ERZ4-01932-00532759-00533103 underscore i j k plus b delta carat our
evDmvD3ERZ4-01933-00533104-00533676 beta underscore l m n delta s
evDmvD3ERZ4-01934-00533677-00535395 a alpha i j k+ b beta L m and equals
evDmvD3ERZ4-01935-00535396-00537089 delta s alpha i j k+ b delta s beta L m
evDmvD3ERZ4-01936-00537090-00537602 and display style delta carat s a alpha
evDmvD3ERZ4-01937-00537603-00537997 underscore i j k+ b beta underscore l m
evDmvD3ERZ4-01938-00537998-00538243 n equals a delta carat s alpha
evDmvD3ERZ4-01939-00538244-00538604 underscore i j k plus b delta carat s
evDmvD3ERZ4-01940-00538605-00539383 beta underscore l m n and delta t a
evDmvD3ERZ4-01941-00539384-00541010 alpha i j k plus b beta L m and equals
evDmvD3ERZ4-01942-00541011-00542687 delta t alpha i j k+ b delta T beta L M
evDmvD3ERZ4-01943-00542688-00543204 and display style Delta carrot t a alpha
evDmvD3ERZ4-01944-00543205-00543608 underscore i j k + b beta underscore l m
evDmvD3ERZ4-01945-00543609-00543897 n equals a delta carrot t alpha
evDmvD3ERZ4-01946-00543898-00544257 underscore i j k plus b delta carrot T
evDmvD3ERZ4-01947-00544258-00544656 beta underscore l m n receiver clock
evDmvD3ERZ4-01948-00544657-00544868 errors can be approximately eliminated
evDmvD3ERZ4-01949-00544869-00545052 by differencing the phases measured from
evDmvD3ERZ4-01950-00545053-00545268 satellite 1 with that from satellite 2
evDmvD3ERZ4-01951-00545269-00545510 at the same epoch this difference is
evDmvD3ERZ4-01952-00545511-00546554 designated as Delta s Phi 1 1 1 equals
evDmvD3ERZ4-01953-00546555-00547926 Phi 1 2 1 minus Phi 1 1 1 display style
evDmvD3ERZ4-01954-00547927-00548229 Delta carrot s Phi underscore 1 1 1
evDmvD3ERZ4-01955-00548230-00548543 equals Phi underscore 1 2 1 Phi
evDmvD3ERZ4-01956-00548544-00548841 underscore one one one double
evDmvD3ERZ4-01957-00548842-00549027 differencing computes the difference of
evDmvD3ERZ4-01958-00549028-00549216 receiver 1 satellite difference from
evDmvD3ERZ4-01959-00549217-00549489 that of receiver 2 this approximately
evDmvD3ERZ4-01960-00549490-00549747 eliminates satellite clock errors this
evDmvD3ERZ4-01961-00549748-00550510 double difference is Delta R Delta s Phi
evDmvD3ERZ4-01962-00550511-00551077 1 1 1
evDmvD3ERZ4-01963-00551078-00552658 delta r phi 1 2 1 minus Phi 1 1 1 equals
evDmvD3ERZ4-01964-00552659-00552856 Delta
evDmvD3ERZ4-01965-00552857-00553802 our Phi 1 to 1 minus Delta
evDmvD3ERZ4-01966-00553803-00554705 our Phi 1 1 1 equals Phi 2 2 1 minus Phi
evDmvD3ERZ4-01967-00554706-00555209 1 2 1 minus Phi 2 1 1 minus Phi 1 1 1
evDmvD3ERZ4-01968-00555210-00555476 display style begin aligned Delta caret
evDmvD3ERZ4-01969-00555477-00555833 our Delta caret s Phi underscore 1 1 1
evDmvD3ERZ4-01970-00555834-00556124 and equals Delta caret RFI underscore 1
evDmvD3ERZ4-01971-00556125-00556490 2 1 Phi n dur score 1 1 1 and equals
evDmvD3ERZ4-01972-00556491-00556802 Delta caret our Phi underscore 1 2 1
evDmvD3ERZ4-01973-00556803-00557138 Delta caret RFI underscore 1 1 1 and
evDmvD3ERZ4-01974-00557139-00557438 equals Phi underscore 2 2 1 Phi
evDmvD3ERZ4-01975-00557439-00557828 underscore 1 2 1 Phi underscore 2 1 1
evDmvD3ERZ4-01976-00557829-00558164 Phi and ur score 1 1 1 and align triple
evDmvD3ERZ4-01977-00558165-00558329 differencing subtracts the reciever
evDmvD3ERZ4-01978-00558330-00558515 difference from time 1 from that of time
evDmvD3ERZ4-01979-00558516-00558791 to this eliminates the ambiguity
evDmvD3ERZ4-01980-00558792-00558968 associated with the integral number of
evDmvD3ERZ4-01981-00558969-00559178 wavelengths in carrier phase provided
evDmvD3ERZ4-01982-00559179-00559400 this ambiguity does not change with time
evDmvD3ERZ4-01983-00559401-00559616 thus the triple difference result
evDmvD3ERZ4-01984-00559617-00559835 eliminates practically all clock bias
evDmvD3ERZ4-01985-00559836-00560053 errors in the integer ambiguity
evDmvD3ERZ4-01986-00560054-00560261 atmospheric delay and satellite
evDmvD3ERZ4-01987-00560262-00560456 ephemeris errors have been significantly
evDmvD3ERZ4-01988-00560457-00560717 reduced this triple difference as delta
evDmvD3ERZ4-01989-00560718-00561086 T Delta R Delta s Phi 1 1 1 display
evDmvD3ERZ4-01990-00561087-00561353 style Delta caret T Delta caret our
evDmvD3ERZ4-01991-00561354-00561683 Delta caret s Phi underscore one one one
evDmvD3ERZ4-01992-00561684-00561887 triple difference results can be used to
evDmvD3ERZ4-01993-00561888-00562187 estimate unknown variables for example
evDmvD3ERZ4-01994-00562188-00562406 if the position of receiver 1 is known
evDmvD3ERZ4-01995-00562407-00562628 but the position of receiver 2 unknown
evDmvD3ERZ4-01996-00562629-00562817 it may be possible to estimate the
evDmvD3ERZ4-01997-00562818-00563045 position of receiver 2 using numerical
evDmvD3ERZ4-01998-00563046-00563327 route-finding and least-squares triple
evDmvD3ERZ4-01999-00563328-00563492 difference results for 3 independent
evDmvD3ERZ4-02000-00563493-00563705 time pairs may be sufficient to solve
evDmvD3ERZ4-02001-00563706-00563951 for receiver twos 3 position components
evDmvD3ERZ4-02002-00563952-00564218 this may require a numerical procedure
evDmvD3ERZ4-02003-00564219-00564458 an approximation of receiver twos
evDmvD3ERZ4-02004-00564459-00564641 position is required to use such a
evDmvD3ERZ4-02005-00564642-00564941 numerical method this initial value can
evDmvD3ERZ4-02006-00564942-00565136 probably be provided from the navigation
evDmvD3ERZ4-02007-00565137-00565331 message in the intersection of sphere
evDmvD3ERZ4-02008-00565332-00565637 surfaces such a reasonable estimate can
evDmvD3ERZ4-02009-00565638-00565838 be key to successful multi-dimensional
evDmvD3ERZ4-02010-00565839-00566099 route-finding iterating from 3 time
evDmvD3ERZ4-02011-00566100-00566309 pairs and a fairly good initial value
evDmvD3ERZ4-02012-00566310-00566516 produces one observed triple difference
evDmvD3ERZ4-02013-00566517-00566737 result for receiver twos position
evDmvD3ERZ4-02014-00566738-00566972 processing additional time pairs can
evDmvD3ERZ4-02015-00566973-00567182 improve accuracy over determining
evDmvD3ERZ4-02016-00567183-00567394 answer with multiple solutions
evDmvD3ERZ4-02017-00567395-00567602 least-squares can estimate an over
evDmvD3ERZ4-02018-00567603-00567797 determined system least-squares
evDmvD3ERZ4-02019-00567798-00568016 determines the position of receiver to
evDmvD3ERZ4-02020-00568017-00568196 that best fits the observed triple
evDmvD3ERZ4-02021-00568197-00568367 difference results for receiver two
evDmvD3ERZ4-02022-00568368-00568544 positions under the criterion of
evDmvD3ERZ4-02023-00568545-00569220 minimizing the sum of the squares
evDmvD3ERZ4-02024-00569221-00569523 topic regulatory spectrum issues
evDmvD3ERZ4-02025-00569524-00570089 concerning GPS receivers
evDmvD3ERZ4-02026-00570090-00570401 in the United States GPS receivers are
evDmvD3ERZ4-02027-00570402-00570539 regulated under the Federal
evDmvD3ERZ4-02028-00570540-00570803 Communications Commission's FCC part 15
evDmvD3ERZ4-02029-00570804-00571190 rules as indicated in the manuals of GPS
evDmvD3ERZ4-02030-00571191-00571406 enabled devices sold in the United
evDmvD3ERZ4-02031-00571407-00571679 States as a part 15 device it must
evDmvD3ERZ4-02032-00571680-00571874 accept any interference received
evDmvD3ERZ4-02033-00571875-00572081 including interference that may cause
evDmvD3ERZ4-02034-00572082-00572465 undesired operation with respect to GPS
evDmvD3ERZ4-02035-00572466-00572741 devices in particular the FCC states
evDmvD3ERZ4-02036-00572742-00573056 that GPS receiver manufacturers must use
evDmvD3ERZ4-02037-00573057-00573287 receivers that reasonably discriminate
evDmvD3ERZ4-02038-00573288-00573506 against reception of signals outside
evDmvD3ERZ4-02039-00573507-00573836 their allocated spectrum for the last 30
evDmvD3ERZ4-02040-00573837-00574115 years GPS receivers have operated next
evDmvD3ERZ4-02041-00574116-00574325 to the mobile satellite service band and
evDmvD3ERZ4-02042-00574326-00574526 have discriminated against reception of
evDmvD3ERZ4-02043-00574527-00574715 mobile satellite services such as
evDmvD3ERZ4-02044-00574716-00575057 Inmarsat without any issue the spectrum
evDmvD3ERZ4-02045-00575058-00575401 allocated for GPS l1 used by the FCC as
evDmvD3ERZ4-02046-00575402-00575747 1559 to 1610 megahertz
evDmvD3ERZ4-02047-00575748-00575906 while the spectrum allocated for
evDmvD3ERZ4-02048-00575907-00576074 satellite to ground use owned by
evDmvD3ERZ4-02049-00576075-00576221 LightSquared as the mobile satellite
evDmvD3ERZ4-02050-00576222-00576653 service band since 1996 the FCC has
evDmvD3ERZ4-02051-00576654-00576842 authorized licensed use of the spectrum
evDmvD3ERZ4-02052-00576843-00577331 neighboring the GPS band of 1525 to 1559
evDmvD3ERZ4-02053-00577332-00577499 megahertz to the Virginia Company
evDmvD3ERZ4-02054-00577500-00577916 LightSquared on March 1st 2001 the FCC
evDmvD3ERZ4-02055-00577917-00578090 received an application from light
evDmvD3ERZ4-02056-00578091-00578336 Squared's predecessor motion services to
evDmvD3ERZ4-02057-00578337-00578528 use their allocated frequencies for an
evDmvD3ERZ4-02058-00578529-00578735 integrated satellite terrestrial service
evDmvD3ERZ4-02059-00578736-00579161 in 2002 the u.s. GPS industry council
evDmvD3ERZ4-02060-00579162-00579398 came to an out-of-band emissions OOBE
evDmvD3ERZ4-02061-00579399-00579608 agreement with LightSquared to prevent
evDmvD3ERZ4-02062-00579609-00579767 transmissions from light squareds
evDmvD3ERZ4-02063-00579768-00579947 ground-based stations from emitting
evDmvD3ERZ4-02064-00579948-00580154 transmissions into the neighboring gps
evDmvD3ERZ4-02065-00580155-00580724 band of 1559 to 1610 megahertz in 2004
evDmvD3ERZ4-02066-00580725-00581045 the FCC adopted the OOBE agreement in
evDmvD3ERZ4-02067-00581046-00581231 its authorization for LightSquared to
evDmvD3ERZ4-02068-00581232-00581429 deploy a ground-based network ancillary
evDmvD3ERZ4-02069-00581430-00581630 to their satellite system known as the
evDmvD3ERZ4-02070-00581631-00581945 ancillary tower components a TCS we will
evDmvD3ERZ4-02071-00581946-00582245 authorize MSS atc subject to conditions
evDmvD3ERZ4-02072-00582246-00582485 that ensure that the added terrestrial
evDmvD3ERZ4-02073-00582486-00582686 component remains ancillary to the
evDmvD3ERZ4-02074-00582687-00583058 principal MSS offering we do not intend
evDmvD3ERZ4-02075-00583059-00583256 nor will we permit the terrestrial
evDmvD3ERZ4-02076-00583257-00583557 component to become a standalone sir
evDmvD3ERZ4-02077-00583558-00583785 this authorization was reviewed and
evDmvD3ERZ4-02078-00583786-00583941 approved by the US inter-department
evDmvD3ERZ4-02079-00583942-00584196 radio Advisory Committee which includes
evDmvD3ERZ4-02080-00584197-00584454 the US Department of Agriculture US Air
evDmvD3ERZ4-02081-00584455-00584745 Force US Army US Coast Guard Federal
evDmvD3ERZ4-02082-00584746-00584949 Aviation Administration National
evDmvD3ERZ4-02083-00584950-00585116 Aeronautics and Space Administration
evDmvD3ERZ4-02084-00585117-00585348 Interior in US Department of
evDmvD3ERZ4-02085-00585349-00585656 Transportation in January 2011 the FCC
evDmvD3ERZ4-02086-00585657-00585888 conditionally authorized light squareds
evDmvD3ERZ4-02087-00585889-00586143 wholesale customers such as Best Buy
evDmvD3ERZ4-02088-00586144-00586455 sharp and cease fire to only purchase an
evDmvD3ERZ4-02089-00586456-00586614 integrated satellite ground-based
evDmvD3ERZ4-02090-00586615-00586806 service from LightSquared and resell
evDmvD3ERZ4-02091-00586807-00587010 that integrated service on devices that
evDmvD3ERZ4-02092-00587011-00587124 are equipped to only use the
evDmvD3ERZ4-02093-00587125-00587283 ground-based signal using light
evDmvD3ERZ4-02094-00587284-00587571 Squared's allocated frequencies of 1525
evDmvD3ERZ4-02095-00587572-00588138 to 1559 megahertz in December 2010 GPS
evDmvD3ERZ4-02096-00588139-00588324 receiver manufacturers expressed
evDmvD3ERZ4-02097-00588325-00588546 concerns to the FCC that LightSquared
evDmvD3ERZ4-02098-00588547-00588795 signal would interfere with GPS receiver
evDmvD3ERZ4-02099-00588796-00589017 devices although the FCC's policy
evDmvD3ERZ4-02100-00589018-00589206 considerations leading up to the January
evDmvD3ERZ4-02101-00589207-00589452 2011 order did not pertain to any
evDmvD3ERZ4-02102-00589453-00589662 proposed changes to the maximum number
evDmvD3ERZ4-02103-00589663-00589878 of ground-based LightSquared stations or
evDmvD3ERZ4-02104-00589879-00590025 the maximum power at which these
evDmvD3ERZ4-02105-00590026-00590328 stations could operate the January 2011
evDmvD3ERZ4-02106-00590329-00590498 order makes final authorization
evDmvD3ERZ4-02107-00590499-00590745 contingent upon studies of GPS
evDmvD3ERZ4-02108-00590746-00590931 interference issues carried out by a
evDmvD3ERZ4-02109-00590932-00591117 LightSquared lead working group along
evDmvD3ERZ4-02110-00591118-00591366 with GPS industry and federal agency
evDmvD3ERZ4-02111-00591367-00591765 participation On February 14 2012 the
evDmvD3ERZ4-02112-00591766-00592005 FCC initiated proceedings to vacate
evDmvD3ERZ4-02113-00592006-00592206 light Squared's conditional waiver order
evDmvD3ERZ4-02114-00592207-00592428 based on the NT IAS conclusion that
evDmvD3ERZ4-02115-00592429-00592593 there was currently no practical way to
evDmvD3ERZ4-02116-00592594-00593010 mitigate potential GPS interference GPS
evDmvD3ERZ4-02117-00593011-00593259 receiver manufacturers designed GPS
evDmvD3ERZ4-02118-00593260-00593505 receivers to use spectrum beyond the GPS
evDmvD3ERZ4-02119-00593506-00593844 allocated band in some cases GPS
evDmvD3ERZ4-02120-00593845-00594093 receivers are designed to use up to 400
evDmvD3ERZ4-02121-00594094-00594237 megahertz of spectrum in either
evDmvD3ERZ4-02122-00594238-00594690 direction of the l1 frequency of 1575 42
evDmvD3ERZ4-02123-00594691-00594849 megahertz because mobile satellite
evDmvD3ERZ4-02124-00594850-00595023 services in those regions are
evDmvD3ERZ4-02125-00595024-00595236 broadcasting from space to ground and at
evDmvD3ERZ4-02126-00595237-00595410 power levels commensurate with mobile
evDmvD3ERZ4-02127-00595411-00595677 satellite services as regulated under
evDmvD3ERZ4-02128-00595678-00596022 the FCC's part 15 rules GPS receivers
evDmvD3ERZ4-02129-00596023-00596178 are not warranted protection from
evDmvD3ERZ4-02130-00596179-00596460 signals outside GPS allocated spectrum
evDmvD3ERZ4-02131-00596461-00596760 this is why GPS operates next to the
evDmvD3ERZ4-02132-00596761-00596928 mobile satellite service van
evDmvD3ERZ4-02133-00596929-00597090 and also why the mobile satellite
evDmvD3ERZ4-02134-00597091-00597423 service band operates next to GPS the
evDmvD3ERZ4-02135-00597424-00597624 symbiotic relationship of spectrum
evDmvD3ERZ4-02136-00597625-00597828 allocation ensures that users of both
evDmvD3ERZ4-02137-00597829-00598038 bands are able to operate cooperatively
evDmvD3ERZ4-02138-00598039-00598404 and freely the FCC adopted rules in
evDmvD3ERZ4-02139-00598405-00598662 February 2003 that allowed mobile
evDmvD3ERZ4-02140-00598663-00598935 satellite service MSS licensees such as
evDmvD3ERZ4-02141-00598936-00599121 LightSquared to construct a small number
evDmvD3ERZ4-02142-00599122-00599334 of ancillary ground-based towers in
evDmvD3ERZ4-02143-00599335-00599565 their licensed spectrum to promote more
evDmvD3ERZ4-02144-00599566-00599790 efficient use of terrestrial wireless
evDmvD3ERZ4-02145-00599791-00600102 spectrum in those 2003 rules
evDmvD3ERZ4-02146-00600103-00600377 the FCC stated as a preliminary matter
evDmvD3ERZ4-02147-00600378-00600624 terrestrial commercial mobile radio
evDmvD3ERZ4-02148-00600625-00600795 service CMRS
evDmvD3ERZ4-02149-00600796-00601098 and MSS ATC are expected to have
evDmvD3ERZ4-02150-00601099-00601332 different prices coverage product
evDmvD3ERZ4-02151-00601333-00601536 acceptance and distribution therefore
evDmvD3ERZ4-02152-00601537-00601833 the two services appear at best to be
evDmvD3ERZ4-02153-00601834-00602043 imperfect substitutes for one another
evDmvD3ERZ4-02154-00602044-00602226 that would be operating in predominantly
evDmvD3ERZ4-02155-00602227-00602541 different market segments
evDmvD3ERZ4-02156-00602542-00602902 MSS ATC is unlikely to compete directly
evDmvD3ERZ4-02157-00602903-00603175 with terrestrial CMRS for the same
evDmvD3ERZ4-02158-00603176-00603456 customer base
evDmvD3ERZ4-02159-00603457-00603804 in 2004 the FCC clarified that the
evDmvD3ERZ4-02160-00603805-00604002 ground-based hours would be ancillary
evDmvD3ERZ4-02161-00604003-00604332 noting that we will authorize MSS ATC
evDmvD3ERZ4-02162-00604333-00604533 subject to conditions that ensure that
evDmvD3ERZ4-02163-00604534-00604752 the added terrestrial component remains
evDmvD3ERZ4-02164-00604753-00605064 ancillary to the principal MSS offering
evDmvD3ERZ4-02165-00605065-00605376 we do not intend nor will we permit the
evDmvD3ERZ4-02166-00605377-00605556 terrestrial component to become a
evDmvD3ERZ4-02167-00605557-00606003 standalone service in July 2010 the FCC
evDmvD3ERZ4-02168-00606004-00606201 stated that it expected LightSquared to
evDmvD3ERZ4-02169-00606202-00606399 use its authority to offer an integrated
evDmvD3ERZ4-02170-00606400-00606627 satellite terrestrial service to provide
evDmvD3ERZ4-02171-00606628-00606891 mobile broadband services similar to
evDmvD3ERZ4-02172-00606892-00607104 those provided by terrestrial mobile
evDmvD3ERZ4-02173-00607105-00607335 providers and enhanced competition in
evDmvD3ERZ4-02174-00607336-00607725 the mobile broadband sector GPS receiver
evDmvD3ERZ4-02175-00607726-00607926 manufacturers have argued that light
evDmvD3ERZ4-02176-00607927-00608306 Squared's licensed spectrum of 1525 to
evDmvD3ERZ4-02177-00608307-00608595 1559 megahertz was never envisioned as
evDmvD3ERZ4-02178-00608596-00608748 being used for high-speed wireless
evDmvD3ERZ4-02179-00608749-00609165 broadband based on the 2003 in 2004 FCC
evDmvD3ERZ4-02180-00609166-00609390 ATC rulings making clear that the
evDmvD3ERZ4-02181-00609391-00609660 ancillary tower component ATC would be
evDmvD3ERZ4-02182-00609661-00609858 in fact ancillary to the primary
evDmvD3ERZ4-02183-00609859-00610098 satellite component to build public
evDmvD3ERZ4-02184-00610099-00610374 support of efforts to continue the 2004
evDmvD3ERZ4-02185-00610375-00610629 FCC authorization of light Squared's and
evDmvD3ERZ4-02186-00610630-00610836 ciliary terrestrial component versus a
evDmvD3ERZ4-02187-00610837-00611088 simple ground-based LTE service in the
evDmvD3ERZ4-02188-00611089-00611256 mobile satellite service band
evDmvD3ERZ4-02189-00611257-00611499 GPS receiver manufacturer Trimble
evDmvD3ERZ4-02190-00611500-00611706 navigation Limited formed the coalition
evDmvD3ERZ4-02191-00611707-00612135 to save our GPS the FCC and LightSquared
evDmvD3ERZ4-02192-00612136-00612318 have each made public commitments to
evDmvD3ERZ4-02193-00612319-00612552 solve the GPS interference issue before
evDmvD3ERZ4-02194-00612553-00612728 the network is allowed to operate
evDmvD3ERZ4-02195-00612729-00613005 according to Chris Dan C of the aircraft
evDmvD3ERZ4-02196-00613006-00613233 owners and Pilots Association airline
evDmvD3ERZ4-02197-00613234-00613416 pilots with the type of systems that
evDmvD3ERZ4-02198-00613417-00613653 would be affected may go off course and
evDmvD3ERZ4-02199-00613654-00613788 not even realize it
evDmvD3ERZ4-02200-00613789-00614004 the problems could also affect the
evDmvD3ERZ4-02201-00614005-00614223 Federal Aviation Administration upgrade
evDmvD3ERZ4-02202-00614224-00614454 to the air traffic control system United
evDmvD3ERZ4-02203-00614455-00614658 States Defense Department guidance and
evDmvD3ERZ4-02204-00614659-00614955 local emergency services including 9-1-1
evDmvD3ERZ4-02205-00614956-00615291 On February 14 2012 the US Federal
evDmvD3ERZ4-02206-00615292-00615555 Communications Commission FCC moved to
evDmvD3ERZ4-02207-00615556-00615735 bar light Squared's planned National
evDmvD3ERZ4-02208-00615736-00615948 Broadband Network after being informed
evDmvD3ERZ4-02209-00615949-00616149 by the National Telecommunications and
evDmvD3ERZ4-02210-00616150-00616413 Information Administration and dia the
evDmvD3ERZ4-02211-00616414-00616638 federal agency that coordinates spectrum
evDmvD3ERZ4-02212-00616639-00616820 uses for the military and other
evDmvD3ERZ4-02213-00616821-00617006 federal government entities that there
evDmvD3ERZ4-02214-00617007-00617165 is no practical way to mitigate
evDmvD3ERZ4-02215-00617166-00617485 potential interference at this time
evDmvD3ERZ4-02216-00617486-00617735 LightSquared is challenging the FCC's
evDmvD3ERZ4-02217-00617736-00618251 action
evDmvD3ERZ4-02218-00618252-00618804 topic other systems
evDmvD3ERZ4-02219-00618805-00619071 other satellite navigation systems in
evDmvD3ERZ4-02220-00619072-00619269 use or various states of development
evDmvD3ERZ4-02221-00619270-00619665 include GL ona SS Russia's global
evDmvD3ERZ4-02222-00619666-00619923 navigation system fully operational
evDmvD3ERZ4-02223-00619924-00620316 worldwide Galileo a global system being
evDmvD3ERZ4-02224-00620317-00620505 developed by the European Union and
evDmvD3ERZ4-02225-00620506-00620685 other partner countries which began
evDmvD3ERZ4-02226-00620686-00620958 operation in 2016 and is expected to be
evDmvD3ERZ4-02227-00620959-00621318 fully deployed by 2020 bado People's
evDmvD3ERZ4-02228-00621319-00621528 Republic of China's regional system
evDmvD3ERZ4-02229-00621529-00621723 currently limited to Asia in the West
evDmvD3ERZ4-02230-00621724-00621933 Pacific global coverage planned to be
evDmvD3ERZ4-02231-00621934-00622362 operational by 2020 IRNSS a regional
evDmvD3ERZ4-02232-00622363-00622542 navigation system developed by the
evDmvD3ERZ4-02233-00622543-00622869 Indian Space Research Organisation Q's
evDmvD3ERZ4-02234-00622870-00623139 ESS a regional navigation system in
evDmvD3ERZ4-02235-00623140-00623310 development that would be receivable
evDmvD3ERZ4-02236-00623311-00623883 within Japan
evDmvD3ERZ4-02237-00623884-00624418 topic see also
evDmvD3ERZ4-02238-00624419-00624772 equals equals nodes
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evPvC3nruBu-00002-00003642-00003913 oh
evPvC3nruBu-00003-00003914-00004811 that your secrets
evPvC3nruBu-00004-00004812-00005531 only believe that all is possible
evPvC3nruBu-00005-00005532-00006395 [Music]
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eyAAYG3vSSY-00016-00004970-00005468 [Music]
eyAAYG3vSSY-00017-00005469-00005868 thank you again it's really nice to be
eyAAYG3vSSY-00018-00005869-00006126 up here I wanted to say one little quick
eyAAYG3vSSY-00019-00006127-00006336 thing I told you a story about when I
eyAAYG3vSSY-00020-00006337-00006777 came to Korea in 2014 but also I was
eyAAYG3vSSY-00021-00006778-00007334 living in Daegu in 2015 and in 2015 NIMH
eyAAYG3vSSY-00022-00007336-00007533 launched and I made the press release
eyAAYG3vSSY-00023-00007534-00007947 from Daegu so in a way NIM was one of
eyAAYG3vSSY-00024-00007948-00008238 the very first projects to have a start
eyAAYG3vSSY-00025-00008239-00008532 I wish it was in Seoul we would be more
eyAAYG3vSSY-00026-00008533-00008814 famous right dig was a little small city
eyAAYG3vSSY-00027-00008815-00009135 but it was still very nice and since
eyAAYG3vSSY-00028-00009136-00009441 that time we worked really hard and to
eyAAYG3vSSY-00029-00009442-00009726 make scalability and this new version of
eyAAYG3vSSY-00030-00009727-00010056 NIM that's coming out next year early
eyAAYG3vSSY-00031-00010057-00010380 next year it is remarkable in every way
eyAAYG3vSSY-00032-00010381-00010563 an image from an engineering perspective
eyAAYG3vSSY-00033-00010564-00010827 it's the best blockchain I've ever seen
eyAAYG3vSSY-00034-00010828-00011139 so I really appreciate getting the
eyAAYG3vSSY-00035-00011140-00011335 acknowledgment thank you very much
eyAAYG3vSSY-00036-00011336-00011590 congratulations once again
eyAAYG3vSSY-00037-00011591-00011895 [Music]
ezwERBHB-XA-00000-00000369-00000695 [Music]
ezwERBHB-XA-00001-00000696-00000862 hey guys i hope you're all doing really
ezwERBHB-XA-00002-00000863-00000894 well
ezwERBHB-XA-00003-00000896-00001207 today we are making pumpkin pie cinnamon
ezwERBHB-XA-00004-00001208-00001511 scrolls they are so
ezwERBHB-XA-00005-00001512-00001759 delicious and fluffy i guarantee that
ezwERBHB-XA-00006-00001760-00001951 you are going to love them and you won't
ezwERBHB-XA-00007-00001952-00002071 be able to stop
ezwERBHB-XA-00008-00002072-00002367 at one it is the perfect recipe for the
ezwERBHB-XA-00009-00002368-00002463 fall
ezwERBHB-XA-00010-00002464-00002663 well actually it's spring here in
ezwERBHB-XA-00011-00002664-00002839 australia but i know that
ezwERBHB-XA-00012-00002840-00003087 october is the season of the pumpkin and
ezwERBHB-XA-00013-00003088-00003231 i've just been to the market and i've
ezwERBHB-XA-00014-00003232-00003303 bought
ezwERBHB-XA-00015-00003304-00003663 loads of pumpkin pureed it and i'm ready
ezwERBHB-XA-00016-00003664-00003879 to make so many delicious pumpkin
ezwERBHB-XA-00017-00003879-00004006 recipes with you guys
ezwERBHB-XA-00018-00004007-00004327 these scrolls are so easy to make you
ezwERBHB-XA-00019-00004328-00004519 only need a couple of basic ingredients
ezwERBHB-XA-00020-00004520-00004686 they do require yeast
ezwERBHB-XA-00021-00004687-00004943 but i guarantee you that is what makes
ezwERBHB-XA-00022-00004944-00005143 them fluffy now if you're as excited for
ezwERBHB-XA-00023-00005144-00005311 this recipe as i am make sure you hit
ezwERBHB-XA-00024-00005312-00005415 that like button
ezwERBHB-XA-00025-00005416-00005638 that really helps support me and also if
ezwERBHB-XA-00026-00005639-00005743 you aren't already
ezwERBHB-XA-00027-00005744-00005999 and you're new here please do subscribe
ezwERBHB-XA-00028-00006000-00006199 because i have so many pumpkin recipes
ezwERBHB-XA-00029-00006200-00006302 coming and more
ezwERBHB-XA-00030-00006303-00006550 delicious healthy things so make sure
ezwERBHB-XA-00031-00006551-00006710 you keep watching if you want to know
ezwERBHB-XA-00032-00006711-00006863 how to make it
ezwERBHB-XA-00033-00006864-00007063 so for our delicious pumpkin pie
ezwERBHB-XA-00034-00007064-00007239 cinnamon squirrels recipe you are going
ezwERBHB-XA-00035-00007240-00007383 to need a cup of
ezwERBHB-XA-00036-00007384-00007655 milk of your choice i am using almond
ezwERBHB-XA-00037-00007656-00007742 milk here
ezwERBHB-XA-00038-00007743-00007967 you'll need two tablespoons of real
ezwERBHB-XA-00039-00007968-00008151 sugar you can also use any sugar you
ezwERBHB-XA-00040-00008152-00008327 like as not as it's
ezwERBHB-XA-00041-00008328-00008551 not one of those zero calorie sweeteners
ezwERBHB-XA-00042-00008552-00008687 so not stevia not
ezwERBHB-XA-00043-00008688-00008967 xylitol real sugar whatever you have is
ezwERBHB-XA-00044-00008968-00009206 fine i have got brown sugar so that is
ezwERBHB-XA-00045-00009207-00009359 what i'm using
ezwERBHB-XA-00046-00009360-00009687 you will also need one tablespoon of
ezwERBHB-XA-00047-00009688-00009951 yeast then you'll need four tablespoons
ezwERBHB-XA-00048-00009952-00010031 of oil
ezwERBHB-XA-00049-00010032-00010335 coconut or olive works great or
ezwERBHB-XA-00050-00010336-00010542 some vegan butter i'm just using some
ezwERBHB-XA-00051-00010543-00010695 olive oil
ezwERBHB-XA-00052-00010696-00010878 you'll need two teaspoons of vanilla
ezwERBHB-XA-00053-00010879-00011055 extract two and a half
ezwERBHB-XA-00054-00011056-00011423 cups of flour i am using some
ezwERBHB-XA-00055-00011424-00011638 spelt flour here because i really like
ezwERBHB-XA-00056-00011639-00011806 the flavor of spelt
ezwERBHB-XA-00057-00011807-00012006 spelt flour tends to be a little more
ezwERBHB-XA-00058-00012007-00012223 absorbent than other flowers so
ezwERBHB-XA-00059-00012224-00012470 make sure you do have a lot more extra
ezwERBHB-XA-00060-00012471-00012567 of this to
ezwERBHB-XA-00061-00012568-00012799 knead the dough later you can use
ezwERBHB-XA-00062-00012800-00012983 wholemeal pastry flour
ezwERBHB-XA-00063-00012984-00013294 wholemeal spelt flour just plain flour
ezwERBHB-XA-00064-00013295-00013575 as well whatever you like a quarter cup
ezwERBHB-XA-00065-00013576-00013607 of
ezwERBHB-XA-00066-00013608-00013935 sugar so you can use brown sugar coconut
ezwERBHB-XA-00067-00013936-00014007 sugar
ezwERBHB-XA-00068-00014008-00014238 and i have decided to use a stevia
ezwERBHB-XA-00069-00014240-00014455 baking blend so i can reduce the carbs
ezwERBHB-XA-00070-00014456-00014566 and sugar
ezwERBHB-XA-00071-00014568-00014758 in this recipe and it's perfectly fine
ezwERBHB-XA-00072-00014759-00014894 to use the sweetener
ezwERBHB-XA-00073-00014895-00015135 in the dough itself because we need the
ezwERBHB-XA-00074-00015136-00015215 real sugar
ezwERBHB-XA-00075-00015216-00015479 for the yeast to feed on two tablespoons
ezwERBHB-XA-00076-00015480-00015615 of baking powder and
ezwERBHB-XA-00077-00015616-00015919 some salt and also some cinnamon
ezwERBHB-XA-00078-00015919-00016207 and pumpkin pie spice now if you don't
ezwERBHB-XA-00079-00016208-00016271 have this
ezwERBHB-XA-00080-00016272-00016527 i have got a recipe for you coming in
ezwERBHB-XA-00081-00016528-00016599 the next
ezwERBHB-XA-00082-00016600-00016927 few seconds and of course key ingredient
ezwERBHB-XA-00083-00016928-00017007 you will need
ezwERBHB-XA-00084-00017008-00017319 some pumpkin puree you can also use
ezwERBHB-XA-00085-00017320-00017519 more oil if you like but the pumpkin
ezwERBHB-XA-00086-00017520-00017686 puree not only adds that beautiful
ezwERBHB-XA-00087-00017687-00017886 pumpkin flavor and that beautiful orange
ezwERBHB-XA-00088-00017887-00017935 color
ezwERBHB-XA-00089-00017936-00018175 but it also adds moisture without the
ezwERBHB-XA-00090-00018176-00018255 added fat
ezwERBHB-XA-00091-00018256-00018550 so i really love some good old pumpkin
ezwERBHB-XA-00092-00018551-00018630 puree
ezwERBHB-XA-00093-00018631-00018783 so if you don't have any pumpkin pie
ezwERBHB-XA-00094-00018784-00018967 spice at home you can easily make this
ezwERBHB-XA-00095-00018968-00019094 yourself by combining
ezwERBHB-XA-00096-00019095-00019414 three tablespoons of cinnamon
ezwERBHB-XA-00097-00019415-00019799 two teaspoons of ground ginger
ezwERBHB-XA-00098-00019800-00020119 two teaspoons of ground nutmeg
ezwERBHB-XA-00099-00020120-00020447 one teaspoon of ground allspice and
ezwERBHB-XA-00100-00020448-00020775 one teaspoon of ground cloves
ezwERBHB-XA-00101-00020776-00021030 and then you obviously just mix all of
ezwERBHB-XA-00102-00021031-00021230 these spices together and then you can
ezwERBHB-XA-00103-00021231-00021407 store it in an airtight container and
ezwERBHB-XA-00104-00021408-00021575 use it for so many delicious pumpkin
ezwERBHB-XA-00105-00021576-00021639 play
ezwERBHB-XA-00106-00021640-00021855 flavored things i'm one of my favorites
ezwERBHB-XA-00107-00021856-00022014 it's also a pumpkin pie latte
ezwERBHB-XA-00108-00022015-00022319 so without further ado let's get into
ezwERBHB-XA-00109-00022320-00022535 this recipe
ezwERBHB-XA-00110-00022536-00022703 so the first thing we're going to do is
ezwERBHB-XA-00111-00022704-00022863 prepare our yeast now
ezwERBHB-XA-00112-00022864-00023214 we just add our almond milk and sugar
ezwERBHB-XA-00113-00023215-00023503 for two tablespoons of sugar to the bowl
ezwERBHB-XA-00114-00023504-00023663 and just give that a stir
ezwERBHB-XA-00115-00023664-00023950 let that sugar dissolve now make sure
ezwERBHB-XA-00116-00023951-00024007 your milk
ezwERBHB-XA-00117-00024008-00024278 is warm so that would be about 45
ezwERBHB-XA-00118-00024279-00024511 degrees celsius or 110 degrees
ezwERBHB-XA-00119-00024512-00024775 fahrenheit but basically you can simply
ezwERBHB-XA-00120-00024776-00024927 just stick your finger in it
ezwERBHB-XA-00121-00024928-00025078 and if it feels like you want to have a
ezwERBHB-XA-00122-00025079-00025278 bath in it that is it's the temperature
ezwERBHB-XA-00123-00025279-00025335 of bar
ezwERBHB-XA-00124-00025336-00025591 water then that is the perfect temp so i
ezwERBHB-XA-00125-00025592-00025718 already preheated
ezwERBHB-XA-00126-00025719-00025950 my milk and my favorite milk to use is
ezwERBHB-XA-00127-00025951-00026078 almond milk
ezwERBHB-XA-00128-00026079-00026374 so now we grab a tablespoon of yeast
ezwERBHB-XA-00129-00026375-00026543 make sure yours is fresh because
ezwERBHB-XA-00130-00026544-00026751 otherwise this won't bubble up and foam
ezwERBHB-XA-00131-00026752-00026799 up the way
ezwERBHB-XA-00132-00026800-00027070 yeast should a tip here is to always
ezwERBHB-XA-00133-00027072-00027118 keep
ezwERBHB-XA-00134-00027119-00027358 your yeast in the fridge that keeps it
ezwERBHB-XA-00135-00027360-00027502 fresh
ezwERBHB-XA-00136-00027504-00027774 so i'm just gonna sprinkle that on top
ezwERBHB-XA-00137-00027775-00027935 and i'm gonna set that aside for five
ezwERBHB-XA-00138-00027936-00028127 minutes and let that bubble and foam and
ezwERBHB-XA-00139-00028127-00028358 do its magic
ezwERBHB-XA-00140-00028360-00028567 so now that our yeast is all beautiful
ezwERBHB-XA-00141-00028568-00028758 and bubbly it is time to add the rest of
ezwERBHB-XA-00142-00028760-00028943 the wet ingredients so that's simply
ezwERBHB-XA-00143-00028944-00029190 just the olive oil you can also use
ezwERBHB-XA-00144-00029191-00029390 coconut oil just make sure that it's
ezwERBHB-XA-00145-00029391-00029470 melted
ezwERBHB-XA-00146-00029472-00029718 or you can also use some vegan butter or
ezwERBHB-XA-00147-00029719-00029839 normal butter
ezwERBHB-XA-00148-00029839-00030055 if you're not vegan now the beautiful
ezwERBHB-XA-00149-00030056-00030223 pumpkin puree which is going to add so
ezwERBHB-XA-00150-00030224-00030414 much richness in both the color
ezwERBHB-XA-00151-00030416-00030718 and the flavor and the moisture and then
ezwERBHB-XA-00152-00030719-00030999 a splash of vanilla extract to make sure
ezwERBHB-XA-00153-00031000-00031183 it's the real stuff and not
ezwERBHB-XA-00154-00031183-00031607 the flavored then give that a quick stir
ezwERBHB-XA-00155-00031608-00031887 until it's nice and combined and you can
ezwERBHB-XA-00156-00031888-00031999 already see
ezwERBHB-XA-00157-00032000-00032295 that the beautiful pumpkin color shine
ezwERBHB-XA-00158-00032295-00032407 through it looks
ezwERBHB-XA-00159-00032408-00032711 and smells so good already i'm so
ezwERBHB-XA-00160-00032712-00033095 excited so once that's combined i'm
ezwERBHB-XA-00161-00033096-00033295 simply just gonna add my dry ingredients
ezwERBHB-XA-00162-00033296-00033495 and i'm being super professional and i'm
ezwERBHB-XA-00163-00033496-00033662 sifting it through
ezwERBHB-XA-00164-00033663-00033951 so we've got our white spelt flour and
ezwERBHB-XA-00165-00033952-00034087 once again you can use
ezwERBHB-XA-00166-00034088-00034359 plain flour i just really like the taste
ezwERBHB-XA-00167-00034360-00034390 of
ezwERBHB-XA-00168-00034391-00034583 spelt so i've got about two and a half
ezwERBHB-XA-00169-00034584-00034862 cups there and now for our sweetener
ezwERBHB-XA-00170-00034863-00035071 which i am using the stevia baking blend
ezwERBHB-XA-00171-00035072-00035199 and you can see that it's gone a bit
ezwERBHB-XA-00172-00035200-00035415 lumpy because i do like to go that extra
ezwERBHB-XA-00173-00035416-00035583 step and i like to powder
ezwERBHB-XA-00174-00035584-00035759 my sweetener in the blender and make
ezwERBHB-XA-00175-00035760-00035943 sure that it's really really fine
ezwERBHB-XA-00176-00035944-00036135 i just feel like this bakes better and
ezwERBHB-XA-00177-00036136-00036335 also makes the results super
ezwERBHB-XA-00178-00036336-00036655 super extra fluffy
ezwERBHB-XA-00179-00036656-00036990 so i sift that through there and get out
ezwERBHB-XA-00180-00036991-00037302 all the lumps
ezwERBHB-XA-00181-00037303-00037702 now our baking powder and our salt
ezwERBHB-XA-00182-00037703-00037855 which is again going to help make
ezwERBHB-XA-00183-00037856-00038030 everything rise
ezwERBHB-XA-00184-00038031-00038327 and also our cinnamon and pumpkin pie
ezwERBHB-XA-00185-00038328-00038430 spice
ezwERBHB-XA-00186-00038431-00038695 it's all looking really good just push
ezwERBHB-XA-00187-00038696-00038767 through
ezwERBHB-XA-00188-00038768-00039007 those last few lumps and then once
ezwERBHB-XA-00189-00039008-00039118 that's through
ezwERBHB-XA-00190-00039119-00039302 make sure everything is nice and
ezwERBHB-XA-00191-00039303-00039479 combined and you'll see
ezwERBHB-XA-00192-00039480-00039702 that once the wet and the dry combine
ezwERBHB-XA-00193-00039703-00039815 it'll start to form
ezwERBHB-XA-00194-00039816-00040183 this really nice cringy dough
ezwERBHB-XA-00195-00040184-00040415 there's no need to over stir this so as
ezwERBHB-XA-00196-00040416-00040551 mentioned spelt flour
ezwERBHB-XA-00197-00040552-00040735 is a lot more absorbent than other
ezwERBHB-XA-00198-00040736-00040871 flowers so i'm just going to add
ezwERBHB-XA-00199-00040872-00041246 a little bit more of flour until it is
ezwERBHB-XA-00200-00041247-00042430 that perfect dough
ezwERBHB-XA-00201-00042431-00042607 so while we wait for our dough to rise
ezwERBHB-XA-00202-00042608-00042767 we're going to make our delicious
ezwERBHB-XA-00203-00042768-00043087 creamy spicy filling
ezwERBHB-XA-00204-00043088-00043367 so i've got half a cup of melted vegan
ezwERBHB-XA-00205-00043368-00043479 butter here
ezwERBHB-XA-00206-00043480-00043815 i highly highly recommend using a
ezwERBHB-XA-00207-00043816-00044055 fat sauce and something that's rich like
ezwERBHB-XA-00208-00044056-00044183 butter but if you're watching your
ezwERBHB-XA-00209-00044184-00044318 weight you could also
ezwERBHB-XA-00210-00044319-00044623 use just plain pumpkin puree by itself
ezwERBHB-XA-00211-00044624-00044871 or you could use some greek yogurt or
ezwERBHB-XA-00212-00044872-00045023 normal yogurt
ezwERBHB-XA-00213-00045024-00045351 but yeah butter is definitely the best
ezwERBHB-XA-00214-00045352-00045590 now we've got half a cup of our pumpkin
ezwERBHB-XA-00215-00045591-00045701 puree
ezwERBHB-XA-00216-00045702-00045879 [Music]
ezwERBHB-XA-00217-00045880-00046151 three tablespoons of coconut sugar you
ezwERBHB-XA-00218-00046152-00046343 can also use brown sugar and then i
ezwERBHB-XA-00219-00046344-00046599 definitely recommend some kind of brown
ezwERBHB-XA-00220-00046600-00046895 sugar and make that sugar real as well
ezwERBHB-XA-00221-00046896-00047246 definitely taste better for the filling
ezwERBHB-XA-00222-00047247-00047662 and then our cinnamon and pumpkin spice
ezwERBHB-XA-00223-00047663-00048030 and then just simply stir that until
ezwERBHB-XA-00224-00048031-00048455 combined and um smells so good
ezwERBHB-XA-00225-00048456-00048718 seriously i cannot wait to eat this all
ezwERBHB-XA-00226-00048719-00048790 day long
ezwERBHB-XA-00227-00048791-00049127 it's the afl grand final here in
ezwERBHB-XA-00228-00049128-00049430 victoria australia where i live and so
ezwERBHB-XA-00229-00049431-00049535 that's basically like
ezwERBHB-XA-00230-00049536-00049743 america's super bowl but you know not as
ezwERBHB-XA-00231-00049744-00049879 extravagant and big
ezwERBHB-XA-00232-00049880-00050086 but it is huge here in australia and i'm
ezwERBHB-XA-00233-00050087-00050230 not really that into the football but
ezwERBHB-XA-00234-00050231-00050415 i'm definitely into like all the party
ezwERBHB-XA-00235-00050416-00050583 snacks and the party food that comes
ezwERBHB-XA-00236-00050584-00050702 with the football
ezwERBHB-XA-00237-00050703-00050895 so this would definitely be a great like
ezwERBHB-XA-00238-00050896-00051030 tear and share recipe
ezwERBHB-XA-00239-00051031-00051214 to have with all your friends and i
ezwERBHB-XA-00240-00051215-00051375 guarantee that they won't know that it's
ezwERBHB-XA-00241-00051376-00051430 vegan
ezwERBHB-XA-00242-00051432-00051830 and healthy
ezwERBHB-XA-00243-00051832-00051982 this is like the longest 20 minutes and
ezwERBHB-XA-00244-00051983-00052214 we're still waiting for our dough
ezwERBHB-XA-00245-00052215-00052535 but we are going to make some beautiful
ezwERBHB-XA-00246-00052536-00052791 glaze frosting for the top of these
ezwERBHB-XA-00247-00052791-00052991 scrolls this is totally optional but
ezwERBHB-XA-00248-00052991-00053094 recommended so
ezwERBHB-XA-00249-00053095-00053359 all you're going to need is some vegan
ezwERBHB-XA-00250-00053360-00053542 cream cheese you can also use real cream
ezwERBHB-XA-00251-00053544-00053703 cheese if you're not vegan or
ezwERBHB-XA-00252-00053704-00053911 greek yogurt if you are watching your
ezwERBHB-XA-00253-00053912-00054199 weight so we'll need about 250 grams of
ezwERBHB-XA-00254-00054200-00054271 that
ezwERBHB-XA-00255-00054272-00054542 and then we need some powdered sugar you
ezwERBHB-XA-00256-00054544-00054591 can use
ezwERBHB-XA-00257-00054591-00054766 sweetener and then powdered that up
ezwERBHB-XA-00258-00054767-00054911 which is what i've done
ezwERBHB-XA-00259-00054912-00055135 and then also a teaspoon of our
ezwERBHB-XA-00260-00055136-00055350 beautiful pumpkin pie spice
ezwERBHB-XA-00261-00055351-00055742 and a tablespoon of our pumpkin puree
ezwERBHB-XA-00262-00055744-00055999 and we're just going to add that all to
ezwERBHB-XA-00263-00056000-00056223 a blender i just think that the glaze
ezwERBHB-XA-00264-00056224-00056559 is like the cherry on top of the cake it
ezwERBHB-XA-00265-00056560-00056863 definitely just makes it so special then
ezwERBHB-XA-00266-00056864-00057159 in goes our powdered sugar and spices
ezwERBHB-XA-00267-00057160-00057271 and then blitz that
ezwERBHB-XA-00268-00057272-00057615 until smooth and creamy now if you find
ezwERBHB-XA-00269-00057616-00057719 that your frosting
ezwERBHB-XA-00270-00057720-00057942 is too thick feel free to add a little
ezwERBHB-XA-00271-00057944-00058230 bit of milk or water
ezwERBHB-XA-00272-00058232-00058494 so i'm gonna punch that and then i'm
ezwERBHB-XA-00273-00058495-00058575 going to
ezwERBHB-XA-00274-00058576-00058823 add some flour to my hands and knead
ezwERBHB-XA-00275-00058824-00059007 that for about five minutes
ezwERBHB-XA-00276-00059008-00059271 this might require my sleeves to be
ezwERBHB-XA-00277-00059272-00059399 rolled up
ezwERBHB-XA-00278-00059400-00059775 so i'm gonna rub dude i just spilt it
ezwERBHB-XA-00279-00059776-00059950 all over myself
ezwERBHB-XA-00280-00059951-00060199 why do i always do that anyway i think
ezwERBHB-XA-00281-00060200-00060311 the bigger mess you make
ezwERBHB-XA-00282-00060312-00060550 the more delicious the recipe is right
ezwERBHB-XA-00283-00060551-00060719 okay so i'm gonna knead this
ezwERBHB-XA-00284-00060720-00061023 for the five minutes just like so
ezwERBHB-XA-00285-00061024-00061279 adding flour where necessary where it
ezwERBHB-XA-00286-00061279-00061719 feels a bit wet
ezwERBHB-XA-00287-00061720-00061919 so now we've got our perfect rectangle
ezwERBHB-XA-00288-00061920-00062047 and we are going to
ezwERBHB-XA-00289-00062048-00062423 grab our filling and spread that
ezwERBHB-XA-00290-00062424-00062742 all over very nice and
ezwERBHB-XA-00291-00062744-00063063 generously so sorry that my mic
ezwERBHB-XA-00292-00063064-00063230 kept dying but basically you just spread
ezwERBHB-XA-00293-00063232-00063430 on the rest of the filling evenly
ezwERBHB-XA-00294-00063432-00063663 and then start rolling up the dough
ezwERBHB-XA-00295-00063664-00063735 lengthways
ezwERBHB-XA-00296-00063736-00063966 then my hakia is to grab some dental
ezwERBHB-XA-00297-00063967-00064087 floss and use that
ezwERBHB-XA-00298-00064088-00064391 to slice the cinnamon rolls i did eight
ezwERBHB-XA-00299-00064391-00064615 big ones but next time i think i'd do 12
ezwERBHB-XA-00300-00064616-00064791 to 14 smaller ones
ezwERBHB-XA-00301-00064791-00065079 using dental floss over a knife makes it
ezwERBHB-XA-00302-00065079-00065142 slice
ezwERBHB-XA-00303-00065144-00065319 much more evenly whereas when you use a
ezwERBHB-XA-00304-00065320-00065494 knife the dough tends to push into the
ezwERBHB-XA-00305-00065495-00065663 filling squeezing it out and we don't
ezwERBHB-XA-00306-00065664-00065767 want that because
ezwERBHB-XA-00307-00065768-00066015 we want to taste our delicious filling
ezwERBHB-XA-00308-00066016-00066159 in every bite
ezwERBHB-XA-00309-00066160-00066319 so then after that's done grab your
ezwERBHB-XA-00310-00066320-00066526 greased baking pan place the cinnamon
ezwERBHB-XA-00311-00066527-00066631 rolls face side
ezwERBHB-XA-00312-00066632-00066887 up and then let that rest for a final 30
ezwERBHB-XA-00313-00066888-00066950 minutes
ezwERBHB-XA-00314-00066951-00067191 so i've just retrieved our beautiful
ezwERBHB-XA-00315-00067192-00067263 pumpkin pie
ezwERBHB-XA-00316-00067264-00067494 cinnamon scrolls from their warm place
ezwERBHB-XA-00317-00067495-00067591 and they have
ezwERBHB-XA-00318-00067592-00067855 risen so perfectly and now they're
ezwERBHB-XA-00319-00067856-00068055 finally ready for baking in the oven
ezwERBHB-XA-00320-00068056-00068335 at 175 degrees celsius for about 15 to
ezwERBHB-XA-00321-00068336-00068455 20 minutes or
ezwERBHB-XA-00322-00068456-00068726 until they're golden brown risen
ezwERBHB-XA-00323-00068727-00068831 beautifully
ezwERBHB-XA-00324-00068832-00069223 fluffy and just perfection
ezwERBHB-XA-00325-00069224-00069423 so our skulls have come out perfectly
ezwERBHB-XA-00326-00069424-00069623 golden and fluffy and you can also
ezwERBHB-XA-00327-00069624-00069806 check that they're cooked by inserting a
ezwERBHB-XA-00328-00069807-00070087 skewer and if it comes out
ezwERBHB-XA-00329-00070088-00070311 i recommend drizzling the cream cheese
ezwERBHB-XA-00330-00070312-00070487 frosting over when it's warm
ezwERBHB-XA-00331-00070488-00070703 and having it fresh these are honestly
ezwERBHB-XA-00332-00070704-00070806 so satisfying
ezwERBHB-XA-00333-00070807-00071055 you can also top it with some pecans or
ezwERBHB-XA-00334-00071056-00071262 walnuts that will definitely add a nice
ezwERBHB-XA-00335-00071263-00071367 bit of crunch
ezwERBHB-XA-00336-00071368-00071567 to it thank you so much for watching i
ezwERBHB-XA-00337-00071568-00071679 really hope you try
ezwERBHB-XA-00338-00071680-00071959 this delicious pumpkin pie cinnamon
ezwERBHB-XA-00339-00071960-00072150 scroll recipe i guarantee you
ezwERBHB-XA-00340-00072151-00072294 none of your friends and family and
ezwERBHB-XA-00341-00072295-00072487 yourself are going to know that it's
ezwERBHB-XA-00342-00072488-00072671 vegan refined sugar-free
ezwERBHB-XA-00343-00072672-00072943 and full of healthy ingredients again if
ezwERBHB-XA-00344-00072944-00072999 you did like
ezwERBHB-XA-00345-00073000-00073175 this recipe please do subscribe because
ezwERBHB-XA-00346-00073176-00073319 that really helps support me and
ezwERBHB-XA-00347-00073320-00073575 i have another delicious full recipe
ezwERBHB-XA-00348-00073576-00073662 coming your way
ezwERBHB-XA-00349-00073663-00073894 made with delicious pumpkin so make sure
ezwERBHB-XA-00350-00073895-00074103 that you stay tuned and i will see you
ezwERBHB-XA-00351-00074104-00075308 in the next video
ezwERBHB-XA-00352-00075309-00075455 [Music]
ezwERBHB-XA-00353-00075456-00075663 you
ezKXH0gbRPM-00000-00000017-00000278 this is a list of the lists of rulers
ezKXH0gbRPM-00001-00000279-00000805 and office holders of Greece
ezKXH0gbRPM-00002-00000806-00001327 topic mythology
ezKXH0gbRPM-00003-00001328-00001757 Kings of Thieves
ezKXH0gbRPM-00004-00001757-00002289 topic antiquity
ezKXH0gbRPM-00005-00002290-00002760 Kings of Athens archons of Athens kings
ezKXH0gbRPM-00006-00002761-00003162 of Sparta Kings of Macedon kings of
ezKXH0gbRPM-00007-00003163-00003604 pondus kings of Pioneer Roman emperors
ezKXH0gbRPM-00008-00003605-00004100 kings of kumejima kings of lydia Attali
ezKXH0gbRPM-00009-00004101-00004511 kings of Pergamon
ezKXH0gbRPM-00010-00004512-00005087 topic Middle Ages
ezKXH0gbRPM-00011-00005088-00005485 Byzantine emperors emperors of Nicaea
ezKXH0gbRPM-00012-00005486-00005911 emperors of Trebizond despot of Epirus
ezKXH0gbRPM-00013-00005912-00006331 despot of Moria Kings of thessalonica
ezKXH0gbRPM-00014-00006332-00006706 princes of akia Lords of Argos and
ezKXH0gbRPM-00015-00006708-00007094 Nopalea Dukes of the archipelago Dukes
ezKXH0gbRPM-00016-00007095-00007502 of Athens Dukes of Mia patria counts
ezKXH0gbRPM-00017-00007503-00008043 palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos
ezKXH0gbRPM-00018-00008044-00008450 topic post byzantine-era
ezKXH0gbRPM-00019-00008451-00008638 you
ezKXH0gbRPM-00020-00008639-00008974 sultans of the Ottoman Empire Bay's of
ezKXH0gbRPM-00021-00008975-00009256 money Lords High Commissioners of the
ezKXH0gbRPM-00022-00009257-00009854 Ionian Islands princes of Samos
ezKXH0gbRPM-00023-00009855-00010434 topic modern Greece
ezKXH0gbRPM-00024-00010435-00010817 kings of Greece heads of state of Greece
ezKXH0gbRPM-00025-00010818-00010982 Regents of Greece
ezKXH0gbRPM-00026-00010983-00011379 heads of government of Greece
ezciDdSXjuQ-00000-00000015-00002469 [Music]
e_tTP_vt__M-00000-00000003-00000262 hello everyone this guy and back here we
e_tTP_vt__M-00001-00000263-00000545 talked earlier about this prayer that
e_tTP_vt__M-00002-00000546-00000805 the Lord taught the priests pray over
e_tTP_vt__M-00003-00000806-00001112 the people it's important because it is
e_tTP_vt__M-00004-00001113-00001441 not requests of people to God but it is
e_tTP_vt__M-00005-00001442-00001838 God teaching the priests how to pray and
e_tTP_vt__M-00006-00001839-00002110 let's go through it again numbers 622
e_tTP_vt__M-00007-00002111-00002291 and the Lord spoke to Moses saying speak
e_tTP_vt__M-00008-00002292-00002648 to Aaron and his sons saying this is the
e_tTP_vt__M-00009-00002649-00002795 way you shall bless the children of
e_tTP_vt__M-00010-00002796-00003118 Israel say to them the Lord bless you
e_tTP_vt__M-00011-00003119-00003320 and keep you the Lord make his face
e_tTP_vt__M-00012-00003321-00003631 shine upon you and be gracious to you
e_tTP_vt__M-00013-00003632-00003829 the Lord lift up his countenance upon
e_tTP_vt__M-00014-00003830-00004238 you and give you peace so you can see in
e_tTP_vt__M-00015-00004239-00004406 this prayer is all the Lord doing
e_tTP_vt__M-00016-00004407-00004679 Lord bless the Lord make his face Lord
e_tTP_vt__M-00017-00004680-00005027 be gracious Lord give you peace this is
e_tTP_vt__M-00018-00005028-00005177 the desire of God and that's why I
e_tTP_vt__M-00019-00005178-00005342 taught the priest to pray in this way
e_tTP_vt__M-00020-00005343-00005611 over the people I mean if if we asked it
e_tTP_vt__M-00021-00005612-00005825 of God and we knew that God would answer
e_tTP_vt__M-00022-00005826-00006043 the prayer that be you that would solve
e_tTP_vt__M-00023-00006044-00006236 a lot of problems already by it's by by
e_tTP_vt__M-00024-00006237-00006434 itself because if God's gonna bless us
e_tTP_vt__M-00025-00006434-00006677 and keep us and make his face shine upon
e_tTP_vt__M-00026-00006678-00006902 us and be gracious gracious to us and
e_tTP_vt__M-00027-00006903-00007159 give us Shalom wow it covers up almost
e_tTP_vt__M-00028-00007161-00007391 everything yet this is the prayer from
e_tTP_vt__M-00029-00007392-00007688 God teaching the priest to pray over us
e_tTP_vt__M-00030-00007689-00007892 so we know that if we ever pray this
e_tTP_vt__M-00031-00007893-00008092 prayer we're simply agreeing with God
e_tTP_vt__M-00032-00008093-00008159 say yes
e_tTP_vt__M-00033-00008159-00008459 god I'd love your prayer I I want
e_tTP_vt__M-00034-00008460-00008609 everything that you say that you want to
e_tTP_vt__M-00035-00008610-00008842 give to me I want it I want you to keep
e_tTP_vt__M-00036-00008843-00009053 me I want you to bless me I want you to
e_tTP_vt__M-00037-00009054-00009253 have your face shine upon me I want you
e_tTP_vt__M-00038-00009254-00009428 to be gracious to me and I watch it give
e_tTP_vt__M-00039-00009429-00009701 me Shalom peace and as we learned
e_tTP_vt__M-00040-00009702-00009910 earlier Shalom is very important because
e_tTP_vt__M-00041-00009911-00010381 it means fleetness wholeness lacking
e_tTP_vt__M-00042-00010382-00010599 nothing tranquility quietness
e_tTP_vt__M-00043-00010600-00010924 contentment welfare health prosperity
e_tTP_vt__M-00044-00010925-00011180 lacking nothing that is shallow if we
e_tTP_vt__M-00045-00011181-00011485 have Shalom of God it means we are well
e_tTP_vt__M-00046-00011486-00011783 balanced we are well provided for we are
e_tTP_vt__M-00047-00011784-00012053 in good health and we're strong that is
e_tTP_vt__M-00048-00012054-00012323 really amazing and we find this in the
e_tTP_vt__M-00049-00012324-00012506 prayer that God taught the priest to
e_tTP_vt__M-00050-00012507-00012716 pray over the people so we know it is
e_tTP_vt__M-00051-00012717-00012980 God's desire to give it to us we know
e_tTP_vt__M-00052-00012981-00013222 it's God's will and when we pray this
e_tTP_vt__M-00053-00013223-00013400 prayer we are simply
e_tTP_vt__M-00054-00013401-00013633 I majored in degree agreement with what
e_tTP_vt__M-00055-00013634-00013811 God's will is and as we spoke about
e_tTP_vt__M-00056-00013812-00014105 earlier also in John 14:27 Jesus before
e_tTP_vt__M-00057-00014106-00014372 going to the cross said Shalom peace I
e_tTP_vt__M-00058-00014372-00014644 leave with you my Shalom my peace I
e_tTP_vt__M-00059-00014645-00014972 leave with you and that my Shalom
e_tTP_vt__M-00060-00014972-00015116 that's the chalo move Jesus the
e_tTP_vt__M-00061-00015116-00015394 completeness fullness health strength of
e_tTP_vt__M-00062-00015395-00015625 Jesus he's giving to us not as the world
e_tTP_vt__M-00063-00015626-00015811 gives but he gives it to us freely
e_tTP_vt__M-00064-00015812-00016153 freely it's free it's a gift why is it a
e_tTP_vt__M-00065-00016154-00016375 gift because if we go back to number 6
e_tTP_vt__M-00066-00016376-00016756 22 the third verse verse 25 says the
e_tTP_vt__M-00067-00016757-00016928 Lord be gracious to you
e_tTP_vt__M-00068-00016929-00017168 I want to draw us your attention to this
e_tTP_vt__M-00069-00017169-00017483 word be gracious to you God wants to be
e_tTP_vt__M-00070-00017484-00017847 gracious to us Grace if you look up any
e_tTP_vt__M-00071-00017848-00018300 extra lexicon it means it is the
e_tTP_vt__M-00072-00018301-00018653 unearned undeserved favor of God upon us
e_tTP_vt__M-00073-00018654-00018811 God wants to give us what is unearned
e_tTP_vt__M-00074-00018812-00019064 and undeserved it's a gift you can't
e_tTP_vt__M-00075-00019065-00019274 work for it and that's the God's plan in
e_tTP_vt__M-00076-00019275-00019622 Romans 11:6 eleven six it says and if by
e_tTP_vt__M-00077-00019623-00019843 grace then they cannot be based on works
e_tTP_vt__M-00078-00019844-00020125 if it were Grace would it be no longer
e_tTP_vt__M-00079-00020126-00020372 grace you see grace cannot be based
e_tTP_vt__M-00080-00020373-00020546 works because if it's something we've
e_tTP_vt__M-00081-00020547-00020828 good for then is a reward grace is not a
e_tTP_vt__M-00082-00020829-00021100 reward it's a gift very important now
e_tTP_vt__M-00083-00021101-00021467 now we know that shalom of god comes by
e_tTP_vt__M-00084-00021468-00021821 this grace because of numbers 622 now
e_tTP_vt__M-00085-00021822-00022028 I'd like to read to you 2nd Timothy 1:9
e_tTP_vt__M-00086-00022029-00022300 because we might some people think oh
e_tTP_vt__M-00087-00022301-00022633 you know if man just didn't sin if we
e_tTP_vt__M-00088-00022634-00022819 just didn't sin if Adam didn't sin if we
e_tTP_vt__M-00089-00022820-00023134 didn't send Wow you know we'd be totally
e_tTP_vt__M-00090-00023135-00023287 blessed is true if sinned a denture
e_tTP_vt__M-00091-00023288-00023437 would be blessed but let me show you
e_tTP_vt__M-00092-00023438-00023815 this grace actually pre-existed even the
e_tTP_vt__M-00093-00023816-00024233 original sin of man and Adam in the
e_tTP_vt__M-00094-00024234-00024628 garden garden of Eve Eden because in 2nd
e_tTP_vt__M-00095-00024629-00024856 Timothy 1:9 it says he has saved us and
e_tTP_vt__M-00096-00024857-00025133 called us to a holy life not because of
e_tTP_vt__M-00097-00025134-00025346 anything we have done but because of his
e_tTP_vt__M-00098-00025347-00025712 own purpose and grace this grace was
e_tTP_vt__M-00099-00025713-00026083 given us in Christ Jesus from before the
e_tTP_vt__M-00100-00026084-00026327 beginning of time so even before the
e_tTP_vt__M-00101-00026327-00026521 creation of the earth of the world grace
e_tTP_vt__M-00102-00026522-00026699 already pre existed waiting to be
e_tTP_vt__M-00103-00026700-00026756 manifest
e_tTP_vt__M-00104-00026757-00026999 this is God's heart God's heart is a
e_tTP_vt__M-00105-00027000-00027283 heart of grace even before rebellion and
e_tTP_vt__M-00106-00027285-00027602 sin grace already was in Jesus waiting
e_tTP_vt__M-00107-00027602-00027749 before the foundation of the earth
e_tTP_vt__M-00108-00027750-00028112 before time began waiting waiting this
e_tTP_vt__M-00109-00028113-00028343 is the heart of God that's why it's
e_tTP_vt__M-00110-00028344-00028714 found in number 622 this is why grace is
e_tTP_vt__M-00111-00028716-00028777 the answer
e_tTP_vt__M-00112-00028779-00029075 grace qualifies the worst of us for the
e_tTP_vt__M-00113-00029076-00029366 miracles that we need grace qualifies us
e_tTP_vt__M-00114-00029367-00029597 even when we cause own problems grace
e_tTP_vt__M-00115-00029598-00029827 still is meant able to manifest and come
e_tTP_vt__M-00116-00029829-00030052 in and change our lives change us upside
e_tTP_vt__M-00117-00030054-00030245 down and as dr. Susan was talking about
e_tTP_vt__M-00118-00030245-00030773 how smile breathe oxygen be acidify you
e_tTP_vt__M-00119-00030774-00030968 know this all the inner in a person
e_tTP_vt__M-00120-00030969-00031373 smile we read earlier in John 3 where it
e_tTP_vt__M-00121-00031374-00031619 says beloved I desire about all things
e_tTP_vt__M-00122-00031620-00031895 that you prosper and be in health just
e_tTP_vt__M-00123-00031895-00032111 as your soul in Cyprus and prosperous is
e_tTP_vt__M-00124-00032112-00032387 exactly what dr. Susan say prosper
e_tTP_vt__M-00125-00032388-00032705 inside here how much God loves you here
e_tTP_vt__M-00126-00032706-00032924 how much God wants you well here how
e_tTP_vt__M-00127-00032925-00033068 much God's what's give you his Shalom
e_tTP_vt__M-00128-00033069-00033368 know is the God's will for you as you
e_tTP_vt__M-00129-00033369-00033659 hear it you smile wow that's
e_tTP_vt__M-00130-00033660-00033737 unbelievable
e_tTP_vt__M-00131-00033738-00033905 I can't believe it I thought I had to
e_tTP_vt__M-00132-00033906-00034073 work for all these things I have to know
e_tTP_vt__M-00133-00034074-00034238 how to deserve all these things it's
e_tTP_vt__M-00134-00034239-00034547 given by grace grace is undeserved an
e_tTP_vt__M-00135-00034548-00034853 unmerited favor of God I can't earn it I
e_tTP_vt__M-00136-00034854-00035138 just have to believe and receive it
e_tTP_vt__M-00137-00035139-00035432 Galatians 5:4 says Christ has become of
e_tTP_vt__M-00138-00035433-00035777 no effect unto you whosoever of you are
e_tTP_vt__M-00139-00035778-00036005 justified by the law you have fallen
e_tTP_vt__M-00140-00036006-00036263 from grace I know many people think
e_tTP_vt__M-00141-00036264-00036509 falling from grace means with your sin
e_tTP_vt__M-00142-00036510-00036692 if you did this wrong that wrong you
e_tTP_vt__M-00143-00036693-00036848 fall from grace actually it's the
e_tTP_vt__M-00144-00036849-00036907 opposite
e_tTP_vt__M-00145-00036908-00037157 whoever of you are justified by the law
e_tTP_vt__M-00146-00037158-00037427 you have fallen from grace in trying to
e_tTP_vt__M-00147-00037428-00037625 be obedient and meet all the
e_tTP_vt__M-00148-00037626-00037868 requirements of the law that action
e_tTP_vt__M-00149-00037869-00038153 makes us fall from grace because we no
e_tTP_vt__M-00150-00038154-00038465 longer try to with because we tried to
e_tTP_vt__M-00151-00038466-00038753 qualify for the miracles of God by our
e_tTP_vt__M-00152-00038754-00039113 right performance rather than receive
e_tTP_vt__M-00153-00039114-00039425 from God what is free gift because he
e_tTP_vt__M-00154-00039426-00039617 wants to give it to us by undeserved
e_tTP_vt__M-00155-00039618-00039908 unmerited favor as a gift so a gift is
e_tTP_vt__M-00156-00039909-00040127 in direct opposition to work
e_tTP_vt__M-00157-00040128-00040355 so you cannot put the two side-by-side
e_tTP_vt__M-00158-00040356-00040604 that's why Romans 11:6 again if by grace
e_tTP_vt__M-00159-00040605-00040929 then it cannot be by works if it work by
e_tTP_vt__M-00160-00040930-00041099 works grace would no longer be grace
e_tTP_vt__M-00161-00041100-00041501 grace cannot coexist with works so what
e_tTP_vt__M-00162-00041502-00041702 does it mean then does it mean we don't
e_tTP_vt__M-00163-00041703-00042002 have to obey we just do whatever we want
e_tTP_vt__M-00164-00042003-00042263 and God's gonna love us and pour out
e_tTP_vt__M-00165-00042264-00042554 this healing on us no no here's what it
e_tTP_vt__M-00166-00042555-00042740 here's what we need to see it's just not
e_tTP_vt__M-00167-00042741-00042977 quite what you think it is Romans 10 16
e_tTP_vt__M-00168-00042978-00043179 but they have not all all they have not
e_tTP_vt__M-00169-00043180-00043445 all obeyed the gospel you see we have to
e_tTP_vt__M-00170-00043446-00043544 obey the gospel
e_tTP_vt__M-00171-00043545-00043754 you didn't say obey the law and do the
e_tTP_vt__M-00172-00043755-00044004 things of the law obey the good news the
e_tTP_vt__M-00173-00044005-00044210 gospel what does the obedience to the
e_tTP_vt__M-00174-00044211-00044448 gospel mean it says izip 4 it says
e_tTP_vt__M-00175-00044449-00044843 Isaiah says Lord who has believed our
e_tTP_vt__M-00176-00044844-00044951 report
e_tTP_vt__M-00177-00044952-00045263 you see obeying the gospel is believing
e_tTP_vt__M-00178-00045264-00045585 the report of God that's it that is
e_tTP_vt__M-00179-00045586-00045732 obedience to the gospel
e_tTP_vt__M-00180-00045733-00046032 it sounds really easy not that easy
e_tTP_vt__M-00181-00046033-00046254 because you'll find that it's a lot
e_tTP_vt__M-00182-00046255-00046433 easier to do things than it is to
e_tTP_vt__M-00183-00046434-00046652 believe things when you believe it
e_tTP_vt__M-00184-00046653-00046842 changes the world upside down and this
e_tTP_vt__M-00185-00046843-00047033 is what God wants you to believe because
e_tTP_vt__M-00186-00047034-00047307 this Romans 10 16 is quoting from Isaiah
e_tTP_vt__M-00187-00047308-00047549 53 which we read in a prior session
e_tTP_vt__M-00188-00047550-00047904 Isaiah 53 who has believed our report
e_tTP_vt__M-00189-00047905-00048215 and to whom has the arm of the Lord been
e_tTP_vt__M-00190-00048216-00048545 revealed so here are the seer 53 is a
e_tTP_vt__M-00191-00048546-00048735 report of God I'm just going to fast
e_tTP_vt__M-00192-00048736-00049019 forward the next paragraph here it says
e_tTP_vt__M-00193-00049020-00049313 Jesus is despised and rejected by men
e_tTP_vt__M-00194-00049314-00049649 and he's a man of sorrows and acquainted
e_tTP_vt__M-00195-00049650-00049733 with grief
e_tTP_vt__M-00196-00049734-00049940 this is grief in most English
e_tTP_vt__M-00197-00049941-00050174 translations but in some it says
e_tTP_vt__M-00198-00050175-00050411 diseases and in the Hebrew it's kohli
e_tTP_vt__M-00199-00050412-00050738 which means diseases and and it says the
e_tTP_vt__M-00200-00050739-00051048 next two verses down says surely he has
e_tTP_vt__M-00201-00051049-00051617 borne our Kali Kali Greece he's borne
e_tTP_vt__M-00202-00051618-00051980 our griefs but Kaali means diseases so
e_tTP_vt__M-00203-00051981-00052214 Jesus for our diseases
e_tTP_vt__M-00204-00052215-00052544 when did on a cross if he bore our
e_tTP_vt__M-00205-00052545-00052763 diseases on a cross then the diseases
e_tTP_vt__M-00206-00052764-00052967 have no business being on us here it's
e_tTP_vt__M-00207-00052968-00053100 been thinking over there
e_tTP_vt__M-00208-00053101-00053475 that's why believe believe
e_tTP_vt__M-00209-00053476-00053700 when we see a manifestation of a
e_tTP_vt__M-00210-00053701-00053969 sickness or disease in us or around us
e_tTP_vt__M-00211-00053970-00054303 now is the time to believe believe the
e_tTP_vt__M-00212-00054304-00054573 Word of God it says Jesus was a man of
e_tTP_vt__M-00213-00054574-00054765 sorrows and acquainted with disease wait
e_tTP_vt__M-00214-00054766-00055011 if he was that how can it be here
e_tTP_vt__M-00215-00055012-00055329 something's wrong I believe I believe
e_tTP_vt__M-00216-00055329-00055616 and so according to Word of God this
e_tTP_vt__M-00217-00055617-00055857 disease that I see now must leave it's
e_tTP_vt__M-00218-00055858-00056157 trespassing surely he has borne our
e_tTP_vt__M-00219-00056158-00056544 disease surely not maybe surely the
e_tTP_vt__M-00220-00056545-00056826 chastisement for our Shalom wholeness
e_tTP_vt__M-00221-00056827-00057036 completeness and health was put on pond
e_tTP_vt__M-00222-00057037-00057359 Jesus so we have it all here Isaiah 53
e_tTP_vt__M-00223-00057360-00057732 either God is playing with us or it's a
e_tTP_vt__M-00224-00057733-00057941 truth of course it's a truth
e_tTP_vt__M-00225-00057941-00058238 of course it's a truth matthew 817
e_tTP_vt__M-00226-00058239-00058470 talking about the healing healing that
e_tTP_vt__M-00227-00058471-00058719 it might be fulfilled which was spoken
e_tTP_vt__M-00228-00058720-00058929 by the prophet isaiah saying himself
e_tTP_vt__M-00229-00058929-00059109 took our infirmities and bore our
e_tTP_vt__M-00230-00059110-00059369 diseases it's there so we have this
e_tTP_vt__M-00231-00059370-00059673 black and white guarantee from God that
e_tTP_vt__M-00232-00059674-00059891 he's taken away our sicknesses and
e_tTP_vt__M-00233-00059892-00060375 diseases and and he doesn't want us to
e_tTP_vt__M-00234-00060376-00060554 bare bare them because he is born now
e_tTP_vt__M-00235-00060555-00060804 so this disease and sickness cannot be
e_tTP_vt__M-00236-00060804-00060957 in two places is it either on Jesus
e_tTP_vt__M-00237-00060958-00061263 Jesus or it's on us so since it's on him
e_tTP_vt__M-00238-00061264-00061512 then what we see on us cannot remain it
e_tTP_vt__M-00239-00061513-00061773 must depart when we believe so we
e_tTP_vt__M-00240-00061774-00062094 believe god like abraham believed and we
e_tTP_vt__M-00241-00062095-00062426 ask God to manifest his miracles in us
e_tTP_vt__M-00242-00062427-00062676 and take away the things which are now
e_tTP_vt__M-00243-00062677-00062937 trespassing the finished work of Jesus
e_tTP_vt__M-00244-00062938-00063179 and then at the end that we are
e_tTP_vt__M-00245-00063180-00063411 delivered and so we can have this Shalom
e_tTP_vt__M-00246-00063412-00063819 we have the Shalom oh oh Jesus himself
e_tTP_vt__M-00247-00063820-00064194 in John 628 I just want to close the
e_tTP_vt__M-00248-00064195-00064449 loop on this idea of works and grace
e_tTP_vt__M-00249-00064450-00064653 because the people were also confused
e_tTP_vt__M-00250-00064654-00064797 during the time of Jesus they went to
e_tTP_vt__M-00251-00064798-00065082 Jesus and said what must we do that we
e_tTP_vt__M-00252-00065083-00065397 might work the works of God they wanted
e_tTP_vt__M-00253-00065398-00065628 to work the works of God and Jesus
e_tTP_vt__M-00254-00065629-00065853 answered this is the work of God that
e_tTP_vt__M-00255-00065854-00066168 you believe in the one whom he has sent
e_tTP_vt__M-00256-00066169-00066507 so when we believe God and His goodness
e_tTP_vt__M-00257-00066508-00066779 and his word of grace to us then
e_tTP_vt__M-00258-00066780-00067022 that work that believing is works and
e_tTP_vt__M-00259-00067023-00067219 that is obedience to the gospel as your
e_tTP_vt__M-00260-00067220-00067337 babies Gosport God
e_tTP_vt__M-00261-00067338-00067523 our last get transformed hundred eighty
e_tTP_vt__M-00262-00067524-00067750 degrees inside out we passport inside
e_tTP_vt__M-00263-00067751-00067931 your posture on the outside
e_tTP_vt__M-00264-00067932-00068075 we're healthy on the inside we're
e_tTP_vt__M-00265-00068076-00068486 healthy the outside shallow and shallow
e_YUuNR-340-00000-00000035-00000471 juda philip benjamin QC august 11th 1811
e_YUuNR-340-00001-00000472-00000734 to May 6th 1884 was a lawyer and
e_YUuNR-340-00002-00000735-00000918 politician who was a United States
e_YUuNR-340-00003-00000919-00001143 senator from Louisiana a cabinet officer
e_YUuNR-340-00004-00001144-00001362 of the Confederate States and after his
e_YUuNR-340-00005-00001363-00001550 escape to the United Kingdom at the end
e_YUuNR-340-00006-00001551-00001746 of the American Civil War in English
e_YUuNR-340-00007-00001747-00002046 barrister Benjamin was the first Jew to
e_YUuNR-340-00008-00002047-00002238 be elected to the United States Senate
e_YUuNR-340-00009-00002239-00002412 who had not renounced that faith and was
e_YUuNR-340-00010-00002413-00002586 the first Jew to hold a cabinet position
e_YUuNR-340-00011-00002587-00002925 in North America Benjamin was born to
e_YUuNR-340-00012-00002926-00003141 Sephardic Jewish parents from London who
e_YUuNR-340-00013-00003142-00003311 had moved to st. Croix in the Danish
e_YUuNR-340-00014-00003313-00003479 West Indies when it was occupied by
e_YUuNR-340-00015-00003481-00003701 Britain during the Napoleonic Wars
e_YUuNR-340-00016-00003702-00003993 seeking greater opportunities his family
e_YUuNR-340-00017-00003994-00004116 emigrated to the United States
e_YUuNR-340-00018-00004117-00004359 eventually settling in Charleston South
e_YUuNR-340-00019-00004360-00004662 Carolina Judah Benjamin attended Yale
e_YUuNR-340-00020-00004663-00004914 College but left without graduating he
e_YUuNR-340-00021-00004915-00005100 moved to New Orleans where he read law
e_YUuNR-340-00022-00005101-00005258 and passed the bar
e_YUuNR-340-00023-00005259-00005511 Benjamin rose rapidly both at the bar
e_YUuNR-340-00024-00005512-00005736 and in politics he became a wealthy
e_YUuNR-340-00025-00005737-00005943 planter and slave owner and was elected
e_YUuNR-340-00026-00005944-00006113 to and served in both houses of the
e_YUuNR-340-00027-00006114-00006312 louisiana legislature prior to his
e_YUuNR-340-00028-00006313-00006516 election by the legislature to the US
e_YUuNR-340-00029-00006517-00006861 Senate in 1852 there he was an eloquent
e_YUuNR-340-00030-00006862-00007113 supporter of slavery after Louisiana
e_YUuNR-340-00031-00007114-00007419 seceded in 1861 Benjamin resigned as
e_YUuNR-340-00032-00007420-00007719 senator and returned to New Orleans he
e_YUuNR-340-00033-00007720-00007926 soon moved to Richmond after Confederate
e_YUuNR-340-00034-00007927-00008136 President Jefferson Davis appointed him
e_YUuNR-340-00035-00008137-00008349 as Attorney General Benjamin had little
e_YUuNR-340-00036-00008350-00008546 to do in that position but Davis was
e_YUuNR-340-00037-00008547-00008700 impressed by his competence and
e_YUuNR-340-00038-00008701-00008903 appointed him as Secretary of War
e_YUuNR-340-00039-00008904-00009180 Benjamin firmly supported Davis and the
e_YUuNR-340-00040-00009181-00009381 president reciprocated the loyalty by
e_YUuNR-340-00041-00009382-00009585 promoting him to Secretary of State in
e_YUuNR-340-00042-00009586-00009855 March 1862 while Benjamin was being
e_YUuNR-340-00043-00009856-00010032 criticized for the rebel defeat at the
e_YUuNR-340-00044-00010033-00010353 Battle of Roanoke Island as Secretary of
e_YUuNR-340-00045-00010354-00010392 State
e_YUuNR-340-00046-00010393-00010578 Benjamin attempted to gain official
e_YUuNR-340-00047-00010579-00010755 recognition for the Confederacy by
e_YUuNR-340-00048-00010756-00010944 France and the United Kingdom but his
e_YUuNR-340-00049-00010945-00011220 efforts were ultimately unsuccessful to
e_YUuNR-340-00050-00011221-00011421 preserve the Confederacy as military
e_YUuNR-340-00051-00011422-00011634 defeats made its situation increasingly
e_YUuNR-340-00052-00011635-00011838 desperate he advocated freeing and
e_YUuNR-340-00053-00011839-00012030 arming the slaves late in the war but
e_YUuNR-340-00054-00012031-00012201 his proposals were only partially
e_YUuNR-340-00055-00012202-00012384 accepted in the closing month of the war
e_YUuNR-340-00056-00012385-00012642 when Davis fled the Confederate capital
e_YUuNR-340-00057-00012643-00012974 of Richmond in early 1865 Benjamin went
e_YUuNR-340-00058-00012975-00013226 with him he left the presidential party
e_YUuNR-340-00059-00013227-00013397 and was successful in escape
e_YUuNR-340-00060-00013399-00013593 from the mainland United States but
e_YUuNR-340-00061-00013594-00013816 Davis was captured by Union troops
e_YUuNR-340-00062-00013818-00014058 Benjamin sailed to Great Britain where
e_YUuNR-340-00063-00014059-00014265 he settled and became a barrister again
e_YUuNR-340-00064-00014266-00014400 rising to the top of his profession
e_YUuNR-340-00065-00014401-00014793 before retiring in 1883 he died in Paris
e_YUuNR-340-00066-00014794-00015372 the following year
e_YUuNR-340-00067-00015374-00015802 topic early and personal life
e_YUuNR-340-00068-00015803-00015978 you
e_YUuNR-340-00069-00015979-00016203 Judah Phillip Benjamin was born on
e_YUuNR-340-00070-00016204-00016485 August 11th 1811 in st. Croix of the
e_YUuNR-340-00071-00016486-00016692 Danish West Indies today the United
e_YUuNR-340-00072-00016693-00016899 States Virgin Islands a colony then
e_YUuNR-340-00073-00016900-00017058 occupied by the British during the
e_YUuNR-340-00074-00017059-00017183 Napoleonic Wars
e_YUuNR-340-00075-00017184-00017433 his parents were Sephardic Jews from
e_YUuNR-340-00076-00017434-00017639 London Philip Benjamin and the former
e_YUuNR-340-00077-00017640-00017933 Rebecca de Mendes Philip and Rebecca had
e_YUuNR-340-00078-00017934-00018122 been shopkeepers and migrated to the
e_YUuNR-340-00079-00018123-00018264 West Indies in search of better
e_YUuNR-340-00080-00018265-00018564 opportunities Rebecca's family had been
e_YUuNR-340-00081-00018565-00018774 prominent in Spain before being forced
e_YUuNR-340-00082-00018775-00018942 to leave under the expulsion Edict of
e_YUuNR-340-00083-00018943-00019203 1492 Judah the third of seven children
e_YUuNR-340-00084-00019204-00019416 was given the same name as an older
e_YUuNR-340-00085-00019417-00019689 brother who died in infancy following a
e_YUuNR-340-00086-00019690-00019922 tradition adhered to by some Sephardi he
e_YUuNR-340-00087-00019923-00020078 was named for his paternal grandfather
e_YUuNR-340-00088-00020079-00020261 who performed the Brit Milah or
e_YUuNR-340-00089-00020262-00020550 circumcision ceremony the Benjamin's
e_YUuNR-340-00090-00020551-00020736 encountered hard times in the Danish
e_YUuNR-340-00091-00020737-00020949 West Indies as normal trade was blocked
e_YUuNR-340-00092-00020950-00021275 by the British occupation in 1813 the
e_YUuNR-340-00093-00021276-00021461 Benjamin family moved to Fayetteville
e_YUuNR-340-00094-00021462-00021686 North Carolina where they had relatives
e_YUuNR-340-00095-00021687-00021944 Philip Benjamin was not financially
e_YUuNR-340-00096-00021945-00022218 successful there and around 1821 moved
e_YUuNR-340-00097-00022219-00022358 with his family to Charleston South
e_YUuNR-340-00098-00022359-00022572 Carolina that city had the largest
e_YUuNR-340-00099-00022573-00022772 Jewish community in the United States
e_YUuNR-340-00100-00022773-00023021 and a reputation for religious tolerance
e_YUuNR-340-00101-00023022-00023265 Benjamin was learned in his faith but
e_YUuNR-340-00102-00023266-00023462 not a successful businessman Rebecca
e_YUuNR-340-00103-00023463-00023667 earned money for the family by operating
e_YUuNR-340-00104-00023668-00023912 a fruit stand near the harbor Philip
e_YUuNR-340-00105-00023913-00024122 Benjamin was a first cousin and business
e_YUuNR-340-00106-00024123-00024333 partner of Moses Elias levy from the
e_YUuNR-340-00107-00024334-00024630 West Indies levy also emigrated to the
e_YUuNR-340-00108-00024631-00024911 United States in the early 1820s Judah
e_YUuNR-340-00109-00024912-00025065 and two siblings were boarded with
e_YUuNR-340-00110-00025066-00025268 relatives in Fayetteville for about 18
e_YUuNR-340-00111-00025269-00025443 months after the rest of the family
e_YUuNR-340-00112-00025444-00025680 moved to Charleston he attended the
e_YUuNR-340-00113-00025681-00025847 Fayetteville Academy a well-regarded
e_YUuNR-340-00114-00025848-00026043 school where his intelligence was
e_YUuNR-340-00115-00026044-00026343 recognized in Charleston his father was
e_YUuNR-340-00116-00026344-00026514 among the founders of the first reform
e_YUuNR-340-00117-00026514-00026781 congregation in the United States it
e_YUuNR-340-00118-00026782-00026964 developed practices that included
e_YUuNR-340-00119-00026964-00027140 shorter services conducted in English
e_YUuNR-340-00120-00027141-00027420 rather than in Hebrew Benjamin was
e_YUuNR-340-00121-00027420-00027606 ultimately expelled from that community
e_YUuNR-340-00122-00027607-00027839 as he did not keep the Sabbath the
e_YUuNR-340-00123-00027840-00028062 extent of Judah's religious education is
e_YUuNR-340-00124-00028063-00028283 uncertain the boys intelligence was
e_YUuNR-340-00125-00028284-00028485 noted by others in Charleston one of
e_YUuNR-340-00126-00028486-00028692 whom offered to finance his education at
e_YUuNR-340-00127-00028693-00029031 the age of 14 in 1825 Benjamin entered
e_YUuNR-340-00128-00029032-00029252 Yale College an institution popular
e_YUuNR-340-00129-00029253-00029376 among white Southerners
e_YUuNR-340-00130-00029377-00029612 vice-president john c calhoun a South
e_YUuNR-340-00131-00029613-00029814 Carolinian was among its alumni
e_YUuNR-340-00132-00029814-00030054 although Benjamin was successful as a
e_YUuNR-340-00133-00030055-00030360 student at Yale he left abruptly in 1827
e_YUuNR-340-00134-00030361-00030549 without completing his course of study
e_YUuNR-340-00135-00030550-00030811 the reasons for this are uncertain in
e_YUuNR-340-00136-00030812-00031115 1861 when Louisiana left the Union and
e_YUuNR-340-00137-00031116-00031326 Benjamin resigned as a u.s. senator an
e_YUuNR-340-00138-00031327-00031533 abolitionist newspaper alleged that he
e_YUuNR-340-00139-00031533-00031767 had been caught as a thief at Yale he
e_YUuNR-340-00140-00031768-00031964 considered bringing suit for libel but
e_YUuNR-340-00141-00031965-00032292 litigation was Impractical in 1901 his
e_YUuNR-340-00142-00032293-00032480 sole surviving classmate wrote that
e_YUuNR-340-00143-00032481-00032664 Benjamin had been expelled for gambling
e_YUuNR-340-00144-00032664-00032930 one of his biographers Robert Mead
e_YUuNR-340-00145-00032931-00033126 considered the evidence of wrongdoing by
e_YUuNR-340-00146-00033127-00033371 Benjamin to be too strong to be ignored
e_YUuNR-340-00147-00033372-00033642 but noted that at the time Benjamin left
e_YUuNR-340-00148-00033643-00033870 Yale he was only 16 years old
e_YUuNR-340-00149-00033871-00034046 after a brief return to Charleston
e_YUuNR-340-00150-00034047-00034289 Benjamin moved to New Orleans Louisiana
e_YUuNR-340-00151-00034290-00034562 according to Rabbi Bertram W corns
e_YUuNR-340-00152-00034563-00034851 volume on that city's Jews he arrived in
e_YUuNR-340-00153-00034852-00035151 New Orleans in 1828 with no visible
e_YUuNR-340-00154-00035152-00035339 assets other than the wit charm
e_YUuNR-340-00155-00035340-00035558 omnivorous mind and boundless energy
e_YUuNR-340-00156-00035559-00035771 with which he would find his place in
e_YUuNR-340-00157-00035772-00036087 the Sun after working in a mercantile
e_YUuNR-340-00158-00036088-00036287 business he became a clerk for a law
e_YUuNR-340-00159-00036288-00036507 firm where he began to read law studying
e_YUuNR-340-00160-00036508-00036774 as an apprentice knowledge of French was
e_YUuNR-340-00161-00036775-00037005 important in practicing law in Louisiana
e_YUuNR-340-00162-00037006-00037199 as the state's code was and is still
e_YUuNR-340-00163-00037200-00037485 based on French and Spanish law to earn
e_YUuNR-340-00164-00037486-00037695 money he tutored French Creoles in
e_YUuNR-340-00165-00037696-00037854 English he taught the language to
e_YUuNR-340-00166-00037855-00038039 Nathalie Bechet de saint-martin on the
e_YUuNR-340-00167-00038040-00038229 condition that she teach him French in
e_YUuNR-340-00168-00038230-00038637 late 1832 at age 21 he was admitted to
e_YUuNR-340-00169-00038638-00038811 the bar early the following year
e_YUuNR-340-00170-00038812-00038987 benjamin married Nathalie who was
e_YUuNR-340-00171-00038988-00039140 Catholic and from a wealthy French
e_YUuNR-340-00172-00039141-00039462 Creole family as part of her dowry she
e_YUuNR-340-00173-00039463-00039626 brought with her three thousand dollars
e_YUuNR-340-00174-00039627-00039885 in two female slaves aged 11 and 16
e_YUuNR-340-00175-00039886-00040257 together worth about $1,000 even before
e_YUuNR-340-00176-00040258-00040445 the marriage Nathalie st. Martin had
e_YUuNR-340-00177-00040446-00040662 scandalized New Orleans society by her
e_YUuNR-340-00178-00040663-00040949 conduct William Deville in his journal
e_YUuNR-340-00179-00040950-00041099 article on the Benjamin marriage
e_YUuNR-340-00180-00041100-00041349 contract suggests that the st. Martin
e_YUuNR-340-00181-00041350-00041595 family was not terribly distraught to be
e_YUuNR-340-00182-00041596-00041855 rid of their young daughter and that
e_YUuNR-340-00183-00041856-00042126 Benjamin was virtually suborn to marry
e_YUuNR-340-00184-00042127-00042387 Natalie and did so without hesitation in
e_YUuNR-340-00185-00042388-00042624 order to further his ambitions
e_YUuNR-340-00186-00042625-00042891 the marriage was not a success by the
e_YUuNR-340-00187-00042892-00043158 1840s Nathalie Benjamin was living in
e_YUuNR-340-00188-00043159-00043329 Paris with the couple's only child
e_YUuNR-340-00189-00043330-00043556 Nanette whom she raised as a Catholic
e_YUuNR-340-00190-00043557-00043830 Benjamin would visit them annually while
e_YUuNR-340-00191-00043831-00044103 a senator in the late 1850s he persuaded
e_YUuNR-340-00192-00044104-00044319 Nathalie to rejoin him and expensively
e_YUuNR-340-00193-00044320-00044508 furnished a home in Washington for all
e_YUuNR-340-00194-00044509-00044730 three to live in Nathalie and their
e_YUuNR-340-00195-00044731-00044943 daughter soon embarked again for France
e_YUuNR-340-00196-00044944-00045177 Benjamin publicly humiliated by his
e_YUuNR-340-00197-00045178-00045384 failure to keep Nathalie consigned the
e_YUuNR-340-00198-00045385-00045615 household goods to auction there were
e_YUuNR-340-00199-00045616-00045816 rumours never substantiated that
e_YUuNR-340-00200-00045817-00046017 Benjamin was impotent and that Natalie
e_YUuNR-340-00201-00046018-00046107 was unfaithful
e_YUuNR-340-00202-00046108-00046320 Benjamin's troubled married life has led
e_YUuNR-340-00203-00046321-00046593 to speculation that he was gay Daniel
e_YUuNR-340-00204-00046594-00046836 Brooke in a 2012 article about Benjamin
e_YUuNR-340-00205-00046837-00047073 suggests that early biographies read as
e_YUuNR-340-00206-00047074-00047310 though historians are presenting him as
e_YUuNR-340-00207-00047311-00047571 an almost farcical II stereotypical gay
e_YUuNR-340-00208-00047572-00047769 man and yet we're such impervious
e_YUuNR-340-00209-00047770-00047964 heteronormative blinders that they
e_YUuNR-340-00210-00047965-00048185 themselves know not what they write
e_YUuNR-340-00211-00048186-00048429 these conjectures were not given
e_YUuNR-340-00212-00048430-00048681 scholarly wait until 2001 when in an
e_YUuNR-340-00213-00048682-00048858 introduction to a reprinting of Meade's
e_YUuNR-340-00214-00048859-00049059 biography of Benjamin Civil War
e_YUuNR-340-00215-00049060-00049281 historian william c davis acknowledged
e_YUuNR-340-00216-00049282-00049554 cloaked suggestions that he Benjamin was
e_YUuNR-340-00217-00049555-00050172 a homosexual
e_YUuNR-340-00218-00050173-00050749 topic Louisiana lawyer
e_YUuNR-340-00219-00050750-00050956 within months of his admission to the
e_YUuNR-340-00220-00050957-00051157 bar Benjamin argued his first case
e_YUuNR-340-00221-00051158-00051298 before the Supreme Court of Louisiana
e_YUuNR-340-00222-00051299-00051658 and one still clients were slow to come
e_YUuNR-340-00223-00051659-00051921 in his first years in practice he had
e_YUuNR-340-00224-00051922-00052140 enough free time to compile and publish
e_YUuNR-340-00225-00052141-00052273 with Thomas Slidell
e_YUuNR-340-00226-00052274-00052483 the digest of the reported decisions of
e_YUuNR-340-00227-00052484-00052678 the Superior Court of the late territory
e_YUuNR-340-00228-00052679-00052861 of Orleans and the Supreme Court of the
e_YUuNR-340-00229-00052862-00053122 state of Louisiana in 1834 which
e_YUuNR-340-00230-00053123-00053454 required the analysis of 6,000 cases the
e_YUuNR-340-00231-00053455-00053659 book was an immediate success and helped
e_YUuNR-340-00232-00053660-00053892 launch Benjamin's career when Slidell
e_YUuNR-340-00233-00053894-00054172 published a revised edition in 1840 he
e_YUuNR-340-00234-00054173-00054379 did so alone as Benjamin was too busy
e_YUuNR-340-00235-00054379-00054640 litigating cases to participate benjamin
e_YUuNR-340-00236-00054641-00054865 became a specialist in commercial law of
e_YUuNR-340-00237-00054866-00055029 which there was a great deal in New
e_YUuNR-340-00238-00055030-00055276 Orleans busy river port a center of
e_YUuNR-340-00239-00055277-00055479 international commerce and the domestic
e_YUuNR-340-00240-00055480-00055819 slave trade by 1840 the city had become
e_YUuNR-340-00241-00055820-00056008 the fourth largest in the United States
e_YUuNR-340-00242-00056009-00056245 and among the wealthiest many of the
e_YUuNR-340-00243-00056246-00056430 best lawyers in the country practiced
e_YUuNR-340-00244-00056432-00056608 commercial law there and Benjamin
e_YUuNR-340-00245-00056609-00056866 successfully competed with them in one
e_YUuNR-340-00246-00056866-00057088 case he successfully represented the
e_YUuNR-340-00247-00057089-00057282 seller of a slave against allegations
e_YUuNR-340-00248-00057283-00057429 that the seller knew the slave had
e_YUuNR-340-00249-00057430-00057589 incurable tuberculosis
e_YUuNR-340-00250-00057590-00057865 although Benjamin tried some jury cases
e_YUuNR-340-00251-00057866-00058080 he preferred bench trials in commercial
e_YUuNR-340-00252-00058082-00058294 cases and was an expert at Appeals in
e_YUuNR-340-00253-00058295-00058600 1842 Benjamin had a group of cases with
e_YUuNR-340-00254-00058601-00058834 international implications he
e_YUuNR-340-00255-00058835-00059035 represented insurance companies being
e_YUuNR-340-00256-00059036-00059221 sued for the value of slaves who had
e_YUuNR-340-00257-00059222-00059482 revolted aboard the ship Creole in 1841
e_YUuNR-340-00258-00059483-00059665 as they were being transported in the
e_YUuNR-340-00259-00059666-00059869 coastwise slave trade from Virginia to
e_YUuNR-340-00260-00059870-00060115 New Orleans the rebels had sailed the
e_YUuNR-340-00261-00060116-00060322 ship to Nassau in the Bahamas British
e_YUuNR-340-00262-00060323-00060511 territory where most were freed as
e_YUuNR-340-00263-00060512-00060780 Britain had abolished slavery in 1834
e_YUuNR-340-00264-00060782-00061041 the owners of the slaves brought suit
e_YUuNR-340-00265-00061042-00061378 for $150,000 against their insurers who
e_YUuNR-340-00266-00061379-00061641 declined to pay Benjamin made several
e_YUuNR-340-00267-00061642-00061840 arguments the most prominent of which
e_YUuNR-340-00268-00061841-00061987 was that the slave owners had brought
e_YUuNR-340-00269-00061988-00062164 the revolt on themselves by packing the
e_YUuNR-340-00270-00062165-00062379 slaves in overcrowded conditions
e_YUuNR-340-00271-00062379-00062634 Benjamin said in his brief to the court
e_YUuNR-340-00272-00062635-00063019 what is a slave he is a human being he
e_YUuNR-340-00273-00063020-00063207 has feelings and passion and intellect
e_YUuNR-340-00274-00063208-00063397 his heart like the heart of the white
e_YUuNR-340-00275-00063398-00063634 man swells with love burns with jealousy
e_YUuNR-340-00276-00063635-00063844 aches with sorrow Pines under restraint
e_YUuNR-340-00277-00063845-00064057 and discomfort boils with revenge and
e_YUuNR-340-00278-00064058-00064082 ever
e_YUuNR-340-00279-00064083-00064369 cherishes the desire for liberty
e_YUuNR-340-00280-00064370-00064583 considering the character of the slave
e_YUuNR-340-00281-00064584-00064751 and the peculiar passions which
e_YUuNR-340-00282-00064752-00064970 generated by nature are strengthened and
e_YUuNR-340-00283-00064971-00065179 stimulated by his condition he is prone
e_YUuNR-340-00284-00065180-00065357 to revolt in the near future of things
e_YUuNR-340-00285-00065358-00065588 and ever ready to conquer ie obtain his
e_YUuNR-340-00286-00065589-00065804 Liberty where a probable chance presents
e_YUuNR-340-00287-00065805-00066098 itself the court ruled for Benjamin's
e_YUuNR-340-00288-00066099-00066299 clients although on other grounds
e_YUuNR-340-00289-00066300-00066521 Benjamin's brief was widely reprinted
e_YUuNR-340-00290-00066522-00066727 including by abolitionist groups
e_YUuNR-340-00291-00066728-00066965 historian Eli Evans Benjamin's
e_YUuNR-340-00292-00066966-00067154 biographer does not believe that the
e_YUuNR-340-00293-00067155-00067379 argument in the Creole case represented
e_YUuNR-340-00294-00067380-00067592 Benjamin's personal view rather he was
e_YUuNR-340-00295-00067593-00067769 an advocate for his clients in an era
e_YUuNR-340-00296-00067770-00067961 when it was usual to write dramatically
e_YUuNR-340-00297-00067962-00068135 to distract attention from the weaker
e_YUuNR-340-00298-00068136-00068384 points of a case Evans finds it
e_YUuNR-340-00299-00068385-00068585 remarkable and a testament to Benjamin
e_YUuNR-340-00300-00068586-00068765 that he could be elected to office in
e_YUuNR-340-00301-00068766-00069017 Antebellum Louisiana a slave society
e_YUuNR-340-00302-00069018-00069671 after writing such words
e_YUuNR-340-00303-00069672-00070228 topic electoral career
e_YUuNR-340-00304-00070229-00070569 you
e_YUuNR-340-00305-00070570-00071123 topic state politician
e_YUuNR-340-00306-00071124-00071335 Benjamin was a supporter of the Whig
e_YUuNR-340-00307-00071336-00071534 party from the time of its formation in
e_YUuNR-340-00308-00071535-00071800 the early 1830s he became increasingly
e_YUuNR-340-00309-00071801-00072136 involved in the party and in 1841 ran
e_YUuNR-340-00310-00072137-00072329 unsuccessfully for the New Orleans Board
e_YUuNR-340-00311-00072330-00072574 of Aldermen the following year he was
e_YUuNR-340-00312-00072575-00072781 nominated for the Louisiana House of
e_YUuNR-340-00313-00072782-00073040 Representatives he was elected though
e_YUuNR-340-00314-00073041-00073223 the Democrats alleged fraud Whig
e_YUuNR-340-00315-00073224-00073438 supporters to obtain the vote at a time
e_YUuNR-340-00316-00073439-00073588 when the state had a restrictive
e_YUuNR-340-00317-00073589-00073772 property qualification for suffrage
e_YUuNR-340-00318-00073773-00074080 acquired licenses for carriages a voter
e_YUuNR-340-00319-00074081-00074248 did not have to demonstrate that the
e_YUuNR-340-00320-00074249-00074455 carriage existed but his license had to
e_YUuNR-340-00321-00074456-00074654 be accepted as evidence of ownership by
e_YUuNR-340-00322-00074655-00074932 election officials the Democratic press
e_YUuNR-340-00323-00074933-00075134 blamed Benjamin as the strategist behind
e_YUuNR-340-00324-00075135-00075481 this maneuver in 1844 the legislature
e_YUuNR-340-00325-00075482-00075647 voted to hold a constitutional
e_YUuNR-340-00326-00075648-00075854 convention and Benjamin was chosen as a
e_YUuNR-340-00327-00075855-00076087 delegate from New Orleans at the
e_YUuNR-340-00328-00076088-00076318 convention benjamin successfully opposed
e_YUuNR-340-00329-00076319-00076513 counting a slave as three-fifths of a
e_YUuNR-340-00330-00076514-00076657 human being for purposes of
e_YUuNR-340-00331-00076658-00076891 representation in state elections as was
e_YUuNR-340-00332-00076892-00077167 done in federal elections his position
e_YUuNR-340-00333-00077168-00077368 prevailed and slaves were not counted at
e_YUuNR-340-00334-00077369-00077597 all for electoral purposes in Louisiana
e_YUuNR-340-00335-00077598-00077899 state elections according to Evans his
e_YUuNR-340-00336-00077900-00078181 tact courtesy and ability to find
e_YUuNR-340-00337-00078182-00078400 compromises impressed the political
e_YUuNR-340-00338-00078401-00078642 elders in all corners of the state
e_YUuNR-340-00339-00078643-00078910 rabbi Myron Berman in his history of
e_YUuNR-340-00340-00078911-00079135 Jews in Richmond describes the attitude
e_YUuNR-340-00341-00079136-00079322 of antebellum white Southerners toward
e_YUuNR-340-00342-00079323-00079593 Jews hidden beneath the free-and-easy
e_YUuNR-340-00343-00079594-00079853 relationships between Jew and Gentile in
e_YUuNR-340-00344-00079854-00080029 the antebellum South was a layer of
e_YUuNR-340-00345-00080030-00080216 prejudice that derived from historic
e_YUuNR-340-00346-00080217-00080491 anti-semitism the obverse of the picture
e_YUuNR-340-00347-00080492-00080704 of the Jew as the biblical patriarch an
e_YUuNR-340-00348-00080705-00080903 apostle of freedom was the image of the
e_YUuNR-340-00349-00080904-00081122 Judas trader and the materialist
e_YUuNR-340-00350-00081123-00081274 who preyed on the misfortunes of the
e_YUuNR-340-00351-00081275-00081544 country but the high incidence of Jewish
e_YUuNR-340-00352-00081545-00081748 assimilation the availability of the
e_YUuNR-340-00353-00081749-00081937 black has a scapegoat for social ills
e_YUuNR-340-00354-00081938-00082155 and the relative absence of crises
e_YUuNR-340-00355-00082156-00082429 economic and otherwise were factors
e_YUuNR-340-00356-00082430-00082657 which repressed at least temporarily the
e_YUuNR-340-00357-00082658-00082869 latent anti-jewish feeling in the south
e_YUuNR-340-00358-00082870-00083206 by the early 1840s Benjamin was wealthy
e_YUuNR-340-00359-00083207-00083413 from his law practice and with a partner
e_YUuNR-340-00360-00083414-00083609 bought a sugarcane plantation Belle
e_YUuNR-340-00361-00083610-00083905 Chasse this purchase and the subsequent
e_YUuNR-340-00362-00083906-00084073 construction of a grand house their
e_YUuNR-340-00363-00084074-00084274 advanced Benjamin's ambitions the
e_YUuNR-340-00364-00084275-00084463 planter class controlled Louisiana
e_YUuNR-340-00365-00084464-00084665 politics and would trust only a man who
e_YUuNR-340-00366-00084666-00084967 also own substantial land and slaves the
e_YUuNR-340-00367-00084968-00085148 Benjamin marriage was by then failing
e_YUuNR-340-00368-00085149-00085336 and he hoped in vain that his wife would
e_YUuNR-340-00369-00085337-00085598 be content at the plantation Benjamin
e_YUuNR-340-00370-00085599-00085774 threw his energy into improving Belle
e_YUuNR-340-00371-00085775-00085991 Chasse importing new varieties of
e_YUuNR-340-00372-00085992-00086167 sugarcane and adopting up-to-date
e_YUuNR-340-00373-00086168-00086362 methods and equipment to extract and
e_YUuNR-340-00374-00086363-00086692 process the sugar he purchased 140
e_YUuNR-340-00375-00086693-00086891 slaves to work the plantation and had a
e_YUuNR-340-00376-00086892-00087091 reputation as a humane slave owner
e_YUuNR-340-00377-00087092-00087301 Benjamin scaled back his involvement in
e_YUuNR-340-00378-00087302-00087586 politics in the late 1840s distracted by
e_YUuNR-340-00379-00087587-00087850 his plantation and law practice his
e_YUuNR-340-00380-00087851-00088034 mother Rebecca whom he had brought to
e_YUuNR-340-00381-00088035-00088324 New Orleans died in 1847 during a yellow
e_YUuNR-340-00382-00088325-00088699 fever epidemic in 1848 Benjamin was a
e_YUuNR-340-00383-00088700-00088916 Whig member of the electoral college he
e_YUuNR-340-00384-00088917-00089107 voted for fellow Louisiana planter
e_YUuNR-340-00385-00089108-00089315 general Zachary Taylor who was elected
e_YUuNR-340-00386-00089316-00089621 US president he and other Louisianans
e_YUuNR-340-00387-00089622-00089818 accompanied president-elect Taylor to
e_YUuNR-340-00388-00089819-00089998 Washington for his inauguration and
e_YUuNR-340-00389-00089999-00090197 Benjamin attended a state dinner given
e_YUuNR-340-00390-00090198-00090492 by outgoing President James K Polk in
e_YUuNR-340-00391-00090493-00090763 1850 Millard Fillmore who succeeded
e_YUuNR-340-00392-00090764-00090971 Taylor after his death earlier that year
e_YUuNR-340-00393-00090972-00091144 appointed Benjamin as Judge of the
e_YUuNR-340-00394-00091145-00091328 United States District Court for the
e_YUuNR-340-00395-00091329-00091591 Northern District of California he was
e_YUuNR-340-00396-00091592-00091754 confirmed by the Senate but he declined
e_YUuNR-340-00397-00091755-00092098 the appointment as the salary of $3,500
e_YUuNR-340-00398-00092099-00092354 was too small the following year
e_YUuNR-340-00399-00092355-00092546 Benjamin assisted the United States
e_YUuNR-340-00400-00092547-00092747 attorney in New Orleans in prosecuting
e_YUuNR-340-00401-00092748-00092929 American adventurers who had tried to
e_YUuNR-340-00402-00092930-00093130 spark a rebellion against Spanish rule
e_YUuNR-340-00403-00093131-00093349 in Cuba but two trials both ended in
e_YUuNR-340-00404-00093350-00093900 hung juries
e_YUuNR-340-00405-00093901-00094437 topic Mexican railroad
e_YUuNR-340-00406-00094438-00094644 Benjamin became interested in
e_YUuNR-340-00407-00094645-00094800 strengthening trade connections between
e_YUuNR-340-00408-00094801-00095040 New Orleans and California and promoted
e_YUuNR-340-00409-00095041-00095220 an infrastructure project to build a
e_YUuNR-340-00410-00095221-00095421 railroad across the Mexican isthmus near
e_YUuNR-340-00411-00095422-00095679 Oaxaca this would speed passenger
e_YUuNR-340-00412-00095680-00095931 traffic and cargo shipments according to
e_YUuNR-340-00413-00095932-00096222 the New York Times in an 1852 speech to
e_YUuNR-340-00414-00096223-00096435 a railroad builders convention Benjamin
e_YUuNR-340-00415-00096436-00096654 said this trade route belongs to New
e_YUuNR-340-00416-00096655-00096912 Orleans its commerce makes empires of
e_YUuNR-340-00417-00096913-00097115 the countries to which it flows
e_YUuNR-340-00418-00097116-00097368 Benjamin lobbied fellow lawmakers about
e_YUuNR-340-00419-00097369-00097593 the project gain funds from private New
e_YUuNR-340-00420-00097594-00097788 York bankers and even helped organize
e_YUuNR-340-00421-00097789-00098034 construction crews in private
e_YUuNR-340-00422-00098035-00098214 correspondence he warned backers of
e_YUuNR-340-00423-00098215-00098457 problems project workers suffered yellow
e_YUuNR-340-00424-00098458-00098637 fever shipments of construction
e_YUuNR-340-00425-00098638-00098874 materials hit rough seas and actions or
e_YUuNR-340-00426-00098875-00099027 inaction by both us and Mexican
e_YUuNR-340-00427-00099028-00099288 officials caused delays and increases in
e_YUuNR-340-00428-00099289-00099594 construction costs backers had invested
e_YUuNR-340-00429-00099595-00099774 several hundred thousand dollars by the
e_YUuNR-340-00430-00099775-00099963 time the project died after the outbreak
e_YUuNR-340-00431-00099964-00100737 of the American Civil War in 1861
e_YUuNR-340-00432-00100738-00101275 topic election to the Senate
e_YUuNR-340-00433-00101276-00101599 Benjamin spent the summer of 1851 abroad
e_YUuNR-340-00434-00101600-00101793 including a visit to Paris to see
e_YUuNR-340-00435-00101794-00102051 Natalie in Nanette he was still away in
e_YUuNR-340-00436-00102052-00102337 October 1851 when the Whigs nominated
e_YUuNR-340-00437-00102338-00102565 him for the state Senate despite his
e_YUuNR-340-00438-00102566-00102804 absence he was easily elected when the
e_YUuNR-340-00439-00102805-00103092 new legislature met in January 1850 -
e_YUuNR-340-00440-00103093-00103278 benjamin emerged as one of the leading
e_YUuNR-340-00441-00103279-00103465 Whig candidates for election to the US
e_YUuNR-340-00442-00103466-00103672 Senate seat that would become vacant on
e_YUuNR-340-00443-00103673-00104014 March 4th 1853 as the Louisiana
e_YUuNR-340-00444-00104015-00104251 Legislature responsible for electing the
e_YUuNR-340-00445-00104252-00104428 state senators met once in two years
e_YUuNR-340-00446-00104429-00104733 under the 1845 Constitution it was not
e_YUuNR-340-00447-00104734-00104908 scheduled to meet again before the seat
e_YUuNR-340-00448-00104908-00105175 became vacant some Whig newspapers
e_YUuNR-340-00449-00105176-00105331 thought Benjamin too young and
e_YUuNR-340-00450-00105332-00105526 inexperienced at 40 despite his
e_YUuNR-340-00451-00105527-00105673 undoubted talent but the Whig
e_YUuNR-340-00452-00105674-00105885 legislative caucus selected him on the
e_YUuNR-340-00453-00105886-00106065 second ballot and he was elected by the
e_YUuNR-340-00454-00106066-00106335 two houses over Democrat Solomon W downs
e_YUuNR-340-00455-00106336-00106578 the outgoing president Fillmore offered
e_YUuNR-340-00456-00106579-00106789 to nominate Benjamin a fellow Whig to
e_YUuNR-340-00457-00106790-00106986 fill a Supreme Court vacancy after the
e_YUuNR-340-00458-00106988-00107184 Senate Democrats had defeated Fillmore's
e_YUuNR-340-00459-00107185-00107460 other nominees for the post the New York
e_YUuNR-340-00460-00107461-00107784 Times reported on February 15th 1853
e_YUuNR-340-00461-00107785-00108070 that if the president nominates Benjamin
e_YUuNR-340-00462-00108071-00108285 the Democrats are determined to confirm
e_YUuNR-340-00463-00108286-00108615 him the new president Franklin Pierce a
e_YUuNR-340-00464-00108616-00108847 Democrat also offered Benjamin a place
e_YUuNR-340-00465-00108848-00108958 on the Supreme Court
e_YUuNR-340-00466-00108958-00109246 Pierce Butler a future Supreme Court
e_YUuNR-340-00467-00109247-00109552 justice suggested in his 1908 biography
e_YUuNR-340-00468-00109553-00109704 of Benjamin that the newly elected
e_YUuNR-340-00469-00109705-00109935 senator likely declined these offers not
e_YUuNR-340-00470-00109936-00110089 only because he preferred active
e_YUuNR-340-00471-00110090-00110248 politics but because he could maintain
e_YUuNR-340-00472-00110249-00110482 his law practice and substantial income
e_YUuNR-340-00473-00110483-00110679 as a senator but could not as a Justice
e_YUuNR-340-00474-00110680-00110965 as an advocate before the US Supreme
e_YUuNR-340-00475-00110966-00111003 Court
e_YUuNR-340-00476-00111004-00111253 Benjamin won 13 of his first 18 cases
e_YUuNR-340-00477-00111254-00111496 Judah Benjamin was sworn in as senator
e_YUuNR-340-00478-00111497-00111790 from Louisiana on March 4th 1853 at a
e_YUuNR-340-00479-00111791-00111973 brief meeting called just prior to
e_YUuNR-340-00480-00111974-00112219 President Pierce's inauguration these
e_YUuNR-340-00481-00112220-00112414 new colleagues included Steven a Douglas
e_YUuNR-340-00482-00112415-00112515 of Illinois
e_YUuNR-340-00483-00112516-00112765 Robert MT Hunter of Virginia and Sam
e_YUuNR-340-00484-00112766-00113065 Houston of Texas the slavery issue was
e_YUuNR-340-00485-00113066-00113227 in a brief remission as much of the
e_YUuNR-340-00486-00113228-00113391 country wished to accept the compromise
e_YUuNR-340-00487-00113392-00113733 of 1850 as a final settlement when the
e_YUuNR-340-00488-00113734-00113875 Senate was not in session
e_YUuNR-340-00489-00113876-00114058 Benjamin remained in Washington DC
e_YUuNR-340-00490-00114058-00114253 conducting a lucrative practice
e_YUuNR-340-00491-00114254-00114463 including many cases before the Supreme
e_YUuNR-340-00492-00114464-00114652 Court then conveniently located
e_YUuNR-340-00493-00114653-00114931 room of the Capitol his law partners in
e_YUuNR-340-00494-00114932-00115096 New Orleans took care of his firm's
e_YUuNR-340-00495-00115097-00115378 affairs there about this time Benjamin
e_YUuNR-340-00496-00115379-00115549 sold his interest in Belle Chasse a
e_YUuNR-340-00497-00115550-00115738 lacking the time to deal with plantation
e_YUuNR-340-00498-00115739-00116281 business
e_YUuNR-340-00499-00116282-00116854 topic spokesman for slavery
e_YUuNR-340-00500-00116855-00117055 Benjamins view that slavery should
e_YUuNR-340-00501-00117056-00117256 continue was based in his belief that
e_YUuNR-340-00502-00117257-00117435 citizens had a right to their property
e_YUuNR-340-00503-00117436-00117627 as guaranteed by the Constitution as
e_YUuNR-340-00504-00117628-00117931 Butler put it he could no more see that
e_YUuNR-340-00505-00117932-00118132 it was right for northern people to rob
e_YUuNR-340-00506-00118133-00118315 him of his slave than it would be for
e_YUuNR-340-00507-00118316-00118611 him to connive at horse-stealing he
e_YUuNR-340-00508-00118613-00118792 avoided the arguments of some that the
e_YUuNR-340-00509-00118793-00118983 slaves were inferior beings and that
e_YUuNR-340-00510-00118984-00119206 their position was ordained by God Evans
e_YUuNR-340-00511-00119207-00119395 ascribes this to Benjamin not being
e_YUuNR-340-00512-00119396-00119593 raised as a slave owner but coming to it
e_YUuNR-340-00513-00119594-00119706 later in life
e_YUuNR-340-00514-00119707-00119965 Benjamin joined in a widespread view of
e_YUuNR-340-00515-00119966-00120130 white Southerners that the African
e_YUuNR-340-00516-00120131-00120265 American would not be ready for
e_YUuNR-340-00517-00120266-00120580 emancipation for many years if ever they
e_YUuNR-340-00518-00120581-00120739 feared that freeing the slaves would
e_YUuNR-340-00519-00120740-00120933 ruin many and lead to murders and rapes
e_YUuNR-340-00520-00120934-00121120 by the newly liberated of their former
e_YUuNR-340-00521-00121121-00121410 masters and mistresses such a massacre
e_YUuNR-340-00522-00121411-00121588 had been feared by southerners since the
e_YUuNR-340-00523-00121589-00121783 Haitian Revolution the violent revolt
e_YUuNR-340-00524-00121783-00122122 known as santo domingo in the south in
e_YUuNR-340-00525-00122123-00122305 which the slaves of what became haiti
e_YUuNR-340-00526-00122306-00122563 killed many whites and mulattoes in 1804
e_YUuNR-340-00527-00122564-00122740 while gaining independence from french
e_YUuNR-340-00528-00122741-00123040 control when the anti-slavery book Uncle
e_YUuNR-340-00529-00123041-00123285 Tom's Cabin was published in 1852
e_YUuNR-340-00530-00123286-00123505 Benjamin spoke out against Harriet
e_YUuNR-340-00531-00123506-00123628 Beecher Stowe's portrayal
e_YUuNR-340-00532-00123629-00123856 he said that slaves were for the most
e_YUuNR-340-00533-00123857-00124045 part well treated and plantation
e_YUuNR-340-00534-00124046-00124258 punishments such as whipping or branding
e_YUuNR-340-00535-00124258-00124450 were more merciful than sentences of
e_YUuNR-340-00536-00124451-00124621 imprisonment that a white man might
e_YUuNR-340-00537-00124622-00124798 receive in the north for similar conduct
e_YUuNR-340-00538-00124799-00125133 in early 1854 Senator Douglas introduced
e_YUuNR-340-00539-00125134-00125329 his kansas-nebraska bill calling for
e_YUuNR-340-00540-00125330-00125530 popular sovereignty to determine whether
e_YUuNR-340-00541-00125531-00125725 the Kansas and Nebraska territories
e_YUuNR-340-00542-00125726-00125902 should enter the union as slave or free
e_YUuNR-340-00543-00125903-00126181 states depending on the outcome of such
e_YUuNR-340-00544-00126182-00126364 elections slavery might spread to
e_YUuNR-340-00545-00126365-00126544 territories close to it under the
e_YUuNR-340-00546-00126545-00126847 Missouri Compromise of 1820 in the
e_YUuNR-340-00547-00126848-00127057 debate over the bill Benjamin defended
e_YUuNR-340-00548-00127058-00127306 this changes returning to the traditions
e_YUuNR-340-00549-00127307-00127528 of the fathers that the federal
e_YUuNR-340-00550-00127529-00127729 government not legislate on the subject
e_YUuNR-340-00551-00127730-00127957 of slavery he said that the South merely
e_YUuNR-340-00552-00127958-00128182 wished to be left alone the bill passed
e_YUuNR-340-00553-00128183-00128407 but its passage had drastic political
e_YUuNR-340-00554-00128408-00128614 effects as the differences between North
e_YUuNR-340-00555-00128615-00128794 and South that had been settled by both
e_YUuNR-340-00556-00128795-00129073 the 1820 and 1850 compromises were
e_YUuNR-340-00557-00129074-00129331 reopened the Whig Party was torn apart
e_YUuNR-340-00558-00129332-00129523 north from South with many northern
e_YUuNR-340-00559-00129524-00129742 Whigs joining the new Republican Party a
e_YUuNR-340-00560-00129743-00129904 group pledged to oppose the spread of
e_YUuNR-340-00561-00129905-00130028 slavery
e_YUuNR-340-00562-00130029-00130220 Benjamin continued to caucus with the
e_YUuNR-340-00563-00130221-00130478 remains of the Whig party through 1854
e_YUuNR-340-00564-00130479-00130715 and 1855 but as a member of the
e_YUuNR-340-00565-00130716-00130907 legislative minority he had little
e_YUuNR-340-00566-00130908-00131141 influence on legislation and received no
e_YUuNR-340-00567-00131142-00131332 important committee assignments in May
e_YUuNR-340-00568-00131333-00131603 1856 Benjamin joined the Democrats
e_YUuNR-340-00569-00131604-00131789 stating they had the principles of the
e_YUuNR-340-00570-00131790-00132081 old-time Whig party he indicated in a
e_YUuNR-340-00571-00132082-00132275 letter to constituents that as northern
e_YUuNR-340-00572-00132276-00132449 Whigs had failed to vote to uphold the
e_YUuNR-340-00573-00132450-00132632 rights granted to southern states in the
e_YUuNR-340-00574-00132633-00132857 Constitution the Whigs as a National
e_YUuNR-340-00575-00132858-00133025 Party were no more at a state dinner
e_YUuNR-340-00576-00133026-00133160 given by Pierce
e_YUuNR-340-00577-00133161-00133346 Benjamin first met Secretary of War
e_YUuNR-340-00578-00133347-00133569 Jefferson Davis whose wife verinha
e_YUuNR-340-00579-00133570-00133763 described the Louisiana senator as
e_YUuNR-340-00580-00133764-00133988 having rather the air of the witty bon
e_YUuNR-340-00581-00133989-00134336 vivant than of a great senator the two
e_YUuNR-340-00582-00134337-00134546 men both ambitious for leadership in the
e_YUuNR-340-00583-00134547-00134687 south and the nation formed a
e_YUuNR-340-00584-00134688-00134906 relationship that Evans describes us
e_YUuNR-340-00585-00134907-00135206 respectful but wary the two had
e_YUuNR-340-00586-00135207-00135452 occasional differences when in 1858
e_YUuNR-340-00587-00135453-00135704 Davis by then a Mississippi senator was
e_YUuNR-340-00588-00135705-00135920 irritated by Benjamin's questioning him
e_YUuNR-340-00589-00135921-00136127 on a military bill and suggested that
e_YUuNR-340-00590-00136128-00136313 Benjamin was acting as a paid attorney
e_YUuNR-340-00591-00136314-00136553 the Louisianan challenged him to a duel
e_YUuNR-340-00592-00136554-00136841 Davis apologized Benjamin in his
e_YUuNR-340-00593-00136842-00137003 speeches in the Senate took the position
e_YUuNR-340-00594-00137004-00137193 that the union was a compact by the
e_YUuNR-340-00595-00137194-00137343 states from which any of them could
e_YUuNR-340-00596-00137344-00137615 secede nevertheless he understood that
e_YUuNR-340-00597-00137616-00137798 any dissolution would not be peaceful
e_YUuNR-340-00598-00137799-00138137 stating in 1856 that dreadful will be
e_YUuNR-340-00599-00138138-00138451 the internecine war that must ensue in
e_YUuNR-340-00600-00138452-00138764 1859 Benjamin was elected to a second
e_YUuNR-340-00601-00138765-00138965 term but allegations of involvement in
e_YUuNR-340-00602-00138966-00139169 land scandals in the fact that up state
e_YUuNR-340-00603-00139170-00139344 legislators objected to both of
e_YUuNR-340-00604-00139345-00139529 Louisiana's senators being from New
e_YUuNR-340-00605-00139530-00139748 Orleans stretched the contest to 42
e_YUuNR-340-00606-00139749-00140367 ballots before he prevailed
e_YUuNR-340-00607-00140368-00140917 topic secession crisis
e_YUuNR-340-00608-00140918-00141235 benjamín work to deny Douglas the 1860
e_YUuNR-340-00609-00141236-00141421 Democratic presidential nomination
e_YUuNR-340-00610-00141422-00141637 feeling he had turned against the south
e_YUuNR-340-00611-00141638-00141856 Douglas contended that although the
e_YUuNR-340-00612-00141857-00142174 Supreme Court in Dred Scott v Sandford
e_YUuNR-340-00613-00142175-00142378 had stated Congress could not restrict
e_YUuNR-340-00614-00142379-00142594 slavery in the territories the people of
e_YUuNR-340-00615-00142595-00142798 each territory could pass legislation to
e_YUuNR-340-00616-00142799-00143083 bar it this position was Anatomy to the
e_YUuNR-340-00617-00143084-00143302 south Benjamin praised Douglass's
e_YUuNR-340-00618-00143303-00143521 opponent in his re-election bid former
e_YUuNR-340-00619-00143522-00143725 Congressman Abraham Lincoln for at least
e_YUuNR-340-00620-00143726-00143908 being true to his principles as an
e_YUuNR-340-00621-00143909-00144076 opponent of the expansion of slavery
e_YUuNR-340-00622-00144077-00144286 whereas the senator considered Douglass
e_YUuNR-340-00623-00144287-00144559 to be a hypocrite Benjamin was joined in
e_YUuNR-340-00624-00144560-00144760 his opposition to Douglass by senator
e_YUuNR-340-00625-00144761-00144967 Davis the two were so successful that
e_YUuNR-340-00626-00144968-00145189 the 1860 convention was not able to
e_YUuNR-340-00627-00145190-00145399 nominate anyone and split into northern
e_YUuNR-340-00628-00145400-00145645 and southern factions the northerners
e_YUuNR-340-00629-00145646-00145822 backed Douglas while southern delegates
e_YUuNR-340-00630-00145823-00146068 chose vice president John C Breckinridge
e_YUuNR-340-00631-00146069-00146157 of Kentucky
e_YUuNR-340-00632-00146158-00146386 despite their agreement in opposing
e_YUuNR-340-00633-00146387-00146605 Douglas Benjamin and Davis differed on
e_YUuNR-340-00634-00146606-00146761 some race issues in May
e_YUuNR-340-00635-00146762-00146923 Benjamin voted for a bill to aid
e_YUuNR-340-00636-00146924-00147178 africans liberated by u.s. naval vessels
e_YUuNR-340-00637-00147179-00147373 from illegal slave ships in order to
e_YUuNR-340-00638-00147374-00147529 return them to their native continent
e_YUuNR-340-00639-00147530-00147781 from Key West Davis and many other
e_YUuNR-340-00640-00147782-00147955 southerners opposed the bill between
e_YUuNR-340-00641-00147956-00148246 June and December 1860 Benjamin was
e_YUuNR-340-00642-00148247-00148453 almost entirely absorbed in the case of
e_YUuNR-340-00643-00148454-00148759 United States v Castelar oh that was
e_YUuNR-340-00644-00148760-00148960 tried in San Francisco during the latter
e_YUuNR-340-00645-00148961-00149236 part of that period the case concerned a
e_YUuNR-340-00646-00149237-00149386 land grant by the former Mexican
e_YUuNR-340-00647-00149387-00149680 government of California Castille arrow
e_YUuNR-340-00648-00149681-00149878 had leased part of his land to British
e_YUuNR-340-00649-00149879-00150055 mining companies and when American
e_YUuNR-340-00650-00150056-00150256 authorities ruled the grant invalid they
e_YUuNR-340-00651-00150257-00150460 hired Benjamin he spent four months in
e_YUuNR-340-00652-00150461-00150736 San Francisco working on the case the
e_YUuNR-340-00653-00150737-00150979 trial began in October and Benjamin gave
e_YUuNR-340-00654-00150980-00151285 an address lasting six days the local
e_YUuNR-340-00655-00151286-00151453 correspondent for the New York Times
e_YUuNR-340-00656-00151454-00151660 wrote that Benjamin a distinguished
e_YUuNR-340-00657-00151661-00151924 stranger drew the largest crowds to the
e_YUuNR-340-00658-00151925-00152155 courtroom in the senator is making this
e_YUuNR-340-00659-00152156-00152415 terribly tedious case interesting
e_YUuNR-340-00660-00152416-00152656 Benjamin sailed for New York once the
e_YUuNR-340-00661-00152657-00152854 case was submitted for decision in early
e_YUuNR-340-00662-00152855-00153124 November the court's ruling rendered in
e_YUuNR-340-00663-00153125-00153430 January 1861 was substantially for the
e_YUuNR-340-00664-00153431-00153727 company but not satisfied it appealed it
e_YUuNR-340-00665-00153728-00153937 lost the case entirely to an adverse
e_YUuNR-340-00666-00153938-00154162 decision by the US Supreme Court three
e_YUuNR-340-00667-00154163-00154279 justices dissenting
e_YUuNR-340-00668-00154280-00154549 the following year Benjamin was by then
e_YUuNR-340-00669-00154550-00154765 a Confederate cabinet officer and could
e_YUuNR-340-00670-00154766-00155062 not argue the case his co-counsel filed
e_YUuNR-340-00671-00155063-00155230 his brief with the court by the time
e_YUuNR-340-00672-00155231-00155437 Benjamin returned to the East Coast the
e_YUuNR-340-00673-00155438-00155641 Republican candidate Lincoln had been
e_YUuNR-340-00674-00155642-00155833 elected president and there was talk in
e_YUuNR-340-00675-00155834-00156055 Louisiana and elsewhere of secession
e_YUuNR-340-00676-00156056-00156277 from the Union the new orleans picayune
e_YUuNR-340-00677-00156278-00156535 reported that benjamin favored secession
e_YUuNR-340-00678-00156536-00156862 only in the last resort on December 23rd
e_YUuNR-340-00679-00156863-00157183 1860 another Louisiana periodical the
e_YUuNR-340-00680-00157184-00157378 Delta printed a letter from Benjamin
e_YUuNR-340-00681-00157379-00157582 dated the 8th stating that as the people
e_YUuNR-340-00682-00157583-00157726 of the north were of unalterable
e_YUuNR-340-00683-00157727-00157915 hostility to their southern brethren the
e_YUuNR-340-00684-00157916-00158074 latter should depart from the government
e_YUuNR-340-00685-00158075-00158317 common to them he also signed a joint
e_YUuNR-340-00686-00158318-00158494 letter from southern congressmen to
e_YUuNR-340-00687-00158495-00158692 their constituents urging the formation
e_YUuNR-340-00688-00158693-00158863 of the Confederation of the seceding
e_YUuNR-340-00689-00158864-00159148 States according to a letter reportedly
e_YUuNR-340-00690-00159149-00159379 written by Benjamin during the crisis he
e_YUuNR-340-00691-00159380-00159544 saw secession as a means of obtaining
e_YUuNR-340-00692-00159545-00159802 more favorable terms in a reformed union
e_YUuNR-340-00693-00159803-00159982 with southern opinion turning in favor
e_YUuNR-340-00694-00159983-00160195 of secession Benjamin made a farewell
e_YUuNR-340-00695-00160196-00160399 speech in the Senate on December 31st
e_YUuNR-340-00696-00160400-00160711 1862 a packed gallery desirous of
e_YUuNR-340-00697-00160712-00160897 hearing one of the South's most eloquent
e_YUuNR-340-00698-00160898-00161173 voices they were not disappointed Evans
e_YUuNR-340-00699-00161174-00161365 writes that historians consider
e_YUuNR-340-00700-00161366-00161770 Benjamin's farewell one of the great
e_YUuNR-340-00701-00161771-00162151 speeches in American history Benjamin
e_YUuNR-340-00702-00162152-00162337 foresaw that the South's departure would
e_YUuNR-340-00703-00162338-00162622 lead to civil war what may be the fate
e_YUuNR-340-00704-00162623-00162799 of this horrible contest none can
e_YUuNR-340-00705-00162800-00162985 foretell but this much I will say the
e_YUuNR-340-00706-00162986-00163177 fortunes of war may be adverse to our
e_YUuNR-340-00707-00163178-00163399 arms you may carry desolation into our
e_YUuNR-340-00708-00163400-00163561 peaceful land and with torch and
e_YUuNR-340-00709-00163562-00163768 firebrand may set our cities in flames
e_YUuNR-340-00710-00163769-00164116 you may do all this and more but you
e_YUuNR-340-00711-00164117-00164308 never can subjugate us you never can
e_YUuNR-340-00712-00164309-00164497 convert the free sons of the soil into
e_YUuNR-340-00713-00164498-00164701 vassals paying tribute to your power
e_YUuNR-340-00714-00164702-00164869 you never can degrade them to a servile
e_YUuNR-340-00715-00164870-00165310 and inferior race never never according
e_YUuNR-340-00716-00165311-00165517 to Jeffrey D Cunningham in his article
e_YUuNR-340-00717-00165518-00165769 on Benjamin's role in secession swept up
e_YUuNR-340-00718-00165770-00166012 in the popular cries for independence
e_YUuNR-340-00719-00166013-00166210 Benjamin willingly went out with the
e_YUuNR-340-00720-00166211-00166468 southern tide he and his Louisiana
e_YUuNR-340-00721-00166469-00166738 colleague John Slidell resigned from the
e_YUuNR-340-00722-00166739-00167083 US Senate on February 4 1861 nine days
e_YUuNR-340-00723-00167084-00167254 after their state voted to secede from
e_YUuNR-340-00724-00167255-00167819 the union
e_YUuNR-340-00725-00167820-00168382 topic Confederate statesman
e_YUuNR-340-00726-00168383-00168722 you
e_YUuNR-340-00727-00168723-00169389 topic attorney general fearful of arrest
e_YUuNR-340-00728-00169390-00169578 as a rebel once he left the Senate
e_YUuNR-340-00729-00169579-00169800 Benjamin quickly departed Washington for
e_YUuNR-340-00730-00169801-00170037 New Orleans on the day of Benjamin's
e_YUuNR-340-00731-00170038-00170214 resignation the provisional Confederate
e_YUuNR-340-00732-00170215-00170451 States Congress gathered in Montgomery
e_YUuNR-340-00733-00170452-00170649 Alabama and soon chose Davis as
e_YUuNR-340-00734-00170650-00170891 president Davis was sworn in as
e_YUuNR-340-00735-00170892-00171099 provisional Confederate States President
e_YUuNR-340-00736-00171100-00171477 on February 18 1861 at home in New
e_YUuNR-340-00737-00171478-00171690 Orleans for it would prove the last time
e_YUuNR-340-00738-00171691-00171852 Benjamin addressed a rally on
e_YUuNR-340-00739-00171853-00172221 Washington's birthday February 22nd 1861
e_YUuNR-340-00740-00172222-00172449 On February 25th
e_YUuNR-340-00741-00172450-00172662 Davis appointed Benjamin still in New
e_YUuNR-340-00742-00172663-00172848 Orleans as Attorney General the
e_YUuNR-340-00743-00172849-00173054 Louisianan was approved immediately and
e_YUuNR-340-00744-00173055-00173270 unanimously by the provisional Congress
e_YUuNR-340-00745-00173271-00173508 Davis thus became the first chief
e_YUuNR-340-00746-00173509-00173729 executive in North America to appoint a
e_YUuNR-340-00747-00173730-00173961 Jew to his cabinet Davis in his memoirs
e_YUuNR-340-00748-00173962-00174150 remarked that he chose Benjamin because
e_YUuNR-340-00749-00174151-00174390 he had a very high reputation as a
e_YUuNR-340-00750-00174391-00174609 lawyer and my acquaintance with him in
e_YUuNR-340-00751-00174610-00174777 the Senate had impressed me with the
e_YUuNR-340-00752-00174778-00175029 lucidity of his intellect his systematic
e_YUuNR-340-00753-00175030-00175395 habits and capacity for labor Meade
e_YUuNR-340-00754-00175396-00175581 suggested that Davis wanted to have a
e_YUuNR-340-00755-00175582-00175776 Louisiana in his cabinet but that a
e_YUuNR-340-00756-00175777-00175944 smarter course of action would have been
e_YUuNR-340-00757-00175945-00176139 to send Benjamin abroad to win over the
e_YUuNR-340-00758-00176140-00176391 European governments Butler called
e_YUuNR-340-00759-00176392-00176619 Benjamin's appointment a waste of good
e_YUuNR-340-00760-00176620-00176973 material historian William C Davis in
e_YUuNR-340-00761-00176974-00177144 his volume on the formation of the
e_YUuNR-340-00762-00177145-00177369 Confederate government notes for some
e_YUuNR-340-00763-00177370-00177566 there was next to nothing to do none
e_YUuNR-340-00764-00177567-00177879 more so than Benjamin the role of the
e_YUuNR-340-00765-00177880-00178068 Attorney General in a confederacy that
e_YUuNR-340-00766-00178069-00178254 did not yet have federal courts or
e_YUuNR-340-00767-00178255-00178446 marshals was so minimal that initial
e_YUuNR-340-00768-00178447-00178602 layouts for the building housing the
e_YUuNR-340-00769-00178603-00178797 government in Montgomery allotted no
e_YUuNR-340-00770-00178798-00178998 space to the Justice Department Meade
e_YUuNR-340-00771-00178999-00179187 found the time that Benjamin spent his
e_YUuNR-340-00772-00179188-00179388 Attorney General to be fruitful as it
e_YUuNR-340-00773-00179389-00179547 allowed him the opportunity to judge
e_YUuNR-340-00774-00179548-00179741 Davis's character and to ingratiate
e_YUuNR-340-00775-00179742-00179958 himself with the president Benjamin
e_YUuNR-340-00776-00179959-00180156 served as a host entertaining
e_YUuNR-340-00777-00180157-00180387 dignitaries and others Davis had no time
e_YUuNR-340-00778-00180388-00180654 to see at the first cabinet meeting
e_YUuNR-340-00779-00180655-00180849 Benjamin counseled Davis to have the
e_YUuNR-340-00780-00180850-00181116 government by 150,000 bales of cotton
e_YUuNR-340-00781-00181117-00181320 for shipment to the United Kingdom with
e_YUuNR-340-00782-00181321-00181515 the proceeds used to buy arms and for
e_YUuNR-340-00783-00181516-00181812 future needs his advice was not taken as
e_YUuNR-340-00784-00181813-00181995 the cabinet believed the war would be
e_YUuNR-340-00785-00181996-00182274 short and successful Benjamin was called
e_YUuNR-340-00786-00182275-00182484 upon from time to time to render legal
e_YUuNR-340-00787-00182485-00182715 opinions writing on April 1st to assure
e_YUuNR-340-00788-00182716-00182925 Treasury secretary Christopher meminger
e_YUuNR-340-00789-00182926-00183123 that lemons and oranges could enter the
e_YUuNR-340-00790-00183124-00183357 Confederacy duty-free that walnuts could
e_YUuNR-340-00791-00183358-00183558 not once Virginia joined the Confederacy
e_YUuNR-340-00792-00183559-00183768 the capital was moved to Richmond though
e_YUuNR-340-00793-00183769-00183999 against Benjamin's advice he believed
e_YUuNR-340-00794-00184000-00184178 that the city was too close to the north
e_YUuNR-340-00795-00184179-00184428 nevertheless he traveled there with his
e_YUuNR-340-00796-00184429-00184527 brother-in-law
e_YUuNR-340-00797-00184528-00184710 Jules st. Martin the two lived in the
e_YUuNR-340-00798-00184711-00184860 same house throughout the war and
e_YUuNR-340-00799-00184861-00185058 Benjamin probably procured the young
e_YUuNR-340-00800-00185059-00185235 man's job at the War Department
e_YUuNR-340-00801-00185236-00185508 although Alabama's Leroy Walker was
e_YUuNR-340-00802-00185509-00185820 Secretary of War Davis a war hero and
e_YUuNR-340-00803-00185821-00186093 former US war Secretary considered
e_YUuNR-340-00804-00186094-00186294 himself more qualified and gave many
e_YUuNR-340-00805-00186295-00186558 orders himself when the Confederates
e_YUuNR-340-00806-00186559-00186729 were unable to follow up their victory
e_YUuNR-340-00807-00186730-00186909 at the First Battle of Manassas by
e_YUuNR-340-00808-00186910-00187077 threatening Washington Walker was
e_YUuNR-340-00809-00187078-00187362 criticized in the press in September
e_YUuNR-340-00810-00187363-00187560 Walker resigned to join the army as a
e_YUuNR-340-00811-00187561-00187773 brigadier general and Davis appointed
e_YUuNR-340-00812-00187774-00188061 Benjamin in his place Butler wrote that
e_YUuNR-340-00813-00188062-00188262 Davis had found the cheerfully competent
e_YUuNR-340-00814-00188263-00188493 Benjamin a most useful member of the
e_YUuNR-340-00815-00188494-00188709 official family and thought him suited
e_YUuNR-340-00816-00188710-00189048 for almost any post in it in addition to
e_YUuNR-340-00817-00189049-00189182 his appointment as war secretary
e_YUuNR-340-00818-00189183-00189414 Benjamin continued to act as Attorney
e_YUuNR-340-00819-00189415-00190188 General until November 15 1861
e_YUuNR-340-00820-00190189-00190733 topic Secretary of War
e_YUuNR-340-00821-00190734-00190973 as war secretary Benjamin was
e_YUuNR-340-00822-00190974-00191186 responsible for a territory stretching
e_YUuNR-340-00823-00191187-00191441 from Virginia to Texas it was his job
e_YUuNR-340-00824-00191442-00191669 with Davis looking over his shoulder to
e_YUuNR-340-00825-00191670-00191876 supervise the Confederate Army and to
e_YUuNR-340-00826-00191877-00192113 feed supply and Armit in a nascent
e_YUuNR-340-00827-00192114-00192269 country with almost no arms
e_YUuNR-340-00828-00192270-00192512 manufacturers accordingly
e_YUuNR-340-00829-00192513-00192731 Benjamin saw his job is closely tied to
e_YUuNR-340-00830-00192732-00192950 Foreign Affairs as the Confederacy was
e_YUuNR-340-00831-00192951-00193130 dependent on imports to supply its
e_YUuNR-340-00832-00193131-00193384 troops Davis had determined on a
e_YUuNR-340-00833-00193385-00193778 defensive war strategy the Confederacy
e_YUuNR-340-00834-00193779-00193952 would await invasion by the north then
e_YUuNR-340-00835-00193953-00194132 seek to defeat its armies until Lincoln
e_YUuNR-340-00836-00194133-00194426 tired of sending them Davis and Benjamin
e_YUuNR-340-00837-00194427-00194630 worked together closely and as Davis
e_YUuNR-340-00838-00194631-00194819 came to realize that his subordinate was
e_YUuNR-340-00839-00194820-00195017 loyal both to the Confederacy and to
e_YUuNR-340-00840-00195018-00195218 Davis personally he returned complete
e_YUuNR-340-00841-00195219-00195527 trust in Benjamin Varina Davis wrote it
e_YUuNR-340-00842-00195528-00195800 was to me a curious spectacle the steady
e_YUuNR-340-00843-00195801-00196022 approximation to a thorough friendliness
e_YUuNR-340-00844-00196023-00196337 of the president and his war minister it
e_YUuNR-340-00845-00196338-00196604 was a very gradual rapprochement but all
e_YUuNR-340-00846-00196605-00196892 the more solid for that reason in his
e_YUuNR-340-00847-00196893-00197141 months as war secretary Benjamin sent
e_YUuNR-340-00848-00197142-00197305 thousands of communications
e_YUuNR-340-00849-00197306-00197564 according to Evans Benjamin initially
e_YUuNR-340-00850-00197565-00197840 turn edie prejudice to his favor and
e_YUuNR-340-00851-00197841-00198056 play edie on the southerners instinctive
e_YUuNR-340-00852-00198057-00198236 respect for the Jewish mind with a
e_YUuNR-340-00853-00198237-00198515 brilliant performance nevertheless
e_YUuNR-340-00854-00198516-00198746 Benjamin faced difficulties that he
e_YUuNR-340-00855-00198747-00198962 could do little about the Confederacy
e_YUuNR-340-00856-00198963-00199139 lacked sufficient soldiers trained
e_YUuNR-340-00857-00199140-00199322 officers to command them naval and
e_YUuNR-340-00858-00199323-00199583 civilian ships manufacturing capacity to
e_YUuNR-340-00859-00199584-00199778 make ships and many weapons and powder
e_YUuNR-340-00860-00199779-00200048 for guns and cannon the Union had these
e_YUuNR-340-00861-00200049-00200216 things and moved to block the South's
e_YUuNR-340-00862-00200217-00200450 access to European supplies both by
e_YUuNR-340-00863-00200451-00200648 blockade and by buying up supplies the
e_YUuNR-340-00864-00200649-00200915 South might have secured other problems
e_YUuNR-340-00865-00200916-00201110 included drunkenness among the men and
e_YUuNR-340-00866-00201111-00201407 their officers an uncertainty as to when
e_YUuNR-340-00867-00201408-00201578 and where the expected northern invasion
e_YUuNR-340-00868-00201579-00201863 would begin further Benjamin had no
e_YUuNR-340-00869-00201864-00202061 experience of the military or of the
e_YUuNR-340-00870-00202062-00202181 executive branch of the government
e_YUuNR-340-00871-00202182-00202400 placing him in a poor position to
e_YUuNR-340-00872-00202401-00202733 contradict President Davis an insurgency
e_YUuNR-340-00873-00202734-00202931 against the Confederacy developed in the
e_YUuNR-340-00874-00202932-00203141 staunchly Pro Union East Tennessee in
e_YUuNR-340-00875-00203142-00203465 late 1861 and at Davis's order Benjamin
e_YUuNR-340-00876-00203466-00203726 sent troops to crush it once it was put
e_YUuNR-340-00877-00203727-00203921 down Benjamin and Davis were in a
e_YUuNR-340-00878-00203922-00204077 quandary about what to do about its
e_YUuNR-340-00879-00204078-00204139 leader
e_YUuNR-340-00880-00204140-00204409 William parson Brownlow who had been
e_YUuNR-340-00881-00204410-00204607 captured and eventually allowed him to
e_YUuNR-340-00882-00204608-00204808 cross to Union controlled territory in
e_YUuNR-340-00883-00204809-00204961 the hope that it would cause Lincoln to
e_YUuNR-340-00884-00204962-00205191 release Confederate prisoners while
e_YUuNR-340-00885-00205192-00205392 Brownlow was in southern custody he
e_YUuNR-340-00886-00205394-00205638 stated that he expected no more mercy
e_YUuNR-340-00887-00205639-00205828 from Benjamin than was shown by his
e_YUuNR-340-00888-00205829-00206056 illustrious predecessors towards Jesus
e_YUuNR-340-00889-00206057-00206391 Christ Benjamin had difficulty in
e_YUuNR-340-00890-00206392-00206638 managing the Confederacy's generals he
e_YUuNR-340-00891-00206639-00206935 quarreled with general PGT Beauregard a
e_YUuNR-340-00892-00206936-00207136 war hero since his victory at first
e_YUuNR-340-00893-00207137-00207352 Manassas Beauregard sought to add a
e_YUuNR-340-00894-00207353-00207580 rocket battery to his command an action
e_YUuNR-340-00895-00207581-00207778 Benjamin stated was not authorized by
e_YUuNR-340-00896-00207779-00208084 law he was most likely relaying Davis's
e_YUuNR-340-00897-00208085-00208294 views and when challenged by Beauregard
e_YUuNR-340-00898-00208294-00208513 the president backed Benjamin advising
e_YUuNR-340-00899-00208514-00208759 the general to dismiss this small matter
e_YUuNR-340-00900-00208760-00209016 from your mind in the hostile masses
e_YUuNR-340-00901-00209017-00209214 before you you have a subject more
e_YUuNR-340-00902-00209215-00209563 worthy of your contemplation in January
e_YUuNR-340-00903-00209564-00210048 1862 Thomas J Stonewall Jackson's forces
e_YUuNR-340-00904-00210050-00210273 had advanced in western Virginia leaving
e_YUuNR-340-00905-00210275-00210475 troops under William W Loring at the
e_YUuNR-340-00906-00210476-00210727 small town of Romney distant from
e_YUuNR-340-00907-00210728-00210934 Jackson's other forces and ill supplied
e_YUuNR-340-00908-00210935-00211159 Loring and other officers petitioned the
e_YUuNR-340-00909-00211160-00211321 War Department to be recalled and
e_YUuNR-340-00910-00211321-00211552 Benjamin after consulting Davis so
e_YUuNR-340-00911-00211553-00211746 ordered using the pretext of rumored
e_YUuNR-340-00912-00211748-00211941 Union troop movements in the area
e_YUuNR-340-00913-00211942-00212182 Jackson complied but in a letter to
e_YUuNR-340-00914-00212183-00212353 Benjamin asked to be removed from the
e_YUuNR-340-00915-00212354-00212596 front or to resign high-ranking
e_YUuNR-340-00916-00212596-00212773 Confederates soothed Jackson into
e_YUuNR-340-00917-00212773-00213004 withdrawing his request the power of
e_YUuNR-340-00918-00213005-00213192 state governments was another flaw in
e_YUuNR-340-00919-00213194-00213364 the Confederacy and a problem for
e_YUuNR-340-00920-00213365-00213661 Benjamin Georgia governor Joseph E Brown
e_YUuNR-340-00921-00213662-00213886 repeatedly demanded arms and the return
e_YUuNR-340-00922-00213887-00214080 of Georgian troops to defend their state
e_YUuNR-340-00923-00214081-00214398 North Carolina's governor Henry T Clark
e_YUuNR-340-00924-00214400-00214603 also wanted troops returned to him to
e_YUuNR-340-00925-00214604-00214855 defend his coastline after Cape Hatteras
e_YUuNR-340-00926-00214856-00215110 on North Carolina's coast was captured
e_YUuNR-340-00927-00215111-00215326 Confederate forces fell back to Roanoke
e_YUuNR-340-00928-00215327-00215629 Island if that fell a number of ports in
e_YUuNR-340-00929-00215630-00215788 that area of the coast would be at risk
e_YUuNR-340-00930-00215789-00216013 in Norfolk Virginia might be threatened
e_YUuNR-340-00931-00216014-00216271 by land General Henry a wise commanding
e_YUuNR-340-00932-00216271-00216469 Roanoke also demanded troops and
e_YUuNR-340-00933-00216469-00216712 supplies he received little from
e_YUuNR-340-00934-00216713-00216904 Benjamin's war department that had no
e_YUuNR-340-00935-00216905-00217123 arms to send as the Union blockade was
e_YUuNR-340-00936-00217123-00217302 preventing supplies from being imported
e_YUuNR-340-00937-00217303-00217510 that Confederate armor
e_YUuNR-340-00938-00217511-00217732 were empty was a fact not publicly known
e_YUuNR-340-00939-00217733-00218017 at the time Benjamin and Davis hoped the
e_YUuNR-340-00940-00218019-00218192 islands defenses could hold off the
e_YUuNR-340-00941-00218192-00218390 union forces but an overwhelming number
e_YUuNR-340-00942-00218391-00218671 of troops were landed in February 1862
e_YUuNR-340-00943-00218673-00218857 at an undefended point and the
e_YUuNR-340-00944-00218858-00219027 Confederates were quickly defeated
e_YUuNR-340-00945-00219028-00219304 combined with Union General Ulysses s
e_YUuNR-340-00946-00219305-00219515 Grant's capture of Fort Henry and Fort
e_YUuNR-340-00947-00219516-00219730 Donelson in Tennessee this was the most
e_YUuNR-340-00948-00219731-00219919 severe military blow yet to the
e_YUuNR-340-00949-00219921-00220099 Confederacy and there was a public
e_YUuNR-340-00950-00220100-00220319 outcry against Benjamin led by general
e_YUuNR-340-00951-00220319-00220373 Weis
e_YUuNR-340-00952-00220373-00220576 it was revealed a quarter century after
e_YUuNR-340-00953-00220577-00220769 the war that Benjamin and Davis had
e_YUuNR-340-00954-00220769-00220933 agreed for the Secretary to act as
e_YUuNR-340-00955-00220934-00221080 scapegoat rather than reveal the
e_YUuNR-340-00956-00221081-00221348 shortage of arms not knowing this the
e_YUuNR-340-00957-00221348-00221540 Richmond examined her accused Benjamin
e_YUuNR-340-00958-00221541-00221875 of stupid complacency diarist Mary
e_YUuNR-340-00959-00221876-00222130 chesnut recorded the mob calls him mr.
e_YUuNR-340-00960-00222131-00222478 Davis's pet Jew the wise family never
e_YUuNR-340-00961-00222479-00222682 forgave Benjamin to the detriment of his
e_YUuNR-340-00962-00222683-00222967 memory in southern eyes the generals son
e_YUuNR-340-00963-00222969-00223207 captain Jennings wise fell at Roanoke
e_YUuNR-340-00964-00223208-00223423 Island and Henry's grandson John wise
e_YUuNR-340-00965-00223424-00223777 interviewed in 1936 told me that the fat
e_YUuNR-340-00966-00223778-00224059 juice sitting at his desk was to blame
e_YUuNR-340-00967-00224060-00224305 another of the general Sons also named
e_YUuNR-340-00968-00224306-00224537 John wise wrote a highly popular book
e_YUuNR-340-00969-00224538-00224728 about the South in the Civil War the end
e_YUuNR-340-00970-00224729-00224998 of an era 1899 in which he said that
e_YUuNR-340-00971-00224999-00225250 Benjamin had more brains and less heart
e_YUuNR-340-00972-00225251-00225613 than any other civic leader in the south
e_YUuNR-340-00973-00225614-00225886 the Confederacy in its collapse were no
e_YUuNR-340-00974-00225887-00226098 more to Judah P Benjamin than last
e_YUuNR-340-00975-00226100-00226414 year's birdsnest the Confederate
e_YUuNR-340-00976-00226415-00226615 Congress established a special committee
e_YUuNR-340-00977-00226616-00226828 to investigate the military losses
e_YUuNR-340-00978-00226829-00227067 Benjamin testified before it the
e_YUuNR-340-00979-00227069-00227338 Secretary of State Virginia's Robert MT
e_YUuNR-340-00980-00227339-00227523 Hunter had quarreled with Davis and
e_YUuNR-340-00981-00227525-00227833 resigned and in March 1862 Benjamin was
e_YUuNR-340-00982-00227834-00228079 appointed as his replacement verinha
e_YUuNR-340-00983-00228080-00228286 Davis noted that some in Congress had
e_YUuNR-340-00984-00228287-00228496 sought Benjamin's ouster because of
e_YUuNR-340-00985-00228496-00228712 reverses which no one could have averted
e_YUuNR-340-00986-00228713-00228940 so the president promoted him to the
e_YUuNR-340-00987-00228941-00229159 State Department with a personal and a
e_YUuNR-340-00988-00229160-00229375 grieved sense of injustice done to the
e_YUuNR-340-00989-00229376-00229569 man who had now become his friend and
e_YUuNR-340-00990-00229571-00229888 right-hand Richmond diarists Ali and
e_YUuNR-340-00991-00229889-00230206 Brock Putnam wrote mr. Benjamin was not
e_YUuNR-340-00992-00230207-00230571 forgiven this act on the part of the
e_YUuNR-340-00993-00230573-00230773 president in promoting Benjamin in
e_YUuNR-340-00994-00230773-00230986 defiance of public opinion was
e_YUuNR-340-00995-00230987-00231277 considered as unwise arbitrary and a
e_YUuNR-340-00996-00231278-00231496 reckless risking of his reputation and
e_YUuNR-340-00997-00231496-00231723 popularity
e_YUuNR-340-00998-00231723-00232017 Benjamin was ever afterwards unpopular
e_YUuNR-340-00999-00232019-00232264 in the Confederacy and particularly in
e_YUuNR-340-01000-00232265-00232394 Virginia
e_YUuNR-340-01001-00232396-00232617 despite the promotion the committee
e_YUuNR-340-01002-00232619-00232813 reported that any blame for the defeat
e_YUuNR-340-01003-00232814-00232987 at Roanoke Island should attach to
e_YUuNR-340-01004-00232988-00233200 wisest superior Major General Benjamin
e_YUuNR-340-01005-00233201-00233567 huger and the late Secretary of War JP
e_YUuNR-340-01006-00233569-00234148 Benjamin
e_YUuNR-340-01007-00234148-00234750 topic Confederate Secretary of State
e_YUuNR-340-01008-00234751-00234988 throughout his time as Secretary of
e_YUuNR-340-01009-00234989-00235042 State
e_YUuNR-340-01010-00235042-00235219 Benjamin tried to induce Britain and
e_YUuNR-340-01011-00235219-00235489 France to recognize the Confederacy no
e_YUuNR-340-01012-00235490-00235683 other nation was likely to do so unless
e_YUuNR-340-01013-00235684-00235948 these powerful States led the way the
e_YUuNR-340-01014-00235948-00236094 protection this would bring to the
e_YUuNR-340-01015-00236096-00236290 Confederacy and its foreign trade was
e_YUuNR-340-01016-00236291-00236873 hoped to be enough to save it
e_YUuNR-340-01017-00236875-00237165 topic basis of Confederate foreign
e_YUuNR-340-01018-00237166-00237523 policy
e_YUuNR-340-01019-00237525-00237791 by the 1850s cheap southern cotton
e_YUuNR-340-01020-00237792-00238031 fueled the industries of Europe the
e_YUuNR-340-01021-00238032-00238210 mills of Britain developed during the
e_YUuNR-340-01022-00238211-00238505 first half of the 19th century by 1860
e_YUuNR-340-01023-00238506-00238679 used more cotton than the rest of the
e_YUuNR-340-01024-00238680-00238856 industrialized world combined
e_YUuNR-340-01025-00238857-00239119 cotton imports to Britain came almost
e_YUuNR-340-01026-00239121-00239282 entirely from the American South
e_YUuNR-340-01027-00239283-00239531 according to an article in The Economist
e_YUuNR-340-01028-00239532-00239869 in 1853 let any great social or physical
e_YUuNR-340-01029-00239871-00240140 convulsion visit the United States and
e_YUuNR-340-01030-00240141-00240350 England would feel the shock from Land's
e_YUuNR-340-01031-00240351-00240671 End to John O'Groats the lives of nearly
e_YUuNR-340-01032-00240671-00241079 2 million of our countrymen hang upon a
e_YUuNR-340-01033-00241080-00241487 thread in 1855 and Ohio and David
e_YUuNR-340-01034-00241488-00241691 Christie published cotton as King or
e_YUuNR-340-01035-00241692-00241871 slavery in the light of political
e_YUuNR-340-01036-00241871-00242075 economy Christie argued that the flow of
e_YUuNR-340-01037-00242076-00242240 cotton was so important to the
e_YUuNR-340-01038-00242241-00242434 industrialized world that cutting it off
e_YUuNR-340-01039-00242435-00242663 would be devastating not least to the
e_YUuNR-340-01040-00242664-00242869 northern United States as cotton was by
e_YUuNR-340-01041-00242871-00243182 far the largest u.s. export this became
e_YUuNR-340-01042-00243183-00243476 known as the King Cotton Theory to which
e_YUuNR-340-01043-00243477-00243696 Davis was an enthusiastic subscriber
e_YUuNR-340-01044-00243698-00243946 Benjamin also spoke in favor of the
e_YUuNR-340-01045-00243948-00244151 theory the butler suspected he may have
e_YUuNR-340-01046-00244152-00244415 known better based on his first-hand
e_YUuNR-340-01047-00244416-00244655 knowledge of Europe when war came Davis
e_YUuNR-340-01048-00244656-00244877 against Benjamin's advice imposed an
e_YUuNR-340-01049-00244878-00245110 embargo on exports of cotton to nations
e_YUuNR-340-01050-00245111-00245296 that had not recognized the Confederate
e_YUuNR-340-01051-00245298-00245444 government hoping to force such
e_YUuNR-340-01052-00245444-00245651 relations especially with Britain and
e_YUuNR-340-01053-00245652-00245906 France as the Union was attempting to
e_YUuNR-340-01054-00245907-00246107 prevent cotton from being exported from
e_YUuNR-340-01055-00246108-00246305 Confederate ports by a blockade and
e_YUuNR-340-01056-00246306-00246482 other means this played to a certain
e_YUuNR-340-01057-00246483-00246677 extent into the hands of Lincoln and his
e_YUuNR-340-01058-00246678-00246931 Secretary of State William H Seward
e_YUuNR-340-01059-00246932-00247190 additionally when the war began Britain
e_YUuNR-340-01060-00247191-00247369 had a large surplus of cotton in
e_YUuNR-340-01061-00247371-00247544 warehouses enough to keep the mills
e_YUuNR-340-01062-00247544-00247735 running at least part-time for a year or
e_YUuNR-340-01063-00247736-00247994 so although many prominent Britons
e_YUuNR-340-01064-00247994-00248167 believed the south would prevail there
e_YUuNR-340-01065-00248169-00248357 was a reluctance to recognize Richmond
e_YUuNR-340-01066-00248358-00248494 until it had gained the military
e_YUuNR-340-01067-00248496-00248777 victories to put its foe at bay much of
e_YUuNR-340-01068-00248778-00248983 this was due to hatred of slavery though
e_YUuNR-340-01069-00248984-00249133 part of it stemmed from a desire to
e_YUuNR-340-01070-00249134-00249329 remain on good terms with the US
e_YUuNR-340-01071-00249330-00249598 government due to a drought in 1862
e_YUuNR-340-01072-00249600-00249800 Britain was forced to import large
e_YUuNR-340-01073-00249801-00249973 quantities of wheat and flour from the
e_YUuNR-340-01074-00249975-00250265 United States also Britain feared the
e_YUuNR-340-01075-00250266-00250475 expansionist Americans might invade the
e_YUuNR-340-01076-00250476-00250684 vulnerable Canadian colonies as Seward
e_YUuNR-340-01077-00250685-00251212 hinted they might
e_YUuNR-340-01078-00251213-00251671 Topic appointment
e_YUuNR-340-01079-00251673-00251944 Davis appointed Benjamin as Secretary of
e_YUuNR-340-01080-00251946-00252346 State on March 17th 1862 he was promptly
e_YUuNR-340-01081-00252348-00252539 confirmed by the Confederate Senate a
e_YUuNR-340-01082-00252540-00252769 motion to reconsider the confirmation
e_YUuNR-340-01083-00252771-00252921 was lost 13 to 8
e_YUuNR-340-01084-00252923-00253166 according to Butler the appointment of
e_YUuNR-340-01085-00253167-00253373 Benjamin brought Davis little political
e_YUuNR-340-01086-00253373-00253567 support as the average white southerner
e_YUuNR-340-01087-00253569-00253781 did not understand Benjamin and somewhat
e_YUuNR-340-01088-00253782-00254044 disliked him as there was not much open
e_YUuNR-340-01089-00254046-00254240 opposition to Davis in the South at the
e_YUuNR-340-01090-00254241-00254281 time
e_YUuNR-340-01091-00254282-00254423 Benjamin's appointment was not
e_YUuNR-340-01092-00254423-00254639 criticized but was not given much praise
e_YUuNR-340-01093-00254640-00254956 either Meade noted the silence of many
e_YUuNR-340-01094-00254957-00255196 influential newspapers was ominous
e_YUuNR-340-01095-00255196-00255314 Benjamin's
e_YUuNR-340-01096-00255315-00255523 promotion in the face of such bitter
e_YUuNR-340-01097-00255525-00255737 criticism of his conduct in the War
e_YUuNR-340-01098-00255738-00255992 Office caused the first serious lack of
e_YUuNR-340-01099-00255992-00256306 confidence in the Davis government Meade
e_YUuNR-340-01100-00256307-00256507 wrote that since the Secretary of State
e_YUuNR-340-01101-00256508-00256628 would have to work closely with
e_YUuNR-340-01102-00256629-00256853 Jefferson Davis Benjamin was likely the
e_YUuNR-340-01103-00256854-00257073 person best suited to the position in
e_YUuNR-340-01104-00257075-00257296 addition to his relationship with the
e_YUuNR-340-01105-00257298-00257519 president Benjamin was very close to the
e_YUuNR-340-01106-00257519-00257765 Confederate First Lady Rowena Davis with
e_YUuNR-340-01107-00257766-00257981 whom he exchanged confidences regarding
e_YUuNR-340-01108-00257982-00258133 war events and the president's health
e_YUuNR-340-01109-00258134-00258398 together and by turns they could help
e_YUuNR-340-01110-00258398-00258667 him over the most difficult days for
e_YUuNR-340-01111-00258667-00258781 recreation
e_YUuNR-340-01112-00258782-00258982 Benjamin frequented Richmond's gambling
e_YUuNR-340-01113-00258983-00259271 dens playing poker and Faro he was
e_YUuNR-340-01114-00259271-00259463 incensed when British correspondent
e_YUuNR-340-01115-00259464-00259648 William Howard Russell publicized his
e_YUuNR-340-01116-00259650-00259838 gambling feeling that it was an invasion
e_YUuNR-340-01117-00259839-00259973 of his private affairs
e_YUuNR-340-01118-00259973-00260230 he was also displeased that Russell
e_YUuNR-340-01119-00260231-00260426 depicted him as a losing gambler when
e_YUuNR-340-01120-00260427-00261044 his reputation was the opposite
e_YUuNR-340-01121-00261044-00261832 topic early days 1862 to 1863
e_YUuNR-340-01122-00261833-00262072 the Trent affair had taken place before
e_YUuNR-340-01123-00262073-00262294 Benjamin took office as Secretary of
e_YUuNR-340-01124-00262295-00262627 State a u.s. warship had in October 1861
e_YUuNR-340-01125-00262628-00262852 removed Confederate diplomats James
e_YUuNR-340-01126-00262853-00263074 Mason and James Slidell Benjamin's
e_YUuNR-340-01127-00263075-00263284 former Louisiana colleague in the US
e_YUuNR-340-01128-00263285-00263462 Senate and their private secretaries
e_YUuNR-340-01129-00263463-00263741 from a British flagged vessel the crisis
e_YUuNR-340-01130-00263742-00263932 brought the US and Britain near war and
e_YUuNR-340-01131-00263933-00264169 was resolved by their release by the
e_YUuNR-340-01132-00264170-00264397 time of Benjamin's appointment mason and
e_YUuNR-340-01133-00264398-00264590 slidell were at their posts in London
e_YUuNR-340-01134-00264591-00264796 and Paris as putative ministers from the
e_YUuNR-340-01135-00264797-00265016 Confederacy seeking recognition by the
e_YUuNR-340-01136-00265017-00265270 governments of Britain and France with
e_YUuNR-340-01137-00265271-00265456 difficult communications between the
e_YUuNR-340-01138-00265457-00265654 South and Europe dispatches were often
e_YUuNR-340-01139-00265655-00265855 lost or intercepted Benjamin was
e_YUuNR-340-01140-00265856-00266005 initially reluctant to change the
e_YUuNR-340-01141-00266006-00266165 instructions given the agents by
e_YUuNR-340-01142-00266166-00266470 secretary hunter communications improved
e_YUuNR-340-01143-00266471-00266758 by 1863 with Benjamin ordering that
e_YUuNR-340-01144-00266759-00266959 dispatches be sent to Bermuda or the
e_YUuNR-340-01145-00266960-00267116 Bahamas from where they reached the
e_YUuNR-340-01146-00267117-00267307 Confederacy by blockade runner as a
e_YUuNR-340-01147-00267308-00267418 practical matter
e_YUuNR-340-01148-00267419-00267619 Benjamin's chances of gaining European
e_YUuNR-340-01149-00267620-00267784 recognition rose and fell with the
e_YUuNR-340-01150-00267785-00267976 military fortunes of the Confederacy
e_YUuNR-340-01151-00267977-00268369 when at the end of June 1862 Confederate
e_YUuNR-340-01152-00268370-00268589 General Robert E Lee turned back Union
e_YUuNR-340-01153-00268590-00268822 General George B McClellan's Peninsula
e_YUuNR-340-01154-00268823-00268978 Campaign in the seven days battles
e_YUuNR-340-01155-00268979-00269191 ending the immediate threat to Richmond
e_YUuNR-340-01156-00269192-00269383 Emperor Napoleon the third of France
e_YUuNR-340-01157-00269384-00269575 favorably received proposals from
e_YUuNR-340-01158-00269576-00269770 Benjamin through Slidell for the French
e_YUuNR-340-01159-00269771-00269968 to intervene on the Confederacy's behalf
e_YUuNR-340-01160-00269969-00270159 in exchange for trade concessions
e_YUuNR-340-01161-00270160-00270385 nevertheless the Emperor proved
e_YUuNR-340-01162-00270386-00270553 unwilling to act without Britain in
e_YUuNR-340-01163-00270554-00270910 August 1862 mason angered by the refusal
e_YUuNR-340-01164-00270911-00271112 of british government ministers to meet
e_YUuNR-340-01165-00271113-00271317 with him threatened to resign his post
e_YUuNR-340-01166-00271318-00271552 benjamin soothed him stating that while
e_YUuNR-340-01167-00271553-00271741 mason should not submit to insulting
e_YUuNR-340-01168-00271742-00271927 treatment resignation should not take
e_YUuNR-340-01169-00271928-00272104 place without discussion the bloody
e_YUuNR-340-01170-00272105-00272390 standoff at Antietam in September 1862
e_YUuNR-340-01171-00272391-00272612 that ended Lee's first major incursion
e_YUuNR-340-01172-00272613-00272752 into the North gave Lincoln the
e_YUuNR-340-01173-00272753-00272944 confidence in Union arms he needed to
e_YUuNR-340-01174-00272945-00273141 announce the Emancipation Proclamation
e_YUuNR-340-01175-00273142-00273397 British newspapers mocked Lincoln for
e_YUuNR-340-01176-00273398-00273619 hypocrisy in freeing slaves only in
e_YUuNR-340-01177-00273620-00273808 Confederate held areas where he could
e_YUuNR-340-01178-00273809-00274096 exercise no authority British officials
e_YUuNR-340-01179-00274097-00274238 had been shocked by the outcome of
e_YUuNR-340-01180-00274239-00274466 Antietam they had expected lead to
e_YUuNR-340-01181-00274467-00274637 deliver another brilliant victory and
e_YUuNR-340-01182-00274638-00274870 now considered an additional reason for
e_YUuNR-340-01183-00274871-00275149 intervening in the conflict Antietam the
e_YUuNR-340-01184-00275150-00275192 bloody
e_YUuNR-340-01185-00275193-00275402 day of the war had been a stalemate they
e_YUuNR-340-01186-00275403-00275564 read this as presaging an overall
e_YUuNR-340-01187-00275565-00275768 deadlock in the war with north and south
e_YUuNR-340-01188-00275769-00275939 at each other's throats for years as
e_YUuNR-340-01189-00275940-00276128 Britain's milsat empty and its people
e_YUuNR-340-01190-00276129-00276359 starved France agreed with this
e_YUuNR-340-01191-00276360-00276635 assessment the final few months of 1862
e_YUuNR-340-01192-00276636-00276851 saw a high-water mark for Benjamin's
e_YUuNR-340-01193-00276852-00277109 diplomacy in October the British
e_YUuNR-340-01194-00277110-00277319 Chancellor of the Exchequer William
e_YUuNR-340-01195-00277320-00277529 Gladstone expressed confidence in
e_YUuNR-340-01196-00277530-00277757 Confederate victory stating in Newcastle
e_YUuNR-340-01197-00277758-00278000 there is no doubt that Jefferson Davis
e_YUuNR-340-01198-00278001-00278192 and other leaders of the south have made
e_YUuNR-340-01199-00278193-00278498 an army they are making it appears a
e_YUuNR-340-01200-00278499-00278696 navy and they have made what is more
e_YUuNR-340-01201-00278697-00278944 than either they have made a nation
e_YUuNR-340-01202-00278945-00279107 later that month
e_YUuNR-340-01203-00279108-00279302 Napoleon proposed to the British and
e_YUuNR-340-01204-00279303-00279545 Russians a US ally that they combined to
e_YUuNR-340-01205-00279546-00279743 require a six months armistice for
e_YUuNR-340-01206-00279744-00279947 mediation and an end to the blockade if
e_YUuNR-340-01207-00279948-00280121 they did so it would likely lead to
e_YUuNR-340-01208-00280122-00280379 southern independence the proposal
e_YUuNR-340-01209-00280380-00280592 divided the British Cabinet in mid
e_YUuNR-340-01210-00280593-00280802 November at the urgings of Palmerston
e_YUuNR-340-01211-00280803-00281024 and war secretary George Cornwall Lewis
e_YUuNR-340-01212-00281025-00281237 members decided to continue to wait for
e_YUuNR-340-01213-00281238-00281411 the south to defeat Lincoln's forces
e_YUuNR-340-01214-00281412-00281630 before recognizing it although
e_YUuNR-340-01215-00281631-00281831 proponents of intervention were prepared
e_YUuNR-340-01216-00281832-00282023 to await another opportunity growing
e_YUuNR-340-01217-00282024-00282197 realization among the British public
e_YUuNR-340-01218-00282198-00282422 that the Emancipation Proclamation meant
e_YUuNR-340-01219-00282423-00282608 that Union victory would be slavery's
e_YUuNR-340-01220-00282609-00282818 end made suckering the south politically
e_YUuNR-340-01221-00282819-00283022 infeasible Benjamin had not been allowed
e_YUuNR-340-01222-00283023-00283217 to offer the inducement for intervention
e_YUuNR-340-01223-00283218-00283436 that might have succeeded abolition of
e_YUuNR-340-01224-00283437-00283643 slavery in the Confederacy and because
e_YUuNR-340-01225-00283644-00283828 of that Meade deemed his diplomacy
e_YUuNR-340-01226-00283829-00284116 seriously perhaps fatally handicapped
e_YUuNR-340-01227-00284117-00284429 the Secretary of State blamed Napoleon
e_YUuNR-340-01228-00284430-00284606 for the failure believing the Emperor
e_YUuNR-340-01229-00284607-00284798 had betrayed the Confederacy to get the
e_YUuNR-340-01230-00284799-00285008 ruler the French had installed in Mexico
e_YUuNR-340-01231-00285009-00285239 Maximilian accepted by the United States
e_YUuNR-340-01232-00285240-00285506 in Paris Slidell had been approached by
e_YUuNR-340-01233-00285507-00285719 the banking firm ere Langer at sea the
e_YUuNR-340-01234-00285720-00285875 company offered to float a loan to
e_YUuNR-340-01235-00285876-00286127 benefit the Confederacy the proposed
e_YUuNR-340-01236-00286128-00286343 terms provided a large Commission to air
e_YUuNR-340-01237-00286344-00286526 Langer and would entitle the bondholder
e_YUuNR-340-01238-00286527-00286742 to cotton at a discounted price once the
e_YUuNR-340-01239-00286743-00287024 South won the war Baron Frederick Emil
e_YUuNR-340-01240-00287025-00287222 dare Langer head of the firm journeyed
e_YUuNR-340-01241-00287223-00287546 to Richmond in early 1863 and negotiated
e_YUuNR-340-01242-00287547-00287729 with Benjamin although the transaction
e_YUuNR-340-01243-00287730-00287924 properly felt within the jurisdiction of
e_YUuNR-340-01244-00287925-00288203 Treasury secretary meminger the banker
e_YUuNR-340-01245-00288204-00288368 softened the terms somewhat though they
e_YUuNR-340-01246-00288369-00288551 were still lucrative for his firm
e_YUuNR-340-01247-00288552-00288788 Benjamin felt the deal was worth it as
e_YUuNR-340-01248-00288789-00288968 it would provide the Confederacy with
e_YUuNR-340-01249-00288969-00289175 badly needed funds to pay its agents in
e_YUuNR-340-01250-00289176-00289668 Europe
e_YUuNR-340-01251-00289669-00290114 topic increasing desperation 1863 to
e_YUuNR-340-01252-00290115-00290546 1865
e_YUuNR-340-01253-00290547-00290809 the twin rebel defeats at Gettysburg and
e_YUuNR-340-01254-00290810-00291109 Vicksburg in early July 1863 made it
e_YUuNR-340-01255-00291110-00291283 unlikely that Britain or any other
e_YUuNR-340-01256-00291284-00291491 nation would recognize a slaveholding
e_YUuNR-340-01257-00291492-00291721 Confederacy staggering towards oblivion
e_YUuNR-340-01258-00291722-00291923 accordingly in August
e_YUuNR-340-01259-00291924-00292115 Benjamin wrote to Mason telling him that
e_YUuNR-340-01260-00292116-00292306 as Davis believed the British unwilling
e_YUuNR-340-01261-00292307-00292483 to recognize the South he was free to
e_YUuNR-340-01262-00292484-00292778 leave the country in October with Davis
e_YUuNR-340-01263-00292779-00292949 absent on a trip to Tennessee
e_YUuNR-340-01264-00292950-00293129 Benjamin heard that the British consul
e_YUuNR-340-01265-00293130-00293294 in Savannah had forbidden British
e_YUuNR-340-01266-00293295-00293498 subjects in the Confederate Army from
e_YUuNR-340-01267-00293499-00293762 being used against the United States the
e_YUuNR-340-01268-00293763-00293983 Secretary of State convened a cabinet
e_YUuNR-340-01269-00293984-00294146 meeting that expelled the remaining
e_YUuNR-340-01270-00294147-00294293 British consuls in Confederate
e_YUuNR-340-01271-00294294-00294532 controlled territory then notified Davis
e_YUuNR-340-01272-00294533-00294830 by letter evan suggests that Benjamin's
e_YUuNR-340-01273-00294831-00295006 actions made him the Confederacy's
e_YUuNR-340-01274-00295007-00295231 Acting President the first Jewish
e_YUuNR-340-01275-00295232-00295430 president Benjamin supervised the
e_YUuNR-340-01276-00295431-00295655 Confederate Secret Service responsible
e_YUuNR-340-01277-00295656-00295847 for covert operations in the north and
e_YUuNR-340-01278-00295848-00296039 financed former Federal Interior
e_YUuNR-340-01279-00296040-00296252 Secretary Jacob Thompson to work behind
e_YUuNR-340-01280-00296253-00296444 the scenes financing operations that
e_YUuNR-340-01281-00296445-00296615 might undermine Lincoln politically
e_YUuNR-340-01282-00296616-00296819 although efforts were made to boost
e_YUuNR-340-01283-00296820-00297007 peace Democrats the most prominent
e_YUuNR-340-01284-00297008-00297212 actions proved to be the saint albuns
e_YUuNR-340-01285-00297213-00297425 raid an attack on a Vermont town from
e_YUuNR-340-01286-00297426-00297638 Canada and an unsuccessful attempt to
e_YUuNR-340-01287-00297639-00297905 burn New York City in the aftermath of
e_YUuNR-340-01288-00297906-00298079 the war these activities led to
e_YUuNR-340-01289-00298080-00298304 accusations that Benjamin and Davis were
e_YUuNR-340-01290-00298305-00298490 involved in the assassination of Abraham
e_YUuNR-340-01291-00298491-00298751 Lincoln as one Confederate courier John
e_YUuNR-340-01292-00298752-00298940 H Surratt who had received money from
e_YUuNR-340-01293-00298941-00299138 Benjamin was tried for involvement in
e_YUuNR-340-01294-00299139-00299303 the conspiracy though Surratt was
e_YUuNR-340-01295-00299304-00299516 acquitted as the Confederacy's military
e_YUuNR-340-01296-00299517-00299696 fortunes flagged there was increasing
e_YUuNR-340-01297-00299697-00299864 consideration of what would have been
e_YUuNR-340-01298-00299865-00300173 unthinkable in 1861 enlisting male
e_YUuNR-340-01299-00300174-00300382 slaves in the army and emancipating them
e_YUuNR-340-01300-00300383-00300800 for their service in August 1863 bh miku
e_YUuNR-340-01301-00300801-00301025 a relative of a former law partner wrote
e_YUuNR-340-01302-00301026-00301220 to benjamin proposing the use of black
e_YUuNR-340-01303-00301221-00301507 soldiers benjamin responded that this
e_YUuNR-340-01304-00301508-00301724 was not feasible principally for legal
e_YUuNR-340-01305-00301725-00301892 and financial reasons and that the
e_YUuNR-340-01306-00301893-00302096 slaves were performing valuable services
e_YUuNR-340-01307-00302097-00302278 for the confederacy where they were
e_YUuNR-340-01308-00302279-00302576 according to meet benjamin did not offer
e_YUuNR-340-01309-00302577-00302849 any objections to Miku's plan except on
e_YUuNR-340-01310-00302850-00303146 practical grounds he was not repelled by
e_YUuNR-340-01311-00303147-00303446 the radical nature of the proposal
e_YUuNR-340-01312-00303447-00303641 a British financial agent for the
e_YUuNR-340-01313-00303642-00303875 Confederacy James Spence also urged
e_YUuNR-340-01314-00303876-00304052 emancipation as a means of gaining
e_YUuNR-340-01315-00304053-00304319 British recognition Benjamin allowed
e_YUuNR-340-01316-00304320-00304514 Spence to remain in his position for
e_YUuNR-340-01317-00304515-00304697 almost a year despite the differences
e_YUuNR-340-01318-00304698-00304913 with Confederate policy before finally
e_YUuNR-340-01319-00304914-00305255 dismissing him in late 1863 despite
e_YUuNR-340-01320-00305256-00305465 official neutrality tens of thousands
e_YUuNR-340-01321-00305466-00305621 from British ruled Ireland were
e_YUuNR-340-01322-00305622-00305780 enlisting in the Union cost
e_YUuNR-340-01323-00305781-00305987 Benjamin sent an agent to Ireland hoping
e_YUuNR-340-01324-00305988-00306179 to impede those efforts in Dudley man to
e_YUuNR-340-01325-00306180-00306409 Rome to urge Pope Pius the 9th to forbid
e_YUuNR-340-01326-00306410-00306674 Catholic Irish from enlisting the Pope
e_YUuNR-340-01327-00306675-00306859 did not do so though he responded
e_YUuNR-340-01328-00306860-00307135 sympathetically in January 1864
e_YUuNR-340-01329-00307136-00307360 Confederate General Patrick Cleburne of
e_YUuNR-340-01330-00307361-00307529 the army of Tennessee proposed
e_YUuNR-340-01331-00307530-00307844 emancipating and arming the slaves Davis
e_YUuNR-340-01332-00307845-00308027 when he heard of it turned it down and
e_YUuNR-340-01333-00308028-00308294 ordered it kept secret Evans notes that
e_YUuNR-340-01334-00308295-00308507 Benjamin had been thinking in similar
e_YUuNR-340-01335-00308508-00308651 terms for much longer
e_YUuNR-340-01336-00308652-00308867 and perhaps the recommendation of so
e_YUuNR-340-01337-00308868-00309068 respected an officer was just the
e_YUuNR-340-01338-00309069-00309455 impetus he needed the year 1864 was a
e_YUuNR-340-01339-00309456-00309677 disastrous one for the Confederacy with
e_YUuNR-340-01340-00309678-00309845 Lee forced within siege lines at
e_YUuNR-340-01341-00309846-00310060 Petersburg and Union General William T
e_YUuNR-340-01342-00310061-00310274 Sherman sacking Atlanta and devastating
e_YUuNR-340-01343-00310275-00310458 Georgia on his march to the sea
e_YUuNR-340-01344-00310459-00310688 Benjamin urged Davis to send the
e_YUuNR-340-01345-00310689-00310909 Secretary's fellow Louisianan Duncan
e_YUuNR-340-01346-00310910-00311114 Kenner to Paris in London with an offer
e_YUuNR-340-01347-00311115-00311284 of emancipation in exchange for
e_YUuNR-340-01348-00311285-00311371 recognition
e_YUuNR-340-01349-00311372-00311645 Davis was only willing to offer gradual
e_YUuNR-340-01350-00311646-00311849 emancipation and both Napoleon and
e_YUuNR-340-01351-00311850-00312049 Palmerston rejected the proposal
e_YUuNR-340-01352-00312050-00312269 Benjamin continued to press the matter
e_YUuNR-340-01353-00312270-00312497 addressing a mass meeting in Richmond in
e_YUuNR-340-01354-00312498-00312782 February 1865 in support of arming the
e_YUuNR-340-01355-00312783-00313031 slaves and emancipating them a bill
e_YUuNR-340-01356-00313032-00313229 eventually emerged from the Confederate
e_YUuNR-340-01357-00313230-00313400 Congress in March but it had many
e_YUuNR-340-01358-00313401-00313562 restrictions and it was too late to
e_YUuNR-340-01359-00313563-00313801 affect the outcome of the war in January
e_YUuNR-340-01360-00313802-00314078 1865 Lincoln who had been reelected the
e_YUuNR-340-01361-00314079-00314324 previous November sent Frances Blair as
e_YUuNR-340-01362-00314325-00314533 an emissary to Richmond hoping to secure
e_YUuNR-340-01363-00314534-00314792 reunion without further bloodshed both
e_YUuNR-340-01364-00314793-00314983 sides agreed to a meeting at Fort Monroe
e_YUuNR-340-01365-00314984-00315085 Virginia
e_YUuNR-340-01366-00315086-00315334 Benjamin drafted vague instructions for
e_YUuNR-340-01367-00315335-00315508 the southern delegation led by vice
e_YUuNR-340-01368-00315509-00315692 president Alexander Stevens
e_YUuNR-340-01369-00315693-00315907 but Davis insisted on modifying them to
e_YUuNR-340-01370-00315908-00316162 refer to north and south as two nations
e_YUuNR-340-01371-00316163-00316403 this was the point that scuttled the
e_YUuNR-340-01372-00316404-00316598 Hampton Roads conference Lincoln would
e_YUuNR-340-01373-00316599-00316783 not consider the South a separate entity
e_YUuNR-340-01374-00316784-00316826 in
e_YUuNR-340-01375-00316827-00317513 insisting on Union and emancipation
e_YUuNR-340-01376-00317514-00318012 topic escaped
e_YUuNR-340-01377-00318013-00318341 by March 1865 the Confederate military
e_YUuNR-340-01378-00318342-00318636 situation was desperate most major
e_YUuNR-340-01379-00318637-00318840 population centers had fallen and
e_YUuNR-340-01380-00318841-00319029 General Lee's defense of Richmond was
e_YUuNR-340-01381-00319030-00319238 faltering against massive Union forces
e_YUuNR-340-01382-00319239-00319539 nevertheless Benjamin retained his usual
e_YUuNR-340-01383-00319540-00319743 good humor on the evening of April 1st
e_YUuNR-340-01384-00319744-00319959 with evacuation likely he was at the
e_YUuNR-340-01385-00319960-00320181 state department offices singing a silly
e_YUuNR-340-01386-00320182-00320421 ballad of his own composition the exit
e_YUuNR-340-01387-00320422-00320712 from Jaco Hill a graveyard district
e_YUuNR-340-01388-00320713-00320985 located in Richmond on April 2nd Lee
e_YUuNR-340-01389-00320986-00321168 sent word that he could only keep Union
e_YUuNR-340-01390-00321169-00321294 troops away from the line of the
e_YUuNR-340-01391-00321295-00321471 Richmond and Danville Railroad for a
e_YUuNR-340-01392-00321472-00321696 short time those who did not leave
e_YUuNR-340-01393-00321697-00321930 Richmond would be trapped at 11 p.m.
e_YUuNR-340-01394-00321931-00322149 that night the Confederate President and
e_YUuNR-340-01395-00322150-00322329 cabinet left aboard a Danville bound
e_YUuNR-340-01396-00322330-00322659 train Navy secretary Stephen R Mallory
e_YUuNR-340-01397-00322660-00322899 recorded that Benjamin's hope and good
e_YUuNR-340-01398-00322900-00323307 humor was inexhaustible with that never
e_YUuNR-340-01399-00323308-00323544 give up the ship sort of air referred to
e_YUuNR-340-01400-00323545-00323760 other great national causes which had
e_YUuNR-340-01401-00323761-00323979 been redeemed from far gloomier reverses
e_YUuNR-340-01402-00323980-00324315 than ours in Danville Benjamin shared a
e_YUuNR-340-01403-00324316-00324522 room with another refugee in the home of
e_YUuNR-340-01404-00324523-00324795 a banker for a week Danville served as
e_YUuNR-340-01405-00324796-00325008 capital of the Confederacy until word
e_YUuNR-340-01406-00325009-00325140 came of Lee's surrender at Appomattox
e_YUuNR-340-01407-00325141-00325455 Courthouse with no army to shield the
e_YUuNR-340-01408-00325456-00325608 Confederate government it would be
e_YUuNR-340-01409-00325609-00325857 captured by Union forces within days so
e_YUuNR-340-01410-00325858-00326052 Davis and his cabinet including Benjamin
e_YUuNR-340-01411-00326053-00326303 fled south to Greensboro North Carolina
e_YUuNR-340-01412-00326304-00326583 5 minutes after the train passed over
e_YUuNR-340-01413-00326584-00326784 the ha River Union cavalry Raiders
e_YUuNR-340-01414-00326785-00326958 burned the bridge trapping the trains
e_YUuNR-340-01415-00326959-00327168 that followed Davis's Greensboro
e_YUuNR-340-01416-00327169-00327369 fearing wrathful reprisal from the Union
e_YUuNR-340-01417-00327370-00327552 gave the fugitives little hospitality
e_YUuNR-340-01418-00327553-00327783 forcing Benjamin and the other cabinet
e_YUuNR-340-01419-00327784-00328001 members to bunk in a railroad boxcar
e_YUuNR-340-01420-00328002-00328269 Davis hoped to reach Texas where rumor
e_YUuNR-340-01421-00328270-00328476 had it large Confederate forces remained
e_YUuNR-340-01422-00328477-00328776 active the cabinet met in Greensboro and
e_YUuNR-340-01423-00328777-00328968 generals Beauregard and Joseph E
e_YUuNR-340-01424-00328969-00329157 Johnston sketched the Bleak military
e_YUuNR-340-01425-00329158-00329445 situation Davis backed as usual by
e_YUuNR-340-01426-00329446-00329640 Benjamin was determined to continue to
e_YUuNR-340-01427-00329641-00329916 fight the refugee government moved south
e_YUuNR-340-01428-00329917-00330036 on April 15
e_YUuNR-340-01429-00330037-00330276 with the train tracks cut most cabinet
e_YUuNR-340-01430-00330277-00330450 members rode on horseback but the
e_YUuNR-340-01431-00330451-00330642 heavyset Benjamin declared he would not
e_YUuNR-340-01432-00330643-00330852 ride on one until he had to and shared
e_YUuNR-340-01433-00330853-00331041 an ambulance with Jools Saint Martin and
e_YUuNR-340-01434-00331042-00331272 others for the entertainment of his
e_YUuNR-340-01435-00331273-00331359 companions
e_YUuNR-340-01436-00331360-00331593 Benjamin recited Tennyson's ode on the
e_YUuNR-340-01437-00331594-00331812 death of the Duke of Wellington in
e_YUuNR-340-01438-00331813-00331890 Charlotte
e_YUuNR-340-01439-00331891-00332064 Benjamin stayed in the home of a Jewish
e_YUuNR-340-01440-00332065-00332244 merchant as surrender negotiations
e_YUuNR-340-01441-00332245-00332544 dragged here Benjamin abandoned Davis's
e_YUuNR-340-01442-00332545-00332718 plan to fight in telling him in the
e_YUuNR-340-01443-00332719-00332979 cabinet that the cause was hopeless when
e_YUuNR-340-01444-00332980-00333219 negotiations failed Benjamin was part of
e_YUuNR-340-01445-00333220-00333411 the shrunken remnant of associates that
e_YUuNR-340-01446-00333412-00333660 moved on with Davis the party reached
e_YUuNR-340-01447-00333661-00333924 Abbeville South Carolina on May 2nd and
e_YUuNR-340-01448-00333925-00334122 Benjamin told Davis that he wanted to
e_YUuNR-340-01449-00334123-00334275 separate from the presidential party
e_YUuNR-340-01450-00334276-00334497 temporarily and go to the Bahamas to be
e_YUuNR-340-01451-00334498-00334674 able to send instructions to foreign
e_YUuNR-340-01452-00334675-00334925 agents before rejoining Davis in Texas
e_YUuNR-340-01453-00334926-00335202 according to historian William C Davis
e_YUuNR-340-01454-00335203-00335499 the pragmatic Secretary of State almost
e_YUuNR-340-01455-00335500-00335721 certainly never had any intention of
e_YUuNR-340-01456-00335722-00336069 returning to the South once gone when he
e_YUuNR-340-01457-00336070-00336306 bade John Reagan goodbye the Postmaster
e_YUuNR-340-01458-00336307-00336507 General asked where Benjamin was going
e_YUuNR-340-01459-00336508-00336738 to the farthest place from the United
e_YUuNR-340-01460-00336739-00336945 States if it takes me to the middle of
e_YUuNR-340-01461-00336946-00337260 China with one companion Benjamin
e_YUuNR-340-01462-00337261-00337428 travelled south in a pork carriage
e_YUuNR-340-01463-00337429-00337605 pretending to be a Frenchman who spoke
e_YUuNR-340-01464-00337606-00337872 no English he had some gold with him and
e_YUuNR-340-01465-00337873-00338028 left much of it for the support of
e_YUuNR-340-01466-00338029-00338286 relatives he was traveling in the same
e_YUuNR-340-01467-00338287-00338508 general direction as the Davis party but
e_YUuNR-340-01468-00338509-00338697 evaded capture whereas Davis was taken
e_YUuNR-340-01469-00338698-00338849 by Union troops
e_YUuNR-340-01470-00338850-00339135 Benjamin reached Monticello Florida on
e_YUuNR-340-01471-00339136-00339354 May 13th to learn Union troops were in
e_YUuNR-340-01472-00339355-00339467 nearby Madison
e_YUuNR-340-01473-00339468-00339723 Benjamin decided to continue alone on
e_YUuNR-340-01474-00339724-00339939 horseback east and south along Florida's
e_YUuNR-340-01475-00339940-00340134 Gulf Coast pretending to be a South
e_YUuNR-340-01476-00340135-00340413 Carolina farmer he eventually reached
e_YUuNR-340-01477-00340414-00340593 gamble mansion in Ellington on the
e_YUuNR-340-01478-00340594-00340851 southwest coast of Florida from there
e_YUuNR-340-01479-00340852-00341079 assisted by the blockade runner captain
e_YUuNR-340-01480-00341080-00341298 Archibald McNeil he reached Bimini in
e_YUuNR-340-01481-00341299-00341565 the Bahamas his escape from Florida to
e_YUuNR-340-01482-00341566-00341784 England was not without hardship at one
e_YUuNR-340-01483-00341785-00341970 point he pretended to be a Jewish cook
e_YUuNR-340-01484-00341971-00342183 on McNeil's vessel to deceive American
e_YUuNR-340-01485-00342184-00342333 soldiers who inspected it
e_YUuNR-340-01486-00342334-00342549 one of whom stated it was the first time
e_YUuNR-340-01487-00342550-00342816 he had seen a Jew do menial labor the
e_YUuNR-340-01488-00342817-00343035 small sponge carrying vessel on which he
e_YUuNR-340-01489-00343036-00343272 left Bimini bound for NASA exploded on
e_YUuNR-340-01490-00343273-00343425 the way and he and the three black
e_YUuNR-340-01491-00343426-00343623 crewmen eventually managed to return to
e_YUuNR-340-01492-00343624-00343899 Bimini McNeil's ship was still there and
e_YUuNR-340-01493-00343900-00344072 he chartered it to take him to Nassau
e_YUuNR-340-01494-00344073-00344349 from there he took a ship for Havana and
e_YUuNR-340-01495-00344350-00344628 on August 6th 1865 left there for
e_YUuNR-340-01496-00344629-00344721 Britain he was not
e_YUuNR-340-01497-00344722-00344909 yet done with disaster his ship caught
e_YUuNR-340-01498-00344910-00345138 fire after departing st. Thomas and the
e_YUuNR-340-01499-00345139-00345288 crew put out the flames only with
e_YUuNR-340-01500-00345289-00345687 difficulty on August 30th 1865 Judah
e_YUuNR-340-01501-00345688-00345867 Benjamin arrived at Southampton in
e_YUuNR-340-01502-00345868-00346412 Britain
e_YUuNR-340-01503-00346413-00346934 topic exile
e_YUuNR-340-01504-00346935-00347120 Benjamin spent a week in London
e_YUuNR-340-01505-00347121-00347292 assisting Mason in winding up
e_YUuNR-340-01506-00347293-00347544 Confederate affairs he then went to
e_YUuNR-340-01507-00347545-00347744 Paris to visit his wife and daughter for
e_YUuNR-340-01508-00347745-00347923 the first time since before the war
e_YUuNR-340-01509-00347924-00348170 friends in Paris urged him to join a
e_YUuNR-340-01510-00348171-00348398 mercantile firm there but Benjamin felt
e_YUuNR-340-01511-00348399-00348575 that such a career would be subject to
e_YUuNR-340-01512-00348576-00348768 interference by Seward in the United
e_YUuNR-340-01513-00348769-00348966 States accordingly
e_YUuNR-340-01514-00348967-00349148 Benjamin sought to shape his old course
e_YUuNR-340-01515-00349149-00349352 in a new country resuming his legal
e_YUuNR-340-01516-00349353-00349628 career as an English barrister most of
e_YUuNR-340-01517-00349629-00349823 Benjamin's property had been destroyed
e_YUuNR-340-01518-00349824-00350016 or confiscated and he needed to make a
e_YUuNR-340-01519-00350017-00350294 living for himself in his relatives he
e_YUuNR-340-01520-00350295-00350477 had money in the United Kingdom as he
e_YUuNR-340-01521-00350478-00350684 had during the war purchased cotton for
e_YUuNR-340-01522-00350685-00350873 transport to Liverpool by blockade
e_YUuNR-340-01523-00350874-00351233 runner on January 13th 1866 Benjamin
e_YUuNR-340-01524-00351234-00351404 enrolled at Lincoln's Inn and soon
e_YUuNR-340-01525-00351405-00351569 thereafter was admitted to Reeve law
e_YUuNR-340-01526-00351570-00351800 under Charles Pollock son of chief Baron
e_YUuNR-340-01527-00351801-00351990 Charles Edward Pollock who took him as a
e_YUuNR-340-01528-00351991-00352280 pupil at his father's Direction Benjamin
e_YUuNR-340-01529-00352281-00352508 despite his age of 54 was initially
e_YUuNR-340-01530-00352509-00352754 required like his 30 years younger peers
e_YUuNR-340-01531-00352755-00352985 to attend for 12 terms that is three
e_YUuNR-340-01532-00352986-00353282 years according to Benjamin's obituary
e_YUuNR-340-01533-00353283-00353528 in The Times though the Secretary of the
e_YUuNR-340-01534-00353529-00353747 Confederacy was dispensed from the
e_YUuNR-340-01535-00353748-00353960 regular three years of unprofitable
e_YUuNR-340-01536-00353961-00354341 dining and called to the bar on June 6th
e_YUuNR-340-01537-00354342-00354599 1866 once qualified as a barrister
e_YUuNR-340-01538-00354600-00354794 Benjamin chose to join the northern
e_YUuNR-340-01539-00354795-00355007 circuit as it included Liverpool where
e_YUuNR-340-01540-00355008-00355169 his connections in New Orleans and
e_YUuNR-340-01541-00355170-00355352 knowledge of mercantile affairs would do
e_YUuNR-340-01542-00355353-00355619 him the most good in an early case he
e_YUuNR-340-01543-00355620-00355829 defended two former Confederate agents
e_YUuNR-340-01544-00355830-00356024 against a suit by the United States to
e_YUuNR-340-01545-00356025-00356177 gain assets said to belong to that
e_YUuNR-340-01546-00356178-00356463 nation although he lost that case United
e_YUuNR-340-01547-00356464-00356691 States v Wagner on appeal he was
e_YUuNR-340-01548-00356692-00356900 successful against his former enemies in
e_YUuNR-340-01549-00356901-00357296 United States v McCrae 1869 he had need
e_YUuNR-340-01550-00357297-00357485 of rapid success as most of his
e_YUuNR-340-01551-00357486-00357659 remaining assets were lost in the
e_YUuNR-340-01552-00357660-00357845 collapse of the firm of overand gurney
e_YUuNR-340-01553-00357846-00358109 and company he was reduced to penning
e_YUuNR-340-01554-00358110-00358319 columns on international affairs for the
e_YUuNR-340-01555-00358320-00358529 Daily Telegraph according to Justice
e_YUuNR-340-01556-00358530-00358748 Ruth Bader Ginsberg repeating his
e_YUuNR-340-01557-00358749-00359009 Louisiana progress Benjamin made his
e_YUuNR-340-01558-00359010-00359219 reputation among his new peers by
e_YUuNR-340-01559-00359220-00359405 publication
e_YUuNR-340-01560-00359406-00359621 in an early representation he wrote a
e_YUuNR-340-01561-00359622-00359816 complex governing document for an
e_YUuNR-340-01562-00359817-00360005 insurance firm that other counsel had
e_YUuNR-340-01563-00360006-00360221 declined despite the substantial fee due
e_YUuNR-340-01564-00360222-00360476 to the early deadline after brief study
e_YUuNR-340-01565-00360477-00360692 benjamin wrote out the document never
e_YUuNR-340-01566-00360693-00361034 making a correction or erasure in 1868
e_YUuNR-340-01567-00361035-00361268 benjamin published a treatise on the law
e_YUuNR-340-01568-00361269-00361463 of sale of personal property with
e_YUuNR-340-01569-00361464-00361664 reference to the american decisions to
e_YUuNR-340-01570-00361665-00361937 the french code and civil law this work
e_YUuNR-340-01571-00361938-00362132 known for short as Benjamin on sales
e_YUuNR-340-01572-00362133-00362339 became a classic in both Britain and
e_YUuNR-340-01573-00362340-00362522 America and launched his career as a
e_YUuNR-340-01574-00362523-00362786 barrister it went through three editions
e_YUuNR-340-01575-00362787-00363062 prior to Benjamin's death in 1884 an
e_YUuNR-340-01576-00363063-00363296 eighth edition was published in 2010
e_YUuNR-340-01577-00363297-00363602 today Benjamin sale of goods forms part
e_YUuNR-340-01578-00363603-00363887 of the common law library of key
e_YUuNR-340-01579-00363888-00364112 practitioner texts on English civil law
e_YUuNR-340-01580-00364113-00364424 in 1867 Benjamin had been indicted in
e_YUuNR-340-01581-00364425-00364664 Richmond along with Davis Lee and others
e_YUuNR-340-01582-00364665-00364841 for waging war against the United States
e_YUuNR-340-01583-00364842-00365198 the indictment was soon quashed Davis
e_YUuNR-340-01584-00365199-00365507 visited London in 1868 free on bail and
e_YUuNR-340-01585-00365508-00365705 Benjamin advised him not to take legal
e_YUuNR-340-01586-00365706-00365882 action against the author of the book
e_YUuNR-340-01587-00365883-00366053 that had angered Davis as it would only
e_YUuNR-340-01588-00366054-00366202 give the book publicity
e_YUuNR-340-01589-00366203-00366458 Benjamin correspondent with Davis and
e_YUuNR-340-01590-00366459-00366605 met with him on the former rebel
e_YUuNR-340-01591-00366606-00366770 presidents visits to Europe during
e_YUuNR-340-01592-00366771-00366962 Benjamin's lifetime though the two were
e_YUuNR-340-01593-00366963-00367127 never as close as they had been during
e_YUuNR-340-01594-00367128-00367403 the war Benjamin was created a palatine
e_YUuNR-340-01595-00367404-00367664 silk entitled to the precedents of a
e_YUuNR-340-01596-00367665-00367853 Queen's Counsel within Lancashire in
e_YUuNR-340-01597-00367854-00368231 July 1869 there was a large creation of
e_YUuNR-340-01598-00368232-00368519 Queen's Counsel in early 1872 but
e_YUuNR-340-01599-00368520-00368726 Benjamin was not included it was stated
e_YUuNR-340-01600-00368727-00368930 in his Times obituary that he had put
e_YUuNR-340-01601-00368931-00369185 his name forward later that year he
e_YUuNR-340-01602-00369186-00369386 argued the case of Potter v Rankin
e_YUuNR-340-01603-00369387-00369548 before the House of Lords and so
e_YUuNR-340-01604-00369549-00369746 impressed Lord Heatherly that a patent
e_YUuNR-340-01605-00369747-00369932 of precedence was soon made out giving
e_YUuNR-340-01606-00369933-00370106 Benjamin the privileges of a Queen's
e_YUuNR-340-01607-00370107-00370373 Counsel as he became prominent as a
e_YUuNR-340-01608-00370374-00370577 barrister he discontinued practice
e_YUuNR-340-01609-00370578-00370763 before juries at which he was less
e_YUuNR-340-01610-00370764-00370961 successful in favour of trials or
e_YUuNR-340-01611-00370962-00371255 appeals before judges in his last years
e_YUuNR-340-01612-00371256-00371459 in practice he demanded an additional
e_YUuNR-340-01613-00371460-00371777 fee of 100 guineas 105 pounds to appear
e_YUuNR-340-01614-00371778-00371966 in any court besides the House of Lords
e_YUuNR-340-01615-00371967-00372335 and the Privy Council in 1875 he was
e_YUuNR-340-01616-00372336-00372611 made a venture of Lincoln's Inn in 1881
e_YUuNR-340-01617-00372612-00372784 Benjamin represented Arthur
e_YUuNR-340-01618-00372785-00372979 the tich born claimant before the House
e_YUuNR-340-01619-00372980-00373255 of Lords organ a butcher from Wagga
e_YUuNR-340-01620-00373256-00373496 Wagga New South Wales had claimed to be
e_YUuNR-340-01621-00373497-00373705 sir Roger Tichborne a baronet who had
e_YUuNR-340-01622-00373706-00373924 vanished some years previously a Norton
e_YUuNR-340-01623-00373925-00374093 had perjured himself in the course of
e_YUuNR-340-01624-00374094-00374218 defending his claim
e_YUuNR-340-01625-00374219-00374465 Benjamin sought to overturn the sentence
e_YUuNR-340-01626-00374466-00374663 of fourteen years passed on organ but
e_YUuNR-340-01627-00374664-00374969 was not successful in his final years
e_YUuNR-340-01628-00374970-00375183 benjamin suffered from health issues in
e_YUuNR-340-01629-00375184-00375481 1880 he was badly injured in a fall from
e_YUuNR-340-01630-00375482-00375740 a tram in Paris he also developed
e_YUuNR-340-01631-00375741-00375995 diabetes he suffered a heart attack in
e_YUuNR-340-01632-00375996-00376279 Paris at the end of 1882 and his doctor
e_YUuNR-340-01633-00376280-00376507 ordered him to retire his health
e_YUuNR-340-01634-00376508-00376670 improved enough to allow him to travel
e_YUuNR-340-01635-00376671-00376951 to London in June 1883 for a dinner in
e_YUuNR-340-01636-00376952-00377134 his honor attended by the English bench
e_YUuNR-340-01637-00377135-00377390 and bar he returned to Paris and
e_YUuNR-340-01638-00377391-00377572 suffered a relapse of his heart trouble
e_YUuNR-340-01639-00377573-00377929 in early 1884 Natalie Benjamin had the
e_YUuNR-340-01640-00377930-00378089 last rites of the Catholic Church
e_YUuNR-340-01641-00378090-00378269 administered to her Jewish husband
e_YUuNR-340-01642-00378270-00378475 before his death in Paris on may 6th
e_YUuNR-340-01643-00378476-00378754 1884 and funeral services were held in a
e_YUuNR-340-01644-00378755-00378928 church prior to Judah Benjamin's
e_YUuNR-340-01645-00378929-00379139 interment at pur Lachaise Cemetery in
e_YUuNR-340-01646-00379140-00379402 the st. Martin family crypt his grave
e_YUuNR-340-01647-00379403-00379672 did not bear his name until 1938 when a
e_YUuNR-340-01648-00379673-00379871 plaque was placed by the parish chapter
e_YUuNR-340-01649-00379872-00379991 of the United Daughters of the
e_YUuNR-340-01650-00379992-00380576 Confederacy
e_YUuNR-340-01651-00380577-00381093 topic appraisal
e_YUuNR-340-01652-00381094-00381353 Benjamin was the first u.s. senator to
e_YUuNR-340-01653-00381354-00381656 profess the Jewish faith in 1845
e_YUuNR-340-01654-00381657-00381750 davidwoolley
e_YUuNR-340-01655-00381751-00381969 born David Levy had been sworn in for
e_YUuNR-340-01656-00381970-00382170 Florida but he renounced Judaism and
e_YUuNR-340-01657-00382171-00382338 eventually formally converted to
e_YUuNR-340-01658-00382339-00382641 Christianity as an adult Benjamin was a
e_YUuNR-340-01659-00382642-00382829 non-observant Jew who was not a member
e_YUuNR-340-01660-00382830-00383022 of a synagogue and took no part in
e_YUuNR-340-01661-00383023-00383298 communal affairs he rarely spoke of his
e_YUuNR-340-01662-00383299-00383507 religion publicly but was not ashamed of
e_YUuNR-340-01663-00383508-00383780 it some of the stories told a Benjamin
e_YUuNR-340-01664-00383781-00383970 that touch on his faith come from rabbi
e_YUuNR-340-01665-00383971-00384165 Isaac Mayer wise who related that
e_YUuNR-340-01666-00384166-00384366 Benjamin delivered an address in a San
e_YUuNR-340-01667-00384367-00384588 Francisco synagogue on Yom Kippur in
e_YUuNR-340-01668-00384589-00384789 1860 though whether this occurred is
e_YUuNR-340-01669-00384790-00384980 open to question as wise was not there
e_YUuNR-340-01670-00384981-00385143 and it was not reported in the city's
e_YUuNR-340-01671-00385144-00385433 Jewish newspaper one quote from Senate
e_YUuNR-340-01672-00385434-00385679 debate that remains part of the Benjamin
e_YUuNR-340-01673-00385680-00385944 legend according to Evans followed an
e_YUuNR-340-01674-00385945-00386148 allusion to Moses as a freer of slaves
e_YUuNR-340-01675-00386149-00386330 by a northern senator hinting that
e_YUuNR-340-01676-00386331-00386592 Benjamin was in Israelite in Egyptian
e_YUuNR-340-01677-00386593-00386669 clothing
e_YUuNR-340-01678-00386670-00386919 Benjamin is supposed to have replied it
e_YUuNR-340-01679-00386920-00387158 is true that I am a Jew and when my
e_YUuNR-340-01680-00387159-00387351 ancestors were receiving their Ten
e_YUuNR-340-01681-00387352-00387549 Commandments from the immediate hand of
e_YUuNR-340-01682-00387550-00387738 deity amidst the thunderings and
e_YUuNR-340-01683-00387739-00387983 lightnings of Mount Sinai the ancestors
e_YUuNR-340-01684-00387984-00388202 of my opponent were hurting swine in the
e_YUuNR-340-01685-00388203-00388551 forests of Great Britain Edgar M Cohn in
e_YUuNR-340-01686-00388552-00388773 his journal article on the 1860
e_YUuNR-340-01687-00388774-00389043 California sojourn wrote Benjamin's life
e_YUuNR-340-01688-00389044-00389292 as an example of a man's determination
e_YUuNR-340-01689-00389293-00389456 to overcome almost insurmountable
e_YUuNR-340-01690-00389457-00389756 barriers by industry perseverance and
e_YUuNR-340-01691-00389757-00390017 intelligent use of a remarkable brain
e_YUuNR-340-01692-00390018-00390270 this brilliance was recognized by
e_YUuNR-340-01693-00390271-00390527 contemporaries Solomon de Rothschild in
e_YUuNR-340-01694-00390528-00390851 1861 deemed Benjamin the greatest mind
e_YUuNR-340-01695-00390852-00391167 in North America nevertheless according
e_YUuNR-340-01696-00391168-00391384 to me he was given to quixotic
e_YUuNR-340-01697-00391385-00391617 enthusiasms and was sometimes to
e_YUuNR-340-01698-00391618-00391807 cocksure of his knowledge
e_YUuNR-340-01699-00391808-00392097 Ginsberg said of Benjamin he rose to the
e_YUuNR-340-01700-00392098-00392322 top of the legal profession twice in one
e_YUuNR-340-01701-00392323-00392592 lifetime on two continents beginning his
e_YUuNR-340-01702-00392593-00392793 first descent as a raw youth and his
e_YUuNR-340-01703-00392794-00392997 second as a fugitive minister of a
e_YUuNR-340-01704-00392998-00393339 vanquished power Davis after Benjamin's
e_YUuNR-340-01705-00393340-00393525 death deemed him the most able member of
e_YUuNR-340-01706-00393526-00393693 his cabinet and said that the lawyers
e_YUuNR-340-01707-00393694-00393902 post-war career had fully vindicated his
e_YUuNR-340-01708-00393903-00394202 confidence in him according to Brooke in
e_YUuNR-340-01709-00394203-00394467 every age a heroic sage struggle
e_YUuNR-340-01710-00394468-00394727 to rescue Benjamin from obscurity and
e_YUuNR-340-01711-00394728-00394954 invariably fails
e_YUuNR-340-01712-00394955-00395214 Benjamin left no memoir and destroyed
e_YUuNR-340-01713-00395215-00395496 his personal papers by which the task of
e_YUuNR-340-01714-00395497-00395727 future researchers and historians was
e_YUuNR-340-01715-00395728-00396038 made exceedingly difficult in laborious
e_YUuNR-340-01716-00396039-00396288 after his death Benjamin was rarely
e_YUuNR-340-01717-00396289-00396504 written about in contrast to Davis and
e_YUuNR-340-01718-00396505-00396750 other Confederate leaders part of this
e_YUuNR-340-01719-00396751-00396932 was due to Benjamin depriving his
e_YUuNR-340-01720-00396933-00397106 potential biographers of source material
e_YUuNR-340-01721-00397107-00397377 but even Davis in his two-volume war
e_YUuNR-340-01722-00397378-00397674 memoir mentions him only twice evan
e_YUuNR-340-01723-00397675-00397878 suggests that as davis wrote the books
e_YUuNR-340-01724-00397879-00398084 in part to defend and memorialize his
e_YUuNR-340-01725-00398085-00398262 place in history it would not have been
e_YUuNR-340-01726-00398263-00398432 characteristic of him to give much
e_YUuNR-340-01727-00398433-00398724 credit to Benjamin Davis in the midst of
e_YUuNR-340-01728-00398725-00398909 post-war business struggles may have
e_YUuNR-340-01729-00398910-00399075 resented Benjamin's success as a
e_YUuNR-340-01730-00399076-00399240 barrister or may have feared that
e_YUuNR-340-01731-00399241-00399431 allegations of involvement in Lincoln's
e_YUuNR-340-01732-00399432-00399591 assassination would again be made
e_YUuNR-340-01733-00399592-00399828 against the two men Brooke concurs that
e_YUuNR-340-01734-00399829-00400071 Benjamin's post-war success that began
e_YUuNR-340-01735-00400072-00400248 as Davis lay in prison and other
e_YUuNR-340-01736-00400249-00400433 Confederates struggled for survival
e_YUuNR-340-01737-00400434-00400607 may have soured southerners towards the
e_YUuNR-340-01738-00400608-00400803 former secretary but that anti-semitism
e_YUuNR-340-01739-00400804-00401040 was also likely a factor for the
e_YUuNR-340-01740-00401041-00401241 Guardians of Confederate memory after
e_YUuNR-340-01741-00401242-00401354 reconstruction
e_YUuNR-340-01742-00401355-00401577 Benjamin became a kind of pet Jew
e_YUuNR-340-01743-00401578-00401810 generally ignored but then trotted out
e_YUuNR-340-01744-00401811-00402015 at opportune moments to defend the
e_YUuNR-340-01745-00402016-00402225 segregated south against charges of
e_YUuNR-340-01746-00402226-00402554 bigotry those writing on Jewish history
e_YUuNR-340-01747-00402555-00402750 were reluctant to glorify a slave owner
e_YUuNR-340-01748-00402751-00402939 and reacted to Benjamin's story with
e_YUuNR-340-01749-00402940-00403248 embarrassed dismay this was especially
e_YUuNR-340-01750-00403249-00403569 so in the two generations following 1865
e_YUuNR-340-01751-00403570-00403719 when the question of the Civil War
e_YUuNR-340-01752-00403720-00403926 remained an active issue in American
e_YUuNR-340-01753-00403927-00404268 politics it was not until the 1930s that
e_YUuNR-340-01754-00404269-00404432 Benjamin began to be mentioned as a
e_YUuNR-340-01755-00404433-00404633 significant figure in the history of the
e_YUuNR-340-01756-00404634-00404823 United States and in the chronicle of
e_YUuNR-340-01757-00404824-00405120 the Jews there nevertheless Tom mountain
e_YUuNR-340-01758-00405121-00405402 in his 2009 article on Benjamin points
e_YUuNR-340-01759-00405403-00405584 out that Benjamin was respected in the
e_YUuNR-340-01760-00405585-00405779 south as a leader of the rebel cause for
e_YUuNR-340-01761-00405780-00405969 a century after the Civil War and that
e_YUuNR-340-01762-00405970-00406122 southern schoolchildren who could not
e_YUuNR-340-01763-00406123-00406310 name the current Secretary of State in
e_YUuNR-340-01764-00406311-00406572 Washington knew about Benjamin reform
e_YUuNR-340-01765-00406573-00406856 rabbi Daniel polish noted in 1988 that
e_YUuNR-340-01766-00406857-00407037 Benjamin represent Edie
e_YUuNR-340-01767-00407038-00407250 a significant dilemma in my years
e_YUuNR-340-01768-00407251-00407456 growing up as a Jew both proud of his
e_YUuNR-340-01769-00407457-00407673 people and with an intense commitment to
e_YUuNR-340-01770-00407674-00407814 the ideals of liberal as
e_YUuNR-340-01771-00407815-00408024 in human solidarity that I found
e_YUuNR-340-01772-00408025-00408269 embodied in the civil rights movement
e_YUuNR-340-01773-00408270-00408525 Behrman recounts a story that during the
e_YUuNR-340-01774-00408526-00408701 civil war Benjamin was called to the
e_YUuNR-340-01775-00408702-00408894 Torah at Beth Ahava synagogue in
e_YUuNR-340-01776-00408895-00409160 Richmond however there is no proof of
e_YUuNR-340-01777-00409161-00409376 this nor does Benjamin's name appear in
e_YUuNR-340-01778-00409377-00409563 any surviving record of the Jews of that
e_YUuNR-340-01779-00409564-00409784 city but whether or not Benjamin
e_YUuNR-340-01780-00409785-00410070 practiced Judaism overtly or contributed
e_YUuNR-340-01781-00410071-00410276 to Jewish causes to the Jews of the
e_YUuNR-340-01782-00410277-00410487 South he was a symbol of a choral is
e_YUuNR-340-01783-00410488-00410832 honest who was a man among men according
e_YUuNR-340-01784-00410833-00410889 to Evans
e_YUuNR-340-01785-00410889-00411138 Benjamin survives as he willed it a
e_YUuNR-340-01786-00411139-00411537 shadowy figure in Civil War history Khan
e_YUuNR-340-01787-00411538-00411789 noted that Benjamin is epitomized as a
e_YUuNR-340-01788-00411789-00412059 foremost orator lawyer and statesman
e_YUuNR-340-01789-00412060-00412268 without appear at the bars of two of the
e_YUuNR-340-01790-00412269-00412628 world's greatest nations Mead questioned
e_YUuNR-340-01791-00412629-00412818 whether Benjamin's character can ever be
e_YUuNR-340-01792-00412818-00413097 fully understood we can easily prove
e_YUuNR-340-01793-00413097-00413307 that Benjamin was the only genius in the
e_YUuNR-340-01794-00413308-00413528 Confederate cabinet we can demonstrate
e_YUuNR-340-01795-00413529-00413751 that his career with its American and
e_YUuNR-340-01796-00413752-00413930 English phases was more glamorous than
e_YUuNR-340-01797-00413931-00414116 that of any other prominent Confederate
e_YUuNR-340-01798-00414117-00414366 but we are still confronted by one
e_YUuNR-340-01799-00414367-00414618 perplexing problem Judah P Benjamin was
e_YUuNR-340-01800-00414618-00414818 an enigmatic figure the most
e_YUuNR-340-01801-00414819-00415022 incomprehensible of all the Confederate
e_YUuNR-340-01802-00415023-00415368 leaders Lee Jackson even Jefferson Davis
e_YUuNR-340-01803-00415368-00415584 are crystal clear in comparison with the
e_YUuNR-340-01804-00415585-00415780 Jewish lawyer and statesman the
e_YUuNR-340-01805-00415781-00416013 acrimonious debate about his character
e_YUuNR-340-01806-00416014-00416201 began before the Civil War and has not
e_YUuNR-340-01807-00416202-00416801 ceased to this day
e_YUuNR-340-01808-00416802-00417330 topic C also
e_YUuNR-340-01809-00417331-00417624 Oscar Strauss politician first Jewish
e_YUuNR-340-01810-00417625-00417942 member of the United States cabinet list
e_YUuNR-340-01811-00417943-00418146 of United States senators born outside
e_YUuNR-340-01812-00418147-00418476 the United States list of Hispanic and
e_YUuNR-340-01813-00418477-00418692 Latino Americans in the United States
e_YUuNR-340-01814-00418693-00418992 Congress list of Jewish members of the
e_YUuNR-340-01815-00418993-00419301 United States Congress representations
e_YUuNR-340-01816-00419302-00419597 of Judah Benjamin in fiction equals
e_YUuNR-340-01817-00419599-00419871 equals notes
eD-noE5LTWM-00000-00000010-00000630 [Music]
eD-noE5LTWM-00001-00000631-00000847 good afternoon everyone
eD-noE5LTWM-00002-00000848-00001270 welcome to the web accessibility session
eD-noE5LTWM-00003-00001271-00001423 we will wait
eD-noE5LTWM-00004-00001424-00001807 for the slides to come up
eD-noE5LTWM-00005-00001807-00002095 and for people to find the place again
eD-noE5LTWM-00006-00002096-00003191 and then we will start
eD-noE5LTWM-00007-00003192-00003495 okay perfect
eD-noE5LTWM-00008-00003496-00003743 all right
eD-noE5LTWM-00009-00003744-00004022 good wonderful let's get started
eD-noE5LTWM-00010-00004023-00004222 so don't be afraid that it will only be
eD-noE5LTWM-00011-00004223-00004495 eve and myself in the panel actually we
eD-noE5LTWM-00012-00004496-00004783 have four really good panelists but
eD-noE5LTWM-00013-00004784-00005167 three of them will join us online
eD-noE5LTWM-00014-00005168-00005254 so
eD-noE5LTWM-00015-00005255-00005551 we don't need to get into why
eD-noE5LTWM-00016-00005552-00005783 web accessibility is important i think
eD-noE5LTWM-00017-00005784-00005943 every one of us
eD-noE5LTWM-00018-00005944-00006143 is very clear on that
eD-noE5LTWM-00019-00006144-00006399 in particular since the pandemic
eD-noE5LTWM-00020-00006400-00006767 as most of our day-to-day life is lived
eD-noE5LTWM-00021-00006768-00006991 on or through the web or at least
eD-noE5LTWM-00022-00006992-00007319 organized through the web
eD-noE5LTWM-00023-00007320-00007551 when it comes to web accessibility we
eD-noE5LTWM-00024-00007552-00007655 have
eD-noE5LTWM-00025-00007656-00007959 standards we have regulations
eD-noE5LTWM-00026-00007959-00008231 we have guidelines
eD-noE5LTWM-00027-00008232-00008510 but when it gets down to it
eD-noE5LTWM-00028-00008511-00008703 many people still don't know how to
eD-noE5LTWM-00029-00008704-00008983 translate it into reality so when i come
eD-noE5LTWM-00030-00008984-00009231 to create a new website or when i come
eD-noE5LTWM-00031-00009232-00009439 to offer service online many people
eD-noE5LTWM-00032-00009440-00009606 still don't really know what do i
eD-noE5LTWM-00033-00009607-00009895 actually do to make it accessible
eD-noE5LTWM-00034-00009896-00010151 so hopefully with this session we can
eD-noE5LTWM-00035-00010152-00010374 shed some light on this
eD-noE5LTWM-00036-00010375-00010559 that is why we have invited
eD-noE5LTWM-00037-00010560-00010783 representatives from france
eD-noE5LTWM-00038-00010784-00011110 from the us and from spain to present
eD-noE5LTWM-00039-00011111-00011527 their solutions on how to make content
eD-noE5LTWM-00040-00011528-00011759 more accessible in particular for people
eD-noE5LTWM-00041-00011760-00011935 who need a little bit of support in
eD-noE5LTWM-00042-00011936-00012278 understanding the content
eD-noE5LTWM-00043-00012279-00012599 before that i would start with a little
eD-noE5LTWM-00044-00012600-00013007 presentation if it comes up let's see
eD-noE5LTWM-00045-00013008-00013183 yes perfect
eD-noE5LTWM-00046-00013184-00013327 okay that's already from the first
eD-noE5LTWM-00047-00013328-00013791 panelist doesn't matter
eD-noE5LTWM-00048-00013791-00014166 in that case we just put eve on the spot
eD-noE5LTWM-00049-00014168-00014407 and jump into the first presentation
eD-noE5LTWM-00050-00014408-00015335 let's see what comes up next
eD-noE5LTWM-00051-00015336-00015558 just the quick no that's perfect all
eD-noE5LTWM-00052-00015559-00015647 right
eD-noE5LTWM-00053-00015647-00016071 so then i start with introducing eve
eD-noE5LTWM-00054-00016072-00016207 yes
eD-noE5LTWM-00055-00016208-00016447 so if cornu is a serial entrepreneur
eD-noE5LTWM-00056-00016448-00016639 from france as i mentioned
eD-noE5LTWM-00057-00016640-00016983 and he has a very non-typical career i
eD-noE5LTWM-00058-00016984-00017119 would say before he joined the
eD-noE5LTWM-00059-00017120-00017367 accessibility community he had a career
eD-noE5LTWM-00060-00017368-00017655 in luxury textile
eD-noE5LTWM-00061-00017656-00017847 but then he got interested in tech for
eD-noE5LTWM-00062-00017848-00018135 good and joined into facility
eD-noE5LTWM-00063-00018136-00018335 did i pronounce that correctly facility
eD-noE5LTWM-00064-00018336-00018439 facility
eD-noE5LTWM-00065-00018440-00018655 and he will explain to us what facility
eD-noE5LTWM-00066-00018656-00018879 can do to help us make the content more
eD-noE5LTWM-00067-00018880-00019135 accessible
eD-noE5LTWM-00068-00019136-00019327 welcome to this session my name is eve
eD-noE5LTWM-00069-00019328-00019575 kanye i'm the managing director at
eD-noE5LTWM-00070-00019576-00019879 facility so facility is a french big
eD-noE5LTWM-00071-00019880-00020199 corp certified startup dedicated to web
eD-noE5LTWM-00072-00020200-00020503 inclusion
eD-noE5LTWM-00073-00020504-00020671 one-fourth of the world population
eD-noE5LTWM-00074-00020672-00021039 doesn't have access to online content
eD-noE5LTWM-00075-00021040-00021567 because of age disease or disability
eD-noE5LTWM-00076-00021568-00021758 foreign organization
eD-noE5LTWM-00077-00021759-00022063 not taking this into account
eD-noE5LTWM-00078-00022064-00022303 can lead to can lead to serious troubles
eD-noE5LTWM-00079-00022304-00022414 like
eD-noE5LTWM-00080-00022415-00022647 creating a digital divide between their
eD-noE5LTWM-00081-00022648-00022927 users
eD-noE5LTWM-00082-00022928-00023263 a very bad reputation of course
eD-noE5LTWM-00083-00023264-00023527 and for those who are for profit a loss
eD-noE5LTWM-00084-00023528-00023791 of revenue because they just forget to
eD-noE5LTWM-00085-00023792-00024007 address a substantial part of the
eD-noE5LTWM-00086-00024008-00024350 population
eD-noE5LTWM-00087-00024351-00024607 at facility we have made the choice to
eD-noE5LTWM-00088-00024608-00024894 step out and complement the guidelines
eD-noE5LTWM-00089-00024895-00025071 like wcag
eD-noE5LTWM-00090-00025072-00025407 or their local adaptations
eD-noE5LTWM-00091-00025408-00025790 as stated in uh isonom 3071
eD-noE5LTWM-00092-00025791-00026118 on accessible ict products
eD-noE5LTWM-00093-00026119-00026446 following these guidelines is often not
eD-noE5LTWM-00094-00026447-00026583 enough
eD-noE5LTWM-00095-00026583-00026846 and it doesn't answer all needs
eD-noE5LTWM-00096-00026847-00027062 to be fully accessible
eD-noE5LTWM-00097-00027063-00027367 a website should take into account a
eD-noE5LTWM-00098-00027368-00027687 personalized user experience
eD-noE5LTWM-00099-00027688-00027974 so we have decided to put the user at
eD-noE5LTWM-00100-00027975-00028318 the center of a debate and to create a
eD-noE5LTWM-00101-00028319-00028574 user-centric solution
eD-noE5LTWM-00102-00028575-00028951 all of our adaptations have been created
eD-noE5LTWM-00103-00028952-00029287 co-created with associations you can see
eD-noE5LTWM-00104-00029288-00029646 some of them on your screen
eD-noE5LTWM-00105-00029647-00029774 and
eD-noE5LTWM-00106-00029775-00030079 the users are really at the core of our
eD-noE5LTWM-00107-00030080-00030190 solution
eD-noE5LTWM-00108-00030191-00030527 we wanted to answer the real need of
eD-noE5LTWM-00109-00030527-00030774 real people
eD-noE5LTWM-00110-00030775-00031062 for each need we have identified through
eD-noE5LTWM-00111-00031063-00031327 these associations
eD-noE5LTWM-00112-00031327-00031639 and their members we have offered
eD-noE5LTWM-00113-00031639-00031790 several options
eD-noE5LTWM-00114-00031791-00032014 so that the user can decide
eD-noE5LTWM-00115-00032016-00032343 what is the best approach for him
eD-noE5LTWM-00116-00032344-00032462 to have
eD-noE5LTWM-00117-00032463-00032783 a website on the screen that answers to
eD-noE5LTWM-00118-00032784-00033095 his personal needs
eD-noE5LTWM-00119-00033096-00033295 let's take one example to make it more
eD-noE5LTWM-00120-00033296-00033559 clear let's take the example of the
eD-noE5LTWM-00121-00033560-00033790 browsing difficulties of a person with
eD-noE5LTWM-00122-00033791-00033974 dyslexia
eD-noE5LTWM-00123-00033975-00034159 let's call him pierre
eD-noE5LTWM-00124-00034160-00034471 this is how pierre will see
eD-noE5LTWM-00125-00034472-00034711 a text on his screen
eD-noE5LTWM-00126-00034712-00035039 the letters look like they are dancing
eD-noE5LTWM-00127-00035040-00035262 because his brain is very active and
eD-noE5LTWM-00128-00035263-00035535 playing with alike looking figures on
eD-noE5LTWM-00129-00035536-00035646 numbers
eD-noE5LTWM-00130-00035647-00035967 a p can become a b or d or a q and it's
eD-noE5LTWM-00131-00035968-00036143 fully random
eD-noE5LTWM-00132-00036144-00036390 it's really different from one person to
eD-noE5LTWM-00133-00036391-00036662 the other and it changes from time to
eD-noE5LTWM-00134-00036663-00036790 time
eD-noE5LTWM-00135-00036791-00037046 so a guideline will be
eD-noE5LTWM-00136-00037047-00037183 able to do
eD-noE5LTWM-00137-00037184-00037430 nothing for him he has to find a way to
eD-noE5LTWM-00138-00037431-00037695 personalize the way he will be able to
eD-noE5LTWM-00139-00037696-00037799 access
eD-noE5LTWM-00140-00037800-00037967 a website
eD-noE5LTWM-00141-00037968-00038190 but let's take a real example this is a
eD-noE5LTWM-00142-00038191-00038430 website of european union
eD-noE5LTWM-00143-00038431-00038535 and
eD-noE5LTWM-00144-00038536-00038671 on this text
eD-noE5LTWM-00145-00038672-00038815 pierre will be able to understand
eD-noE5LTWM-00146-00038816-00039295 roughly 25 of the content 25 it does not
eD-noE5LTWM-00147-00039296-00039711 get the meaning of what he is reading
eD-noE5LTWM-00148-00039712-00039935 when you open the facility interface he
eD-noE5LTWM-00149-00039936-00040230 will be able to select what is helping
eD-noE5LTWM-00150-00040231-00040318 him
eD-noE5LTWM-00151-00040319-00040511 personally
eD-noE5LTWM-00152-00040512-00040687 so pierre will first be able to select a
eD-noE5LTWM-00153-00040688-00040855 different font because some fonts are
eD-noE5LTWM-00154-00040856-00041039 more legible for him
eD-noE5LTWM-00155-00041040-00041430 he will be able to space out the words
eD-noE5LTWM-00156-00041431-00041615 because he does not recognize the blanks
eD-noE5LTWM-00157-00041616-00041815 between the words and in space amount as
eD-noE5LTWM-00158-00041816-00042111 much as he likes to personalize his user
eD-noE5LTWM-00159-00042112-00042318 experience
eD-noE5LTWM-00160-00042319-00042535 then he will be able to select
eD-noE5LTWM-00161-00042536-00042711 letters
eD-noE5LTWM-00162-00042712-00043007 that are trouble for him like vu and the
eD-noE5LTWM-00163-00043008-00043079 n
eD-noE5LTWM-00164-00043080-00043279 e u and v e n
eD-noE5LTWM-00165-00043280-00043502 so these letters will be highlighted in
eD-noE5LTWM-00166-00043503-00043671 different colors
eD-noE5LTWM-00167-00043672-00043783 so that
eD-noE5LTWM-00168-00043784-00044071 his brain doesn't try to decipher is it
eD-noE5LTWM-00169-00044072-00044430 eu or en but is it pink or green and we
eD-noE5LTWM-00170-00044431-00044615 activate a different part of the brain
eD-noE5LTWM-00171-00044616-00044767 and it's make
eD-noE5LTWM-00172-00044768-00044958 it it's making it more easy to
eD-noE5LTWM-00173-00044959-00045215 understand for him he can also choice
eD-noE5LTWM-00174-00045216-00045446 choose to highlight one of uh
eD-noE5LTWM-00175-00045447-00045655 use of one of our reading guides and
eD-noE5LTWM-00176-00045656-00045799 highlight the line he's currently
eD-noE5LTWM-00177-00045800-00045974 reading to make it more easy to
eD-noE5LTWM-00178-00045975-00046351 understand for him
eD-noE5LTWM-00179-00046352-00046630 then this is how the website
eD-noE5LTWM-00180-00046631-00046839 will look for pierre
eD-noE5LTWM-00181-00046840-00047055 and for pia only because it's on his
eD-noE5LTWM-00182-00047056-00047167 screen
eD-noE5LTWM-00183-00047168-00047446 for another person having different uh
eD-noE5LTWM-00184-00047447-00047646 types of troubles it will be different
eD-noE5LTWM-00185-00047647-00047823 let's take a person with parkinson's
eD-noE5LTWM-00186-00047824-00048023 disease he will need larger click zones
eD-noE5LTWM-00187-00048024-00048239 because he cannot click on the very
eD-noE5LTWM-00188-00048240-00048479 small and precise on a person with color
eD-noE5LTWM-00189-00048480-00048590 blindness will need different
eD-noE5LTWM-00190-00048591-00048846 adaptations we provide hundreds of
eD-noE5LTWM-00191-00048847-00049111 adaptations to custom-made
eD-noE5LTWM-00192-00049112-00049495 the website on your screen on your
eD-noE5LTWM-00193-00049496-00049983 tablet your smartphone or your computer
eD-noE5LTWM-00194-00049984-00050207 in short facility is very quick and easy
eD-noE5LTWM-00195-00050208-00050439 to implement for the website owner it
eD-noE5LTWM-00196-00050440-00050679 takes in all of 10 minutes
eD-noE5LTWM-00197-00050680-00050983 it is free for the user of course
eD-noE5LTWM-00198-00050984-00051214 we do not collect any data
eD-noE5LTWM-00199-00051215-00051438 we do not need to create an account to
eD-noE5LTWM-00200-00051439-00051679 use facilities so it's fully safe and
eD-noE5LTWM-00201-00051679-00051846 reliable
eD-noE5LTWM-00202-00051847-00052070 and for the organization offering this
eD-noE5LTWM-00203-00052071-00052335 service it is really affordable
eD-noE5LTWM-00204-00052336-00052519 already more than 1 million people
eD-noE5LTWM-00205-00052520-00053079 worldwide use our solution
eD-noE5LTWM-00206-00053079-00053382 we of course have started to replicate
eD-noE5LTWM-00207-00053383-00053711 this uh this solution in japan first in
eD-noE5LTWM-00208-00053712-00053887 2019
eD-noE5LTWM-00209-00053888-00054087 we created a joint venture and we're
eD-noE5LTWM-00210-00054088-00054350 currently creating one in the us
eD-noE5LTWM-00211-00054351-00054623 and we're also uh hoping to expand
eD-noE5LTWM-00212-00054624-00054926 throughout the german-speaking countries
eD-noE5LTWM-00213-00054927-00055263 through a franchising system
eD-noE5LTWM-00214-00055264-00055575 our solution has been proven to be
eD-noE5LTWM-00215-00055576-00055830 sustainable and profitable from the
eD-noE5LTWM-00216-00055832-00055991 start
eD-noE5LTWM-00217-00055991-00056319 our needs are of course access to local
eD-noE5LTWM-00218-00056320-00056582 associations in order to help us uh to
eD-noE5LTWM-00219-00056583-00056671 uh
eD-noE5LTWM-00220-00056672-00056863 co-create with them as i said at the
eD-noE5LTWM-00221-00056864-00057071 beginning we have co-created everything
eD-noE5LTWM-00222-00057072-00057326 with the users so for instance in japan
eD-noE5LTWM-00223-00057327-00057559 we are co-creating special funds for
eD-noE5LTWM-00224-00057560-00057894 japanese dyslexic people
eD-noE5LTWM-00225-00057895-00058063 we need local partners to help us
eD-noE5LTWM-00226-00058064-00058319 implement the solutions
eD-noE5LTWM-00227-00058320-00058566 and we need an access to media to help
eD-noE5LTWM-00228-00058567-00058799 us educate the market because web
eD-noE5LTWM-00229-00058800-00059166 accessibility as a general is still a
eD-noE5LTWM-00230-00059167-00059526 niche market unfortunately
eD-noE5LTWM-00231-00059527-00059807 thank you very much
eD-noE5LTWM-00232-00059808-00060071 thank you eve
eD-noE5LTWM-00233-00060072-00060303 perfect i will i have a few questions
eD-noE5LTWM-00234-00060304-00060487 but i will keep them until the end of
eD-noE5LTWM-00235-00060488-00060638 the session
eD-noE5LTWM-00236-00060639-00060903 so if you could pull up the next the
eD-noE5LTWM-00237-00060904-00061094 presentation of the next speaker i think
eD-noE5LTWM-00238-00061095-00061287 it should be nick
eD-noE5LTWM-00239-00061288-00061663 nick loom who will join us online
eD-noE5LTWM-00240-00061664-00061959 yes perfect nick do you hear us okay
eD-noE5LTWM-00241-00061960-00062111 wonderful
eD-noE5LTWM-00242-00062112-00062359 so nick is based in palo alto so i'm not
eD-noE5LTWM-00243-00062360-00062559 sure it's probably very early for you
eD-noE5LTWM-00244-00062560-00062766 could that be
eD-noE5LTWM-00245-00062767-00063038 thank you all the more for joining us
eD-noE5LTWM-00246-00063039-00063135 nick
eD-noE5LTWM-00247-00063136-00063342 nick's work in accessibility has been
eD-noE5LTWM-00248-00063344-00063599 covered by the bbc and in the atlantic
eD-noE5LTWM-00249-00063600-00063871 and he has received awards awards for
eD-noE5LTWM-00250-00063872-00064142 social impact by the u.n and mit
eD-noE5LTWM-00251-00064144-00064438 and now nick will
eD-noE5LTWM-00252-00064439-00064687 present us in detail his latest project
eD-noE5LTWM-00253-00064688-00065135 in accessibility the flow is yours
eD-noE5LTWM-00254-00065136-00065319 thank you
eD-noE5LTWM-00255-00065320-00065519 you can move to the next slide
eD-noE5LTWM-00256-00065520-00065750 i'm here to talk today about a new
eD-noE5LTWM-00257-00065751-00066047 alternative format that makes text on
eD-noE5LTWM-00258-00066048-00066223 screen much easier to read for many
eD-noE5LTWM-00259-00066224-00066567 people with a wide range of disabilities
eD-noE5LTWM-00260-00066568-00066743 we've just heard a presentation about
eD-noE5LTWM-00261-00066744-00067071 how important it is for a website user
eD-noE5LTWM-00262-00067072-00067335 to be able to customize the appearance
eD-noE5LTWM-00263-00067336-00067615 of the website to make it easier for
eD-noE5LTWM-00264-00067616-00067791 them to understand
eD-noE5LTWM-00265-00067792-00068031 and this new format that we have
eD-noE5LTWM-00266-00068032-00068271 developed at beeline reader
eD-noE5LTWM-00267-00068272-00068503 is specifically for making text easier
eD-noE5LTWM-00268-00068504-00068599 to read
eD-noE5LTWM-00269-00068600-00068791 for people with different disabilities
eD-noE5LTWM-00270-00068792-00069150 and we do so using color gradients
eD-noE5LTWM-00271-00069151-00069423 if you can see the the screen the slide
eD-noE5LTWM-00272-00069424-00069703 shows text that has color gradients that
eD-noE5LTWM-00273-00069704-00069935 wrap from the end of one line to the
eD-noE5LTWM-00274-00069936-00070143 beginning of the following line
eD-noE5LTWM-00275-00070144-00070423 and the continuity of color
eD-noE5LTWM-00276-00070424-00070623 pulls the reader's eyes
eD-noE5LTWM-00277-00070624-00070855 from the end of the line as they move
eD-noE5LTWM-00278-00070856-00071023 their eyes across the screen to the
eD-noE5LTWM-00279-00071024-00071279 beginning of the next line allowing them
eD-noE5LTWM-00280-00071280-00071582 to pick up their place much more quickly
eD-noE5LTWM-00281-00071583-00071838 and easily than they might be able to
eD-noE5LTWM-00282-00071839-00072143 with traditional black text
eD-noE5LTWM-00283-00072144-00072367 in the example on the screen the text
eD-noE5LTWM-00284-00072368-00072687 alternates between red and blue and
eD-noE5LTWM-00285-00072688-00072831 black
eD-noE5LTWM-00286-00072832-00073111 but this technique works with any color
eD-noE5LTWM-00287-00073112-00073326 on the next slide we can see
eD-noE5LTWM-00288-00073327-00073567 that it can also be done with blue and
eD-noE5LTWM-00289-00073568-00073711 purple
eD-noE5LTWM-00290-00073712-00073943 uh if we can move to the next slide oh i
eD-noE5LTWM-00291-00073944-00074350 see there we go and um it also works in
eD-noE5LTWM-00292-00074351-00074631 a night mode where the background of the
eD-noE5LTWM-00293-00074632-00074894 page is dark as we can see on the next
eD-noE5LTWM-00294-00074895-00074999 slide
eD-noE5LTWM-00295-00075000-00075303 and the text is a light color
eD-noE5LTWM-00296-00075304-00075543 in our tools we allow the user to
eD-noE5LTWM-00297-00075544-00075847 specify which colors they prefer they
eD-noE5LTWM-00298-00075848-00076135 can choose from a number of presets some
eD-noE5LTWM-00299-00076136-00076382 of which you've seen just now
eD-noE5LTWM-00300-00076383-00076662 and they can also create
eD-noE5LTWM-00301-00076663-00076887 a color scheme that is built just for
eD-noE5LTWM-00302-00076888-00077150 them with whatever colors they wish and
eD-noE5LTWM-00303-00077151-00077375 by specifying the background color as
eD-noE5LTWM-00304-00077376-00077479 they wish
eD-noE5LTWM-00305-00077480-00077591 as well
eD-noE5LTWM-00306-00077592-00077919 so this is an alternate text format and
eD-noE5LTWM-00307-00077920-00078191 even the format itself is something that
eD-noE5LTWM-00308-00078192-00078575 can be customized by the user
eD-noE5LTWM-00309-00078576-00078719 why do we do this
eD-noE5LTWM-00310-00078720-00078919 how does it help if you move to the next
eD-noE5LTWM-00311-00078920-00079143 slide we can see what one person with
eD-noE5LTWM-00312-00079144-00079311 dyslexia has said
eD-noE5LTWM-00313-00079312-00079559 about how this technology helps them
eD-noE5LTWM-00314-00079560-00079855 read more easily
eD-noE5LTWM-00315-00079856-00080150 next slide please
eD-noE5LTWM-00316-00080151-00080438 so for some people this allows them to
eD-noE5LTWM-00317-00080439-00080647 read in a way they have never been able
eD-noE5LTWM-00318-00080648-00080806 to read before
eD-noE5LTWM-00319-00080807-00081071 we hear from individuals with dyslexia
eD-noE5LTWM-00320-00081072-00081326 that this is like putting on glasses for
eD-noE5LTWM-00321-00081327-00081438 the first time
eD-noE5LTWM-00322-00081439-00081647 and anyone who wears glasses can
eD-noE5LTWM-00323-00081648-00081871 understand the importance of being able
eD-noE5LTWM-00324-00081872-00082062 to use assistive technology that
eD-noE5LTWM-00325-00082063-00082318 provides that type of benefit for some
eD-noE5LTWM-00326-00082319-00082550 people a light bulb goes on over their
eD-noE5LTWM-00327-00082551-00082775 head and they're simply able to read in
eD-noE5LTWM-00328-00082776-00082959 a way they have never been able to read
eD-noE5LTWM-00329-00082960-00083135 before
eD-noE5LTWM-00330-00083136-00083399 next slide please
eD-noE5LTWM-00331-00083400-00083718 what types of people does this help
eD-noE5LTWM-00332-00083719-00083982 i'll start by saying this technology
eD-noE5LTWM-00333-00083983-00084271 does not solve any disability it is
eD-noE5LTWM-00334-00084272-00084487 something that makes life better for
eD-noE5LTWM-00335-00084488-00084623 people with different types of
eD-noE5LTWM-00336-00084624-00084782 disabilities but is not a complete
eD-noE5LTWM-00337-00084783-00084975 solution of course
eD-noE5LTWM-00338-00084976-00085182 it is very helpful for many people with
eD-noE5LTWM-00339-00085183-00085606 dyslexia which affects 15 roughly 15 of
eD-noE5LTWM-00340-00085607-00085750 the population
eD-noE5LTWM-00341-00085751-00086215 people with adhd attention uh deficit
eD-noE5LTWM-00342-00086216-00086438 which is another five or ten percent of
eD-noE5LTWM-00343-00086439-00086615 the population
eD-noE5LTWM-00344-00086616-00086855 as well as people with parkinson's
eD-noE5LTWM-00345-00086856-00087006 disease
eD-noE5LTWM-00346-00087007-00087199 traumatic brain injury
eD-noE5LTWM-00347-00087200-00087559 vision impairment or multiple sclerosis
eD-noE5LTWM-00348-00087560-00087759 some of these challenges relate to
eD-noE5LTWM-00349-00087760-00087982 cognition and how it is the brain
eD-noE5LTWM-00350-00087983-00088150 processes text
eD-noE5LTWM-00351-00088151-00088375 while reading some of them like
eD-noE5LTWM-00352-00088376-00088638 parkinson's or multiple sclerosis are
eD-noE5LTWM-00353-00088639-00088855 not so much about cognition but more
eD-noE5LTWM-00354-00088856-00088950 about
eD-noE5LTWM-00355-00088951-00089287 the motor processes of the eyes being
eD-noE5LTWM-00356-00089288-00089559 able to move in tandem and being able to
eD-noE5LTWM-00357-00089560-00089815 read the page correctly
eD-noE5LTWM-00358-00089816-00089975 so this helps with both cognitive
eD-noE5LTWM-00359-00089976-00090087 challenges
eD-noE5LTWM-00360-00090088-00090343 and muscular challenges related to eye
eD-noE5LTWM-00361-00090344-00090462 movement
eD-noE5LTWM-00362-00090463-00090679 and it turns out that for many of these
eD-noE5LTWM-00363-00090680-00090815 challenges
eD-noE5LTWM-00364-00090816-00091031 line skipping and repeating of lines is
eD-noE5LTWM-00365-00091032-00091238 very difficult and
eD-noE5LTWM-00366-00091239-00091471 so that's why our technology which uses
eD-noE5LTWM-00367-00091472-00091679 color to pull the reader's eyes to the
eD-noE5LTWM-00368-00091680-00091799 correct spot
eD-noE5LTWM-00369-00091800-00092047 is very helpful because it ensures that
eD-noE5LTWM-00370-00092048-00092311 the the user the reader does not skip
eD-noE5LTWM-00371-00092312-00092599 lines nearly as often or repeat lines
eD-noE5LTWM-00372-00092600-00092855 allowing them to maintain their train of
eD-noE5LTWM-00373-00092856-00093015 thought as their reading
eD-noE5LTWM-00374-00093016-00093231 and not to become confused when reading
eD-noE5LTWM-00375-00093232-00093438 large paragraphs
eD-noE5LTWM-00376-00093439-00094135 next slide please
eD-noE5LTWM-00377-00094136-00094438 so how is this available to individuals
eD-noE5LTWM-00378-00094439-00094662 this is something that people can go and
eD-noE5LTWM-00379-00094663-00094991 download a browser plugin or a mobile
eD-noE5LTWM-00380-00094992-00095079 app
eD-noE5LTWM-00381-00095080-00095311 through one of our consumer tools which
eD-noE5LTWM-00382-00095312-00095567 are available for all of the leading web
eD-noE5LTWM-00383-00095568-00095671 browsers
eD-noE5LTWM-00384-00095672-00096287 including chrome firefox edge and safari
eD-noE5LTWM-00385-00096288-00096518 through this technology and and this
eD-noE5LTWM-00386-00096519-00096679 avenue we're able to serve tens of
eD-noE5LTWM-00387-00096680-00096847 thousands of people in countries all
eD-noE5LTWM-00388-00096848-00097023 around the world
eD-noE5LTWM-00389-00097024-00097238 but the way we have the biggest impact
eD-noE5LTWM-00390-00097239-00097431 is actually through platform
eD-noE5LTWM-00391-00097432-00097743 integrations with reading platforms we
eD-noE5LTWM-00392-00097744-00097999 are integrated into platforms like
eD-noE5LTWM-00393-00098000-00098206 blackboard ally which is blackboard's
eD-noE5LTWM-00394-00098207-00098431 accessibility suite as well as
eD-noE5LTWM-00395-00098432-00098735 libretexts which is an online open
eD-noE5LTWM-00396-00098736-00099062 access textbook platform
eD-noE5LTWM-00397-00099063-00099294 and these organizations are able to
eD-noE5LTWM-00398-00099295-00099526 integrate our technology so that the
eD-noE5LTWM-00399-00099527-00099750 user doesn't need a browser plug-in they
eD-noE5LTWM-00400-00099751-00099959 can simply click on a button
eD-noE5LTWM-00401-00099960-00100247 and a menu drops down allowing them to
eD-noE5LTWM-00402-00100248-00100574 choose to activate our technology and
eD-noE5LTWM-00403-00100575-00100759 then to choose the color scheme that
eD-noE5LTWM-00404-00100760-00100926 they desire
eD-noE5LTWM-00405-00100927-00101111 these integrations are done via
eD-noE5LTWM-00406-00101112-00101406 javascript or css or through an ios
eD-noE5LTWM-00407-00101407-00101518 library
eD-noE5LTWM-00408-00101519-00101743 and they're very simple to do as you can
eD-noE5LTWM-00409-00101744-00101838 imagine
eD-noE5LTWM-00410-00101839-00102071 we make this as easy as possible
eD-noE5LTWM-00411-00102072-00102343 and that's why it is that we're able to
eD-noE5LTWM-00412-00102344-00102630 focus on our platform tools because this
eD-noE5LTWM-00413-00102631-00102815 is the way we can have the big impact
eD-noE5LTWM-00414-00102816-00103047 and provide the best user experience for
eD-noE5LTWM-00415-00103048-00103190 the end user
eD-noE5LTWM-00416-00103191-00103502 next live please
eD-noE5LTWM-00417-00103503-00103718 these are some examples a couple of
eD-noE5LTWM-00418-00103719-00103934 devices showing our technology working
eD-noE5LTWM-00419-00103935-00104175 on these other platforms for libretexts
eD-noE5LTWM-00420-00104176-00104351 and blackboard ally
eD-noE5LTWM-00421-00104352-00104518 with a couple of different color schemes
eD-noE5LTWM-00422-00104519-00104663 running
eD-noE5LTWM-00423-00104664-00104751 these
eD-noE5LTWM-00424-00104752-00105063 platforms serve over 25 million students
eD-noE5LTWM-00425-00105064-00105278 worldwide and all of these students have
eD-noE5LTWM-00426-00105279-00105590 free access to our technology for use on
eD-noE5LTWM-00427-00105591-00105734 these platforms
eD-noE5LTWM-00428-00105735-00106015 next slide please
eD-noE5LTWM-00429-00106016-00106286 our next steps are to increase adoption
eD-noE5LTWM-00430-00106288-00106375 among
eD-noE5LTWM-00431-00106376-00106623 education and publishing platforms and
eD-noE5LTWM-00432-00106624-00106847 even news platforms which are also very
eD-noE5LTWM-00433-00106848-00106975 text heavy
eD-noE5LTWM-00434-00106976-00107166 we would love to work with organizations
eD-noE5LTWM-00435-00107167-00107399 that care about accessibility and
eD-noE5LTWM-00436-00107400-00107510 inclusion
eD-noE5LTWM-00437-00107511-00107799 and of course as uh eve mentioned during
eD-noE5LTWM-00438-00107800-00108063 his presentation this is also something
eD-noE5LTWM-00439-00108064-00108310 that can help an or a for-profit
eD-noE5LTWM-00440-00108311-00108534 organization to realize their mission
eD-noE5LTWM-00441-00108535-00108790 and to maximize their profit we help
eD-noE5LTWM-00442-00108791-00109054 websites become more useful for people
eD-noE5LTWM-00443-00109055-00109247 with disabilities and there are millions
eD-noE5LTWM-00444-00109248-00109439 and millions of them who want to read
eD-noE5LTWM-00445-00109440-00109599 your website and want to buy your
eD-noE5LTWM-00446-00109600-00109863 products and be your customers but if
eD-noE5LTWM-00447-00109864-00110119 they are unable to read the text on your
eD-noE5LTWM-00448-00110120-00110454 website easily they will simply move on
eD-noE5LTWM-00449-00110455-00110623 so we are building these partnerships
eD-noE5LTWM-00450-00110624-00110807 and we would also love to find a way to
eD-noE5LTWM-00451-00110808-00111078 work with the government organizations
eD-noE5LTWM-00452-00111079-00111319 that put together lists of tools that
eD-noE5LTWM-00453-00111320-00111543 are helpful for people with disabilities
eD-noE5LTWM-00454-00111544-00111799 so that when website developers go to
eD-noE5LTWM-00455-00111800-00111943 build websites
eD-noE5LTWM-00456-00111944-00112151 they can learn about our technology and
eD-noE5LTWM-00457-00112152-00112351 understand how helpful it will be for
eD-noE5LTWM-00458-00112352-00112590 people with reading challenges
eD-noE5LTWM-00459-00112591-00112839 next slide
eD-noE5LTWM-00460-00112840-00113047 if you have any ideas or ways that you
eD-noE5LTWM-00461-00113048-00113271 would like to interact with us partner
eD-noE5LTWM-00462-00113272-00113478 with us please reach out my email is
eD-noE5LTWM-00463-00113479-00113678 nick belinereader.com
eD-noE5LTWM-00464-00113679-00113815 thank you i look forward to the rest of
eD-noE5LTWM-00465-00113816-00114086 the presentations
eD-noE5LTWM-00466-00114088-00114302 thank you very much nick for introducing
eD-noE5LTWM-00467-00114303-00114527 us to the b-line reader i will be
eD-noE5LTWM-00468-00114528-00114758 definitely also interested in learning
eD-noE5LTWM-00469-00114759-00115015 more about the background story possibly
eD-noE5LTWM-00470-00115016-00115175 about the challenges that you had in
eD-noE5LTWM-00471-00115176-00115447 developing the tool but first we leave
eD-noE5LTWM-00472-00115448-00115799 the floor to hema natarajan the product
eD-noE5LTWM-00473-00115800-00116031 manager at benetech
eD-noE5LTWM-00474-00116032-00116215 if we can already pull up her slides
eD-noE5LTWM-00475-00116216-00116463 that would be perfect hema is also
eD-noE5LTWM-00476-00116464-00116758 joining us from the us and here she is
eD-noE5LTWM-00477-00116759-00116919 already wonderful
eD-noE5LTWM-00478-00116920-00117110 hammer is part of the global literacy
eD-noE5LTWM-00479-00117111-00117263 teams
eD-noE5LTWM-00480-00117264-00117510 sorry global literacy team and manages
eD-noE5LTWM-00481-00117511-00117647 the bookshare reader suite and
eD-noE5LTWM-00482-00117648-00117958 accessibility engine and her endeavor is
eD-noE5LTWM-00483-00117959-00118207 to make reading material accessible for
eD-noE5LTWM-00484-00118208-00118351 all students
eD-noE5LTWM-00485-00118352-00118543 so hammer very much looking forward to
eD-noE5LTWM-00486-00118544-00118902 hearing how to do that
eD-noE5LTWM-00487-00118903-00119127 thank you sabine
eD-noE5LTWM-00488-00119128-00119390 hello everybody uh thanks for being here
eD-noE5LTWM-00489-00119391-00119566 uh i would like to start off with an
eD-noE5LTWM-00490-00119567-00119790 introduction to benetech uh for those of
eD-noE5LTWM-00491-00119791-00119958 you who are not familiar with our
eD-noE5LTWM-00492-00119959-00120102 organization
eD-noE5LTWM-00493-00120103-00120423 uh benetech is a non-profit dedicated to
eD-noE5LTWM-00494-00120424-00120790 reducing social and economic inequity in
eD-noE5LTWM-00495-00120791-00121007 partnership with communities that we
eD-noE5LTWM-00496-00121008-00121119 serve
eD-noE5LTWM-00497-00121120-00121407 through software for social good
eD-noE5LTWM-00498-00121408-00121519 benetix
eD-noE5LTWM-00499-00121520-00121758 initiatives are transforming how
eD-noE5LTWM-00500-00121759-00122071 students job seekers and older adults
eD-noE5LTWM-00501-00122072-00122454 across the globe read learn and work
eD-noE5LTWM-00502-00122455-00122647 benedict believes that access to
eD-noE5LTWM-00503-00122648-00122886 information is a human right and no
eD-noE5LTWM-00504-00122888-00123183 person should encounter barriers to
eD-noE5LTWM-00505-00123183-00123502 education literacy or employment
eD-noE5LTWM-00506-00123503-00123823 due to differences or disability
eD-noE5LTWM-00507-00123824-00124254 next slide please
eD-noE5LTWM-00508-00124255-00124454 at benetech we believe that every
eD-noE5LTWM-00509-00124455-00124702 student deserves an education
eD-noE5LTWM-00510-00124703-00124910 billions of students across the u.s and
eD-noE5LTWM-00511-00124911-00125143 the world struggled to read and learn
eD-noE5LTWM-00512-00125144-00125423 due to various reasons as
eD-noE5LTWM-00513-00125424-00125686 the previous presenters had mentioned
eD-noE5LTWM-00514-00125688-00125902 they may experience challenges due to a
eD-noE5LTWM-00515-00125903-00126183 learning uh difference like dyslexia or
eD-noE5LTWM-00516-00126183-00126463 due to a visual impairment or even a
eD-noE5LTWM-00517-00126464-00126623 physical disability
eD-noE5LTWM-00518-00126624-00126823 so it is our goal
eD-noE5LTWM-00519-00126824-00127078 to eliminate these barriers to education
eD-noE5LTWM-00520-00127079-00127358 and literacy through accessible
eD-noE5LTWM-00521-00127359-00127566 educational materials
eD-noE5LTWM-00522-00127567-00127814 and with this goal in mind benetech has
eD-noE5LTWM-00523-00127815-00128102 built the world's largest online library
eD-noE5LTWM-00524-00128103-00128358 of accessible books and we call that
eD-noE5LTWM-00525-00128359-00128502 bookshare
eD-noE5LTWM-00526-00128503-00128783 for people with reading barriers
eD-noE5LTWM-00527-00128783-00129086 bookshare initiative operates at scale
eD-noE5LTWM-00528-00129088-00129286 serving schools and school districts
eD-noE5LTWM-00529-00129288-00129495 across the usa and
eD-noE5LTWM-00530-00129496-00129783 several countries globally
eD-noE5LTWM-00531-00129783-00129975 we provide students with reading
eD-noE5LTWM-00532-00129976-00130214 barriers books that they need to learn
eD-noE5LTWM-00533-00130215-00130478 in accessible formats we have
eD-noE5LTWM-00534-00130479-00130727 various formats available including
eD-noE5LTWM-00535-00130728-00130966 braille audio epub and other
eD-noE5LTWM-00536-00130967-00131223 customizable formats
eD-noE5LTWM-00537-00131224-00131495 these books can be read on any commonly
eD-noE5LTWM-00538-00131496-00131647 used devices
eD-noE5LTWM-00539-00131648-00132047 including phones computers tablets or
eD-noE5LTWM-00540-00132048-00132159 even
eD-noE5LTWM-00541-00132160-00132366 a specialized assistive technology
eD-noE5LTWM-00542-00132367-00132639 device that the user may have
eD-noE5LTWM-00543-00132640-00132887 we have delivered over 20 million books
eD-noE5LTWM-00544-00132888-00133143 to people with disabilities worldwide
eD-noE5LTWM-00545-00133144-00133502 transforming how they'll read and learn
eD-noE5LTWM-00546-00133503-00134031 next slide please
eD-noE5LTWM-00547-00134032-00134214 oh next uh
eD-noE5LTWM-00548-00134215-00134483 oh sorry the previous slide the reader
eD-noE5LTWM-00549-00134484-00134854 sweet yes as we have seen in the past
eD-noE5LTWM-00550-00134855-00135095 few years um and as the previous
eD-noE5LTWM-00551-00135096-00135343 presenters had mentioned educators and
eD-noE5LTWM-00552-00135344-00135575 students all over the world have adopted
eD-noE5LTWM-00553-00135576-00135711 to using
eD-noE5LTWM-00554-00135712-00135959 digital devices as their primary tool
eD-noE5LTWM-00555-00135960-00136175 for reading and learning
eD-noE5LTWM-00556-00136176-00136439 with digital books and teacher created
eD-noE5LTWM-00557-00136440-00136678 content becoming the main resources for
eD-noE5LTWM-00558-00136679-00136807 learning
eD-noE5LTWM-00559-00136808-00137039 the need for more modern readers that
eD-noE5LTWM-00560-00137040-00137399 let you read accessible content from
eD-noE5LTWM-00561-00137400-00137671 anywhere you want at any time
eD-noE5LTWM-00562-00137672-00137863 becomes crucial
eD-noE5LTWM-00563-00137864-00138087 and this is one of the main reasons for
eD-noE5LTWM-00564-00138088-00138343 us to come up with the suite of readers
eD-noE5LTWM-00565-00138344-00138614 that lets the bookshare users have a
eD-noE5LTWM-00566-00138615-00138766 consistent
eD-noE5LTWM-00567-00138767-00138983 digital reading experience across
eD-noE5LTWM-00568-00138984-00139271 browsers mobile devices and small
eD-noE5LTWM-00569-00139272-00139495 speaker devices
eD-noE5LTWM-00570-00139496-00139790 so books bookshare reader suite gives
eD-noE5LTWM-00571-00139791-00140047 unprecedented access to ebooks for
eD-noE5LTWM-00572-00140048-00140343 people with reading barriers with an
eD-noE5LTWM-00573-00140344-00140623 elegant easy to use app
eD-noE5LTWM-00574-00140624-00140878 that works across web mobile and smart
eD-noE5LTWM-00575-00140879-00141047 speaker devices
eD-noE5LTWM-00576-00141048-00141278 so you can search for bookshare books
eD-noE5LTWM-00577-00141279-00141535 directly from your reader or
eD-noE5LTWM-00578-00141536-00141743 from the bookshare website and then
eD-noE5LTWM-00579-00141744-00141990 access through your reading list
eD-noE5LTWM-00580-00141991-00142223 read you can read instantly with no wait
eD-noE5LTWM-00581-00142224-00142566 time and the best part is the consistent
eD-noE5LTWM-00582-00142567-00142783 reading experience you will have across
eD-noE5LTWM-00583-00142784-00142959 all of these devices like whether you're
eD-noE5LTWM-00584-00142960-00143078 using a
eD-noE5LTWM-00585-00143079-00143423 your laptop desktop or your phone or
eD-noE5LTWM-00586-00143424-00143623 something like an alexa
eD-noE5LTWM-00587-00143624-00143814 smart speaker device
eD-noE5LTWM-00588-00143815-00144007 we provide we strive to provide
eD-noE5LTWM-00589-00144008-00144223 consistent learning experience
eD-noE5LTWM-00590-00144224-00144335 and
eD-noE5LTWM-00591-00144336-00144559 you can also learn and
eD-noE5LTWM-00592-00144560-00144790 learn math and access problems and
eD-noE5LTWM-00593-00144791-00145119 equations in mathml or all text
eD-noE5LTWM-00594-00145120-00145414 um and the best part is all of this is
eD-noE5LTWM-00595-00145415-00145711 totally free of charge when you use any
eD-noE5LTWM-00596-00145712-00145863 of these readers
eD-noE5LTWM-00597-00145864-00145999 um
eD-noE5LTWM-00598-00146000-00146278 so with that so as i mentioned bookshare
eD-noE5LTWM-00599-00146279-00146551 reader suite has these three different
eD-noE5LTWM-00600-00146552-00146871 um formats form factors for reading
eD-noE5LTWM-00601-00146872-00147071 including web mobile and smart speaker
eD-noE5LTWM-00602-00147072-00147231 but
eD-noE5LTWM-00603-00147232-00147478 today we'll be focusing on the web
eD-noE5LTWM-00604-00147479-00147799 reader and we'll look at how it helps
eD-noE5LTWM-00605-00147800-00148054 you know make web accessible for people
eD-noE5LTWM-00606-00148055-00148311 with the accessibility needs
eD-noE5LTWM-00607-00148312-00148743 um next slide please
eD-noE5LTWM-00608-00148744-00148814 so
eD-noE5LTWM-00609-00148815-00149039 yeah as i said growing number of users
eD-noE5LTWM-00610-00149040-00149359 in our user base are digital natives now
eD-noE5LTWM-00611-00149360-00149599 and this trend has been propelled into
eD-noE5LTWM-00612-00149600-00149790 hyperdrive as we have seen in the recent
eD-noE5LTWM-00613-00149791-00149935 years
eD-noE5LTWM-00614-00149936-00150190 as students and educators
eD-noE5LTWM-00615-00150191-00150407 adapted to remote learning
eD-noE5LTWM-00616-00150408-00150551 so
eD-noE5LTWM-00617-00150552-00150814 our bookshare users who are primarily
eD-noE5LTWM-00618-00150815-00151119 students can access their content easily
eD-noE5LTWM-00619-00151120-00151302 right through their browser using the
eD-noE5LTWM-00620-00151303-00151502 bookshare web reader
eD-noE5LTWM-00621-00151503-00151671 so you can
eD-noE5LTWM-00622-00151672-00151902 go to the bookshare website open up a
eD-noE5LTWM-00623-00151903-00152190 book and then read it instantly
eD-noE5LTWM-00624-00152191-00152407 using the bookshare web reader right
eD-noE5LTWM-00625-00152408-00152671 there on your browser
eD-noE5LTWM-00626-00152672-00152926 and it is you don't there is no need to
eD-noE5LTWM-00627-00152927-00153102 download or install any additional
eD-noE5LTWM-00628-00153103-00153223 software
eD-noE5LTWM-00629-00153224-00153478 it's available on mobile and desktop
eD-noE5LTWM-00630-00153479-00153790 versions of all the major browser uh
eD-noE5LTWM-00631-00153791-00153999 platforms including
eD-noE5LTWM-00632-00154000-00154319 google chrome safari microsoft edge and
eD-noE5LTWM-00633-00154320-00154559 firefox
eD-noE5LTWM-00634-00154560-00154790 uh so let's look at a few
eD-noE5LTWM-00635-00154791-00154983 major features that will be part of this
eD-noE5LTWM-00636-00154984-00155271 web reader
eD-noE5LTWM-00637-00155272-00155390 um
eD-noE5LTWM-00638-00155391-00155583 so here
eD-noE5LTWM-00639-00155584-00155878 in uh the most important thing on a web
eD-noE5LTWM-00640-00155879-00156095 reader especially on a web reader that
eD-noE5LTWM-00641-00156096-00156190 is
eD-noE5LTWM-00642-00156191-00156335 targeted towards
eD-noE5LTWM-00643-00156336-00156575 people with print disability
eD-noE5LTWM-00644-00156576-00156823 you know including dyslexia
eD-noE5LTWM-00645-00156824-00157039 vision impairment or mobile
eD-noE5LTWM-00646-00157040-00157274 impairment uh the main thing is the
eD-noE5LTWM-00647-00157275-00157407 [Music]
eD-noE5LTWM-00648-00157408-00157695 text to speech reading out aloud
eD-noE5LTWM-00649-00157696-00157959 um you know having high contrast color
eD-noE5LTWM-00650-00157960-00158078 scheme
eD-noE5LTWM-00651-00158079-00158487 um and when you read out aloud having um
eD-noE5LTWM-00652-00158488-00158566 the
eD-noE5LTWM-00653-00158567-00158814 word and sentence level highlighting
eD-noE5LTWM-00654-00158815-00159119 on the page so you can follow along
eD-noE5LTWM-00655-00159120-00159343 and improve your uh
eD-noE5LTWM-00656-00159344-00159623 reading fluency those are
eD-noE5LTWM-00657-00159624-00159871 the important features and we include
eD-noE5LTWM-00658-00159872-00160159 all of them in our reader and uh the
eD-noE5LTWM-00659-00160160-00160351 best part is it also works really well
eD-noE5LTWM-00660-00160352-00160678 with any screen reader uh the user may
eD-noE5LTWM-00661-00160679-00160871 use uh including
eD-noE5LTWM-00662-00160872-00161239 jazz and nvidia or your mac os
eD-noE5LTWM-00663-00161240-00161423 wise reader
eD-noE5LTWM-00664-00161424-00161702 and
eD-noE5LTWM-00665-00161703-00162254 next slide please
eD-noE5LTWM-00666-00162255-00162535 so we have more features so we are
eD-noE5LTWM-00667-00162536-00162775 currently working on uh these features
eD-noE5LTWM-00668-00162776-00162999 we have a private beta out with this new
eD-noE5LTWM-00669-00163000-00163126 web reader
eD-noE5LTWM-00670-00163127-00163414 uh but we are also working on adding um
eD-noE5LTWM-00671-00163415-00163502 more
eD-noE5LTWM-00672-00163503-00163678 exciting features like bookmarks
eD-noE5LTWM-00673-00163679-00163823 annotation
eD-noE5LTWM-00674-00163824-00163919 um
eD-noE5LTWM-00675-00163920-00164190 giving mathemal support um
eD-noE5LTWM-00676-00164191-00164359 and um
eD-noE5LTWM-00677-00164360-00164519 several other features that are going to
eD-noE5LTWM-00678-00164520-00164895 come and our plan is to uh hopefully
eD-noE5LTWM-00679-00164896-00165175 launch this uh in the summer
eD-noE5LTWM-00680-00165176-00165623 um for public uh data and moving on to
eD-noE5LTWM-00681-00165624-00165911 the next slide please
eD-noE5LTWM-00682-00165912-00166095 so i just wanted to quickly show you how
eD-noE5LTWM-00683-00166096-00166414 it may uh it will look um so this is if
eD-noE5LTWM-00684-00166415-00166607 you are if you're not familiar with the
eD-noE5LTWM-00685-00166608-00166743 bookshare uh
eD-noE5LTWM-00686-00166744-00167038 website so as i mentioned it's a
eD-noE5LTWM-00687-00167039-00167271 world's largest library we have lots of
eD-noE5LTWM-00688-00167272-00167351 um
eD-noE5LTWM-00689-00167352-00167543 accessible books in different formats
eD-noE5LTWM-00690-00167544-00167751 available but uh here we are looking at
eD-noE5LTWM-00691-00167752-00167847 one
eD-noE5LTWM-00692-00167848-00168023 um
eD-noE5LTWM-00693-00168024-00168254 one book which is i guess in this
eD-noE5LTWM-00694-00168255-00168447 particular example harry potter book you
eD-noE5LTWM-00695-00168448-00168559 can just
eD-noE5LTWM-00696-00168560-00168814 uh click on read now right there on the
eD-noE5LTWM-00697-00168815-00168990 website and then
eD-noE5LTWM-00698-00168991-00169390 next slide please
eD-noE5LTWM-00699-00169391-00169631 and then the web reader opens up and you
eD-noE5LTWM-00700-00169632-00169799 can see the
eD-noE5LTWM-00701-00169800-00170038 sentence and word level highlighting so
eD-noE5LTWM-00702-00170039-00170302 it helps the user follow along
eD-noE5LTWM-00703-00170303-00170551 and learn the particular word as they
eD-noE5LTWM-00704-00170552-00170678 are reading
eD-noE5LTWM-00705-00170679-00170863 um and then
eD-noE5LTWM-00706-00170864-00171047 you know you have all the other
eD-noE5LTWM-00707-00171048-00171271 important features like a table of
eD-noE5LTWM-00708-00171272-00171535 content that lets you navigate to
eD-noE5LTWM-00709-00171536-00171766 uh the different um
eD-noE5LTWM-00710-00171767-00171975 sections within a book
eD-noE5LTWM-00711-00171976-00172366 um next slide please
eD-noE5LTWM-00712-00172367-00172566 and uh
eD-noE5LTWM-00713-00172567-00172735 i really wanted to point out the
eD-noE5LTWM-00714-00172736-00172983 settings because this is um
eD-noE5LTWM-00715-00172984-00173126 so we let
eD-noE5LTWM-00716-00173127-00173351 the users customize
eD-noE5LTWM-00717-00173352-00173607 the settings um you know in the best way
eD-noE5LTWM-00718-00173608-00173895 that it works for them based on their
eD-noE5LTWM-00719-00173896-00174135 accessibility needs
eD-noE5LTWM-00720-00174136-00174335 you know the quick set tab is to
eD-noE5LTWM-00721-00174336-00174551 customize the settings that are used
eD-noE5LTWM-00722-00174552-00174711 most often
eD-noE5LTWM-00723-00174712-00174975 uh you can use the audio settings to
eD-noE5LTWM-00724-00174976-00175214 choose your favorite voice
eD-noE5LTWM-00725-00175215-00175375 and then you can adjust your reading
eD-noE5LTWM-00726-00175376-00175519 speed
eD-noE5LTWM-00727-00175520-00175719 and then there are text settings where
eD-noE5LTWM-00728-00175720-00176023 you can customize the text size um as we
eD-noE5LTWM-00729-00176024-00176254 have seen from the previous presenters
eD-noE5LTWM-00730-00176255-00176593 uh the adjusting the text size and also
eD-noE5LTWM-00731-00176594-00176775 [Music]
eD-noE5LTWM-00732-00176776-00177078 adjusting the character spacing helps
eD-noE5LTWM-00733-00177079-00177407 our users with learning disabilities
eD-noE5LTWM-00734-00177408-00177726 and we also let you choose
eD-noE5LTWM-00735-00177727-00177914 you know various fonts including
eD-noE5LTWM-00736-00177915-00178183 dyslexia-friendly fonts
eD-noE5LTWM-00737-00178184-00178287 so
eD-noE5LTWM-00738-00178288-00178478 there are many different customizable
eD-noE5LTWM-00739-00178479-00178823 options available for the text and
eD-noE5LTWM-00740-00178824-00179071 for the page itself you can either read
eD-noE5LTWM-00741-00179072-00179366 side by side or in scrolling mode
eD-noE5LTWM-00742-00179367-00179389 and
eD-noE5LTWM-00743-00179390-00179575 [Music]
eD-noE5LTWM-00744-00179576-00179790 you have the option to increase line
eD-noE5LTWM-00745-00179791-00180087 spacing so that really helps our users
eD-noE5LTWM-00746-00180088-00180214 um
eD-noE5LTWM-00747-00180215-00180414 you know with low vision or even
eD-noE5LTWM-00748-00180415-00180654 dyslexic users
eD-noE5LTWM-00749-00180655-00180895 and then when it comes to color settings
eD-noE5LTWM-00750-00180896-00181199 um as nick had mentioned um color
eD-noE5LTWM-00751-00181200-00181383 contrast is one of the most important
eD-noE5LTWM-00752-00181384-00181631 aspects of web accessibility
eD-noE5LTWM-00753-00181632-00181951 and uh so our reader offers you various
eD-noE5LTWM-00754-00181952-00182166 color presets uh to choose from
eD-noE5LTWM-00755-00182167-00182278 including
eD-noE5LTWM-00756-00182279-00182583 high contrast light sensitive or color
eD-noE5LTWM-00757-00182584-00182766 blind options
eD-noE5LTWM-00758-00182767-00182983 so you can once you choose those
eD-noE5LTWM-00759-00182984-00183159 settings you can customize the
eD-noE5LTWM-00760-00183160-00183287 background
eD-noE5LTWM-00761-00183288-00183575 foreground color and the text color
eD-noE5LTWM-00762-00183576-00183823 so this definitely allows people with
eD-noE5LTWM-00763-00183824-00184143 moderately low vision to read text and
eD-noE5LTWM-00764-00184144-00184359 distinguish controls without any
eD-noE5LTWM-00765-00184360-00184614 additional help
eD-noE5LTWM-00766-00184615-00184799 and it also helps someone read a book
eD-noE5LTWM-00767-00184800-00185031 under bright sunlight outside if they're
eD-noE5LTWM-00768-00185032-00185366 reading outside uh yeah so these are
eD-noE5LTWM-00769-00185367-00185607 just various options available for
eD-noE5LTWM-00770-00185608-00185878 our reader to customize their reading
eD-noE5LTWM-00771-00185879-00186007 experience
eD-noE5LTWM-00772-00186008-00186175 um
eD-noE5LTWM-00773-00186176-00186471 and as i mentioned uh you know the web
eD-noE5LTWM-00774-00186472-00186814 the new uh web leader um is
eD-noE5LTWM-00775-00186815-00187087 in private beta now and with the hope to
eD-noE5LTWM-00776-00187088-00187287 launch uh really soon
eD-noE5LTWM-00777-00187288-00187399 um
eD-noE5LTWM-00778-00187400-00187726 and if any next slide please
eD-noE5LTWM-00779-00187727-00187847 um
eD-noE5LTWM-00780-00187848-00188054 yeah and uh you know thanks for the
eD-noE5LTWM-00781-00188055-00188278 opportunity to be here but if any of you
eD-noE5LTWM-00782-00188279-00188478 have any questions or
eD-noE5LTWM-00783-00188479-00188783 uh you want to explore using
eD-noE5LTWM-00784-00188784-00188943 bookshare
eD-noE5LTWM-00785-00188944-00189087 in your
eD-noE5LTWM-00786-00189088-00189383 school districts or in your countries
eD-noE5LTWM-00787-00189384-00189559 do reach out
eD-noE5LTWM-00788-00189560-00189775 thank you again for the opportunity
eD-noE5LTWM-00789-00189776-00189966 wonderful thank you very much hammer for
eD-noE5LTWM-00790-00189967-00190199 this presentation of the book bookshare
eD-noE5LTWM-00791-00190200-00190414 program and of the web reader we will
eD-noE5LTWM-00792-00190415-00190647 have time to come back to the questions
eD-noE5LTWM-00793-00190648-00190863 afterwards when we have all the panel
eD-noE5LTWM-00794-00190864-00191175 presentations and now we move on to jose
eD-noE5LTWM-00795-00191176-00191471 corettier from spain he is joining us
eD-noE5LTWM-00796-00191472-00191631 online
eD-noE5LTWM-00797-00191632-00191895 jose is director communications director
eD-noE5LTWM-00798-00191896-00192150 at blenner inclusion spain
eD-noE5LTWM-00799-00192151-00192390 and this is an organization supporting
eD-noE5LTWM-00800-00192391-00192631 people with intellectual and development
eD-noE5LTWM-00801-00192632-00192871 disabilities and jose will share with us
eD-noE5LTWM-00802-00192872-00193214 his work on the planetary facile project
eD-noE5LTWM-00803-00193215-00193559 jose flore is yours
eD-noE5LTWM-00804-00193560-00193847 hello sabine hi everyone
eD-noE5LTWM-00805-00193848-00194383 um i'm here in madrid a warm day so um
eD-noE5LTWM-00806-00194384-00194671 i'm really pleased to
eD-noE5LTWM-00807-00194672-00194999 tell you about our project is easy
eD-noE5LTWM-00808-00195000-00195150 planet uh
eD-noE5LTWM-00809-00195151-00195447 media because it's not one media
eD-noE5LTWM-00810-00195448-00195695 but first of all i would like to talk
eD-noE5LTWM-00811-00195696-00196038 about a plain inclusion spain
eD-noE5LTWM-00812-00196039-00196495 plain inclusion is an ngo a big one
eD-noE5LTWM-00813-00196496-00196726 the biggest spanish
eD-noE5LTWM-00814-00196727-00197078 organization that defends the rights
eD-noE5LTWM-00815-00197079-00197359 of people with intellectual disabilities
eD-noE5LTWM-00816-00197360-00197438 and
eD-noE5LTWM-00817-00197439-00197754 under families we are
eD-noE5LTWM-00818-00197755-00198014 950 associations
eD-noE5LTWM-00819-00198015-00198175 that support
eD-noE5LTWM-00820-00198176-00198414 about 150
eD-noE5LTWM-00821-00198415-00198511 000
eD-noE5LTWM-00822-00198512-00198743 people with intellectual
eD-noE5LTWM-00823-00198744-00198975 disabilities
eD-noE5LTWM-00824-00198976-00199326 slide please
eD-noE5LTWM-00825-00199327-00199471 i'm here
eD-noE5LTWM-00826-00199472-00199838 to talk to you about uh easy planet but
eD-noE5LTWM-00827-00199839-00200007 first of all
eD-noE5LTWM-00828-00200008-00200207 um
eD-noE5LTWM-00829-00200208-00200471 i want to talk to you about media and
eD-noE5LTWM-00830-00200472-00200735 about journalists i'm a journalist
eD-noE5LTWM-00831-00200736-00201111 and before i started to work at cleaning
eD-noE5LTWM-00832-00201112-00201271 lucion
eD-noE5LTWM-00833-00201272-00201438 i've been during
eD-noE5LTWM-00834-00201439-00201743 30 years working at different
eD-noE5LTWM-00835-00201744-00201926 radio stations
eD-noE5LTWM-00836-00201927-00202023 tv
eD-noE5LTWM-00837-00202024-00202438 stations and newspapers and even in at
eD-noE5LTWM-00838-00202439-00202590 internet
eD-noE5LTWM-00839-00202591-00202790 journals
eD-noE5LTWM-00840-00202791-00202966 and
eD-noE5LTWM-00841-00202967-00203271 i remember that when i was
eD-noE5LTWM-00842-00203272-00203566 working as a journalist in this media
eD-noE5LTWM-00843-00203567-00203702 that
eD-noE5LTWM-00844-00203703-00204007 is not useful it wasn't useful
eD-noE5LTWM-00845-00204008-00204159 to think about
eD-noE5LTWM-00846-00204160-00204399 what happened with people
eD-noE5LTWM-00847-00204400-00204495 with
eD-noE5LTWM-00848-00204496-00204783 problems of comprehension
eD-noE5LTWM-00849-00204784-00205055 with what happened with people with
eD-noE5LTWM-00850-00205056-00205214 intellectual
eD-noE5LTWM-00851-00205215-00205398 uh disabilities
eD-noE5LTWM-00852-00205400-00205727 because the journalists and the media
eD-noE5LTWM-00853-00205728-00206151 normally we we think that we are um
eD-noE5LTWM-00854-00206152-00206494 telling the reality to everyone
eD-noE5LTWM-00855-00206496-00206631 but
eD-noE5LTWM-00856-00206632-00206951 the real thing is we don't um
eD-noE5LTWM-00857-00206952-00207294 we don't know what is easy communication
eD-noE5LTWM-00858-00207296-00207438 and we don't mind
eD-noE5LTWM-00859-00207439-00207719 if everyone
eD-noE5LTWM-00860-00207719-00207975 can understand us
eD-noE5LTWM-00861-00207976-00208286 but first of all we uh
eD-noE5LTWM-00862-00208287-00208534 i i would like to um
eD-noE5LTWM-00863-00208535-00208903 to listen let's listen to simon he's my
eD-noE5LTWM-00864-00208904-00209151 colleague
eD-noE5LTWM-00865-00209152-00209255 simon
eD-noE5LTWM-00866-00209256-00209510 or simone in spanish is
eD-noE5LTWM-00867-00209511-00209719 he is the presenter
eD-noE5LTWM-00868-00209719-00209887 of planet
eD-noE5LTWM-00869-00209888-00210031 easy planet
eD-noE5LTWM-00870-00210032-00210287 radio and tv programs
eD-noE5LTWM-00871-00210288-00210423 and
eD-noE5LTWM-00872-00210423-00210646 simon has something
eD-noE5LTWM-00873-00210648-00210782 to tell us
eD-noE5LTWM-00874-00210783-00211263 let's listen to him
eD-noE5LTWM-00875-00211264-00212294 the video
eD-noE5LTWM-00876-00212296-00212646 well
eD-noE5LTWM-00877-00212648-00212806 maybe uh
eD-noE5LTWM-00878-00212807-00213039 you have to open before
eD-noE5LTWM-00879-00213040-00213734 the video
eD-noE5LTWM-00880-00213735-00213902 anyway
eD-noE5LTWM-00881-00213903-00214046 [Music]
eD-noE5LTWM-00882-00214048-00214319 simon
eD-noE5LTWM-00883-00214319-00214467 tell us that
eD-noE5LTWM-00884-00214469-00214606 [Music]
eD-noE5LTWM-00885-00214607-00214719 he was
eD-noE5LTWM-00886-00214719-00215094 very happy because um
eD-noE5LTWM-00887-00215096-00215398 a planet easy planet has received
eD-noE5LTWM-00888-00215398-00215558 [Music]
eD-noE5LTWM-00889-00215559-00215734 the award of
eD-noE5LTWM-00890-00215735-00215919 zero project
eD-noE5LTWM-00891-00215919-00216055 and
eD-noE5LTWM-00892-00216056-00216255 what all
eD-noE5LTWM-00893-00216256-00216463 is one of
eD-noE5LTWM-00894-00216464-00216663 our aims uh
eD-noE5LTWM-00895-00216664-00216823 to
eD-noE5LTWM-00896-00216823-00217294 to do uh his information for everyone
eD-noE5LTWM-00897-00217296-00217551 in the world we live in
eD-noE5LTWM-00898-00217552-00217791 cognitive accessibility
eD-noE5LTWM-00899-00217792-00218015 it's not respected
eD-noE5LTWM-00900-00218016-00218375 that's the fact and neither is the right
eD-noE5LTWM-00901-00218376-00218551 to understand the news
eD-noE5LTWM-00902-00218552-00218767 as i said before the media have
eD-noE5LTWM-00903-00218767-00219015 forgotten about people with intellectual
eD-noE5LTWM-00904-00219016-00219375 disabilities next slide please
eD-noE5LTWM-00905-00219376-00219655 for the reason at least inclusion
eD-noE5LTWM-00906-00219656-00219982 we decided to create free communication
eD-noE5LTWM-00907-00219983-00220319 channels an electronic newspaper and a
eD-noE5LTWM-00908-00220319-00220542 radio and a tv program
eD-noE5LTWM-00909-00220544-00220751 to tell the news to people who have
eD-noE5LTWM-00910-00220752-00220910 difficulties
eD-noE5LTWM-00911-00220911-00221191 to understand the reality
eD-noE5LTWM-00912-00221192-00221367 in this way we
eD-noE5LTWM-00913-00221367-00221471 answered
eD-noE5LTWM-00914-00221471-00221815 the right to information
eD-noE5LTWM-00915-00221816-00222110 next slide please
eD-noE5LTWM-00916-00222111-00222519 disciplinary website is the first media
eD-noE5LTWM-00917-00222519-00222658 every days
eD-noE5LTWM-00918-00222659-00222806 [Music]
eD-noE5LTWM-00919-00222807-00222998 uh give uh
eD-noE5LTWM-00920-00223000-00223303 convert into easy to read format the
eD-noE5LTWM-00921-00223304-00223655 news of uh different medias the general
eD-noE5LTWM-00922-00223656-00224023 medias it also explains current concepts
eD-noE5LTWM-00923-00224023-00224367 such as next-gen generation european
eD-noE5LTWM-00924-00224367-00224503 funds
eD-noE5LTWM-00925-00224504-00224687 the spanish
eD-noE5LTWM-00926-00224688-00224982 new labor law or the situation between
eD-noE5LTWM-00927-00224983-00225294 russia and ukraine now
eD-noE5LTWM-00928-00225296-00225598 very um
eD-noE5LTWM-00929-00225600-00225727 sadly
eD-noE5LTWM-00930-00225728-00225823 very
eD-noE5LTWM-00931-00225823-00225991 listen to the people
eD-noE5LTWM-00932-00225992-00226255 these are three examples of the content
eD-noE5LTWM-00933-00226256-00226391 we provide
eD-noE5LTWM-00934-00226392-00226734 we also promote cognitive flexibility by
eD-noE5LTWM-00935-00226735-00226991 by providing free links to easy-to-read
eD-noE5LTWM-00936-00226992-00227079 books
eD-noE5LTWM-00937-00227080-00227542 and by organizing monthly reading club
eD-noE5LTWM-00938-00227544-00227815 this media is directed
eD-noE5LTWM-00939-00227816-00227975 and writing
eD-noE5LTWM-00940-00227976-00228351 by a person with intellectual disability
eD-noE5LTWM-00941-00228352-00228839 antonio nojosa
eD-noE5LTWM-00942-00228840-00229055 easy planet on
eD-noE5LTWM-00943-00229056-00229487 on tv is a program produced by the third
eD-noE5LTWM-00944-00229488-00229791 largest spanish news agency serving
eD-noE5LTWM-00945-00229792-00229894 media
eD-noE5LTWM-00946-00229896-00230231 and it is presented by two young people
eD-noE5LTWM-00947-00230232-00230551 you can see it on on the slide
eD-noE5LTWM-00948-00230552-00230791 eva and simon
eD-noE5LTWM-00949-00230792-00230910 they are
eD-noE5LTWM-00950-00230911-00231087 two young people with intellectual
eD-noE5LTWM-00951-00231088-00231279 disabilities
eD-noE5LTWM-00952-00231280-00231412 and each month
eD-noE5LTWM-00953-00231413-00231558 [Music]
eD-noE5LTWM-00954-00231559-00231887 we brings easy to understand features
eD-noE5LTWM-00955-00231888-00232079 interviews news
eD-noE5LTWM-00956-00232080-00232239 and reports
eD-noE5LTWM-00957-00232240-00232494 and we talk about
eD-noE5LTWM-00958-00232496-00232734 not only uh
eD-noE5LTWM-00959-00232735-00232927 subjects uh
eD-noE5LTWM-00960-00232928-00233151 uh connected with uh intellectual
eD-noE5LTWM-00961-00233152-00233551 disability persons but other uh another
eD-noE5LTWM-00962-00233552-00233846 uh themes that really are
eD-noE5LTWM-00963-00233848-00234015 um
eD-noE5LTWM-00964-00234016-00234319 from the actuality and they are very
eD-noE5LTWM-00965-00234319-00234534 interesting for the
eD-noE5LTWM-00966-00234535-00234719 whole of the audience
eD-noE5LTWM-00967-00234719-00234942 last year it reached
eD-noE5LTWM-00968-00234944-00235263 thousands of people as it was broadcast
eD-noE5LTWM-00969-00235264-00235446 by 60 local
eD-noE5LTWM-00970-00235448-00235791 tv stations all around spain
eD-noE5LTWM-00971-00235792-00236055 in this way it has entered
eD-noE5LTWM-00972-00236056-00236382 many households that are unaware of the
eD-noE5LTWM-00973-00236383-00236623 world of disability
eD-noE5LTWM-00974-00236623-00236934 and also it has thousands of views on
eD-noE5LTWM-00975-00236935-00237287 his youtube and social media posts
eD-noE5LTWM-00976-00237288-00237639 next slide please
eD-noE5LTWM-00977-00237640-00238006 the latest experiment this recent one
eD-noE5LTWM-00978-00238007-00238391 has been planetario planta fatilitario
eD-noE5LTWM-00979-00238392-00238782 it is a microspace that began broadcast
eD-noE5LTWM-00980-00238783-00239023 broadcasting in january on the iranian
eD-noE5LTWM-00981-00239023-00239206 national de espana
eD-noE5LTWM-00982-00239207-00239534 is the country's leading public radio
eD-noE5LTWM-00983-00239535-00239646 station
eD-noE5LTWM-00984-00239648-00239815 the most
eD-noE5LTWM-00985-00239816-00240119 listen from the public radios
eD-noE5LTWM-00986-00240119-00240398 this program is also presented by simon
eD-noE5LTWM-00987-00240400-00240710 marco you can see it on the picture
eD-noE5LTWM-00988-00240711-00240975 and every month it tries to bring issues
eD-noE5LTWM-00989-00240976-00241271 related to intellectual disability
eD-noE5LTWM-00990-00241271-00241598 to a more to a mass audience in an
eD-noE5LTWM-00991-00241600-00241727 accessible
eD-noE5LTWM-00992-00241728-00242134 and easy to understand way
eD-noE5LTWM-00993-00242135-00242439 next slide please
eD-noE5LTWM-00994-00242440-00242671 uh from plane inclusion in spain
eD-noE5LTWM-00995-00242671-00242782 we think
eD-noE5LTWM-00996-00242783-00242871 uh
eD-noE5LTWM-00997-00242871-00242958 is
eD-noE5LTWM-00998-00242959-00243367 that is a long way to convince media
eD-noE5LTWM-00999-00243367-00243598 that there are a lot of people that
eD-noE5LTWM-01000-00243600-00243982 doesn't understand the news that's why
eD-noE5LTWM-01001-00243983-00244191 we are going to continue
eD-noE5LTWM-01002-00244192-00244503 to open paths to accessibility
eD-noE5LTWM-01003-00244504-00244615 we think
eD-noE5LTWM-01004-00244616-00244919 that easy communication
eD-noE5LTWM-01005-00244919-00245342 is is nothing really hard to do
eD-noE5LTWM-01006-00245344-00245430 and
eD-noE5LTWM-01007-00245431-00246039 we are um giving our little grain of sun
eD-noE5LTWM-01008-00246040-00246191 to this course
eD-noE5LTWM-01009-00246192-00246423 because um
eD-noE5LTWM-01010-00246423-00246615 it's not only a
eD-noE5LTWM-01011-00246616-00246887 question when we are talking about
eD-noE5LTWM-01012-00246888-00247119 um
eD-noE5LTWM-01013-00247119-00247510 accessibility or easy communication
eD-noE5LTWM-01014-00247511-00247663 we are not only
eD-noE5LTWM-01015-00247664-00247823 talking about
eD-noE5LTWM-01016-00247823-00248023 people with intellectual disabilities
eD-noE5LTWM-01017-00248023-00248167 but
eD-noE5LTWM-01018-00248167-00248582 also uh people with problems of problems
eD-noE5LTWM-01019-00248583-00248742 of cognition
eD-noE5LTWM-01020-00248744-00248991 or elderly people
eD-noE5LTWM-01021-00248992-00249063 and
eD-noE5LTWM-01022-00249064-00249282 in spain many
eD-noE5LTWM-01023-00249283-00249606 foreigners people that has
eD-noE5LTWM-01024-00249607-00249934 arrived to our country and doesn't uh
eD-noE5LTWM-01025-00249935-00250303 speaks uh properly our language and has
eD-noE5LTWM-01026-00250304-00250639 difficulties to understand the news
eD-noE5LTWM-01027-00250640-00250751 so
eD-noE5LTWM-01028-00250752-00251006 we hope uh this project
eD-noE5LTWM-01029-00251007-00251398 is going to um show how important
eD-noE5LTWM-01030-00251400-00251623 is to um
eD-noE5LTWM-01031-00251623-00251975 to keep a life the right
eD-noE5LTWM-01032-00251976-00252358 to information for everyone thanks very
eD-noE5LTWM-01033-00252359-00252534 much
eD-noE5LTWM-01034-00252535-00252734 wonderful thank you very much jose and
eD-noE5LTWM-01035-00252735-00252894 thank you to all panelists for
eD-noE5LTWM-01036-00252896-00253110 presenting us four different really good
eD-noE5LTWM-01037-00253111-00253367 and innovative solutions to make content
eD-noE5LTWM-01038-00253367-00253558 accessible
eD-noE5LTWM-01039-00253559-00253719 are there any questions from the
eD-noE5LTWM-01040-00253719-00253967 audience to any one of our panelists are
eD-noE5LTWM-01041-00253967-00254158 there any aspects where you want to dig
eD-noE5LTWM-01042-00254159-00254575 deeper
eD-noE5LTWM-01043-00254576-00254846 in case you are too shy to rise to raise
eD-noE5LTWM-01044-00254848-00255063 your hand i invite you to have a look
eD-noE5LTWM-01045-00255064-00255287 all our panelists are also active on
eD-noE5LTWM-01046-00255288-00255542 twitter on linkedin i invite you to
eD-noE5LTWM-01047-00255544-00255791 connect and and post your questions
eD-noE5LTWM-01048-00255792-00256023 there and also continue maybe it also
eD-noE5LTWM-01049-00256023-00256230 takes a little bit of time to get
eD-noE5LTWM-01050-00256231-00256446 familiar with their projects
eD-noE5LTWM-01051-00256448-00256719 and i use the opportunity to put forward
eD-noE5LTWM-01052-00256719-00256894 my questions
eD-noE5LTWM-01053-00256896-00257094 if i start with you you have mentioned
eD-noE5LTWM-01054-00257096-00257271 the co-creation
eD-noE5LTWM-01055-00257271-00257503 approach to this to developing your tool
eD-noE5LTWM-01056-00257504-00257687 can you elaborate a little bit more how
eD-noE5LTWM-01057-00257688-00257879 that worked how you organize this
eD-noE5LTWM-01058-00257880-00258094 process and how people with disabilities
eD-noE5LTWM-01059-00258096-00258375 feed back into your product
eD-noE5LTWM-01060-00258376-00258471 sure
eD-noE5LTWM-01061-00258471-00258558 um
eD-noE5LTWM-01062-00258559-00258846 how do you want to create something to
eD-noE5LTWM-01063-00258848-00259142 help people if you don't take people
eD-noE5LTWM-01064-00259144-00259319 into account
eD-noE5LTWM-01065-00259319-00259558 um at facility we have decided from the
eD-noE5LTWM-01066-00259559-00259942 start for each time that we were
eD-noE5LTWM-01067-00259944-00260127 thinking of a problem that we could
eD-noE5LTWM-01068-00260128-00260415 maybe help through our service to
eD-noE5LTWM-01069-00260416-00260751 contact the one of the mom leaders or
eD-noE5LTWM-01070-00260752-00261023 leading associations in that field
eD-noE5LTWM-01071-00261023-00261358 and to tell them listen we
eD-noE5LTWM-01072-00261359-00261527 think we can do this
eD-noE5LTWM-01073-00261528-00261775 what we need is an access to the users
eD-noE5LTWM-01074-00261776-00261919 because we all know that it's very
eD-noE5LTWM-01075-00261919-00262375 difficult to contact users
eD-noE5LTWM-01076-00262376-00262599 regarding accessibility or disability in
eD-noE5LTWM-01077-00262600-00262815 general because
eD-noE5LTWM-01078-00262816-00263039 it's very difficult to step out in
eD-noE5LTWM-01079-00263040-00263206 regarding
eD-noE5LTWM-01080-00263207-00263471 personal data regarding office aspect
eD-noE5LTWM-01081-00263472-00263647 which is very important
eD-noE5LTWM-01082-00263648-00263743 so we
eD-noE5LTWM-01083-00263744-00263958 have decided to contact these
eD-noE5LTWM-01084-00263959-00264167 associations and each time we were
eD-noE5LTWM-01085-00264168-00264391 addressing one we were creating like a
eD-noE5LTWM-01086-00264392-00264695 mini website a mini test website
eD-noE5LTWM-01087-00264696-00264927 and we were asking the associations to
eD-noE5LTWM-01088-00264928-00265158 forward it to our users so
eD-noE5LTWM-01089-00265159-00265343 they had the contacts we had the
eD-noE5LTWM-01090-00265344-00265471 technology
eD-noE5LTWM-01091-00265472-00265630 so we made them let's say for
eD-noE5LTWM-01092-00265631-00265879 parkinson's disease
eD-noE5LTWM-01093-00265880-00266071 we contacted france parkinson's and told
eD-noE5LTWM-01094-00266072-00266303 them listen we we make this mini website
eD-noE5LTWM-01095-00266304-00266567 and we have these different click zones
eD-noE5LTWM-01096-00266568-00266743 sizes
eD-noE5LTWM-01097-00266744-00266903 from which size
eD-noE5LTWM-01098-00266904-00267247 are the users able to click autonomously
eD-noE5LTWM-01099-00267248-00267479 on the click zone and which space
eD-noE5LTWM-01100-00267480-00267743 between two click zones is necessary
eD-noE5LTWM-01101-00267744-00267943 so that they don't click
eD-noE5LTWM-01102-00267944-00268158 unwillingly on one click zone and if
eD-noE5LTWM-01103-00268159-00268375 they want to click on the other one and
eD-noE5LTWM-01104-00268376-00268606 we had people testing
eD-noE5LTWM-01105-00268607-00268823 and they told us okay this is good this
eD-noE5LTWM-01106-00268824-00269039 is nothing this is stupid forget it to
eD-noE5LTWM-01107-00269040-00269463 go this way and we we have really
eD-noE5LTWM-01108-00269464-00269606 started from
eD-noE5LTWM-01109-00269607-00269799 bottom to top
eD-noE5LTWM-01110-00269800-00270015 and at the end of the day for all the
eD-noE5LTWM-01111-00270016-00270223 adaptations that we provide
eD-noE5LTWM-01112-00270224-00270527 we had 14 000 testers
eD-noE5LTWM-01113-00270528-00270710 before putting the solution on the
eD-noE5LTWM-01114-00270711-00271055 market
eD-noE5LTWM-01115-00271056-00271239 that is quite impressive and i i
eD-noE5LTWM-01116-00271240-00271455 appreciate also the effort in organizing
eD-noE5LTWM-01117-00271456-00271671 and making the process work to get the
eD-noE5LTWM-01118-00271672-00271871 feedback and to integrate it into a
eD-noE5LTWM-01119-00271872-00272119 product thank you eve
eD-noE5LTWM-01120-00272120-00272439 so then i would jump to jose
eD-noE5LTWM-01121-00272440-00272719 and ask because all of you have a lot of
eD-noE5LTWM-01122-00272720-00273015 experience about making content
eD-noE5LTWM-01123-00273016-00273230 easier to understand but jose what would
eD-noE5LTWM-01124-00273231-00273358 be your
eD-noE5LTWM-01125-00273359-00273543 your wish to the audience to all the
eD-noE5LTWM-01126-00273544-00273791 people listening and also afterwards
eD-noE5LTWM-01127-00273792-00273999 watching this talk what would be your
eD-noE5LTWM-01128-00274000-00274175 advice or your wish to the audience what
eD-noE5LTWM-01129-00274176-00274471 can we do better to make us and the
eD-noE5LTWM-01130-00274472-00274775 content we produce more accessible
eD-noE5LTWM-01131-00274776-00275006 easier to understand
eD-noE5LTWM-01132-00275007-00275319 easy to understand um
eD-noE5LTWM-01133-00275320-00275615 in my experience
eD-noE5LTWM-01134-00275616-00275847 we are talking
eD-noE5LTWM-01135-00275848-00276103 about uh something that we do with
eD-noE5LTWM-01136-00276104-00276230 person
eD-noE5LTWM-01137-00276231-00276479 with persons and because
eD-noE5LTWM-01138-00276480-00276767 all our uh content
eD-noE5LTWM-01139-00276768-00277015 is uh connected with the
eD-noE5LTWM-01140-00277016-00277230 life of person with intellectual
eD-noE5LTWM-01141-00277231-00277455 disabilities
eD-noE5LTWM-01142-00277456-00277727 maybe is is something
eD-noE5LTWM-01143-00277728-00277806 that
eD-noE5LTWM-01144-00277807-00278079 make me
eD-noE5LTWM-01145-00278080-00278527 have a lot of illusion
eD-noE5LTWM-01146-00278528-00278975 when i started each program uh to
eD-noE5LTWM-01147-00278976-00279206 to uh write the script
eD-noE5LTWM-01148-00279207-00279606 and to uh like in a media to look for
eD-noE5LTWM-01149-00279607-00279830 different issues to uh
eD-noE5LTWM-01150-00279831-00280006 to talk about
eD-noE5LTWM-01151-00280007-00280406 i tried to um to speak with uh our
eD-noE5LTWM-01152-00280407-00280839 colleagues with simon and eve or antonio
eD-noE5LTWM-01153-00280840-00281039 in order to uh
eD-noE5LTWM-01154-00281040-00281558 to uh to feel what are their interests
eD-noE5LTWM-01155-00281559-00281823 that is very important because if not
eD-noE5LTWM-01156-00281824-00281919 you are
eD-noE5LTWM-01157-00281920-00282199 disconnected to life disconnected to
eD-noE5LTWM-01158-00282200-00282358 reality
eD-noE5LTWM-01159-00282359-00282639 and journalism is that
eD-noE5LTWM-01160-00282640-00282887 something like that or it would
eD-noE5LTWM-01161-00282888-00283110 it should be something like that
eD-noE5LTWM-01162-00283111-00283382 so we do journalists
eD-noE5LTWM-01163-00283383-00283710 uh connected with the life of people
eD-noE5LTWM-01164-00283711-00283910 with intellectual disabilities that's
eD-noE5LTWM-01165-00283911-00284110 all
eD-noE5LTWM-01166-00284111-00284327 perfect thank you very much so i think
eD-noE5LTWM-01167-00284328-00284582 we don't have much time left but i do
eD-noE5LTWM-01168-00284583-00284782 definitely want to hear from nick and
eD-noE5LTWM-01169-00284783-00285039 hammer and what i would ask you is to
eD-noE5LTWM-01170-00285040-00285151 give us
eD-noE5LTWM-01171-00285152-00285439 in one to two sentences maybe three
eD-noE5LTWM-01172-00285440-00285623 just feedback on
eD-noE5LTWM-01173-00285624-00285927 what the audience can do to help you in
eD-noE5LTWM-01174-00285928-00286199 your work in your projects
eD-noE5LTWM-01175-00286200-00286415 what would be the ideal case how can we
eD-noE5LTWM-01176-00286416-00286751 support you in
eD-noE5LTWM-01177-00286752-00287015 leading to success what you have started
eD-noE5LTWM-01178-00287016-00287191 let's start with hammer and then move on
eD-noE5LTWM-01179-00287192-00287543 to nick
eD-noE5LTWM-01180-00287544-00287847 good questions i mean
eD-noE5LTWM-01181-00287848-00287975 i think
eD-noE5LTWM-01182-00287976-00288071 if
eD-noE5LTWM-01183-00288072-00288295 the primary uh i think with bookshare
eD-noE5LTWM-01184-00288296-00288615 and benetech um what we want to see more
eD-noE5LTWM-01185-00288616-00288767 of is
eD-noE5LTWM-01186-00288768-00288934 advocacy and
eD-noE5LTWM-01187-00288935-00289310 awareness of issues being faced um
eD-noE5LTWM-01188-00289311-00289567 by people with such print disability
eD-noE5LTWM-01189-00289568-00289767 whether it's dyslexia or visual
eD-noE5LTWM-01190-00289768-00290095 impairment or even mobile impairment so
eD-noE5LTWM-01191-00290096-00290351 um i see that happening more and more
eD-noE5LTWM-01192-00290352-00290615 like there is an awareness around um
eD-noE5LTWM-01193-00290616-00290767 accessibility and the need for
eD-noE5LTWM-01194-00290768-00291087 accessibility um mainly around the
eD-noE5LTWM-01195-00291088-00291223 you know the tech companies that are
eD-noE5LTWM-01196-00291224-00291503 building software products um
eD-noE5LTWM-01197-00291504-00291654 and i think uh
eD-noE5LTWM-01198-00291655-00291839 it's not only on the side of the tech
eD-noE5LTWM-01199-00291840-00292047 companies but uh are the companies that
eD-noE5LTWM-01200-00292048-00292343 are building product but also on the
eD-noE5LTWM-01201-00292344-00292527 uh you know the
eD-noE5LTWM-01202-00292528-00292830 community as a whole that we need to
eD-noE5LTWM-01203-00292831-00293039 improve our awareness around these
eD-noE5LTWM-01204-00293040-00293295 issues and always look out for each
eD-noE5LTWM-01205-00293296-00293527 other when it comes to meeting uh the
eD-noE5LTWM-01206-00293528-00293839 requirements of such users
eD-noE5LTWM-01207-00293840-00294047 thank you very much hammer and nick what
eD-noE5LTWM-01208-00294048-00294415 would be your answer to that
eD-noE5LTWM-01209-00294416-00294630 thank you for us it would be incredibly
eD-noE5LTWM-01210-00294631-00294734 helpful
eD-noE5LTWM-01211-00294735-00294879 if people could
eD-noE5LTWM-01212-00294880-00295167 help connect us with organizations that
eD-noE5LTWM-01213-00295168-00295399 care about accessibility and who have
eD-noE5LTWM-01214-00295400-00295806 text heavy platforms websites blogs
eD-noE5LTWM-01215-00295807-00296039 news organizations educational
eD-noE5LTWM-01216-00296040-00296191 organizations
eD-noE5LTWM-01217-00296192-00296406 publishing of ebooks these are the
eD-noE5LTWM-01218-00296407-00296623 organizations we need to reach
eD-noE5LTWM-01219-00296624-00296806 and we would love to work with the
eD-noE5LTWM-01220-00296807-00296958 organizations that care about
eD-noE5LTWM-01221-00296959-00297223 accessibility and want to reach these
eD-noE5LTWM-01222-00297224-00297558 users in a more user-friendly way
eD-noE5LTWM-01223-00297559-00297854 also the governmental organizations that
eD-noE5LTWM-01224-00297855-00298071 write the regulations and the guidelines
eD-noE5LTWM-01225-00298072-00298358 for how to improve web accessibility so
eD-noE5LTWM-01226-00298359-00298551 that when people who are interested in
eD-noE5LTWM-01227-00298552-00298775 accessibility look to see what they can
eD-noE5LTWM-01228-00298776-00298991 do for best practices they learn about
eD-noE5LTWM-01229-00298992-00299206 beeline reader which is very new and not
eD-noE5LTWM-01230-00299207-00299367 very well known in many parts of the
eD-noE5LTWM-01231-00299368-00299551 world thank you
eD-noE5LTWM-01232-00299552-00299815 thank you nick perfect i think we all
eD-noE5LTWM-01233-00299816-00299991 understood how we can support our
eD-noE5LTWM-01234-00299992-00300134 panelists
eD-noE5LTWM-01235-00300135-00300343 again my invitation connect with them
eD-noE5LTWM-01236-00300344-00300575 continue the discussion continue also
eD-noE5LTWM-01237-00300576-00300847 exploring their wonderful solutions
eD-noE5LTWM-01238-00300848-00301079 and with that i would draw this session
eD-noE5LTWM-01239-00301080-00301254 to a close thank you very much for your
eD-noE5LTWM-01240-00301255-00301519 attention
eD-noE5LTWM-01241-00301520-00302999 thank you
eD-noE5LTWM-01242-00303000-00303207 you
eE6qgFoeya4-00000-00000056-00000199 hey estate planning attorney paul
eE6qgFoeya4-00001-00000200-00000303 ramilee here and
eE6qgFoeya4-00002-00000304-00000495 in this video we're going to talk about
eE6qgFoeya4-00003-00000496-00000719 10 yeah count on 10
eE6qgFoeya4-00004-00000720-00001031 different types of trusts
eE6qgFoeya4-00005-00001032-00001158 all right so here's the background
eE6qgFoeya4-00006-00001159-00001319 there's a lot of different types of
eE6qgFoeya4-00007-00001320-00001374 trusts
eE6qgFoeya4-00008-00001375-00001566 and maybe before we get into the 10
eE6qgFoeya4-00009-00001567-00001734 different types of trust we might need
eE6qgFoeya4-00010-00001735-00001902 to just answer
eE6qgFoeya4-00011-00001903-00002191 what is a trust so i'll give you kind of
eE6qgFoeya4-00012-00002192-00002375 the technical definition and you
eE6qgFoeya4-00013-00002376-00002495 and you'll get a much better
eE6qgFoeya4-00014-00002496-00002718 understanding as as we go into some of
eE6qgFoeya4-00015-00002719-00002863 the practical
eE6qgFoeya4-00016-00002864-00003071 reasons people form some of these 10
eE6qgFoeya4-00017-00003072-00003231 trusts as we go through the 10 types of
eE6qgFoeya4-00018-00003232-00003311 trust but
eE6qgFoeya4-00019-00003311-00003447 if we were to look at the you know
eE6qgFoeya4-00020-00003447-00003751 technical definition of a trust
eE6qgFoeya4-00021-00003752-00003959 you know it's often defined as what's
eE6qgFoeya4-00022-00003960-00004127 called a relationship
eE6qgFoeya4-00023-00004128-00004479 where one person transfers
eE6qgFoeya4-00024-00004480-00004783 assets or property to a person
eE6qgFoeya4-00025-00004784-00005111 so that that person can
eE6qgFoeya4-00026-00005112-00005422 manage it on behalf of another person or
eE6qgFoeya4-00027-00005423-00005583 other people
eE6qgFoeya4-00028-00005584-00005870 so you'll understand a lot more as we as
eE6qgFoeya4-00029-00005871-00005983 we go through it
eE6qgFoeya4-00030-00005984-00006302 and i'll i'm going to define
eE6qgFoeya4-00031-00006303-00006470 or give a name to each of these
eE6qgFoeya4-00032-00006472-00006710 different types of trusts but note that
eE6qgFoeya4-00033-00006711-00006927 in most cases it's not an official name
eE6qgFoeya4-00034-00006928-00007031 for example
eE6qgFoeya4-00035-00007031-00007319 i could say you know one type of trust
eE6qgFoeya4-00036-00007320-00007406 uh you know
eE6qgFoeya4-00037-00007408-00007695 joe attorney down the road set up a
eE6qgFoeya4-00038-00007695-00007863 children's divorce proof
eE6qgFoeya4-00039-00007864-00008207 trust and uh anna down the street
eE6qgFoeya4-00040-00008208-00008527 set up a children's inheritance trust
eE6qgFoeya4-00041-00008528-00008759 and all the provisions of those trusts
eE6qgFoeya4-00042-00008760-00008967 are identical so my point is
eE6qgFoeya4-00043-00008968-00009159 don't necessarily get hung up on the
eE6qgFoeya4-00044-00009160-00009287 name but
eE6qgFoeya4-00045-00009288-00009455 uh and i'll point out a circumstance or
eE6qgFoeya4-00046-00009456-00009623 two where and you know there is a kind
eE6qgFoeya4-00047-00009624-00009814 of a recognized name for a certain type
eE6qgFoeya4-00048-00009815-00009967 of trust
eE6qgFoeya4-00049-00009968-00010127 also you need to know that there's
eE6qgFoeya4-00050-00010128-00010278 there's some overlap
eE6qgFoeya4-00051-00010279-00010559 here i'm going to go over 10 different
eE6qgFoeya4-00052-00010560-00010687 types of trusts
eE6qgFoeya4-00053-00010688-00011038 but all trusts are either
eE6qgFoeya4-00054-00011039-00011399 revocable trusts or irrevocable trusts
eE6qgFoeya4-00055-00011400-00011767 and all trusts are either
eE6qgFoeya4-00056-00011768-00012119 living trusts or testamentary trusts
eE6qgFoeya4-00057-00012120-00012270 so if i'm going to tell you 10 different
eE6qgFoeya4-00058-00012271-00012406 kinds of trust there's going to be some
eE6qgFoeya4-00059-00012407-00012646 overlap on revocable irrevocable living
eE6qgFoeya4-00060-00012647-00012767 testamentary
eE6qgFoeya4-00061-00012768-00012935 we'll get into it as we go through the
eE6qgFoeya4-00062-00012936-00013135 ten okay so let's get started
eE6qgFoeya4-00063-00013136-00013375 really in no particular or order but the
eE6qgFoeya4-00064-00013376-00013494 first one
eE6qgFoeya4-00065-00013495-00013799 is the one that you we see a lot of it's
eE6qgFoeya4-00066-00013800-00013855 that
eE6qgFoeya4-00067-00013856-00014199 revocable living trust the idea there
eE6qgFoeya4-00068-00014200-00014438 is if you leave assets like your home
eE6qgFoeya4-00069-00014440-00014607 your real estate investments that you
eE6qgFoeya4-00070-00014608-00014751 have maybe a
eE6qgFoeya4-00071-00014752-00014975 private privately held business interest
eE6qgFoeya4-00072-00014976-00015086 that you own
eE6qgFoeya4-00073-00015087-00015286 if you pass away with those assets in
eE6qgFoeya4-00074-00015287-00015486 your name those assets will be frozen
eE6qgFoeya4-00075-00015487-00015655 and your survivors will have to hire
eE6qgFoeya4-00076-00015656-00015735 attorneys
eE6qgFoeya4-00077-00015736-00015958 to guide the family through this court
eE6qgFoeya4-00078-00015959-00016183 and attorney involved probate process
eE6qgFoeya4-00079-00016184-00016327 because that's just the way it is when
eE6qgFoeya4-00080-00016328-00016471 you die with something like that in your
eE6qgFoeya4-00081-00016472-00016519 name
eE6qgFoeya4-00082-00016520-00016743 it's frozen and judges and court
eE6qgFoeya4-00083-00016744-00016967 proceedings are necessary
eE6qgFoeya4-00084-00016968-00017199 to get the appropriate court orders to
eE6qgFoeya4-00085-00017200-00017430 order third parties to transfer those
eE6qgFoeya4-00086-00017431-00017647 frozen assets to the names of the heirs
eE6qgFoeya4-00087-00017648-00017775 or beneficiaries
eE6qgFoeya4-00088-00017776-00018167 so many people in an attempt to avoid
eE6qgFoeya4-00089-00018168-00018311 their survivors from having to go
eE6qgFoeya4-00090-00018312-00018455 through that court and attorney-involved
eE6qgFoeya4-00091-00018456-00018543 probate process
eE6qgFoeya4-00092-00018544-00018647 they set up what's called their
eE6qgFoeya4-00093-00018648-00018894 revocable living trust the idea
eE6qgFoeya4-00094-00018895-00019143 is set up your living trust which really
eE6qgFoeya4-00095-00019144-00019286 replaces your will
eE6qgFoeya4-00096-00019287-00019494 you put all of those terms that that
eE6qgFoeya4-00097-00019495-00019671 would be in your will you put them in
eE6qgFoeya4-00098-00019672-00019799 your trust you designate
eE6qgFoeya4-00099-00019800-00019975 a trustee to handle your trust when you
eE6qgFoeya4-00100-00019976-00020222 die kind of the secret sauce is things
eE6qgFoeya4-00101-00020223-00020335 in a trust
eE6qgFoeya4-00102-00020336-00020503 don't have to go through any kind of
eE6qgFoeya4-00103-00020504-00020663 court and attorney involved probate
eE6qgFoeya4-00104-00020664-00020839 process when you pass away so that
eE6qgFoeya4-00105-00020840-00020991 trustee that you name
eE6qgFoeya4-00106-00020992-00021214 of your trust when you die can
eE6qgFoeya4-00107-00021215-00021383 immediately disperse the assets
eE6qgFoeya4-00108-00021384-00021607 to the trust beneficiaries without all
eE6qgFoeya4-00109-00021608-00021750 of the court and attorney involvement
eE6qgFoeya4-00110-00021751-00021886 that's number one is the revocable
eE6qgFoeya4-00111-00021887-00022022 living trust
eE6qgFoeya4-00112-00022023-00022230 trust number two is what i'll call a
eE6qgFoeya4-00113-00022231-00022463 trust for minors
eE6qgFoeya4-00114-00022464-00022758 many parents with minor children many
eE6qgFoeya4-00115-00022759-00022863 grandchildren
eE6qgFoeya4-00116-00022864-00023230 they want to leave assets to minors
eE6qgFoeya4-00117-00023231-00023463 you know the 30 year old mama and daddy
eE6qgFoeya4-00118-00023464-00023663 they got two kids who are
eE6qgFoeya4-00119-00023664-00024014 eight and five and so often times
eE6qgFoeya4-00120-00024015-00024335 in the parents wills they will establish
eE6qgFoeya4-00121-00024336-00024527 a testamentary trust more on
eE6qgFoeya4-00122-00024528-00024742 testamentary trust as number five
eE6qgFoeya4-00123-00024743-00025047 but um they'll say in their wills if we
eE6qgFoeya4-00124-00025048-00025191 pass away
eE6qgFoeya4-00125-00025192-00025407 uh we want our assets to go to our
eE6qgFoeya4-00126-00025408-00025575 children but we want them to go in a
eE6qgFoeya4-00127-00025576-00025631 trust
eE6qgFoeya4-00128-00025632-00025846 for our children and the reason they do
eE6qgFoeya4-00129-00025847-00026087 that is because they don't want the
eE6qgFoeya4-00130-00026088-00026318 the judge's office at the courthouse to
eE6qgFoeya4-00131-00026319-00026527 have to monitor all those assets that
eE6qgFoeya4-00132-00026527-00026662 miners inherit
eE6qgFoeya4-00133-00026663-00026967 they want to designate perhaps a
eE6qgFoeya4-00134-00026968-00027190 family member or some type of trustee to
eE6qgFoeya4-00135-00027191-00027358 oversee the minors assets
eE6qgFoeya4-00136-00027360-00027502 until they're older not just until
eE6qgFoeya4-00137-00027504-00027702 they're 18 but perhaps until they're
eE6qgFoeya4-00138-00027704-00028055 25 or or perhaps they'll designate the
eE6qgFoeya4-00139-00028056-00028158 trust term
eE6qgFoeya4-00140-00028160-00028374 is the the children after the parents
eE6qgFoeya4-00141-00028375-00028574 pass away the children can receive the
eE6qgFoeya4-00142-00028575-00028807 assets in stages maybe a third at 25. a
eE6qgFoeya4-00143-00028808-00028951 half of what's left at 30. the rest of
eE6qgFoeya4-00144-00028952-00029046 35
eE6qgFoeya4-00145-00029047-00029223 or maybe the parents will say the term
eE6qgFoeya4-00146-00029224-00029343 of that trust we're going to leave that
eE6qgFoeya4-00147-00029344-00029551 to the trustees discretion
eE6qgFoeya4-00148-00029552-00029687 maybe those parents say we're going to
eE6qgFoeya4-00149-00029688-00029870 appoint our brother as the trustee we
eE6qgFoeya4-00150-00029872-00030023 trust him implicitly
eE6qgFoeya4-00151-00030024-00030207 and so we give our brother the
eE6qgFoeya4-00152-00030208-00030407 discretion to to determine when our
eE6qgFoeya4-00153-00030408-00030495 children
eE6qgFoeya4-00154-00030495-00030702 can when he can turn those assets over
eE6qgFoeya4-00155-00030703-00030855 to the children and allow the children
eE6qgFoeya4-00156-00030856-00030951 to own them
eE6qgFoeya4-00157-00030952-00031183 themselves so and lots of grandparents
eE6qgFoeya4-00158-00031183-00031335 do the same for grandchildren
eE6qgFoeya4-00159-00031336-00031679 and so that's that trust for minors
eE6qgFoeya4-00160-00031680-00031911 number three is what i'll call again no
eE6qgFoeya4-00161-00031912-00032135 official name for it but i'll call it a
eE6qgFoeya4-00162-00032136-00032543 medicaid trust many seniors those in
eE6qgFoeya4-00163-00032544-00032790 their 60s and those in their 70s
eE6qgFoeya4-00164-00032791-00033007 they are worrying these days those
eE6qgFoeya4-00165-00033008-00033246 middle to you know middle class seniors
eE6qgFoeya4-00166-00033247-00033279 are
eE6qgFoeya4-00167-00033280-00033639 worrying these days because
eE6qgFoeya4-00168-00033640-00033943 um the way our system in america works
eE6qgFoeya4-00169-00033944-00034143 is if you get to a point in your
eE6qgFoeya4-00170-00034144-00034343 lifetime and you're unable to care for
eE6qgFoeya4-00171-00034344-00034502 yourself and you need round-the-clock
eE6qgFoeya4-00172-00034503-00034735 skilled care that nursing homes provide
eE6qgFoeya4-00173-00034736-00034927 you got to pay for it if you have assets
eE6qgFoeya4-00174-00034928-00035102 and nursing home costs depending upon
eE6qgFoeya4-00175-00035103-00035302 where you live and what the facility is
eE6qgFoeya4-00176-00035303-00035462 may range anywhere from five or six
eE6qgFoeya4-00177-00035463-00035590 thousand dollars a month to ten or
eE6qgFoeya4-00178-00035591-00035790 twelve thousand dollars a month or more
eE6qgFoeya4-00179-00035791-00035974 and you get essentially you have to pay
eE6qgFoeya4-00180-00035975-00036199 all of that cost yourself and imagine a
eE6qgFoeya4-00181-00036200-00036390 married couple going in at the same time
eE6qgFoeya4-00182-00036391-00036527 they've got to pay double
eE6qgFoeya4-00183-00036528-00036839 that rate so what many people do is they
eE6qgFoeya4-00184-00036840-00036918 get a little bit
eE6qgFoeya4-00185-00036919-00037207 creative they set up these these what
eE6qgFoeya4-00186-00037208-00037271 i'll call
eE6qgFoeya4-00187-00037272-00037583 medicaid trusts and ideally they do it
eE6qgFoeya4-00188-00037584-00037630 at least
eE6qgFoeya4-00189-00037631-00037846 five years before they go into a nursing
eE6qgFoeya4-00190-00037847-00038071 home don't wait until the last minute
eE6qgFoeya4-00191-00038072-00038318 the idea is it's it's a form of an
eE6qgFoeya4-00192-00038319-00038479 irrevocable trust
eE6qgFoeya4-00193-00038480-00038702 and as long as it's done the right way
eE6qgFoeya4-00194-00038703-00038862 then
eE6qgFoeya4-00195-00038863-00039167 a a senior or a senior couple will
eE6qgFoeya4-00196-00039168-00039383 transfer assets to that particular trust
eE6qgFoeya4-00197-00039384-00039527 for the benefit of their
eE6qgFoeya4-00198-00039528-00039735 children or grandchildren to get perhaps
eE6qgFoeya4-00199-00039736-00039974 when when the people who are setting up
eE6qgFoeya4-00200-00039975-00040151 the trust pass away
eE6qgFoeya4-00201-00040152-00040518 and um as long as five years you know
eE6qgFoeya4-00202-00040519-00040774 or when five years goes after the trust
eE6qgFoeya4-00203-00040775-00040983 is set up and assets are transferred to
eE6qgFoeya4-00204-00040984-00041167 it those assets
eE6qgFoeya4-00205-00041168-00041423 will not have to be spent on future
eE6qgFoeya4-00206-00041424-00041623 nursing home care so that's the idea is
eE6qgFoeya4-00207-00041624-00041958 it it enables a individual or a couple
eE6qgFoeya4-00208-00041959-00042223 to protect protect assets in case they
eE6qgFoeya4-00209-00042224-00042487 go into a nursing home in the future
eE6qgFoeya4-00210-00042488-00042735 trust number four is what i'll call a
eE6qgFoeya4-00211-00042736-00042823 special
eE6qgFoeya4-00212-00042824-00043151 needs trust a lot of people out there
eE6qgFoeya4-00213-00043152-00043351 god bless them those parents who have
eE6qgFoeya4-00214-00043352-00043399 raised
eE6qgFoeya4-00215-00043400-00043567 children with special needs there's a
eE6qgFoeya4-00216-00043568-00043823 special place up there for those parents
eE6qgFoeya4-00217-00043824-00044118 those those children with special needs
eE6qgFoeya4-00218-00044119-00044174 often
eE6qgFoeya4-00219-00044175-00044439 are getting certain government benefits
eE6qgFoeya4-00220-00044440-00044543 and
eE6qgFoeya4-00221-00044544-00044783 one of the reasons in addition to the
eE6qgFoeya4-00222-00044784-00044974 fact that they are special needs one of
eE6qgFoeya4-00223-00044975-00045111 the things that enables them to get
eE6qgFoeya4-00224-00045112-00045287 those government benefits is that those
eE6qgFoeya4-00225-00045288-00045439 special needs children
eE6qgFoeya4-00226-00045440-00045751 have very few assets so if a special
eE6qgFoeya4-00227-00045752-00045799 needs
eE6qgFoeya4-00228-00045800-00046111 child inherits a chunk of assets they're
eE6qgFoeya4-00229-00046112-00046262 likely to lose
eE6qgFoeya4-00230-00046263-00046430 those government benefits so many
eE6qgFoeya4-00231-00046431-00046630 parents give or bequeath
eE6qgFoeya4-00232-00046631-00046895 assets to a special needs child but it
eE6qgFoeya4-00233-00046896-00047071 goes into what's called a special needs
eE6qgFoeya4-00234-00047072-00047174 trust again
eE6qgFoeya4-00235-00047175-00047495 an irrevocable trust but has to have the
eE6qgFoeya4-00236-00047496-00047679 right terms in it to enable
eE6qgFoeya4-00237-00047680-00047879 that special needs child to continue
eE6qgFoeya4-00238-00047880-00048071 getting their their government benefit
eE6qgFoeya4-00239-00048072-00048143 that they've been
eE6qgFoeya4-00240-00048144-00048486 entitled to
eE6qgFoeya4-00241-00048487-00048815 trust number five mentioned it earlier
eE6qgFoeya4-00242-00048816-00049071 is a testamentary trust a lot of people
eE6qgFoeya4-00243-00049072-00049183 have heard of it but i find a lot of
eE6qgFoeya4-00244-00049184-00049311 people don't really understand what a
eE6qgFoeya4-00245-00049312-00049439 testamentary
eE6qgFoeya4-00246-00049440-00049590 trust is and even if they think they
eE6qgFoeya4-00247-00049591-00049767 understand it they don't understand it
eE6qgFoeya4-00248-00049768-00050086 so that this testamentary trust is a
eE6qgFoeya4-00249-00050087-00050407 kind of recognized term in in the trust
eE6qgFoeya4-00250-00050408-00050543 code
eE6qgFoeya4-00251-00050544-00050758 and the reason the word testamentary is
eE6qgFoeya4-00252-00050759-00050974 in testamentary trust is because the
eE6qgFoeya4-00253-00050975-00051030 terms
eE6qgFoeya4-00254-00051031-00051319 of the testamentary trust are inside
eE6qgFoeya4-00255-00051320-00051430 someone's
eE6qgFoeya4-00256-00051432-00051782 last will and testament so i mentioned
eE6qgFoeya4-00257-00051783-00051807 the
eE6qgFoeya4-00258-00051808-00052063 the parents trust or the minors trust
eE6qgFoeya4-00259-00052064-00052150 earlier
eE6qgFoeya4-00260-00052151-00052447 a parent may say when i pass away and
eE6qgFoeya4-00261-00052448-00052471 and
eE6qgFoeya4-00262-00052472-00052742 the parents will we'll say when i pass
eE6qgFoeya4-00263-00052744-00052830 away
eE6qgFoeya4-00264-00052832-00053135 i leave my estate to my children in a
eE6qgFoeya4-00265-00053136-00053238 trust
eE6qgFoeya4-00266-00053239-00053630 and so um that trust doesn't get
eE6qgFoeya4-00267-00053632-00053879 funded or doesn't get created or no
eE6qgFoeya4-00268-00053879-00054063 assets get transferred to that
eE6qgFoeya4-00269-00054064-00054230 testamentary trust
eE6qgFoeya4-00270-00054232-00054535 until the person who wrote the will with
eE6qgFoeya4-00271-00054536-00054742 the testamentary trust in it until that
eE6qgFoeya4-00272-00054744-00054903 person dies
eE6qgFoeya4-00273-00054904-00055119 and the family goes through the probate
eE6qgFoeya4-00274-00055120-00055238 process
eE6qgFoeya4-00275-00055239-00055447 to use the will to get the assets
eE6qgFoeya4-00276-00055448-00055607 transferred from the name of the person
eE6qgFoeya4-00277-00055608-00055775 who wrote the will into that
eE6qgFoeya4-00278-00055776-00056038 testamentary trust we get a quest
eE6qgFoeya4-00279-00056039-00056175 questions all the time is
eE6qgFoeya4-00280-00056176-00056326 yeah you know something like yeah we
eE6qgFoeya4-00281-00056327-00056479 realized they had a testamentary trust
eE6qgFoeya4-00282-00056479-00056511 but
eE6qgFoeya4-00283-00056512-00056719 where's the trust they think that in
eE6qgFoeya4-00284-00056720-00056871 addition to the will there's some other
eE6qgFoeya4-00285-00056872-00057054 trust instrument there isn't all of the
eE6qgFoeya4-00286-00057055-00057263 terms of a testamentary trust
eE6qgFoeya4-00287-00057264-00057463 are within the four corners of that will
eE6qgFoeya4-00288-00057464-00057719 testamentary trust is trust number five
eE6qgFoeya4-00289-00057720-00058030 trust number six is what i'll call a
eE6qgFoeya4-00290-00058032-00058359 spousal trust and i'll tell you right
eE6qgFoeya4-00291-00058360-00058550 now there's a gazillion names for a
eE6qgFoeya4-00292-00058551-00058679 spousal trust
eE6qgFoeya4-00293-00058679-00058959 kind of lumped into that i could say
eE6qgFoeya4-00294-00058960-00059007 credit
eE6qgFoeya4-00295-00059008-00059350 shelter trust a b trust q-tip trust
eE6qgFoeya4-00296-00059351-00059542 and some of that has some tax
eE6qgFoeya4-00297-00059544-00059711 implications i'm really going to go over
eE6qgFoeya4-00298-00059712-00059838 the non-tax
eE6qgFoeya4-00299-00059839-00060150 non-estate tax implications so by
eE6qgFoeya4-00300-00060151-00060287 spousal trust
eE6qgFoeya4-00301-00060288-00060630 here's the problem spouse dies
eE6qgFoeya4-00302-00060632-00060919 spouse has an estate spouse also have a
eE6qgFoeya4-00303-00060920-00060991 has a
eE6qgFoeya4-00304-00060991-00061303 surviving spouse and so
eE6qgFoeya4-00305-00061304-00061575 the problem is when that first spouse
eE6qgFoeya4-00306-00061576-00061647 dies
eE6qgFoeya4-00307-00061648-00061919 leaving their estate to the surviving
eE6qgFoeya4-00308-00061920-00062023 spouse
eE6qgFoeya4-00309-00062024-00062263 the potential problem is the surviving
eE6qgFoeya4-00310-00062264-00062366 spouse
eE6qgFoeya4-00311-00062367-00062782 could remarry leave
eE6qgFoeya4-00312-00062783-00063111 the entire of both of the states to the
eE6qgFoeya4-00313-00063112-00063263 new spouse
eE6qgFoeya4-00314-00063264-00063494 that surviving spouse could get
eE6qgFoeya4-00315-00063495-00063711 influenced by someone in their old
eE6qgFoeya4-00316-00063712-00064071 age and with a signature disinherit the
eE6qgFoeya4-00317-00064072-00064135 children
eE6qgFoeya4-00318-00064136-00064471 of that couple so
eE6qgFoeya4-00319-00064472-00064735 many people in there either in their
eE6qgFoeya4-00320-00064736-00064775 will
eE6qgFoeya4-00321-00064776-00064942 or in their living trust here we go
eE6qgFoeya4-00322-00064944-00065119 again confusion
eE6qgFoeya4-00323-00065120-00065359 they will provide that you know a
eE6qgFoeya4-00324-00065360-00065606 husband for example might say when i die
eE6qgFoeya4-00325-00065607-00065943 i want all of my assets to either remain
eE6qgFoeya4-00326-00065944-00066023 in or
eE6qgFoeya4-00327-00066024-00066367 go into a trust for the benefit of my
eE6qgFoeya4-00328-00066368-00066431 spouse
eE6qgFoeya4-00329-00066432-00066735 and if my spouse needs to
eE6qgFoeya4-00330-00066736-00067094 use those assets for my spouse's
eE6qgFoeya4-00331-00067095-00067335 health education maintenance and support
eE6qgFoeya4-00332-00067336-00067503 then the trustee
eE6qgFoeya4-00333-00067504-00067775 has the authorization to distribute
eE6qgFoeya4-00334-00067776-00067967 assets to my spouse for
eE6qgFoeya4-00335-00067968-00068326 those needs however my spouse can't
eE6qgFoeya4-00336-00068327-00068559 direct where those assets go when my
eE6qgFoeya4-00337-00068560-00068855 spouse dies when my spouse dies
eE6qgFoeya4-00338-00068856-00069087 then any remaining assets in the trust
eE6qgFoeya4-00339-00069088-00069238 revert back to
eE6qgFoeya4-00340-00069239-00069503 my children or my heirs whoever that is
eE6qgFoeya4-00341-00069504-00069615 designated
eE6qgFoeya4-00342-00069616-00069926 so a spousal trust very very
eE6qgFoeya4-00343-00069927-00070199 very common as a way to make assets
eE6qgFoeya4-00344-00070200-00070399 available for the surviving spouse
eE6qgFoeya4-00345-00070400-00070679 but give the children or heirs of the
eE6qgFoeya4-00346-00070680-00070847 first spouse to die
eE6qgFoeya4-00347-00070848-00071071 protection from the surviving spouse
eE6qgFoeya4-00348-00071072-00071167 doing something
eE6qgFoeya4-00349-00071168-00071503 strong word stupid okay so
eE6qgFoeya4-00350-00071504-00071719 uh that's trust number six trust number
eE6qgFoeya4-00351-00071720-00071806 seven
eE6qgFoeya4-00352-00071807-00072143 is the islet ilit
eE6qgFoeya4-00353-00072144-00072375 irrevocable life insurance trust you
eE6qgFoeya4-00354-00072376-00072550 don't see those as much anymore they
eE6qgFoeya4-00355-00072551-00072767 were more common when the estate tax
eE6qgFoeya4-00356-00072768-00073015 affected more families here's the idea
eE6qgFoeya4-00357-00073016-00073135 right now we have an estate tax
eE6qgFoeya4-00358-00073136-00073303 exemption that is
eE6qgFoeya4-00359-00073304-00073662 um that is you know over 11 million
eE6qgFoeya4-00360-00073663-00073726 dollars
eE6qgFoeya4-00361-00073727-00073959 so most people don't have that but many
eE6qgFoeya4-00362-00073960-00074126 years ago the estate tax exemption was
eE6qgFoeya4-00363-00074127-00074255 six hundred thousand dollars these
eE6qgFoeya4-00364-00074256-00074431 islets were very very common back then
eE6qgFoeya4-00365-00074432-00074567 here's the idea
eE6qgFoeya4-00366-00074568-00074903 mom and dad gift money to their
eE6qgFoeya4-00367-00074904-00075175 children but they gift money into a
eE6qgFoeya4-00368-00075176-00075255 trust
eE6qgFoeya4-00369-00075256-00075511 for their children and then the trustee
eE6qgFoeya4-00370-00075512-00075606 of that trust
eE6qgFoeya4-00371-00075607-00075903 uses those gifted funds to purchase life
eE6qgFoeya4-00372-00075904-00075967 insurance
eE6qgFoeya4-00373-00075968-00076279 on mom and dad then when mom and dad die
eE6qgFoeya4-00374-00076280-00076503 a big chunk of money goes into this
eE6qgFoeya4-00375-00076504-00076591 trust
eE6qgFoeya4-00376-00076592-00076967 and the insurance proceeds
eE6qgFoeya4-00377-00076968-00077262 are not subject to or not part of the
eE6qgFoeya4-00378-00077263-00077455 estate for estate tax purposes
eE6qgFoeya4-00379-00077456-00077735 of mom or dad and those insurance
eE6qgFoeya4-00380-00077736-00077982 proceeds could be used to pay the estate
eE6qgFoeya4-00381-00077983-00078062 tax
eE6qgFoeya4-00382-00078063-00078303 that was due based on the remaining
eE6qgFoeya4-00383-00078304-00078487 assets that mom and dad
eE6qgFoeya4-00384-00078488-00078679 had and again with the estate tax
eE6qgFoeya4-00385-00078680-00078806 exemptions so high
eE6qgFoeya4-00386-00078807-00079126 we don't see those as often
eE6qgFoeya4-00387-00079127-00079447 trust number eight is a
eE6qgFoeya4-00388-00079448-00079671 charitable trust now a charitable trust
eE6qgFoeya4-00389-00079672-00079847 is a recognized
eE6qgFoeya4-00390-00079848-00080159 term under our internal revenue code and
eE6qgFoeya4-00391-00080160-00080343 two common types of charitable trusts
eE6qgFoeya4-00392-00080344-00080559 are charitable remainder trusts
eE6qgFoeya4-00393-00080560-00080767 and charitable lead trusts let me give
eE6qgFoeya4-00394-00080768-00080911 an example a charitable
eE6qgFoeya4-00395-00080912-00081255 remainder trust in general is someone
eE6qgFoeya4-00396-00081256-00081567 transfers assets to this irrevocable
eE6qgFoeya4-00397-00081568-00081815 charitable remainder trust and in
eE6qgFoeya4-00398-00081816-00081879 general
eE6qgFoeya4-00399-00081880-00082071 that charitable remainder trust will say
eE6qgFoeya4-00400-00082072-00082231 the trustee will pay
eE6qgFoeya4-00401-00082232-00082431 income and it's going to be defined
eE6qgFoeya4-00402-00082432-00082662 income back to the person who set up the
eE6qgFoeya4-00403-00082663-00082735 trust
eE6qgFoeya4-00404-00082736-00082950 perhaps for the rest of that person's
eE6qgFoeya4-00405-00082951-00083062 lifetime
eE6qgFoeya4-00406-00083063-00083375 and then when that person dies
eE6qgFoeya4-00407-00083376-00083711 any remaining trust assets go to the
eE6qgFoeya4-00408-00083712-00083799 charity or
eE6qgFoeya4-00409-00083800-00084006 charities that the person who set up the
eE6qgFoeya4-00410-00084007-00084375 trust chooses why would somebody do that
eE6qgFoeya4-00411-00084376-00084703 perhaps they want to get income off of
eE6qgFoeya4-00412-00084704-00084823 their assets
eE6qgFoeya4-00413-00084824-00085111 perhaps they want to provide for charity
eE6qgFoeya4-00414-00085112-00085247 when they die
eE6qgFoeya4-00415-00085248-00085479 but when they set it up under the rules
eE6qgFoeya4-00416-00085480-00085687 of these charitable remainder trusts
eE6qgFoeya4-00417-00085688-00085894 when a person sets it up even though the
eE6qgFoeya4-00418-00085895-00086062 charity doesn't get anything until the
eE6qgFoeya4-00419-00086063-00086238 person who sets it up dies
eE6qgFoeya4-00420-00086239-00086623 because it's irrevocable and
eE6qgFoeya4-00421-00086624-00086855 then the person who sets it up gets an
eE6qgFoeya4-00422-00086856-00087126 income tax deduction today
eE6qgFoeya4-00423-00087127-00087438 based on the present value of what that
eE6qgFoeya4-00424-00087439-00087503 charity
eE6qgFoeya4-00425-00087504-00087735 is expected to receive in the future so
eE6qgFoeya4-00426-00087736-00087806 there's some
eE6qgFoeya4-00427-00087807-00088006 income and estate tax ramifications to
eE6qgFoeya4-00428-00088007-00088182 that charitable remainder trust
eE6qgFoeya4-00429-00088183-00088303 all right we're getting closer to the
eE6qgFoeya4-00430-00088304-00088606 end trust number nine is what i'll call
eE6qgFoeya4-00431-00088607-00088887 an asset protection trust some people
eE6qgFoeya4-00432-00088888-00089071 based on their profession or what they
eE6qgFoeya4-00433-00089072-00089118 own
eE6qgFoeya4-00434-00089119-00089535 or or risky real estate matters or
eE6qgFoeya4-00435-00089536-00089750 they've signed personal guarantees on
eE6qgFoeya4-00436-00089751-00089959 certain things they worry
eE6qgFoeya4-00437-00089960-00090175 wow you know something might go wrong in
eE6qgFoeya4-00438-00090176-00090367 the future and i'm going to get sued
eE6qgFoeya4-00439-00090368-00090647 for a for a big chunk so i'd like to
eE6qgFoeya4-00440-00090648-00090943 protect my assets so if i do get sued
eE6qgFoeya4-00441-00090944-00091175 nobody can take them and so that's the
eE6qgFoeya4-00442-00091176-00091399 theory behind an asset protection trust
eE6qgFoeya4-00443-00091400-00091638 lots of rules around that from
eE6qgFoeya4-00444-00091639-00091879 from fraudulent conveyance rules you
eE6qgFoeya4-00445-00091880-00092055 know you do this stuff too late
eE6qgFoeya4-00446-00092056-00092343 after a matter already exists so again
eE6qgFoeya4-00447-00092344-00092559 those asset protection trusts are
eE6qgFoeya4-00448-00092560-00092750 are really never revocable they're
eE6qgFoeya4-00449-00092751-00092982 always irrevocable but that's a concept
eE6qgFoeya4-00450-00092983-00093126 that some people worry about and some
eE6qgFoeya4-00451-00093127-00093303 people take advantage of that
eE6qgFoeya4-00452-00093304-00093479 and then the tenth type of trust i'll
eE6qgFoeya4-00453-00093480-00093647 probably leave the most complicated for
eE6qgFoeya4-00454-00093648-00093823 last it's what's called a crummy
eE6qgFoeya4-00455-00093824-00094174 trust not crummy as in lousy but crummy
eE6qgFoeya4-00456-00094175-00094335 as in the name of somebody who
eE6qgFoeya4-00457-00094336-00094423 challenged some
eE6qgFoeya4-00458-00094424-00094759 irs statute c-r-u-m-m-e-y
eE6qgFoeya4-00459-00094760-00095062 the idea there is yes um each person
eE6qgFoeya4-00460-00095063-00095262 mom and dad for example can give away
eE6qgFoeya4-00461-00095263-00095406 fifteen thousand dollars to as many
eE6qgFoeya4-00462-00095407-00095559 people as they want to every year and it
eE6qgFoeya4-00463-00095560-00095718 doesn't count toward their estate tax
eE6qgFoeya4-00464-00095719-00095862 exemption that they're using
eE6qgFoeya4-00465-00095863-00096047 and they can give that those make those
eE6qgFoeya4-00466-00096048-00096238 gifts outright to their children or to
eE6qgFoeya4-00467-00096239-00096359 whoever they want to
eE6qgFoeya4-00468-00096360-00096615 or they can put those assets in a trust
eE6qgFoeya4-00469-00096616-00096711 for those
eE6qgFoeya4-00470-00096712-00096943 uh beneficiaries but the problem with
eE6qgFoeya4-00471-00096944-00097071 putting it in a trust for the
eE6qgFoeya4-00472-00097072-00097223 beneficiaries is you're giving those
eE6qgFoeya4-00473-00097224-00097382 beneficiaries a future
eE6qgFoeya4-00474-00097383-00097599 interest in that money you're not giving
eE6qgFoeya4-00475-00097600-00097774 them a present interest in the money so
eE6qgFoeya4-00476-00097775-00097974 that won't qualify for the 15 000
eE6qgFoeya4-00477-00097975-00098231 present interest annual exclusion so if
eE6qgFoeya4-00478-00098232-00098318 you want that
eE6qgFoeya4-00479-00098319-00098518 fifteen thousand dollar gift to not
eE6qgFoeya4-00480-00098519-00098687 count towards your estate tax exemption
eE6qgFoeya4-00481-00098688-00098855 but you want it to go into a trust
eE6qgFoeya4-00482-00098856-00099038 you have to give them the beneficiaries
eE6qgFoeya4-00483-00099039-00099191 crummy rights essentially you have to
eE6qgFoeya4-00484-00099192-00099238 say
eE6qgFoeya4-00485-00099239-00099391 i'm putting fifteen thousand dollars in
eE6qgFoeya4-00486-00099392-00099631 a trust for you to get in 30 years
eE6qgFoeya4-00487-00099632-00099831 and but you have the right if you want
eE6qgFoeya4-00488-00099832-00100006 to to take it for the next 30 days for
eE6qgFoeya4-00489-00100007-00100079 example
eE6qgFoeya4-00490-00100080-00100231 but if you don't take it it stays in the
eE6qgFoeya4-00491-00100232-00100415 trust and it remains there pursuant to
eE6qgFoeya4-00492-00100416-00100550 the trust terms they never take it
eE6qgFoeya4-00493-00100551-00100615 because
eE6qgFoeya4-00494-00100616-00100726 you're not going to give them anything
eE6qgFoeya4-00495-00100727-00100959 else if they take it so it's just a
eE6qgFoeya4-00496-00100960-00101206 it's called a crummy withdrawal right
eE6qgFoeya4-00497-00101207-00101303 that
eE6qgFoeya4-00498-00101304-00101638 enables people to transition more of
eE6qgFoeya4-00499-00101639-00101718 their wealth
eE6qgFoeya4-00500-00101719-00101918 to their survivors you know and from a
eE6qgFoeya4-00501-00101919-00102079 long-term perspective
eE6qgFoeya4-00502-00102080-00102231 okay boy that was a lot of material
eE6qgFoeya4-00503-00102232-00102430 there but i went through 10 important
eE6qgFoeya4-00504-00102431-00102606 ones and there's there's a few more but
eE6qgFoeya4-00505-00102607-00102782 i feel like those are the most common
eE6qgFoeya4-00506-00102783-00102942 uh real important that you smash the
eE6qgFoeya4-00507-00102943-00103118 like button hit the notification or the
eE6qgFoeya4-00508-00103119-00103278 subscribe button with the notification
eE6qgFoeya4-00509-00103279-00103318 bell
eE6qgFoeya4-00510-00103319-00103518 does two things tells youtube hey show
eE6qgFoeya4-00511-00103519-00103678 paul's videos to more people
eE6qgFoeya4-00512-00103679-00103830 and then also once you hit that
eE6qgFoeya4-00513-00103831-00104030 subscribe button you won't miss anything
eE6qgFoeya4-00514-00104031-00104166 in the future we'll see you next time
eE6qgFoeya4-00515-00104167-00104327 hope you enjoyed watching this half as
eE6qgFoeya4-00516-00104328-00104486 much as i enjoyed making it you'll have
eE6qgFoeya4-00517-00104488-00104752 a great day
eEXOv4boXhA-00000-00000019-00000347 how everybody looks like you really
eEXOv4boXhA-00001-00000348-00000661 enjoyed last time this video on the
eEXOv4boXhA-00002-00000662-00000899 first rock busters miniatures so we
eEXOv4boXhA-00003-00000900-00001079 decided we'd do another one
eEXOv4boXhA-00004-00001080-00001265 with the minis that you haven't seen
eEXOv4boXhA-00005-00001266-00001673 well almost all of them which are the
eEXOv4boXhA-00006-00001673-00002002 not of this earth minis so I wanted to
eEXOv4boXhA-00007-00002003-00002342 let you see how impressive it was with
eEXOv4boXhA-00008-00002343-00002549 almost all the minutes and I'm saying
eEXOv4boXhA-00009-00002550-00002696 almost because you don't have the
eEXOv4boXhA-00010-00002697-00003008 experiment six or one mini and you don't
eEXOv4boXhA-00011-00003009-00003354 have some of the of the minis are still
eEXOv4boXhA-00012-00003355-00003659 coming soon but you still have a good
eEXOv4boXhA-00013-00003660-00003886 idea a pretty good idea of what we're
eEXOv4boXhA-00014-00003887-00004103 gonna have so we're going to focus this
eEXOv4boXhA-00015-00004104-00004403 time on none of this earth but before
eEXOv4boXhA-00016-00004404-00004688 that I also wanted to show you the play
eEXOv4boXhA-00017-00004689-00004925 of dashboards that you haven't seen so
eEXOv4boXhA-00018-00004926-00005324 look at how great they are they are they
eEXOv4boXhA-00019-00005325-00006122 look awesome and so here is when when
eEXOv4boXhA-00020-00006123-00006418 you put cards and tokens int we received
eEXOv4boXhA-00021-00006419-00006677 a French prototype so this is in French
eEXOv4boXhA-00022-00006678-00006902 but of course you'll have this in
eEXOv4boXhA-00023-00006903-00007520 English as well alright so also we've
eEXOv4boXhA-00024-00007520-00007889 received the the mat the rash Buster's
eEXOv4boXhA-00025-00007890-00008231 map which looks great so there's this
eEXOv4boXhA-00026-00008232-00008467 image that you could see from from my
eEXOv4boXhA-00027-00008468-00008696 side but even on the other side it looks
eEXOv4boXhA-00028-00008697-00009014 great so yes did you have everything
eEXOv4boXhA-00029-00009015-00009464 it's big it's it's good quality you have
eEXOv4boXhA-00030-00009465-00009799 some spaces where you can put the alarm
eEXOv4boXhA-00031-00009800-00010220 cards the spoon cards here you have like
eEXOv4boXhA-00032-00010221-00010706 the the enemy cards it looks great it
eEXOv4boXhA-00033-00010707-00011206 looks great yes so yeah you can every
eEXOv4boXhA-00034-00011207-00011546 single map will fit on it for those who
eEXOv4boXhA-00035-00011547-00011933 are asking because in general not all of
eEXOv4boXhA-00036-00011934-00012158 them fitted but in this one it does
eEXOv4boXhA-00037-00012159-00012589 alright soon also before we go on not of
eEXOv4boXhA-00038-00012590-00012976 this earth let me show you the
eEXOv4boXhA-00039-00012977-00013299 incredible project X the
eEXOv4boXhA-00040-00013300-00013616 we received this is the plastic one look
eEXOv4boXhA-00041-00013618-00013974 at that now this is absolutely
eEXOv4boXhA-00042-00013975-00014208 incredible this is fully assembled you
eEXOv4boXhA-00043-00014209-00014397 don't have to do it I can tell you that
eEXOv4boXhA-00044-00014397-00014682 it weighs a lot it's very very heavy and
eEXOv4boXhA-00045-00014683-00015137 it's super super impressive it's
eEXOv4boXhA-00046-00015138-00015615 absolutely incredible you know this is
eEXOv4boXhA-00047-00015616-00015897 one of the most impressive minis that
eEXOv4boXhA-00048-00015897-00016163 I've seen it really is let me show you
eEXOv4boXhA-00049-00016165-00016698 next to a normal sized mini let's show
eEXOv4boXhA-00050-00016699-00016989 him next to cadine and then you will see
eEXOv4boXhA-00051-00016990-00017819 the size of this thing this is Project X
eEXOv4boXhA-00052-00017820-00018204 so this is a special extension that you
eEXOv4boXhA-00053-00018205-00018755 could buy so yeah we'll put him here now
eEXOv4boXhA-00054-00018756-00019005 let's start with the nut of this earth
eEXOv4boXhA-00055-00019006-00019197 because we started with the big things
eEXOv4boXhA-00056-00019198-00019557 let's go big again with and let's start
eEXOv4boXhA-00057-00019558-00020037 with the Shrieker so the Shrieker is one
eEXOv4boXhA-00058-00020038-00020534 of these awful creatures experiments
eEXOv4boXhA-00059-00020535-00020822 he's super big he goes fast and when
eEXOv4boXhA-00060-00020823-00021132 when he appears you he he screams of
eEXOv4boXhA-00061-00021133-00021429 course and his name and when he appears
eEXOv4boXhA-00062-00021430-00021867 you will be afraid so yeah the Shrieker
eEXOv4boXhA-00063-00021868-00022287 again next to codeine so you can see a
eEXOv4boXhA-00064-00022288-00023118 size comparison yeah really really big
eEXOv4boXhA-00065-00023119-00023819 and nasty again some people mentioned
eEXOv4boXhA-00066-00023820-00024039 are we going to have these colors for
eEXOv4boXhA-00067-00024040-00024357 the heroes no we're gonna have a brown
eEXOv4boXhA-00068-00024358-00024810 khaki color much better than this
eEXOv4boXhA-00069-00024811-00025094 mustard yellow color so we're changing
eEXOv4boXhA-00070-00025095-00025328 this this is the first thing we received
eEXOv4boXhA-00071-00025329-00025743 and then you know we make some changes
eEXOv4boXhA-00072-00025744-00026131 redhots and my gun will be straight it
eEXOv4boXhA-00073-00026132-00026508 would in in the air so we are
eEXOv4boXhA-00074-00026510-00026668 fixing a lot of things and we will
eEXOv4boXhA-00075-00026669-00026848 receive the final minutes if you want we
eEXOv4boXhA-00076-00026849-00027016 will show them to you all right because
eEXOv4boXhA-00077-00027017-00027214 we are showing you big things let me
eEXOv4boXhA-00078-00027214-00027580 show you again well show you for the
eEXOv4boXhA-00079-00027581-00028000 first time the the alien the big aliens
eEXOv4boXhA-00080-00028001-00028411 so we have the Owls report and the album
eEXOv4boXhA-00081-00028412-00028962 muta so this one is a psychic one and
eEXOv4boXhA-00082-00028963-00029358 this one is a predator it's so this one
eEXOv4boXhA-00083-00029360-00029637 is blind and he's using the algorithm
eEXOv4boXhA-00084-00029638-00030268 little minis - yeah to detect and yeah
eEXOv4boXhA-00085-00030269-00030520 the the praise and then he will go on
eEXOv4boXhA-00086-00030520-00030967 and on these aliens can willed naturally
eEXOv4boXhA-00087-00030968-00031318 the real energy this is why the Nazis
eEXOv4boXhA-00088-00031319-00031695 are so interested in knowing Berlin and
eEXOv4boXhA-00089-00031695-00031957 this is why if it went to the other
eEXOv4boXhA-00090-00031958-00032200 world through this portal to the other
eEXOv4boXhA-00091-00032201-00032605 side of the planet they want to know
eEXOv4boXhA-00092-00032606-00033067 whether they could they could use this
eEXOv4boXhA-00093-00033068-00033346 real as well because it's difficult and
eEXOv4boXhA-00094-00033347-00033646 dangerous and unstable energy and they
eEXOv4boXhA-00095-00033647-00033904 can use it effortless so we want they
eEXOv4boXhA-00096-00033905-00034114 want to to know more I was talking about
eEXOv4boXhA-00097-00034115-00034486 the portal so yes let me show you the
eEXOv4boXhA-00098-00034487-00034771 portal yeah you can see they you see
eEXOv4boXhA-00099-00034772-00034996 these are all assembled everything it's
eEXOv4boXhA-00100-00034997-00035239 all in plastic everything is so these
eEXOv4boXhA-00101-00035240-00035458 are complex minis to do but look at the
eEXOv4boXhA-00102-00035459-00035749 result it's it's pretty amazing really
eEXOv4boXhA-00103-00035750-00036040 really amazing let me show you the
eEXOv4boXhA-00104-00036041-00036531 portal so you know if you saw our videos
eEXOv4boXhA-00105-00036532-00036826 introducing the none of these earth you
eEXOv4boXhA-00106-00036827-00037087 could see that they saw some photo
eEXOv4boXhA-00107-00037088-00037435 appearing but it was not stable so they
eEXOv4boXhA-00108-00037436-00037615 couldn't go through it so they build
eEXOv4boXhA-00109-00037616-00037867 these device around it to stabilize it
eEXOv4boXhA-00110-00037868-00038179 which and this allows them to go through
eEXOv4boXhA-00111-00038180-00038704 it and they will enter another world and
eEXOv4boXhA-00112-00038705-00038941 we'll go to another world and this
eEXOv4boXhA-00113-00038942-00039133 is the theme of the expansion you go
eEXOv4boXhA-00114-00039134-00039373 through this portal and then you arrive
eEXOv4boXhA-00115-00039374-00039691 somewhere else let me show ya this
eEXOv4boXhA-00116-00039692-00039897 portal will be used in the game
eEXOv4boXhA-00117-00039898-00040141 sometimes you have to find where the
eEXOv4boXhA-00118-00040142-00040573 portal is during the the mini campaign
eEXOv4boXhA-00119-00040574-00040870 from not appease earth which adds to the
eEXOv4boXhA-00120-00040871-00041113 the whole campaign in the game and of
eEXOv4boXhA-00121-00041114-00041380 course you then could also use all of
eEXOv4boXhA-00122-00041381-00041545 the meanings from the Navi spirit for
eEXOv4boXhA-00123-00041546-00041848 extension in the raid missions all right
eEXOv4boXhA-00124-00041849-00042007 so I show you first
eEXOv4boXhA-00125-00042008-00042325 the the alien let me show you the little
eEXOv4boXhA-00126-00042326-00042721 alien called decliner
eEXOv4boXhA-00127-00042722-00043116 so these go with the outfit board
eEXOv4boXhA-00128-00043117-00043737 creature see they are all very small and
eEXOv4boXhA-00129-00043738-00044101 they are a pain in the ass I can tell
eEXOv4boXhA-00130-00044102-00044317 you we've played with the map every time
eEXOv4boXhA-00131-00044318-00044473 they were here if you could see the
eEXOv4boXhA-00132-00044474-00044770 video the none of this video game you
eEXOv4boXhA-00133-00044771-00045151 will see how they play so yes here they
eEXOv4boXhA-00134-00045152-00045394 are so this small and they will go with
eEXOv4boXhA-00135-00045395-00045796 the US deport mini miniature alien type
eEXOv4boXhA-00136-00045797-00046324 we do not have unfortunately the
eEXOv4boXhA-00137-00046325-00046840 algorithm the other little mini minis
eEXOv4boXhA-00138-00046841-00047140 forward for the little minis we do not
eEXOv4boXhA-00139-00047141-00047380 have them we will receive them very soon
eEXOv4boXhA-00140-00047381-00047569 because we have to fix something so we
eEXOv4boXhA-00141-00047570-00047746 didn't receive them there were some
eEXOv4boXhA-00142-00047747-00047971 problems will happen so just imagine
eEXOv4boXhA-00143-00047972-00048244 that on top of these ones we have be the
eEXOv4boXhA-00144-00048245-00048546 other little aliens from the
eEXOv4boXhA-00145-00048547-00048997 corresponding to the other creature all
eEXOv4boXhA-00146-00048998-00049488 right so let's see now some real masters
eEXOv4boXhA-00147-00049489-00049828 one of them is called doctor cough so
eEXOv4boXhA-00148-00049829-00050125 dr. cough you will see in in the
eEXOv4boXhA-00149-00050126-00050296 campaign I'm not going to spoil too much
eEXOv4boXhA-00150-00050297-00050512 when we do the campaign you will see
eEXOv4boXhA-00151-00050513-00050823 that you are trying to reach and
eEXOv4boXhA-00152-00050824-00051155 interrogate a scientist
eEXOv4boXhA-00153-00051156-00051389 scientist who knows more than the others
eEXOv4boXhA-00154-00051390-00051735 about the aliens his name is doctor cop
eEXOv4boXhA-00155-00051736-00052055 the doctor cop escapes and then he turns
eEXOv4boXhA-00156-00052056-00052154 into something else
eEXOv4boXhA-00157-00052155-00052599 well but I don't tell you everything and
eEXOv4boXhA-00158-00052600-00052797 you will see when you play there are
eEXOv4boXhA-00159-00052798-00053282 some yeah some twists that you will you
eEXOv4boXhA-00160-00053283-00053604 will see in the game this is probably
eEXOv4boXhA-00161-00053604-00053900 one of my favorite minutes from the game
eEXOv4boXhA-00162-00053901-00054317 this is yeah this is doctor cop and so
eEXOv4boXhA-00163-00054319-00054816 he has somehow high-grade it with an
eEXOv4boXhA-00164-00054816-00054887 alien
eEXOv4boXhA-00165-00054888-00055140 well you recognize the ousted word alien
eEXOv4boXhA-00166-00055141-00055647 and now he can he's just this mini is
eEXOv4boXhA-00167-00055648-00055919 absolutely incredible look at all the
eEXOv4boXhA-00168-00055920-00056448 details so this is the first new real
eEXOv4boXhA-00169-00056449-00056712 master that you have in the expansion
eEXOv4boXhA-00170-00056713-00057153 then we have another one called who go
eEXOv4boXhA-00171-00057154-00057455 hander so this is a mist experiment so
eEXOv4boXhA-00172-00057456-00057911 they try to do like super soldiers and
eEXOv4boXhA-00173-00057912-00058292 that means much bigger soldier with big
eEXOv4boXhA-00174-00058293-00058596 arms and like strong and and huge but it
eEXOv4boXhA-00175-00058597-00059028 failed on him on Google and now look he
eEXOv4boXhA-00176-00059029-00059357 has four hands instead of to his face
eEXOv4boXhA-00177-00059358-00059801 that melted he's like kind of a red
eEXOv4boXhA-00178-00059802-00060269 skull that you could yeah you can
eEXOv4boXhA-00179-00060270-00060573 imagine Alesi where we got the
eEXOv4boXhA-00180-00060574-00060762 inspiration from but he's still a
eEXOv4boXhA-00181-00060763-00061025 difference so he's huge is a different
eEXOv4boXhA-00182-00061026-00061311 character he's huge again let me show
eEXOv4boXhA-00183-00061312-00061596 him next to glue Dean you will see how
eEXOv4boXhA-00184-00061597-00062588 big this guy is now let's see yeah let
eEXOv4boXhA-00185-00062589-00063099 me show you in in different angles let's
eEXOv4boXhA-00186-00063100-00063832 see from behind
eEXOv4boXhA-00187-00063833-00064906 and sinful this one yes brilliant these
eEXOv4boXhA-00188-00064907-00065149 are great let me show you some other big
eEXOv4boXhA-00189-00065150-00065459 guys well the big guys we have we had
eEXOv4boXhA-00190-00065460-00065866 some new uber soldier ubers of thaton
eEXOv4boXhA-00191-00065867-00066329 super soldier these guts we have these
eEXOv4boXhA-00192-00066330-00066850 two guys that look awesome like these
eEXOv4boXhA-00193-00066851-00067204 are successful super soldier experiments
eEXOv4boXhA-00194-00067205-00067456 so they try to create some super soldier
eEXOv4boXhA-00195-00067457-00067686 they filled some times and finally
eEXOv4boXhA-00196-00067687-00067991 eventually maybe they succeeded and you
eEXOv4boXhA-00197-00067992-00068246 have this one these two ones so they are
eEXOv4boXhA-00198-00068247-00068644 really elite creatures elite soldiers
eEXOv4boXhA-00199-00068645-00068909 and much taller that a normal soldier at
eEXOv4boXhA-00200-00068910-00069361 least one have a sword and a and a real
eEXOv4boXhA-00201-00069362-00069767 powered heavy pistol let's let's look at
eEXOv4boXhA-00202-00069768-00070148 them let me put them in two different
eEXOv4boXhA-00203-00070149-00070561 angles and again let's see how big they
eEXOv4boXhA-00204-00070562-00071059 are compared to a normal sized human
eEXOv4boXhA-00205-00071060-00071378 protein is my favorite right Buster's
eEXOv4boXhA-00206-00071379-00071713 one of one of my favorite not only
eEXOv4boXhA-00207-00071714-00071978 because she's bright we have some other
eEXOv4boXhA-00208-00071979-00072386 ones using a super big big miniature of
eEXOv4boXhA-00209-00072387-00072963 weapon you see he really even needs
eEXOv4boXhA-00210-00072964-00073346 someone henchman to to help him and we
eEXOv4boXhA-00211-00073347-00073663 have two new of them look at look at the
eEXOv4boXhA-00212-00073664-00073904 details on these ones this is still from
eEXOv4boXhA-00213-00073905-00074168 not of this earth
eEXOv4boXhA-00214-00074169-00074761 let me put them here and let me put yeah
eEXOv4boXhA-00215-00074762-00075109 you can see and let me put the other one
eEXOv4boXhA-00216-00075110-00075530 so you can have back yes you can see two
eEXOv4boXhA-00217-00075531-00076412 of them from different angles then we
eEXOv4boXhA-00218-00076413-00076880 have the alien handlers so some of them
eEXOv4boXhA-00219-00076881-00077300 you know when the Nazis brought back the
eEXOv4boXhA-00220-00077301-00077545 aliens they realized that they were not
eEXOv4boXhA-00221-00077546-00077900 you know that's they they didn't behave
eEXOv4boXhA-00222-00077901-00078338 so they needed some weapons to real
eEXOv4boXhA-00223-00078339-00078701 weapons to to control them so we have
eEXOv4boXhA-00224-00078702-00078965 these guys who look awesome
eEXOv4boXhA-00225-00078966-00079529 let me show it to you here different
eEXOv4boXhA-00226-00079530-00080807 yeah
eEXOv4boXhA-00227-00080808-00081134 yeah be alien handles so you have four
eEXOv4boXhA-00228-00081135-00081719 of them yeah um what else can I show you
eEXOv4boXhA-00229-00081720-00081965 yes we have the accolades the Acolytes
eEXOv4boXhA-00230-00081966-00082346 so yeah so these will go usually with
eEXOv4boXhA-00231-00082347-00082691 the Rome Isis well the alien from Isis
eEXOv4boXhA-00232-00082692-00082876 you will you will have these guys and
eEXOv4boXhA-00233-00082877-00083267 you have four of them so again let me
eEXOv4boXhA-00234-00083268-00084610 show them here yeah
eEXOv4boXhA-00235-00084611-00085070 [Music]
eEXOv4boXhA-00236-00085071-00085445 and I think that's it yes some of the
eEXOv4boXhA-00237-00085446-00085679 mean is we haven't shown you yet is the
eEXOv4boXhA-00238-00085680-00085997 second type of tracking bombers we only
eEXOv4boXhA-00239-00085998-00086375 have these guys here but you will have
eEXOv4boXhA-00240-00086376-00086615 some others that we will receive soon
eEXOv4boXhA-00241-00086616-00086873 and I will show them to you as well I've
eEXOv4boXhA-00242-00086874-00087116 shown you the rest in the first video so
eEXOv4boXhA-00243-00087117-00087236 I think we're done
eEXOv4boXhA-00244-00087237-00087569 what I can tell you is if you want to
eEXOv4boXhA-00245-00087570-00087890 know more about where the production is
eEXOv4boXhA-00246-00087891-00088166 for right Busters please check out the
eEXOv4boXhA-00247-00088167-00088484 what's up Wednesday update that we are
eEXOv4boXhA-00248-00088485-00088757 publishing every Wednesday but the very
eEXOv4boXhA-00249-00088758-00089263 last one the one from today November 5th
eEXOv4boXhA-00250-00089264-00089729 is is giving you all the details on
eEXOv4boXhA-00251-00089730-00089960 production so you will you will look at
eEXOv4boXhA-00252-00089961-00090155 it and you will see thank you very much
eEXOv4boXhA-00253-00090156-00090449 for watching I'm very very excited about
eEXOv4boXhA-00254-00090450-00090668 price busters it's coming guys it's
eEXOv4boXhA-00255-00090669-00090860 going to be amazing look at all the
eEXOv4boXhA-00256-00090861-00091051 things you have interest for this
eEXOv4boXhA-00257-00091052-00091397 project it's amazing okay thank you see
eEXOv4boXhA-00258-00091398-00091702 you see you soon bye bye
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00000-00000079-00000303 um my name is scott mcbride i'm the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00001-00000304-00000471 project manager with the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00002-00000472-00000719 mink team and i'll introduce our other
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00003-00000720-00000886 two presenters here
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00004-00000888-00001015 um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00005-00001016-00001103 nick
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00006-00001104-00001383 fisher could you say hello to folks
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00007-00001384-00001663 hello i'm nick with ramsay county uh
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00008-00001664-00001855 nick will be on in just a minute
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00009-00001855-00002063 and then uh hila mays with bolton makes
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00010-00002064-00002199 our other presenter you want to say hi
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00011-00002200-00002334 eila
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00012-00002335-00002502 hello everyone i'm glad to see you here
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00013-00002503-00002639 today
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00014-00002640-00002847 thank you
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00015-00002848-00002934 um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00016-00002935-00003102 so we're here to
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00017-00003103-00003431 to have the fifth of five
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00018-00003432-00003654 uh open houses on the concept
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00019-00003655-00003935 development phase of this project and so
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00020-00003936-00004199 the purpose of tonight's
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00021-00004200-00004406 meeting is to to go through a project
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00022-00004407-00004647 overview we'll we'll catch you up on
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00023-00004648-00004838 what we've been doing lately
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00024-00004839-00004975 we want to catch you up on what we've
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00025-00004976-00005143 been hearing from the community as we've
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00026-00005144-00005270 been talking throughout this whole
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00027-00005271-00005495 process and then we want to want to show
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00028-00005496-00005711 you the recommended design that we have
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00029-00005712-00005959 come up with for this process and then
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00030-00005960-00006086 importantly
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00031-00006087-00006351 is there still an echo um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00032-00006352-00006559 could you could you please check your
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00033-00006559-00006734 your mutes and make sure that everybody
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00034-00006736-00006895 is muted
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00035-00006895-00007167 on here
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00036-00007168-00007478 is there still an echo
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00037-00007479-00007703 sound okay i don't i'm not getting one
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00038-00007704-00007863 here no
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00039-00007864-00008142 okay thanks nicole
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00040-00008143-00008278 so uh
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00041-00008279-00008423 importantly what we want to talk about
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00042-00008424-00008727 is is what happens next as well there's
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00043-00008728-00008910 a little bit of unknown with that as as
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00044-00008911-00009087 design kicks off but we'll answer
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00045-00009088-00009278 questions as we can today and and we
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00046-00009279-00009431 want to get your input on what's
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00047-00009432-00009639 important to you in these next couple of
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00048-00009640-00009878 phases that that we'll talk about
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00049-00009879-00010255 um as nicole noted early we will have a
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00050-00010256-00010495 breakout session in here also so that we
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00051-00010496-00010671 can break up into little bit smaller
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00052-00010672-00010895 groups and have some conversation
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00053-00010896-00011135 so please stay on mute during the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00054-00011136-00011263 presentation
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00055-00011264-00011478 we do have a chat box going and and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00056-00011479-00011670 members of our team will will monitor
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00057-00011671-00011887 that check chat box if if we have
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00058-00011888-00012063 questions we can answer in real time in
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00059-00012064-00012238 the chat we will do that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00060-00012239-00012535 um so please feel free to
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00061-00012536-00012631 to
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00062-00012632-00012815 use the chat box for questions if you
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00063-00012816-00012983 have a question i can't wait feel free
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00064-00012984-00013166 to raise your hand although as i
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00065-00013168-00013358 mentioned we will be going to a breakout
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00066-00013359-00013630 room with staff into breakout rooms and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00067-00013631-00013775 we intend to have some targeted
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00068-00013776-00014111 conversations um in those breakouts so
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00069-00014112-00014303 if you can wait until then that would be
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00070-00014304-00014486 that would be preferred
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00071-00014487-00014679 so i'm going to hand it off to nick
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00072-00014680-00014815 here and we'll just have a couple of
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00073-00014816-00015038 slides on on an overview of what it is
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00074-00015040-00015166 that we're doing here
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00075-00015168-00015327 go ahead nick
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00076-00015328-00015583 all right uh hi i'm nick again from
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00077-00015584-00015855 ramsey county and you can kind of see on
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00078-00015856-00016030 on the map on the right there
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00079-00016031-00016183 we're talking about rice street tonight
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00080-00016184-00016391 between pennsylvania avenue and wheelock
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00081-00016392-00016511 parkway
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00082-00016512-00016783 so why are we here what's going on
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00083-00016784-00016927 if you've driven right street lately you
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00084-00016928-00017071 know the pavement's kind of at the end
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00085-00017072-00017286 of its useful life so it's time to get
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00086-00017287-00017447 reconstructed
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00087-00017448-00017622 and uh the question is how are we going
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00088-00017623-00017847 to do that so we kind of want to change
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00089-00017848-00017958 it from
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00090-00017959-00018158 car centric to more of a people-centric
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00091-00018159-00018327 corridor and that's what we've been
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00092-00018328-00018622 working on last year year or two here
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00093-00018623-00018783 and uh with the people we want to figure
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00094-00018784-00018983 out who's there and how can we
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00095-00018984-00019175 make this road serve them better
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00096-00019176-00019414 um so if you see it on our left side
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00097-00019415-00019567 here who's the who's using the road it's
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00098-00019568-00019767 a diverse use of residence residents
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00099-00019768-00020055 users businesses and modes of travel so
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00100-00020056-00020183 you're including
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00101-00020184-00020399 people that walk people like bike people
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00102-00020400-00020591 that use transit so all everyone has to
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00103-00020592-00020783 be accounted for in our in our new rice
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00104-00020784-00020943 street that we're designing
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00105-00020944-00021119 uh we have other goals
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00106-00021120-00021350 along with this is safety and traffic
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00107-00021351-00021614 community development business vitality
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00108-00021615-00021871 bike and pedestrian conditions not only
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00109-00021872-00022071 north south along wright street but also
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00110-00022072-00022278 crossing range street as well
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00111-00022279-00022543 public safety and livability concern
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00112-00022544-00022750 so our goals are develop a whole plan
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00113-00022751-00022935 for the whole corridor
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00114-00022936-00023111 next slide
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00115-00023112-00023367 and we have a lot of other goals public
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00116-00023368-00023607 safety improve bicycle safety promote
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00117-00023608-00023878 community investment promote health a
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00118-00023879-00024055 healthy community
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00119-00024056-00024230 maintain transit service and even make
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00120-00024231-00024350 it better
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00121-00024351-00024535 provide business support enhance
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00122-00024536-00024767 pedestrian safety is a big one
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00123-00024768-00024975 created by the environment promote
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00124-00024976-00025183 economic development
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00125-00025184-00025358 workforce development and improve
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00126-00025359-00025535 vehicle safety
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00127-00025536-00025831 so next slide
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00128-00025832-00025958 so here's kind of our schedule of what
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00129-00025960-00026134 we've been doing and where we're going
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00130-00026135-00026327 uh we've we're finishing up our
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00131-00026327-00026502 engagement on our preliminary design
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00132-00026504-00026735 pretty much tonight and then
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00133-00026736-00026911 after this we're gonna go into final
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00134-00026912-00027151 design and implementation of the the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00135-00027152-00027399 plan we're talking about tonight
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00136-00027400-00027631 and then i think next slide here we'll
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00137-00027632-00027846 pass it off to hilah and she'll talk
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00138-00027847-00028367 about what we heard and engagement
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00139-00028368-00028475 thanks nick um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00140-00028476-00028751 [Music]
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00141-00028752-00028918 we have a had a lot of engagement over
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00142-00028919-00029055 the past couple years and we're gonna
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00143-00029056-00029207 have a really quick summary of some of
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00144-00029208-00029367 the work that's been done in terms of
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00145-00029368-00029535 the major themes and and so the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00146-00029536-00029702 different activities um there's a lot
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00147-00029704-00029911 more to where this comes from so those
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00148-00029912-00030055 who are interested please do make sure
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00149-00030056-00030214 to check out our project website i just
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00150-00030216-00030351 say there's a preface because i always
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00151-00030352-00030487 feel that we're just beginning to touch
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00152-00030488-00030718 the topic when we cover it in this forum
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00153-00030719-00030846 but as many of you have been traveling
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00154-00030847-00031014 with us you know that this has been a
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00155-00031016-00031214 core part of our project
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00156-00031216-00031383 the focus of our strategy really has
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00157-00031383-00031590 been to work with the community um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00158-00031591-00031751 making sure that people in the community
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00159-00031752-00032023 are are part of the process that we have
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00160-00032024-00032183 individuals who who know what it's like
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00161-00032183-00032374 to be here and who are invested in this
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00162-00032375-00032446 area
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00163-00032447-00032662 investing in community institutions um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00164-00032663-00032743 the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00165-00032744-00032943 agencies businesses and those in the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00166-00032944-00033239 corner that are are impacted and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00167-00033240-00033399 we'll be here long after this project is
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00168-00033400-00033646 over with our important partners
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00169-00033647-00033839 building relationships with capacity um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00170-00033840-00034046 this project is not far from over and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00171-00034047-00034279 you'll hear about that later from scott
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00172-00034280-00034390 making sure this capacity for the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00173-00034391-00034590 community to continue to learn and hear
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00174-00034591-00034774 and participate and speak on their
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00175-00034775-00034999 behalf and again thinking about long
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00176-00035000-00035318 term not just a project but a community
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00177-00035319-00035543 that needs investment
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00178-00035544-00035735 and um people who care about it and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00179-00035736-00035951 working at it limited um for years to
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00180-00035952-00036079 come
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00181-00036080-00036271 the phases you see here are kind of the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00182-00036272-00036407 top four
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00183-00036408-00036687 i'd say the four areas and phases of our
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00184-00036688-00036895 engagement process um the first one
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00185-00036896-00037079 really focused on understanding what
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00186-00037080-00037351 things are like out there right now
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00187-00037352-00037551 potential roadway designs with a lot of
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00188-00037552-00037759 different sort of unpacked toolbox
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00189-00037760-00037918 especially during covid to sort of think
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00190-00037919-00038207 about all the different ways
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00191-00038208-00038383 we can improve the road and help people
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00192-00038384-00038583 understand the full range of options as
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00193-00038584-00038807 we're building the right solution here
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00194-00038808-00039071 um narrowing it down to the top three
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00195-00039072-00039262 designs last year that sort of came out
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00196-00039263-00039399 of the conversations with the community
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00197-00039400-00039630 of what was most important
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00198-00039631-00039862 and again now through um with the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00199-00039863-00039999 recommended design near the end of last
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00200-00040000-00040118 year and now
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00201-00040119-00040302 with sort of a rollout of a refined
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00202-00040303-00040502 version of it now so that's that's kind
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00203-00040503-00040655 of the stages we've been through here
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00204-00040656-00040823 each of these has been a feedback loop
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00205-00040824-00040999 with the community to understand what's
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00206-00041000-00041143 important
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00207-00041144-00041351 and how do we ensure that we're
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00208-00041352-00041551 addressing the top community needs as
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00209-00041552-00041774 part of the process
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00210-00041775-00042030 next slide
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00211-00042031-00042271 this is a very high level summary of of
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00212-00042272-00042439 the many different pieces of the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00213-00042440-00042671 engagement process of what we heard
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00214-00042672-00042958 and learned during this um there was a a
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00215-00042959-00043111 lot of activity and i won't read all the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00216-00043112-00043246 numbers you see on the screen to get a
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00217-00043247-00043495 sense of the variety of different types
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00218-00043496-00043751 of engagement of course during covid
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00219-00043752-00043927 nothing went like we thought it would in
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00220-00043928-00044167 terms of the planning we had our ideas
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00221-00044168-00044327 and then they got that up ended through
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00222-00044328-00044567 the process um but because we had some
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00223-00044568-00044774 good creative people involved um we were
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00224-00044775-00044902 able to think of different solutions in
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00225-00044903-00045118 terms of engaging the numbers here show
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00226-00045119-00045295 that there was a lot of different ways
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00227-00045296-00045446 people would have touches in the process
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00228-00045447-00045630 not that every single person was engaged
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00229-00045631-00045790 but we like to think that people had
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00230-00045791-00045951 multiple opportunities and that the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00231-00045952-00046102 voices we heard were authentic and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00232-00046103-00046327 diverse from the community
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00233-00046328-00046486 thank you for everyone who participated
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00234-00046487-00046639 today tonight what's as i mentioned
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00235-00046640-00046790 earlier the summary of a lot of this
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00236-00046791-00046967 information is available on our website
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00237-00046968-00047207 in the engagement section um and will be
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00238-00047208-00047374 also part of the reporting out of this
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00239-00047375-00047630 stage to make the direct connection um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00240-00047631-00047807 we heard there's a lot of common themes
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00241-00047808-00047983 that came out of this engagement um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00242-00047984-00048199 especially like pedestrian safety and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00243-00048200-00048415 accessibility the livability and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00244-00048416-00048615 vitality of the corridor
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00245-00048616-00048767 and about making sure that there's good
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00246-00048768-00048967 modal options that work well together
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00247-00048968-00049102 those themes were heard over and over
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00248-00049103-00049239 again and rather than have them in the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00249-00049240-00049374 engagement section you'll see them in
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00250-00049375-00049607 the design section because we're showing
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00251-00049608-00049783 how our design at this point is
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00252-00049784-00050030 responsive to that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00253-00050031-00050462 next slide
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00254-00050463-00050774 the community liaisons i do think i saw
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00255-00050775-00050999 melvin's picture flash up earlier so we
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00256-00051000-00051151 may have at least one on on the call
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00257-00051152-00051319 today um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00258-00051320-00051535 the um liaisons were our through
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00259-00051536-00051719 forecast public art and also i should
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00260-00051720-00051863 mention our partner formula who's been
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00261-00051864-00052030 actively involved as well the engagement
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00262-00052032-00052263 side helped us to sort of refine our
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00263-00052264-00052479 approach and really
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00264-00052479-00052719 um work on identifying and recruiting
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00265-00052720-00052879 four wonderful people who live in the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00266-00052879-00053103 community who are gifted artists and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00267-00053104-00053263 also concerned community members who are
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00268-00053264-00053447 part of our partnership
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00269-00053448-00053623 they did a whole range of exercises and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00270-00053624-00053879 activities um starting from thinking
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00271-00053879-00054054 about how you would approach this in a
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00272-00054055-00054279 more people-friendly way and not just a
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00273-00054279-00054494 technical competent way
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00274-00054495-00054663 um and then instead of pivoting during
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00275-00054664-00054823 hobig to think about how we do that in a
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00276-00054824-00055023 way that's safe and honoring of the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00277-00055024-00055215 health and well-being of the community
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00278-00055216-00055438 along the corridor we've had in-person
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00279-00055439-00055582 and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00280-00055583-00055791 distance engagement but the whole
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00281-00055791-00056015 approach has been sort of
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00282-00056016-00056175 um developed through the through the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00283-00056176-00056366 community process which respects how
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00284-00056367-00056526 where people are right now and things
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00285-00056527-00056607 differently about making this
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00286-00056608-00056791 approachable infrastructure isn't always
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00287-00056791-00056935 someone's favorite thing but this is a
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00288-00056936-00057166 chance to help people see how this is
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00289-00057167-00057399 part of their life i have listed up here
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00290-00057400-00057542 some of the activities they had this
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00291-00057544-00057687 really doesn't even begin to capture all
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00292-00057688-00057887 the pieces here um but just to think
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00293-00057888-00058023 about they developed a wonderful
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00294-00058024-00058311 activity book that can engage all ages
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00295-00058312-00058519 in understanding this corridor in a fun
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00296-00058520-00058759 and interactive way um community
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00297-00058760-00059007 partnerships with institutions with
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00298-00059008-00059175 businesses with individuals in the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00299-00059176-00059391 community who care and are invested in
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00300-00059391-00059511 different ways
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00301-00059512-00059726 focus group discussions with groups that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00302-00059727-00059887 might probably would not have been
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00303-00059888-00060087 reached any other way to really listen
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00304-00060088-00060230 to them deeply
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00305-00060232-00060375 pop-up engagement activities you see
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00306-00060376-00060575 some pictures here of some safe it's
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00307-00060576-00060782 also a distance engagement from the past
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00308-00060783-00060935 year or two
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00309-00060936-00061150 and next up is a cookbook for community
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00310-00061151-00061391 and i saw a sneak preview preview of
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00311-00061391-00061694 this just a couple hours ago it is cool
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00312-00061695-00061942 many of our community leaders um in the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00313-00061944-00062119 agencies and people in this community
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00314-00062120-00062230 have
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00315-00062232-00062519 um provided recipes using rice as an
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00316-00062520-00062703 ingredient and they have turned it into
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00317-00062704-00062926 something amazing it's it'll be that's i
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00318-00062927-00063103 know just to tease it to not share it
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00319-00063104-00063287 here but we will be rolling that out and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00320-00063288-00063454 many things to our artists who worked on
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00321-00063455-00063606 that to make something they said you
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00322-00063607-00063791 know what we want to report that people
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00323-00063791-00063966 want to keep for a while not just read
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00324-00063967-00064119 it and put it aside but maybe they'll
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00325-00064120-00064303 use it for cooking dinner
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00326-00064304-00064487 so these are these are not just fun
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00327-00064488-00064671 ideas they're ideas with a purpose and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00328-00064672-00064871 ideas to get us in a deeper community
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00329-00064872-00065047 relationship than we would be otherwise
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00330-00065048-00065182 and we really do think it's made a huge
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00331-00065183-00065326 difference in terms of understanding
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00332-00065327-00065487 what's important here and as you'll see
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00333-00065488-00065647 later to build an implementation
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00334-00065648-00065882 strategy that's well beyond the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00335-00065883-00066350 road next slide
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00336-00066351-00066431 um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00337-00066432-00066631 what's next i'm gonna talk briefly and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00338-00066632-00066791 then turn it over to scott to talk about
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00339-00066792-00067087 the design and implementation plan
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00340-00067088-00067294 you'll see here some different handouts
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00341-00067295-00067463 versions of the handout if
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00342-00067464-00067606 you're not a native in any of these
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00343-00067607-00067855 languages i can tell you that in english
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00344-00067856-00068063 this is an overview of where we are
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00345-00068064-00068231 right now of the concept that's been
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00346-00068232-00068399 developed for rice street
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00347-00068400-00068559 in terms of the roadway concept you're
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00348-00068560-00068726 about to hear about we're creating
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00349-00068727-00068943 multilingual content and doing it in a
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00350-00068944-00069119 simple and accessible way so that at
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00351-00069120-00069350 this point we can sort of document and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00352-00069351-00069567 memorialize what this pro where we are
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00353-00069568-00069791 now all the feedback and the important
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00354-00069792-00069982 themes that got to this point and sort
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00355-00069983-00070206 of how this is this is going to achieve
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00356-00070207-00070431 broader goals we're at a pivot point now
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00357-00070432-00070615 you'll hear about now but the idea is
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00358-00070616-00070719 we're going to
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00359-00070720-00070863 draw this together and have some
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00360-00070864-00071055 reporting out to the community including
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00361-00071056-00071279 some multimedia and video you you'll see
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00362-00071280-00071447 later um to make sure that people
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00363-00071448-00071591 understand where we are and are
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00364-00071592-00071911 continuing to track with us the process
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00365-00071912-00072126 i will pause now and and turn it over to
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00366-00072127-00072503 scott to talk about the design
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00367-00072504-00072671 yeah thanks iowa
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00368-00072672-00072791 um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00369-00072792-00073094 hila just gave us a an update that took
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00370-00073095-00073287 about you know five six seven minutes
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00371-00073288-00073567 over over this engagement process
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00372-00073568-00073775 with when actually we've been at this
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00373-00073776-00074126 for a long time talking to the community
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00374-00074127-00074735 and we started out um in summer of 2019
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00375-00074736-00075047 before the great pandemic of 2020
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00376-00075048-00075255 and that's that's when we started going
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00377-00075256-00075423 out to the community with the sole
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00378-00075424-00075559 purpose of
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00379-00075560-00075735 asking what is your vision for rice
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00380-00075736-00076006 street so we spent a lot of time at that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00381-00076007-00076343 and you can go to the next slide
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00382-00076344-00076559 what we heard this is these are goals
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00383-00076560-00076759 that we established at the very
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00384-00076760-00076967 beginning of that process
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00385-00076968-00077062 so
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00386-00077063-00077262 i'd like to say that on the left side we
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00387-00077263-00077526 have kind of what i'll call our normal
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00388-00077527-00077767 transportation goals these fit with
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00389-00077768-00077967 the counties
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00390-00077968-00078167 all abilities plan it fits with the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00391-00078168-00078359 city's plan
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00392-00078360-00078511 to establish safe pedestrian
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00393-00078512-00078726 accommodations safe bicycle
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00394-00078727-00078862 accommodations
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00395-00078863-00079087 improved transit service safe traffic
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00396-00079088-00079326 operations and a welcoming streetscape
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00397-00079327-00079511 so those are the again the normal
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00398-00079512-00079847 transportation goals for this project
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00399-00079848-00080015 on the right side though is something
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00400-00080016-00080223 we've done a little bit differently in
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00401-00080224-00080462 this um and very deliberately very
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00402-00080463-00080599 thoughtfully
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00403-00080600-00080750 we asked the community what's important
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00404-00080751-00081119 to them along rice street and we we came
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00405-00081120-00081335 up with things like
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00406-00081336-00081638 supporting business economic development
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00407-00081639-00081887 jobs workforce development employment
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00408-00081888-00082167 along the corridor just being healthy
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00409-00082168-00082391 the simple act of being healthy public
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00410-00082392-00082679 safety is an issue too you know not just
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00411-00082680-00082911 crashes in the street but being safe
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00412-00082912-00083111 along this street and some other
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00413-00083112-00083367 community defined goals so behind these
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00414-00083368-00083559 goals and criteria
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00415-00083560-00083743 we've got a fairly massive spreadsheet
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00416-00083744-00084031 about how do you measure these things
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00417-00084032-00084231 and so this went into the the decision
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00418-00084232-00084399 making process and you can go to the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00419-00084400-00084782 next slide nicole
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00420-00084783-00084975 so i mentioned earlier we we've been at
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00421-00084976-00085167 this for a long time and and hilah went
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00422-00085168-00085326 through a little bit of this as well so
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00423-00085327-00085559 what we did is we took those goals we
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00424-00085560-00085694 looked at kind of the universe of
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00425-00085695-00085894 possible alternatives we might have out
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00426-00085895-00086047 here and we reduced that to seven
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00427-00086048-00086326 concepts we took those out to the public
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00428-00086327-00086543 and got feedback on those
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00429-00086544-00086711 based on that feedback we further
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00430-00086712-00086926 reduced it down to three
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00431-00086927-00087199 favored concepts we took those back out
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00432-00087200-00087399 to the public last summer
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00433-00087400-00087687 and so since then um we've we've been
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00434-00087688-00087911 developing based on the comments we
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00435-00087912-00088071 received from the community based on
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00436-00088072-00088255 technical analysis as well
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00437-00088256-00088511 we came up with a recommended design
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00438-00088512-00088743 for uh for rice street
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00439-00088744-00088935 and next slide
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00440-00088936-00089191 just as a quick reminder you you
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00441-00089192-00089350 don't need to spend much time on this
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00442-00089351-00089431 but
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00443-00089432-00089638 but um you all know what rice street is
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00444-00089639-00089871 like this is the existing this is the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00445-00089872-00090175 existing roadway it's currently four
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00446-00090176-00090455 lanes of traffic in each direction the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00447-00090456-00090718 outside lane in both directions becomes
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00448-00090719-00090950 a parking lane in certain locations at
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00449-00090951-00091191 certain times tends to tends to lead to
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00450-00091192-00091375 a little confusion
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00451-00091376-00091559 and it has six foot sidewalks on either
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00452-00091560-00091726 side of it
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00453-00091727-00091975 and so as we did much of our technical
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00454-00091976-00092062 work
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00455-00092063-00092367 one thing we we came up with
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00456-00092368-00092631 mainly from a safety standpoint is that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00457-00092632-00092823 this four-lane option is not considered
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00458-00092824-00093111 to be viable into the future and so that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00459-00093112-00093287 led us to looking at different
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00460-00093288-00093543 alternatives and so if you
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00461-00093544-00093767 go to the next slide
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00462-00093768-00093926 what we came up with and what we are
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00463-00093927-00094182 recommending um and looking for your
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00464-00094183-00094294 input on
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00465-00094295-00094647 is this concept it's a shared use path
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00466-00094648-00094903 three-lane roadway so it's starting at
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00467-00094904-00095055 the middle i'll go
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00468-00095056-00095311 in the middle and go out
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00469-00095312-00095494 lane roadway be one lane in each
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00470-00095495-00095711 direction with a two-way left turn lane
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00471-00095712-00095903 as you know one of the one of the main
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00472-00095904-00096159 concerns we heard is that the lack of
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00473-00096160-00096391 left turn lanes out here and the safety
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00474-00096392-00096615 um issues that that causes
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00475-00096616-00096862 on the left side or the west side of
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00476-00096863-00097103 rice street we would install a 12-foot
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00477-00097104-00097311 shared use path that's suitable for
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00478-00097312-00097582 bicycles and pedestrians at the same
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00479-00097583-00097750 time
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00480-00097751-00097999 and on the right side the far right side
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00481-00098000-00098174 of the east side we have we maintain
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00482-00098175-00098431 that six foot sidewalk and between that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00483-00098432-00098631 sidewalk and the sure to use path and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00484-00098632-00098879 the curb line is a six foot boulevard
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00485-00098880-00099006 and we're calling that kind of a
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00486-00099007-00099111 flexible
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00487-00099112-00099215 space
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00488-00099216-00099455 which would allow um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00489-00099456-00099750 the kind of the normal use of you see
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00490-00099751-00099999 here street lights uh be able to put
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00491-00100000-00100206 signs in that area
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00492-00100207-00100382 in some cases and i'll talk about this a
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00493-00100383-00100511 little bit later we'll be able to put
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00494-00100512-00100782 parking lanes in this so at this point
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00495-00100783-00100926 we're not showing a parking lane here
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00496-00100927-00101223 but there is opportunity to to install
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00497-00101224-00101399 some parking lines and again i'll touch
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00498-00101400-00101599 on that here in a little bit
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00499-00101600-00101831 so that's the recommended concept that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00500-00101832-00101999 that we have developed
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00501-00102000-00102191 um and if you go to the next slide i
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00502-00102192-00102406 want to go through a few visuals to
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00503-00102407-00102702 because you know a typical section is is
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00504-00102703-00102871 perhaps good for an engineer to
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00505-00102872-00103102 visualize that but but many of us need
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00506-00103103-00103263 different visuals
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00507-00103264-00103551 and so this is a this is a perspective
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00508-00103552-00103863 shown from the street view
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00509-00103864-00104271 looking north on rice street at ivy and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00510-00104272-00104439 if you hit the next one this is what we
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00511-00104440-00104654 anticipate that it will start to look
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00512-00104655-00104919 like so again this is in the street
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00513-00104920-00105166 along the left side there you see that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00514-00105167-00105407 the 12-foot shared use path
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00515-00105408-00105631 we haven't yet determined that the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00516-00105632-00105799 surface whether that would be
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00517-00105800-00106031 bituminous or concrete
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00518-00106032-00106166 that that will come a little later in
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00519-00106167-00106375 the design process
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00520-00106376-00106575 in the middle this is showing uh the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00521-00106576-00106734 possibility of a
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00522-00106735-00106983 pedestrian refuge median island that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00523-00106983-00107127 would separate traffic where there's
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00524-00107128-00107366 where there's no need for left turns
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00525-00107367-00107623 we could have a uh call it a two-stage
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00526-00107624-00107831 pedestrian crossing
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00527-00107832-00108047 that would allow people to look one way
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00528-00108048-00108239 take refuge in the median and be able to
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00529-00108240-00108447 look the other way and safely across the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00530-00108448-00108551 street
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00531-00108552-00108799 um we're showing just ideas for that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00532-00108800-00109023 flexible space between the curb line and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00533-00109024-00109271 the sidewalk on the east side and the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00534-00109272-00109486 shared use path on the west side these
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00535-00109488-00109654 are just ideas where there are homes
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00536-00109655-00109871 perhaps grass wants to go in there where
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00537-00109872-00110110 there are businesses perhaps
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00538-00110111-00110358 a hard surface would want to go in there
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00539-00110359-00110558 for for flexibility
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00540-00110559-00110734 so that's at iv and rice we've got a
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00541-00110735-00110927 couple more of these
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00542-00110928-00111078 go to the next one
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00543-00111079-00111247 so we'll show you this one this is at
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00544-00111248-00111390 montana
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00545-00111391-00111510 if you're familiar with the street
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00546-00111511-00111743 autozone and mcdonald's are at this
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00547-00111744-00112134 location go ahead and flip it over
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00548-00112135-00112302 again there's a you can see the left
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00549-00112303-00112551 turn in the southbound direction there
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00550-00112552-00112823 um since there is no street to the west
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00551-00112824-00113039 side we we've shown a pedestrian refuge
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00552-00113040-00113231 median there
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00553-00113232-00113502 um shared use path and this shows on the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00554-00113503-00113686 on the left side there this shows an
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00555-00113688-00113847 actual hard surface and what that could
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00556-00113848-00114110 potentially look like for the future um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00557-00114111-00114383 the possibility of putting benches or or
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00558-00114383-00114623 other types of things that that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00559-00114624-00114943 might be a pedestrian amenities there
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00560-00114944-00115319 and the next slide
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00561-00115320-00115886 this is at lawson avenue and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00562-00115888-00116183 you'll recall um lawson is perhaps
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00563-00116183-00116439 you'll recall lawson is the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00564-00116440-00116663 location of a potential future
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00565-00116664-00116958 north end recreation center and if you
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00566-00116959-00117310 show that next slide
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00567-00117311-00117558 that we just blocked that out in white
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00568-00117559-00117871 that's a north end community center and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00569-00117872-00118031 we don't know exactly what the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00570-00118032-00118207 pedestrian treatments will be here but
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00571-00118208-00118447 we are going to look at this
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00572-00118448-00118654 much much closer because we anticipate
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00573-00118655-00118951 this to be a a huge generator of foot
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00574-00118952-00119166 traffic bike traffic
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00575-00119167-00119415 so there'll be some special treatment of
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00576-00119416-00119590 this and this shows left turn lanes in
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00577-00119591-00119854 both both directions that's an example
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00578-00119855-00119951 of that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00579-00119952-00120295 in the next slide
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00580-00120296-00120510 one more at winnipeg
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00581-00120511-00120743 this is toward the south end of the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00582-00120744-00120910 the corridor
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00583-00120911-00121271 go ahead
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00584-00121272-00121527 so this is a little more commercial area
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00585-00121528-00121743 and uh probably calls for a little more
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00586-00121744-00122151 hardscape surface rather than than uh
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00587-00122152-00122407 then grass in the in those flexible
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00588-00122408-00122590 zones this shows the trees that are
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00589-00122591-00122775 there today so those those trees have
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00590-00122776-00122958 been planted and those are existing
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00591-00122959-00123231 trees so it's got room for for tree
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00592-00123232-00123447 planters in there and it's a little
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00593-00123448-00123631 tough to see but in the front of that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00594-00123632-00123854 red car in the front you can see a turn
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00595-00123855-00123934 bay
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00596-00123935-00124223 cut into the the right side there
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00597-00124224-00124399 and so there's a there's a car parked
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00598-00124400-00124551 over on the right side so that's an
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00599-00124552-00124758 example of how turn-based can be cut
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00600-00124759-00125095 into that that flexible zone
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00601-00125096-00125639 and the next one
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00602-00125640-00126007 so why did we select this particular one
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00603-00126008-00126214 at the very beginning i talked about the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00604-00126215-00126383 the various criteria the goals and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00605-00126383-00126631 objectives we had for this project
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00606-00126632-00126910 this this one best met um in in large
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00607-00126911-00127183 part those those goals and objectives so
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00608-00127183-00127366 on that on the kind of city county
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00609-00127367-00127534 agency side of things it really
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00610-00127535-00127678 supported the county's commitment to
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00611-00127679-00127847 that all abilities transportation
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00612-00127848-00127958 network
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00613-00127959-00128223 allowing foot traffic bicycle focused
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00614-00128224-00128463 use of that space very consider very
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00615-00128464-00128607 consistent with the city and the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00616-00128608-00128790 county's complete street policies and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00617-00128791-00128943 and plans
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00618-00128944-00129199 um and from a little more technical side
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00619-00129200-00129358 it's got more ability to accommodate
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00620-00129359-00129671 snow storage there as well um among
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00621-00129672-00129823 other things it's it's got a little bit
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00622-00129824-00130007 more flexibility in that in that flex
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00623-00130008-00130086 zone
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00624-00130088-00130327 on the community side
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00625-00130328-00130486 it's got uh
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00626-00130488-00130831 more space for trees plants benches that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00627-00130832-00131071 that's to come in the next part of the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00628-00131072-00131263 and the next phase of this
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00629-00131264-00131502 but it's got more space to actually make
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00630-00131503-00131695 that the place a little more vibrant a
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00631-00131696-00131871 little more safe
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00632-00131872-00132183 a place that people want to be
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00633-00132184-00132351 it adds an important link to the city's
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00634-00132352-00132559 bicycle network that is not there today
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00635-00132560-00132759 we heard continually about
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00636-00132760-00133047 the uh the inability to bike safely
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00637-00133048-00133287 along rice street very few people did it
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00638-00133288-00133511 because it didn't feel safe
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00639-00133512-00133751 this allows that network to uh to have
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00640-00133752-00133935 another connection
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00641-00133936-00134135 it separates bikes from cars as i was
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00642-00134136-00134351 just talking about higher safety higher
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00643-00134352-00134487 comfort level
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00644-00134488-00134751 and we anticipate that this will really
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00645-00134752-00134966 reduce the uh the proliferance we have
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00646-00134967-00135175 out there today of pedestrian bicycle
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00647-00135176-00135454 and car crashes that are there
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00648-00135455-00135751 and then the lastly um you've probably
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00649-00135752-00136078 heard about metro transit's planned
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00650-00136079-00136454 b line or excuse me g line um abrt
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00651-00136455-00136759 project bus rapid transit project
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00652-00136760-00136990 i'll touch on that in just a minute
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00653-00136991-00137423 that is a an important feature of this
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00654-00137424-00137639 next one
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00655-00137640-00137727 um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00656-00137728-00137975 we've we wanted to focus in on a few
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00657-00137976-00138199 areas out here because
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00658-00138200-00138423 one of the issues with rice street is
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00659-00138424-00138583 and i'm sure you're very familiar with
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00660-00138584-00138854 this this is at cook avenue it shows two
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00661-00138855-00139087 offset streets that happens frequently
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00662-00139088-00139247 along here there are a lot of access
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00663-00139248-00139447 points that don't line up
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00664-00139448-00139639 so we actually look for opportunities
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00665-00139640-00139895 and the other one of the other defining
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00666-00139896-00140239 features of rice street here
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00667-00140240-00140407 thank you one of the other defining
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00668-00140408-00140695 features of rice street is that on the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00669-00140696-00141047 east side for a large part of it um it's
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00670-00141048-00141271 only two blocks long where it goes into
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00671-00141272-00141463 a park where it goes into the the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00672-00141464-00141743 cemetery and so
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00673-00141744-00141983 we looked at the opportunity to perhaps
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00674-00141984-00142126 increase the safety increase the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00675-00142127-00142343 pedestrian safety by looking at some
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00676-00142344-00142559 partial closure closures
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00677-00142560-00142775 and by that we mean in in this case you
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00678-00142776-00143039 see a median going up down the middle of
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00679-00143040-00143254 of rice street across cook
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00680-00143255-00143439 so you would not be able to turn left
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00681-00143440-00143735 into cook from the northbound direction
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00682-00143736-00143902 or if you're on cook you would not be
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00683-00143903-00144111 able to turn left into the northbound
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00684-00144112-00144239 direction there
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00685-00144240-00144590 and that is to that is to try to
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00686-00144591-00144799 kind of clean up some of that access and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00687-00144800-00144975 make it a little more intuitive a little
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00688-00144976-00145223 safer for people to drive so you see the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00689-00145224-00145399 locations where where we're proposing
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00690-00145400-00145687 that winnipeg hatch cook rose and ivy
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00691-00145688-00145878 and then some of these uh
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00692-00145879-00146166 left turns are are really low volume and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00693-00146167-00146375 so we looked at opportunities to try to
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00694-00146376-00146654 limit some of those again to to reduce
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00695-00146655-00146943 conflicts between cars and cars and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00696-00146944-00147151 conflicts between cars and pedestrians
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00697-00147152-00147366 or bicycles as well
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00698-00147367-00147463 so
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00699-00147464-00147687 more will come on those and more
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00700-00147688-00147878 community conversations will will come
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00701-00147879-00148054 around those as well
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00702-00148055-00148302 and the next slide
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00703-00148303-00148799 did want to just touch on that the abrt
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00704-00148800-00148943 metro transit
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00705-00148944-00149190 has been a part of this team um since
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00706-00149191-00149407 its beginning they've been a big part of
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00707-00149408-00149623 this we are a little bit out front of
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00708-00149624-00149814 their process
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00709-00149815-00150119 at this time metro transit anticipates
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00710-00150120-00150495 the robert rice line or the the g line
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00711-00150496-00150719 to be constructed in the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00712-00150720-00150811 uh
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00713-00150812-00151239 2026 2027 time frame so we're just
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00714-00151240-00151399 slightly ahead of that but we are
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00715-00151400-00151614 coordinating quite a bit
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00716-00151615-00151863 you will see metro transit out in the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00717-00151864-00152063 corridor over the next couple of years
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00718-00152064-00152263 talking about station locations and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00719-00152264-00152519 service and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00720-00152520-00152735 amenities at the stations and and how
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00721-00152736-00152935 that would work they will they will run
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00722-00152936-00153175 a full public process
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00723-00153176-00153375 and it will be coordinated with this
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00724-00153376-00153559 project as we're running this full
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00725-00153560-00153814 public process as well
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00726-00153815-00153951 and you can see
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00727-00153952-00154159 that at this time these locations are
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00728-00154160-00154375 not set in stone because as i mentioned
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00729-00154376-00154519 metro transit has to go through their
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00730-00154520-00154743 process but they're looking at potential
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00731-00154744-00155119 abrt stops at rice and sycamore at front
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00732-00155120-00155247 at maryland
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00733-00155248-00155447 at arlington and at larpender at this
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00734-00155448-00155790 time again subject to uh subject to them
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00735-00155791-00155990 running through their process
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00736-00155991-00156271 and the next slide
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00737-00156272-00156495 i want to point out if you go to our
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00738-00156496-00156695 website and we'll drop a we'll drop a
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00739-00156696-00156943 link in the chat here if you go to our
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00740-00156944-00157135 website we have a
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00741-00157136-00157502 we have a project video that's been done
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00742-00157503-00157671 and it's it's it's just been on there
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00743-00157672-00157943 for a few days now i suggest you you
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00744-00157944-00158111 really take a look at that because it's
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00745-00158112-00158271 it's a really good video of what this
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00746-00158272-00158519 could look like in the future
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00747-00158520-00158735 we were we were thinking about
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00748-00158736-00158999 um showing it here tonight it's about
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00749-00159000-00159175 six minutes long we're thinking about
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00750-00159176-00159335 showing it here tonight
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00751-00159336-00159631 um but it's a it's it's such a big file
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00752-00159632-00159935 that trying to zoom it into all of your
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00753-00159936-00160126 businesses living rooms wherever you are
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00754-00160127-00160247 right now
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00755-00160248-00160478 it just doesn't work very well because
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00756-00160479-00160726 because of bandwidth over the internet
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00757-00160727-00160999 so um i would highly encourage you to go
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00758-00161000-00161263 take a look at that video and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00759-00161264-00161423 and see how this could look it's it's a
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00760-00161424-00161623 great visual
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00761-00161624-00161902 and next slide
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00762-00161903-00162023 i want to talk a little bit about
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00763-00162024-00162207 implementation because there's a lot
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00764-00162208-00162463 that has to happen between
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00765-00162464-00162566 this
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00766-00162567-00162783 point in time we're at now where we've
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00767-00162784-00162999 selected a concept and we intend to move
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00768-00163000-00163471 forward so next slide
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00769-00163472-00163702 so one of the things that we are very
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00770-00163703-00163951 sure of is that road construction is
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00771-00163952-00164190 disruptive there's just no question
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00772-00164191-00164366 about that there's there's no way to get
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00773-00164367-00164551 around that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00774-00164552-00164759 so we've spent quite a bit of time on
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00775-00164760-00164975 this on this concept side just thinking
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00776-00164976-00165095 about
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00777-00165096-00165407 what is the least disruptive way to to
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00778-00165408-00165590 build this project
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00779-00165591-00165678 so
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00780-00165679-00165926 um we do not intend to
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00781-00165927-00166038 let
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00782-00166039-00166223 the contractor
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00783-00166224-00166407 go and and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00784-00166408-00166495 build
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00785-00166496-00166711 all two miles of this at once
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00786-00166712-00166854 because we think that would be uh
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00787-00166855-00167054 probably the most disruptive
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00788-00167055-00167295 and so we anticipate doing it in stages
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00789-00167296-00167471 at this time this could change because
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00790-00167472-00167638 we're in the preliminary stages at this
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00791-00167639-00167854 time we're anticipating that if you
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00792-00167855-00168023 think about breaking the cons the the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00793-00168024-00168263 corridor up into thirds um starting in
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00794-00168264-00168487 the north end and moving south
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00795-00168488-00168647 we're anticipating that it that it's
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00796-00168648-00168831 going to take about three years of
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00797-00168832-00168999 construction to do that and i'll talk a
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00798-00169000-00169254 little bit about that in just a second
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00799-00169255-00169335 um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00800-00169336-00169414 so
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00801-00169415-00169711 we had we anticipate
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00802-00169712-00169871 not doing it all at once in order to
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00803-00169872-00170111 minimize those disruptions
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00804-00170112-00170319 we understand businesses are greatly
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00805-00170320-00170599 impacted by road construction as are
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00806-00170600-00170783 people who just normally travel along
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00807-00170784-00170966 the corridor
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00808-00170967-00171135 during this
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00809-00171136-00171390 this design process that is upcoming and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00810-00171391-00171566 during this construction project there
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00811-00171567-00171735 will be a lot of coordination and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00812-00171736-00171871 communication with neighbors and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00813-00171872-00172047 businesses much like
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00814-00172048-00172263 much like what has happened to date
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00815-00172264-00172431 there will be continual conversation and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00816-00172432-00172623 communication
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00817-00172624-00172871 one of the biggest reasons
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00818-00172872-00173047 that it that it's going to take a while
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00819-00173048-00173311 out here is that utilities are really
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00820-00173312-00173511 complicated and they take a lot of time
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00821-00173512-00173695 to complete
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00822-00173696-00173902 there's a lot going on underneath the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00823-00173903-00174031 ground
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00824-00174032-00174263 and uh one of the things that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00825-00174264-00174535 that complicates this area is is we'll
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00826-00174536-00174854 do a little inside baseball here
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00827-00174855-00175071 the sanitary sewer line
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00828-00175072-00175247 is fairly deep and it runs right down
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00829-00175248-00175423 the middle of rice street
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00830-00175424-00175511 and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00831-00175512-00175838 um because of that that that utility
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00832-00175839-00176087 itself takes a lot of time we anticipate
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00833-00176088-00176326 asking everybody that owns property up
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00834-00176327-00176590 and down this stretch of the corridor
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00835-00176591-00176783 whether or not they want to replace
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00836-00176784-00176878 their
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00837-00176879-00177183 um their service from their home out to
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00838-00177184-00177311 the sewer
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00839-00177312-00177447 the sewer line in the middle of the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00840-00177448-00177719 street and so what that entails is we
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00841-00177720-00177871 have to dig into the street and we have
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00842-00177872-00178111 to replace many of those lines we hope
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00843-00178112-00178271 we get to replace them all because
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00844-00178272-00178423 that's a that's a that's something that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00845-00178424-00178566 should be done
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00846-00178567-00178783 so that's one of the the biggest drivers
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00847-00178784-00178999 of this construction schedule it's not
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00848-00179000-00179151 like we're working on the top four
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00849-00179152-00179366 inches and and we can be in and out in a
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00850-00179367-00179438 year
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00851-00179439-00179654 we really have to rebuild this from the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00852-00179655-00179935 uh from the ground up
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00853-00179936-00180023 so
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00854-00180024-00180326 what happens next is as we get into the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00855-00180327-00180478 design of this
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00856-00180479-00180702 we will get into those details and and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00857-00180703-00180926 here's here's why
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00858-00180927-00181183 because um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00859-00181184-00181414 what we have so far is really a
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00860-00181415-00181678 two-dimensional representation of this
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00861-00181679-00181831 of this uh
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00862-00181832-00182102 roadway right now this concept right now
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00863-00182103-00182359 so we've done we've done just a very
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00864-00182360-00182654 little bit of engineering on that to
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00865-00182655-00182814 assure ourselves that we can actually
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00866-00182815-00183031 make this project work what has to
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00867-00183032-00183199 happen next is we have to get into the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00868-00183200-00183454 three-dimensional design of it we have
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00869-00183455-00183726 to in the uh in the jargon of the the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00870-00183727-00183951 engineers we have to we have to develop
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00871-00183952-00184143 profiles and we have to cut cross
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00872-00184144-00184390 sections and and understand how this is
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00873-00184391-00184599 going to impact uh properties at the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00874-00184600-00184831 right-of-way line and and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00875-00184832-00184943 so uh
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00876-00184944-00185143 so so there's just so much engineering
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00877-00185144-00185319 work that has to be done
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00878-00185320-00185511 that future discussions will get into
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00879-00185512-00185735 those details because that's the time to
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00880-00185736-00185831 do that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00881-00185832-00186102 specific pedestrian and crossing designs
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00882-00186103-00186335 at specific intersections to mention the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00883-00186336-00186519 transit service conversation will be
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00884-00186520-00186743 happening along with metro transit and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00885-00186744-00186911 then i mentioned the parking locations
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00886-00186912-00187063 as well because that's incredibly
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00887-00187064-00187302 important we have a number of locations
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00888-00187303-00187535 um spotted out already where we believe
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00889-00187536-00187838 we can cut parking uh
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00890-00187839-00188007 bays into the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00891-00188008-00188263 into the flex zone and and recover some
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00892-00188264-00188471 parking in that area
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00893-00188472-00188743 and if you go to the next slide
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00894-00188744-00189007 so i mentioned we anticipate the rest of
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00895-00189008-00189319 this year and into 2020 and the and all
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00896-00189320-00189478 of 2023
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00897-00189479-00189654 will complete that preliminary design
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00898-00189655-00189838 get into that engineering and start the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00899-00189839-00190095 final design plans
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00900-00190096-00190263 so that's the detailed design there will
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00901-00190264-00190438 be storm water
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00902-00190439-00190638 potential green infrastructure
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00903-00190639-00190807 uh conversations that will want to
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00904-00190808-00191038 happen there um and then the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00905-00191039-00191263 streetscaping conversation has yet to
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00906-00191264-00191359 happen
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00907-00191360-00191695 so uh that is what what do we want this
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00908-00191696-00191999 this corridor to look like to feel like
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00909-00192000-00192199 what kind of amenities do we want in
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00910-00192200-00192431 this corridor mentioned earlier we'll
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00911-00192432-00192678 we'll touch on what happens to the the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00912-00192679-00192895 right-of-way line and and what can we do
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00913-00192896-00193183 to avoid property impacts transit
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00914-00193184-00193463 integration again and then importantly
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00915-00193464-00193663 how's it going to be staged and how it's
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00916-00193664-00193878 going how's it going to be funded
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00917-00193879-00194102 um the county is in the process of of
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00918-00194103-00194295 submitting right now for some regional
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00919-00194296-00194431 funding that would that would fund a
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00920-00194432-00194647 good portion of this so so there's a
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00921-00194648-00194902 there's a number of elements going on
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00922-00194903-00195087 that that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00923-00195088-00195366 parallel this process and and have to
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00924-00195367-00195647 have to come along with it
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00925-00195648-00195871 and then as i mentioned earlier we
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00926-00195872-00196102 anticipate construction 2024 through
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00927-00196103-00196454 2026 that three-phase north to south uh
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00928-00196455-00196550 piece
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00929-00196551-00196711 and there's one thing that i wanted to
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00930-00196712-00196814 touch on
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00931-00196815-00197054 um here when when we say other
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00932-00197055-00197319 implementation
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00933-00197320-00197614 we have never viewed this since we
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00934-00197615-00197831 started working on it as just a roadway
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00935-00197832-00198126 project just a public works project
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00936-00198127-00198319 we've talked about everything
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00937-00198320-00198566 that the community
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00938-00198567-00198783 envisions that they would like to see
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00939-00198784-00199102 happen out here we're coordinating with
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00940-00199103-00199302 departments of health and economic
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00941-00199303-00199543 development and public safety so that so
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00942-00199544-00199735 that we're bringing all of those other
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00943-00199736-00199990 elements along so we create a real
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00944-00199991-00200326 um a holistic look at holistic approach
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00945-00200327-00200535 to the whole corridor again not just
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00946-00200536-00200766 public works
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00947-00200767-00201111 and then the next slide
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00948-00201112-00201350 this represents that so that the blue
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00949-00201351-00201559 line at the bottom is is kind of what i
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00950-00201560-00201775 would call the the normal the typical
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00951-00201776-00202078 roadway process where we'd communicate
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00952-00202079-00202335 we would coordinate we'd develop public
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00953-00202336-00202550 works recommendations on the roadway
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00954-00202551-00202783 itself to multimodal aspects as we have
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00955-00202784-00202863 done
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00956-00202864-00203038 but at the top you see these other
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00957-00203039-00203271 fronts that that we're working working
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00958-00203272-00203487 with other departments on at the city
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00959-00203488-00203719 and the county level
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00960-00203720-00203895 what is the land use
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00961-00203896-00204071 out here today what does it want to be
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00962-00204072-00204295 in the future what's the design look
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00963-00204296-00204502 like what's what's development what
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00964-00204503-00204806 development is going to happen over time
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00965-00204807-00204958 mentioned earlier the public realm on
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00966-00204959-00205119 place making what's it look and feel
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00967-00205119-00205351 like as we go through this this process
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00968-00205352-00205606 as as we kind of transform that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00969-00205607-00205806 that roadway
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00970-00205807-00205990 business and workforce development
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00971-00205991-00206198 there's a lot going on here how can how
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00972-00206200-00206438 can jobs be accommodated how can
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00973-00206439-00206655 businesses be accommodated out here and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00974-00206656-00206862 then the public health and safety aspect
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00975-00206863-00207190 of things um and then the next slide
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00976-00207191-00207382 and we're just about to break out
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00977-00207383-00207598 sessions this is a a representation of
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00978-00207600-00207742 that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00979-00207744-00207838 um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00980-00207839-00207990 so again the traditional roadway
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00981-00207991-00208246 construction process on the top
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00982-00208248-00208431 we've we've
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00983-00208432-00208614 implemented this livability framework
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00984-00208615-00208838 over the top of that and we know that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00985-00208839-00208990 there are conversations that want to
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00986-00208991-00209175 happen within that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00987-00209176-00209327 how do we support businesses during
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00988-00209328-00209575 construction how do we how do we
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00989-00209576-00209855 accommodate access to businesses and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00990-00209856-00210087 homes during construction so all of
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00991-00210088-00210342 those things come along with this
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00992-00210344-00210606 as we go through it in a little more uh
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00993-00210607-00210879 a less traditional approach
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00994-00210880-00211271 and so with that i'm going to pause
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00995-00211271-00211431 and um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00996-00211432-00211598 i noticed there was some there was some
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00997-00211600-00211839 chat going or are these best handled in
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00998-00211840-00212015 the uh in the breakout sessions i
eGMM2fpH2QQ-00999-00212016-00212167 haven't been able to keep up with them
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01000-00212167-00212327 for for those that have been keeping up
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01001-00212328-00212423 with them
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01002-00212423-00212646 um we could we could answer a couple of
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01003-00212648-00212815 those if if those want to be answered or
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01004-00212816-00212975 we can go to the breakout sessions and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01005-00212976-00213127 and just simply have a conversation
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01006-00213128-00213382 around them if we'd like hilah
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01007-00213383-00213942 perspective there
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01008-00213944-00214079 i was going to say there's a since
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01009-00214080-00214206 people have been seeing these questions
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01010-00214207-00214287 i
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01011-00214288-00214487 i can go quickly through here and see if
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01012-00214488-00214663 there's any that haven't been answered
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01013-00214664-00214871 by somebody since
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01014-00214871-00215006 let's see
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01015-00215007-00215110 because they may have been sort of
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01016-00215111-00215351 answered as we go
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01017-00215352-00215534 um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01018-00215535-00215727 it is everyone okay maybe you can
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01019-00215728-00215903 there's not that many how about how do
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01020-00215904-00216087 you plan to keep the wayward pedestrians
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01021-00216088-00216198 out of the way
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01022-00216200-00216367 of the bicyclists in the mixed use
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01023-00216367-00216623 portion of the path
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01024-00216623-00216887 yeah we've i can take a swing at that we
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01025-00216888-00217055 uh we've actually had a lot of
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01026-00217056-00217255 conversation about that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01027-00217256-00217382 and um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01028-00217383-00217639 the bottom line is for a shergy's path
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01029-00217640-00217831 they are expected to mix
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01030-00217832-00218231 we we view this stretch as not like a a
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01031-00218232-00218455 trail out in the wilderness it's a it's
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01032-00218456-00218679 a in large part a commercial area
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01033-00218680-00218951 there's a lot of activity and as such we
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01034-00218952-00219239 believe that uh with with adequate
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01035-00219240-00219519 signage um i don't know of whether we
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01036-00219519-00219646 would look at
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01037-00219648-00219839 some sort of a
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01038-00219840-00220142 roadway or bikeway markings as well
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01039-00220144-00220375 we anticipate that that this would be a
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01040-00220376-00220606 lower speed bike
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01041-00220607-00220894 uh and pedestrian friendly zone um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01042-00220896-00221110 that's not to say everybody is good all
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01043-00221111-00221327 the time but but we anticipate that that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01044-00221328-00221839 it would be viewed as that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01045-00221840-00221975 all right i was going to say i'm
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01046-00221976-00222071 scrolling down there were several people
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01047-00222071-00222198 who commented on that question it was
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01048-00222200-00222398 basically the same one so i can save the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01049-00222400-00222615 more detailed conversation for that the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01050-00222616-00222871 next one that's a little different is
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01051-00222871-00222982 will there be any protected
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01052-00222983-00223158 intersections dutch intersections to
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01053-00223159-00223246 protect
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01054-00223248-00223623 heads and bikes from cars turning right
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01055-00223623-00223791 well i'm going to have to admit i do not
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01056-00223792-00224127 know what a dutch intersection is um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01057-00224128-00224439 cody you're on it thoughts there
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01058-00224440-00224598 yeah and i answered it in the in the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01059-00224600-00224887 chat as well um with that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01060-00224888-00225031 the um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01061-00225032-00225255 not having a dedicated bike lane on race
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01062-00225256-00225519 street plus the limited right-of-way uh
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01063-00225519-00225806 needed to kind of accommodate those
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01064-00225807-00226046 uh types of intersection corners uh it's
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01065-00226048-00226198 unlikely that we would have any of that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01066-00226200-00226519 along rice street um however where there
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01067-00226519-00226615 are
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01068-00226616-00226727 um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01069-00226728-00227103 bike facility connections um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01070-00227104-00227246 perpendicular to right street that can
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01071-00227248-00227463 definitely be examined during the the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01072-00227464-00227679 final design process but
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01073-00227680-00227927 um i will leave it at that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01074-00227928-00228182 yeah and a little bit of what cody is
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01075-00228183-00228534 alluding to there is is we've been
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01076-00228535-00228727 somewhat handcuffed all along because
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01077-00228728-00229031 this is a very narrow roadway it's a 66
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01078-00229032-00229263 foot right away and so we're trying to
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01079-00229264-00229406 accommodate a
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01080-00229407-00229646 lane of traffic in each direction safety
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01081-00229648-00229846 term lanes and then pedestrian and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01082-00229848-00230039 bicycle so those are
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01083-00230040-00230263 it's it's it's just tight it's been
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01084-00230264-00230415 tight it's
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01085-00230416-00230551 it's been so tight that that's been a
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01086-00230552-00230815 constraint the whole time
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01087-00230816-00230967 so
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01088-00230967-00231206 let's uh let's go to breakout sessions
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01089-00231207-00231423 and nicole you want to explain exactly
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01090-00231423-00231775 how this is going to work
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01091-00231776-00232031 yes so i have a couple different rooms
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01092-00232032-00232246 here there will be three rooms and we'll
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01093-00232248-00232351 have
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01094-00232352-00232542 project staff in each room so i will
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01095-00232544-00232782 just hit the button and you should all
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01096-00232783-00233039 just accept the room and then these will
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01097-00233040-00233206 take 20 minutes and they will
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01098-00233207-00233398 automatically pull you back into the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01099-00233400-00233591 main session
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01100-00233592-00233846 so i will open these up now
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01102-00241152-00241310 everyone was just getting warmed up in
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01103-00241311-00241630 our group
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01104-00241631-00241791 maybe you can just ask now steve as
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01105-00241792-00241998 people are jumping again yeah i'm just
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01106-00242000-00242191 curious who owns the land at the north
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01107-00242192-00242358 or i'm sorry not the northwest it'd be
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01108-00242359-00242623 the southwest corner of maryland rice
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01109-00242623-00242846 because i saw you have like i mean
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01110-00242848-00242991 the two bus stops are marked but i know
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01111-00242992-00243175 it's a vacant lot today
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01112-00243176-00243391 yes i believe that is partially it's
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01113-00243392-00243630 city owned property okay yes and then
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01114-00243631-00243846 the north and neighborhood organization
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01115-00243848-00244158 d6 uh put a garden in there just until
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01116-00244159-00244367 something else comes around okay it's
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01117-00244367-00244606 just like a rain garden there for now
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01118-00244607-00244798 sure
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01119-00244800-00245063 mr singer is that a hand up yeah i had i
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01120-00245064-00245319 had a question or just like a point um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01121-00245319-00245567 which is i think on the current design
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01122-00245567-00245806 of the street for the most part your
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01123-00245807-00246071 pedestrian refuge meetings the speeds of
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01124-00246071-00246415 vehicles will be greatly reduced and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01125-00246416-00246630 the pedestrian refuge medians will be
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01126-00246631-00246815 fairly safe but
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01127-00246816-00247063 um there are places on four to three
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01128-00247064-00247310 streets for example west 7th street in
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01129-00247311-00247734 front of mississippi market or the new
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01130-00247735-00248030 pedestrian refuge median at jefferson at
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01131-00248031-00248303 aid mill road where that median
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01132-00248304-00248542 routinely gets hit by vehicles
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01133-00248544-00248846 and uh there seems to be a policy i'm
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01134-00248848-00249023 not sure whether it comes from mndot and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01135-00249023-00249263 the state highway manual or if it comes
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01136-00249264-00249479 at the local level but
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01137-00249480-00249775 of designing medians where there is no
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01138-00249776-00249991 longer even a curve on the front nose
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01139-00249992-00250103 ends
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01140-00250104-00250327 but it's more of a ramp and i guess this
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01141-00250328-00250671 is for snow removal or what have you but
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01142-00250671-00250951 at certain spots like ivy for example
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01143-00250952-00251119 where you're gonna have vehicles coming
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01144-00251119-00251430 over that bridge at a higher speed um i
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01145-00251431-00251687 would urge you all to think about
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01146-00251688-00251975 putting in uh steel bollards or
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01147-00251976-00252191 something to like actually physically
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01148-00252192-00252406 protect pedestrians who are in those
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01149-00252407-00252527 meetings
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01150-00252528-00252791 um and i you know i i would suggest that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01151-00252792-00253063 city-wide not just you know project i
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01152-00253064-00253271 think uh like i say on most this project
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01153-00253271-00253406 the sight lines are pretty good and i
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01154-00253407-00253606 think you're constricting the roadway
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01155-00253607-00253846 down far enough that that people are not
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01156-00253848-00254110 going to be speeding as much but um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01157-00254111-00254430 anyway that's uh that's one point thanks
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01158-00254431-00254623 yeah it's a fair point
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01159-00254623-00254782 and i know you brought that up before
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01160-00254783-00254967 andy that's a that's a good point brian
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01161-00254967-00255382 did you have something to add there
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01162-00255383-00255598 no that would definitely be looking at
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01163-00255600-00255839 you know um you know one that part of
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01164-00255840-00255975 the thing is making those medians a
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01165-00255976-00256110 little bit longer so we don't have
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01166-00256111-00256327 people jumping up on the the ends of
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01167-00256328-00256479 those but you're right i mean that's the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01168-00256480-00256687 way men dot has been designing those
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01169-00256688-00256791 again for
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01170-00256792-00257039 again snow plow operations so their snow
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01171-00257040-00257382 plows don't hit a blunt um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01172-00257383-00257582 you know six inch curb because that'll
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01173-00257583-00257806 end up wrecking the truck and the uh
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01174-00257807-00257975 everything else that they're doing so
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01175-00257976-00258158 that is why that is partially why and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01176-00258159-00258358 make sure that they can clear off the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01177-00258359-00258582 pedestrians with the same plows that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01178-00258583-00258703 they're using
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01179-00258704-00259030 um but this is a more of a local um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01180-00259031-00259246 route you know so there are different
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01181-00259248-00259391 things that have ramsey county in the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01182-00259392-00259671 city of saint paul be looking at
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01183-00259671-00259903 great thanks brian um here's what i'd
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01184-00259904-00260094 like to do just kind of keeping an eye
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01185-00260096-00260310 on the clock and respecting everybody's
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01186-00260311-00260406 time
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01187-00260407-00260655 um i've got just uh and carrie i see
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01188-00260656-00260806 your hand up i'll come back to you in
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01189-00260807-00261055 just a second um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01190-00261056-00261215 i've got just a couple more slides so
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01191-00261216-00261391 i'm going to take kerry's question and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01192-00261392-00261630 and then do just a quick report out like
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01193-00261631-00261775 two minutes from each of the groups on
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01194-00261776-00262071 what what was uh what was uh discussed
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01195-00262071-00262279 there and then i've got two just quick
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01196-00262280-00262519 next step slides and and we'll
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01197-00262520-00262775 we'll be it would be done there and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01198-00262776-00262975 people can go about their business we
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01199-00262976-00263239 will hang on um for a while if people
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01200-00263240-00263463 want to talk and engage we'll we'll be
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01201-00263464-00263663 here for that so carrie did you want to
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01202-00263664-00263823 ask your question
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01203-00263824-00264127 yeah um i just wanted to know i didn't
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01204-00264128-00264327 get a chance to ask this question and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01205-00264328-00264447 break up
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01206-00264448-00264655 but i saw in the math that you're going
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01207-00264656-00264855 to be closing the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01208-00264856-00265127 bus stop on litchfield
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01209-00265128-00265455 and keeping the one on hat on
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01210-00265456-00265567 milford
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01211-00265568-00265830 am i correct
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01212-00265831-00266055 um cody do you know
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01213-00266056-00266567 about those local bus stops
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01214-00266568-00266855 give me one second to look at
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01215-00266856-00266975 the map
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01216-00266976-00267247 okay tell you what we will go ahead and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01217-00267248-00267463 do the report outs cody you go ahead and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01218-00267464-00267630 do that i'll do the report out for our
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01219-00267631-00267758 group while you're while you're looking
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01220-00267759-00267991 at that we'll come back with uh
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01221-00267992-00268134 with your question
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01222-00268135-00268375 so that group number one we had we had a
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01223-00268376-00268543 good conversation we we talked a little
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01224-00268544-00268751 bit about uh
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01225-00268752-00268895 workforce development because john
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01226-00268896-00269110 o'veillen was in the room from ramsey
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01227-00269111-00269319 county and we talked about
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01228-00269320-00269591 um you know what what the county and and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01229-00269592-00269847 what our company does for for
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01230-00269848-00270071 working with small businesses
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01231-00270072-00270319 on the contracting side talked about
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01232-00270320-00270471 making sure
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01233-00270472-00270806 you're unmuted there carrie
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01234-00270807-00271055 and thanks and uh
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01235-00271056-00271247 we talked about on the contracting side
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01236-00271248-00271439 how how do you encourage small
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01237-00271440-00271703 businesses to participate in in work
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01238-00271704-00271855 like this
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01239-00271856-00271951 um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01240-00271952-00272063 we talked a little bit about the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01241-00272064-00272334 construction and this the sewer service
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01242-00272335-00272527 and how that might happen
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01243-00272528-00272743 um one person was was pleased with the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01244-00272744-00272903 design thought it thought it really
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01245-00272904-00273119 would would slow traffic down make it a
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01246-00273120-00273382 little bit more livable out there
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01247-00273383-00273591 we had a conversation about bus pullouts
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01248-00273592-00273830 that we could talk about a little bit uh
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01249-00273831-00274006 in in the future if people have
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01250-00274007-00274287 questions about that um but the the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01251-00274288-00274671 short answer is um arterial bus rapid
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01252-00274672-00274951 transit buses do not pull out they stop
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01253-00274952-00275063 inland
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01254-00275064-00275191 they're designed to
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01255-00275192-00275399 take people on and off quickly and they
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01256-00275400-00275630 keep moving there are a couple of pull
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01257-00275631-00275782 outs in there for
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01258-00275783-00275943 some of the remaining local service
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01259-00275944-00276199 which will be fairly infrequent
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01260-00276200-00276334 and there are a couple of locations
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01261-00276335-00276510 where we just simply could not fit it in
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01262-00276511-00276823 the 66 foot right away
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01263-00276824-00276982 conversation about
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01264-00276983-00277119 the uh
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01265-00277120-00277471 the the shared use aspect of the trail
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01266-00277472-00277679 and the mixing of pedestrians and and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01267-00277680-00277927 bicycles it doesn't feel like it will
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01268-00277928-00278206 work well as they as a commuter type
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01269-00278207-00278503 route so this writer may look for other
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01270-00278504-00278927 um options to to ride that and and uh
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01271-00278928-00279039 let's see
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01272-00279040-00279287 and we talked a little bit about speed
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01273-00279288-00279591 and uh how this this design will likely
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01274-00279592-00279855 start to slow things down a little bit
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01275-00279856-00280367 uh did i miss anything there cody
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01276-00280368-00280599 uh did you touch on the sewer i don't
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01277-00280600-00280734 know i was looking
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01278-00280735-00280951 at them yeah touched on it didn't get
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01279-00280952-00281127 into detail but but we did talk a little
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01280-00281128-00281295 bit about the sewer lines
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01281-00281296-00281527 perfect
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01282-00281528-00281710 i don't have anything else to add
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01283-00281711-00281871 okay scott do you want to talk a little
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01284-00281872-00282110 bit about and and um maybe i'm putting
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01285-00282111-00282415 you too much on the spot about abrt um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01286-00282416-00282647 again it's very early on um in the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01287-00282648-00282782 process but
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01288-00282783-00282967 kind of how they function and with
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01289-00282968-00283230 lights and um you know when you say in
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01290-00283231-00283439 lane i think that that sometimes scares
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01291-00283440-00283575 a lot of people
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01292-00283576-00283734 and thinking about backups but that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01293-00283735-00283943 they're designed in a way that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01294-00283944-00284023 um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01295-00284024-00284254 now i'm leading you down the path
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01296-00284255-00284527 yeah yeah i can uh take a take a shot at
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01297-00284528-00284799 that for sure um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01298-00284800-00285079 abrt like the g line is designed to
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01299-00285080-00285327 operate kind of mimic the light rail
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01300-00285328-00285591 style of service so you purchase tickets
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01301-00285592-00285775 offline there's a there's a ticketing
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01302-00285776-00286047 kiosk at the bus stop itself you are
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01303-00286048-00286230 required to have a ticket before you get
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01304-00286231-00286310 on
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01305-00286311-00286663 the bus or do your go pass or whatever
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01306-00286664-00286887 so what the buses do is is they're
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01307-00286888-00287095 designed to go quickly so they pull up
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01308-00287096-00287343 they stop the doors open people get off
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01309-00287344-00287471 people get on
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01310-00287472-00287758 and the door shut and it moves on so
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01311-00287759-00288047 it's designed to to do that maneuver in
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01312-00288048-00288295 a matter of seconds not minutes
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01313-00288296-00288479 and so they are literally designed to
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01314-00288480-00288647 operate in the lane
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01315-00288648-00288823 and i know i was going to say i know
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01316-00288824-00289015 they try to optimize that if you're
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01317-00289016-00289367 going a light how the timing of lights
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01318-00289368-00289663 so they usually try to go far far
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01319-00289664-00289830 through the intersection the bus through
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01320-00289831-00289999 the intersection the light would turn
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01321-00290000-00290391 red so there's a mechanism on the bus
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01322-00290392-00290575 um with timing
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01323-00290576-00290734 is that correct
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01324-00290735-00290871 um that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01325-00290872-00291054 we will be discussing that what you're
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01326-00291055-00291406 talking about is called transit priority
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01327-00291407-00291510 and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01328-00291511-00291599 that is
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01329-00291600-00291910 i believe that's fairly common on avrt
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01330-00291911-00292119 lines i i guess i can't speak for metro
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01331-00292120-00292295 transit whether we would have that on on
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01332-00292296-00292510 this line or not but essentially what
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01333-00292511-00292791 that does is if you think about a normal
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01334-00292792-00293191 red light timing signal if it detects a
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01335-00293192-00293430 bus coming it may extend
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01336-00293431-00293551 that cycle
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01337-00293552-00293791 by a few seconds so that the bus can can
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01338-00293792-00293943 make it through
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01339-00293944-00294151 so it doesn't it doesn't change the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01340-00294152-00294382 light but it extends the the length of
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01341-00294383-00294630 time is that a fair assessment brad
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01342-00294631-00294903 all right thanks that is correct
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01343-00294904-00295015 yep
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01344-00295016-00295182 yeah so we'll recognize that a bus is
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01345-00295183-00295382 coming and it will will extend the green
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01346-00295383-00295767 instead of letting them stop at the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01347-00295768-00296047 red light
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01348-00296048-00296230 all right group number two who's
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01349-00296231-00296534 reporting out there
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01350-00296535-00296695 that's either myself or alyssa i'll let
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01351-00296696-00296847 lisa and then i'll
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01352-00296848-00297006 fill them in if there's anything left
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01353-00297007-00297182 yeah we had a we had a
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01354-00297183-00297303 a
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01355-00297304-00297503 a great group i think everyone brought
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01356-00297504-00297671 along um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01357-00297672-00298134 uh great responses and um feel like uh
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01358-00298135-00298295 i think most of the people were
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01359-00298296-00298471 longer-term residents so that's that's
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01360-00298472-00298679 beautiful to see and some people joining
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01361-00298680-00298830 us for the first time
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01362-00298831-00298967 um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01363-00298968-00299215 i think there were there's some there
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01364-00299216-00299319 was a little bit of concern about
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01365-00299320-00299527 providing um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01366-00299528-00299791 uh the section north of the capital like
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01367-00299792-00299999 for the type of biker that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01368-00300000-00300223 at that point that biker might be more
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01369-00300224-00300454 of that speed biker and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01370-00300455-00300815 they you know may know to to detour off
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01371-00300816-00300982 uh rice
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01372-00300983-00301158 when it gets to a certain point but
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01373-00301159-00301382 maybe helping provide some flexibility
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01374-00301383-00301630 in what what the approach is there for
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01375-00301631-00301895 um bikers and pedestrians
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01376-00301896-00302047 um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01377-00302048-00302367 and um we talked with melissa who's a
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01378-00302368-00302639 biker and she works in the area and she
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01379-00302640-00302887 was kind of following from a distance
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01380-00302888-00302991 following this project because she
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01381-00302992-00303087 doesn't necessarily live in the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01382-00303088-00303223 neighborhood but
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01383-00303224-00303303 um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01384-00303304-00303534 is has been kind of observing this as
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01385-00303535-00303695 it's been going along
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01386-00303696-00303791 um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01387-00303792-00304087 and uh carrie mentioned um kind of the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01388-00304088-00304447 concern uh concern for safety and and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01389-00304448-00304558 the health of the community and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01390-00304559-00304830 particularly elders and those who um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01391-00304831-00304982 who have different different physical
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01392-00304983-00305319 abilities and being able to have that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01393-00305320-00305606 recognizing that having that room um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01394-00305607-00306015 to roll um in in uh or and or walk in in
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01395-00306016-00306199 whatever capacity and not necessarily
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01396-00306200-00306430 depend on metro mobility to get from
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01397-00306431-00306591 point a to point b
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01398-00306592-00306727 um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01399-00306728-00306991 and then uh
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01400-00306992-00307223 we talked a lot about the rice any iv
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01401-00307224-00307367 intersection
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01402-00307368-00307639 um and that that left left turn out of
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01403-00307640-00307799 la chiques
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01404-00307800-00308134 um maybe a being of some concern but i
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01405-00308135-00308343 think uh brian
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01406-00308344-00308575 um pointed out that we want to try to
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01407-00308576-00308775 make that move and thought that was the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01408-00308776-00308958 that was probably the wiser move than
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01409-00308959-00309167 allowing people to come out to the right
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01410-00309168-00309334 and make a u-turn in the middle of rice
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01411-00309335-00309439 street
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01412-00309440-00309551 um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01413-00309552-00309654 so
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01414-00309655-00309775 um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01415-00309776-00310023 and and i think karen appreciated the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01416-00310024-00310215 amount the turn lanes i think we talked
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01417-00310216-00310351 a little bit about
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01418-00310352-00310639 left turn lights um in that discussion
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01419-00310640-00310927 as well um and then
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01420-00310928-00311254 um oh boy my my note just went really
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01421-00311255-00311447 left there um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01422-00311448-00311671 brad you've made a comment and i wrote
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01423-00311672-00311863 oh you're ramsey county staff and you do
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01424-00311864-00312054 with traffic engineering there you go i
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01425-00312055-00312279 remember so i covered everybody um at
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01426-00312280-00312551 least a little bit so i'll let brian
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01427-00312552-00312710 add to that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01428-00312711-00312958 no i mean you covered everything um yeah
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01429-00312959-00313127 just looking at the advantages of the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01430-00313128-00313358 three-lane roadway and the medians and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01431-00313359-00313551 everybody brought that up and i think
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01432-00313552-00313767 just to answer uh
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01433-00313768-00314087 harry's question yes um so the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01434-00314088-00314358 the there is no there is still a bus
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01435-00314359-00314575 stop between front and litchfield so
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01436-00314576-00314727 there'll still be a stop kind of in
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01437-00314728-00314887 between that block
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01438-00314888-00315015 between rich
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01439-00315016-00315287 litchfield and and fronts let's still do
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01440-00315288-00315503 it will be maintained it may not be in
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01441-00315504-00315687 the exact same location as today but
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01442-00315688-00315847 there'll still be one
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01443-00315848-00316015 just north of litchfield so that'll
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01444-00316016-00316143 still be maintained
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01445-00316144-00316358 that is shown
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01446-00316359-00316482 thanks
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01447-00316483-00316639 friend
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01448-00316640-00316958 last group
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01449-00316959-00317271 big thumbs up from curry
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01450-00317272-00317406 i
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01451-00317407-00317575 could take a swing at that and let nick
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01452-00317576-00317847 fill in anything i miss um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01453-00317848-00318079 group three um great discussion as well
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01454-00318080-00318310 plus a really cute puppy just for good
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01455-00318311-00318591 measure um we talked about a number of
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01456-00318592-00318710 different topics i'll run through them
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01457-00318711-00318927 pretty quick um really good discussion
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01458-00318928-00319095 about emergency services on the corridor
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01459-00319096-00319279 about the placement of the fire station
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01460-00319280-00319519 and first responders relative
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01461-00319520-00319895 to the corridor's need
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01462-00319896-00320158 and about ensuring that um as that's
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01463-00320159-00320319 been thought through very thoroughly in
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01464-00320320-00320510 terms of how does an emergency vehicle
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01465-00320511-00320647 successfully navigate up and down the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01466-00320648-00320830 corridor at all times of the day
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01467-00320831-00320982 especially with mediums and other
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01468-00320983-00321239 obstructions so um i think we got a
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01469-00321240-00321391 general discussion and then of course
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01470-00321392-00321534 realizing that'll get much more in
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01471-00321535-00321671 detail in the next phase of design in
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01472-00321672-00321863 terms of that and troubleshooting around
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01473-00321864-00322006 um making sure that there's there's
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01474-00322007-00322254 still safe access um there were some
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01475-00322255-00322382 comments about making sure that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01476-00322383-00322582 understanding what the pedestrian bike
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01477-00322583-00322782 path was and just maybe another
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01478-00322783-00323006 clarification that in case anyone else
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01479-00323007-00323223 was confused i think i think scott you
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01480-00323224-00323358 taught we talked about the different
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01481-00323359-00323703 services of the head bike the multi-use
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01482-00323704-00323951 trail it will be a paved surface it'll
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01483-00323952-00324095 be either asphalt or concrete we don't
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01484-00324096-00324303 know yet so just making sure that was
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01485-00324304-00324406 clear
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01486-00324407-00324510 um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01487-00324511-00324767 a good discussion about parking and um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01488-00324768-00324854 different
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01489-00324855-00325063 perspectives on that i'm certainly a
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01490-00325064-00325230 conversation we expect to continue to
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01491-00325231-00325415 have um called out the fact that there
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01492-00325416-00325487 is
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01493-00325488-00325743 some potential parking zones identified
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01494-00325744-00325958 on in the video and on on the visuals on
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01495-00325959-00326110 the website so people can sort of see
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01496-00326111-00326287 where that's been considered lots of
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01497-00326288-00326463 discussion to be had especially in the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01498-00326464-00326639 certain portions of the corridor where
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01499-00326640-00326863 businesses rely on that and also need to
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01500-00326864-00327023 be made in context parking out there and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01501-00327024-00327127 now
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01502-00327128-00327327 um questions about enhanced pedestrian
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01503-00327328-00327647 crossings signals um and that those will
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01504-00327648-00327847 be identified as key locations for where
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01505-00327848-00328078 those could be installed on the corridor
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01506-00328079-00328391 for where enhanced crossing is needed
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01507-00328392-00328510 um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01508-00328511-00328751 discussion about that north of this
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01509-00328752-00328951 segment there'll be additional um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01510-00328952-00329199 work in a future phase up towards county
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01511-00329200-00329271 b
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01512-00329272-00329382 into the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01513-00329383-00329543 adjacent suburban neighborhood
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01514-00329544-00329647 communities
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01515-00329648-00329895 of extension um post this phase and that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01516-00329896-00330030 there's been some initial conversations
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01517-00330031-00330271 about that though that's that's still um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01518-00330272-00330482 not part of the construction of this
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01519-00330483-00330703 project um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01520-00330704-00330871 a kudos for the video and i would
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01521-00330872-00331047 encourage everyone to look at it it's it
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01522-00331048-00331254 gives you a a
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01523-00331255-00331471 i like a level eye view of what it's
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01524-00331472-00331663 like to be in the space and give you a
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01525-00331664-00331854 better sense of how this could be
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01526-00331855-00332039 um when it's finished
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01527-00332040-00332295 um and then just some questions about
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01528-00332296-00332463 properties along the corridor and about
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01529-00332464-00332687 the future repositioning of properties
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01530-00332688-00332871 for parking or for development or what
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01531-00332872-00332967 have you
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01532-00332968-00333175 and again as our
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01533-00333176-00333382 implementation plan discussed the idea
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01534-00333383-00333534 is we're having this conversation so
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01535-00333535-00333647 that the right people can be thinking
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01536-00333648-00333823 about that and supporting positive
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01537-00333824-00334039 change where appropriate on the corridor
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01538-00334040-00334375 to complement what happens here so
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01539-00334376-00334863 uh anything i miss nick
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01540-00334864-00335071 i think you got it all haila
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01541-00335072-00335454 great
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01542-00335455-00335663 quickly scott i i raised my hand because
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01543-00335664-00335847 immediately as soon as hyla spoke i
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01544-00335848-00336054 remembered that uh melissa and i were
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01545-00336055-00336271 having a whole conversation uh via the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01546-00336272-00336358 chat
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01547-00336359-00336734 and uh she asked a little bit about um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01548-00336735-00337030 kind of the area south and and kind of
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01549-00337031-00337287 expressed some frustration about the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01550-00337288-00337599 what was is not a very desirable um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01551-00337600-00337958 biking walking situation there and so
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01552-00337959-00338103 i said that it's just i just to
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01553-00338104-00338430 recognize and uh respectful frustration
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01554-00338431-00338767 and uh as she just said um and and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01555-00338768-00338958 mentioned that um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01556-00338959-00339110 you know i said this was just kind of it
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01557-00339111-00339278 was out of the scope and actually just
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01558-00339279-00339463 out of our project area but that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01559-00339464-00339703 hopefully we leave we leave good mark
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01560-00339704-00339791 here
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01561-00339792-00339991 for that that work to continue down that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01562-00339992-00340206 way um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01563-00340207-00340367 say nick do you want to touch on just
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01564-00340368-00340558 the south of the north side of this
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01565-00340559-00340734 project because you're right this we
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01566-00340735-00340895 don't do the whole of rice street with
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01567-00340896-00341078 this project
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01568-00341079-00341287 yep uh ray street is one of the few
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01569-00341288-00341510 county roads that go almost from south
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01570-00341511-00341719 to north through the whole county
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01571-00341720-00341991 um we're hoping that once we do this
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01572-00341992-00342095 section
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01573-00342096-00342343 um we do have a plan to go north so from
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01574-00342344-00342519 wheelock to county road b
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01575-00342520-00342734 after this one is constructed
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01576-00342735-00342887 and then
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01577-00342888-00343054 we would like to also go south so
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01578-00343055-00343191 basically from pennsylvania to
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01579-00343192-00343391 university at the end
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01580-00343392-00343639 of that second phase so after county
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01581-00343640-00343871 road b so that's i don't know five six
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01582-00343872-00344047 years from now i've lost track of my
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01583-00344048-00344151 time but
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01584-00344152-00344327 uh we're hoping people like this so much
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01585-00344328-00344582 they ask for it on even more roads you
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01586-00344583-00344758 know dale street
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01587-00344759-00345047 you know more maryland's more uh
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01588-00345048-00345223 larpenters and that kind of thing so the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01589-00345224-00345343 kind of
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01590-00345344-00345615 using this uh to instigate more projects
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01591-00345616-00345806 in the area
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01592-00345807-00345934 thanks nick
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01593-00345935-00346199 can i also tag on say we um also met
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01594-00346200-00346343 with uh for those of you who are the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01595-00346344-00346519 capital area planning board
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01596-00346520-00346663 which is of a
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01597-00346664-00346782 big anchoring presence around the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01598-00346783-00346927 capital area on the south southern end
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01599-00346928-00347119 of rice street and has a relationship to
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01600-00347120-00347327 the sears site redevelopment we did talk
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01601-00347328-00347430 with them a couple times during the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01602-00347431-00347630 process as well just to understand where
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01603-00347631-00347767 the planning and discussion were going
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01604-00347768-00347934 in those areas and as dix pointed out
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01605-00347935-00348182 it's earlier on but certainly hearing
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01606-00348183-00348382 from them and thinking about how the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01607-00348383-00348534 this project can tie in on that end and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01608-00348535-00348687 how those community conversations can
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01609-00348688-00348895 continue so that it's laying the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01610-00348896-00349127 groundwork as their planning on other
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01611-00349128-00349327 aspects down there that it matches up
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01612-00349328-00349582 well and fits in with the larger linkage
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01613-00349583-00349727 between this portion of the corridor and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01614-00349728-00349975 the downtown and capital area so that's
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01615-00349976-00350095 that's been part of the conversation as
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01616-00350096-00350239 well
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01617-00350240-00350751 on both ends of the corridor
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01618-00350752-00350975 i'm gonna go to the next slide i've got
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01619-00350976-00351319 two very short slides
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01620-00351320-00351558 so next steps for for us with this
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01621-00351559-00351695 process
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01622-00351696-00351927 we are almost done so we're finalizing
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01623-00351928-00352143 that implementation plan and then at
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01624-00352144-00352334 that point we will have that roadway and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01625-00352335-00352534 livability framework
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01626-00352535-00352791 to move forward with this
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01627-00352792-00352927 within the next
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01628-00352928-00353134 phases there will be additional
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01629-00353135-00353406 engagement additional reporting out of
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01630-00353407-00353671 uh of conversations on this so the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01631-00353672-00353847 county is committed to keeping that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01632-00353848-00354078 engagement engagement going
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01633-00354079-00354191 and so
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01634-00354192-00354423 then over the next couple of months we
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01635-00354424-00354654 will move into that implementation phase
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01636-00354655-00354815 so the next stage of that is really
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01637-00354816-00355054 beginning that engineering design
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01638-00355055-00355343 um yet this spring and in 2022 the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01639-00355344-00355575 county will be will be doing that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01640-00355576-00355958 and then the next slide
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01641-00355959-00356206 just a reminder please engage online we
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01642-00356207-00356519 have a lot of resources there
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01643-00356520-00356743 we've got we will be putting this
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01644-00356744-00356927 presentation
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01645-00356928-00357230 online we've got more information cross
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01646-00357231-00357551 sections and videos um the the big video
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01647-00357552-00357751 we talked about their online feedback
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01648-00357752-00357887 forums
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01649-00357888-00358103 and just again these will continue to
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01650-00358104-00358271 happen through that design and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01651-00358272-00358430 construction phase
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01652-00358431-00358639 so please feel free to continue to
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01653-00358640-00358799 engage online
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01654-00358800-00359039 thank you for the link isla it's right
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01655-00359040-00359182 there for everybody if you want to copy
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01656-00359183-00359278 that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01657-00359279-00359654 and then i believe that is it for the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01658-00359655-00359951 the formal portion of this so again
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01659-00359952-00360143 respecting people's time you're welcome
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01660-00360144-00360375 to to go on your way and get on with
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01661-00360376-00360654 your evening um we are hanging
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01662-00360655-00360839 back here so so if people have
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01663-00360840-00361015 additional questions
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01664-00361016-00361158 we'd be uh
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01665-00361159-00361495 we'd be happy to to engage with people
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01666-00361496-00361751 further
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01667-00361752-00361934 and we see craig's comment in there
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01668-00361935-00362487 about the the vento phase one extension
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01669-00362488-00362734 thanks greg
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01670-00362735-00362903 so feel free to chime in if you have
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01671-00362904-00363119 additional questions we'd be happy to
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01672-00363120-00364375 have it answer whatever we can
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01673-00364376-00364575 well thank thank you for this i
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01674-00364576-00364719 appreciate it
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01675-00364720-00365134 yeah thanks andy thanks for coming
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01676-00365135-00365223 um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01677-00365224-00365343 i'd like to
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01678-00365344-00365591 if there's any uh consideration i know
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01679-00365592-00365895 that uh he said that this wouldn't be
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01680-00365896-00366151 mainly a commuter route for bicyclists
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01681-00366152-00366351 but i mean it is a straight shot down to
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01682-00366352-00366503 the capitol so i think that there's
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01683-00366504-00366767 going to be a lot more bicyclists using
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01684-00366768-00367015 this so if there's not going to be a
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01685-00367016-00367199 dedicated bike thing or is there any
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01686-00367200-00367399 consideration of like putting up some
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01687-00367400-00367575 signs like slower traffic to the right
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01688-00367576-00367727 or maybe even just
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01689-00367728-00367999 spray painting out at busy sections like
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01690-00368000-00368271 pedestrians to one side bicyclist to the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01691-00368272-00368582 other just something simple like that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01692-00368583-00368847 yeah we actually have had exactly those
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01693-00368848-00369063 conversations um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01694-00369064-00369303 and so it's probably a misnomer to say
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01695-00369304-00369575 this this isn't and i said this this is
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01696-00369576-00369743 not a commuter route because of course
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01697-00369744-00369975 it is a person can commute down this it
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01698-00369976-00370215 is a it is a legal bikeway
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01699-00370216-00370430 um it's just shared with pedestrians so
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01700-00370431-00370606 so it is legal to do that people who
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01701-00370607-00370903 want to commute down there um certainly
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01702-00370904-00371006 can
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01703-00371007-00371254 um i was trying to get at there are
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01704-00371255-00371478 certain segments of this corridor that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01705-00371479-00371606 will feel
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01706-00371607-00371839 uh you know a little crowded a little
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01707-00371840-00371999 little more activity
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01708-00372000-00372334 um business areas things like that and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01709-00372335-00372551 and so to your point that you just made
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01710-00372552-00372743 was that nathaniel
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01711-00372744-00372967 to the point you just made
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01712-00372968-00373206 we we have had conversations about
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01713-00373207-00373502 exploring some signage or you know you
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01714-00373503-00373678 know payment color or something that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01715-00373679-00373791 would alert
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01716-00373792-00374087 cyclists that that they are in a tighter
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01717-00374088-00374415 zone a more pedestrian active zone
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01718-00374416-00374591 so those conversations have yet to
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01719-00374592-00374863 happen as we as we design this we'll
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01720-00374864-00375134 really get down to the detail of of how
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01721-00375135-00375463 these operate and and what we can do um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01722-00375464-00375743 to make it safe for everybody there
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01723-00375744-00375871 you know because we've we've talked
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01724-00375872-00376054 we've thought about things like
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01725-00376055-00376254 businesses that are tight there doors
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01726-00376255-00376415 swinging out into it i mean there's
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01727-00376416-00376591 there's just a lot of a lot to think
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01728-00376592-00376895 about there on a block by block basis
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01729-00376896-00378006 great questions though
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01730-00378007-00378302 i see esther asks about property taxes
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01731-00378303-00378510 for small businesses on rice
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01732-00378511-00378702 um one of the things we've we've had
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01733-00378703-00378902 conversations about in this livability
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01734-00378903-00379143 framework that everybody i think is is
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01735-00379144-00379230 uh
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01736-00379231-00379510 is uh is concerned about is is how do
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01737-00379511-00379743 public works projects like this affect
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01738-00379744-00379927 property values we don't know the answer
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01739-00379928-00380030 to that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01740-00380031-00380375 um but the the hope is that we make this
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01741-00380376-00380567 a place that's really vibrant
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01742-00380568-00380830 and uh really works for
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01743-00380831-00381095 for all modes of traffic works for all
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01744-00381096-00381215 people
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01745-00381216-00381391 that live in the area that want to visit
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01746-00381392-00381758 the area um so so we we we really want
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01747-00381759-00381910 to make this a vibrant
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01748-00381911-00382006 area
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01749-00382007-00382278 um we are we are concerned about you
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01750-00382279-00382510 know that element of displacement and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01751-00382511-00382758 and how does that how does that uh
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01752-00382759-00382919 what happens to people that actually
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01753-00382920-00383030 live there
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01754-00383031-00383287 in that uh in that space and have homes
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01755-00383288-00383543 there and that's what i recall you uh
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01756-00383544-00383791 you just invested in a home there what
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01757-00383792-00383999 does that mean for you i don't have an
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01758-00384000-00384254 answer for that but but that is a top of
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01759-00384255-00384495 mind for the county for the city as we
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01760-00384496-00384687 work through this
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01761-00384688-00385167 so that's a great question
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01762-00385168-00385343 i had a
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01763-00385344-00385606 suggestion for uh probably a year or two
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01764-00385607-00385710 from now
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01765-00385711-00385895 and beyond
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01766-00385896-00385982 is
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01767-00385983-00386239 once construction starts
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01768-00386240-00386430 i know often i might be driving through
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01769-00386431-00386647 an area and i see some
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01770-00386648-00386895 digging or whatever going on a
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01771-00386896-00387087 bunch of activity or something and i'm
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01772-00387088-00387247 kind of curious what's going on and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01773-00387248-00387415 there's just no way to stop to see what
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01774-00387416-00387582 they're doing
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01775-00387583-00387775 and if you look on the website just says
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01776-00387776-00388127 roadwork
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01777-00388128-00388327 being able to have the website actually
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01778-00388328-00388591 give a little bit more detail about
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01779-00388592-00388871 moving utilities or moving telephone or
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01780-00388872-00389151 fixing water or something like that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01781-00389152-00389399 would be helpful just for people who
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01782-00389400-00389567 just kind of curious what's work what's
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01783-00389568-00389727 going on in various parts of the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01784-00389728-00390102 construction project
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01785-00390103-00390358 that that is a good comment because uh a
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01786-00390359-00390534 lot of people will see us dig a hole one
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01787-00390535-00390615 day
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01788-00390616-00390847 and we'll put in water main that day and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01789-00390848-00390999 then the next day we're digging another
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01790-00391000-00391151 the same hole and we're putting a sewer
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01791-00391152-00391358 service the next day and then excel
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01792-00391359-00391551 energy comes in and they put in a power
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01793-00391552-00391791 line in the same hole and they go are
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01794-00391792-00391919 you digging three different holes in
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01795-00391920-00392095 three different days
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01796-00392096-00392254 it is a good comment to figure out well
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01797-00392255-00392415 what are we doing out there so that's
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01798-00392416-00392863 that's good to know
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01799-00392864-00392982 yeah it's one of those things it's
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01800-00392983-00393134 really hard when you're driving by in a
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01801-00393135-00393358 car and you see a construction site
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01802-00393359-00393519 that's been going on for a couple days
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01803-00393520-00393695 kind of under what's going on and then
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01804-00393696-00393863 you look and there's
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01805-00393864-00394206 you don't have any way to stop and ask
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01806-00394207-00394375 yes so
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01807-00394376-00394558 jim i would say that i think we're
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01808-00394559-00394751 getting better and better at that over
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01809-00394752-00395006 time and and one person on this call
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01810-00395007-00395247 nicole who's our wizard behind the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01811-00395248-00395391 screen here
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01812-00395392-00395567 um spends a lot of her time with
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01813-00395568-00395758 construction projects and communication
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01814-00395759-00395927 associated with that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01815-00395928-00396158 um so i i would hope we get better and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01816-00396159-00396510 better and and we have avenues we have
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01817-00396511-00396854 uh you know i've seen weekly updates
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01818-00396855-00397182 um coming out from from contractors you
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01819-00397183-00397343 know here's what we did this week here's
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01820-00397344-00397454 what we're doing next week there are a
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01821-00397455-00397591 lot of avenues to be able to get
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01822-00397592-00397727 information out
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01823-00397728-00397910 like that and and so hopefully we're
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01824-00397911-00398127 getting better at that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01825-00398128-00398351 and john you got a hand up
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01826-00398352-00398478 yeah kind of to go with that whole
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01827-00398479-00398695 communications thing i know on the dale
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01828-00398696-00398854 street bridge project we you know we had
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01829-00398855-00399006 it was easy because it was you know one
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01830-00399007-00399223 area so you could have a two cameras up
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01831-00399224-00399463 and probably could go up and 24 7 it was
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01832-00399464-00399663 always live this one's a little bit more
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01833-00399664-00399910 spread out but um but it is a good idea
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01834-00399911-00400102 to think about how how we could you know
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01835-00400103-00400358 maybe place uh two or three of them that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01836-00400359-00400647 are more a little more strategic of
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01837-00400648-00400863 maybe the areas that are more concerned
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01838-00400864-00401030 or something you could do something like
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01839-00401031-00401110 that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01840-00401111-00401423 the southwest light rail as well does uh
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01841-00401424-00401599 um does some pretty good work on that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01842-00401600-00401806 i'm on the workforce db committee on
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01843-00401807-00401910 that
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01844-00401911-00402199 and they they do a lot of communications
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01845-00402200-00402399 that way that's pretty helpful so just
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01846-00402400-00402630 an idea
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01847-00402631-00402806 thanks joe good coming
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01848-00402807-00404047 yep that's a good idea john
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01849-00404048-00404767 any other questions for we sign off
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01850-00404768-00404991 you know as as questions come up you
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01851-00404992-00405191 know we noted that we've got the the
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01852-00405192-00405399 online resources you can fire questions
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01853-00405400-00405615 at us there if you'd like um we're not
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01854-00405616-00405871 hard to find i think nick's probably
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01855-00405872-00406054 phone number and
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01856-00406055-00406239 email address is sitting right there
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01857-00406240-00406447 online and and uh
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01858-00406448-00406663 feel free to get a hold of us with with
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01859-00406664-00406823 any specific questions we'll answer
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01860-00406824-00407175 whatever we can whenever we can
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01861-00407176-00407878 thanks john
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01862-00407879-00408175 well hearing hearing no comments um
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01863-00408176-00408471 we'll be happy to end it and folks can
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01864-00408472-00409047 can get on with their evening
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01865-00409048-00409215 thanks for attending everyone we really
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01866-00409216-00409406 appreciate it have a good night everyone
eGMM2fpH2QQ-01867-00409407-00409835 thank you thank you thanks for coming
eIgWxsDlQpI-00000-00000304-00000430 thank you for joining us
eIgWxsDlQpI-00001-00000431-00000751 uh we have tony morris here uh he's here
eIgWxsDlQpI-00002-00000752-00000831 to talk about
eIgWxsDlQpI-00003-00000832-00001039 uh types and property tests for software
eIgWxsDlQpI-00004-00001040-00001223 residency
eIgWxsDlQpI-00005-00001224-00001487 and uh tony for those of you don't know
eIgWxsDlQpI-00006-00001488-00001726 is coming to us in australia
eIgWxsDlQpI-00007-00001727-00002110 uh he is a flight instructor
eIgWxsDlQpI-00008-00002111-00002375 pilot or chapter and you occasionally
eIgWxsDlQpI-00009-00002376-00002767 sing some haskell code as well
eIgWxsDlQpI-00010-00002768-00002910 he does a lot of other things but i
eIgWxsDlQpI-00011-00002911-00003118 think i'm going to leave
eIgWxsDlQpI-00012-00003119-00003359 tony to talk about everything else and
eIgWxsDlQpI-00013-00003360-00003511 uh take it away tony
eIgWxsDlQpI-00014-00003511-00003775 alrighty thanks uh thanks for that
eIgWxsDlQpI-00015-00003776-00003895 introduction
eIgWxsDlQpI-00016-00003896-00004222 um hello everybody um yeah so
eIgWxsDlQpI-00017-00004223-00004454 as was mentioned i i live in uh brisbane
eIgWxsDlQpI-00018-00004455-00004551 australia
eIgWxsDlQpI-00019-00004552-00004751 um on the east coast of australia it's
eIgWxsDlQpI-00020-00004752-00005070 um it's dark outside right now i
eIgWxsDlQpI-00021-00005071-00005302 i'm i'm missing india that's for sure
eIgWxsDlQpI-00022-00005303-00005486 i've been there a couple of times
eIgWxsDlQpI-00023-00005487-00005670 i love it every time i go there but
eIgWxsDlQpI-00024-00005671-00005806 unfortunately i couldn't make it this
eIgWxsDlQpI-00025-00005807-00005902 year
eIgWxsDlQpI-00026-00005903-00006222 um so hopefully uh next year um
eIgWxsDlQpI-00027-00006223-00006486 i'll be able to come and visit you guys
eIgWxsDlQpI-00028-00006487-00006591 um
eIgWxsDlQpI-00029-00006592-00006942 so uh so what i'm gonna be talking about
eIgWxsDlQpI-00030-00006943-00006991 today
eIgWxsDlQpI-00031-00006992-00007303 today or tonight it's tonight here is um
eIgWxsDlQpI-00032-00007304-00007614 types and uh property tests um and
eIgWxsDlQpI-00033-00007615-00007814 my goal is just to introduce the idea
eIgWxsDlQpI-00034-00007815-00008031 and give just a basic introduction
eIgWxsDlQpI-00035-00008031-00008351 um i i'm watching the uh the
eIgWxsDlQpI-00036-00008352-00008591 i think it's called uh discuss or chat
eIgWxsDlQpI-00037-00008592-00008703 or something yeah discuss
eIgWxsDlQpI-00038-00008704-00008846 i'm just watching that if you have any
eIgWxsDlQpI-00039-00008847-00009103 questions please feel free to type those
eIgWxsDlQpI-00040-00009104-00009223 in and um
eIgWxsDlQpI-00041-00009224-00009399 if it's if it's quick and easy to answer
eIgWxsDlQpI-00042-00009400-00009606 the question i will and if not i'll
eIgWxsDlQpI-00043-00009607-00009927 address it at the end
eIgWxsDlQpI-00044-00009928-00010238 so let's get started um
eIgWxsDlQpI-00045-00010239-00010583 i can't really see my audience i i i
eIgWxsDlQpI-00046-00010584-00010910 i hope you uh are ready for an
eIgWxsDlQpI-00047-00010911-00011023 introductory
eIgWxsDlQpI-00048-00011024-00011455 um level talk in terms of
eIgWxsDlQpI-00049-00011456-00011710 just a different way to determine
eIgWxsDlQpI-00050-00011711-00011919 whether or not your software is
eIgWxsDlQpI-00051-00011920-00012191 is working as as you desire it to be
eIgWxsDlQpI-00052-00012192-00012278 working
eIgWxsDlQpI-00053-00012279-00012510 and some of the tools that i use in my
eIgWxsDlQpI-00054-00012511-00012631 software engineering
eIgWxsDlQpI-00055-00012632-00013071 role to make those decisions
eIgWxsDlQpI-00056-00013072-00013447 so let's get started um by the way
eIgWxsDlQpI-00057-00013447-00013703 i work for a company called simple
eIgWxsDlQpI-00058-00013704-00013783 machines
eIgWxsDlQpI-00059-00013784-00014111 they're based in sydney which is
eIgWxsDlQpI-00060-00014112-00014415 you know that way south um of brisbane
eIgWxsDlQpI-00061-00014416-00014775 um and uh where it's it's a great
eIgWxsDlQpI-00062-00014776-00014951 great team that i work on with a bunch
eIgWxsDlQpI-00063-00014952-00015230 of um really skilled programmers
eIgWxsDlQpI-00064-00015231-00015575 and uh you know we do functional
eIgWxsDlQpI-00065-00015576-00015655 programming
eIgWxsDlQpI-00066-00015656-00015911 uh we do not functional programming we
eIgWxsDlQpI-00067-00015912-00016030 do all kinds of functions
eIgWxsDlQpI-00068-00016031-00016350 of programming um around usually around
eIgWxsDlQpI-00069-00016351-00016543 data processing or something similar so
eIgWxsDlQpI-00070-00016544-00016783 that's uh simple machines
eIgWxsDlQpI-00071-00016784-00017047 um so a little bit about um it's a
eIgWxsDlQpI-00072-00017048-00017215 question that i get quite often which is
eIgWxsDlQpI-00073-00017216-00017319 you know why do you
eIgWxsDlQpI-00074-00017320-00017479 care about functional programming why
eIgWxsDlQpI-00075-00017480-00017694 how did you get into it um and so on so
eIgWxsDlQpI-00076-00017695-00017863 i'll just give you a bit of an
eIgWxsDlQpI-00077-00017864-00018030 introduction to the to that question
eIgWxsDlQpI-00078-00018031-00018150 which is um
eIgWxsDlQpI-00079-00018151-00018471 you know when 20 years ago or so i was
eIgWxsDlQpI-00080-00018472-00018679 i used to work at ibm and i was working
eIgWxsDlQpI-00081-00018680-00018991 on the jdk for ibm so ibm producers at
eIgWxsDlQpI-00082-00018992-00019222 jdk
eIgWxsDlQpI-00083-00019223-00019439 and i was also working on the ibm
eIgWxsDlQpI-00084-00019440-00019686 websphere application server
eIgWxsDlQpI-00085-00019687-00019894 so i was writing a lot of java um that's
eIgWxsDlQpI-00086-00019895-00020063 what i was doing all day long every day
eIgWxsDlQpI-00087-00020064-00020311 writing java writing java and so on
eIgWxsDlQpI-00088-00020312-00020575 and uh if you've ever tried to write
eIgWxsDlQpI-00089-00020576-00020814 java you'll probably run into all the uh
eIgWxsDlQpI-00090-00020815-00021055 things that happen um the null pointer
eIgWxsDlQpI-00091-00021056-00021327 exception scrolling past your screen
eIgWxsDlQpI-00092-00021328-00021678 um and all that sort of stuff um
eIgWxsDlQpI-00093-00021679-00021927 and i i simply just thought to myself
eIgWxsDlQpI-00094-00021928-00021999 surely
eIgWxsDlQpI-00095-00022000-00022143 there's a better way to do software
eIgWxsDlQpI-00096-00022144-00022303 engineering um
eIgWxsDlQpI-00097-00022304-00022591 than this you know i've only been out of
eIgWxsDlQpI-00098-00022592-00022830 university for a couple of years
eIgWxsDlQpI-00099-00022831-00023167 and uh whenever i
eIgWxsDlQpI-00100-00023168-00023303 think there's a better way to do
eIgWxsDlQpI-00101-00023304-00023630 something my next immediate thought is
eIgWxsDlQpI-00102-00023631-00023807 someone smarter than me has
eIgWxsDlQpI-00103-00023808-00024222 figured out how to do it what is it um
eIgWxsDlQpI-00104-00024223-00024535 where should i look so that that
eIgWxsDlQpI-00105-00024536-00024839 principle has has worked well for me in
eIgWxsDlQpI-00106-00024840-00025022 my career just find the smarter people
eIgWxsDlQpI-00107-00025023-00025214 and figure out what they've been doing
eIgWxsDlQpI-00108-00025215-00025407 they've figured it out uh the problem
eIgWxsDlQpI-00109-00025408-00025591 with that is of course you
eIgWxsDlQpI-00110-00025592-00025967 you've got to uh it's not always
eIgWxsDlQpI-00111-00025968-00026150 as easy as just saying who is the smart
eIgWxsDlQpI-00112-00026151-00026414 people um that's everybody right
eIgWxsDlQpI-00113-00026416-00026687 um so it's quite a battle to figure that
eIgWxsDlQpI-00114-00026688-00026751 out
eIgWxsDlQpI-00115-00026752-00027070 um but uh so yeah i was searching for
eIgWxsDlQpI-00116-00027072-00027158 quite a while
eIgWxsDlQpI-00117-00027160-00027518 um and i finally found out
eIgWxsDlQpI-00118-00027519-00027751 that there is in fact a better way to do
eIgWxsDlQpI-00119-00027752-00027870 software engineering
eIgWxsDlQpI-00120-00027872-00028190 than i was doing at the time it even has
eIgWxsDlQpI-00121-00028191-00028270 a name
eIgWxsDlQpI-00122-00028272-00028446 and it's called functional programming
eIgWxsDlQpI-00123-00028447-00028607 and i didn't know that um
eIgWxsDlQpI-00124-00028608-00028814 20 years ago or at least that's when i
eIgWxsDlQpI-00125-00028816-00029070 learned it 20 years ago
eIgWxsDlQpI-00126-00029072-00029239 that's how you do software engineering
eIgWxsDlQpI-00127-00029239-00029414 without all of these problems that i
eIgWxsDlQpI-00128-00029416-00029607 kept running into
eIgWxsDlQpI-00129-00029608-00029902 um when i was working i actually used to
eIgWxsDlQpI-00130-00029904-00030087 work in l3 support on a
eIgWxsDlQpI-00131-00030088-00030414 on the jdk itself and uh
eIgWxsDlQpI-00132-00030416-00030614 if you've ever worked on a support role
eIgWxsDlQpI-00133-00030616-00030774 for a large
eIgWxsDlQpI-00134-00030775-00031079 corporate software um i
eIgWxsDlQpI-00135-00031080-00031239 you might be able to sympathize with a
eIgWxsDlQpI-00136-00031239-00031407 bit of the pain that i was going through
eIgWxsDlQpI-00137-00031408-00031470 and
eIgWxsDlQpI-00138-00031472-00031695 some of the questions that i asked of
eIgWxsDlQpI-00139-00031695-00031902 myself and my career at the time as well
eIgWxsDlQpI-00140-00031903-00031951 as
eIgWxsDlQpI-00141-00031952-00032158 you know there's got to be a better way
eIgWxsDlQpI-00142-00032160-00032318 to do software engineering than what i
eIgWxsDlQpI-00143-00032319-00032407 was doing
eIgWxsDlQpI-00144-00032408-00032543 turns out that there is it's called
eIgWxsDlQpI-00145-00032544-00032735 functional programming so that's what i
eIgWxsDlQpI-00146-00032736-00032927 learned 20 years ago
eIgWxsDlQpI-00147-00032928-00033143 i've not yet found a reason for that to
eIgWxsDlQpI-00148-00033144-00033327 be incorrect
eIgWxsDlQpI-00149-00033328-00033646 i still believe it to be true
eIgWxsDlQpI-00150-00033647-00034007 so one problem and especially recently
eIgWxsDlQpI-00151-00034008-00034383 um in you know in recent years um
eIgWxsDlQpI-00152-00034384-00034583 the meaning of functional programming is
eIgWxsDlQpI-00153-00034584-00034702 is not always
eIgWxsDlQpI-00154-00034703-00035015 um you know immediately available if you
eIgWxsDlQpI-00155-00035016-00035174 really wanted to know if you wanted to
eIgWxsDlQpI-00156-00035175-00035199 sort
eIgWxsDlQpI-00157-00035200-00035374 of dive in the hole yourself and figure
eIgWxsDlQpI-00158-00035375-00035639 it out it has a very concrete
eIgWxsDlQpI-00159-00035640-00035951 meaning it's very trivial it doesn't
eIgWxsDlQpI-00160-00035952-00036255 take long to explain what it means
eIgWxsDlQpI-00161-00036256-00036679 and also to understand what it means um
eIgWxsDlQpI-00162-00036680-00036830 but there are very far-reaching
eIgWxsDlQpI-00163-00036831-00036990 consequences so what i'm going to do is
eIgWxsDlQpI-00164-00036991-00037095 i'm going to tell you
eIgWxsDlQpI-00165-00037096-00037311 what functional programming actually
eIgWxsDlQpI-00166-00037312-00037439 means
eIgWxsDlQpI-00167-00037440-00037543 and then we'll look at a few of the
eIgWxsDlQpI-00168-00037544-00037743 consequences and and one of those
eIgWxsDlQpI-00169-00037744-00037974 has to do with types of tests so let's
eIgWxsDlQpI-00170-00037975-00038118 talk about what it means
eIgWxsDlQpI-00171-00038119-00038351 so what i've got here is is just the
eIgWxsDlQpI-00172-00038352-00038518 computer program it's written in it
eIgWxsDlQpI-00173-00038519-00038695 doesn't matter what programming language
eIgWxsDlQpI-00174-00038696-00039030 hopefully you can read that syntax
eIgWxsDlQpI-00175-00039031-00039351 and what that that little wibble
eIgWxsDlQpI-00176-00039352-00039551 procedure does there is it updates some
eIgWxsDlQpI-00177-00039552-00039727 counters off somewhere
eIgWxsDlQpI-00178-00039728-00039855 and then it does something with two
eIgWxsDlQpI-00179-00039856-00040071 images and returns a value
eIgWxsDlQpI-00180-00040072-00040318 but importantly um that arbitrary code
eIgWxsDlQpI-00181-00040319-00040495 there that could stand for a million
eIgWxsDlQpI-00182-00040496-00040590 lines of code
eIgWxsDlQpI-00183-00040591-00040774 or a billion doesn't matter it's just
eIgWxsDlQpI-00184-00040775-00040951 any amount of code
eIgWxsDlQpI-00185-00040952-00041158 and then you come across just one line
eIgWxsDlQpI-00186-00041159-00041374 of code
eIgWxsDlQpI-00187-00041375-00041615 there that uses the wibble procedure and
eIgWxsDlQpI-00188-00041616-00041799 if you have a look at that
eIgWxsDlQpI-00189-00041800-00041983 that one line of code you'll see that
eIgWxsDlQpI-00190-00041984-00042151 there is a
eIgWxsDlQpI-00191-00042152-00042430 repeated expression within that little
eIgWxsDlQpI-00192-00042431-00042535 procedure there
eIgWxsDlQpI-00193-00042536-00042830 so that is to say with the arguments as
eIgWxsDlQpI-00194-00042831-00043030 well that expression is repeated
eIgWxsDlQpI-00195-00043031-00043343 exactly and so
eIgWxsDlQpI-00196-00043344-00043567 if you come across such a repetition of
eIgWxsDlQpI-00197-00043568-00043743 expressions you might ask well you know
eIgWxsDlQpI-00198-00043744-00043846 what
eIgWxsDlQpI-00199-00043847-00044095 i'm going to factor out that expression
eIgWxsDlQpI-00200-00044096-00044287 and i'm going to assign it a value so
eIgWxsDlQpI-00201-00044288-00044479 in this case it's been assigned the
eIgWxsDlQpI-00202-00044480-00044623 value r
eIgWxsDlQpI-00203-00044624-00044815 and uh and then we've replaced that
eIgWxsDlQpI-00204-00044816-00044943 expression with
eIgWxsDlQpI-00205-00044944-00045287 the value and there's a question that we
eIgWxsDlQpI-00206-00045288-00045455 can now ask about
eIgWxsDlQpI-00207-00045456-00045799 this program and the pro the question
eIgWxsDlQpI-00208-00045800-00045918 that we might ask is
eIgWxsDlQpI-00209-00045919-00046143 did the program just change so i'll just
eIgWxsDlQpI-00210-00046144-00046423 go back again just so you can see that
eIgWxsDlQpI-00211-00046424-00046774 so when i factor out this oops sorry
eIgWxsDlQpI-00212-00046775-00047015 when i factor out this expression did
eIgWxsDlQpI-00213-00047016-00047318 the program just change
eIgWxsDlQpI-00214-00047319-00047543 so the answer that question is yes it
eIgWxsDlQpI-00215-00047544-00047767 did it did change
eIgWxsDlQpI-00216-00047768-00048079 and it changed because of this counter
eIgWxsDlQpI-00217-00048080-00048335 equals counter plus one
eIgWxsDlQpI-00218-00048336-00048599 it used to update the counter only once
eIgWxsDlQpI-00219-00048600-00048662 and
eIgWxsDlQpI-00220-00048663-00048983 now it sorry twice and now it only
eIgWxsDlQpI-00221-00048984-00049207 and now it only updates once and so the
eIgWxsDlQpI-00222-00049208-00049399 counter will have a different value
eIgWxsDlQpI-00223-00049400-00049695 after this change to the program and
eIgWxsDlQpI-00224-00049696-00049815 when i say
eIgWxsDlQpI-00225-00049816-00049999 and just to clarify what i mean when i
eIgWxsDlQpI-00226-00050000-00050223 say a program changes
eIgWxsDlQpI-00227-00050224-00050646 that is to say it's when its inputs
eIgWxsDlQpI-00228-00050647-00050918 and its outputs have changed so for its
eIgWxsDlQpI-00229-00050919-00051007 given inputs
eIgWxsDlQpI-00230-00051008-00051246 so if i run this program with some
eIgWxsDlQpI-00231-00051247-00051311 inputs
eIgWxsDlQpI-00232-00051312-00051526 i should see a result and then if i
eIgWxsDlQpI-00233-00051527-00051687 change the program and give it the same
eIgWxsDlQpI-00234-00051688-00051870 inputs i should see the same result but
eIgWxsDlQpI-00235-00051871-00051950 in this case
eIgWxsDlQpI-00236-00051951-00052150 i will see a different result because
eIgWxsDlQpI-00237-00052151-00052471 the program has changed
eIgWxsDlQpI-00238-00052472-00052663 and so let's look at a different example
eIgWxsDlQpI-00239-00052664-00052799 now
eIgWxsDlQpI-00240-00052800-00053079 and what this this little function does
eIgWxsDlQpI-00241-00053079-00053238 called pibble is it takes in two
eIgWxsDlQpI-00242-00053239-00053382 integers and it adds them together and
eIgWxsDlQpI-00243-00053383-00053550 multiplies them by two
eIgWxsDlQpI-00244-00053551-00053799 and then returns that value and again
eIgWxsDlQpI-00245-00053800-00053959 there's you know it could be a thousand
eIgWxsDlQpI-00246-00053960-00054103 could be a million lines of code or
eIgWxsDlQpI-00247-00054104-00054263 whatever and then you come across
eIgWxsDlQpI-00248-00054264-00054503 just this one line of code and you see a
eIgWxsDlQpI-00249-00054504-00054679 repeated expression again
eIgWxsDlQpI-00250-00054679-00054903 so there's the repeated expression and
eIgWxsDlQpI-00251-00054904-00055094 you might ask the question well uh
eIgWxsDlQpI-00252-00055095-00055335 can i factor that out i'm gonna assign
eIgWxsDlQpI-00253-00055336-00055519 it a value
eIgWxsDlQpI-00254-00055520-00055766 so you do and you factor it out and you
eIgWxsDlQpI-00255-00055767-00055871 assign it the value
eIgWxsDlQpI-00256-00055872-00056279 r and uh we asked the same question
eIgWxsDlQpI-00257-00056279-00056654 this time did the program just change
eIgWxsDlQpI-00258-00056655-00057063 now in this case it's the same program
eIgWxsDlQpI-00259-00057064-00057223 so i'll just go back just so you can
eIgWxsDlQpI-00260-00057224-00057519 have a look if i were to uh
eIgWxsDlQpI-00261-00057520-00057687 i don't know you can see my cursor yet
eIgWxsDlQpI-00262-00057688-00057847 so if i were to
eIgWxsDlQpI-00263-00057848-00058087 factor out this expression here and
eIgWxsDlQpI-00264-00058088-00058191 assign it
eIgWxsDlQpI-00265-00058191-00058623 sign of the value then uh
eIgWxsDlQpI-00266-00058624-00058775 and then replace that expression with
eIgWxsDlQpI-00267-00058776-00058982 the value the program remains
eIgWxsDlQpI-00268-00058983-00059287 unchanged it's the same program so for
eIgWxsDlQpI-00269-00059288-00059654 the given inputs the same outputs
eIgWxsDlQpI-00270-00059655-00060142 so um it's the same program
eIgWxsDlQpI-00271-00060144-00060471 now what is functional programming right
eIgWxsDlQpI-00272-00060472-00060542 so
eIgWxsDlQpI-00273-00060544-00060759 you've seen an example where changing
eIgWxsDlQpI-00274-00060760-00060919 that expression
eIgWxsDlQpI-00275-00060920-00061215 um alters the program and you've seen an
eIgWxsDlQpI-00276-00061216-00061311 example where it
eIgWxsDlQpI-00277-00061312-00061630 doesn't change the program functional
eIgWxsDlQpI-00278-00061632-00061742 programming
eIgWxsDlQpI-00279-00061744-00062103 is the idea that we can always do that
eIgWxsDlQpI-00280-00062104-00062415 okay so for any given
eIgWxsDlQpI-00281-00062416-00062615 sub expression in a program we can
eIgWxsDlQpI-00282-00062616-00062847 always replace expressions with a value
eIgWxsDlQpI-00283-00062848-00063094 without affecting the program
eIgWxsDlQpI-00284-00063095-00063366 um that is simply the meaning for
eIgWxsDlQpI-00285-00063367-00063606 functional programming
eIgWxsDlQpI-00286-00063607-00063926 um but this has some
eIgWxsDlQpI-00287-00063927-00064279 pretty far-reaching consequences um
eIgWxsDlQpI-00288-00064279-00064711 so so one of those consequences
eIgWxsDlQpI-00289-00064712-00065006 is for example if you wanted to add up
eIgWxsDlQpI-00290-00065007-00065135 the numbers in a list
eIgWxsDlQpI-00291-00065136-00065399 all right so i want you to imagine you
eIgWxsDlQpI-00292-00065400-00065494 yourself and
eIgWxsDlQpI-00293-00065495-00065711 and uh you've sort of put this stake in
eIgWxsDlQpI-00294-00065712-00065823 the ground and
eIgWxsDlQpI-00295-00065824-00066087 you basically said you know what um i am
eIgWxsDlQpI-00296-00066088-00066143 going to
eIgWxsDlQpI-00297-00066144-00066343 always adhere to this principle i will
eIgWxsDlQpI-00298-00066344-00066447 never break it
eIgWxsDlQpI-00299-00066448-00066759 um i will do functional programming um
eIgWxsDlQpI-00300-00066760-00066871 but the problem is
eIgWxsDlQpI-00301-00066872-00067215 is uh some of your tools for doing
eIgWxsDlQpI-00302-00067216-00067415 even simple things like adding up the
eIgWxsDlQpI-00303-00067416-00067591 numbers in a list
eIgWxsDlQpI-00304-00067592-00067911 are no longer available consider for
eIgWxsDlQpI-00305-00067912-00067975 example
eIgWxsDlQpI-00306-00067976-00068303 this little bit of code here so
eIgWxsDlQpI-00307-00068304-00068567 this is how you might consider adding up
eIgWxsDlQpI-00308-00068568-00068750 the numbers in a list so you set the
eIgWxsDlQpI-00309-00068751-00068799 value
eIgWxsDlQpI-00310-00068800-00069103 r to zero you look through the list
eIgWxsDlQpI-00311-00069104-00069335 you add each list element to the value
eIgWxsDlQpI-00312-00069336-00069623 to the
eIgWxsDlQpI-00313-00069624-00069903 variable r and then you return and that
eIgWxsDlQpI-00314-00069904-00070111 will add up all the numbers in the list
eIgWxsDlQpI-00315-00070112-00070503 i agree that it does however
eIgWxsDlQpI-00316-00070504-00070735 notice that you've violated the
eIgWxsDlQpI-00317-00070736-00070838 principle
eIgWxsDlQpI-00318-00070839-00070999 you're not functional programming
eIgWxsDlQpI-00319-00071000-00071206 anymore
eIgWxsDlQpI-00320-00071207-00071494 because if i can replace expressions
eIgWxsDlQpI-00321-00071495-00071599 with values at
eIgWxsDlQpI-00322-00071600-00071903 all times then i should be able to
eIgWxsDlQpI-00323-00071904-00072238 um i could for example replace r with
eIgWxsDlQpI-00324-00072239-00072367 zero oops
eIgWxsDlQpI-00325-00072368-00072599 sorry i keep clicking accidentally if i
eIgWxsDlQpI-00326-00072600-00072791 replace r with zero throughout this
eIgWxsDlQpI-00327-00072792-00072926 entire program then
eIgWxsDlQpI-00328-00072927-00073103 this little procedure here will always
eIgWxsDlQpI-00329-00073104-00073311 return zero and so that will change the
eIgWxsDlQpI-00330-00073312-00073494 program obviously it will always return
eIgWxsDlQpI-00331-00073495-00073806 zero so that's this is not
eIgWxsDlQpI-00332-00073807-00074126 how you sum the numbers in a list once
eIgWxsDlQpI-00333-00074127-00074255 you've committed to the
eIgWxsDlQpI-00334-00074256-00074550 principle of functional programming but
eIgWxsDlQpI-00335-00074551-00074671 there's another way to look at this
eIgWxsDlQpI-00336-00074672-00074862 problem that the problem being summing
eIgWxsDlQpI-00337-00074863-00075247 the numbers in a list how to add them up
eIgWxsDlQpI-00338-00075248-00075447 so let's look at that other way just
eIgWxsDlQpI-00339-00075448-00075606 another way of thinking about the
eIgWxsDlQpI-00340-00075607-00075687 problem
eIgWxsDlQpI-00341-00075688-00075999 um of adding up the numbers in a list
eIgWxsDlQpI-00342-00076000-00076311 and uh i want to encourage this idea of
eIgWxsDlQpI-00343-00076312-00076431 just looking at the problem
eIgWxsDlQpI-00344-00076432-00076879 in a completely different way and
eIgWxsDlQpI-00345-00076880-00077023 if you were to do that if you were to
eIgWxsDlQpI-00346-00077024-00077175 like look at problems in a different way
eIgWxsDlQpI-00347-00077176-00077294 altogether
eIgWxsDlQpI-00348-00077295-00077606 then uh it would i think it would help
eIgWxsDlQpI-00349-00077607-00077806 in in like introducing yourself to
eIgWxsDlQpI-00350-00077807-00077975 functional programming and the different
eIgWxsDlQpI-00351-00077976-00078238 tools that it has to solve problems
eIgWxsDlQpI-00352-00078239-00078494 um so i'm just going to put it to you
eIgWxsDlQpI-00353-00078495-00078543 that
eIgWxsDlQpI-00354-00078544-00078719 this is the definition of the summing of
eIgWxsDlQpI-00355-00078720-00078871 a list which is
eIgWxsDlQpI-00356-00078872-00079119 if the list is empty then it's zero
eIgWxsDlQpI-00357-00079120-00079206 otherwise
eIgWxsDlQpI-00358-00079207-00079406 take the first element and add it to the
eIgWxsDlQpI-00359-00079407-00079526 sum of the rest
eIgWxsDlQpI-00360-00079527-00079799 of the list that's a pretty
eIgWxsDlQpI-00361-00079800-00079982 straightforward definition for adding up
eIgWxsDlQpI-00362-00079983-00080182 the numbers in a list
eIgWxsDlQpI-00363-00080183-00080375 but you'll see that it's a recursive
eIgWxsDlQpI-00364-00080376-00080559 definition and by that i mean
eIgWxsDlQpI-00365-00080560-00080767 we're trying to define this term here
eIgWxsDlQpI-00366-00080768-00080991 this term being the sum of the list
eIgWxsDlQpI-00367-00080992-00081350 and in the definition we've had to
eIgWxsDlQpI-00368-00081351-00081694 reference summing a list so in defining
eIgWxsDlQpI-00369-00081695-00081894 the sum of a list we've talked about
eIgWxsDlQpI-00370-00081895-00082015 summing a list
eIgWxsDlQpI-00371-00082016-00082167 so we have what's called a recursive
eIgWxsDlQpI-00372-00082168-00082359 definition here
eIgWxsDlQpI-00373-00082360-00082671 for adding up the numbers in the list
eIgWxsDlQpI-00374-00082672-00082935 which you know if you've not not done
eIgWxsDlQpI-00375-00082936-00083094 much functional programming before it
eIgWxsDlQpI-00376-00083095-00083150 can be
eIgWxsDlQpI-00377-00083151-00083535 a an unfamiliar way to look at
eIgWxsDlQpI-00378-00083536-00083887 problem solving so um
eIgWxsDlQpI-00379-00083888-00084079 all i really have to recommend there is
eIgWxsDlQpI-00380-00084080-00084279 just practice and practice and
eIgWxsDlQpI-00381-00084280-00084606 it does become quite um natural and
eIgWxsDlQpI-00382-00084607-00084894 easy uh in the same way that the loop
eIgWxsDlQpI-00383-00084895-00084967 you know
eIgWxsDlQpI-00384-00084968-00085199 i if you if you can remember back to the
eIgWxsDlQpI-00385-00085200-00085382 days that you learned how a loop works
eIgWxsDlQpI-00386-00085383-00085511 and you know you would have
eIgWxsDlQpI-00387-00085512-00085703 clumsily tried to figure out how does
eIgWxsDlQpI-00388-00085704-00085815 this loop work
eIgWxsDlQpI-00389-00085816-00086031 and and so on and eventually you would
eIgWxsDlQpI-00390-00086032-00086118 have
eIgWxsDlQpI-00391-00086119-00086343 you know found it quite easy and natural
eIgWxsDlQpI-00392-00086344-00086559 and and the same is true for recursive
eIgWxsDlQpI-00393-00086560-00086743 definitions you just need to practice
eIgWxsDlQpI-00394-00086744-00086862 and eventually
eIgWxsDlQpI-00395-00086863-00087199 you know it all starts to make sense so
eIgWxsDlQpI-00396-00087200-00087462 consider for example this list here um
eIgWxsDlQpI-00397-00087463-00087662 the list being six five nine seventy one
eIgWxsDlQpI-00398-00087663-00087759 and three
eIgWxsDlQpI-00399-00087760-00087950 the definition of the sum of this list
eIgWxsDlQpI-00400-00087951-00088159 is six plus the sum of the rest of the
eIgWxsDlQpI-00401-00088160-00088238 list
eIgWxsDlQpI-00402-00088239-00088455 which is equal to and so on we keep
eIgWxsDlQpI-00403-00088456-00088543 calling sum
eIgWxsDlQpI-00404-00088544-00088711 all the way down until we get the sum of
eIgWxsDlQpI-00405-00088712-00088879 the empty list which is zero
eIgWxsDlQpI-00406-00088880-00089231 and we'll end up with 94. um so no
eIgWxsDlQpI-00407-00089232-00089494 loops were involved in in solving this
eIgWxsDlQpI-00408-00089495-00089550 problem
eIgWxsDlQpI-00409-00089551-00089887 and uh we didn't violate the principle
eIgWxsDlQpI-00410-00089888-00090094 of functional programming
eIgWxsDlQpI-00411-00090095-00090238 and if you're not sure that we've
eIgWxsDlQpI-00412-00090239-00090438 violated the principles of functional
eIgWxsDlQpI-00413-00090439-00090526 programming
eIgWxsDlQpI-00414-00090527-00090767 um here's the actual source code written
eIgWxsDlQpI-00415-00090768-00090894 in the language programming language
eIgWxsDlQpI-00416-00090895-00091015 called hassle
eIgWxsDlQpI-00417-00091016-00091143 which i'm going to be using throughout
eIgWxsDlQpI-00418-00091144-00091318 this presentation i'll use a bit of
eIgWxsDlQpI-00419-00091319-00091471 hassle and a bit of java i hope that's
eIgWxsDlQpI-00420-00091472-00091567 okay
eIgWxsDlQpI-00421-00091568-00091831 um but this is the actual source code
eIgWxsDlQpI-00422-00091832-00091975 and it basically says the sum of the
eIgWxsDlQpI-00423-00091976-00092062 empty list here
eIgWxsDlQpI-00424-00092063-00092431 is zero and the sum of the first element
eIgWxsDlQpI-00425-00092432-00092543 followed by the rest
eIgWxsDlQpI-00426-00092544-00092782 is the first element plus the sum of the
eIgWxsDlQpI-00427-00092783-00092935 rest and you can see that recursion
eIgWxsDlQpI-00428-00092936-00093031 going on here
eIgWxsDlQpI-00429-00093032-00093223 on the left side of equals is what is
eIgWxsDlQpI-00430-00093224-00093431 the definition and on the right side of
eIgWxsDlQpI-00431-00093432-00093599 equals is the solution
eIgWxsDlQpI-00432-00093600-00093815 but the solution appears in both on both
eIgWxsDlQpI-00433-00093816-00093974 the left and the right hand side of the
eIgWxsDlQpI-00434-00093975-00094303 equal sign and therefore it's recursive
eIgWxsDlQpI-00435-00094304-00094615 okay so that's just functional
eIgWxsDlQpI-00436-00094616-00094687 programming
eIgWxsDlQpI-00437-00094688-00094943 um and like i said i should be able to
eIgWxsDlQpI-00438-00094944-00095094 replace all the expressions
eIgWxsDlQpI-00439-00095095-00095326 with their value in this code and and i
eIgWxsDlQpI-00440-00095327-00095399 can and in fact
eIgWxsDlQpI-00441-00095400-00095687 that's true of all hassle source code um
eIgWxsDlQpI-00442-00095688-00095894 haskell enforces the principle
eIgWxsDlQpI-00443-00095895-00096174 um and it won't allow you to violate it
eIgWxsDlQpI-00444-00096175-00096247 even if you
eIgWxsDlQpI-00445-00096248-00096582 try when you want to
eIgWxsDlQpI-00446-00096583-00096879 so there are other consequences um not
eIgWxsDlQpI-00447-00096880-00096911 just
eIgWxsDlQpI-00448-00096912-00097415 you know just trivial examples of um
eIgWxsDlQpI-00449-00097416-00097687 of uh different problem-solving methods
eIgWxsDlQpI-00450-00097688-00097774 um
eIgWxsDlQpI-00451-00097775-00098006 but what the one that i'm hoping to talk
eIgWxsDlQpI-00452-00098007-00098182 about today is
eIgWxsDlQpI-00453-00098183-00098391 the ability to efficiently and
eIgWxsDlQpI-00454-00098392-00098543 effectively
eIgWxsDlQpI-00455-00098544-00098750 ensure our software is correct now i'm
eIgWxsDlQpI-00456-00098751-00098959 not using these terms lightly
eIgWxsDlQpI-00457-00098960-00099262 um so i i want to tell
eIgWxsDlQpI-00458-00099263-00099518 i want to increase at least increase my
eIgWxsDlQpI-00459-00099519-00099759 confidence that my software is correct
eIgWxsDlQpI-00460-00099760-00099935 so i want to be effective and i want to
eIgWxsDlQpI-00461-00099936-00100118 do it quickly i want to be able to
eIgWxsDlQpI-00462-00100119-00100279 not take a long time to do it i want to
eIgWxsDlQpI-00463-00100280-00100494 be able to do it i just want to write a
eIgWxsDlQpI-00464-00100495-00100759 short amount of code
eIgWxsDlQpI-00465-00100760-00101031 and have a reliable result in my
eIgWxsDlQpI-00466-00101032-00101238 software being correct
eIgWxsDlQpI-00467-00101239-00101543 i'll give you a contrast um now
eIgWxsDlQpI-00468-00101544-00101750 who has one of these software systems
eIgWxsDlQpI-00469-00101751-00101903 and by and i'm not really saying you
eIgWxsDlQpI-00470-00101904-00102015 know put your hand up
eIgWxsDlQpI-00471-00102016-00102303 um i have seen these software systems um
eIgWxsDlQpI-00472-00102304-00102471 maybe you've got one at your uh
eIgWxsDlQpI-00473-00102472-00102782 office through the week
eIgWxsDlQpI-00474-00102783-00102966 now usually what happens is the tests
eIgWxsDlQpI-00475-00102967-00103199 take a few hours to run
eIgWxsDlQpI-00476-00103200-00103439 right you know you know an hour maybe
eIgWxsDlQpI-00477-00103440-00103647 two something like that
eIgWxsDlQpI-00478-00103648-00103815 and so you commit and push and go to the
eIgWxsDlQpI-00479-00103816-00104047 coffee shop and and hope
eIgWxsDlQpI-00480-00104048-00104239 uh but you know you distract yourself
eIgWxsDlQpI-00481-00104240-00104430 with the coffee and on your way back
eIgWxsDlQpI-00482-00104431-00104575 you know you get an email it comes on
eIgWxsDlQpI-00483-00104576-00104806 your phone and it says build failed
eIgWxsDlQpI-00484-00104807-00105143 and you're like damn it well because of
eIgWxsDlQpI-00485-00105144-00105199 some silly
eIgWxsDlQpI-00486-00105200-00105383 reason it couldn't find the comp file or
eIgWxsDlQpI-00487-00105383-00105583 whatever the silly reason is
eIgWxsDlQpI-00488-00105583-00105807 um and so you fixed the build and then
eIgWxsDlQpI-00489-00105808-00105990 the test finally they passed but that
eIgWxsDlQpI-00490-00105991-00106127 took you all day and now you're onto
eIgWxsDlQpI-00491-00106128-00106375 your third copy
eIgWxsDlQpI-00492-00106376-00106534 um and so you put it into production
eIgWxsDlQpI-00493-00106535-00106702 right the test pass let's do it
eIgWxsDlQpI-00494-00106703-00106990 and it falls over anyway um you know you
eIgWxsDlQpI-00495-00106991-00107127 see an exception or
eIgWxsDlQpI-00496-00107128-00107278 you know the customer rings you up or
eIgWxsDlQpI-00497-00107279-00107566 whatever it might be it didn't really
eIgWxsDlQpI-00498-00107567-00107863 give you an assurance that your software
eIgWxsDlQpI-00499-00107864-00107966 is working
eIgWxsDlQpI-00500-00107967-00108183 but it's working on your machine and so
eIgWxsDlQpI-00501-00108183-00108358 what you do now is you just go back to
eIgWxsDlQpI-00502-00108359-00108471 step one
eIgWxsDlQpI-00503-00108472-00108758 um on the next day go to the coffee shop
eIgWxsDlQpI-00504-00108759-00108919 and so on
eIgWxsDlQpI-00505-00108920-00109247 and i would call this um a very
eIgWxsDlQpI-00506-00109248-00109334 inefficient
eIgWxsDlQpI-00507-00109335-00109654 and very ineffective system of testing
eIgWxsDlQpI-00508-00109655-00109831 that your software works
eIgWxsDlQpI-00509-00109832-00109966 it's inefficient because it takes two
eIgWxsDlQpI-00510-00109967-00110151 hours to run
eIgWxsDlQpI-00511-00110152-00110271 and you know you have to distract
eIgWxsDlQpI-00512-00110272-00110366 yourself with a copy and it's
eIgWxsDlQpI-00513-00110367-00110575 ineffective because the software doesn't
eIgWxsDlQpI-00514-00110576-00111134 work anyway even when the tests pass
eIgWxsDlQpI-00515-00111135-00111575 so i just want to make it clear that
eIgWxsDlQpI-00516-00111576-00111783 because we are functional programming we
eIgWxsDlQpI-00517-00111783-00111943 can use the types to determine the
eIgWxsDlQpI-00518-00111944-00112119 behavior of our software
eIgWxsDlQpI-00519-00112120-00112334 and we can use this idea of automated
eIgWxsDlQpI-00520-00112335-00112502 testing which i'm going to talk about to
eIgWxsDlQpI-00521-00112503-00112590 make up
eIgWxsDlQpI-00522-00112591-00112895 for where types have left gaps so
eIgWxsDlQpI-00523-00112896-00113047 all the examples that i show you from
eIgWxsDlQpI-00524-00113048-00113295 here on i just want you to remember
eIgWxsDlQpI-00525-00113296-00113502 that we have functional programming and
eIgWxsDlQpI-00526-00113503-00113639 that's why
eIgWxsDlQpI-00527-00113640-00113815 i can make the claims that i'm going to
eIgWxsDlQpI-00528-00113816-00114143 make about some of these examples
eIgWxsDlQpI-00529-00114144-00114399 so um there's another sort of little
eIgWxsDlQpI-00530-00114400-00114495 footnote to this
eIgWxsDlQpI-00531-00114496-00114663 um some programming languages have
eIgWxsDlQpI-00532-00114664-00115047 escape hatches from the types
eIgWxsDlQpI-00533-00115048-00115271 for example null or throwing exceptions
eIgWxsDlQpI-00534-00115272-00115383 or or
eIgWxsDlQpI-00535-00115383-00115647 casting types i'm just saying you know
eIgWxsDlQpI-00536-00115648-00115751 this type a
eIgWxsDlQpI-00537-00115752-00116134 you just make it into a b
eIgWxsDlQpI-00538-00116135-00116366 or type casing and just say well is this
eIgWxsDlQpI-00539-00116367-00116519 value of this type
eIgWxsDlQpI-00540-00116520-00116671 does it have this type or does it have
eIgWxsDlQpI-00541-00116672-00116975 some other type and also non-termination
eIgWxsDlQpI-00542-00116976-00117327 which is basically um a function that
eIgWxsDlQpI-00543-00117328-00117486 just runs forever
eIgWxsDlQpI-00544-00117488-00117671 so these these are what we'll call
eIgWxsDlQpI-00545-00117672-00117847 escape hatches
eIgWxsDlQpI-00546-00117848-00118166 and uh there's a paper um
eIgWxsDlQpI-00547-00118167-00118399 called fast and loose reasoning is
eIgWxsDlQpI-00548-00118400-00118502 morally correct
eIgWxsDlQpI-00549-00118503-00118727 that's the name of the paper and this is
eIgWxsDlQpI-00550-00118728-00118871 sort of the introduction to the paper
eIgWxsDlQpI-00551-00118872-00119031 and it says functional programmers
eIgWxsDlQpI-00552-00119032-00119247 reason about programmers as if they were
eIgWxsDlQpI-00553-00119248-00119431 written in a total language
eIgWxsDlQpI-00554-00119432-00119615 now a total language is one that does
eIgWxsDlQpI-00555-00119616-00119783 not have those escape patches they
eIgWxsDlQpI-00556-00119783-00120063 simply don't exist in those languages
eIgWxsDlQpI-00557-00120064-00120263 but they and then expecting the results
eIgWxsDlQpI-00558-00120264-00120486 to carry over to non-total languages so
eIgWxsDlQpI-00559-00120488-00120743 for example java haskell is a non-total
eIgWxsDlQpI-00560-00120744-00120927 language
eIgWxsDlQpI-00561-00120928-00121151 and so what this paper does is it says
eIgWxsDlQpI-00562-00121152-00121254 when you reason
eIgWxsDlQpI-00563-00121255-00121575 about your programs you can ignore
eIgWxsDlQpI-00564-00121576-00121823 these state hatches right so things like
eIgWxsDlQpI-00565-00121824-00121943 this they simply
eIgWxsDlQpI-00566-00121944-00122383 don't exist now of course they do exist
eIgWxsDlQpI-00567-00122383-00122631 so what what this paper is all about is
eIgWxsDlQpI-00568-00122632-00122807 reasoning about our programs
eIgWxsDlQpI-00569-00122808-00123166 as if they didn't exist so from here on
eIgWxsDlQpI-00570-00123167-00123271 in
eIgWxsDlQpI-00571-00123272-00123439 we've got two states in the ground one
eIgWxsDlQpI-00572-00123440-00123566 of them is we have functional
eIgWxsDlQpI-00573-00123567-00123654 programming
eIgWxsDlQpI-00574-00123655-00123871 and the other one is we are reasoning as
eIgWxsDlQpI-00575-00123872-00124071 if we're in a uh total language so we
eIgWxsDlQpI-00576-00124072-00124351 can ignore the escape hatches
eIgWxsDlQpI-00577-00124352-00124678 okay so consider this
eIgWxsDlQpI-00578-00124679-00124934 program here is written in i guess java
eIgWxsDlQpI-00579-00124935-00125110 it looks like java
eIgWxsDlQpI-00580-00125111-00125295 it takes a boolean and it returns a
eIgWxsDlQpI-00581-00125296-00125534 boolean and uh
eIgWxsDlQpI-00582-00125535-00125799 i'm pretty keen if anyone has an answer
eIgWxsDlQpI-00583-00125800-00125951 to this question
eIgWxsDlQpI-00584-00125952-00126199 to hear from you how many possible
eIgWxsDlQpI-00585-00126200-00126375 programs can be written
eIgWxsDlQpI-00586-00126376-00126583 that satisfy this type and by that i
eIgWxsDlQpI-00587-00126583-00126719 mean how many
eIgWxsDlQpI-00588-00126720-00127023 different things can be written here so
eIgWxsDlQpI-00589-00127024-00127231 that the type is satisfied
eIgWxsDlQpI-00590-00127232-00127495 and remember that program equivalence so
eIgWxsDlQpI-00591-00127496-00127743 two programs are equal if given
eIgWxsDlQpI-00592-00127744-00128143 given uh given an input we get the same
eIgWxsDlQpI-00593-00128144-00128310 given the set of inputs we get the same
eIgWxsDlQpI-00594-00128311-00128502 output um
eIgWxsDlQpI-00595-00128503-00128847 so by that i mean you know uh you know
eIgWxsDlQpI-00596-00128848-00129063 if we write a loop that counts up to up
eIgWxsDlQpI-00597-00129064-00129254 to a thousand and then return a value
eIgWxsDlQpI-00598-00129255-00129375 that's the same as
eIgWxsDlQpI-00599-00129376-00129647 if it didn't do the loop at all because
eIgWxsDlQpI-00600-00129648-00129790 it's not an observable
eIgWxsDlQpI-00601-00129791-00130134 difference so how many possible programs
eIgWxsDlQpI-00602-00130135-00130439 exist that have this type assuming we
eIgWxsDlQpI-00603-00130440-00130639 have functional programming and assuming
eIgWxsDlQpI-00604-00130640-00130727 we are doing
eIgWxsDlQpI-00605-00130728-00130951 fast and loose reasoning so it's going
eIgWxsDlQpI-00606-00130952-00131111 to terminate it's not going to use an
eIgWxsDlQpI-00607-00131112-00131199 escape hatch
eIgWxsDlQpI-00608-00131200-00131527 does anyone know the answer i'm going to
eIgWxsDlQpI-00609-00131528-00131683 have a quick sit while i wait for
eIgWxsDlQpI-00610-00131684-00132287 answers
eIgWxsDlQpI-00611-00132288-00132614 oops
eIgWxsDlQpI-00612-00132615-00132927 yeah i'm watching the discussions we've
eIgWxsDlQpI-00613-00132928-00133175 had one guess of two
eIgWxsDlQpI-00614-00133176-00133535 it's a good guess
eIgWxsDlQpI-00615-00133536-00133743 any other guesses or i mean guesses are
eIgWxsDlQpI-00616-00133744-00133951 fine it's okay to uh
eIgWxsDlQpI-00617-00133952-00134102 you know it's okay if you don't get the
eIgWxsDlQpI-00618-00134103-00134287 right answer that's okay
eIgWxsDlQpI-00619-00134288-00134631 any other guesses or uh
eIgWxsDlQpI-00620-00134632-00134943 not guesses any other answers come on
eIgWxsDlQpI-00621-00134944-00135566 don't be shy
eIgWxsDlQpI-00622-00135567-00135735 i'll tell you i'll just put an answer in
eIgWxsDlQpI-00623-00135736-00136183 here you go i'm gonna say 99
eIgWxsDlQpI-00624-00136184-00136911 99 is not correct
eIgWxsDlQpI-00625-00136912-00137231 all right no four to five
eIgWxsDlQpI-00626-00137232-00137543 somewhere so four and a half and four
eIgWxsDlQpI-00627-00137544-00137887 to five okay um
eIgWxsDlQpI-00628-00137888-00138007 we're going to look at the answer to
eIgWxsDlQpI-00629-00138008-00138366 that question
eIgWxsDlQpI-00630-00138367-00138943 um a bit later on
eIgWxsDlQpI-00631-00138944-00139135 well i'll tell you what so i'll tell you
eIgWxsDlQpI-00632-00139136-00139278 what we'll do is i'll tell you the
eIgWxsDlQpI-00633-00139279-00139423 answer and then i'll tell you how to
eIgWxsDlQpI-00634-00139424-00139559 calculate the answer
eIgWxsDlQpI-00635-00139560-00139863 so the answer in this case is four
eIgWxsDlQpI-00636-00139864-00140039 there are four possible programs with
eIgWxsDlQpI-00637-00140040-00140166 that type
eIgWxsDlQpI-00638-00140167-00140502 and if you are unsure um
eIgWxsDlQpI-00639-00140503-00140719 there's actually a way to calculate it
eIgWxsDlQpI-00640-00140720-00140911 and it's quite quick and easy to do
eIgWxsDlQpI-00641-00140912-00141095 so later on i'm going to try and show
eIgWxsDlQpI-00642-00141096-00141295 you how to calculate it
eIgWxsDlQpI-00643-00141296-00141583 so the answer is for you know if you've
eIgWxsDlQpI-00644-00141584-00141711 got a pen and paper in front of you
eIgWxsDlQpI-00645-00141712-00141831 maybe you can try and
eIgWxsDlQpI-00646-00141832-00142039 try and figure them all out you'll end
eIgWxsDlQpI-00647-00142040-00142207 up four
eIgWxsDlQpI-00648-00142208-00142399 and i assure you you're not going to be
eIgWxsDlQpI-00649-00142400-00142623 able to find a fifth one
eIgWxsDlQpI-00650-00142624-00142775 if you do it'll just be the same as one
eIgWxsDlQpI-00651-00142776-00143054 of the other four but if we have a look
eIgWxsDlQpI-00652-00143055-00143223 at this sort of type here you know takes
eIgWxsDlQpI-00653-00143224-00143399 a string and returns a string
eIgWxsDlQpI-00654-00143400-00143695 um there's there's uh there's quite a
eIgWxsDlQpI-00655-00143696-00143999 large number of programs with that type
eIgWxsDlQpI-00656-00144000-00144343 so it's not fall in this case the answer
eIgWxsDlQpI-00657-00144344-00144519 is a large i haven't calculated it's
eIgWxsDlQpI-00658-00144520-00144654 very very large
eIgWxsDlQpI-00659-00144655-00144959 um it depends on the size of string
eIgWxsDlQpI-00660-00144960-00145166 which is in the jbn specification
eIgWxsDlQpI-00661-00145167-00145239 somewhere
eIgWxsDlQpI-00662-00145240-00145454 the maximum size of a string and i've
eIgWxsDlQpI-00663-00145455-00145631 forgotten what it is
eIgWxsDlQpI-00664-00145632-00145814 but let's have a look at this type here
eIgWxsDlQpI-00665-00145815-00145999 now does anyone have any idea
eIgWxsDlQpI-00666-00146000-00146239 or any uh any suggestions about how many
eIgWxsDlQpI-00667-00146240-00146454 values have this type how many programs
eIgWxsDlQpI-00668-00146455-00146639 did i possibly write
eIgWxsDlQpI-00669-00146640-00146839 that takes generic a and return to
eIgWxsDlQpI-00670-00146840-00147083 generic a how many possible programs
eIgWxsDlQpI-00671-00147084-00147519 exist
eIgWxsDlQpI-00672-00147520-00147687 i'm really keen to hear any answers to
eIgWxsDlQpI-00673-00147688-00148502 this one
eIgWxsDlQpI-00674-00148503-00148863 any suggestions so remember we are
eIgWxsDlQpI-00675-00148864-00149007 functional programming
eIgWxsDlQpI-00676-00149008-00149190 and we must terminate we can't use an
eIgWxsDlQpI-00677-00149191-00149399 escape hatch
eIgWxsDlQpI-00678-00149400-00149639 the answer in this case is one there is
eIgWxsDlQpI-00679-00149640-00149719 only one
eIgWxsDlQpI-00680-00149720-00150007 program with this type um and you can
eIgWxsDlQpI-00681-00150008-00150159 probably work out what it is it's simply
eIgWxsDlQpI-00682-00150160-00150399 returned this argument
eIgWxsDlQpI-00683-00150400-00150590 here and there are no other programs
eIgWxsDlQpI-00684-00150591-00150807 with that type or in other words the
eIgWxsDlQpI-00685-00150808-00150863 type
eIgWxsDlQpI-00686-00150864-00151111 told us the program we've given that
eIgWxsDlQpI-00687-00151112-00151283 type we can actually work out the
eIgWxsDlQpI-00688-00151284-00151463 program
eIgWxsDlQpI-00689-00151464-00151678 um and we did that because we use what's
eIgWxsDlQpI-00690-00151679-00151935 called a polymorphic value or a generic
eIgWxsDlQpI-00691-00151936-00152239 because we use the polymorphic value
eIgWxsDlQpI-00692-00152240-00152431 it wasn't given a boolean return a
eIgWxsDlQpI-00693-00152432-00152631 boolean it wasn't given a string return
eIgWxsDlQpI-00694-00152632-00152814 a string we'd use used a polymorphic
eIgWxsDlQpI-00695-00152815-00152919 value
eIgWxsDlQpI-00696-00152920-00153126 and so by doing so we've restricted the
eIgWxsDlQpI-00697-00153127-00153326 possible functions with that type to be
eIgWxsDlQpI-00698-00153327-00153702 one um and i'm uh i've actually written
eIgWxsDlQpI-00699-00153703-00153807 a proof of that
eIgWxsDlQpI-00700-00153808-00153990 and it's later on in these slav there's
eIgWxsDlQpI-00701-00153991-00154143 a link in these slides
eIgWxsDlQpI-00702-00154144-00154526 to that proof that it is equal to one
eIgWxsDlQpI-00703-00154527-00154719 but we have actually obtained total
eIgWxsDlQpI-00704-00154720-00154878 knowledge of the function
eIgWxsDlQpI-00705-00154879-00155207 just given the type and the
eIgWxsDlQpI-00706-00155208-00155463 the idea of using types to work that out
eIgWxsDlQpI-00707-00155464-00155511 is
eIgWxsDlQpI-00708-00155512-00155839 is called parametricity if you you
eIgWxsDlQpI-00709-00155840-00156031 type that into into a search engine or
eIgWxsDlQpI-00710-00156032-00156135 something like that if you wanted to
eIgWxsDlQpI-00711-00156136-00156223 look it up
eIgWxsDlQpI-00712-00156224-00156463 i'm using parametricity to determine
eIgWxsDlQpI-00713-00156464-00156526 that the
eIgWxsDlQpI-00714-00156527-00156847 there's only one function with that type
eIgWxsDlQpI-00715-00156848-00157031 and the paper if you want to read all
eIgWxsDlQpI-00716-00157032-00157199 about it it's called um
eIgWxsDlQpI-00717-00157200-00157463 it's called our theorems for free by uh
eIgWxsDlQpI-00718-00157464-00157590 philip waddler
eIgWxsDlQpI-00719-00157591-00157854 and basically what what this paper says
eIgWxsDlQpI-00720-00157855-00157983 is write down the definition of a
eIgWxsDlQpI-00721-00157984-00158135 polymorphic function
eIgWxsDlQpI-00722-00158136-00158326 um so that that is just anything using
eIgWxsDlQpI-00723-00158327-00158526 generics and tell tell me it's type but
eIgWxsDlQpI-00724-00158527-00158687 be careful not to let me see the
eIgWxsDlQpI-00725-00158688-00158935 definition of the function and phil will
eIgWxsDlQpI-00726-00158936-00159087 tell you a theorem that the function is
eIgWxsDlQpI-00727-00159088-00159190 satisfied
eIgWxsDlQpI-00728-00159191-00159439 and and the uh paper explains how to do
eIgWxsDlQpI-00729-00159440-00159502 that it's
eIgWxsDlQpI-00730-00159503-00159695 quite simple to do with a little bit of
eIgWxsDlQpI-00731-00159696-00159871 practice um
eIgWxsDlQpI-00732-00159872-00160175 so i'll give you an example of so this
eIgWxsDlQpI-00733-00160176-00160326 what this is referring to is something
eIgWxsDlQpI-00734-00160327-00160502 called free theorems or theorems for
eIgWxsDlQpI-00735-00160503-00160566 free
eIgWxsDlQpI-00736-00160567-00160719 so i'll give you an example of a free
eIgWxsDlQpI-00737-00160720-00160878 theorem if we have a look at this type
eIgWxsDlQpI-00738-00160879-00161119 there is no polymorphism in this type
eIgWxsDlQpI-00739-00161120-00161359 and if we said you know what what does
eIgWxsDlQpI-00740-00161360-00161519 what what is a free theory about this
eIgWxsDlQpI-00741-00161520-00161671 group it is type and there's really
eIgWxsDlQpI-00742-00161672-00161799 nothing i could tell you
eIgWxsDlQpI-00743-00161800-00161999 other than you know it's not a function
eIgWxsDlQpI-00744-00162000-00162135 that takes it doesn't like
eIgWxsDlQpI-00745-00162136-00162319 add 10 to its argument because it's not
eIgWxsDlQpI-00746-00162320-00162447 an integer argument
eIgWxsDlQpI-00747-00162448-00162607 it's a list of string and it returns a
eIgWxsDlQpI-00748-00162608-00162759 list of string but we already know that
eIgWxsDlQpI-00749-00162760-00162887 by looking at the type
eIgWxsDlQpI-00750-00162888-00163087 we don't gain any extra information by
eIgWxsDlQpI-00751-00163088-00163207 looking at the type because it's not
eIgWxsDlQpI-00752-00163208-00163407 polymorphic
eIgWxsDlQpI-00753-00163408-00163743 um so it's yeah it's just simply not
eIgWxsDlQpI-00754-00163744-00163863 polymorphic
eIgWxsDlQpI-00755-00163864-00164102 but let's have a look at this type and i
eIgWxsDlQpI-00756-00164103-00164271 want you to convince yourself that my
eIgWxsDlQpI-00757-00164272-00164463 theorem that i've constructed here is a
eIgWxsDlQpI-00758-00164464-00164695 true statement
eIgWxsDlQpI-00759-00164696-00164959 there's nothing any programmer can do
eIgWxsDlQpI-00760-00164960-00165151 and can possibly write
eIgWxsDlQpI-00761-00165152-00165399 as a function with that type that
eIgWxsDlQpI-00762-00165400-00165654 violates my theorem my theorem holds
eIgWxsDlQpI-00763-00165655-00165863 no matter what is written within that
eIgWxsDlQpI-00764-00165864-00165990 function body
eIgWxsDlQpI-00765-00165991-00166159 and i can determine that theorem by
eIgWxsDlQpI-00766-00166160-00166319 looking only at the type
eIgWxsDlQpI-00767-00166320-00166447 so i've looked at the type and i said
eIgWxsDlQpI-00768-00166448-00166607 well it takes a generic list of t and
eIgWxsDlQpI-00769-00166608-00166863 returns a generic list of t
eIgWxsDlQpI-00770-00166864-00167071 and immediately i can conclude that
eIgWxsDlQpI-00771-00167072-00167199 every element in the result
eIgWxsDlQpI-00772-00167200-00167575 appears in the input list
eIgWxsDlQpI-00773-00167576-00167831 so this is an example of a free theorem
eIgWxsDlQpI-00774-00167832-00168063 and i can calculate that free theorem
eIgWxsDlQpI-00775-00168064-00168231 but just intuitively i just want you to
eIgWxsDlQpI-00776-00168232-00168399 feel it and just say well yeah that must
eIgWxsDlQpI-00777-00168400-00168478 be true
eIgWxsDlQpI-00778-00168479-00168711 um if you disagree you know feel free to
eIgWxsDlQpI-00779-00168712-00168990 write a question that's okay
eIgWxsDlQpI-00780-00168991-00169302 um so any
eIgWxsDlQpI-00781-00169303-00169551 every function that is of that type must
eIgWxsDlQpI-00782-00169552-00169607 satisfy
eIgWxsDlQpI-00783-00169608-00170007 that theorem um so that's an example of
eIgWxsDlQpI-00784-00170008-00170287 a free theorem
eIgWxsDlQpI-00785-00170288-00170559 so we but the thing is is we have some
eIgWxsDlQpI-00786-00170560-00170678 information about this
eIgWxsDlQpI-00787-00170679-00170823 this function but we don't have total
eIgWxsDlQpI-00788-00170824-00170966 information we don't know exactly what
eIgWxsDlQpI-00789-00170967-00171038 it does
eIgWxsDlQpI-00790-00171039-00171223 all we know is that the theorem
eIgWxsDlQpI-00791-00171224-00171471 satisfies so what i'm going to do now
eIgWxsDlQpI-00792-00171472-00171687 is because i've used typed up to a point
eIgWxsDlQpI-00793-00171688-00171814 but there's a gap and the gap
eIgWxsDlQpI-00794-00171815-00172023 is it's we still don't know completely
eIgWxsDlQpI-00795-00172024-00172166 what the function does just by looking
eIgWxsDlQpI-00796-00172167-00172295 at the type
eIgWxsDlQpI-00797-00172296-00172423 i'm going to write what's called an
eIgWxsDlQpI-00798-00172424-00172638 automated test
eIgWxsDlQpI-00799-00172639-00172943 and what and so if we have a look at so
eIgWxsDlQpI-00800-00172944-00173111 this is an example of a test it's
eIgWxsDlQpI-00801-00173112-00173278 written in haskell that's
eIgWxsDlQpI-00802-00173279-00173566 really only because it fits on the slide
eIgWxsDlQpI-00803-00173567-00173838 you can write this in java but
eIgWxsDlQpI-00804-00173839-00173966 i'll just talk you through what this
eIgWxsDlQpI-00805-00173967-00174183 code is doing
eIgWxsDlQpI-00806-00174184-00174423 and this is called a property or or a
eIgWxsDlQpI-00807-00174424-00174543 property test
eIgWxsDlQpI-00808-00174544-00174895 and what it says is for all characters
eIgWxsDlQpI-00809-00174896-00174999 alpha characters
eIgWxsDlQpI-00810-00175000-00175359 call those x then if i
eIgWxsDlQpI-00811-00175360-00175590 put that x so just one character if i
eIgWxsDlQpI-00812-00175591-00175678 put that into an
eIgWxsDlQpI-00813-00175679-00175919 into a list so a single element list and
eIgWxsDlQpI-00814-00175920-00176183 then i call my function
eIgWxsDlQpI-00815-00176184-00176495 then it just returns the same list so
eIgWxsDlQpI-00816-00176496-00176783 given a single element list it remains
eIgWxsDlQpI-00817-00176784-00177214 unchanged if i call this function
eIgWxsDlQpI-00818-00177215-00177375 this still doesn't tell me everything
eIgWxsDlQpI-00819-00177376-00177519 about the function it tells me a little
eIgWxsDlQpI-00820-00177520-00177623 bit more
eIgWxsDlQpI-00821-00177624-00177926 but knowing that this test passes is not
eIgWxsDlQpI-00822-00177927-00178166 enough to determine what that function
eIgWxsDlQpI-00823-00178167-00178471 does in its entirety
eIgWxsDlQpI-00824-00178472-00178663 so i'm going to write yet another test
eIgWxsDlQpI-00825-00178664-00178926 so here's the second test
eIgWxsDlQpI-00826-00178927-00179166 and what this test does is it generates
eIgWxsDlQpI-00827-00179167-00179247 two lists
eIgWxsDlQpI-00828-00179248-00179575 x and y so given two lists of characters
eIgWxsDlQpI-00829-00179576-00179919 x and y and what this says is if i if i
eIgWxsDlQpI-00830-00179920-00180135 append x and y so i just join them
eIgWxsDlQpI-00831-00180136-00180326 together x and y and then i call my
eIgWxsDlQpI-00832-00180327-00180414 function
eIgWxsDlQpI-00833-00180415-00180671 then this is the same as calling my
eIgWxsDlQpI-00834-00180672-00180887 function with y and calling my function
eIgWxsDlQpI-00835-00180888-00181014 with x and then appending
eIgWxsDlQpI-00836-00181015-00181238 those two things does anyone know what
eIgWxsDlQpI-00837-00181239-00181647 this function does
eIgWxsDlQpI-00838-00181648-00182126 anyone because that is total information
eIgWxsDlQpI-00839-00182127-00182326 i now know what that function does so if
eIgWxsDlQpI-00840-00182327-00182487 anyone has any idea about what that
eIgWxsDlQpI-00841-00182488-00182663 function does i'd be keen to hear from
eIgWxsDlQpI-00842-00182664-00182919 you
eIgWxsDlQpI-00843-00182920-00183054 i'll give you an example of what it
eIgWxsDlQpI-00844-00183055-00183295 doesn't do it doesn't simply
eIgWxsDlQpI-00845-00183296-00183678 return the x all right car
eIgWxsDlQpI-00846-00183679-00183911 if it just returned x then this test
eIgWxsDlQpI-00847-00183912-00184014 would fail
eIgWxsDlQpI-00848-00184015-00184278 all right you can see here that append x
eIgWxsDlQpI-00849-00184279-00184326 and y
eIgWxsDlQpI-00850-00184327-00184607 this is for all lists x and y i call my
eIgWxsDlQpI-00851-00184608-00184751 function
eIgWxsDlQpI-00852-00184752-00184999 and then i call y then i'll call my
eIgWxsDlQpI-00853-00185000-00185166 function on y call my function on x and
eIgWxsDlQpI-00854-00185167-00185247 append that
eIgWxsDlQpI-00855-00185248-00185511 if this function simply returned x then
eIgWxsDlQpI-00856-00185512-00185654 this test would fail
eIgWxsDlQpI-00857-00185655-00185799 and i want you to sort of think about
eIgWxsDlQpI-00858-00185800-00186078 how this test is running it's generating
eIgWxsDlQpI-00859-00186079-00186343 hundreds and thousands of lists x and y
eIgWxsDlQpI-00860-00186344-00186495 and making sure
eIgWxsDlQpI-00861-00186496-00186726 that this test passes all right so it
eIgWxsDlQpI-00862-00186727-00186847 doesn't just return
eIgWxsDlQpI-00863-00186848-00187199 the argument um and this idea
eIgWxsDlQpI-00864-00187200-00187487 is called um property-based testing
eIgWxsDlQpI-00865-00187488-00187599 someone has just
eIgWxsDlQpI-00866-00187600-00187990 proposed that this reverses the list
eIgWxsDlQpI-00867-00187991-00188175 and that is the correct answer it does
eIgWxsDlQpI-00868-00188176-00188399 reverse the list and it must reverse the
eIgWxsDlQpI-00869-00188400-00188535 list and that's the only
eIgWxsDlQpI-00870-00188536-00188775 function that is going to pass these
eIgWxsDlQpI-00871-00188776-00188863 tests
eIgWxsDlQpI-00872-00188864-00189078 no other function will pass the tests
eIgWxsDlQpI-00873-00189079-00189166 and it and
eIgWxsDlQpI-00874-00189167-00189375 this is an example of now we have total
eIgWxsDlQpI-00875-00189376-00189535 information about the uh
eIgWxsDlQpI-00876-00189536-00189935 the function it must reverse the list
eIgWxsDlQpI-00877-00189936-00190199 so yeah good on you it does reverse the
eIgWxsDlQpI-00878-00190200-00190414 list
eIgWxsDlQpI-00879-00190415-00190702 so let's talk about um what we just did
eIgWxsDlQpI-00880-00190703-00190750 there
eIgWxsDlQpI-00881-00190751-00190926 um so just going back to this test
eIgWxsDlQpI-00882-00190927-00191175 actually this test is not exhaustive it
eIgWxsDlQpI-00883-00191176-00191247 does not
eIgWxsDlQpI-00884-00191248-00191495 punch in every single possible list it
eIgWxsDlQpI-00885-00191496-00191678 just it just puts in
eIgWxsDlQpI-00886-00191679-00192007 thousands of lists um across you know
eIgWxsDlQpI-00887-00192008-00192183 by default across a random distribution
eIgWxsDlQpI-00888-00192184-00192390 but you can you can configure it
eIgWxsDlQpI-00889-00192391-00192678 if you wanted to change it um the way
eIgWxsDlQpI-00890-00192679-00192847 that it distributes the generation of
eIgWxsDlQpI-00891-00192848-00192950 lists
eIgWxsDlQpI-00892-00192951-00193302 but it doesn't exhaust all of it so
eIgWxsDlQpI-00893-00193303-00193454 if we just talk about what we just did
eIgWxsDlQpI-00894-00193455-00193663 types provide what's called a proof of a
eIgWxsDlQpI-00895-00193664-00193743 proposition
eIgWxsDlQpI-00896-00193744-00194071 so for example the argument is a list of
eIgWxsDlQpI-00897-00194072-00194383 polymorphic t um that's
eIgWxsDlQpI-00898-00194384-00194631 it's a very trivial proposition like we
eIgWxsDlQpI-00899-00194632-00194766 kind of already knew that
eIgWxsDlQpI-00900-00194767-00194887 that's what the types are doing they're
eIgWxsDlQpI-00901-00194888-00195183 providing a proof um
eIgWxsDlQpI-00902-00195184-00195390 polymorphic types provide additional
eIgWxsDlQpI-00903-00195391-00195495 theorems so
eIgWxsDlQpI-00904-00195496-00195678 for example we've got a free theorem
eIgWxsDlQpI-00905-00195679-00195814 about that type because it was
eIgWxsDlQpI-00906-00195815-00195926 polymorphic
eIgWxsDlQpI-00907-00195927-00196278 and what tests do is they attempt to
eIgWxsDlQpI-00908-00196279-00196511 negatively prove the proposition and
eIgWxsDlQpI-00909-00196512-00196719 then hopefully fail that means that the
eIgWxsDlQpI-00910-00196720-00196854 tests pass
eIgWxsDlQpI-00911-00196855-00197071 um and that is actually the only
eIgWxsDlQpI-00912-00197072-00197238 difference between types and tests and i
eIgWxsDlQpI-00913-00197239-00197383 just wanted to emphasize that because
eIgWxsDlQpI-00914-00197384-00197478 i've heard
eIgWxsDlQpI-00915-00197479-00197847 lately commentary that types and tests
eIgWxsDlQpI-00916-00197848-00198054 have nothing to do with each other
eIgWxsDlQpI-00917-00198055-00198319 that's completely incorrect types and
eIgWxsDlQpI-00918-00198320-00198366 tests
eIgWxsDlQpI-00919-00198367-00198678 are incredibly closely related and the
eIgWxsDlQpI-00920-00198679-00198831 only difference being
eIgWxsDlQpI-00921-00198832-00198950 the kind of information they're
eIgWxsDlQpI-00922-00198951-00199166 providing so types are providing a proof
eIgWxsDlQpI-00923-00199167-00199319 and tests are providing a failed
eIgWxsDlQpI-00924-00199320-00199471 negative proof that's the actually the
eIgWxsDlQpI-00925-00199472-00199599 only difference
eIgWxsDlQpI-00926-00199600-00199975 um between types and tests
eIgWxsDlQpI-00927-00199976-00200319 so this type here like i said earlier
eIgWxsDlQpI-00928-00200320-00200399 has only one
eIgWxsDlQpI-00929-00200400-00200607 possible answer and it's an example of
eIgWxsDlQpI-00930-00200608-00200766 once inhabitants that is to say there's
eIgWxsDlQpI-00931-00200767-00200975 only one program with this type
eIgWxsDlQpI-00932-00200976-00201119 and there's no tests that we could
eIgWxsDlQpI-00933-00201120-00201278 possibly write for this type because
eIgWxsDlQpI-00934-00201279-00201423 they're all going to be redundant
eIgWxsDlQpI-00935-00201424-00201711 we've proven it all the way to totality
eIgWxsDlQpI-00936-00201712-00201847 we know what the function does
eIgWxsDlQpI-00937-00201848-00202054 it must return its argument that's all
eIgWxsDlQpI-00938-00202055-00202238 it can do the types give us this
eIgWxsDlQpI-00939-00202239-00202335 information
eIgWxsDlQpI-00940-00202336-00202535 and it's a really good exercise if you
eIgWxsDlQpI-00941-00202536-00202678 like if you're a little bit like oh i'm
eIgWxsDlQpI-00942-00202679-00202799 not too sure if that's
eIgWxsDlQpI-00943-00202800-00203078 true it's a really good exercise to try
eIgWxsDlQpI-00944-00203079-00203263 to make it not true like to sit down
eIgWxsDlQpI-00945-00203264-00203399 with a compiler and see
eIgWxsDlQpI-00946-00203400-00203631 and and try to make it not true um
eIgWxsDlQpI-00947-00203632-00203831 you'll you'll either use an escape hatch
eIgWxsDlQpI-00948-00203832-00204207 or you'll you'll not terminate um
eIgWxsDlQpI-00949-00204208-00204366 or you won't be functional programming
eIgWxsDlQpI-00950-00204367-00204519 you'll start
eIgWxsDlQpI-00951-00204520-00204687 start doing something where i can't
eIgWxsDlQpI-00952-00204688-00204942 replace expressions with values anymore
eIgWxsDlQpI-00953-00204944-00205206 um so because i've we've got these
eIgWxsDlQpI-00954-00205207-00205303 stakes in the ground
eIgWxsDlQpI-00955-00205304-00205423 you're only ever going to come up with
eIgWxsDlQpI-00956-00205423-00205623 one answer
eIgWxsDlQpI-00957-00205623-00205775 let's talk about some more realistic
eIgWxsDlQpI-00958-00205776-00205942 examples these are sort of just
eIgWxsDlQpI-00959-00205944-00206031 definitions
eIgWxsDlQpI-00960-00206032-00206231 and trivial examples but let's look at
eIgWxsDlQpI-00961-00206232-00206398 this one here it's a little
eIgWxsDlQpI-00962-00206400-00206566 still a little bit trivial but a little
eIgWxsDlQpI-00963-00206567-00206775 bit less trivial if we have a look at
eIgWxsDlQpI-00964-00206776-00207046 say
eIgWxsDlQpI-00965-00207048-00207286 this this validate web form function
eIgWxsDlQpI-00966-00207287-00207398 here and then this other
eIgWxsDlQpI-00967-00207400-00207606 this other function here this is written
eIgWxsDlQpI-00968-00207607-00207790 in haskell notation so i'll just read it
eIgWxsDlQpI-00969-00207791-00207958 out to you submit web form
eIgWxsDlQpI-00970-00207959-00208175 takes as arguments an app state and then
eIgWxsDlQpI-00971-00208176-00208271 a web form
eIgWxsDlQpI-00972-00208271-00208471 and then it returns back a pair of a
eIgWxsDlQpI-00973-00208471-00208703 response and an app state
eIgWxsDlQpI-00974-00208704-00208879 so it's just you know it's just an
eIgWxsDlQpI-00975-00208880-00209062 example i kind of came up with
eIgWxsDlQpI-00976-00209063-00209255 that's that's typically what a web form
eIgWxsDlQpI-00977-00209256-00209423 does sitting on a server we submit the
eIgWxsDlQpI-00978-00209423-00209551 web form with the state of the
eIgWxsDlQpI-00979-00209552-00209686 application
eIgWxsDlQpI-00980-00209687-00209831 um sitting on the server and then the
eIgWxsDlQpI-00981-00209832-00210031 web form itself we get back a new state
eIgWxsDlQpI-00982-00210032-00210191 and then a response to send back to the
eIgWxsDlQpI-00983-00210192-00210263 browser
eIgWxsDlQpI-00984-00210264-00210519 i'm going to make the claim that um for
eIgWxsDlQpI-00985-00210519-00210831 all web forms and for all app states
eIgWxsDlQpI-00986-00210832-00211167 if i submit the web form twice so
eIgWxsDlQpI-00987-00211167-00211327 if i submit the web form with a state
eIgWxsDlQpI-00988-00211328-00211471 and then i submit it again
eIgWxsDlQpI-00989-00211471-00211687 with the same state and that's the same
eIgWxsDlQpI-00990-00211688-00211879 as submitting it just once
eIgWxsDlQpI-00991-00211880-00212134 um and you can see here it's it runs the
eIgWxsDlQpI-00992-00212135-00212358 two actions calls the results s1 and s2
eIgWxsDlQpI-00993-00212359-00212446 and then
eIgWxsDlQpI-00994-00212448-00212663 um make sure that they're equivalent and
eIgWxsDlQpI-00995-00212664-00212767 in the test property
eIgWxsDlQpI-00996-00212767-00212887 this little property here is called
eIgWxsDlQpI-00997-00212888-00213103 idents it actually has a name
eIgWxsDlQpI-00998-00213104-00213271 if we do it twice it's the same as doing
eIgWxsDlQpI-00999-00213271-00213510 it once so this is an example of a
eIgWxsDlQpI-01000-00213511-00213663 property test i might write if i'm
eIgWxsDlQpI-01001-00213664-00213855 writing a web application
eIgWxsDlQpI-01002-00213856-00214023 and the test framework's going to
eIgWxsDlQpI-01003-00214023-00214167 generate you know thousands and
eIgWxsDlQpI-01004-00214167-00214375 thousands of different web forms
eIgWxsDlQpI-01005-00214376-00214631 and application states it's going to try
eIgWxsDlQpI-01006-00214632-00214806 to disprove this property and if it
eIgWxsDlQpI-01007-00214807-00214975 doesn't it's going to say
eIgWxsDlQpI-01008-00214976-00215294 it passed it's not going to provide me a
eIgWxsDlQpI-01009-00215296-00215391 proof
eIgWxsDlQpI-01010-00215392-00215558 because that's not what tests do that's
eIgWxsDlQpI-01011-00215559-00215871 what types do but it is going to um
eIgWxsDlQpI-01012-00215871-00216046 try really hard to disprove it and
eIgWxsDlQpI-01013-00216048-00216215 hopefully fail that means that the
eIgWxsDlQpI-01014-00216216-00216542 test passed um so just as a bit of like
eIgWxsDlQpI-01015-00216544-00216671 a principle in
eIgWxsDlQpI-01016-00216671-00216831 how to use this sort of method of
eIgWxsDlQpI-01017-00216832-00217006 software engineering we use the types
eIgWxsDlQpI-01018-00217007-00217151 first and we use them up to the point
eIgWxsDlQpI-01019-00217152-00217263 that we can
eIgWxsDlQpI-01020-00217264-00217471 and where they fall short we start using
eIgWxsDlQpI-01021-00217471-00217582 automated tests
eIgWxsDlQpI-01022-00217583-00217727 the library that i use this is written
eIgWxsDlQpI-01023-00217728-00217967 in haskell and it's written in scala as
eIgWxsDlQpI-01024-00217967-00218055 well
eIgWxsDlQpI-01025-00218056-00218303 um it's called hedgehog so if you've got
eIgWxsDlQpI-01026-00218304-00218542 a bunch of java codes sitting at
eIgWxsDlQpI-01027-00218544-00218758 your work or whatever you can actually
eIgWxsDlQpI-01028-00218759-00218975 use hedgehog written in scala to write
eIgWxsDlQpI-01029-00218976-00219079 some tests and
eIgWxsDlQpI-01030-00219080-00219423 call into those java java libraries
eIgWxsDlQpI-01031-00219423-00219727 and you can generate automated tests and
eIgWxsDlQpI-01032-00219728-00220015 the goal that i really hope for is
eIgWxsDlQpI-01033-00220016-00220215 not that it works on my machine right
eIgWxsDlQpI-01034-00220216-00220327 now but it works on
eIgWxsDlQpI-01035-00220328-00220646 all machines at all times and
eIgWxsDlQpI-01036-00220648-00220855 although that is to say my test so my
eIgWxsDlQpI-01037-00220856-00221006 tests are deterministic
eIgWxsDlQpI-01038-00221007-00221191 just because they passed on tuesday
eIgWxsDlQpI-01039-00221192-00221398 doesn't you know that also means
eIgWxsDlQpI-01040-00221400-00221671 they'll pass on wednesday and i'm sure
eIgWxsDlQpI-01041-00221671-00221815 you've all seen that in certain
eIgWxsDlQpI-01042-00221816-00221982 production systems where you run the
eIgWxsDlQpI-01043-00221983-00222175 tests and then
eIgWxsDlQpI-01044-00222176-00222319 you know someone updates a variable
eIgWxsDlQpI-01045-00222319-00222463 somewhere and suddenly the test stop
eIgWxsDlQpI-01046-00222464-00222671 working
eIgWxsDlQpI-01047-00222671-00223006 so back to this example um like i said
eIgWxsDlQpI-01048-00223007-00223110 the answer's four and
eIgWxsDlQpI-01049-00223111-00223215 you can actually calculate it
eIgWxsDlQpI-01050-00223216-00223494 algebraically um so you can do this for
eIgWxsDlQpI-01051-00223496-00223575 any function
eIgWxsDlQpI-01052-00223576-00223710 the inhabitants or the number of
eIgWxsDlQpI-01053-00223711-00223919 programs with the type is the return
eIgWxsDlQpI-01054-00223919-00224055 type so that is to say
eIgWxsDlQpI-01055-00224056-00224271 boolean being the return type raised to
eIgWxsDlQpI-01056-00224271-00224463 the power of its argument so
eIgWxsDlQpI-01057-00224464-00224671 boolean to the power of boolean or two
eIgWxsDlQpI-01058-00224671-00224846 to the power of two and that's four
eIgWxsDlQpI-01059-00224848-00224991 and if you're not sure here are all the
eIgWxsDlQpI-01060-00224992-00225182 possible programs for that type
eIgWxsDlQpI-01061-00225183-00225351 that's all four and there's nothing else
eIgWxsDlQpI-01062-00225352-00225591 you can do that's the only four possible
eIgWxsDlQpI-01063-00225592-00225871 programs you can write with that type
eIgWxsDlQpI-01064-00225871-00226134 what about this one um so given a
eIgWxsDlQpI-01065-00226135-00226215 polymorphic
eIgWxsDlQpI-01066-00226216-00226471 a return in a i've told you that it's
eIgWxsDlQpI-01067-00226471-00226558 only one
eIgWxsDlQpI-01068-00226559-00226751 but how do i work out that it's actually
eIgWxsDlQpI-01069-00226752-00226863 equal to one
eIgWxsDlQpI-01070-00226864-00227039 now i wrote a proof and i wrote that
eIgWxsDlQpI-01071-00227040-00227231 proof
eIgWxsDlQpI-01072-00227232-00227503 using java all right now it turns out
eIgWxsDlQpI-01073-00227504-00227742 that it was about 300 lines of code
eIgWxsDlQpI-01074-00227744-00227879 which of course is not going to fit on
eIgWxsDlQpI-01075-00227880-00228094 my slides
eIgWxsDlQpI-01076-00228096-00228351 but i did write this proof i wrote it
eIgWxsDlQpI-01077-00228352-00228415 using the
eIgWxsDlQpI-01078-00228416-00228615 yoneta lemma and i wrote it in java
eIgWxsDlQpI-01079-00228616-00228767 because you know
eIgWxsDlQpI-01080-00228767-00228958 i like to push certain programming
eIgWxsDlQpI-01081-00228959-00229103 languages to their boundaries and see
eIgWxsDlQpI-01082-00229104-00229198 what they can do
eIgWxsDlQpI-01083-00229200-00229391 for example can i write a proof that
eIgWxsDlQpI-01084-00229392-00229503 this is equal to one
eIgWxsDlQpI-01085-00229504-00229846 using the yoneta lemma the answer is yes
eIgWxsDlQpI-01086-00229848-00229910 i did
eIgWxsDlQpI-01087-00229911-00230206 um and uh it's available there and i'll
eIgWxsDlQpI-01088-00230207-00230375 post a link to this uh later and
eIgWxsDlQpI-01089-00230376-00230534 actually i can probably
eIgWxsDlQpI-01090-00230535-00230823 maybe i can do that right now hang on
eIgWxsDlQpI-01091-00230823-00230951 i'll post it
eIgWxsDlQpI-01092-00230952-00231223 can i do that right now i'll post it in
eIgWxsDlQpI-01093-00231223-00231342 the chat
eIgWxsDlQpI-01094-00231344-00231510 so there's the proof there that is equal
eIgWxsDlQpI-01095-00231511-00231679 to one
eIgWxsDlQpI-01096-00231680-00231951 um using another limit um and don't
eIgWxsDlQpI-01097-00231952-00232119 blame me for its uh
eIgWxsDlQpI-01098-00232119-00232351 messiness like i said i chose java for a
eIgWxsDlQpI-01099-00232352-00232639 reason just because um i just wanted to
eIgWxsDlQpI-01100-00232640-00232719 see if i could
eIgWxsDlQpI-01101-00232719-00233055 i can um so yeah
eIgWxsDlQpI-01102-00233056-00233431 so what what i um
eIgWxsDlQpI-01103-00233432-00233591 if you're interested in learning how to
eIgWxsDlQpI-01104-00233592-00233782 do that um i am
eIgWxsDlQpI-01105-00233783-00234134 certainly open to receiving emails
eIgWxsDlQpI-01106-00234135-00234382 or messages or whatever to help you
eIgWxsDlQpI-01107-00234383-00234534 learn how to do that
eIgWxsDlQpI-01108-00234535-00234767 if that interests you so how to
eIgWxsDlQpI-01109-00234767-00234863 calculate
eIgWxsDlQpI-01110-00234864-00235110 algebraically function inhabitants and
eIgWxsDlQpI-01111-00235111-00235279 so on how do you generally how to use
eIgWxsDlQpI-01112-00235280-00235455 types and tests to
eIgWxsDlQpI-01113-00235456-00235663 ensure your software works well so i've
eIgWxsDlQpI-01114-00235664-00235791 given that what i've done here is i've
eIgWxsDlQpI-01115-00235792-00235967 given another example this is an example
eIgWxsDlQpI-01116-00235967-00236119 of a function this is written in haskell
eIgWxsDlQpI-01117-00236119-00236294 this type here and i've rewritten it in
eIgWxsDlQpI-01118-00236296-00236406 java so
eIgWxsDlQpI-01119-00236407-00236623 if you're more familiar with that syntax
eIgWxsDlQpI-01120-00236623-00236727 given a function
eIgWxsDlQpI-01121-00236728-00236958 from d to c that's a polymorphic b to c
eIgWxsDlQpI-01122-00236959-00237110 and a function a to b
eIgWxsDlQpI-01123-00237111-00237439 return a function a to c this particular
eIgWxsDlQpI-01124-00237440-00237542 type is also
eIgWxsDlQpI-01125-00237544-00237782 once inhabited so that is to say there's
eIgWxsDlQpI-01126-00237783-00237975 only one function with this type
eIgWxsDlQpI-01127-00237976-00238142 given this type i already know what it's
eIgWxsDlQpI-01128-00238144-00238287 going to do but
eIgWxsDlQpI-01129-00238288-00238591 more interesting is can i prove it can i
eIgWxsDlQpI-01130-00238592-00238815 write a proof that this is equal to one
eIgWxsDlQpI-01131-00238816-00238982 and you'll see that this is a slightly
eIgWxsDlQpI-01132-00238983-00239175 less trivial example than the previous
eIgWxsDlQpI-01133-00239176-00239303 one
eIgWxsDlQpI-01134-00239304-00239494 and and if you if you start practicing
eIgWxsDlQpI-01135-00239496-00239734 with these trivial examples
eIgWxsDlQpI-01136-00239735-00240063 eventually um you know if you
eIgWxsDlQpI-01137-00240064-00240215 become more fluent in doing with less
eIgWxsDlQpI-01138-00240216-00240391 trivial examples like
eIgWxsDlQpI-01139-00240392-00240598 for example you know your great big
eIgWxsDlQpI-01140-00240600-00240727 enterprise system
eIgWxsDlQpI-01141-00240728-00240871 at your office or whatever you might
eIgWxsDlQpI-01142-00240871-00241087 have here is a proof of correctness
eIgWxsDlQpI-01143-00241088-00241382 go and get a coffee sit back enjoy your
eIgWxsDlQpI-01144-00241383-00241446 coffee
eIgWxsDlQpI-01145-00241448-00241639 the bill is not going to fail because
eIgWxsDlQpI-01146-00241640-00241934 there isn't a build you have a proof
eIgWxsDlQpI-01147-00241935-00242142 wouldn't that be nice it's a little bit
eIgWxsDlQpI-01148-00242144-00242303 it's a little bit of fantasy there but
eIgWxsDlQpI-01149-00242304-00242367 uh
eIgWxsDlQpI-01150-00242367-00242534 that's kind of the aspiration or the
eIgWxsDlQpI-01151-00242535-00242806 thing to aim for at least
eIgWxsDlQpI-01152-00242807-00242998 um another example here this one's
eIgWxsDlQpI-01153-00243000-00243158 probably a little bit easier if you
eIgWxsDlQpI-01154-00243159-00243358 chose to go down this path which is
eIgWxsDlQpI-01155-00243359-00243615 polymorphic a to a to a or in java given
eIgWxsDlQpI-01156-00243616-00243734 two a's return an a
eIgWxsDlQpI-01157-00243735-00243951 this is actually equal to two there's
eIgWxsDlQpI-01158-00243952-00244191 two um inhabitants of this type
eIgWxsDlQpI-01159-00244192-00244479 and uh that because it's not one that
eIgWxsDlQpI-01160-00244480-00244646 means there's tesla right
eIgWxsDlQpI-01161-00244648-00244958 um so what tests can we write um there's
eIgWxsDlQpI-01162-00244959-00245127 two possible programs with that type and
eIgWxsDlQpI-01163-00245128-00245271 you can actually prove it using your
eIgWxsDlQpI-01164-00245271-00245542 netherlands know that it's equal to two
eIgWxsDlQpI-01165-00245544-00245879 um and here's a here's a uh just to
eIgWxsDlQpI-01166-00245880-00245958 point out that
eIgWxsDlQpI-01167-00245959-00246198 so i wanted to give a less trivial
eIgWxsDlQpI-01168-00246200-00246351 example
eIgWxsDlQpI-01169-00246352-00246542 just to point out that you can do it
eIgWxsDlQpI-01170-00246544-00246727 this one this type here has one
eIgWxsDlQpI-01171-00246728-00246863 inhabitant
eIgWxsDlQpI-01172-00246864-00247127 and you can prove this one as well
eIgWxsDlQpI-01173-00247128-00247279 however you can't write
eIgWxsDlQpI-01174-00247280-00247439 it's not possible to write this type in
eIgWxsDlQpI-01175-00247440-00247630 java so unfortunately i couldn't convert
eIgWxsDlQpI-01176-00247631-00247830 it it's just not possible
eIgWxsDlQpI-01177-00247831-00248158 but it's a good example of um of a
eIgWxsDlQpI-01178-00248159-00248327 slightly less trivial
eIgWxsDlQpI-01179-00248328-00248606 uh proof that you could write um but
eIgWxsDlQpI-01180-00248607-00248758 here's a here's another example and the
eIgWxsDlQpI-01181-00248759-00248942 only difference here is i've changed
eIgWxsDlQpI-01182-00248944-00249110 this is called a constraint in haskell
eIgWxsDlQpI-01183-00249111-00249263 by the way so all i've done like you
eIgWxsDlQpI-01184-00249264-00249439 know like an interface constraint
eIgWxsDlQpI-01185-00249440-00249615 and i basically changed the constraint
eIgWxsDlQpI-01186-00249616-00249775 it used to say the previous one said
eIgWxsDlQpI-01187-00249776-00250023 functor and now it says applicative
eIgWxsDlQpI-01188-00250023-00250230 and all i did is change that constraint
eIgWxsDlQpI-01189-00250231-00250391 and the number of possible programs has
eIgWxsDlQpI-01190-00250392-00250630 gone from one to infinity
eIgWxsDlQpI-01191-00250631-00250910 whoops that's a big number um so now
eIgWxsDlQpI-01192-00250911-00251119 we've got lots of tests to write
eIgWxsDlQpI-01193-00251119-00251279 or is there something else i could do
eIgWxsDlQpI-01194-00251280-00251423 better
eIgWxsDlQpI-01195-00251423-00251591 i would not recommend trying to prove
eIgWxsDlQpI-01196-00251592-00251879 anything about this particular type
eIgWxsDlQpI-01197-00251880-00252127 you might ask you might write a function
eIgWxsDlQpI-01198-00252128-00252223 with this type
eIgWxsDlQpI-01199-00252223-00252391 and then ask yourself what tests can i
eIgWxsDlQpI-01200-00252392-00252582 write about this this uh
eIgWxsDlQpI-01201-00252583-00252879 this program that i've just written um
eIgWxsDlQpI-01202-00252880-00252951 so
eIgWxsDlQpI-01203-00252952-00253158 that's all i've got i just noticed
eIgWxsDlQpI-01204-00253159-00253494 there's two minutes remaining
eIgWxsDlQpI-01205-00253496-00253879 so i'm happy to uh take any questions
eIgWxsDlQpI-01206-00253880-00254119 um or anything like that thanks guys for
eIgWxsDlQpI-01207-00254119-00254263 uh listening sorry i couldn't be in
eIgWxsDlQpI-01208-00254264-00254398 india again this year
eIgWxsDlQpI-01209-00254400-00254791 hopefully next year uh
eIgWxsDlQpI-01210-00254792-00255119 thank you so much tony i you know
eIgWxsDlQpI-01211-00255119-00255303 thank you for uh proving my guests
eIgWxsDlQpI-01212-00255304-00255471 absolutely incorrect
eIgWxsDlQpI-01213-00255471-00255951 thanks a lot for that that's okay
eIgWxsDlQpI-01214-00255952-00256182 feel free to find a fifth program if you
eIgWxsDlQpI-01215-00256183-00257334 like um
eIgWxsDlQpI-01216-00257335-00257582 it's really it's a really good idea to
eIgWxsDlQpI-01217-00257583-00257687 at least try
eIgWxsDlQpI-01218-00257688-00257806 just accept that you're probably not
eIgWxsDlQpI-01219-00257807-00257951 going to get it right that's okay that's
eIgWxsDlQpI-01220-00257952-00258094 all part of learning
eIgWxsDlQpI-01221-00258096-00258423 um as you said in my introduction in the
eIgWxsDlQpI-01222-00258423-00258487 introduction
eIgWxsDlQpI-01223-00258488-00258830 i do flight instruction um i do it
eIgWxsDlQpI-01224-00258831-00258991 you know i'm going to be doing it all
eIgWxsDlQpI-01225-00258992-00259151 weekend this weekend
eIgWxsDlQpI-01226-00259152-00259510 um mistakes uh what my students do all
eIgWxsDlQpI-01227-00259511-00259615 day long and
eIgWxsDlQpI-01228-00259616-00259934 and i do them myself as well so it's all
eIgWxsDlQpI-01229-00259935-00260055 it's all part of learning
eIgWxsDlQpI-01230-00260056-00260391 just be brave and have a go and uh learn
eIgWxsDlQpI-01231-00260392-00260575 learn from those mistakes and get better
eIgWxsDlQpI-01232-00260576-00261383 at what you're doing yeah
epgdpOb2zH4-00000-00000298-00001054 [Music]
epgdpOb2zH4-00001-00001055-00001183 what is good everybody welcome back to
epgdpOb2zH4-00002-00001184-00001335 another monday of toys video today
epgdpOb2zH4-00003-00001336-00001470 ladies and gentlemen we are back with
epgdpOb2zH4-00004-00001471-00001718 another aew and rival two-in-one review
epgdpOb2zH4-00005-00001719-00001959 on the brand new unrivaled collection
epgdpOb2zH4-00006-00001960-00002167 series number seven matt and nick
epgdpOb2zH4-00007-00002168-00002399 jackson the young bucks the bucks of
epgdpOb2zH4-00008-00002400-00002615 youth here man looking pretty good i do
epgdpOb2zH4-00009-00002616-00002799 have some gripes about these figures uh
epgdpOb2zH4-00010-00002800-00002942 immediately like there's some things
epgdpOb2zH4-00011-00002943-00003079 that i'm kind of worried about with
epgdpOb2zH4-00012-00003080-00003206 these figures and we'll discuss all of
epgdpOb2zH4-00013-00003207-00003343 that you know dive into all the
epgdpOb2zH4-00014-00003344-00003503 different things and the more i look at
epgdpOb2zH4-00015-00003504-00003711 it bro it looks like matt jackson has no
epgdpOb2zH4-00016-00003711-00003895 neck whatsoever am i
epgdpOb2zH4-00017-00003896-00004063 are you seeing this brad like look at
epgdpOb2zH4-00018-00004064-00004263 him he looks stumpy lumpy lumpkins we'll
epgdpOb2zH4-00019-00004264-00004391 get into that man we'll crack them out
epgdpOb2zH4-00020-00004392-00004502 of the packaging and find out what we
epgdpOb2zH4-00021-00004503-00004663 got going on man but super excited to
epgdpOb2zH4-00022-00004664-00004886 have a whole nother series of aew
epgdpOb2zH4-00023-00004887-00005079 figures i love this line they really
epgdpOb2zH4-00024-00005080-00005351 have made collecting very very fun they
epgdpOb2zH4-00025-00005352-00005511 really like pumped like a shot of
epgdpOb2zH4-00026-00005512-00005727 adrenaline into my collecting man i mean
epgdpOb2zH4-00027-00005728-00005895 they made me become a mock collector of
epgdpOb2zH4-00028-00005896-00006063 these figures which i thought i'd never
epgdpOb2zH4-00029-00006064-00006238 do like that makes no sense to me but
epgdpOb2zH4-00030-00006239-00006391 here we are man and if you guys would
epgdpOb2zH4-00031-00006392-00006527 like to grab this series you can't do so
epgdpOb2zH4-00032-00006528-00006651 over at ringside collectibles
epgdpOb2zH4-00033-00006652-00006863 wrestlingfigures.com use promo code md
epgdpOb2zH4-00034-00006864-00007031 toys to save yourselves 10 with shopping
epgdpOb2zH4-00035-00007031-00007246 over there man aew series 7. i think
epgdpOb2zH4-00036-00007247-00007431 they have a restock of a lot of aew
epgdpOb2zH4-00037-00007431-00007551 figures man so if you want to get in
epgdpOb2zH4-00038-00007552-00007695 there get all that stuff done man but
epgdpOb2zH4-00039-00007695-00007831 here's the front viewing window got the
epgdpOb2zH4-00040-00007831-00008023 laker gear going pretty much i'm a big
epgdpOb2zH4-00041-00008023-00008199 lakers fan so that works out for me you
epgdpOb2zH4-00042-00008200-00008359 got the images of matt and nick jackson
epgdpOb2zH4-00043-00008360-00008503 right here they do not come with the tag
epgdpOb2zH4-00044-00008504-00008639 titles even though they are posed with
epgdpOb2zH4-00045-00008640-00008823 the tag titles on the side you guys know
epgdpOb2zH4-00046-00008824-00009006 jack's classic superstar style packaging
epgdpOb2zH4-00047-00009007-00009142 with the gold lettering there matt and
epgdpOb2zH4-00048-00009143-00009439 nick jackson number 56 and 57 i just
epgdpOb2zH4-00049-00009440-00009591 knocked over the scaffolding so that
epgdpOb2zH4-00050-00009592-00009783 makes me upset spinning it to the back
epgdpOb2zH4-00051-00009784-00009935 man you do see matt and nick jackson
epgdpOb2zH4-00052-00009936-00010142 here signatures apparently this is from
epgdpOb2zH4-00053-00010143-00010359 full gear 2020 i remember that show
epgdpOb2zH4-00054-00010360-00010542 series seven perfect pose is right there
epgdpOb2zH4-00055-00010543-00010671 even though you can't even do that pose
epgdpOb2zH4-00056-00010672-00010855 with the jacket on spinning it around
epgdpOb2zH4-00057-00010856-00011078 aew logos here and that pretty much
epgdpOb2zH4-00058-00011079-00011231 completes our packaging for the young
epgdpOb2zH4-00059-00011232-00011351 bucks so that being said guys let's
epgdpOb2zH4-00060-00011352-00011495 crack them out of their packaging and
epgdpOb2zH4-00061-00011496-00011735 start super kicking everybody
epgdpOb2zH4-00062-00011736-00011895 so here's the buckets of youth out of
epgdpOb2zH4-00063-00011896-00012087 their packaging looking pretty solid you
epgdpOb2zH4-00064-00012088-00012270 know not my favorite young bucks we've
epgdpOb2zH4-00065-00012271-00012455 gotten at least at first glance i
epgdpOb2zH4-00066-00012456-00012606 haven't got to pose them around like i
epgdpOb2zH4-00067-00012607-00012735 want to because they still have their
epgdpOb2zH4-00068-00012736-00012894 jackets on i wanted you guys to see what
epgdpOb2zH4-00069-00012895-00013046 the jackets looked like when they were
epgdpOb2zH4-00070-00013047-00013199 on the figures that way when we take the
epgdpOb2zH4-00071-00013200-00013351 jackets off i don't have to re-put them
epgdpOb2zH4-00072-00013352-00013494 back on and all those different things
epgdpOb2zH4-00073-00013495-00013703 so here are the bucks with their jackets
epgdpOb2zH4-00074-00013704-00013886 on and they you know they look okay you
epgdpOb2zH4-00075-00013887-00014022 know we're we're not big on rubber
epgdpOb2zH4-00076-00014023-00014279 accessories over here i loved the series
epgdpOb2zH4-00077-00014280-00014479 one cloth jackets that we got with those
epgdpOb2zH4-00078-00014480-00014638 guys they probably did that just because
epgdpOb2zH4-00079-00014640-00014751 you know it's the first series that
epgdpOb2zH4-00080-00014752-00014863 really wanted to come out with a bang
epgdpOb2zH4-00081-00014863-00015047 which was really nice get more bang for
epgdpOb2zH4-00082-00015047-00015222 your buck if you will pun intended
epgdpOb2zH4-00083-00015223-00015422 clearly pun intended but god it would be
epgdpOb2zH4-00084-00015423-00015566 nice to get some more cloth accessories
epgdpOb2zH4-00085-00015568-00015743 at least in the jackets you know we see
epgdpOb2zH4-00086-00015744-00015975 like four or five rubber jackets in this
epgdpOb2zH4-00087-00015976-00016143 wave alone and so it'd be nice to get
epgdpOb2zH4-00088-00016144-00016311 back to that cloth material now diving
epgdpOb2zH4-00089-00016312-00016422 into the young bucks man since they're
epgdpOb2zH4-00090-00016423-00016567 attack team we always kind of review the
epgdpOb2zH4-00091-00016568-00016775 tag teams as a whole like we go like
epgdpOb2zH4-00092-00016776-00016935 back to back we don't like take one
epgdpOb2zH4-00093-00016936-00017094 accessories and then the other it's not
epgdpOb2zH4-00094-00017095-00017271 like other two-in-one reviews because we
epgdpOb2zH4-00095-00017272-00017455 typically dive into one guy then dive in
epgdpOb2zH4-00096-00017456-00017607 the other but in this instance they have
epgdpOb2zH4-00097-00017608-00017735 the same accessories we're gonna dive
epgdpOb2zH4-00098-00017736-00017871 into them together man and for their
epgdpOb2zH4-00099-00017872-00018039 accessories i'm just gonna zoom in right
epgdpOb2zH4-00100-00018040-00018167 here and we're just gonna take a look at
epgdpOb2zH4-00101-00018168-00018319 the details on these jackets now for
epgdpOb2zH4-00102-00018320-00018503 matt jackson's jacket you guys can see
epgdpOb2zH4-00103-00018504-00018630 here it does have some nice sculpting
epgdpOb2zH4-00104-00018631-00018767 going on with some zippers and
epgdpOb2zH4-00105-00018768-00018935 everything like that i don't think we've
epgdpOb2zH4-00106-00018936-00019150 seen it reminds me a lot of the sting
epgdpOb2zH4-00107-00019151-00019343 great american bash defining moments
epgdpOb2zH4-00108-00019344-00019494 jacket is what this looks like now you
epgdpOb2zH4-00109-00019495-00019630 have all these zippers on here you got
epgdpOb2zH4-00110-00019631-00019783 some pockets and some belts and
epgdpOb2zH4-00111-00019784-00019919 everything going on it's not like a
epgdpOb2zH4-00112-00019920-00020175 super duper hard plastic rubber if you
epgdpOb2zH4-00113-00020176-00020350 will not plastic you idiot but this
epgdpOb2zH4-00114-00020351-00020494 right here is super hard that's super
epgdpOb2zH4-00115-00020495-00020647 hard rubber right there but you guys can
epgdpOb2zH4-00116-00020648-00020839 see on the back it does have the copper
epgdpOb2zH4-00117-00020840-00021039 plate gothic font with the white beef or
epgdpOb2zH4-00118-00021040-00021214 young bucks got some nice stitching
epgdpOb2zH4-00119-00021215-00021319 detail in there you got the paint
epgdpOb2zH4-00120-00021320-00021447 splatter and the purple and stuff like
epgdpOb2zH4-00121-00021448-00021622 it's a cool jacket like no doubt it's a
epgdpOb2zH4-00122-00021623-00021783 cool jacket but how much more sick would
epgdpOb2zH4-00123-00021784-00022007 it be if it were in cloth but outside of
epgdpOb2zH4-00124-00022008-00022158 that man you don't get anything else so
epgdpOb2zH4-00125-00022159-00022383 with both figures you get the exact same
epgdpOb2zH4-00126-00022384-00022583 jacket and i'm pretty sure the they are
epgdpOb2zH4-00127-00022584-00022719 identical like i'm not seeing any
epgdpOb2zH4-00128-00022720-00022903 differences or i'm not noticing any
epgdpOb2zH4-00129-00022904-00023078 differences between these like i i
epgdpOb2zH4-00130-00023079-00023255 honestly can't tell you if there is a
epgdpOb2zH4-00131-00023256-00023407 difference they do have tassels coming
epgdpOb2zH4-00132-00023408-00023607 off like i said but you do just get the
epgdpOb2zH4-00133-00023608-00023742 paint splatter on there that's about it
epgdpOb2zH4-00134-00023743-00023894 man no interchangeable hands no
epgdpOb2zH4-00135-00023895-00024078 interchangeable nothing no tag titles it
epgdpOb2zH4-00136-00024079-00024278 is literally just this and that pretty
epgdpOb2zH4-00137-00024279-00024391 much wraps up the young bucks
epgdpOb2zH4-00138-00024392-00024535 accessories man so i guess now we can
epgdpOb2zH4-00139-00024536-00024711 dive into their tires and get into some
epgdpOb2zH4-00140-00024712-00024903 comparisons between these and the other
epgdpOb2zH4-00141-00024904-00025055 young bucks so starting off with matt
epgdpOb2zH4-00142-00025056-00025222 jackson man i can go ahead and tell you
epgdpOb2zH4-00143-00025223-00025494 i am not a very big fan of this head
epgdpOb2zH4-00144-00025495-00025622 sculpt i didn't like it when they used
epgdpOb2zH4-00145-00025623-00025790 it on the series three and i will say it
epgdpOb2zH4-00146-00025791-00025999 is improved maybe by the likeness like
epgdpOb2zH4-00147-00026000-00026143 he doesn't have the super hard bags
epgdpOb2zH4-00148-00026144-00026327 under his eyes like the face itself but
epgdpOb2zH4-00149-00026327-00026479 i do not like the hair mold they went
epgdpOb2zH4-00150-00026480-00026623 with i felt like the last hair mold was
epgdpOb2zH4-00151-00026624-00026774 a lot better i guess i wanted to change
epgdpOb2zH4-00152-00026775-00026927 it up a little bit since it is you know
epgdpOb2zH4-00153-00026927-00027062 they didn't want it to be the exact same
epgdpOb2zH4-00154-00027063-00027255 as the series three this one also has a
epgdpOb2zH4-00155-00027256-00027423 headband compared to his other figure
epgdpOb2zH4-00156-00027424-00027558 but i don't know man i'm just not a big
epgdpOb2zH4-00157-00027560-00027735 fan of this head sculpt as far like the
epgdpOb2zH4-00158-00027736-00027879 hair is really what's throwing me off i
epgdpOb2zH4-00159-00027880-00028031 think the sideburns and the headband and
epgdpOb2zH4-00160-00028032-00028231 the face isn't terrible but it's really
epgdpOb2zH4-00161-00028232-00028414 just that hair scope like look at how it
epgdpOb2zH4-00162-00028416-00028607 like floats above the shoulders and it
epgdpOb2zH4-00163-00028608-00028751 just looks weird doesn't it it just
epgdpOb2zH4-00164-00028752-00028887 looks a little bit off to me that's
epgdpOb2zH4-00165-00028888-00029007 that's just the vibe that i'm getting
epgdpOb2zH4-00166-00029008-00029167 from it i'm not a big fan of this one
epgdpOb2zH4-00167-00029168-00029327 going down to the torso torso is the
epgdpOb2zH4-00168-00029327-00029535 exact same no wrist tape here i guess
epgdpOb2zH4-00169-00029536-00029711 that is accurate it looks like he's
epgdpOb2zH4-00170-00029712-00029846 wearing hand tape on the back of the
epgdpOb2zH4-00171-00029847-00030023 packaging in black but maybe it came off
epgdpOb2zH4-00172-00030024-00030158 during the match or something now that
epgdpOb2zH4-00173-00030160-00030358 is like an easy fix like you could torso
epgdpOb2zH4-00174-00030360-00030518 swap it with one of his other figures to
epgdpOb2zH4-00175-00030519-00030655 give him white wrist tape if he wanted
epgdpOb2zH4-00176-00030656-00030870 to or something of that nature however
epgdpOb2zH4-00177-00030872-00031055 it is the same you know as far as the
epgdpOb2zH4-00178-00031056-00031214 torso is concerned and the arms and all
epgdpOb2zH4-00179-00031216-00031390 that got the mic holding hands down into
epgdpOb2zH4-00180-00031391-00031702 the pants i think this is the series one
epgdpOb2zH4-00181-00031703-00031879 crotch if i'm not mistaken at least it
epgdpOb2zH4-00182-00031880-00032039 looks like the series one crotch i think
epgdpOb2zH4-00183-00032039-00032231 this is the series one crotch just re uh
epgdpOb2zH4-00184-00032232-00032367 you know repainted there with the purple
epgdpOb2zH4-00185-00032368-00032518 and gold or the purple and yellow got
epgdpOb2zH4-00186-00032519-00032631 the white bees down the side you got
epgdpOb2zH4-00187-00032632-00032783 some like different patterns going on
epgdpOb2zH4-00188-00032784-00032935 bucks down the side nice cool stuff
epgdpOb2zH4-00189-00032936-00033087 going on now this is something that's
epgdpOb2zH4-00190-00033088-00033239 very interesting about these figures
epgdpOb2zH4-00191-00033240-00033399 what they've done here now i thought
epgdpOb2zH4-00192-00033400-00033543 these were going to be you know like the
epgdpOb2zH4-00193-00033544-00033687 ultimate warrior i thought these were
epgdpOb2zH4-00194-00033688-00033839 going to be like you know different guys
epgdpOb2zH4-00195-00033840-00034031 with tassels that mattel makes but it
epgdpOb2zH4-00196-00034032-00034271 looks like to me brad that this is one
epgdpOb2zH4-00197-00034272-00034511 whole sculpted piece now you're probably
epgdpOb2zH4-00198-00034512-00034662 wondering what about lower leg rotation
epgdpOb2zH4-00199-00034663-00034879 well they actually made it the lower leg
epgdpOb2zH4-00200-00034880-00035071 like this is the lower leg rotation
epgdpOb2zH4-00201-00035072-00035262 right here so they've connected it here
epgdpOb2zH4-00202-00035263-00035487 with a lower calf piece and then they
epgdpOb2zH4-00203-00035488-00035718 have made this a boot mold so you could
epgdpOb2zH4-00204-00035719-00035902 stick this on another superstar like you
epgdpOb2zH4-00205-00035903-00036055 could put these on kitty omega you can
epgdpOb2zH4-00206-00036056-00036239 pop this off and this hole like the
epgdpOb2zH4-00207-00036240-00036455 tassels and the lower legs right here
epgdpOb2zH4-00208-00036456-00036679 and the feet are all sculpted in one
epgdpOb2zH4-00209-00036680-00036943 piece so it is different from the series
epgdpOb2zH4-00210-00036944-00037159 one so here is the series one matt
epgdpOb2zH4-00211-00037160-00037327 jackson compared and you guys can see
epgdpOb2zH4-00212-00037328-00037502 they have the elvis pants like sculpted
epgdpOb2zH4-00213-00037503-00037695 down the side here and there's no lower
epgdpOb2zH4-00214-00037696-00037902 leg rotation whatsoever so for this one
epgdpOb2zH4-00215-00037903-00038102 they sculpted the tassels over the boots
epgdpOb2zH4-00216-00038103-00038311 and made that the official boot of this
epgdpOb2zH4-00217-00038312-00038518 figure but it still allows for you know
epgdpOb2zH4-00218-00038519-00038695 rotation and stuff down here so it's a
epgdpOb2zH4-00219-00038696-00038927 pretty unique way to do it but i will
epgdpOb2zH4-00220-00038928-00039159 say now if we were voting on whether i
epgdpOb2zH4-00221-00039160-00039327 would like this with the tassels
epgdpOb2zH4-00222-00039328-00039511 sculpted over the boot to make its own
epgdpOb2zH4-00223-00039512-00039774 mold or doing like the series 3 where
epgdpOb2zH4-00224-00039775-00039983 you have the you know the cloth tassels
epgdpOb2zH4-00225-00039984-00040159 over it with the cody boots underneath
epgdpOb2zH4-00226-00040160-00040335 like so so you guys know if you lift up
epgdpOb2zH4-00227-00040336-00040583 the tassels here you unveil this like
epgdpOb2zH4-00228-00040584-00040799 crazy looking cody rhodes boot with
epgdpOb2zH4-00229-00040800-00041055 black shoes i like this better the feet
epgdpOb2zH4-00230-00041056-00041223 they use on the kodi are a lot better
epgdpOb2zH4-00231-00041224-00041471 for standing and poseability than the
epgdpOb2zH4-00232-00041472-00041662 series one style where it's like this
epgdpOb2zH4-00233-00041663-00041887 like bell bottoms pants with these feet
epgdpOb2zH4-00234-00041888-00042062 these feet don't stand very well at
epgdpOb2zH4-00235-00042063-00042246 least that's been my experience i guess
epgdpOb2zH4-00236-00042247-00042399 this one isn't as bad maybe they
epgdpOb2zH4-00237-00042400-00042558 improved that a little bit i haven't
epgdpOb2zH4-00238-00042559-00042695 gotten to play around with it a ton but
epgdpOb2zH4-00239-00042696-00042862 you guys can see the slight lean back
epgdpOb2zH4-00240-00042863-00043046 right there but it does it does i will
epgdpOb2zH4-00241-00043047-00043151 say it definitely has a lot more
epgdpOb2zH4-00242-00043152-00043343 stability than the series one does like
epgdpOb2zH4-00243-00043344-00043543 see the series one is always constantly
epgdpOb2zH4-00244-00043544-00043687 trying to lean back so this is the
epgdpOb2zH4-00245-00043688-00043911 series 1b with a head swap with a series
epgdpOb2zH4-00246-00043912-00044127 3 so yeah i mean that's it's very
epgdpOb2zH4-00247-00044128-00044318 similar of course but it is you know a
epgdpOb2zH4-00248-00044319-00044487 different tire and they did sculpt it
epgdpOb2zH4-00249-00044488-00044639 differently which is very appreciated
epgdpOb2zH4-00250-00044640-00044830 but if i had to pick i would say go with
epgdpOb2zH4-00251-00044831-00045055 the cody rhodes lower legs i'm sure they
epgdpOb2zH4-00252-00045056-00045199 did this because it's accurate but
epgdpOb2zH4-00253-00045200-00045335 moving forward i would hope they do the
epgdpOb2zH4-00254-00045336-00045495 cloth ones with the cody rhodes boots
epgdpOb2zH4-00255-00045496-00045646 because i think it poses better and it
epgdpOb2zH4-00256-00045647-00045839 gives it more stability than say these
epgdpOb2zH4-00257-00045840-00046030 do but i don't know not bad you know i i
epgdpOb2zH4-00258-00046031-00046183 like it better than the series one pants
epgdpOb2zH4-00259-00046184-00046351 but i know that was a one-off attire and
epgdpOb2zH4-00260-00046352-00046527 getting into nick jackson man it's the
epgdpOb2zH4-00261-00046528-00046702 same exact figure from the neck down as
epgdpOb2zH4-00262-00046703-00046879 far as the matt jackson is concerned you
epgdpOb2zH4-00263-00046880-00047055 know same decals you know everything
epgdpOb2zH4-00264-00047056-00047215 like that even the bucks is on the left
epgdpOb2zH4-00265-00047216-00047374 side the yb on the right side you got
epgdpOb2zH4-00266-00047375-00047543 the tassel look on there and all those
epgdpOb2zH4-00267-00047544-00047718 different things same exact figure no
epgdpOb2zH4-00268-00047719-00047895 wrist tape no tattoos none of that good
epgdpOb2zH4-00269-00047896-00048127 stuff but it is the series one head
epgdpOb2zH4-00270-00048128-00048351 sculpt with the headband repainted from
epgdpOb2zH4-00271-00048352-00048527 red to purple and it looks like they
epgdpOb2zH4-00272-00048528-00048679 darkened up the hair a little bit there
epgdpOb2zH4-00273-00048680-00048846 so the likeness is you know the exact
epgdpOb2zH4-00274-00048847-00049030 same i wasn't a huge fan of this head
epgdpOb2zH4-00275-00049031-00049190 skull before like i think the lightness
epgdpOb2zH4-00276-00049191-00049302 is sort of there but it's not my
epgdpOb2zH4-00277-00049303-00049430 favorite young bucks head sculpt i would
epgdpOb2zH4-00278-00049431-00049567 much rather have the series three head
epgdpOb2zH4-00279-00049568-00049743 sculpt and since you know we've already
epgdpOb2zH4-00280-00049744-00049862 taken a look at this head sculpt and
epgdpOb2zH4-00281-00049863-00050007 we've already taken a closer deep dive
epgdpOb2zH4-00282-00050008-00050190 into the body we are gonna go ahead and
epgdpOb2zH4-00283-00050191-00050358 swap head swap these guys so you guys
epgdpOb2zH4-00284-00050359-00050574 can see what the series seven young
epgdpOb2zH4-00285-00050575-00050711 bucks look like with different head
epgdpOb2zH4-00286-00050712-00050918 sculpts and here are the series seven
epgdpOb2zH4-00287-00050919-00051118 bucks with the series 1b matt jackson
epgdpOb2zH4-00288-00051119-00051326 headsculpt and the series 3 nick jackson
epgdpOb2zH4-00289-00051327-00051494 head sculpt and this looks a lot better
epgdpOb2zH4-00290-00051495-00051711 to me as far as a figure like a fix up i
epgdpOb2zH4-00291-00051712-00051870 still would like them to have like black
epgdpOb2zH4-00292-00051871-00052054 wrist tape or hand tape on there which
epgdpOb2zH4-00293-00052055-00052238 is something that i could easily add or
epgdpOb2zH4-00294-00052239-00052407 you know there's some big hack i could
epgdpOb2zH4-00295-00052408-00052647 easily do to get that correct but i love
epgdpOb2zH4-00296-00052648-00052766 the way these look these look much
epgdpOb2zH4-00297-00052767-00052903 better in my opinion and you guys can
epgdpOb2zH4-00298-00052904-00053063 see the black headband ties into the
epgdpOb2zH4-00299-00053064-00053279 black here and the gold the elite logo
epgdpOb2zH4-00300-00053279-00053494 right there can tie into this gear very
epgdpOb2zH4-00301-00053495-00053623 easily so that doesn't bother me
epgdpOb2zH4-00302-00053624-00053807 whatsoever but i would say these look
epgdpOb2zH4-00303-00053808-00054030 superior in this fashion like compared
epgdpOb2zH4-00304-00054032-00054247 to the series seven stock head sculpts i
epgdpOb2zH4-00305-00054248-00054407 like this pairing better but it's not a
epgdpOb2zH4-00306-00054408-00054575 huge deal i still think it looks badass
epgdpOb2zH4-00307-00054576-00054703 and you can even add a headband from
epgdpOb2zH4-00308-00054704-00054830 mattel or something on this figure or
epgdpOb2zH4-00309-00054832-00054926 something i don't know you can play
epgdpOb2zH4-00310-00054927-00055071 around with it but hopefully we get some
epgdpOb2zH4-00311-00055072-00055207 better nick and matt jackson head
epgdpOb2zH4-00312-00055208-00055359 sculpts in the future with longer hair
epgdpOb2zH4-00313-00055360-00055519 or the hair down or whatever but there
epgdpOb2zH4-00314-00055520-00055750 is your head swaps between those and for
epgdpOb2zH4-00315-00055751-00055887 your young books figure comparisons guys
epgdpOb2zH4-00316-00055888-00056015 here's the series seven in the middle
epgdpOb2zH4-00317-00056016-00056238 you have the series one version two on
epgdpOb2zH4-00318-00056239-00056359 the left and then you have the series
epgdpOb2zH4-00319-00056360-00056487 three on the right of course with head
epgdpOb2zH4-00320-00056488-00056694 swaps right here but this is our third
epgdpOb2zH4-00321-00056695-00056854 set of bucks i'm surprised we honestly
epgdpOb2zH4-00322-00056855-00056999 don't have more i'm looking forward to
epgdpOb2zH4-00323-00057000-00057166 more with different gears and different
epgdpOb2zH4-00324-00057167-00057326 accessories and different things i think
epgdpOb2zH4-00325-00057327-00057454 they're gonna look really sick up on the
epgdpOb2zH4-00326-00057455-00057582 shelf and stuff i don't know why this
epgdpOb2zH4-00327-00057583-00057735 nick jackson's hands are missing and i
epgdpOb2zH4-00328-00057736-00057887 have to get that figured out but i like
epgdpOb2zH4-00329-00057888-00058023 the way this looks man really cool to
epgdpOb2zH4-00330-00058024-00058191 collect all the bucks and these shirts
epgdpOb2zH4-00331-00058191-00058335 actually are going to match these guys
epgdpOb2zH4-00332-00058336-00058447 so that's pretty cool too with the
epgdpOb2zH4-00333-00058448-00058582 purple and yellow and young bucks
epgdpOb2zH4-00334-00058583-00058719 tassels going on that'll look really
epgdpOb2zH4-00335-00058720-00058871 sick so yeah that'll be really nice and
epgdpOb2zH4-00336-00058872-00059023 then if you want to see the elite all up
epgdpOb2zH4-00337-00059024-00059199 next to each other here's the bucks adam
epgdpOb2zH4-00338-00059200-00059375 cole and kenny omega all up next to each
epgdpOb2zH4-00339-00059376-00059566 other i think the mattel scales fine in
epgdpOb2zH4-00340-00059567-00059799 here this is bigger legs on this adam
epgdpOb2zH4-00341-00059800-00059919 cole but i think it looks better than
epgdpOb2zH4-00342-00059920-00060087 those beybay legs that they give him so
epgdpOb2zH4-00343-00060088-00060279 yeah you get it baby legs but yeah that
epgdpOb2zH4-00344-00060279-00060471 does it for your figure comparisons
epgdpOb2zH4-00345-00060472-00060687 anyways guys i think that wraps up this
epgdpOb2zH4-00346-00060688-00060903 two in one review of aew series number
epgdpOb2zH4-00347-00060904-00061079 seven young buck figures or matt and
epgdpOb2zH4-00348-00061079-00061247 nick jackson again had a ton of fun
epgdpOb2zH4-00349-00061248-00061399 reviewing these figures man really
epgdpOb2zH4-00350-00061400-00061591 awesome to see another release of young
epgdpOb2zH4-00351-00061591-00061871 bucks and also to see another set of aew
epgdpOb2zH4-00352-00061872-00062063 and rival collection man the line is not
epgdpOb2zH4-00353-00062064-00062279 perfect but god they just it's so fun to
epgdpOb2zH4-00354-00062279-00062430 collect i really can't even explain it
epgdpOb2zH4-00355-00062432-00062687 super articulated great details great
epgdpOb2zH4-00356-00062688-00062847 looking figures and we're getting better
epgdpOb2zH4-00357-00062848-00062966 with time but i think that pretty much
epgdpOb2zH4-00358-00062967-00063111 wraps up the review man i think if you
epgdpOb2zH4-00359-00063112-00063415 missed out on the series 1 3 or version
epgdpOb2zH4-00360-00063416-00063606 1b i mean these are definitely worth the
epgdpOb2zH4-00361-00063607-00063806 pick up i think they look okay now if i
epgdpOb2zH4-00362-00063807-00063959 were to say what my favorite set of
epgdpOb2zH4-00363-00063960-00064111 bucks is i would still say the series
epgdpOb2zH4-00364-00064112-00064294 three i like the series three overall
epgdpOb2zH4-00365-00064295-00064471 the best but the series one are also
epgdpOb2zH4-00366-00064472-00064615 good but i think it's terms of like
epgdpOb2zH4-00367-00064616-00064863 posing around attire overall likeness
epgdpOb2zH4-00368-00064864-00065047 and quality i would say the series three
epgdpOb2zH4-00369-00065048-00065238 bucks are superior however still a
epgdpOb2zH4-00370-00065239-00065406 really good set of books and i think you
epgdpOb2zH4-00371-00065407-00065526 guys would have a lot of fun with them
epgdpOb2zH4-00372-00065527-00065631 if you're bucks fans you're going to
epgdpOb2zH4-00373-00065632-00065791 like these a lot a lot of interesting
epgdpOb2zH4-00374-00065792-00065926 stuff they did with these and that's
epgdpOb2zH4-00375-00065927-00066079 really cool man but come back tomorrow
epgdpOb2zH4-00376-00066080-00066247 as we review two more from the set let
epgdpOb2zH4-00377-00066248-00066431 me know if you want to see ftr or lance
epgdpOb2zH4-00378-00066432-00066615 archer and nyla rose next well thank you
epgdpOb2zH4-00379-00066616-00066719 guys so very much for watching if you
epgdpOb2zH4-00380-00066720-00066831 guys would like to grab these go over to
epgdpOb2zH4-00381-00066832-00066991 ringside collectibles use promo code md
epgdpOb2zH4-00382-00066992-00067143 toys to save yourselves 10 but i'm
epgdpOb2zH4-00383-00067144-00067231 getting out of here guys thank you for
epgdpOb2zH4-00384-00067232-00067367 watching subscribe to the channel and i
epgdpOb2zH4-00385-00067368-00067550 will see you guys in the next video
epgdpOb2zH4-00386-00067551-00067743 thank you and don't cross the line like
epgdpOb2zH4-00387-00067744-00067903 uh like the
epgdpOb2zH4-00388-00067904-00068079 the like uh
epgdpOb2zH4-00389-00068080-00068255 i don't know
epgdpOb2zH4-00390-00068256-00068727 uh
epgdpOb2zH4-00391-00068728-00068894 [Music]
epgdpOb2zH4-00392-00068895-00069423 is
epgdpOb2zH4-00393-00069424-00070214 [Music]
epgdpOb2zH4-00394-00070215-00070559 [Music]
eOLMwJDHZQM-00000-00000050-00000370 try Lokanath Chaturvedi born the 19th of
eOLMwJDHZQM-00001-00000371-00000852 january 1929 at Kyra D is TT Cano G up
eOLMwJDHZQM-00002-00000853-00001096 was the governor of Karnataka a state in
eOLMwJDHZQM-00003-00001097-00001549 India from 2002 to 2007 Chaturvedi is a
eOLMwJDHZQM-00004-00001550-00001813 retired IAS officer and held the office
eOLMwJDHZQM-00005-00001814-00001998 of controller and Auditor General of
eOLMwJDHZQM-00006-00001999-00002413 India from 1984 to 1989 he was awarded
eOLMwJDHZQM-00007-00002414-00002718 the Padma Vibhushan in 1991 he became
eOLMwJDHZQM-00008-00002719-00002949 governor of Karnataka on the 21st of
eOLMwJDHZQM-00009-00002950-00003283 August 2002 he was also the governor of
eOLMwJDHZQM-00010-00003284-00003579 Kerala from the 25th of February 2004
eOLMwJDHZQM-00011-00003581-00003765 following the death of Sikander Bhat
eOLMwJDHZQM-00012-00003767-00004051 until June 2004 when he was replaced by
eOLMwJDHZQM-00013-00004052-00004336 a newly appointed governor Chaturvedi
eOLMwJDHZQM-00014-00004337-00004522 gained wide recognition for his role as
eOLMwJDHZQM-00015-00004523-00004852 Karnataka governor he was replaced as
eOLMwJDHZQM-00016-00004853-00005044 governor by Ramesh wah Thakur on the
eOLMwJDHZQM-00017-00005045-00005503 21st of August 2007 he is also a
eOLMwJDHZQM-00018-00005504-00005692 prospective contender for the post of
eOLMwJDHZQM-00019-00005693-00006076 President of India 2017
eQONMhEveZQ-00000-00000050-00000320 welcome to another k tip with kak Varley
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eQONMhEveZQ-00037-00011768-00011984 day
eRqPCTePeSE-00000-00000050-00000455 itzhak Rabine hebrew is our crabbing IPA
eRqPCTePeSE-00001-00000456-00000839 jits kayak our bin listen the first of
eRqPCTePeSE-00002-00000840-00001156 March 1922 to the fourth of November
eRqPCTePeSE-00003-00001157-00001634 1995 was an Israeli politician statesman
eRqPCTePeSE-00004-00001635-00001942 and general he was the fifth Prime
eRqPCTePeSE-00005-00001943-00002273 Minister of Israel serving two terms in
eRqPCTePeSE-00006-00002274-00002864 office 1974 277 and 1992 until his
eRqPCTePeSE-00007-00002865-00003422 assassination in 1995 Rabine was born in
eRqPCTePeSE-00008-00003422-00003734 Jerusalem to Ukrainian Jewish immigrants
eRqPCTePeSE-00009-00003735-00003945 and was raised in a labor zionist
eRqPCTePeSE-00010-00003946-00004328 household he learned agriculture in
eRqPCTePeSE-00011-00004329-00004676 school and excelled as a student he led
eRqPCTePeSE-00012-00004677-00005027 a 27 year career as a soldier as a
eRqPCTePeSE-00013-00005028-00005306 teenager he joined the POW make the
eRqPCTePeSE-00014-00005307-00005642 commando force of the ich of he
eRqPCTePeSE-00015-00005643-00005888 eventually rose through its ranks to
eRqPCTePeSE-00016-00005889-00006161 become its chief of operations during
eRqPCTePeSE-00017-00006162-00006547 Israel's war of independence he joined
eRqPCTePeSE-00018-00006548-00006791 the newly formed israel defense forces
eRqPCTePeSE-00019-00006792-00007228 in late 1948 and continued to rise as a
eRqPCTePeSE-00020-00007229-00007589 promising officer he helped shape the
eRqPCTePeSE-00021-00007590-00007841 training doctrine of the IDF in the
eRqPCTePeSE-00022-00007842-00008242 early 1950s and led the IDF's operations
eRqPCTePeSE-00023-00008243-00008807 directorate from 1959 to 1963 he was
eRqPCTePeSE-00024-00008808-00009130 appointed chief of the General Staff in
eRqPCTePeSE-00025-00009131-00009531 1964 and oversaw Israel's victory in the
eRqPCTePeSE-00026-00009532-00010028 1967 six-day war Rabine served as
eRqPCTePeSE-00027-00010029-00010288 Israel's ambassador to the United States
eRqPCTePeSE-00028-00010289-00010817 from 1968 to 1973 during a period of
eRqPCTePeSE-00029-00010818-00011180 deepening us-israel ties he was
eRqPCTePeSE-00030-00011181-00011509 appointed Prime Minister of Israel in
eRqPCTePeSE-00031-00011510-00011887 1974 after the resignation of Golda Meir
eRqPCTePeSE-00032-00011888-00012251 in his first term Rabine signed the
eRqPCTePeSE-00033-00012252-00012514 sinai interim agreement and ordered the
eRqPCTePeSE-00034-00012515-00013013 Entebbe raid he resigned in 1977 in the
eRqPCTePeSE-00035-00013013-00013297 wake of a financial scandal
eRqPCTePeSE-00036-00013297-00013608 Rabine was Israel's Minister of Defense
eRqPCTePeSE-00037-00013609-00013954 for much of the 1980s including during
eRqPCTePeSE-00038-00013955-00014375 the outbreak of the First Intifada in
eRqPCTePeSE-00039-00014376-00014719 1992 Rabine was reelected as prime
eRqPCTePeSE-00040-00014719-00015066 minister on a platform embracing the
eRqPCTePeSE-00041-00015066-00015303 israeli-palestinian peace process
eRqPCTePeSE-00042-00015304-00015649 he signed several historic agreements
eRqPCTePeSE-00043-00015650-00015910 with the Palestinian leadership as part
eRqPCTePeSE-00044-00015911-00016435 of the Oslo Accords in 1994 Rabine won
eRqPCTePeSE-00045-00016436-00016693 the Nobel Peace Prize together with
eRqPCTePeSE-00046-00016694-00016980 longtime political rival Shimon Peres
eRqPCTePeSE-00047-00016981-00017343 and Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat
eRqPCTePeSE-00048-00017344-00017686 Rabine also signed a peace treaty with
eRqPCTePeSE-00049-00017687-00018294 Jordan in 1994 in November 1995 he was
eRqPCTePeSE-00050-00018295-00018619 assassinated by an extremist named Yigal
eRqPCTePeSE-00051-00018620-00018910 Amir who opposed the terms of the Oslo
eRqPCTePeSE-00052-00018911-00019297 Accords Emir was arrested and convicted
eRqPCTePeSE-00053-00019298-00019603 of ribbons murder he was sentenced to
eRqPCTePeSE-00054-00019604-00019962 life imprisonment Rabine was the first
eRqPCTePeSE-00055-00019963-00020287 native-born Prime Minister of Israel the
eRqPCTePeSE-00056-00020288-00020512 only Prime Minister to be assassinated
eRqPCTePeSE-00057-00020513-00020818 and the second to die in office after
eRqPCTePeSE-00058-00020819-00021259 Levi Eshkol Rabine has become a symbol
eRqPCTePeSE-00059-00021260-00022080 of the israeli-palestinian peace process
eRqPCTePeSE-00060-00022081-00022703 topic personal life
eRqPCTePeSE-00061-00022704-00023047 you
eRqPCTePeSE-00062-00023048-00023665 topic family background
eRqPCTePeSE-00063-00023666-00023922 Rabine was born at Shaarei Tzedek
eRqPCTePeSE-00064-00023923-00024247 Medical Center in Jerusalem on the 1st
eRqPCTePeSE-00065-00024248-00024670 of March 1922 mandatory Palestine to
eRqPCTePeSE-00066-00024671-00025222 Nehemiah 1886 - 1 December 1971 and Rosa
eRqPCTePeSE-00067-00025223-00025785 nae Cohen 1892 12 November 1937 Rabine
eRqPCTePeSE-00068-00025786-00026062 immigrants of the 3rd Aliyah the third
eRqPCTePeSE-00069-00026063-00026356 wave of Jewish immigration to Palestine
eRqPCTePeSE-00070-00026357-00026647 from Europe Nehemiah was born Nehemiah
eRqPCTePeSE-00071-00026648-00026932 Roberto of in the shtetl side drove a
eRqPCTePeSE-00072-00026933-00027202 chi near evanka in the southern Pale of
eRqPCTePeSE-00073-00027202-00027595 Settlement present-day Ukraine his
eRqPCTePeSE-00074-00027595-00027889 father Minar hem died when he was a boy
eRqPCTePeSE-00075-00027889-00028158 and Nehemiah worked to support his
eRqPCTePeSE-00076-00028160-00028527 family from an early age at the age of
eRqPCTePeSE-00077-00028529-00028849 18 he emigrated to the United States
eRqPCTePeSE-00078-00028850-00029161 where he joined the pols ion party and
eRqPCTePeSE-00079-00029162-00029626 changed his surname to Rabine in 1917
eRqPCTePeSE-00080-00029627-00029875 Nehemiah Rabine went to mandatory
eRqPCTePeSE-00081-00029876-00030157 Palestine with a group of volunteers
eRqPCTePeSE-00082-00030158-00030562 from the Jewish Legion yet Zacks mother
eRqPCTePeSE-00083-00030563-00030964 Rosa Cohen was born in 1890 in Mogilev
eRqPCTePeSE-00084-00030964-00031414 in Belarus her father a rabbi opposed
eRqPCTePeSE-00085-00031414-00031726 the Zionist movement and sent Rosa to a
eRqPCTePeSE-00086-00031727-00032002 Christian High School for Girls in gamma
eRqPCTePeSE-00087-00032002-00032349 which gave her a broad general education
eRqPCTePeSE-00088-00032350-00032680 early on Rosa took an interest in
eRqPCTePeSE-00089-00032681-00033196 political and social causes in 1919 she
eRqPCTePeSE-00090-00033197-00033469 travelled to Palestine on the steamship
eRqPCTePeSE-00091-00033470-00033865 Ruslan after working on a kibbutz on the
eRqPCTePeSE-00092-00033866-00034126 shores of the Sea of Galilee she moved
eRqPCTePeSE-00093-00034127-00034402 to Jerusalem ribbons parents met in
eRqPCTePeSE-00094-00034403-00034762 Jerusalem during the 1920 nebby Musa
eRqPCTePeSE-00095-00034763-00035140 riots they moved to Tel Aviv's clean off
eRqPCTePeSE-00096-00035141-00035611 Street near Jaffa in 1923 Nehemiah
eRqPCTePeSE-00097-00035612-00035866 became a worker for the Palestine
eRqPCTePeSE-00098-00035867-00036157 Electric Corporation and Rosa was an
eRqPCTePeSE-00099-00036158-00036553 accountant and local activist she became
eRqPCTePeSE-00100-00036554-00036846 a member of the Tel Aviv City Council
eRqPCTePeSE-00101-00036847-00037051 the family moved to
eRqPCTePeSE-00102-00037052-00037435 then in 1931 to a two-room apartment on
eRqPCTePeSE-00103-00037436-00038180 hammerkit street in tel-aviv
eRqPCTePeSE-00104-00038181-00038845 topic early life and education
eRqPCTePeSE-00105-00038846-00039154 Rabine grew up in tel-aviv where the
eRqPCTePeSE-00106-00039155-00039394 family relocated when he was one year
eRqPCTePeSE-00107-00039395-00039796 old he enrolled in the Tel Aviv Beit
eRqPCTePeSE-00108-00039797-00040099 Hennig lay all day of 'dom biting out
eRqPCTePeSE-00109-00040100-00040426 lil DW bein school house for workers
eRqPCTePeSE-00110-00040427-00040846 children in 1928 and completed his
eRqPCTePeSE-00111-00040847-00041317 studies there in 1935 the school taught
eRqPCTePeSE-00112-00041318-00041569 the children agriculture as well as
eRqPCTePeSE-00113-00041570-00041905 Zionism Rabine mostly received good
eRqPCTePeSE-00114-00041906-00042196 marks in school but he was so shy that
eRqPCTePeSE-00115-00042197-00042495 few people knew he was intelligent in
eRqPCTePeSE-00116-00042496-00042862 1935 Rabine enrolled at an agricultural
eRqPCTePeSE-00117-00042863-00043153 school on kibbutz Givet hash lúcia that
eRqPCTePeSE-00118-00043154-00043594 his mother founded it was here in 1936
eRqPCTePeSE-00119-00043595-00043912 at the age of 14 that Rabine joined the
eRqPCTePeSE-00120-00043913-00044185 Hagana and received his first military
eRqPCTePeSE-00121-00044186-00044428 training learning how to use a pistol
eRqPCTePeSE-00122-00044429-00044830 and stand guard he joined a socialist
eRqPCTePeSE-00123-00044831-00045189 Zionist youth movement hanoar haoved in
eRqPCTePeSE-00124-00045190-00045552 1937 he enrolled at the two-year Kaduri
eRqPCTePeSE-00125-00045553-00045934 agricultural high school he excelled in
eRqPCTePeSE-00126-00045935-00046240 a number of agriculture related subjects
eRqPCTePeSE-00127-00046241-00046489 but disliked studying English language
eRqPCTePeSE-00128-00046490-00046924 the language of the British enemy he
eRqPCTePeSE-00129-00046925-00047182 originally aspired to be an irrigation
eRqPCTePeSE-00130-00047183-00047416 engineer but his interest in military
eRqPCTePeSE-00131-00047417-00047824 affairs intensified in 1938 when the
eRqPCTePeSE-00132-00047825-00048184 ongoing Arab revolt worsened a young
eRqPCTePeSE-00133-00048185-00048442 Hagin our sergeant named Yigal Allon
eRqPCTePeSE-00134-00048443-00048793 later a general in the IDF and prominent
eRqPCTePeSE-00135-00048794-00049081 politician trained Rabine and others at
eRqPCTePeSE-00136-00049082-00049468 Kaduri Rabine finished at Kaduri in
eRqPCTePeSE-00137-00049469-00049945 august 1944 part of 1939 the British
eRqPCTePeSE-00138-00049946-00050311 closed Kaduri and Rabine joined Allen as
eRqPCTePeSE-00139-00050312-00050614 a military policeman at kibbutz Gino's R
eRqPCTePeSE-00140-00050615-00050935 until the school reopened when he
eRqPCTePeSE-00141-00050936-00051172 finished school Rabine considered
eRqPCTePeSE-00142-00051173-00051415 studying irrigation engineering on
eRqPCTePeSE-00143-00051416-00051687 scholarship at the University of
eRqPCTePeSE-00144-00051688-00051832 california-berkeley
eRqPCTePeSE-00145-00051833-00052099 although he ultimately decided to stay
eRqPCTePeSE-00146-00052100-00052246 and fight in palace
eRqPCTePeSE-00147-00052247-00052830 Stein
eRqPCTePeSE-00148-00052832-00053457 topic marriage and family
eRqPCTePeSE-00149-00053458-00053772 Rabine married leah schlossberg during
eRqPCTePeSE-00150-00053773-00054237 the 1948 arab-israeli war leah Rabine
eRqPCTePeSE-00151-00054238-00054504 was working at the time as a reporter
eRqPCTePeSE-00152-00054504-00054863 for a pal McNew x' paper they had two
eRqPCTePeSE-00153-00054864-00054954 children
eRqPCTePeSE-00154-00054954-00055374 Dahlia born the 19th of March 1950 a new
eRqPCTePeSE-00155-00055375-00055887 vowel born the 18th of June 1955 Rabine
eRqPCTePeSE-00156-00055888-00056204 was non-religious according to American
eRqPCTePeSE-00157-00056205-00056511 diplomat dennis ross Rabine was the most
eRqPCTePeSE-00158-00056512-00057330 secular Jew he had met in Israel
eRqPCTePeSE-00159-00057332-00057930 topic military career
eRqPCTePeSE-00160-00057932-00058277 you
eRqPCTePeSE-00161-00058278-00058804 topic pal Mick
eRqPCTePeSE-00162-00058805-00059210 in 1941 during his practical training
eRqPCTePeSE-00163-00059211-00059507 that kibbutz Ramat Yohanan Rabine joined
eRqPCTePeSE-00164-00059508-00059762 the newly formed pal mix section of the
eRqPCTePeSE-00165-00059763-00060026 Hagin are under the influence of Yigal
eRqPCTePeSE-00166-00060027-00060355 Allon Rabine could not yet operate a
eRqPCTePeSE-00167-00060357-00060644 machine gun drive a car or ride a
eRqPCTePeSE-00168-00060645-00060773 motorcycle
eRqPCTePeSE-00169-00060774-00061092 but Moshe Dayan accepted the new recruit
eRqPCTePeSE-00170-00061094-00061472 the first operation he participated in
eRqPCTePeSE-00171-00061473-00061712 was assisting the Allied invasion of
eRqPCTePeSE-00172-00061713-00062051 Lebanon then held by Vichy French forces
eRqPCTePeSE-00173-00062052-00062345 the same operation in which Dayan lost
eRqPCTePeSE-00174-00062346-00062837 his eye in June to July 1941 Allen
eRqPCTePeSE-00175-00062838-00063077 continued to train the young palmate
eRqPCTePeSE-00176-00063078-00063521 forces as a pal mechanic Rabine and his
eRqPCTePeSE-00177-00063522-00063773 men had to lie low to avoid arousing
eRqPCTePeSE-00178-00063774-00064096 inquiry from the British administration
eRqPCTePeSE-00179-00064097-00064421 they spent most of their time farming
eRqPCTePeSE-00180-00064422-00064838 training secretly part time they wore no
eRqPCTePeSE-00181-00064839-00065102 uniforms and received no public
eRqPCTePeSE-00182-00065103-00065530 recognition during this time in 1943
eRqPCTePeSE-00183-00065532-00065903 Rabine took command of a platoon at kfar
eRqPCTePeSE-00184-00065904-00066293 Gilardi he trained his men in modern
eRqPCTePeSE-00185-00066294-00066539 tactics and how to conduct lightning
eRqPCTePeSE-00186-00066540-00066794 attacks after the end of the war the
eRqPCTePeSE-00187-00066795-00067040 relationship between the pal Mick and
eRqPCTePeSE-00188-00067041-00067294 the British authorities became strained
eRqPCTePeSE-00189-00067295-00067556 especially with respect to the treatment
eRqPCTePeSE-00190-00067557-00068045 of Jewish emigration in October 1945
eRqPCTePeSE-00191-00068046-00068315 Rabine was in charge of planning and
eRqPCTePeSE-00192-00068316-00068582 later executing an operation for the
eRqPCTePeSE-00193-00068583-00068822 release of interned immigrants from the
eRqPCTePeSE-00194-00068823-00069116 Atlit detainee camp for Jewish illegal
eRqPCTePeSE-00195-00069117-00069440 immigrants in the black Shabbat a
eRqPCTePeSE-00196-00069441-00069698 massive British operation against the
eRqPCTePeSE-00197-00069699-00069968 leaders of the Jewish establishment in
eRqPCTePeSE-00198-00069969-00070250 the British Mandate of Palestine Rabine
eRqPCTePeSE-00199-00070251-00070493 was arrested and detained for five
eRqPCTePeSE-00200-00070494-00070892 months after his release he became the
eRqPCTePeSE-00201-00070893-00071099 commander of the second palmate
eRqPCTePeSE-00202-00071100-00071351 battalion and rose to the position of
eRqPCTePeSE-00203-00071352-00071645 chief operations officer of the pal m'q
eRqPCTePeSE-00204-00071646-00071948 in october 1947
eRqPCTePeSE-00205-00071949-00072410 you
eRqPCTePeSE-00206-00072411-00073035 topic IDF service
eRqPCTePeSE-00207-00073036-00073448 during the 1948 arab-israeli war Rabine
eRqPCTePeSE-00208-00073449-00073791 directed Israeli operations in Jerusalem
eRqPCTePeSE-00209-00073792-00074028 and fought the Egyptian army in the
eRqPCTePeSE-00210-00074029-00074381 Negev during the beginning of the war he
eRqPCTePeSE-00211-00074382-00074628 was the commander of the herald Brigade
eRqPCTePeSE-00212-00074629-00074831 which fought on the road to Jerusalem
eRqPCTePeSE-00213-00074832-00075141 from the coastal plain including the
eRqPCTePeSE-00214-00075142-00075518 Israeli Burma Road as well as many
eRqPCTePeSE-00215-00075519-00075842 battles in Jerusalem such as securing
eRqPCTePeSE-00216-00075843-00076067 the southern side of the city by
eRqPCTePeSE-00217-00076068-00076423 recapturing kibbutz Ramat Rachel
eRqPCTePeSE-00218-00076424-00076703 during the first truce he led the
eRqPCTePeSE-00219-00076704-00076994 ben-gurion ordered attack by the IDF
eRqPCTePeSE-00220-00076995-00077255 against the Ergun on the beach of Tel
eRqPCTePeSE-00221-00077256-00077672 Aviv as part of the alte Lena affair in
eRqPCTePeSE-00222-00077673-00077929 the following period he was the deputy
eRqPCTePeSE-00223-00077930-00078281 commander of operation Danny the largest
eRqPCTePeSE-00224-00078282-00078542 scale operation to that point which
eRqPCTePeSE-00225-00078543-00078992 involved four IDF brigades the cities of
eRqPCTePeSE-00226-00078993-00079262 Ram Lai and lidar were captured as well
eRqPCTePeSE-00227-00079263-00079580 as the major airport in lidar as part of
eRqPCTePeSE-00228-00079581-00079913 the operation following the capture of
eRqPCTePeSE-00229-00079914-00080196 the two towns there was an exodus of
eRqPCTePeSE-00230-00080197-00080576 their Arab population Rabine signed the
eRqPCTePeSE-00231-00080577-00080828 expulsion order which included the
eRqPCTePeSE-00232-00080829-00081187 following
eRqPCTePeSE-00233-00081188-00081493 one the inhabitants of leader must be
eRqPCTePeSE-00234-00081494-00081802 expelled quickly without attention to
eRqPCTePeSE-00235-00081803-00082030 age
eRqPCTePeSE-00236-00082031-00082573 to implement immediately later Rabine
eRqPCTePeSE-00237-00082574-00082851 was chief of operations for the southern
eRqPCTePeSE-00238-00082852-00083092 front and participated in the major
eRqPCTePeSE-00239-00083093-00083323 battles ending the fighting there
eRqPCTePeSE-00240-00083324-00083647 including operation Yoav and operation
eRqPCTePeSE-00241-00083648-00084150 horev in the beginning of 1949 he was a
eRqPCTePeSE-00242-00084151-00084423 member of the Israeli delegation to the
eRqPCTePeSE-00243-00084424-00084685 Armistice talks with Egypt that were
eRqPCTePeSE-00244-00084686-00085054 held on the island of Rhodes the result
eRqPCTePeSE-00245-00085055-00085372 of the negotiations were the 1949
eRqPCTePeSE-00246-00085373-00085654 armistice agreements which ended the
eRqPCTePeSE-00247-00085655-00085944 official hostilities of the 1948
eRqPCTePeSE-00248-00085945-00086286 arab-israeli war following the
eRqPCTePeSE-00249-00086287-00086584 demobilization at the end of the war he
eRqPCTePeSE-00250-00086585-00086866 was the most senior former member of the
eRqPCTePeSE-00251-00086867-00087288 POW mik that remained in the IDF like
eRqPCTePeSE-00252-00087289-00087547 many pal mcclee ders Rabine was
eRqPCTePeSE-00253-00087548-00087765 politically aligned with the left-wing
eRqPCTePeSE-00254-00087766-00088179 pro-soviet ahd u t harv oda Party and
eRqPCTePeSE-00255-00088180-00088512 later map and these officers were
eRqPCTePeSE-00256-00088513-00088774 distrusted by Prime Minister David
eRqPCTePeSE-00257-00088775-00089094 ben-gurion and several resigned from the
eRqPCTePeSE-00258-00089095-00089454 Army in 1953 after a series of
eRqPCTePeSE-00259-00089455-00089848 confrontations those members of map and
eRqPCTePeSE-00260-00089849-00090184 who remained such as Rabine Heim bar-lev
eRqPCTePeSE-00261-00090185-00090478 and David Eleazar had to endure several
eRqPCTePeSE-00262-00090479-00090792 years in staff or training posts before
eRqPCTePeSE-00263-00090793-00091074 resuming their careers Rabine headed
eRqPCTePeSE-00264-00091075-00091446 Israel's Northern Command from 1956 to
eRqPCTePeSE-00265-00091447-00092035 1959 in 1964 he was appointed chief of
eRqPCTePeSE-00266-00092036-00092404 staff of the Israel Defense Forces IDF
eRqPCTePeSE-00267-00092405-00092746 by Levi Eshkol who had replaced David
eRqPCTePeSE-00268-00092747-00092994 ben-gurion as Prime Minister and
eRqPCTePeSE-00269-00092995-00093411 Minister of Defense since s call did not
eRqPCTePeSE-00270-00093412-00093657 have much military experience and
eRqPCTePeSE-00271-00093658-00093940 trusted ribbons judgment he had a very
eRqPCTePeSE-00272-00093941-00094309 free hand according to the memoirs of
eRqPCTePeSE-00273-00094310-00094603 Aeschylus military secretary ash Cole
eRqPCTePeSE-00274-00094604-00095023 followed Rabine with closed eyes under
eRqPCTePeSE-00275-00095024-00095331 his command the IDF achieved victory
eRqPCTePeSE-00276-00095332-00095392 over
eRqPCTePeSE-00277-00095393-00095635 Egypt Syria and Jordan in the six-day
eRqPCTePeSE-00278-00095636-00096151 war in 1967 after the old city of
eRqPCTePeSE-00279-00096152-00096514 Jerusalem was captured by the IDF Rabine
eRqPCTePeSE-00280-00096515-00096760 was among the first to visit the old
eRqPCTePeSE-00281-00096761-00097046 city and delivered a famous speech on
eRqPCTePeSE-00282-00097047-00097147 Mount Scopus
eRqPCTePeSE-00283-00097148-00097507 at the Hebrew University in the days
eRqPCTePeSE-00284-00097508-00097798 leading up to the war it was reported
eRqPCTePeSE-00285-00097799-00098065 that Rabine suffered a nervous breakdown
eRqPCTePeSE-00286-00098066-00098422 and was unable to function after this
eRqPCTePeSE-00287-00098423-00098740 short hiatus he resumed full command
eRqPCTePeSE-00288-00098741-00099450 over the IDF
eRqPCTePeSE-00289-00099451-00100208 topic ambassador and Minister of Labour
eRqPCTePeSE-00290-00100209-00100550 following his retirement from the IDF he
eRqPCTePeSE-00291-00100551-00100795 became ambassador to the United States
eRqPCTePeSE-00292-00100796-00101266 beginning in 1968 serving for five years
eRqPCTePeSE-00293-00101267-00101642 in this period the u.s. became the major
eRqPCTePeSE-00294-00101643-00101900 weapons supplier of Israel and in
eRqPCTePeSE-00295-00101901-00102191 particular he managed to get the embargo
eRqPCTePeSE-00296-00102192-00102556 on the f4 phantom fighter jets lifted
eRqPCTePeSE-00297-00102557-00103016 during the 1973 Yom Kippur War he served
eRqPCTePeSE-00298-00103017-00103271 in no official capacity and in the
eRqPCTePeSE-00299-00103272-00103673 elections held at the end of 1973 he was
eRqPCTePeSE-00300-00103674-00103949 elected to the Knesset as a member of
eRqPCTePeSE-00301-00103950-00104311 the alignment he was appointed Israeli
eRqPCTePeSE-00302-00104313-00104741 Minister of Labor in March 1974 in gold
eRqPCTePeSE-00303-00104742-00105058 Amir's short-lived government while
eRqPCTePeSE-00304-00105059-00105350 serving as ambassador Rabine met and
eRqPCTePeSE-00305-00105351-00105620 formed a relationship with mana hmmm
eRqPCTePeSE-00306-00105621-00106241 Schneerson
eRqPCTePeSE-00307-00106242-00106984 topic first term as Prime Minister
eRqPCTePeSE-00308-00106985-00107290 following Golda Mears resignation in
eRqPCTePeSE-00309-00107291-00107669 April 1974 Rabine was elected party
eRqPCTePeSE-00310-00107670-00108022 leader after he defeated Shimon Peres
eRqPCTePeSE-00311-00108023-00108356 the rivalry between these two labor
eRqPCTePeSE-00312-00108357-00108593 leaders remained fierce and they
eRqPCTePeSE-00313-00108594-00108875 competed several times in the next two
eRqPCTePeSE-00314-00108876-00109177 decades for the leadership role and even
eRqPCTePeSE-00315-00109178-00109418 for who deserved credit for government
eRqPCTePeSE-00316-00109419-00109796 achievements Rabine succeeded Golda
eRqPCTePeSE-00317-00109797-00110083 mirrors Prime Minister of Israel on the
eRqPCTePeSE-00318-00110084-00110533 3rd of June 1974 this was a coalition
eRqPCTePeSE-00319-00110534-00110819 government including rats the
eRqPCTePeSE-00320-00110820-00111079 independent liberals progress and
eRqPCTePeSE-00321-00111080-00111304 development and the arab list for
eRqPCTePeSE-00322-00111305-00111644 Bedouin sand villages this arrangement
eRqPCTePeSE-00323-00111645-00111976 with a bare parliamentary majority held
eRqPCTePeSE-00324-00111977-00112223 for a few months and was one of the few
eRqPCTePeSE-00325-00112224-00112504 periods in Israel's history where the
eRqPCTePeSE-00326-00112505-00112750 religious parties were not part of the
eRqPCTePeSE-00327-00112751-00113069 coalition the National Religious party
eRqPCTePeSE-00328-00113070-00113381 joined the Coalition on the 30th of
eRqPCTePeSE-00329-00113382-00113809 October 1974 and rats left on the 6th of
eRqPCTePeSE-00330-00113810-00114221 November in foreign policy the major
eRqPCTePeSE-00331-00114222-00114473 development at the beginning of ribbons
eRqPCTePeSE-00332-00114474-00114766 term was the sinai interim agreement
eRqPCTePeSE-00333-00114767-00115054 between Israel and Egypt signed on the
eRqPCTePeSE-00334-00115055-00115544 1st of September 1975 both countries
eRqPCTePeSE-00335-00115545-00115796 declared that the conflict between them
eRqPCTePeSE-00336-00115797-00115994 and in the Middle East shall not be
eRqPCTePeSE-00337-00115995-00116249 resolved by military force but by
eRqPCTePeSE-00338-00116250-00116648 peaceful means this agreement followed
eRqPCTePeSE-00339-00116649-00116941 Henry Kissinger's shuttle diplomacy and
eRqPCTePeSE-00340-00116942-00117187 a threatened reassessment
eRqPCTePeSE-00341-00117188-00117559 of the United States regional policy and
eRqPCTePeSE-00342-00117560-00117875 its relations with Israel Rabine notes
eRqPCTePeSE-00343-00117876-00118141 it was an innocent-sounding
eRqPCTePeSE-00344-00118142-00118384 term that heralded one of the worst
eRqPCTePeSE-00345-00118385-00118800 periods in American Israeli relations
eRqPCTePeSE-00346-00118801-00119132 but the agreement was an important step
eRqPCTePeSE-00347-00119133-00119507 towards the Camp David Accords of 1978
eRqPCTePeSE-00348-00119508-00119788 and the peace treaty with Egypt signed
eRqPCTePeSE-00349-00119789-00120097 in 1979
eRqPCTePeSE-00350-00120098-00120401 operation Entebbe was perhaps the most
eRqPCTePeSE-00351-00120402-00120709 dramatic event during Rubens first term
eRqPCTePeSE-00352-00120710-00121022 of office on his orders
eRqPCTePeSE-00353-00121023-00121271 the IDF performed a long-range
eRqPCTePeSE-00354-00121272-00121598 undercover rape to rescue passengers of
eRqPCTePeSE-00355-00121599-00121856 an airliner hijacked by militants
eRqPCTePeSE-00356-00121857-00122086 belonging to the Popular Front for the
eRqPCTePeSE-00357-00122088-00122375 Liberation of Palestine sway D Haddad
eRqPCTePeSE-00358-00122376-00122621 faction and the German revolutionary
eRqPCTePeSE-00359-00122622-00122915 cells are zed who had been brought to
eRqPCTePeSE-00360-00122916-00123310 idiom means uganda the operation was
eRqPCTePeSE-00361-00123311-00123524 generally considered a tremendous
eRqPCTePeSE-00362-00123525-00123818 success and it's spectacular character
eRqPCTePeSE-00363-00123819-00124028 has made it the subject of much
eRqPCTePeSE-00364-00124029-00124463 continued comment and study towards the
eRqPCTePeSE-00365-00124464-00124826 end of 1976 his coalition government
eRqPCTePeSE-00366-00124827-00125063 with the religious party suffered a
eRqPCTePeSE-00367-00125064-00125366 crisis a motion of no-confidence had
eRqPCTePeSE-00368-00125367-00125648 been brought by a guard at israel over a
eRqPCTePeSE-00369-00125649-00125908 breach of the sabbath on an Israeli Air
eRqPCTePeSE-00370-00125909-00126233 Force Base when four f15 jets were
eRqPCTePeSE-00371-00126233-00126470 delivered from the US and the national
eRqPCTePeSE-00372-00126471-00126839 religious party had abstained Rabine
eRqPCTePeSE-00373-00126840-00127115 dissolved his government and decided on
eRqPCTePeSE-00374-00127116-00127384 new elections which were to be held in
eRqPCTePeSE-00375-00127385-00127967 May 1977 following the March 1977
eRqPCTePeSE-00376-00127968-00128276 meeting between Rubin and US President
eRqPCTePeSE-00377-00128277-00128573 Jimmy Carter Rabine publicly announced
eRqPCTePeSE-00378-00128574-00128867 that the u.s. supported the Israeli idea
eRqPCTePeSE-00379-00128868-00129182 of defensible borders Carter then issued
eRqPCTePeSE-00380-00129183-00129784 a clarification a fallout in us-israeli
eRqPCTePeSE-00381-00129785-00130108 relations ensued it is thought that the
eRqPCTePeSE-00382-00130109-00130373 fallout contributed to the Israeli
eRqPCTePeSE-00383-00130374-00130748 Labour Party's defeat in the may 1977
eRqPCTePeSE-00384-00130749-00131246 elections on the 15th of March 1977
eRqPCTePeSE-00385-00131247-00131513 Haaretz journalist dan module it
eRqPCTePeSE-00386-00131514-00131783 revealed that a joint dollar account in
eRqPCTePeSE-00387-00131784-00132017 the names of Yitzhak and Lera been
eRqPCTePeSE-00388-00132018-00132374 opened in a Washington DC bang during
eRqPCTePeSE-00389-00132375-00132620 ribbons term of office as Israel
eRqPCTePeSE-00390-00132621-00133118 Ambassador 1968 to 73 was still open in
eRqPCTePeSE-00391-00133119-00133373 breach of Israeli law
eRqPCTePeSE-00392-00133374-00133603 according to Israeli currency
eRqPCTePeSE-00393-00133604-00133910 regulations at the time it was illegal
eRqPCTePeSE-00394-00133911-00134177 for citizens to maintain foreign bank
eRqPCTePeSE-00395-00134178-00134494 accounts without prior authorization
eRqPCTePeSE-00396-00134495-00134941 Rabine resigned on the 8th of April 1977
eRqPCTePeSE-00397-00134942-00135218 following the revelation by Maariv
eRqPCTePeSE-00398-00135219-00135470 journalist ace Isaac mekel that the
eRqPCTePeSE-00399-00135471-00135746 ribbons held to accounts in Washington
eRqPCTePeSE-00400-00135747-00136121 not one containing $10,000 and that a
eRqPCTePeSE-00401-00136122-00136424 Finance Ministry administrative penalty
eRqPCTePeSE-00402-00136425-00136931 committee find a meal 150,000 Rabine
eRqPCTePeSE-00403-00136932-00137207 withdrew from the party leadership and
eRqPCTePeSE-00404-00137208-00137922 candidacy for prime minister
eRqPCTePeSE-00405-00137923-00138290 topic opposition Knesset member and
eRqPCTePeSE-00406-00138291-00138839 Minister of Defense
eRqPCTePeSE-00407-00138840-00139091 following his resignation and Labour
eRqPCTePeSE-00408-00139092-00139400 Party defeat at the elections Likud's
eRqPCTePeSE-00409-00139401-00139969 Menachem Begin was elected in 1977 until
eRqPCTePeSE-00410-00139970-00140339 1984 Rabine had been a member of Knesset
eRqPCTePeSE-00411-00140340-00140600 and had sat on the Foreign Affairs and
eRqPCTePeSE-00412-00140601-00141125 defense committee from 1984 to 1990 he
eRqPCTePeSE-00413-00141126-00141437 served as Minister of Defence in several
eRqPCTePeSE-00414-00141438-00141731 national unity government's led by prime
eRqPCTePeSE-00415-00141732-00141989 ministers Yitzhak Shamir and Shimon
eRqPCTePeSE-00416-00141990-00142093 Peres
eRqPCTePeSE-00417-00142094-00142451 when Rabine came to office Israeli
eRqPCTePeSE-00418-00142452-00142826 troops were still deep in Lebanon Rabine
eRqPCTePeSE-00419-00142827-00143129 ordered their withdrawal to her security
eRqPCTePeSE-00420-00143130-00143525 zone on the Lebanese side of the border
eRqPCTePeSE-00421-00143526-00143843 the south Lebanon army was active in
eRqPCTePeSE-00422-00143844-00144125 this zone along with the Israeli Defense
eRqPCTePeSE-00423-00144126-00144578 Forces when the First Intifada broke out
eRqPCTePeSE-00424-00144579-00144884 Rabine adopted harsh measures to stop
eRqPCTePeSE-00425-00144885-00145187 the demonstrations even authorizing the
eRqPCTePeSE-00426-00145188-00145645 use of force might and beatings on the
eRqPCTePeSE-00427-00145646-00146036 demonstrators Rabine the Bonebreaker
eRqPCTePeSE-00428-00146037-00146416 was used as an international image the
eRqPCTePeSE-00429-00146417-00146726 combination of the failure of the Iron
eRqPCTePeSE-00430-00146727-00147143 Fist policy Israel's deteriorating
eRqPCTePeSE-00431-00147144-00147419 international image and Jordan cutting
eRqPCTePeSE-00432-00147420-00147689 legal and administrative ties to the
eRqPCTePeSE-00433-00147690-00147965 West Bank with the us's recognition of
eRqPCTePeSE-00434-00147966-00148214 the PLO as the representative of the
eRqPCTePeSE-00435-00148215-00148523 Palestinian people forced Rabine to seek
eRqPCTePeSE-00436-00148524-00148711 an end to the violence through
eRqPCTePeSE-00437-00148712-00149029 negotiation and dialogue with the PLO
eRqPCTePeSE-00438-00149030-00149573 from 1990 to 1992 Rabine again served as
eRqPCTePeSE-00439-00149574-00149837 a Knesset member and sat on the Foreign
eRqPCTePeSE-00440-00149838-00150581 Affairs and Defense Committee
eRqPCTePeSE-00441-00150582-00151325 topic second term as Prime Minister
eRqPCTePeSE-00442-00151326-00151736 in 1992 Rabine was elected as chairman
eRqPCTePeSE-00443-00151737-00151964 of the Labour Party winning against
eRqPCTePeSE-00444-00151965-00152363 Shimon Peres in the elections that year
eRqPCTePeSE-00445-00152364-00152636 his party strongly focusing on the
eRqPCTePeSE-00446-00152637-00152936 popularity of its leader managed to win
eRqPCTePeSE-00447-00152937-00153166 a clear victory over the liquored of
eRqPCTePeSE-00448-00153167-00153490 incumbent Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir
eRqPCTePeSE-00449-00153491-00153778 however the left-wing bloc in the
eRqPCTePeSE-00450-00153779-00154043 Knesset only won an overall narrow
eRqPCTePeSE-00451-00154044-00154286 majority facilitated by the
eRqPCTePeSE-00452-00154287-00154586 disqualification of small nationalist
eRqPCTePeSE-00453-00154587-00154832 parties that did not manage to pass the
eRqPCTePeSE-00454-00154833-00155225 electoral threshold Rabine formed the
eRqPCTePeSE-00455-00155226-00155536 first Labour led government in 15 years
eRqPCTePeSE-00456-00155537-00155852 supported by a coalition with merits a
eRqPCTePeSE-00457-00155853-00156101 left-wing party and chars
eRqPCTePeSE-00458-00156102-00156461 a Mizrahi ultra-orthodox religious party
eRqPCTePeSE-00459-00156462-00157054 on the 25th of July 1993 after Hezbollah
eRqPCTePeSE-00460-00157055-00157319 fired rockets into northern Israel
eRqPCTePeSE-00461-00157320-00157615 Rabine authorised a week-long military
eRqPCTePeSE-00462-00157616-00157958 operation in Lebanon Rabine played a
eRqPCTePeSE-00463-00157959-00158209 leading role in the signing of the Oslo
eRqPCTePeSE-00464-00158210-00158494 Accords which created the Palestinian
eRqPCTePeSE-00465-00158495-00158774 National Authority and granted it
eRqPCTePeSE-00466-00158775-00159059 partial control over parts of the Gaza
eRqPCTePeSE-00467-00159060-00159443 Strip and West Bank prior to the signing
eRqPCTePeSE-00468-00159444-00159731 of the Accords Rabine received a letter
eRqPCTePeSE-00469-00159732-00160019 from PLO chairman Yasser Arafat
eRqPCTePeSE-00470-00160020-00160265 renouncing violence and officially
eRqPCTePeSE-00471-00160266-00160562 recognizing Israel and on the same day
eRqPCTePeSE-00472-00160563-00160958 the 9th of September 1993 Rabine sent
eRqPCTePeSE-00473-00160959-00161254 Arafat a letter officially recognizing
eRqPCTePeSE-00474-00161255-00161528 the PLO after the announcement of the
eRqPCTePeSE-00475-00161529-00161812 Oslo Accords there were many protest
eRqPCTePeSE-00476-00161813-00162089 demonstrations in Israel objecting to
eRqPCTePeSE-00477-00162090-00162497 the Accords as these protests dragged on
eRqPCTePeSE-00478-00162498-00162794 Rabine insisted that as long as he had a
eRqPCTePeSE-00479-00162795-00163054 majority in the Knesset he would ignore
eRqPCTePeSE-00480-00163055-00163448 the protests and the protesters in this
eRqPCTePeSE-00481-00163449-00163823 context he said they the protesters can
eRqPCTePeSE-00482-00163824-00164224 spin around and around like propellers
eRqPCTePeSE-00483-00164225-00164485 but he would continue on the path of the
eRqPCTePeSE-00484-00164486-00164836 Oslo Accords ribbons parliamentary
eRqPCTePeSE-00485-00164837-00165165 majority rested on non coalition member
eRqPCTePeSE-00486-00165166-00165504 Arab support Rabine also denied the
eRqPCTePeSE-00487-00165505-00165796 right of American Jews to object to his
eRqPCTePeSE-00488-00165797-00166096 plan for peace calling any such dissent
eRqPCTePeSE-00489-00166097-00166491 hutzpah the Oslo agreement was also
eRqPCTePeSE-00490-00166492-00166791 opposed by Hamas and other Palestinian
eRqPCTePeSE-00491-00166792-00167091 factions which launched suicide bombings
eRqPCTePeSE-00492-00167092-00167403 at Israel after the historical handshake
eRqPCTePeSE-00493-00167404-00167731 with Yasser Arafat Rabine said on behalf
eRqPCTePeSE-00494-00167732-00168046 of the Israeli people we who have fought
eRqPCTePeSE-00495-00168047-00168385 against you the Palestinians we say to
eRqPCTePeSE-00496-00168386-00168709 you today in a loud and a clear voice
eRqPCTePeSE-00497-00168710-00169393 enough of blood and tears enough during
eRqPCTePeSE-00498-00169394-00169726 this term of office Rabine also oversaw
eRqPCTePeSE-00499-00169727-00169993 the signing of the israel jordan peace
eRqPCTePeSE-00500-00169994-00170737 treaty in 1994
eRqPCTePeSE-00501-00170738-00171475 topic economic and social reforms
eRqPCTePeSE-00502-00171476-00171775 Rabine significantly reformed Israel's
eRqPCTePeSE-00503-00171776-00172072 economy as well as its education and
eRqPCTePeSE-00504-00172073-00172245 healthcare systems
eRqPCTePeSE-00505-00172246-00172594 his government significantly expanded
eRqPCTePeSE-00506-00172595-00172858 the privatization of business moving
eRqPCTePeSE-00507-00172859-00173103 away from the countries traditionally
eRqPCTePeSE-00508-00173104-00173478 socialized economy the scheme was
eRqPCTePeSE-00509-00173479-00173804 described by Moshe Arens as a
eRqPCTePeSE-00510-00173805-00174265 privatization frenzy in 1993 his
eRqPCTePeSE-00511-00174266-00174661 government set up thee yozma program
eRqPCTePeSE-00512-00174662-00174961 under which attractive tax incentives
eRqPCTePeSE-00513-00174962-00175231 were offered to foreign venture capital
eRqPCTePeSE-00514-00175232-00175489 funds that invested in Israel and
eRqPCTePeSE-00515-00175490-00175728 promised to double any investment with
eRqPCTePeSE-00516-00175729-00176103 government funding as a result foreign
eRqPCTePeSE-00517-00176104-00176371 venture capital funds invested heavily
eRqPCTePeSE-00518-00176372-00176697 in the growing Israeli hi-tech industry
eRqPCTePeSE-00519-00176698-00177001 contributing to Israel's economic growth
eRqPCTePeSE-00520-00177002-00177327 and status as a world leader in hi-tech
eRqPCTePeSE-00521-00177328-00177727 in 1995 the National Health Insurance
eRqPCTePeSE-00522-00177728-00178207 law was passed the law created Israel's
eRqPCTePeSE-00523-00178208-00178513 universal health care system moving away
eRqPCTePeSE-00524-00178514-00178728 from the traditionally Histadrut
eRqPCTePeSE-00525-00178729-00179052 dominated health insurance system
eRqPCTePeSE-00526-00179053-00179437 doctors wages were also raised by 50
eRqPCTePeSE-00527-00179438-00179828 percent education spending was raised by
eRqPCTePeSE-00528-00179829-00180178 70% with new colleges being built in
eRqPCTePeSE-00529-00180179-00180465 Israel's peripheral areas and teachers
eRqPCTePeSE-00530-00180466-00180931 wages rising by 1/5 his government also
eRqPCTePeSE-00531-00180932-00181246 launched new public works projects such
eRqPCTePeSE-00532-00181247-00181474 as the cross Israel highway and an
eRqPCTePeSE-00533-00181475-00182249 expansion of ben-gurion airport
eRqPCTePeSE-00534-00182250-00182884 topic Nobel Peace Prize
eRqPCTePeSE-00535-00182885-00183201 for his role in the creation of the Oslo
eRqPCTePeSE-00536-00183202-00183576 Accords Rabine was awarded the 1994
eRqPCTePeSE-00537-00183577-00183745 Nobel Peace Prize
eRqPCTePeSE-00538-00183746-00183999 along with Yasser Arafat and Shimon
eRqPCTePeSE-00539-00184000-00184088 Peres
eRqPCTePeSE-00540-00184089-00184447 the Accords greatly divided Israeli
eRqPCTePeSE-00541-00184448-00184723 society with some seeing Rabine as a
eRqPCTePeSE-00542-00184724-00184945 hero through advancing the cause of
eRqPCTePeSE-00543-00184946-00185214 peace and some seeing him as a traitor
eRqPCTePeSE-00544-00185215-00185454 for giving away land they viewed as
eRqPCTePeSE-00545-00185455-00185787 rightfully belonging to Israel many
eRqPCTePeSE-00546-00185788-00186054 Israelis on the right wing often blame
eRqPCTePeSE-00547-00186055-00186326 him for Jewish deaths in terror attacks
eRqPCTePeSE-00548-00186327-00186723 attributing them to the Oslo agreements
eRqPCTePeSE-00549-00186724-00187024 military cemeteries in every corner of
eRqPCTePeSE-00550-00187025-00187297 the world a silent testimony to the
eRqPCTePeSE-00551-00187298-00187602 failure of national leaders to sanctify
eRqPCTePeSE-00552-00187603-00188127 human life yet Zac Rabine 1994 Nobel
eRqPCTePeSE-00553-00188128-00188734 Peace Prize lecture
eRqPCTePeSE-00554-00188735-00189446 topic assassination an aftermath
eRqPCTePeSE-00555-00189447-00189750 on the evening of the 4th of November
eRqPCTePeSE-00556-00189751-00190109 1995 12th of Heche van on the Hebrew
eRqPCTePeSE-00557-00190110-00190394 calendar Rabine was assassinated by
eRqPCTePeSE-00558-00190395-00190685 Yigal Amir a right-wing extremist who
eRqPCTePeSE-00559-00190686-00191035 opposed the signing of the Oslo Accords
eRqPCTePeSE-00560-00191036-00191336 Rabine had been attending a mass rally
eRqPCTePeSE-00561-00191337-00191636 at the kings of Israel square now Rabine
eRqPCTePeSE-00562-00191637-00191962 square in Tel Aviv held in support of
eRqPCTePeSE-00563-00191963-00192300 the Oslo Accords when the rally ended
eRqPCTePeSE-00564-00192301-00192632 Rabine walked down the city hall steps
eRqPCTePeSE-00565-00192633-00192916 towards the open door of his car at
eRqPCTePeSE-00566-00192917-00193201 which point Emir fired three shots at
eRqPCTePeSE-00567-00193202-00193591 Rabine with a semi-automatic pistol two
eRqPCTePeSE-00568-00193592-00193886 shots hit Rabine and the third lightly
eRqPCTePeSE-00569-00193887-00194149 injured Yoram Rubin one of Robins
eRqPCTePeSE-00570-00194150-00194527 bodyguards Rabine was taken to the
eRqPCTePeSE-00571-00194528-00194761 nearby Itchy love hospital with
eRqPCTePeSE-00572-00194762-00195037 considerable delay where he died on the
eRqPCTePeSE-00573-00195038-00195323 operating table less than 40 minutes
eRqPCTePeSE-00574-00195324-00195596 later due to blood loss and a punctured
eRqPCTePeSE-00575-00195597-00195998 lung Amir was immediately seized by
eRqPCTePeSE-00576-00195999-00196186 Rubens bodyguards
eRqPCTePeSE-00577-00196187-00196508 he was later tried found guilty and
eRqPCTePeSE-00578-00196509-00196900 sentenced to life imprisonment after an
eRqPCTePeSE-00579-00196901-00197176 emergency cabinet meeting Israel's
eRqPCTePeSE-00580-00197177-00197468 foreign minister Shimon Peres was
eRqPCTePeSE-00581-00197469-00197711 appointed as Acting Israeli prime
eRqPCTePeSE-00582-00197712-00198025 minister ribbons assassination came as a
eRqPCTePeSE-00583-00198026-00198284 great shock to the Israeli public and
eRqPCTePeSE-00584-00198285-00198632 much of the rest of the world hundreds
eRqPCTePeSE-00585-00198633-00198884 of thousands of Israelis thronged the
eRqPCTePeSE-00586-00198885-00199189 square where Rabine was assassinated to
eRqPCTePeSE-00587-00199190-00199511 mourn his death young people in
eRqPCTePeSE-00588-00199512-00199832 particular turned out in large numbers
eRqPCTePeSE-00589-00199833-00200104 lighting memorial candles and singing
eRqPCTePeSE-00590-00200105-00200582 peace songs on the 6th of November 1995
eRqPCTePeSE-00591-00200583-00200969 he was buried on Mount Herzl Reubens
eRqPCTePeSE-00592-00200970-00201250 funeral was attended by many world
eRqPCTePeSE-00593-00201251-00201526 leaders among them US President Bill
eRqPCTePeSE-00594-00201527-00201836 Clinton Australian Prime Minister Paul
eRqPCTePeSE-00595-00201837-00202157 Keating Egyptian President Hosni Mubarek
eRqPCTePeSE-00596-00202158-00202532 and King Hussein of Jordan Clinton
eRqPCTePeSE-00597-00202533-00202841 delivered a eulogy whose final words
eRqPCTePeSE-00598-00202842-00203294 were in Hebrew Shalom haver Hebrew slum
eRqPCTePeSE-00599-00203295-00203672 HBR lit goodbye friend the square where
eRqPCTePeSE-00600-00203673-00204008 he was assassinated Kaka malc hey Israel
eRqPCTePeSE-00601-00204009-00204281 kings of Israel square was renamed
eRqPCTePeSE-00602-00204282-00204632 Rabine square in his honor many other
eRqPCTePeSE-00603-00204633-00204913 streets and public institutions in
eRqPCTePeSE-00604-00204914-00205219 Israel have also subsequently been named
eRqPCTePeSE-00605-00205221-00205646 after him after his assassination Rabine
eRqPCTePeSE-00606-00205646-00205939 was hailed as a national symbol and came
eRqPCTePeSE-00607-00205940-00206290 to embody the ethos of the Israeli peace
eRqPCTePeSE-00608-00206291-00206654 camp despite his military career and
eRqPCTePeSE-00609-00206655-00206938 hawkish views earlier in life in
eRqPCTePeSE-00610-00206939-00207326 November 2000 his wife Leah died and was
eRqPCTePeSE-00611-00207327-00207758 buried alongside him after the murder it
eRqPCTePeSE-00612-00207759-00208037 was revealed that a Vashi Raviv a
eRqPCTePeSE-00613-00208038-00208298 well-known right-wing extremist at the
eRqPCTePeSE-00614-00208298-00208580 time was in fact a Shin Bet agent
eRqPCTePeSE-00615-00208581-00208846 Informer codenamed champagne
eRqPCTePeSE-00616-00208846-00209180 Raviv was later acquitted in court of
eRqPCTePeSE-00617-00209181-00209423 charges that he failed to prevent the
eRqPCTePeSE-00618-00209423-00209792 assassination the court ruled there was
eRqPCTePeSE-00619-00209792-00210073 no evidence that Raviv new assassin
eRqPCTePeSE-00620-00210075-00210361 yagahl Amir was plotting to kill ribbon
eRqPCTePeSE-00621-00210362-00210740 after ribbons assassination his daughter
eRqPCTePeSE-00622-00210741-00211058 Dalia ribbon pelo civ entered politics
eRqPCTePeSE-00623-00211059-00211280 and was elected to the Knesset
eRqPCTePeSE-00624-00211281-00211767 in 1999 as part of the centre party in
eRqPCTePeSE-00625-00211769-00212111 2001 she served as Israel's Deputy
eRqPCTePeSE-00626-00212112-00212862 Minister of Defence
eRqPCTePeSE-00627-00212863-00213454 topic commemoration
eRqPCTePeSE-00628-00213455-00213790 the Knesset has set the 12th of Heshbon
eRqPCTePeSE-00629-00213791-00214057 the murder date according to the Hebrew
eRqPCTePeSE-00630-00214058-00214369 calendar as the official Memorial Day of
eRqPCTePeSE-00631-00214369-00214888 ribbon in 1995 the Israeli postal
eRqPCTePeSE-00632-00214889-00215179 Authority issued a commemorative ribbon
eRqPCTePeSE-00633-00215180-00215742 stamp in 1996 Israeli songwriter Naomi
eRqPCTePeSE-00634-00215744-00216069 Shemer translated Walt Whitman's poem Oh
eRqPCTePeSE-00635-00216069-00216517 captain my captain to Hebrew and wrote
eRqPCTePeSE-00636-00216517-00216700 music through it to mark the anniversary
eRqPCTePeSE-00637-00216701-00217144 of ribbons assassination the song is
eRqPCTePeSE-00638-00217144-00217419 since commonly performed or played in
eRqPCTePeSE-00639-00217421-00217788 yet sacra Beene Memorial Day services
eRqPCTePeSE-00640-00217789-00218116 the Yitzhak Rabin's Center was founded
eRqPCTePeSE-00641-00218117-00218512 in 1997 by an act of the Knesset to
eRqPCTePeSE-00642-00218513-00218809 create a memorial center for
eRqPCTePeSE-00643-00218810-00219088 perpetuating the memory of Yitzhak Rabin
eRqPCTePeSE-00644-00219089-00219492 it carries out extensive commemorative
eRqPCTePeSE-00645-00219494-00219811 and educational activities emphasizing
eRqPCTePeSE-00646-00219812-00220054 the ways and means of democracy and
eRqPCTePeSE-00647-00220055-00220513 peace mekin art Rabine an Israeli pre
eRqPCTePeSE-00648-00220514-00220789 army preparatory program for training
eRqPCTePeSE-00649-00220790-00221038 recent high school graduates in
eRqPCTePeSE-00650-00221039-00221332 leadership prior to their IDF service
eRqPCTePeSE-00651-00221333-00221973 was established in 1998 in 2005 Rabine
eRqPCTePeSE-00652-00221975-00222294 received the dr. Rainer Hildebrand Human
eRqPCTePeSE-00653-00222296-00222586 Rights Award endowed by Alexandra
eRqPCTePeSE-00654-00222587-00222948 Hildebrandt the award is given annually
eRqPCTePeSE-00655-00222950-00223203 in recognition of extraordinary
eRqPCTePeSE-00656-00223204-00223563 nonviolent commitment to human rights
eRqPCTePeSE-00657-00223564-00223921 many cities and towns in Israel have
eRqPCTePeSE-00658-00223921-00224211 named streets neighborhoods schools
eRqPCTePeSE-00659-00224212-00224611 bridges and parks after ribbon the
eRqPCTePeSE-00660-00224612-00224881 country's largest power station or
eRqPCTePeSE-00661-00224882-00224986 atropine
eRqPCTePeSE-00662-00224987-00225273 to government office complexes at the
eRqPCTePeSE-00663-00225275-00225519 Harkey RIA in Tel Aviv and the cell
eRqPCTePeSE-00664-00225521-00225829 tower in Haifa the Israeli terminal of
eRqPCTePeSE-00665-00225830-00225913 the Arava
eRqPCTePeSE-00666-00225914-00226189 a robber border crossing with Jordan and
eRqPCTePeSE-00667-00226190-00226563 two synagogues are also named after him
eRqPCTePeSE-00668-00226564-00226869 outside Israel there are streets and
eRqPCTePeSE-00669-00226869-00227206 squares named after him in born Berlin
eRqPCTePeSE-00670-00227207-00227621 Chicago Madrid Miami New York City and
eRqPCTePeSE-00671-00227623-00228005 Odessa and parks in Montreal Paris Rome
eRqPCTePeSE-00672-00228006-00228347 and Lima the community Jewish High
eRqPCTePeSE-00673-00228348-00228687 School in Ottawa is also named after him
eRqPCTePeSE-00674-00228688-00229217 the Cambridge University is really hosts
eRqPCTePeSE-00675-00229219-00229481 its annual academic lecture in honor of
eRqPCTePeSE-00676-00229482-00230171 Viet sacre bean
eRqPCTePeSE-00677-00230171-00230748 topic C also
eRqPCTePeSE-00678-00230748-00231225 list of israeli nobel laureates list of
eRqPCTePeSE-00679-00231226-00231656 jewish nobel laureates kemper video
eRqPCTePeSE-00680-00231657-00232004 assassination of Yitzhak Rabin video
eRqPCTePeSE-00681-00232005-00232494 sure lash Salaam the peace song sung by
eRqPCTePeSE-00682-00232494-00232755 ribbing at the peace rally short before
eRqPCTePeSE-00683-00232756-00233208 his assassination topic bibliography
eRqPCTePeSE-00684-00233209-00233640 Avner Yehuda 2010 the Prime Minister's
eRqPCTePeSE-00685-00233641-00233894 an intimate narrative of Israeli
eRqPCTePeSE-00686-00233896-00233969 leadership
eRqPCTePeSE-00687-00233969-00234441 Toby press ISBN nine seven eight one
eRqPCTePeSE-00688-00234442-00234765 five nine two six four two seven eight
eRqPCTePeSE-00689-00234766-00235251 six OCLC seven hundred and fifty eight
eRqPCTePeSE-00690-00235252-00235482 million seven hundred and twenty four
eRqPCTePeSE-00691-00235483-00235754 thousand nine hundred and sixty nine
eRqPCTePeSE-00692-00235755-00236298 been artsy Paulo Civ Noah 1997 in the
eRqPCTePeSE-00693-00236298-00236709 name of sorrow and hope ISBN nine seven
eRqPCTePeSE-00694-00236710-00237017 eight oh five one seven one seven nine
eRqPCTePeSE-00695-00237019-00237519 six three five Benedict Linda Itzhak
eRqPCTePeSE-00696-00237519-00238125 Rabine the battle for peace ISBN 195 Oh
eRqPCTePeSE-00697-00238126-00238352 Oh 6x
eRqPCTePeSE-00698-00238353-00238748 Cleveland William the first 1994 a
eRqPCTePeSE-00699-00238748-00239031 history of the modern Middle East
eRqPCTePeSE-00700-00239032-00239589 Westview press Efron dan 2015 killing a
eRqPCTePeSE-00701-00239590-00239867 king the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin
eRqPCTePeSE-00702-00239869-00240344 and the remaking of Israel WW Norton &
eRqPCTePeSE-00703-00240346-00240726 Company ISBN nine seven eight oh three
eRqPCTePeSE-00704-00240727-00241209 nine three - four - oh nine six Gresh
eRqPCTePeSE-00705-00241210-00241758 alan vidal Dominique 2004 the new
eRqPCTePeSE-00706-00241759-00242135 eh-2-zed of the Middle East I be Taurus
eRqPCTePeSE-00707-00242136-00242694 Horowitz aired David 1996 Itzhak Rabine
eRqPCTePeSE-00708-00242694-00243087 soldier of peace Peter Hall Byrne cs1
eRqPCTePeSE-00709-00243088-00243444 mayn't extra text authors list link
eRqPCTePeSE-00710-00243444-00243594 Horowitz IDI
eRqPCTePeSE-00711-00243594-00244008 david shalom friend the life and legacy
eRqPCTePeSE-00712-00244009-00244137 of Yitzhak
eRqPCTePeSE-00713-00244138-00244575 beam ISBN one five five seven oh four
eRqPCTePeSE-00714-00244576-00244989 two eight seven x CS one mayn't extra
eRqPCTePeSE-00715-00244990-00245405 text authors list link in bar Efraim
eRqPCTePeSE-00716-00245406-00245909 1999 Rabine and israel national security
eRqPCTePeSE-00717-00245910-00246467 Woodrow Wilson press Kurtzman dan 1998
eRqPCTePeSE-00718-00246467-00246753 soldier of peace the life of Yitzhak
eRqPCTePeSE-00719-00246754-00247496 Rabine 1922 to 1995 harpercollins ISBN
eRqPCTePeSE-00720-00247496-00247946 0:06 oh one eight six eight four four
eRqPCTePeSE-00721-00247946-00248591 Milstein uri 1999 the Rabine file Geffen
eRqPCTePeSE-00722-00248592-00249692 ISBN 965 two 229 196 ex PAP elan 2004 a
eRqPCTePeSE-00723-00249694-00250079 history of modern Palestine Cambridge
eRqPCTePeSE-00724-00250080-00250251 University Press
eRqPCTePeSE-00725-00250252-00250761 Quigley John 2004 the case for Palestine
eRqPCTePeSE-00726-00250762-00251105 the international law perspective Duke
eRqPCTePeSE-00727-00251106-00251532 University Press Rabine Leah Rabine our
eRqPCTePeSE-00728-00251533-00251979 life his legacy is BN o three nine nine
eRqPCTePeSE-00729-00251980-00252504 one four two one seven seven Rabine yet
eRqPCTePeSE-00730-00252505-00252998 Zack the Rabine memoirs ISBN oh five two
eRqPCTePeSE-00731-00253000-00253514 oh two oh seven six six one Shlaim AVI
eRqPCTePeSE-00732-00253515-00253950 mm the iron wall Israel and the Arab
eRqPCTePeSE-00733-00253951-00254175 world Penguin Books
eRqPCTePeSE-00734-00254176-00254746 Slater Robert 2015 Rabine 20 years after
eRqPCTePeSE-00735-00254748-00255148 coat Arum international publishing ISBN
eRqPCTePeSE-00736-00255150-00255525 nine seven eight nine six five seven
eRqPCTePeSE-00737-00255526-00255942 five eight nine one three seven Slater
eRqPCTePeSE-00738-00255942-00256467 Robert 1993 Rabine of Israel Robson
eRqPCTePeSE-00739-00256467-00256644 books Smith
eRqPCTePeSE-00740-00256644-00257090 Charles D 2004 Palestine and the
eRqPCTePeSE-00741-00257091-00257463 arab-israeli conflict v fed Macmillan
eRqPCTePeSE-00742-00257464-00257525 press
eRqPCTePeSE-00743-00257526-00257980 Sorek Tamir 2015 Palestinian
eRqPCTePeSE-00744-00257981-00258265 commemoration in Israel calendars
eRqPCTePeSE-00745-00258266-00258673 monuments and martyrs Stanford CA
eRqPCTePeSE-00746-00258674-00258935 Stanford University Press
eRqPCTePeSE-00747-00258936-00259850 pp 217 to 232 ISBN nine trillion 780
eRqPCTePeSE-00748-00259851-00260060 billion eight hundred and four million
eRqPCTePeSE-00749-00260061-00260330 seven hundred and ninety five thousand
eRqPCTePeSE-00750-00260331-00260666 one hundred and eighty sprin Zach I
eRqPCTePeSE-00751-00260667-00260942 heard mm Yoram Perry
eRqPCTePeSE-00752-00260943-00261202 IDI Israeli radical right the
eRqPCTePeSE-00753-00261203-00261425 association of Yitzhak Rabin
eRqPCTePeSE-00754-00261426-00261829 Stanford University Press Tesla mark
eRqPCTePeSE-00755-00261830-00262142 1974 a history of the
eRqPCTePeSE-00756-00262143-00262513 israeli-palestinian conflict Indiana
eRqPCTePeSE-00757-00262514-00262844 University Press
eSSxzJw7bVc-00000-00000102-00000595 foreign
eSSxzJw7bVc-00001-00000596-00000965 welcome back to Rebecca's travels or if
eSSxzJw7bVc-00002-00000966-00001150 you're watching my
eSSxzJw7bVc-00003-00001151-00001433 um Lifestyle Channel hi what welcome
eSSxzJw7bVc-00004-00001434-00001757 back to Rebecca's lifestyle
eSSxzJw7bVc-00005-00001757-00002009 um
eSSxzJw7bVc-00006-00002010-00002321 hi my name's Rebecca if you new here to
eSSxzJw7bVc-00007-00002322-00002525 my channel I love talking about travel
eSSxzJw7bVc-00008-00002526-00002915 and lifestyle today the weather
eSSxzJw7bVc-00009-00002916-00003256 um in the um the Midlands
eSSxzJw7bVc-00010-00003257-00003490 um Northwest leicestershire's men and
eSSxzJw7bVc-00011-00003492-00003785 sunny and cloudy
eSSxzJw7bVc-00012-00003786-00003929 um
eSSxzJw7bVc-00013-00003929-00004325 but um it hasn't been raining today so
eSSxzJw7bVc-00014-00004326-00004595 generally good weather for this time of
eSSxzJw7bVc-00015-00004596-00004691 year
eSSxzJw7bVc-00016-00004692-00005051 and if you if you could please subscribe
eSSxzJw7bVc-00017-00005052-00005309 to my channel I'd be really grateful I
eSSxzJw7bVc-00018-00005310-00005536 upload five times a week on both my
eSSxzJw7bVc-00019-00005537-00005801 travel end of My Lifestyle Channel and
eSSxzJw7bVc-00020-00005802-00006077 thank you for doing that and today's
eSSxzJw7bVc-00021-00006078-00006406 Vlog is going to be 10 fantastic Budget
eSSxzJw7bVc-00022-00006408-00006691 Travel facts at September
eSSxzJw7bVc-00023-00006692-00007234 2022 part three so uh number one and is
eSSxzJw7bVc-00024-00007236-00007320 from
eSSxzJw7bVc-00025-00007322-00007627 lonelyplanet.com uh trip planning mode
eSSxzJw7bVc-00026-00007628-00007991 activate from beaches to budget
eSSxzJw7bVc-00027-00007992-00008273 destinations kayaks
eSSxzJw7bVc-00028-00008274-00008705 annual Travel hacker guide looks at the
eSSxzJw7bVc-00029-00008706-00009010 millions of searches
eSSxzJw7bVc-00030-00009011-00009431 um to pinpoint trending destinations in
eSSxzJw7bVc-00031-00009432-00009731 the past uh New Year
eSSxzJw7bVc-00032-00009732-00009978 number two is also from
eSSxzJw7bVc-00033-00009979-00010264 lonelyplanet.com at the secret to
eSSxzJw7bVc-00034-00010265-00010523 getting the best Air Force first
eSSxzJw7bVc-00035-00010524-00010828 Skyscanner has released the guide and
eSSxzJw7bVc-00036-00010829-00011183 that's value holidays and offering
eSSxzJw7bVc-00037-00011184-00011477 something different
eSSxzJw7bVc-00038-00011478-00011803 um
eSSxzJw7bVc-00039-00011804-00012114 and um a little more avoidable
eSSxzJw7bVc-00040-00012115-00012474 affordable than at you show number four
eSSxzJw7bVc-00041-00012475-00012941 lonelyplanet.com also recommends uh it's
eSSxzJw7bVc-00042-00012941-00013229 down the budget when you want to stay on
eSSxzJw7bVc-00043-00013230-00013408 the budget when you're traveling by
eSSxzJw7bVc-00044-00013409-00013703 keeping a budget diary which is a really
eSSxzJw7bVc-00045-00013704-00013955 good idea
eSSxzJw7bVc-00046-00013956-00014321 um
eSSxzJw7bVc-00047-00014322-00014813 at 12 operating con
eSSxzJw7bVc-00048-00014813-00015203 wow just to budget a driver in general
eSSxzJw7bVc-00049-00015204-00015443 to
eSSxzJw7bVc-00050-00015444-00015665 help with your holiday
eSSxzJw7bVc-00051-00015666-00015803 and
eSSxzJw7bVc-00052-00015804-00016175 how much you can afford to spend on your
eSSxzJw7bVc-00053-00016176-00016499 holiday without going over which is a
eSSxzJw7bVc-00054-00016500-00017015 really good advice and number five uh H
eSSxzJw7bVc-00055-00017016-00017417 at ttps
eSSxzJw7bVc-00056-00017418-00017683 um
eSSxzJw7bVc-00057-00017684-00018036 dot to slash news at
eSSxzJw7bVc-00058-00018037-00018371 starsky.com Athens has been named the
eSSxzJw7bVc-00059-00018372-00018461 best
eSSxzJw7bVc-00060-00018462-00018767 um City break on a budget the total bill
eSSxzJw7bVc-00061-00018768-00019114 for a person's week
eSSxzJw7bVc-00062-00019115-00019427 or
eSSxzJw7bVc-00063-00019428-00019714 with their likes of meals and hotel
eSSxzJw7bVc-00064-00019715-00020219 accommodation or total holiday cost
eSSxzJw7bVc-00065-00020220-00020314 um
eSSxzJw7bVc-00066-00020315-00020722 and local transport fair and includes
eSSxzJw7bVc-00067-00020723-00021289 was just 207 pounds wow compared to 208
eSSxzJw7bVc-00068-00021290-00021653 pounds to Lisbon Portugal which came set
eSSxzJw7bVc-00069-00021654-00022139 in second place and the low price such
eSSxzJw7bVc-00070-00022140-00022621 low price for Athens includes a 38 pound
eSSxzJw7bVc-00071-00022622-00022883 96 for
eSSxzJw7bVc-00072-00022884-00023350 um an evening for two and with wine and
eSSxzJw7bVc-00073-00023351-00023417 um
eSSxzJw7bVc-00074-00023418-00023783 eight to nine pounds for two nights
eSSxzJw7bVc-00075-00023784-00024108 accommodation in a three-star hotel
eSSxzJw7bVc-00076-00024109-00024269 and
eSSxzJw7bVc-00077-00024270-00024328 um
eSSxzJw7bVc-00078-00024329-00024797 seven pounds 79 for a 48 hour public
eSSxzJw7bVc-00079-00024798-00025133 transport power pass
eSSxzJw7bVc-00080-00025134-00025378 um again
eSSxzJw7bVc-00081-00025379-00025858 um a book in a public transport classes
eSSxzJw7bVc-00082-00025860-00026170 especially ideally if you're going to
eSSxzJw7bVc-00083-00026172-00026573 um a city or
eSSxzJw7bVc-00084-00026574-00026957 um in the world um if you can and
eSSxzJw7bVc-00085-00026958-00027299 because it's a lot cheaper for you
eSSxzJw7bVc-00086-00027300-00027455 um
eSSxzJw7bVc-00087-00027456-00027652 number six
eSSxzJw7bVc-00088-00027654-00028102 um at the same Gnar at sides and
eSSxzJw7bVc-00089-00028104-00028457 is how to keep your group stay in London
eSSxzJw7bVc-00090-00028458-00028661 affordable
eSSxzJw7bVc-00091-00028662-00029074 while there's quite a few options
eSSxzJw7bVc-00092-00029075-00029287 on
eSSxzJw7bVc-00093-00029288-00029557 www.london Dot
eSSxzJw7bVc-00094-00029558-00030124 I say dot UK avoid weekends
eSSxzJw7bVc-00095-00030125-00030499 um weekends I'll pay travel time for uh
eSSxzJw7bVc-00096-00030500-00031024 tourists and so again to travel in the
eSSxzJw7bVc-00097-00031025-00031349 week and off peak also
eSSxzJw7bVc-00098-00031350-00031699 on the same website and you can save
eSSxzJw7bVc-00099-00031700-00032218 money with budget flights to London and
eSSxzJw7bVc-00100-00032219-00032489 traveling
eSSxzJw7bVc-00101-00032489-00032645 for
eSSxzJw7bVc-00102-00032645-00032885 um the United Kingdom and other
eSSxzJw7bVc-00103-00032886-00033196 countries on Skyscanner kayak and travel
eSSxzJw7bVc-00104-00033197-00033473 supermarket
eSSxzJw7bVc-00105-00033474-00034021 and on the same website
eSSxzJw7bVc-00106-00034022-00034207 www.london.act
eSSxzJw7bVc-00107-00034208-00034523 and you can get to
eSSxzJw7bVc-00108-00034524-00035245 or go to free at free museums and
eSSxzJw7bVc-00109-00035246-00035657 and um basically the free free museums
eSSxzJw7bVc-00110-00035658-00035981 that you're literally spoiled for choice
eSSxzJw7bVc-00111-00035982-00036485 and in London and there are also great
eSSxzJw7bVc-00112-00036486-00036695 options
eSSxzJw7bVc-00113-00036696-00036773 um
eSSxzJw7bVc-00114-00036774-00037168 also for entertaining large groups of
eSSxzJw7bVc-00115-00037169-00037390 people whether it's schools or friends
eSSxzJw7bVc-00116-00037391-00037762 or families and also single people
eSSxzJw7bVc-00117-00037763-00037968 couples
eSSxzJw7bVc-00118-00037969-00038351 and um it doesn't really matter what
eSSxzJw7bVc-00119-00038352-00038574 size your family but families in general
eSSxzJw7bVc-00120-00038575-00038921 and these include the British museum the
eSSxzJw7bVc-00121-00038922-00039137 Natural History Museum the science
eSSxzJw7bVc-00122-00039138-00039407 museum I really recommend the science
eSSxzJw7bVc-00123-00039408-00039683 museum I've been there twice
eSSxzJw7bVc-00124-00039684-00039868 um when I was
eSSxzJw7bVc-00125-00039869-00040217 um a child and I really enjoyed it and
eSSxzJw7bVc-00126-00040218-00040402 the national
eSSxzJw7bVc-00127-00040403-00041374 um Marine time museum is free to go
eSSxzJw7bVc-00128-00041375-00041593 and
eSSxzJw7bVc-00129-00041594-00041999 also at Victorian Albert Museum Royal
eSSxzJw7bVc-00130-00042000-00042365 Air Force Museum the British library and
eSSxzJw7bVc-00131-00042366-00042779 at the a museum of childhood and that
eSSxzJw7bVc-00132-00042780-00043157 also was a more free museums in London
eSSxzJw7bVc-00133-00043158-00043337 but again
eSSxzJw7bVc-00134-00043338-00043540 um you need to chat with the museum
eSSxzJw7bVc-00135-00043541-00043949 again before you go and also some
eSSxzJw7bVc-00136-00043950-00044345 museums offer discounts for
eSSxzJw7bVc-00137-00044346-00044758 um elderly or disabled people and
eSSxzJw7bVc-00138-00044759-00045208 Etc and also for groups of people and
eSSxzJw7bVc-00139-00045209-00045533 some museums that you do have to pay for
eSSxzJw7bVc-00140-00045534-00045773 if you book in a large group then you
eSSxzJw7bVc-00141-00045774-00046090 can get discounts and
eSSxzJw7bVc-00142-00046091-00046408 number nine on the same website you can
eSSxzJw7bVc-00143-00046409-00046673 visit beautiful Parts in central London
eSSxzJw7bVc-00144-00046674-00046979 for free Crystal Palace at checkout for
eSSxzJw7bVc-00145-00046980-00047345 some some amazing dinosaurs amongst the
eSSxzJw7bVc-00146-00047346-00047608 undergrowth and there's also Victoria
eSSxzJw7bVc-00147-00047609-00047890 Park and Hampstead Heath
eSSxzJw7bVc-00148-00047891-00047980 um
eSSxzJw7bVc-00149-00047981-00048317 for more parks and in London check out
eSSxzJw7bVc-00150-00048318-00048671 Royal Park's website or the Royal Parks
eSSxzJw7bVc-00151-00048672-00049199 website now last but not least and is
eSSxzJw7bVc-00152-00049200-00049487 um number 10 at the last fact on the
eSSxzJw7bVc-00153-00049488-00049877 same website and London's breast markets
eSSxzJw7bVc-00154-00049878-00050062 to visit
eSSxzJw7bVc-00155-00050063-00050596 um ideal for barking hunting or sampling
eSSxzJw7bVc-00156-00050597-00050795 local
eSSxzJw7bVc-00157-00050796-00050968 Foods
eSSxzJw7bVc-00158-00050969-00051385 Street Cuisine Bloomsbury Farmers Market
eSSxzJw7bVc-00159-00051386-00051802 on Thursday 10 a.m till 2 P.M
eSSxzJw7bVc-00160-00051803-00051966 and Paul
eSSxzJw7bVc-00161-00051967-00052276 tabello's Market with Antiques and local
eSSxzJw7bVc-00162-00052277-00052709 food Camden market arts crafts
eSSxzJw7bVc-00163-00052710-00052829 um
eSSxzJw7bVc-00164-00052829-00053075 a clothes
eSSxzJw7bVc-00165-00053076-00053344 and Etc
eSSxzJw7bVc-00166-00053345-00053591 um the spit Fields
eSSxzJw7bVc-00167-00053591-00053669 um
eSSxzJw7bVc-00168-00053670-00054100 furniture and antiques clothes books
eSSxzJw7bVc-00169-00054101-00054409 then there's Borough Market with local
eSSxzJw7bVc-00170-00054410-00054953 food so that's really exciting and to
eSSxzJw7bVc-00171-00054954-00055307 know and again it doesn't matter what
eSSxzJw7bVc-00172-00055308-00055679 whatever size your group and you can go
eSSxzJw7bVc-00173-00055679-00056009 around those markets and for completely
eSSxzJw7bVc-00174-00056010-00056326 free and obviously you just buy what
eSSxzJw7bVc-00175-00056327-00056561 you want to buy
eSSxzJw7bVc-00176-00056562-00056747 um
eSSxzJw7bVc-00177-00056748-00057076 so I would like to say thank you for
eSSxzJw7bVc-00178-00057077-00057425 watching and I would like
eSSxzJw7bVc-00179-00057426-00057773 and I will see you tomorrow for another
eSSxzJw7bVc-00180-00057774-00058091 video and thank you and bye for now
eSSxzJw7bVc-00181-00058091-00058454 thank you bye