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April is the fourth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendar s, and comes between March and May. I t is one of four months to have 30 da ys.April always begins on the same da y of week as July, and additionally, January in leap years. April always e nds on the same day of the week as De cember.April's flowers are the Sweet Pea and Daisy. Its birthstone is the diamond. The meaning of the diamond i s innocence.The Month April comes bet ween March and May, making it the fou rth month of the year. It also comes first in the year out of the four mon

ths that have 30 days, as June, Septe mber and November are later in the ye ar.April begins on the same day of th e week as July every year and on the same day of the week as January in le ap years. April ends on the same day of the week as December every year, a s each other's last days are exactly 35 weeks (245 days) apart.In common y ears, April starts on the same day of the week as October of the previous year, and in leap years, May of the p revious year. In common years, April finishes on the same day of the week as July of the previous year, and in

leap years, February and October of t he previous year. In common years imm ediately after other common years, Ap ril starts on the same day of the wee k as January of the previous year, an d in leap years and years immediately after that, April finishes on the sa me day of the week as January of the previous year.In years immediately be fore common years, April starts on th e same day of the week as September a nd December of the following year, an d in years immediately before leap ye ars, June of the following year. In y ears immediately before common years,

April finishes on the same day of th e week as September of the following year, and in years immediately before leap years, March and June of the fo llowing year.April is a spring month in the Northern Hemisphere and an aut umn/fall month in the Southern Hemisp here. In each hemisphere, it is the s easonal equivalent of October in the other.It is unclear as to where April got its name. A common theory is tha t it comes from the Latin word "aperi re", meaning "to open", referring to flowers opening in spring. Another th eory is that the name could come from

Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love . It was originally the second month in the old Roman Calendar, before the start of the new year was put to Jan uary 1.Quite a few festivals are held in this month. In many Southeast Asi an cultures, new year is celebrated i n this month (including Songkran). In Western Christianity, Easter can be celebrated on a Sunday between March 22 and April 25. In Orthodox Christia nity, it can fall between April 4 and May 8. At the end of the month, Cent ral and Northern European cultures ce lebrate Walpurgis Night on April 30,

marking the transition from winter in to summer.April in poetry Poets use A pril to mean the end of winter. For e xample: April showers bring May flowe rs.Events in AprilFixed Events April 1 - April Fools' Day April 1 - Islam ic Republic Day (Iran) April 2 - Inte rnational Children's Book Day April 2 - Thai Heritage and Conservation Day April 2 - World Autism Awareness Day April 2 - Malvinas Day (Argentina) A pril 4 - Independence Day (Senegal) A pril 4 - International Day for Landmi ne Awareness and Assistance April 4 - Peace Day (Angola) April 5 - End of

Tax Year (United Kingdom) April 6 - T artan Day (Canada and United States) April 6 - Chakri Day (Thailand) April 7 - Day of Maternity and Beauty (Arm enia) April 7 - Genocide Memorial Day (Rwanda) April 7 - World Health Day April 7 - Women's Day (Mozambique) Ap ril 8 - Buddha's Birthday (Buddhism) April 9 - Martyrs' Day (Tunisia) Apri l 9 - Day of National Unity (Georgia) April 9 - Day of the Finnish languag e April 12 - Cosmonauts' Day (Russia) , marking the day of Yuri Gagarin's s pace flight April 13 - Songkan (Laos) , local New Year celebration April 13

- Cambodian New Year April 13 - Thom as Jefferson's Birthday (United State s) April 14 - Southeast Asian New Yea r festivals, including Songkran April 14 - Georgian language Day April 14 - Youth Day (Angola) April 14 - Ambed kar Tayanti (India) April 14 - Pan-Am erican Day April 15 - Tax Day (United States) April 15 - Kim Il-Sung's Bir thday (North Korea) April 15 - Father Damien Day (Hawaii) April 15 - Jacki e Robinson Day (Major League Baseball ) April 16 - Birthday of Queen Margre the II of Denmark April 16 - Emancipa tion Day (Washington, DC) April 16 -

World Voice Day April 16 - Selena Day (Texas) April 17 - National Day of S yria April 17 - Flag Day (American Sa moa) April 17 - Women's Day (Gabon) A pril 17 - World Hemophilia Day April 18 - Independence Day (Zimbabwe) Apri l 18 - Invention Day (Japan) April 18 - International Day of Monuments and Sites April 19 - Bicycle Day April 1 9 - Dutch-American Friendship Day Apr il 19 - Birthday of King Mswati III o f Swaziland April 19 - Patriots' Day (Massachusetts, Maine, Wisconsin) Apr il 20 - 4/20 in Cannabis Culture Apri l 21 - John Muir Day (California) Apr

il 21 - San Jacinto Day (Texas) April 21 - Kartini Day (Indonesia) April 2 1 - National Tree Planting Day (Kenya ) April 21 - First Day of Ridran (Bah a'i faith) April 21 - Grounation Day (Rastafari movement) April 22 - Earth Day April 22 - Discovery Day (Brazil ) April 23 - Saint George's Day, cele brating the patron saint of several c ountries, regions and cities (includi ng England and Catalonia) April 23 - World Book Day April 23 - National So vereignty and Children's Day (Turkey) April 24 - Democracy Day (Nepal) Apr il 24 - Genocide Day (Armenia) April

24 - Republic Day (the Gambia) April 25 - Australia and New Zealand celebr ate ANZAC Day. ANZAC means Australia n and New Zealand Army Corps, and beg an in 1915. April 25 - World DNA Day April 25 - World Malaria Day April 25 - Flag Day (Swaziland, Faroe Islands ) April 25 - Freedom Day (Portugal) A pril 25 - Liberation Day (Italy) Apri l 25 - Army Day (North Korea) April 2 6 - Union Day (Tanzania) April 26 - C onfederate Memorial Day (Texas, Flori da) April 27 - Independence Day (Sier ra Leone and Togo) April 27 - Freedom Day (South Africa) April 27 - World

Tapir Day April 27 - King's Day (Neth erlands) from 2014, birthday of Wille m-Alexander of the Netherlands April 28 - Workers Memorial Day April 28 - National Day (Sardinia) April 28 - Na tional Heroes Day (Barbados) April 29 - Showa Day (Japan), birthday of Emp eror Hirohito, who died in 1989 April 29 - International Dance Day April 3 0 - Former Queen's Day Holiday in the Netherlands (changed to King's Day, April 27 in 2014), was the birthday o f former Queen Juliana of the Netherl ands April 30 - Flag Day in Sweden (b irthday of King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sw

eden) April 30 - International Jazz D ay April 30 - Walpurgis Night (Centra l and Northern Europe)Moveable Events Easter-related events in Western Ch ristianity: Palm Sunday (between Marc h 15 and April 18) Maundy Thursday (b etween March 19 and April 22) Good Fr iday (between March 20 and April 23) Easter Sunday (between March 22 and A pril 25) Easter Monday (between March 23 and April 26) Eastern Orthodox Ea ster falls between April 4 and May 8. Ascension Day (Western Christianity) , falls between April 30 and June 3. Jewish Passover - falls in the same w

eek as Western Christianity's Holy We ek, which is the week leading up to E aster. Mother's Day (UK) falls betwee n March 1 and April 4. World Snooker Championship (late April, early May) Horse racing - Grand National (UK), K entucky Derby (United States) Start o f Daylight Saving Time - Clocks going forward one hour: Most of Mexico Mor occo (Ramadan does not include Daylig ht Saving Time) End of Daylight Savin g Time - Clocks going back one hour: Southeast Australia, and New Zealand Chile Marathon Events in the followin g cities: Belgrade, Serbia Boston, Ma

ssachusetts, United States Brighton, United Kingdom Enschede, Netherlands London, United Kingdom Madrid, Spain Paris, France Rotterdam, Netherlands Utrecht, Netherlands Zurich, Switzerl andSelection of Historical Events Ap ril 1, 1918 - The Royal Air Force is founded. April 1, 1976 - Apple Inc. i s founded. April 1, 1979 - The Islami c Republic of Iran is founded. April 1, 1999 - The territory of Nunavut is created in Northern Canada. April 1, 2001 - The Netherlands introduces sa me-sex marriage, as the first country to do so. April 2, 1519 - Florida is

sighted by a European for the first time. April 2, 1930 - Haile Selassie becomes Emperor of Ethiopia. April 2, 1982 - Start of the Falklands War, a s Argentine forces land on the Falkla nd Islands. April 2, 2005 - Pope John Paul II dies aged 84, after 26-and-a -half years as Pope. April 3, 1973 - The first-ever mobile phone call is p laced by Martin Cooper in New York Ci ty. April 4, 1721 - Robert Walpole be comes the first Prime Minister of Gre at Britain. April 4, 1841 - William H enry Harrison dies. He was President of the United States for 31 days, the

shortest-ever time in office for a U S President. April 4, 1960 - Senegal becomes independent. April 4, 1968 - Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. in Memphis, Tennessee. April 5, 1 722 - Jacob Roggeveen becomes the fir st European to land on Easter Island, landing there on Easter Sunday. Apri l 6, 1320 - Scotland's independence i s confirmed with the Declaration of A rbroath. April 6, 1830 - The Mormon C hurch is founded. April 6, 1909 - Rob ert Peary claims to have been first a t the North Pole on this date. April 7, 1994 - The Rwandan Genocide begins

. April 9, 1865 - American Civil War: Confederate forces under Robert E. L ee surrender to Union forces. April 9 , 1940 - World War II: Denmark and No rway are invaded by Nazi Germany. Apr il 9, 1989 - April 9 tragedy: In Tbil isi, Georgia, a peaceful demonstratio n for independence is broken up by th e Soviet Army, killing 20 people. The country gains independence on this d ate exactly two years later. April 10 , 1815 - Mount Tambora in Indonesia e rupts in a huge eruption, affecting t he world's climate for at least a yea r. April 10, 2010 - A plane crash nea

r Smolensk, Russia, kills several peo ple who were important in Poland, inc luding President Lech Kaczynski. Apri l 11, 1814 - Napoleon Bonaparte is ex iled to the island of Elba. April 11, 1954 - Said to have been the most bo ring day of the 20th century. April 1 2, 1861 - The American Civil War begi ns at Fort Sumter, Charleston, South Carolina. April 12, 1945 - US Preside nt Franklin D. Roosevelt dies, and Ha rry S. Truman replaces him. April 12, 1961 - Yuri Gagarin becomes the firs t human to fly into space. April 14, 1865 - US President Abraham Lincoln i

s shot dead at Ford's Theatre by John Wilkes Booth. Lincoln dies the next day. April 14, 2010 - Qinghai Provinc e, China, is hit by an earthquake, ki lling tens of thousands of people. Ap ril 14, 2010 - The eruption of Eyjafj allajokull in Iceland shuts down air traffic around Europe for a week, due to its ash cloud. April 15, 1912 - T he ship RMS Titanic sinks near Newfou ndland after hitting an iceberg, resu lting in the deaths of many of the pe ople on board. April 16, 1943 - Alber t Hofmann discovers LSD's effects. Ap ril 17, 1946 - Syria gains full indep

endence from France. April 18, 1906 - 1906 San Francisco earthquake: San F rancisco, California, is hit by a big earthquake, resulting in fires that destroy large parts of the city. Apri l 18, 1980 - Zimbabwe gains full inde pendence. April 19, 1897 - The first Boston Marathon is held. April 19, 19 71 - Sierra Leone becomes a republic. April 19, 1993 - The siege of the Br anch Davidians at Waco, Texas, ends i n a fire that kills 82 people. April 19, 1995 - Timothy McVeigh carries ou t the Oklahoma City bombing, killing 169 people. April 19, 2005 - Joseph A

lois Ratzinger becomes Pope Benedict XVI. April 20, 1902 - Marie Curie and Pierre Curie refine Radium. April 20 , 2010 - Deepwater Horizon oil spill: A massive fire on the Deepwater Hori zon drilling rig in the Gulf of Mexic o kills 11 workers and causes a massi ve oil spill, the worst spill in US h istory. April 21, 753 BC - Legendary founding date of Rome April 21, 1509 - Henry VIII of England becomes King. April 21, 1908 - Frederick Cook clai ms to have reached the North Pole on this date. April 22, 1502 - Pedro Alv ares Cabral becomes the first Europea

n to reach present-day Brazil. April 22, 1970 - Earth Day is observed for the first time. April 23, 1533 - The Church of England declares that Henry VIII of England and Catherine of Ara gon are not married. April 24, 1916 - The Easter Rising occurs in Dublin, Ireland. April 24, 1990 - The Hubble Space Telescope is launched on the Sp ace Shuttle Discovery. April 25, 1915 - World War I: In Turkey, the Battle of Gallipoli begins, Australian, Fre nch, British and New Zealand forces l and at Anzac cove. April 25, 1974 - P ortugal's dictatorship is overthrown

in a coup, in what is known as the Ca rnation Revolution. April 26, 1937 - Spanish Civil War: German planes bomb the town of Guernica, Basque Country , later depicted in a painting by Pab lo Picasso. April 26, 1964 - Tanganyi ka and Zanzibar merge to form Tanzani a. April 26, 1986 - A reactor explosi on occurs at the Chernobyl nuclear pl ant in present-day Ukraine, with radi ation spreading around Europe and the world. April 26/27, 1994 - South Afr ica holds its first free elections. A pril 27, 1960 - Togo becomes independ ent from France. April 27, 1961 - Sie

rra Leone becomes independent from th e United Kingdom. April 28, 1789 - Mu tiny on the ship Bounty in the Pacifi c Ocean, lead by Fletcher Christian. April 28, 1945 - Benito Mussolini is executed by Italian partisans. April 28, 1947 - In Peru, Thor Heyerdahl st arts his Kon-Tiki expedition aimed at proving his theory that the Polynesi an settlers on the Pacific Ocean's is lands came from South America. April 29, 1991 - A cyclone in Bangladesh ki lls an estimated 138,000 people. Apri l 29, 2011 - The wedding of Prince Wi lliam, Duke of Cambridge and Catherin

e, Duchess of Cambridge is broadcast worldwide. April 30, 1789 - George Wa shington becomes the first President of the United States. April 30, 1803 - The United States purchases (buys) the Louisiana territory from France. April 30, 1945 - Adolf Hitler commits suicide on the same day that the Sov iet Army raises the Red Flag on Berli n's Reichstag. April 30, 1952 - The D iary of Anne Frank is published in En glish. April 30, 1975 - The Vietnam W ar ends, as North Vietnamese forces t ake Saigon. April 30, 1980 - Queen Ju liana of the Netherlands abdicates th

e throne, and her daughter becomes Qu een Beatrix of the Netherlands. Beatr ix later also abdicates, on this day in 2013, in favor of her son, King Wi llem-Alexander of the Netherlands.Tri via In Western Christianity, there i s a bigger likelihood of Easter falli ng in April than in March. The months around April (March and May) both st art with an 'M' in the English langua ge, with an 'A' as the second letter. In the English language, April is th e first of three months in-a-row, alo ng with May and June, that is also a female given name. The astrological s

igns for April are Aries (March 21 to April 20) and Taurus (April 21 to Ma y 20). The sweet pea and daisy are th e traditional birth flowers for April . Birthstone for April is the Diamond .April 1 is the only day in April to start within the first quarter of the calendar year. If the months of the year were arranged in alphabetical or der in the English language, April wo uld come first. Six current European monarchs were born in April. They are King Philippe of Belgium (April 15), Queen Margrethe II of Denmark (April 16), Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg

(April 16), Elizabeth II of the Unit ed Kingdom and Commonwealth realms (A pril 21), King Willem-Alexander of th e Netherlands (April 27), and King Ca rl XVI Gustaf of Sweden (April 30).Re ferences

August (Aug.) is the eighth month of the year in the Gregorian calendar, c oming between July and September. It has 31 days. It is named after the Ro man emperor Augustus Caesar.August do es not begin on the same day of the w eek as any other month in common year s, but begins on the same day of the week as February in leap years. Augus t always ends on the same day of the week as November.The Month This month was first called Sextilis in Latin, because it was the sixth month in the old Roman calendar. The Roman calend ar began in March about 735 BC with R

omulus. October was the eighth month. August was the eighth month when Jan uary or February were added to the st art of the year by King Numa Pompiliu s about 700 BC. Or, when those two mo nths were moved from the end to the b eginning of the year by the decemvirs about 450 BC (Roman writers disagree ). In 153 BC January 1 was determined as the beginning of the year.August is named for Augustus Caesar who beca me Roman consul in this month. The mo nth has 31 days because Julius Caesar added two days when he created the J ulian calendar in 45 BC. August is af

ter July and before September.August, in either hemisphere, is the seasona l equivalent of February in the other . In the Northern hemisphere it is a summer month and it is a winter month in the Southern hemisphere.No other month in common years begins on the s ame day of the week as August, but Au gust begins on the same day of the we ek as February in leap years. August ends on the same day of the week as N ovember every year, as each other's l ast days are 13 weeks (91 days) apart .In common years, August starts on th e same day of the week as March and N

ovember of the previous year, and in leap years, June of the previous year . In common years, August finishes on the same day of the week as March an d June of the previous year, and in l eap years, September of the previous year. In common years immediately aft er other common years, August starts on the same day of the week as Februa ry of the previous year.In years imme diately before common years, August s tarts on the same day of the week as May of the following year, and in yea rs immediately before leap years, Oct ober of the following year. In years

immediately before common years, Augu st finishes on the same day of the we ek as May of the following year, and in years immediately before leap year s, February and October of the follow ing year.August observancesFixed obse rvances and events August 1 Nationa l Day of Switzerland August 1 Indepe ndence Day (Benin) August 1 Emancipa tion Day (Bermuda, Guyana, Jamaica, B arbados, Trinidad and Tobago) August 1 Army Day (People's Republic of Chi na) August 1 Lammas, cross-quarter d ay in the Celtic calendar August 1 S tatehood Day (Colorado) August 2 Rep

ublic Day (Republic of Macedonia) Aug ust 2 Emancipation Day (Bahamas) Aug ust 3 Independence Day (Niger) Augus t 5 Independence Day (Burkina Faso) August 5 Victory Day (Croatia) Augus t 6 Independence Day (Bolivia) Augus t 6 Independence Day (Jamaica) Augus t 7 Independence Day (Ivory Coast) A ugust 8 Father's Day (Taiwan) August 9 National Day of Singapore August 9 Day of the Indigenous People (Suri name) August 9 National Women's Day (South Africa) August 10 Independenc e Day (Ecuador) August 10 Missouri D ay August 11 Independence Day (Chad)

August 12 Perseid Meteor Shower Aug ust 12 Queen Sirikit's Birthday (Tha iland) August 13 Independence Day (C entral African Republic) August 14 I ndependence Day (Pakistan) August 15 Assumption of Mary in Western Christ ianity August 15 Independence Day (I ndia) August 15 Independence Day (Re public of the Congo) August 15 Indep endence Day (Bahrain) August 15 Nati onal Day of South Korea August 15 Na tional Day of Liechtenstein August 15 Victory in Japan Day August 17 Ind ependence Day (Indonesia) August 17 Independence Day (Gabon) August 19 W

orld Humanitarian Day August 19 Inde pendence Day (Afghanistan) August 20 Feast day of Stephen I of Hungary Au gust 20 Regaining of Independence (E stonia) August 21 Admission Day (Haw aii) August 21 Ninoy Aquino Day (Phi lippines) August 21 Saint Helena Day August 23 National Heroes Day (Phil ippines) August 24 Independence Day (Ukraine) August 25 Independence Day (Uruguay) August 26 Heroes' Day (Na mibia) August 27 Independence Day (M oldova) August 28 Assumption of Mary (Eastern Christianity) August 29 Na tional Uprising Day (Slovakia) August

30 Constitution Day (Kazakhstan) Au gust 30 Republic Day (Tatarstan) Aug ust 30 Victory Day (Turkey) August 3 1 Independence Day (Kyrgyzstan) Augu st 31 Independence Day (Malaysia) Au gust 31 Independence Day (Trinidad a nd Tobago)Moveable and Monthlong even ts Edinburgh Festival, including the Military Tattoo at Edinburgh Castle, takes place through most of August a nd beginning of September. UK Bank Ho lidays: First Monday in Scotland, las t Monday in England and Wales Nationa l Eisteddfod, cultural celebration in Wales: First week in August Children

's Day in Uruguay: Second Sunday in A ugust Monday after August 17: Holiday in Argentina, commemorating José de San Martin Discovery Day in Canada: t hird Monday in August Summer Olympics , often held in July and/or AugustSel ection of Historical Events August 1 1291: Traditional founding date of Switzerland. August 1 1914: World Wa r I begins. August 1 1944: Anne Fran k makes the last entry in her diary. August 1 1960: Dahomey (now called B enin) becomes independent. August 2 1990: Iraq invades Kuwait. August 3 1492: Christopher Columbus sets sail

on his first voyage. August 3 1960: Niger becomes independent. August 4 1944: Anne Frank and her family are c aptured by the Gestapo in Amsterdam. August 4 1984: Upper Volta's name is changed to Burkina Faso. August 5 1 960: Upper Volta becomes independent. August 5 1962: Film actress Marilyn Monroe is found dead at her home. Au gust 6 1825: Bolivian independence. August 6 1945: The Atomic Bomb is dr opped on Hiroshima. August 6 1962: J amaica becomes independent. August 7 1960: Ivory Coast becomes independen t. August 9 1945: The Atomic Bomb is

dropped on Nagasaki. August 9 1965: Singapore becomes independent. Augus t 9 1974: US President Richard Nixon resigns following the Watergate scan dal, with Gerald Ford replacing him. August 10 1792: Storming of the Tuil eries Palace during the French Revolu tion August 10 1809: Beginning of Ec uadorean independence movement. Augus t 11 1960: Chad becomes independent. August 13 1960: The Central African Republic becomes independent. August 13 1961: Building of the Berlin Wal l begins. August 14 1945: Japan anno unces its surrender at the end of Wor

ld War II. August 14/15 1947: India is partitioned at independence from t he UK, as the new mainly Islamic stat e of Pakistan is created. August 15 1960: The Republic of the Congo becom es independent. August 15 1971: Bahr ain becomes independent. August 16 1 977: Elvis Presley dies aged 42, lead ing to a worldwide outpouring of grie f. August 17 1945: Indonesia declare s independence from the Netherlands. August 17 1960: Gabon becomes indepe ndent. August 17 1962: Peter Fechter becomes the first person to be shot dead at the Berlin Wall. August 19 4

3 BC: Augustus becomes Roman consul. August 19 14: Augustus dies. August 19 1919: Afghanistan becomes indepen dent. August 19 1991: The August Cou p against Mikhail Gorbachev, in the S oviet Union, begins. August 20 1940: Leon Trotsky is fatally wounded with an ice pick in Mexico. August 20 19 68: The Prague Spring uprising is cru shed. August 20 1991: Estonia regain s its independence from the Soviet Un ion. August 21 1959: Hawaii becomes the 50th State of the US. August 24 79: Vesuvius erupts, destroying Pompe ii and neighbouring Herculaneum. Augu

st 24 1991: Ukraine regains independ ence from the Soviet Union. August 25 1825: Uruguay declares independence from Brazil. August 27 1883: Krakat oa, in the Sunda Strait between Sumat ra and Java, explodes, after a very v iolent eruption. August 27 1991: Mol dova becomes independent from the Sov iet Union. August 28 1963: The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom t akes place, where Martin Luther King, Jr. makes his "I Have a Dream" speec h for Civil Rights in the United Stat es. August 29 2005: Hurricane Katrin a wreaks devastation in Alabama, Miss

issippi and Louisiana. New Orleans is flooded. August 31 1957: Malaysia, then the Federation of Malaya, become s independent. August 31 1962: Trini dad and Tobago becomes independent. A ugust 31 1991: Kyrgyzstan becomes in dependent. August 31 1997: Diana, Pr incess of Wales is killed in a car cr ash in Paris, leading to a big outpou ring of grief.Trivia Along with July , August is one of two calendar month s to be named after people who really lived (July was named for Julius Cae sar and August was named for Augustus ). Only one US President has died in

August, Warren G. Harding, on August 2, 1923. August's flower is the Gladi olus with the birthstone being perido t. The astrological signs for August are Leo (July 22 - August 21) and Vir go (August 22 - September 21).August is the second of two months beginning with 'A', the other being April, wit h both April 21 and August 21 falling either side of the Northern summer s olstice.References

Art is a creative activity that expre sses imaginative or technical skill. It produces a product, an object. Art is a diverse range of human activiti es in creating visual, performing art ifacts, and expressing the author's i maginative mind. The product of art i s called a work of art, for others to experience.Some art is useful in a p ractical sense, such as a sculptured clay bowl that can be used. That kind of art is sometimes called a craft.T hose who make art are called artists. They hope to affect the emotions of people who experience it. Some people

find art relaxing, exciting or infor mative. Some say people are driven to make art due to their inner creativi ty."The arts" is a much broader term. It includes drawing, painting, sculp ting, photography, performance art, d ance, music, poetry, prose and theatr e.Types of art Art is divided into th e plastic arts, where something is ma de, and the performing arts, where so mething is done by humans in action. The other division is between pure ar ts, done for themselves, and practica l arts, done for a practical purpose, but with artistic content. Plastic a

rt Fine art is expression by making s omething beautiful or appealing to th e emotions by visual means: drawing, painting, printmaking, sculpture Lite rature: poetry, creative writing Perf orming art Performing art including d rama are (expression using the body: dance, acting, singing) Auditory art (expression by making sounds): music, singing Practical art Culinary art ( expression by making flavors and tast es): cooking The practical arts (expr ession by making things and structure s: architecture, filming, fashion, ph otography, video games)What "art" mea

ns Some people say that art is a prod uct or item that is made with the int ention of stimulating the human sense s as well as the human mind, spirit a nd soul. An artwork is normally judg ed by how much impact it has on peopl e, the number of people who can relat e to it, and how much they appreciate it. Some people also get inspired.Th e first and broadest sense of "art" m eans "arrangement" or "to arrange." I n this sense, art is created when som eone arranges things found in the wor ld into a new or different design or form; or when someone arranges colors

next to each other in a painting to make an image or just to make a prett y or interesting design.Art may expre ss emotion. Artists may feel a certa in emotion and wish to express it by creating something that means somethi ng to them. Most of the art created in this case is made for the artist r ather than an audience. However, if an audience is able to connect with t he emotion as well, then the art work may become publicly successful.Histo ry of art There are sculptures, cave painting and rock art dating from the Upper Paleolithic era.All of the gre

at ancient civilizations, such as Anc ient Egypt, India, China, Greece, Rom e and Persia had works and styles of art. In the Middle Ages, most of the art in Europe showed people from the Bible in paintings, stained glass win dows, and mosaic tile floors and wall s.Islamic art includes geometric patt erns, Islamic calligraphy, and archit ecture. In India and Tibet, painted s culptures, dance, and religious paint ing were done. In China, arts include d jade carving, bronze, pottery, poet ry, calligraphy, music, painting, dra ma, and fiction. There are many Chine

se artistic styles, which are usually named after the ruling dynasty.In Eu rope, after the Middle Ages, there wa s a "Renaissance" which means "rebirt h". People rediscovered science and a rtists were allowed to paint subjects other than religious subjects. Peopl e like Michelangelo and Leonardo da V inci still painted religious pictures , but they also now could paint mytho logical pictures too. These artists a lso invented perspective where things in the distance look smaller in the picture. This was new because in the Middle Ages people would paint all th

e figures close up and just overlappi ng each other. These artists used nud ity regularly in their art.In the lat e 1800s, artists in Europe, respondin g to Modernity created many new paint ing styles such as Classicism, Romant icism, Realism, and Impressionism. Th e history of twentieth century art in cludes Expressionism, Fauvism, Cubism , Dadaism, Surrealism, and Minimalism .Roles of art In some societies, peop le think that art belongs to the pers on who made it. They think that the a rtist put his or her "talent" and ind ustry into the art. In this view, the

art is the property of the artist, p rotected by copyright.In other societ ies, people think that art belongs to no one. They think that society has put its social capital into the artis t and the artist's work. In this view , society is a collective that has ma de the art, through the artist.Functi ons of art The functions of art inclu de:1) Cognitive function Works of art let us know about what the author kn ew, and about what the surrounding of the author were like.2) Aesthetic fu nction Works of art can make people h appy by being beautiful.3) Prognostic

function Some artists draw what they see the future like, and some of the m are right, but most are not...4) Re creation function Art makes us think about it, not about reality; we have a rest.5) Value function What did the artist value? What aims did they lik e/dislike in human activity? This usu ally is clearly seen in artists' work s.6) Didactic function What message, criticism or political change did the artist wish to achieve?Related pages Modern art Abstract art Magnum opus Painting Sculpture Street artReferen ces Non-verbal communicationBasic En

glish 850 words

A or a is the first letter of the Eng lish alphabet. The small letter, a or α, is used as a lower case vowel. Wh en it is spoken, ā is said as a long a, a diphthong of ĕ and y. A is simi lar to alpha of the Greek alphabet. That is not surprising, because it st ands for the same sound. "Alpha and o mega" (the last letter of the Greek a lphabet) means from beginning to the end. In musical notation, the letter A is the symbol of a note in the scal e, below B and above G. In binary num bers, the letter A is 01000001.A is t he letter that was used to represent

a team in an old TV show, The A-Team. A capital a is written "A". Use a ca pital a at the start of a sentence if writing.Where it came fromThe letter 'A' was in the Phoenician alphabet's aleph. This symbol came from a simpl e picture of an ox head. This Phoenic ian letter helped make the basic bloc ks of later types of the letter. The Greeks later modified this letter and used it as their letter alpha. The G reek alphabet was used by the Etrusca ns in northern Italy, and the Romans later modified the Etruscan alphabet for their own language.Using the lett

erThe letter A has six different soun ds. It can sound like æ, in the Inter national Phonetic Alphabet, such as t he word pad. Other sounds of this let ter are in the words father, which de veloped into another sound, such as i n the word ace.Use in mathematicsIn a lgebra, the letter "A" along with oth er letters at the beginning of the al phabet is used to represent known qua ntities.In geometry, capital A, B, C etc. are used to label line segments, lines, etc. Also, A is typically use d as one of the letters to label an a ngle in a triangle.ReferencesBasic En

glish 850 wordsVowel letters

Air refers to the Earth's atmosphere. Air is a mixture of many gases and t iny dust particles. It is the clear g as in which living things live and br eathe. It has an indefinite shape and volume. It has mass and weight, beca use it is matter. The weight of air c reates atmospheric pressure. There i s no air in outer space. Air is a mix ture of about 78% of nitrogen, 21% of oxygen, 0.9% of argon, 0.04% of carb on dioxide, and very small amounts of other gases. There is an average of about 1% water vapour.Animals live a nd need to breathe the oxygen in the

air. In breathing, the lungs put oxyg en into the blood, and send back carb on dioxide to the air. Plants need th e carbon dioxide in the air to live. They give off the oxygen that we brea the. Without it we die of asphyxia. Wind is moving air, this is refreshin g. This causes weather. Air can be po lluted by some gases (such as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides), smoke, and ash. This air pol lution causes various problems includ ing smog, acid rain and global warmin g. It can damage people's health and the environment. Since early times, a

ir has been used to create technology . Ships moved with sails and windmill s used the mechanical motion of air. Aircraft use propellers to move air o ver a wing, which allows them to fly. Pneumatics use air pressure to move things. Since the late 1900s, air pow er is also used to generate electrici ty. Air is invisible: it cannot be se en by the eye, though a shimmering in hot air can be seen.Air is one of th e four classical elements in Greek th eory. It was considered an intervenin g element, somewhere between fire and water, and the driving force for the

birth of the cosmos.Brief history Ea rth's atmosphere has changed much sin ce its formation.Original atmosphere At first it was mainly a hydrogen atm osphere. It has changed dramatically on several occasions—for example, th e Great Oxygenation Event 2.4 billion years ago, greatly increased oxygen in the atmosphere from practically no oxygen to levels closer to present d ay. Humans have also contributed to s ignificant changes in atmospheric com position through air pollution, espec ially since industrialisation, leadin g to rapid environmental change such

as ozone depletion and global warming .Second atmosphere Outgassing from vo lcanism, supplemented by gases produc ed during the late heavy bombardment of Earth by huge asteroids, produced the next atmosphere, consisting large ly of nitrogen plus carbon dioxide an d inert gases.Third atmosphere The co nstant re-arrangement of continents b y plate tectonics influences the long -term evolution of the atmosphere. Ca rbon dioxide was transferred to and f rom large continental carbonate store s. Free oxygen did not exist in the a tmosphere until about 2.4 billion yea

rs ago. The Great Oxygenation Event i s shown by the end of the banded iron formations.Related pages Air pollut ion Air craftReferences Basic English 850 wordsPhysicsAtmosphere

Spain is divided in 17 parts called a utonomous communities. Autonomous mea ns that each of these autonomous comm unities has its own executive, legisl ative judicial powers. These are simi lar to, but not the same as, states i n the United States of America, for e xample.Spain has fifty smaller parts called provinces. In 1978 these parts came together, making the autonomous communities. Before then, some of th ese provinces were together but were broken. The groups that were together once before are called "historic com munities": Catalonia, Basque Country,

Galicia and Andalusia.The Spanish la nguage is the sole official language in every autonomous community but six , where Spanish is co-official with o ther languages, as follows: Catalonia : Catalan and Occitan Valencian Commu nity: Catalan (also called Valencian there) Balearic Islands: Catalan Gali cia: Galician Basque Country: Basque Navarre: Basque (only in the north an d near the border with the Basque Cou nty)List of the autonomous communitie s, with their Capital city (the place where the government has its offices ): Andalusia (its capital is Sevilla)

Aragon (its capital is Zaragoza) Ast urias (its capital is Oviedo) Baleari c Islands (its capital is Palma de Ma llorca) Basque Country (its capital i s Vitoria) Canary Islands (they have two capitals - Las Palmas de Gran Can aria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife) Cant abria (its capital is Santander) Cast ile-La Mancha (its capital is Toledo) Castile and León (its capital is Val ladolid) Catalonia (its capital is Ba rcelona) Extremadura (its capital is Mérida) Galicia (its capital is Santi ago de Compostela) La Rioja (its capi tal is Logroño) Community of Madrid (

its capital is Madrid) Region of Murc ia (its capital is Murcia) Navarre (i ts capital is Pamplona) Valencian Com munity (its capital is Valencia)Spain also has two cities on the north coa st of Africa: Ceuta and Melilla. They are called "autonomous cities" and h ave simultaneously the majority of th e power of an autonomous community an d also power of provinces and power o f municipalities.

Alan Mathison Turing OBE FRS (London, 23 June 1912 – Wilmslow, Cheshire, 7 June 1954) was an English mathematic ian and computer scientist. He was bo rn in Maida Vale, London.Early life a nd family Alan Turing was born in Mai da Vale, London on 23 June 1912. His father was part of a family of mercha nts from Scotland. His mother, Ethel Sara, was the daughter of an engineer .Education Turing went to St. Michael 's, a school at 20 Charles Road, St L eonards-on-sea, when he was five year s old."This is only a foretaste of wh at is to come, and only the shadow of

what is going to be.” – Alan Turing. The Stoney family were once prominent landlords, here in North Tipperary. His mother Ethel Sara Stoney (1881–19 76) was daughter of Edward Waller Sto ney (Borrisokane, North Tipperary) an d Sarah Crawford (Cartron Abbey, Co. Longford); Protestant Anglo-Irish gen try.Educated in Dublin at Alexandra S chool and College; on October 1st 190 7 she married Julius Mathison Turing, latter son of Reverend John Robert T uring and Fanny Boyd, in Dublin. Born on June 23rd 1912, Alan Turing would go on to be regarded as one of the g

reatest figures of the twentieth cent ury.A brilliant mathematician and cry ptographer Alan was to become the fou nder of modern-day computer science a nd artificial intelligence; designing a machine at Bletchley Park to break secret Enigma encrypted messages use d by the Nazi German war machine to p rotect sensitive commercial, diplomat ic and military communications during World War 2. Thus, Turing made the s ingle biggest contribution to the All ied victory in the war against Nazi G ermany, possibly saving the lives of an estimated 2 million people, throug

h his effort in shortening World War II.In 2013, almost 60 years later, Tu ring received a posthumous Royal Pard on from Queen Elizabeth II. Today, th e “Turing law” grants an automatic pa rdon to men who died before the law c ame into force, making it possible fo r living convicted gay men to seek pa rdons for offences now no longer on t he statute book.Alas, Turing accident ally or otherwise lost his life in 19 54, having been subjected by a Britis h court to chemical castration, thus avoiding a custodial sentence. He is known to have ended his life at the a

ge of 41 years, by eating an apple la ced with cyanide.Career Turing was on e of the people who worked on the fir st computers. He created the theoreti cal Turing machine in 1936. The mach ine was imaginary, but it included th e idea of a computer program.Turing w as interested in artificial intellige nce. He proposed the Turing test, to say when a machine could be called "i ntelligent". A computer could be said to "think" if a human talking with i t could not tell it was a machine.Dur ing World War II, Turing worked with others to break German ciphers (secre

t messages). He worked for the Gover nment Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park, Britain's codebrea king centre that produced Ultra intel ligence.Using cryptanalysis, he helpe d to break the codes of the Enigma ma chine. After that, he worked on other German codes.From 1945 to 1947, Turi ng worked on the design of the ACE (A utomatic Computing Engine) at the Nat ional Physical Laboratory. He present ed a paper on 19 February 1946. That paper was "the first detailed design of a stored-program computer". Althou gh it was possible to build ACE, ther

e were delays in starting the project . In late 1947 he returned to Cambrid ge for a sabbatical year. While he wa s at Cambridge, the Pilot ACE was bui lt without him. It ran its first prog ram on 10 May 1950.Private life Turin g was a homosexual man. In 1952, he a dmitted having had sex with a man in England. At that time, homosexual act s were illegal. Turing was convicted. He had to choose between going to ja il and taking hormones to lower his s ex drive. He decided to take the horm ones. After his punishment, he became impotent. He also grew breasts.In Ma

y 2012, a private member's bill was p ut before the House of Lords to grant Turing a statutory pardon. In July 2 013, the government supported it. A r oyal pardon was granted on 24 Decembe r 2013.Death In 1954, Turing died fro m cyanide poisoning. The cyanide came from either an apple which was poiso ned with cyanide, or from water that had cyanide in it. The reason for the confusion is that the police never t ested the apple for cyanide. It is al so suspected that he committed suicid e.The treatment forced on him is now believed to be very wrong. It is agai

nst medical ethics and international laws of human rights. In August 2009, a petition asking the British Govern ment to apologise to Turing for punis hing him for being a homosexual was s tarted. The petition received thousan ds of signatures. Prime Minister Gord on Brown acknowledged the petition. H e called Turing's treatment "appallin g".ReferencesOther websites Jack Cope land 2012. Alan Turing: The codebreak er who saved 'millions of lives'. BBC News / Technology English computer s cientistsEnglish LGBT peopleEnglish m athematiciansGay menLGBT scientistsSc

ientists from LondonSuicides by poiso nSuicides in the United Kingdom1912 b irths1954 deathsOfficers of the Order of the British Empire

Alanis Nadine Morissette (born June 1 , 1974) is a Grammy Award-winning Can adian-American singer and songwriter. She was born in Ottawa, Canada. She began singing in Canada as a teenager in 1990. In 1995, she became popular all over the world.As a young child in Canada, Morissette began to act on television, including 5 episodes of the long-running series, You Can't Do That on Television. Her first album was released only in Canada in 1990.H er first international album was Jagg ed Little Pill, released in 1995. It was a rock-influenced album. Jagged h

as sold more than 33 million units gl obally. It became the best-selling de but album in music history. Her next album, Supposed Former Infatuation Ju nkie, was released in 1998. It was a success as well. Morissette took up p roducing duties for her next albums, which include Under Rug Swept, So-Cal led Chaos and Flavors of Entanglement . Morissette has sold more than 60 mi llion albums worldwide.She also acted in several movies, including Kevin S mith's Dogma, where she played God.Ab out her lifeAlanis Morissette was bor n in Riverside Hospital of Ottawa in

Ottawa, Ontario. Her father is French -Canadian. Her mother is from Hungary . She has an older brother, Chad, and a twin brother, Wade, who is 12 minu tes younger than she is. Her parents had worked as teachers at a military base in Lahr, Germany.Morissette beca me an American citizen in 2005. She i s still Canadian citizen.On May 22, 2 010, Morissette married rapper Mario "MC Souleye" Treadway.Jagged Little P illMorissette has had many albums. He r 1995 album Jagged Little Pill becam e a very popular album. It has sold o ver 30 million copies worldwide. The

album caused Morissette to win four G rammy Awards. The album Jagged Little Pill touched many people.On the albu m, Morissette sang songs about many d ifferent things. These things include :love (in the song "Head Over Feet")l ife (in the songs "Ironic" and "You L earn")her feelings (in the songs "Han d In My Pocket" and "All I Really Wan t")sadness (in the song "Mary Jane")a nger (in the song "You Oughta Know")f rustration (in the songs "Not the Doc tor" and "Wake Up")DiscographyAlbumsA lanis (Canada-only, 1991)Now Is the T ime (Canada-only, 1992)Jagged Little

Pill (1995)Supposed Former Infatuatio n Junkie (1998)Alanis Unplugged (1999 )Under Rug Swept (2002)Feast on Scrap s (CD/DVD, 2002)So-Called Chaos (2004 )Jagged Little Pill Acoustic (2005)Al anis Morissette: The Collection (2005 )Flavors of Entanglement (2008)Havoc and Bright Lights (2012)Selected song sMorissette has written many songs. S ome of her most famous songs are:"You Oughta Know" - This song is to Moris sette's ex-boyfriend, a man she once loved. In this song, Morissette is ve ry angry. She wants her ex-boyfriend to know that he caused many problems

after leaving her for another woman." Ironic" - This song is about life. It contains several stories about unluc ky people. In one of the stories, a m an is afraid of flying on airplanes. He finally flies in one, but the airp lane crashes."You Learn" - In this so ng, Morissette says that bad things h appen in life, but people learn from them. Anyone can make bad things into good things. She wants people to try new things in life."Uninvited" - In this song, Morissette is not happy be cause she is famous. She does not kno w whether she wants to continue to be

famous or not."Thank U" - In this so ng, she thanks many things that have helped her. She thanks India, a count ry she visited and almost died in. Sh e also lists ways she can improve her self."Hands Clean" - In this song, a man does something bad, and tells Mor issette not to tell anyone else the b ad thing the man did. She hides the m an's secret for many years.References Other websites Official website1974 birthsLiving people American child ac torsAmerican movie actorsAmerican pop musiciansAmerican rock singersAmeric an singer-songwritersAmerican televis

ion actorsCanadian movie actorsCanadi an pop singersCanadian rock singersCa nadian singer-songwritersCanadian tel evision actorsGrammy Award winnersPeo ple from OttawaSingers from OntarioTw in people from Canada

Adobe Illustrator is a computer progr am for making graphic design and illu strations. It is made by Adobe System s. Pictures created in Adobe Illustra tor can be made bigger or smaller, an d look exactly the same at any size. It works well with the rest of the pr oducts with the Adobe name.HistoryIt was first released in 1986 for the Ap ple Macintosh. The latest version is Adobe Illustrator CS6, part of Creati ve Suite 6.Release historyReferencesV ector graphics editorsAdobe software

Andouille is a type of pork sausage. It is spicy (hot in taste) and smoked . There are different kinds, all with different combinations of pork meat, fat, intestines (tubes going to the stomach), and tripe (the wall of the stomach).Other sorts are "French ando uille" and "German andouille"; they a re less spicy than Cajun. Cajun has e xtra salt, black pepper, and garlic. Andouille makers smoke the sausages o ver pecan wood and sugar cane for a m aximum of seven or eight hours, at ab out 175 degrees Fahrenheit (80 degree s Celsius).Sausage

Farming is growing crops and keeping animals for food and raw materials. Farming is a part of agriculture. Agr iculture started thousands of years a go, but no one knows for sure how old it is. The development of farming ga ve rise to the Neolithic Revolution a s people gave up nomadic hunting and became settlers in cities. Agricultur e and domestication probably started in the Fertile Crescent (the Nile Val ley, the Levant and Mesopotamia). The area called Fertile Crescent is now in the countries of Iraq, Syria, Turk ey, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, and Egyp

t. Wheat and barley are some of the f irst crops people grew. People probab ly started agriculture slowly by plan ting a few crops, but still gathered many foods from the wild. People may have started farming because the weat her and soil began to change. Farming can feed many more people than hunte r-gatherers can feed on the same amou nt of land.This allowed the human pop ulation to grow to such large numbers as there are today.TypesArable farmi ng Arable farming means growing crops . This would include wheat or vegetab les. Growing fruit means having orcha

rds devoted to fruit. They cannot be switched easily with growing field c rops. Therefore they are not classed as arable land in the statistics.Agri culture is not only growing food for people and animals, but also growing other things like flowers and nursery plants, manure or dung, animal hides (skins or furs), leather, animals, f ungi, fibers (cotton, wool, hemp, and flax), biofuel , and drugs (biopharm aceuticals, marijuana, opium).Many pe ople still live by subsistence agricu lture, on a small farm. They can only grow enough food to feed the farmer,

his family, and his animals. The yie ld is the amount of food grown on a g iven amount of land, and it is often low. This is because subsistence farm ers are generally less educated, and they have less money to buy equipment . Drought and other problems sometime s cause famines. Where yields are low , deforestation can provide new land to grow more food. This provides more nutrition for the farmer's family, b ut can be bad for the country and the surrounding environment over many ye ars.In some countries, farms are ofte n fewer and larger. During the 20th c

entury they have become more producti ve because farmers are able to grow b etter varieties of plants, use more f ertilizer, use more water, and more e asily control weeds and pests. Many f arms also use machines, so fewer peop le can farm more land. There are fewe r farmers in rich countries, but the farmers are able to grow more.This ki nd of intensive agriculture comes wit h its own set of problems. Farmers us e a lot of chemical fertilizers, pest icides (chemicals that kill bugs), an d herbicides (chemicals that kill wee ds). These chemicals can pollute the

soil or the water. They can also crea te bugs and weeds that are more resis tant to the chemicals, causing outbre aks of these pests. The soil can be d amaged by erosion (blowing or washing away), salt buildup, or loss of stru cture. Irrigation (adding water from rivers) can pollute water and lower t he water table. These problems have a ll got solutions, and modern young fa rmers usually have a good technical e ducation.Farmers select plants with b etter yield, taste, and nutritional v alue. They also choose plants that ca n survive plant disease and drought,

and are easier to harvest. Centuries of artificial selection and breeding have changed crop plants. The crops p roduce better yield. Fertilizers, che mical pest control, and irrigation al l help.Some plants are improved with genetic engineering. One example is modifying the plant to resist herbici des.Food It is important for there to be enough food for everyone. The foo d must also be safe and good. People say it is not always safe, because it contains some chemicals. Other peopl e say intensive agriculture is damagi ng the environment. For this reason,

there are several types of agricultur e. Traditional agriculture is mostly done in poor countries. Intensive agr iculture is mostly done in countries with more money. It uses pesticides, machinery, chemical fertilizers. Orga nic farming is using only natural pro ducts such as compost and green manur e. Integrated farming is using local resources, and trying to use the wast e from one process as a resource in a nother process.Agricultural policy fo cuses on the goals and methods of agr icultural production. Common goals of policy include the quality, amount,

and safety of food.Problems There are some serious problems that people fa ce trying to grow food today.These in clude: Pollution Erosion Diseases Pes ts Weeds Drought Rainfall Climate Con taminationCrops The major crops produ ced in the world in 2002, are maize ( corn), wheat, rice, and cotton. Maize 624 million metric tons Wheat 570 mi llion metric tons Rice 381.1 million metric tons Cotton 96.5 million metri c tonsRelated pages Aquaculture Bee keeping Animal husbandry Fertilizers Crop rotation Urban farming Breeding Fencing Ranching Plantation Crop prot