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[ "1930 – Sinclair Lewis (1885-1951) American writer. Received the 1930 Nobel Prize for Literature “for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humor, new types of characters.”", "Sinclair Lewis (1885-1951) was the most popular of the early 20th century American realist novelists, becoming the first American to win the Nobel Prize for literature in 1930. He is known for his sharply-observed and highly-detailed satirical novels, each focussing on a particular aspect of middle-class professional life.", "The Nobel Prize in Literature 1930 was awarded to Sinclair Lewis \"for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters\".", "1885 – Sinclair Lewis was an American novelist, short-story writer, and playwright. In 1930, he became the first American to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, “for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humor, new types of characters.”  (d. 1951)", "1930: Sinclair Lewis (1885 – 1951) American novelist, short-story writer, and playwright, \"for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters\".", "Born in 1886, in Sauk Centre, Minnesota, Henry Sinclair Lewis became the first American novelist to win the Nobel Prize for Literature. The son of a country doctor, from a family of three boys, he grew up introverted and intelligent in this town with a population of 2,800, most of which was Swedish and Norwegian. At the age of 17 he broke free of the mid-west, entering Yale, and from there he worked unsuccessfully in publishing for several years. In his spare time he wrote, and after producing five novels, all of which went unnoticed, he became a household name with Main Street in late 1920. After this publication, he had several consecutive successes: Babbitt (1922), Arrowsmith (1925), Mantrap (1926), Elmer Gantry (1927), The Man Who Knew Coolidge (1928), and Dodsworth (1929) were all well received. In 1926 Lewis was to be awarded the Pulitzer Prize for his novel Arrowsmith, but refused. Four years later, however, he accepted the Nobel Prize for Literature.", "Other notable writers to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature have been Rudyard Kipling (1907), William Butler Yeats (1923), George Bernard Shaw (1925), Eugene O’Neill (1936), William Faulkner (1949), Ernest Hemingway (1954), Albert Camus (1957), John Steinbeck (1962), and Gabriel Garcia Marquez (1982). Selma Lagerlof was the first woman recipient, in 1909, Rabindranath Tagore of India was the first non-European in 1913 and Sinclair Lewis (1930) was the first American writer to receive the award. Controversy has dogged the selection, with laureates being heavily European, and a large percentage of those writers being Swedish and obscure outside of Scandinavia.", "It's been more than 20 years since an American was awarded the Nobel Prize in literature. That was Toni Morrison , in 1993. It's been hard for us to figure, because earlier in the 20th century, Americans dominated the Nobel Literature Laureates list: Sinclair Lewis (1930), Eugene O'Neill (1936), Pearl S. Buck (1938), William Faulkner (1949), Ernest Hemingway (1954), John Steinbeck (1962).", "[C] 1878 - Upton Beall Sinclair, Jr. (d. 1968), American novelist, writer, journalist, socialist and later Democratic candidate for governor of California, born. Upton Sinclair was a supporter of Sacco and Vanzetti and his 'documentary novel', 'Boston' (1928), was an indictment of the American system of justice set against the background of the prosecution and execution of the 2 anarchists, who themselves feature as characters. He was also an active supporter of the IWW free speech campaigns and strikes and in his anthology, 'The Cry for Justice: An Anthology of the Literature of Social Protest' (1915) he collected selections from the likes of Alexander Berkman ('Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist'), Peter Kropotkin ('Memoirs of a Revolutionist'), Voltairine De Cleyre, Francisco Ferrer, Auguste Vaillant, Henry David Thoreau, Octave Mirbeau, Leo Tolstoy, etc.", "Since the 1890s, an undercurrent of social protest had coursed through American literature, welling up in the naturalism of Stephen Crane and Theodore Dreiser and in the clear messages of the muckraking novelists. Later socially engaged authors included Sinclair Lewis, John Steinbeck, John Dos Passos, Richard Wright, and the dramatist Clifford Odets. They were linked to the 1930s in their concern for the welfare of the common citizen and their focus on groups of people – the professions, as in Sinclair Lewis's archetypal Arrowsmith (a physician) or Babbitt (a local businessman); families, as in Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath; or urban masses, as Dos Passos accomplishes through his 11 major characters in his U.S.A. trilogy.", "The first US citizen ever to be awarded the Nobel Prize for literature was Sinclair Lewis (1885–1951), whose novel Main Street (1920) was modeled on life in his hometown of Sauk Centre. Phil-ip S. Hench (b.Pennsylvania, 1896–1965) and Edward C. Kendall (b.Connecticut, 1886–1972), both of the Mayo Clinic, shared the 1950 Nobel Prize for medicine, and St. Paul native Melvin Calvin (1911–97) won the 1961 Nobel Prize for chemistry.", "Prominent literary figures, besides Sinclair Lewis, include Ignatius Donnelly (b.Pennsylvania, 1831–1901), a writer, editor, and Populist Party crusader; F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896–1940), well known for classic novels including The Great Gatsby; and Ole Edvart Rølvaag (b.Norway, 1876–1931), who conveyed the reality of the immigrant experience in his Giants in the Earth . The poet and critic Allen Tate (b.Kentucky, 1899–1979) taught for many years at the University of Minnesota.", "SINCLAIR, UPTON (1878-1968). American novelist and social critic, author of the famous book about the meatpacking industry,", "Upton Sinclair, (1878; d.1968), novelist who exposed the Chicago stockyards in The Jungle (1906), and won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for Dragon's Teeth (1943). September 20", "Around 1911, Sinclair's wife ran off with the poet Harry Kemp (later known as the Dunes Poet of Provincetown, Massachusetts). Within a few years, Sinclair moved to Pasadena , California , where he founded the state's chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union in the 1920s. Sinclair went on to run unsuccessfully for Congress twice on the Socialist ticket: in 1920, for the United States House of Representatives , and in 1922, for the Senate. [4]", "Upton Sinclair 1878�1968 one-time candidate for governor of California. He achieved popularity in the first half of the twentieth century, acquiring particular fame for his classic muckraking novel, The Jungle (1906). It exposed conditions in the U.S. meat packing industry", "John Steinbeck, the author awarded this year's Nobel Prize in Literature, was born in the little town of Salinas, California, a few miles from the Pacific coast near the fertile Salinas Valley. This locality forms the background for many of his descriptions of the common man's everyday life. He was raised in moderate circumstances, yet he was on equal terms with the workers' families in this rather diversified area. While studying at Stanford University, he often had to earn his living by working on the ranches. He left Stanford without graduating and, in 1925, went to New York as a freelance writer. After bitter years of struggling to exist, he returned to California, where he found a home in a lonely cottage by the sea. There he continued his writing.", "You probably know Churchill as the wartime prime minister of the United Kingdom, which is likely the reason why the United States bestowed honorary citizenship upon him. You might not know that he was also recipient of the 1953 Nobel Prize in Literature, placing him (in the often unreliable eyes of the Nobel committee) alongside Yeats, Hemingway (who won it the following year), and Marquez.", "Sinclair wrote almost one hundred novels in his lifetime. A few of these include Oil! (the basis for the movie There Will Be Blood) and the novel that permantly changed the meat industry, The Jungle. -Pagepulp.com", "Ernest Miller Hemingway ( July 21 , 1899  – July 2 , 1961 ) was an American novelist, short story writer, and journalist. His economical and understated style had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction , while his life of adventure and his public image influenced later generations. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. He published seven novels, six short story collections, and two non-fiction works. Additional works, including three novels, four short story collections, and three non-fiction works, were published posthumously. Many of his works are considered classics of American literature .", "Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American author and journalist. His economical and understated style had a strong influence on20th-century fiction, while his life of adventure and his public image influenced later generations. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. He published seven novels, six short story collections, and two non-fiction works. Three novels, four collections of short stories, and three non-fiction works were published posthumously. Many of his works are considered classics of American literature.", "William Faulkner (1897-1962) was born in New Albany, Mississippi, but his family soon moved to Oxford, Mississippi. The action of almost all of his novels takes place in and around Oxford, which he renames Jefferson, Mississippi. Faulkner, therefore, was very familiar with the type of person presented through the characters of the Bundrens. Even though Faulkner is a contemporary American, he is already considered one of the world's greatest novelists. In 1949, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature, the highest prize awarded to a writer.", "Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American novelist, short story writer, and journalist. His economical and understated style had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction, while his life of adventure and his public image influenced later generations. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. He published seven novels, six short story collections, and two non-fiction works. Additional works, including three novels, four short story collections, and three non-fiction works, were published posthumously. Many of his works are considered classics of American literature.", "Joseph Rudyard Kipling ( 30 December 1865 – 18 January 1936 ) was an English journalist , short-story writer, poet and novelist, born in India. In 1907, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature , making him the first English language writer to receive the prize, and he remains today its youngest-ever recipient.", "* John Steinbeck – Nobel prize-winning author, one of the best-known and most widely read American writers of the 20th century ", "American novelist and short-story writer who was awarded the 1949 Nobel Prize for Literature. Youth and early writings As the eldest of the four sons of Murry Cuthbert and Maud Butler Falkner, William Faulkner (as he later spelled his name) was well aware of his family background and especially of his great-grandfather, Colonel William Clark Falkner,...", "John Steinbeck is one of the best-known and most revered American literary figures. He won the Pulitzer Prize for his novel Grapes of Wrath (1939), highlighting the lives of migrant farm workers in the Salinas Valley, and was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962. Seventeen of his works, including Cannery Row (1945), The Pearl (1947) and East of Eden (1955), were made into Hollywood movies.", "Winston Churchill (November 10, 1871 – March 12, 1947) was an American novelist and was one of the best selling novelists of the early 20th century.", "American author and journalist . His distinctive writing style was characterized by the economy and understatement , influenced 20th-century fiction. He produced most of his work between the mid-1920s. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954", "Winston Churchill (November 10, 1871 – March 12, 1947) was an American best selling novelist of the early 20th century.", "JOSEPH RUDYARD KIPLING (30 December 1865 – 18 January 1936) was an English short-story writer, poet, and novelist chiefly remembered for his tales and poems of British soldiers in India, and his tales for children. He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1907. He was born in Bombay, in the Bombay Presidency of British India, and was taken by his family to England when he was five years old.", "An American author, journalist, poet, screenwriter and film critic. In the 1940s, he was one of the most influential film critics in the U.S. His autobiographical novel, A Death in the Family (1957), won the author a posthumous Pulitzer Prize." ]

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[ "Dench was born in Heworth, York, England, the daughter of Eleanora Olave (née Jones), a native of Dublin, and Reginald Arthur Dench, a doctor who met Judi’s mother while studying medicine at Trinity College.[3] Dench was raised a Methodist until, at age 13, she attended The Mount School, a Quaker Public Secondary school in York, becoming a Quaker.[4][5] Her brothers, one of whom is actor Jeffery Dench, were born in Tyldesley, Lancashire.[4][5] Notable relatives also include her niece, Emma Dench, a Roman historian and professor previously at Birkbeck, University of London, and currently at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.[6]", "Dame Judi Dench was born on December 9th, 1934 in York, Yorkshire, England. She made her stage debut in 1957 as Ophelia in Hamlet. She also performed in musical roles, starring in the London premiere of Cabaret in 1968. She won an Oscar for her role as Queen Elizabeth I in Shakespeare in Love. Currently she is portraying James Bond's boss M in the Bond film series.", "Dame Judi Dench was born on December 9, 1934, in York, England. Her childhood was spent in the company of performers, as her father was the resident doctor for a nearby theater company. There were consequently actors coming and going in Judi’s house at all hours, and it was by watching them that the young girl found herself mesmerized by their easy-going, cavalier lifestyle. Judi knew early on that she wanted to pursue a career in the arts, though her initial inclination was toward either painting or dancing.", "Dench was born in Heworth, North Riding of Yorkshire. Her mother, Eleanora Olive (née Jones), was born in Dublin. Her father, Reginald Arthur Dench, a doctor, was born in Dorset, and later moved to Dublin, where he was raised. He met Dench's mother while he was studying medicine at Trinity College, Dublin. ", "Dame Judi Dench [7] is a widely acclaimed English actress who has received many awards for her acting in theatre, film and television including six British Academy Film Awards, four British Academy Television Awards, seven Olivier Awards (for excellence in professional theatre in London), two Screen Actors Guild Awards, two Golden Globes, an Academy Award, and a Tony Award (for achievement in live Broadway theatre).", "Her childhood provides a few clues. Dench is one of three children of a York GP and her parents seem to have had this same vulnerability. \"It really is true,\" she says, \"that when I appeared as Juliet and said: 'Where are my mother and father?', my father said: 'We're here in Row H, darling'. He wasn't thinking; the tears were streaming down his face.\"", "Through her parents, Dench had regular contact with the theatre. Her father, a physician, was also the GP for the York theatre, and her mother was its wardrobe mistress. [12] Actors often stayed in the Dench household. During these years, Judi Dench was involved on a non-professional basis in the first three productions of the modern revival of the York Mystery Plays in the 1950s. In 1957, in one of the last productions in which she appeared during this period, she played the role of the Virgin Mary , performed on a fixed stage in the Museum Gardens . [13] Though she initially trained as a set designer, she became interested in drama school as her brother Jeff attended the Central School of Speech and Drama . [12] She applied and was accepted by the School, then based at the Royal Albert Hall , London, where she was a classmate of Vanessa Redgrave , graduating with a first class degree in drama and four acting prizes, one being the Gold Medal as Outstanding Student. [12]", "Dame Judith Olivia \"Judi\" Dench is an award winning stage and tv/film actress. She is also regarded as one of the greatest British actress and she won the following awards : BAFTAs, 7 Laurence Olivier Awards, 2 Screen Actors Guild Awards, 2 Golden Globe Awards, and one Academy award. She also won a Tony award. She started her career in 1957 in stage plays and in several Shakespearean plays. She became more famous in he role in the musical movie \"Cabaret\" in 1968.", "Judi Dench as a young actress playing the virgin Mary in the 1957 York Festival of Mystery Plays. The plays were performed in St Mary's Abbey, the museum gardens, York, England.", "Through her parents, Dench had regular contact with the theatre. Her father, a physician, was also the GP for the York theatre, and her mother was its wardrobe mistress. [12] Actors often stayed in the Dench household. During these years, Judi Dench was involved on a non-professional basis in the first three productions of the modern revival of the York Mystery Plays in the 1950s. In 1957, in one of the last productions in which she appeared during this period, she played the role of the Virgin Mary , performed on a fixed stage in the Museum Gardens . [13] Though she initially trained as a set designer, she became interested in drama school as her brother Jeff attended the Central School of Speech and Drama . [12] She applied and was accepted, where she was a classmate of Vanessa Redgrave , graduating with a first class degree in drama and four acting prizes, one being the Gold Medal as Outstanding Student. [12]", "Dench is an Honorary Fellow of Lucy Cavendish College, Cambridge. In 1996, she was awarded an Honorary Doctorate (D.Univ) from Surrey University[24] and in 2000-2001 she received an Honorary DLitt from Durham University. In July 2000, she was awarded a Doctor of Letters (D.Litt) by Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, where she actively supported their Drama School at the Gateway Theatre on Elm Row. On 24 June 2008, she was honoured by the University of St Andrews, receiving the honorary degree of Doctor of Letters (D.Litt) at the university’s graduation ceremony.[25]", "In Britain, Dench has developed a reputation as one of the greatest actresses of the post-war period, primarily through her work in theatre, which has been her forte throughout her career. She has more than once been named number one in polls for Britain's best actor. [10] [11]", "Dench is an advisor to the American Shakespeare Center . She is a patron of the Shakespeare Schools Festival , a charity that enables school children across the UK to perform Shakespeare in professional theatres. [120] She is patron of East Park Riding for the Disabled, a riding school for disabled children at Newchapel, Surrey . [121] Dench is also a Vice-President of national charity Revitalise , that provides accessible holidays for those with disabilities. [122] In 2011, along with musician Sting and billionaire entrepreneur Richard Branson , she publicly urged policy makers to adopt more progressive drug policies by decriminalizing drug use. [123]", "With over 50 credits to her name and almost a half-century spent in the business, Dame Judi Dench has firmly established herself as a screen legend in her own right. She’s worked alongside some of the best and brightest stars Hollywood has to offer, including Keira Knightley, Reese Witherspoon and Gwyneth Paltrow, and there’s little doubt that Judi deserves to be mentioned in the same breath as fellow stellar British imports Helen Mirren and Maggie Smith.", "British actress Judi Dench arrives for the British Academy Film Awards at the Royal Opera House in London on Sunday, Feb. 11, 2007. Dench was nominated for a best actress Oscar for her role in \"Notes on a Scandal.\"", "Actress Judi Dench was named a dame in 1988 for her classical and dramatic roles, but most U.S. audiences will know her as ...", "Image caption Sir Kenneth Branagh and Dame Judi Dench arrived together at the awards in central London", "Actress Judi Dench was named a dame in 1988 for her classical and... Photo-6005651.81728 - Houston Chronicle", "Actress Judi Dench was named a dame in 1988 for her classical and... Photo-6005651.81728 - San Antonio Express-News", "Dame Judi has appeared in a string of successful British dramas and comedies, including, \"Mrs. Brown\", \"Chocolat\", \"Iris\", \"The Shipping News\", \"Therese Raquin\" and \"The Importance of Being Earnest\". More recently she has earned Oscar nods for \"Mrs Henderson Presents\" (2005) and \"Notes on a Scandal\" (2006).", "Judi Dench, the elder of the two, has been a tour de force for over fifty years now, from the big screen to the small. She’s become a national treasure in the UK, with plaudits and awards amassed over the years. Her achievements include powerful performances at the National, Royal Court and Old Vic theatre, comedic roles on TV such as the long-running BBC sitcom As Time Goes By, and of course her varied roles on the big screen, from playing M in the James Bond series to her role as Queen Elizabeth I in Shakespeare in Love in 1999. Some may hesitate to say it, but Dench has broken the mold. She has shown the world that age", "John Gielgud was born in South Kensington in London to Kate Terry-Lewis and Frank Gielgud. He had a theatrical lineage: on his father's side his great grandmother Aniela Aszpergerowa, had been a well known Polish actress (called by British press incorrectly Lithuanian); on his mother's side, he was the grandson of actress Kate Terry, whose actor-siblings included Ellen Terry, Marion Terry and Fred Terry.", "* Judi Dench (Mrs. Calloway in Home on the Range, Narrator in Doogal, Miss Lilly in Angelina Ballerina)", "EDIT : After @jampez77 comment I also found this wikipedia link on Judi Dench , where it is told that", "Williams gave birth to her son, Sam, on 6 June 1997. Her mother Judi Dench, said Williams didn't tell her she was going to be a mother until only days before the birth.", "* Judi Dench holds the distinction of being the only actress to win both dramatic and musical Olivier acting awards in the same year (1996) - for her performances in Absolute Hell and A Little Night Music.", "Dame Judi created the role of Sally Bowles in the London premire of the musical, CABARET.", "Dame Judi Dench is very close to her daughter. So why didn't she know she was pregnant? Cassandra Jardine reports", "British Academy of Film and Television Arts Awards - Best Film ; Best Actress (Judi Dench)", "If you regularly access the Afternoon Tea website, you probably saw the video clip of Judi Dench performing \"Send in the Clowns\" from Stephen Sondheim's A Little Night Music. Is there nothing this Dame can't do!?", "But Dench wasn't just content with Shakespeare or drama. In 1959, she made her television debut in the BBC series Hilda Lessways. She stretched herself even more by taking on comedic work, including stage productions of Oscar Wilde. In 1968, she had a starring role as Sally Bowles in Cabaret.", "Benedict Cumberbatch has often said that Una Stubbs (above), who plays his screen landlady Mrs Hudson, mothers him on the set of Sherlock. But she has good reason: Stubbs is an acting contemporary of Cumberbatch’s mother Wanda Ventham (who made a surprise appearance in The Empty Hearse as Sherlock's Les Mis-loving  mother , alongside the actor's father Timothy Carlton as Holmes senior), and used to live around the corner from her when Cumberbatch was a child. So a four-year-old Benedict would often find himself forced to endure hours of boredom as Stubbs and his mother gossiped on park benches or street corners. Stubbs nonetheless found him “Very polite... A lovely boy.”" ]

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[ "Billboard magazine started publishing in 1894. They published their first music \"hit parade\" in 1936 and their first \"Hot 100\" in 1958. We understand that from 1936 to 1958 the charts were irregular and didn't have a consistent form. In addition the focus was on \"sheet music\" sales so while the chart will say, for example, that the song \"Sentimental Journey\" was a hit in 1945 it won't tell you if the version by the Merry Macs, Hal McIntyre or Les Brown & Doris Day was the most popular.", "The Billboard magazine has published various music charts starting (with sheet music) in 1894, the first \"Music Hit Parade\" was published in 1936 , the first \"Music Popularity Chart\" was calculated in 1940 . These charts became less irregular until the weekly \"Hot 100\" was started in 1958 . The current chart combines sales, airplay and downloads.", "On January 4, 1936, Billboard magazine published its first music hitparade. The first Music Popularity Chart was calculated in July, 1940. A variety of song charts followed, which were eventually consolidated into the Hot 100 by mid-1958.", "Billboard was founded in 1894 by William Donaldson and James Hennegan as a trade publication for bill posters. Donaldson later acquired Hennegen's interest in 1900 for $500. In the 1900s, it covered the entertainment industry, such as circuses, fairs and burlesque shows. It also created a mail service for travelling entertainers. Billboard began focusing more on the music industry as the jukebox, phonograph and radio became commonplace. Many topics it covered were spun-off into different magazines, including Amusement Business in 1961 to cover outdoor entertainment, so that it could focus on music.", "Originally, Billboard and other magazines that track the popularity of musical artists and hit tunes measured the sales success of the published tune, not just recordings of it. Later, they tracked the airplay that songs achieved, some cover versions being more successful recording(s) than the original song(s). Cover versions of well-known, well-liked tunes are often recorded by new or up-and-coming artists to achieve initial success when their unfamiliar original material would be less likely to be successful. Before the onset of rock 'n' roll in the 1950s, songs were published and several records of a song might be brought out by singers of the day, each giving it their individual treatment. Cover versions could also be released as an effort to revive the song's popularity among younger generations of listeners after the popularity of the original version has long since declined over the years.", "Jancik's The Billboard Book of One-Hit Wonders, because of the publisher's limitation on size, only includes the top twenty One-Hit Wonders, or roughly half of the one-hit wonders that made the Top 40 from 1955 through 1992, and (because it was officially licensed by Billboard magazine) used the Billboard Hot 100 as its reference chart. The author has published a website \"'One-Hit Wonders,' The Book\", which includes all the one-hit wonders' profiles that were excluded from the book.", ". 1947 ~ Billboard magazine began listing the top 15 popular records. Only 10 songs had been featured previously.", "At the time, Billboard magazine compiled charts in three different categories: Best Sellers in Stores, Most Played By Disc Jockeys, and Most Played in Juke Boxes - many songs like \"Rock Around The Clock\" topped all three and were a consensus #1. Elvis had his first chart-topper in 1956 with \" Heartbreak Hotel ,\" and rock music made steady gains from there, but to give you some idea of what the charts looked like before Haley hit the pinnacle, the 1955 #1s that hit before Haley were by Joan Weber, The Fontane Sisters, The McGuire Sisters, Bill Hays, Perez Prado, Georgia Gibbs and Les Baxter.", "• independent radio stations that programmed rock and roll were brought by chains who played Top 40 format nationwide • radio, which had lost adult audience to TV was reinvigorated • FTC payola investigations in 1959-60 Song Writing Early 1960’s • Don Kirsher o Music Publisher who cornered the teen market in the early 1960’s o Hired teams of NYC songwriters who composed Tin Pan Alley like songs for doo-wop and girls groups. • Brill Building • home of music publishers since the Tin Pan Alley era (early 20 th century) • songwriters included Carole King, who had a successful solo career in 1970s The Shirelles \"Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow\" • exemplified \"girl group\" phenomenon • this song was the first #1 hit by an all-female group • sweet, polished image • precursor of later groups like the Supremes • written by Carole King and Gerry Goffin for Don Kirshner and went to #1 The Ronettes \"Be My Baby\" • sisters Ronnie and Estelle Bennett, and cousin Nedra Talley • discovered by Phil Spector, producer, who married Ronnie • tough-girl image: dark eye make-up, huge beehive hairdos, tight skirts • listen for dense texture—many instruments, background vocals, etc. • VCVCBCC form", "On August 4, 1958, Billboard premiered one main all-genre singles chart: the Hot 100. Although similar to the Top 100, the first Hot 100 chart reset all songs’ \"weeks on chart\" status to \"1\". The Hot 100 quickly became the industry standard and Billboard discontinued the Best Sellers In Stores chart on October 13, 1958.", "August 4, 1958 - Billboard magazine introduced \"Hot 100\" chart, list of 100 best-selling pop singles in country; replaced multiple charts previously published (including Best Sellers in Stores, Most Played in Juke Boxes); first song to top Hot 100 list was \"Poor Little Fool\" by Ricky Nelson.", "Before late 1958, rather than unified pop and country singles charts, Billboard had as many as four charts for each, separately ranking records according to sales, jukebox play, jockey spins (i.e., airplay), and, in the case of pop, a general \"Top 100\". Billboard now regards the sales charts as definitive for the period. Widely cited chart statistician Joel Whitburn accords historical releases the highest ranking they achieved among the separate charts. Presley discographer Ernst Jorgensen refers only to the Top 100 chart for pop hits. All of the 1956–58 songs listed here as number one US pop hits reached the top of both the sales and with three exceptions, the Top 100 charts: \"I Want You, I Need You, I Love You\" (three), \"Hound Dog\" (two, behind its flip side, \"Don't Be Cruel\"), and \"Hard Headed Woman\" (two).", "By the 1970s, musical celebrity had become an integral component of this process, enabling listeners to situate their favorite performers - and by extension, themselves - in broad social, artistic, and political trends. Magazines and newspapers illuminated musicians' life-styles, and professional critics offered authoritative opinions about the relative value of different singers and songs. Founded in 1967, Rolling Stone would become, its editor promised, a forum for music and \"the things and attitudes that the music embraces.\" Its pages focused on musicians' ideas, opinions, and creative processes. Rolling Stone's gossip column, \"Random Notes,\" reported on musicians' marriages, break-ups, and public appearances. It functioned, ultimately, as \"a glossy life-style publication\" full of celebrity news. People magazine, launched in 1974, broadened the audience for rock gossip, granting musicians the kind of public attention once given only to movie stars. By the decade's end, Christopher Lasch decried the attention paid to style for its \"eclipse of achievement,\" but a culture of celebrity gave young people greater access to musicians' lives just as they were in the process of defining their own life-styles.8", "Sources & Notes: For this bio I gathered data from various sources, some confirmed, some not. All chart positions referred to are from Billboard Magazine and were compiled from Joel Whitburn's book \"Top Ten R & B Singles 1942-1988,\" published by Record Research, Inc..", "*paul ackerman (former \"billboard\" magazine editor for 3 decades, '43-'73, he witnessed the birth of rock and roll while running the industry's most influential publication) (1977)", "In 1982, Billboard began publishing a Midline Albums chart (alternatively titled Midline LPs) which ranked older or mid-priced titles. The chart held 50 positions and was published on a bi-weekly (and later tri-weekly) basis.", "But the new era arrived quickly. The biggest hit from the decade? Chubby Checker 's rock-indebted dance track \"The Twist,\" the only song ever to hit No. 1 in two separate runs (in 1960 and again in 1962, due to its revival in its pop culture). Sounds were changing. The Beatles landed two entries on the top twenty -- an early number, \"I Wanna Hold Your Hand,\" and the expansive \"Hey Jude,\" from later in their career. Soul came on strong at the end of the decade: Otis Redding 's \"(Sittin' On) The Dock Of The Bay,\" from 1967, and Marvin Gaye 's \"I Heard It Through the Grapevine,\" from 1968.", "Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, A&M had such acts as Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass, Baja Marimba Band, Burt Bacharach, Sérgio Mendes & Brasil ’66, The Sandpipers, We Five, The Carpenters, Chris Montez, Elkie Brooks, Lee Michaels, Captain and Tennille, The Flying Burrito Brothers, Quincy Jones, Lucille Starr, Stealers Wheel, Gallagher and Lyle, Barry DeVorzon, Perry Botkin, Jr., Marc Benno, Liza Minnelli, Rita Coolidge, Wes Montgomery, Paul Desmond, Bobby Tench, Hummingbird, Toni Basil, and Paul Williams. Folk artists Joan Baez, Phil Ochs and Gene Clark also recorded for the label during the 1970s. Billy Preston joined the label in 1971, followed by Andre Popp and Herb Ohta in 1973.", "Billboard magazine recorded the release of \"I Want You\" in its June 25 issue, and predicted it would reach the Top 20. The track entered the Billboard Hot 100 charts on July 2, 1966 at #90, and Billboard tapped the single as a \"star performer\"—a side \"registering greatest proportionate upward progress this week\". It peaked at #20 on July 30. ", "1954: Billboard magazine featured a headline that read: “Teenagers Demand Music with a Beat – Spur Rhythm and Blues.” It was a sign of things to come. Within a year, R&B music by both Black and White artists caught the public’s fancy.", "^ Whitburn, Joel The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits, Billboard Books, New York, 1992 p. 287", "The song was released as a single, which soon became a major pop hit. It remained on the Billboard Hot 100 for 11 weeks in 1975, reaching Number 36. ", "↑ T. E. Scheurer, American Popular Music: The Age of Rock (Madison, WI: Popular Press, 1989), ISBN 0-87972-468-4 , pp. 119–120.", "Updating a recap first published on Billboard.com when \"Someone\" reached No. 1, let's time-travel through the chart's past … keying … in on some of the most notable such hits.", "Not too many ballads of any kind ruled the Hot 100 during the decade, as the Beatles helped craft an era of, largely, jangly pop/rock toppers. Pre-British Invasion, tempo also was an almost exclusive Hot 100 No. 1 ingredient, although with fewer guitars and more orchestral arrangements.", "The first number one song of the Hot 100 was \"Poor Little Fool\" by Ricky Nelson on August 4, 1958. As of the issue for the week ending December 17, 2011, the Hot 100 has had 1,009 different number-one hits. Its current number-one is \"We Found Love\" by Rihanna featuring Calvin Harris.", "Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits, Billboard Books. ISBN 0-8230-7499-4 [ Amazon-US | Amazon-UK ]", "Music publishers still held significant power in those days, before artists routinely wrote their own songs. The publishers employed or contracted out work to songwriters, whose songs were then shopped to the record companies, who paired the compositions they liked with the artists in their stables, using house producers, arrangers, and engineers to get the records made. It was a remarkably rapid-fire process, and a remarkably localized one, too—the record labels were mostly in Midtown, as were the studios of choice, Bell Sound and Mira Sound. (There was even a little demo studio right in the Brill Building where songwriters could cut acetates of their songs to play for the labels.) The whole business had an exhilarating seat-of-the-pants aspect then, for teen music was still a relatively new phenomenon, as was, indeed, the very concept of “teenagers” as a consumer demographic. Yet the music that resulted was as sophisticated and urbane as youth pop would ever get—the antithesis of the deflavorized contemporaneous recordings of Pat Boone and Fabian, with which the Brill stuff is sometimes unfairly lumped. Its quality is the reason the Brill music has lasted, why these songs have been covered ad nauseam, why the Righteous Brothers’ “You’ve Lost That Lovin’ Feelin’” is the most played song in radio’s history.", "This magazine informed us that the best- selling single in the city was She Loves You by the Beatles. Runner-up was Billy J Kramer's Bad to Me. Other top sellers were Wishing by Buddy Holly and I'm Telling You Now by Freddie and the Dreamers.", "* One of the first artists achieving number-one hits in the United States and United Kingdom simultaneously.", "Other recent examples are in the 2/92 issue of Q Magazine, the 4/92 Keyboard Review article on MF, and Entertainment Weekly, 8/96, where they named AWSoP one of the 100 greatest Summer Songs (it came in an easy-to-remember Number 69). All say the same thing:", "(Includes the date the song reached the top of Billboard's Hot 100, and the duration of its stay there.)" ]

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[ "Angola , Republic of Angola - a republic in southwestern Africa on the Atlantic Ocean; achieved independence from Portugal in 1975 and was the scene of civil war until 1990", "Nov. 11, 1975: The Angolan independence group M.P.L.A. takes over the capital city of Luanda and declares Angola's independence from Portugal with heavy military assistance from Cuba.", "The People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola, for some years called the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola – Labour Party (), is a political party that has ruled Angola since the country's independence from Portugal in 1975. The MPLA fought against the Portuguese army in the Angolan War of Independence of 1961–74, and defeated the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) and the National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA), two other anti-colonial movements, in the decolonization conflict of 1974–75 and the Angolan Civil War of 1975–2002.", "ANGOLA In 1975 this Portugal's colony of Angola became the last European colony to gain independence", "It has a population of over 25.7 million and is bordered by Zambia to the east, Namibia to the south and the Democratic Republic of Congo to the north. Its capital city is Luanda and the national currency is the kwanza. Portuguese is its official language, but Bantu and other African languages are also spoken. Angola gained independence from Portugal in 1975.", "The Angolan Civil War () was a major civil conflict in Angola, beginning in 1975 and continuing, with some interludes, until 2002. The war began immediately after Angola became independent from Portugal in November 1975. Prior to this, a decolonisation conflict, the Angolan War of Independence (1961–74), had taken place. The following civil war was essentially a power struggle between two former liberation movements, the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA). At the same time, the war served as a surrogate battleground for the Cold War and large-scale direct and indirect international involvement by opposing powers such as the Soviet Union, Cuba, South Africa and the United States was a major feature of the conflict. ", "On the eve of Angola’s independence from Portugal in 1975, the agoraphobic Ludo bricks herself into an apartment in Luanda. She spends the next three decades in self-imposed isolation as a civil war rages outside, until a chance encounter with a young burglar finally brings her out into a transformed country. A remarkable novel from one of Angola’s most notable storytellers.", "Sudden and unexpected independence from Portugal in 1975 is the touch-paper for a destructive civil war between the two main factions in the country, the MPLA (People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola) on one side, and the FNLA and Unita on the other. With interference mainly by Cuba (with 50,000 troops in the country) and South Africa (with its army there), the civil war alternates between phases of relative calm and intense action.", "Since independence from Portugal in 1975, a number of Angolan students continued to be admitted every year at high schools, politechnic institutes and universities in Portugal , Brazil and Cuba through bilateral agreements; in general, these students belong to the elites.", "The Portuguese regime, meanwhile, refused to accede to the demands for independence, provoking an armed conflict that started in 1961 when black guerrillas attacked both white and black civilians in cross-border operations in northeastern Angola. The war came to be known as the Colonial War. In this struggle, the principal protagonists were the MPLA (Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola), founded in 1956, the FNLA (National Front for the Liberation of Angola), which appeared in 1961, and UNITA (National Union for the Total Independence of Angola), founded in 1966. After many years of conflict that lead to the weakening of all the insurgent parties, Angola gained its independence on 11 November 1975, after the 1974 coup d'état in Lisbon, Portugal, which overthrew the Portuguese regime headed by Marcelo Caetano.", "The Portuguese régime, meanwhile, refused to accede to the demands for independence, provoking an armed conflict that started in 1961 when freedom fighters attacked both white and black civilians in cross-border operations in northeastern Angola. The war came to be known as the Colonial War. In this struggle, the principal protagonists included the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), founded in 1956, the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA), which appeared in 1961, and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), founded in 1966. After many years of conflict that weakened all of the insurgent parties, Angola gained its independence on 11 November 1975, after the 1974 coup d'état in Lisbon, Portugal, which overthrew the Portuguese régime headed by Marcelo Caetano.", "In 1974 Portuguese Guinea became independent as Guinea-Bissau, and the former Portuguese territories of Angola, Cape Verde, Mozambique, and São Tomé and Principe became independent in 1975. After Spain relinquished the Spanish Sahara (Western Sahara) to joint Moroccan-Mauritanian control in 1976, a guerrilla force undertook a struggle for independence there. Under rebel pressure, Mauritania yielded its sector of Western Sahara to Morocco in 1979; Morocco, for its part, built fortifications in the territory and resisted pressures for its independence. A cease-fire (1991) ended the fighting but did not lead to a final resolution. The Seychelles and the Comoros became independent in 1976 from Great Britain and France, respectively, and in 1977 the former French Territory of the Afars and the Issas became independent as Djibouti. When Rhodesia (formerly Southern Rhodesia) unilaterally declared itself independent in 1965, Great Britain termed the act illegal and imposed trade sanctions against the country; after a protracted civil war, however, Rhodesia gained recognized independence in 1980 as Zimbabwe. South West Africa, which had been administered by South Africa since 1922 under an old League of Nations mandate (South Africa's continued administration of the territory was declared illegal by the International Court of Justice in 1971), won its independence in 1990 as Namibia. Great Britain retains control of the islands of St. Helena and Ascension, and Mayotte and Réunion remain French. Spain retains the Canary Islands and Ceuta and Melilla, two small exclaves on Morocco's coast.", "Angola , officially the Republic of Angola (República de Angola ; Kikongo , Kimbundu and Umbundu : Repubilika ya Ngola), is a country in Southern Africa . It is the seventh-largest country in Africa and is bordered by Namibia to the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north and east, Zambia to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to west. The exclave province of Cabinda Province has borders with the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The capital and largest city of Angola is Luanda .", "Portugal's foreign and colonial policies met with increasing difficulty both at home and abroad beginning in the 1950s. In fact, the bloodiest and most protracted wars against colonialism in Africa were fought against the Portuguese. Portugal lost the tiny remnants of its Indian empire—Goa, Daman, and Diu—to Indian military occupation in 1961, the year an insurrection broke out in Angola. For the next 13 years, Salazar, who died in 1970, and his successor, Marcello Caetano, fought independence movements amid growing world criticism. Leftists in the armed forces, weary of a losing battle, launched a successful revolution on April 25, 1974. After the 1974 revolution, the new military junta gave up its territories, beginning with Portuguese Guinea in Sept. 1974, which became the Republic of Guinea-Bissau. The decolonization of the Cape Verde Islands and Mozambique was effected in July 1975. Angola achieved independence later that same year, thus ending a colonial involvement on that continent that had begun in 1415. Full-scale international civil war, however, followed Portugal's departure from Angola, and Indonesia forcibly annexed independent East Timor. Also in 1975, the government nationalized banking, transportation, heavy industries, and the media. Portugal continued to experience social, economic, and political upheavals for the next decade.", "After independence in November 1975, Angola faced a devastating civil war which lasted several decades and claimed millions of lives and produced many refugees. Following negotiations held in Portugal, itself under severe social and political turmoil and uncertainty due to the April 1974 revolution, Angola's three main guerrilla groups agreed to establish a transitional government in January 1975. Within two months, however, the FNLA, MPLA and UNITA were fighting each other and the country was well on its way to being divided into zones controlled by rival armed political groups. The superpowers were quickly drawn into the conflict, which became a flash point for theCold War. The United States, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and South Africa supported the FNLA and UNITA. The Soviet Unionand Cuba supported the MPLA. During most of this period, 1975–1990, the MPLA organised and maintained a socialist regime. Despite the ongoing civil war, the model functioned to a certain degree, although it was foreseeable that it would eventually fail in face of UNITA opposition.", "The retreat from the colonies and the acceptance of its independence terms which would create newly independent communist states in 1975 (most notably the People's Republic of Angola and the People's Republic of Mozambique) prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens from Portugal's African territories (mostly from Portuguese Angola and Mozambique), creating over a million destitute Portuguese refugees — the retornados. By 1975, all the Portuguese African territories were independent and Portugal held its first democratic elections in 50 years. However, the country continued to be governed by a military-civilian provisional administration until the Portuguese legislative election of 1976.", "Portugal formerly had colonies in Africa and Asia totaling about 2.1 million sq km and with a population of about 16 million. They included Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, the Cape Verde Islands, and the islands of São Tomé and Principe in Africa and eastern Timor and Macao (Aomin) in Asia. After the overthrow of the fascist regime in April 1974, the Portuguese government recognized the colonies’ right to independence and self-determination. It recognized the independent Republic of Guinea-Bissau in 1974, and in accordance with bilateral agreements Mozambique, the Cape Verde Islands, the islands of São Tomé and Principe, and Angola gained their independence in 1975. The problem of the decolonization of Timor and Macao is under consideration.", "In 1961, the FNLA and the MPLA, based in neighbouring countries, began a guerrilla campaign against Portuguese rule on several fronts. The Portuguese Colonial War , which included the Angolan War of Independence , lasted until the Portuguese regime's overthrow in 1974 through a leftist military coup in Lisbon . When the timeline for independence became known, most of the roughly 500,000 ethnic Portuguese Angolans fled the territory during the weeks before or after that deadline. Portugal left behind a newly independent country whose population was mainly composed by Ambundu, Ovimbundu, and Bakongo peoples. The Portuguese that lived in Angola accounted for the majority of the skilled workers in public administration, agriculture, and industry; once they fled the country, the national economy began to sink into depression .[27]", "After almost 500 years of Portuguese rule, Angola became an independent country in 1975. The seventh largest country in Africa, Angola lies on the southwestern coast of the continent, bordered to the west by the Atlantic Ocean, to the far northwest by the Republic of the Congo, to the north and northeast by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to the southeast by Zambia, and to the south by Namibia. In the northwest, a small area of Angola called Cabinda is separated from the rest of the country by the Congo River and the extreme southwestern tip of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The capital of Angola is Luanda. Area 481,354 square miles (1,246,700 square kilometers). Population (2016 est.) 29,508,000.", "Portuguese Angola or Portuguese West Africa are the common terms by which Angola is designated when referring to the historic period when it was a Portuguese overseas territory in southwestern Africa. The former Portuguese Angola became an independent country in 1975 and now forms the Republic of Angola.", "The parties agreed to hold the first assembly elections in October 1975. From 31 January until independence a transitional government consisting of the Portuguese High Commissioner Rosa Coutinho and a Prime Ministerial Council would rule. The PMC consisted of three representatives, one from each Angolan party, and a rotating premiership among the representatives. Every decision required two-thirds majority support. The twelve ministries were divided equally among the Angolan parties and the Portuguese government: three ministries for each party. Author Witney Wright Schneidman criticized this provision in Engaging Africa: Washington and the Fall of Portugal's Colonial Empire for ensuring a \"virtual paralysis in executive authority\". The Bureau of Intelligence and Research cautioned that an excessive desire to preserve the balance of power in the agreement hurt the transitional Angolan government's ability to function. [32] [56] [57]", "With Cuban support, the MPLA held Luanda and declared independence on 11 November 1975, with Agostinho Neto becoming the first president, though the civil war continued. At this time, most of the half-million Portuguese who lived in Angola – and who had accounted for the majority of the skilled workers in public administration, agriculture, industries and trade – fled the country, leaving its once prosperous and growing economy in a state of bankruptcy. ", "In 1962 a group of refugees in the Congo, led by Holden Roberto, organized the Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA). It maintained supply and training bases in the Congo, waged guerrilla warfare in Angola, and, while developing contacts with both Western and Communist nations, obtained its chief support from the Organization of African Unity (OAU). Angola's liberation movement comprised two other guerrilla groups as well. The Marxist-influenced Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola (MPLA), founded in 1956, had its headquarters in Zambia and was most active among educated Angolan Africans and mestiços living abroad. The MPLA led the struggle for Angolan independence. The third rival group was the União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola (UNITA), which was established in 1966 under the leadership of Jonas Savimbi . As a result of the guerrilla warfare, Portugal was forced to keep more than 50,000 troops in Angola by the early 1970s.", "In 1975 and 1976 most foreign forces, with the exception of Cuba, withdrew. The last elements of the Portuguese military withdrew in 1975 [42] and the South African military withdrew in February 1976. [43] However, Cuba's troop force in Angola increased from 5,500 in December 1975 to 11,000 in February 1976. [44] Sweden provided humanitarian assistance to both the SWAPO and the MPLA in the mid-1970s, [45] [46] [47] and regularly raised the issue of UNITA in political discussions between the two movements.", "The political parties that arose in the late 1950’s in the Portuguese colonies, renamed “overseas provinces” in 1951, assumed the leadership of the national liberation movement, which turned into an armed struggle in Angola in 1961, in Guinea-Bissau in 1962, and in Mozambique in 1964. The patriotic forces created central political and military bodies in the course of the armed struggle. They freed large areas from the colonialists’ control and established local governing bodies in the liberated areas. The formation of an independent Republic of Guinea-Bissau was announced in September 1973. Goa, Daman (Damão), and Diu had been liberated from Portuguese rule in December 1961 and reunited with India.", "Mozambique was a Portuguese colony, overseas province and later a member state of Portugal. It gained independence from Portugal in 1975.", "After the Berlin Conference in 1885, fixing the colony’s borders, British and Portuguese investments in mining began to develop the back country. Based on forced labor systems, railways and agriculture also developed. The Portuguese did not gain full control over the hinterland until the early 20th century. Portugal designated the area the Overseas Province of Angola in 1951. After nearly 500 years of Portuguese presence, independence called were met with mixed reactions. In the 1950’s, political organizations formed and began to demand rights in international forums like the Non-Aligned Movement.", "In Angola, after the Portuguese had stopped the war, an armed conflict broke out among the nationalist movements. This war formally came to an end in January 1975 when the Portuguese government, the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola ( UNITA ), the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola ( MPLA ), and the National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) signed the Alvor Agreement ,", "When Angola achieved independence in 1975, a war was raging between competing national liberation movements and their foreign backers. Guus Meijer and David Birmingham revisit Angola’s colonial period and the independence struggle that followed and ask how the resulting social and economic divisions shaped and were manipulated by the warring parties. The article describes the introduction of authoritarian one-party rule under the MPLA and the impact of natural resource development and international and regional powers on the conflict. Tracing the conflict up to the signing of the Luena Memorandum, the authors conclude that Angola’s peace remains incomplete and that the country faces many challenges in achieving social and democratic reconstruction.", "Following their removal from power in 1914, the manikongos apparently retained their titles but had no power. These titular rulers are shown below with a shaded background. Any claim to the former throne seems to have ended with the country's independence in 1975, although it has been rumoured that Angola's current, long-lasting dictator, Jose Eduardo dos Santos, can claim descent in part from the royal family. This at least would explain the lack of any royal pretender to the lost throne, but it seems to be without any real basis or support (and his parents were immigrants into Luanda). The former capital city is now the capital of Zaire Province in Angola .", "The national flag of Angola came into use at independence on November 11, 1975. It is split horizontally into an upper red half and a lower black half.", "In 1956, the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) was formed to overthrow Portuguese colonial rule. In 1966, its rival, the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), was also formed." ]

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[ "David Soul (born August 28, 1943 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American actor and British citizen and singer best known for his role as the \"seat-of-the-pants\" California police detective Ken 'Hutch' Hutchinson (opposite co-star and long-time friend Paul Michael Glaser) in the cult television program Starsky and Hutch (1975-79).", "Born in Chicago, Illinois, David Soul is the son of a minister who was at one time serving as the religious affairs advisor to the U.S. High Commission in Berlin. At 24 years of age, young Soul joined a North Dakota musical revue, was noticed by a keen-eyed talent scout, and signed to a studio contract. He went on to study acting with the Irene Daly School of The Actors Company, and with the Columbia Workshop in Hollywood. He first appeared on TV in small roles in shows including I Dream of Jeannie (1965), Flipper (1964) and All in the Family (1971). Regular TV work kept coming in for Soul including making masked appearances on The Merv Griffin Show (1962), as the popular singer known only as \"The Covered Man.\"", "David Soul achieved pop icon status as handsome, blond-haired, blue-eyed Detective Kenneth Hutchinson on the cult \"buddy cop\" TV series Starsky and Hutch (1975), Soul also had a very successful singing career recording several albums, with worldwide number one hit singles including \"Silver Lady\" & \"Don't Give Up on Us Baby\". Born in Chicago, ... See full bio »", "The phrase northern soul emanated from the record shop Soul City in Covent Garden, London, which was run by journalist Dave Godin. It was first publicly used in Godin's weekly column in Blues & Soul magazine in June 1970. In a 2002 interview with Chris Hunt of Mojo magazine, Godin said he had first come up with the term in 1968, to help employees at Soul City differentiate the more modern funkier sounds from the smoother, Motown-influenced soul of a few years earlier. With contemporary black music evolving into what would eventually become known as funk, the die-hard soul lovers of northern England still preferred the mid-1960s era of Motown-sounding black American dance music. Godin referred to the latter's requests as \"Northern Soul\":", "It was around this time as the musician's popularity increased that he acquired the nickname \"Soul Brother No. 1\", after failing to win the title \"King of Soul\" from Solomon Burke during a Chicago gig two years prior. Brown's recordings during this period influenced musicians across the industry, most notably groups such as Sly and the Family Stone, Funkadelic, Charles Wright & the Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band, Booker T. & the M.G.s as well as vocalists such as Edwin Starr, David Ruffin and Dennis Edwards from The Temptations, and Michael Jackson, who, throughout his career, cited Brown as his ultimate idol. ", "Rhythm and Blues Singer. The son of an Apostolic preacher, he was born in Washington, DC, and learned to sing and play the organ in his father's church. After a stint in the United States Air Force, he formed his own groups before Harvey Fuqua lured him into to the latest edition of the singing group, the \"Moonglows\". Berry Gordy (founder of Motown) heard Gaye singing with the group in a Detroit, Michigan club during 1961 and offered him a solo deal- though before recording his own songs he... [Read More]", "Dave Prater, one-half of the soul duo Sam and Dave. Prater died in a car crash in Georgia. He was 50. Prater met partner Sam Moore in Miami in 1958. Sam and Dave's Memphis-style soul was popular throughout the 1960's on such hits as \"Hold On I'm Comin'\" and \"Soul Man,\" which won a Grammy Award. The duo, never on the best of terms, broke up in 1981. Sam and Dave gained renewed popularity in 1978 when the Blues Brothers, John Belushi and Dan Ackroyd, revived \"Soul Man\". Prater then reformed the duo with a new partner, Sam Daniels.", "Ironically, the term ‘northern soul’ was coined – where else? – in the south of England. Dave Godin of London’s Soul City record shop was looking for a shorthand way of describing the kind of, by then, dated soul that was being looked for by northern customers to the shop. Hence ‘northern soul’.", "Steven Patrick Morrissey, better known as Morrissey, is a British singer and lyricist of Irish descent born in Davyhulme, Lancashire, United Kingdom on May 22, 1959.", "Michael Joseph Jackson (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American recording artist, entertainer, and philanthropist. Referred to as the King of Pop, Jackson is recognized as the most successful entertainer of all time by Guinness World Records. His contribution to music, dance and fashion, along with a much-publicized personal life, made him a global figure in popular culture for over four decades. The eighth child of the Jackson family, he debuted on the professional music scene alongside his brothers as a member of The Jackson 5 in the mid-1960s, and began his solo career in 1971.", "If you were to search for the origins of Northern Soul, you might be surprised by what you find. Some would say it began through clubs like The Twisted Wheel in Whitworth Street in Manchester, or Stoke-on-Trent's The Torch (also called The Golden Torch).", "Presenting a far more beatific face to the world was the British singer Duffy. The 24-year-old diminutive blonde chanteuse from Bangor in north Wales headed a charge of female British soul talent with a retro feel. Duffy's album Rockferry was the biggest selling album of the year, outperforming Coldplay and Take That. It included her hit, Mercy, which was voted Song of the Year at the MOJO awards. Duffy, real name Aimee Duffy but never referred to as such except by friends, has also received three Grammy nominations. She has been compared to Dusty Springfield in both looks and voice and, like Dusty, has found fame in America. She has made 15 trips to New York and has sung at the legendary Harlem Apollo.", "Sam & Dave are members of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, the Grammy Hall of Fame, the Vocal Group Hall of Fame, the Memphis Music Hall of Fame, and are Grammy Award and multiple gold record award-winning artists. According to the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame, Sam & Dave were the most successful soul duo and brought the sounds of the black gospel church to pop music with their call-and-response records. Recorded primarily at Stax Records in Memphis, Tennessee, from 1965 through 1968, these included \"Soul Man,\" \"Hold On, I'm Comin',\" \"You Don't Know Like I Know,\" \"I Thank You,\" \"When Something is Wrong with My Baby,\" \"Wrap It Up,\" and many other Southern Soul classics. Except for Aretha Franklin, no soul act during Sam & Dave's Stax years had more consistent R&B chart success, including 10 consecutive top 20 singles and 3 consecutive top 10 LPs.", "Chicago's soul music was dominated by the artistic persona of guitarist, songwriter, arranger and vocalist Curtis Mayfield (1), whose Impressions created a smooth, majestic, orchestral, jazzy style with carefully crafted vocal and horns arrangements to accompany his allegorical messages: For Your Precious Love (1958), one of the candidates to first soul record, Gypsy Woman (1961), the rumba-like It's All Right (1963) the anthemic Keep On Pushin' (1964) and People Get Ready (1965), the baroque Choice of Colors (1969). As a solo artist, Mayfield pioneered the format of the extended message-oriented psychedelic funk-pop shuffle on his concept albums Curtis (1971) and Roots (1972), and then applied the idea to the danceable soundtrack for the film Superfly (1972).", "Dee Dee Warwick (September 25, 1945 October 18, 2008 was an African-American soul singer. She was born in Newark, New Jersey as Delia Mae Warrick. Following the lead of her elder sister, Dionne Warwick, she changed her surname from Warrick to Warwick in the early 1960s.", "File - American soul singer Marvin Gaye visits the Mangrove Cafe in All Saint's Road, London, and is mobbed by admirers on the way out to his car on October 1, 1976. (Photo by John Minihan/Evening Standard/Getty Images)", "When I moved to Wigan, the very heartland of the Northern Soul movement, to take over the residency at the club Wigan Pier in 1980, the scene was on its knees, Wigan Casino struggling in its forlorn efforts to re-create the halcyon days of the ’70s. The following year it was (seemingly) all over, the Casino closing down and, as if to rub salt in the wounds, the hallowed building destroyed by a fire just a few months after the club’s demise. As the Casino declined, the Pier was in its ascent and would be named the North’s Top Club by readers of Blues & Soul, the magazine that had done so much to promote Northern Soul in previous years. It was a case of ring out the old and bring in the new as Jazz-Funk, and subsequently Electro-Funk, became the musical choice of a new generation of black music fanatics. The Pier, which opened in 1979, certainly played its part in the Casino’s downfall, but the Northern scene was already in a negative spiral, the Pier only hastening its decline.", "[on Solomon Burke ] I first saw Solomon at the Flamingo in 1965, the first soul singer I saw live, and he was amazing. I listened to Otis Redding and Sam & Dave , but he was always the best because he had a melodic way to him, he was more like a proper singer, and you know we became friends right away. He was just such a sweet man. The next time I saw him sing, I can't remember the night club, but it was 1965 again. I went backstage and he gave me a crown and said, 'You can't be the king of rock'n'soul because I am, but you can be the Prince of Wales.' He was such a lovely, lovely man, a family man, with a great sense of humor, a great personality, and a passion for music and people.", "Sam and Dave's biggest hit and best-remembered song, \"Soul Man\" (R&B #1/Pop #2), was released in August 1967. It was the number #1 song in the US according to Cashbox magazine Pop charts in November 1967. Sam & Dave won the Grammy Award in 1967 for \"Best Performance – Rhythm & Blues Group\" for \"Soul Man,\" their first gold record. \"Soul Man\" was voted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1999. The song helped name the emerging music genre as \"Soul Music\". According to co-writer Isaac Hayes, the title was inspired by news reports of soul pride that emerged after the 1967 race riots, where stories that painting the word \"soul\" on your door was a message for looters to bypass your house. Hayes-Porter extrapolated that to \"I'm a soul brother, I'm a soul man.\". It has been recognized as one of the best or most influential songs of 50 years by the Grammy Hall of Fame, The Rock & Roll Hall of Fame, Rolling Stone, and R.I.A.A. Songs of the Century. \"Soul Man\" was used as the soundtrack and title for a 1986 film, a 2008 film Soul Men, a 1997–1998 television series.", "Soul music is a popular music genre that originated in the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s. It combines elements of African-American gospel music, rhythm and blues and jazz. Soul music became popular for dancing and listening in the United States; where record labels such as Motown, Atlantic and Stax were influential in the civil rights era. Soul also became popular around the world, directly influencing rock music and the music of Africa. ", "The simplest definition of ‘Northern Soul’ is Black American Soul music which became popular in the North of England. The story began in the mid sixties when Motown mania swept the country and found favour with the ‘Mod’ ‘Youth Culture. By the seventies ‘Funk’ had become the trendy music in the South of England but the North remained loyal to a more R&B influenced style. The type of venue also differed with the South adopting smaller and more intimate clubs. The North continued to utilize much larger ‘venues such as dilapidated Victorian Dance Halls, youth clubs, working men’s clubs, seaside piers. Anywhere with a large wooden dance floor which was prerequisite for their style of dancing.\"", "Neoclassical Punk Zydeco Rockabilly : As one example, David Live captures the transition from Diamond Dogs (the album the tour was supporting) to Young Americans via a mostly- Glam Rock setlist with horn-heavy, soul-influenced arrangements; this approach became even more pronounced later in the tour, which introduced some of the Young Americans songs.", "Solomon Burke was an American preacher and singer, who shaped the sound of rhythm and blues as one of the founding fathers of soul music in the 1960s and a \"key transitional figure in the developme...", "*Paul Stuart Davies recorded 'Northern Soul Reimagined' in 2015, with guidance from Russ Winstanley, presenting classic Northern Soul tracks in a new light.", "British soul and pop singer and songwriter. She won a Grammy Award for Rockferry, her 2008 United Kingdom chart-topping debut album.", "Rockferry is the debut studio album by Welsh recording artist Duffy, released on 3 March 2008 in the United Kingdom by A&M Records. It was released in the United States by Mercury Records. Duffy worked with several producers and writers on the album, including Bernard Butler, Steve Booker, Jimmy Hogarth and Eg White. The album took four years to record in total.Rockferry was re-released as a deluxe edition on 24 November 2008 in the UK, preceded by the lead single \"Rain on Your Parade\" which became the fifth overall single from the album.", "\"Every time I'm in America, I feel there's some atmosphere. I can't put my finger on it, but there's some excitement that exists nowhere else and I think it's because soul music, black music, is basically what started pop music.\" Duffy", "In partnership with songwriter David Porter, he was responsible for such classics as Sam and Dave's Soul Man and Hold On I'm Coming.", "• James Carr - Love Attack (1966): James Carr - At The Dark End Of The Street - The World’s Greatest Soul Singer", "Jimmy Soul - whose real name was James McCleese, hit #1 in 1963 with the novelty tune \"If You Wanna Be Happy\", died of a heart attack on June 25th, 1988. He was 45", "The hit song \"Soul Man\" written by Hayes and Porter, and first performed by \"Sam & Dave\" has been recognized as one of the most influential songs of the past 50 years by the Grammy Hall of Fame. This song was also honored by The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, by Rolling Stone magazine, and by the RIAA as the Songs of the Century.", "The term neo soul is a marketing phrase coined in the early 1990s by producer and record label executive Kedar Massenburg to describe a blend of 1970s soul-style vocals and instrumentation with contemporary R&B sounds, hip-hop beats and poetic interludes. The style was developed in the early to mid-1990s. A key element in neo soul is a heavy dose of Fender Rhodes or Wurlitzer electric piano \"pads\" over a mellow, grooving interplay between the drums (usually with a rim shot snare sound) and a muted, deep funky bass. The Fender Rhodes piano sound gives the music a warm, organic character." ]

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[ "Super Bowl XX was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Chicago Bears and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1985 season. The Bears defeated the Patriots by the score of 46–10, capturing their first NFL championship since 1963, three years prior to the birth of the Super Bowl. Super Bowl XX was played on January 26, 1986 at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana.", "* January 26 – Super Bowl XX was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Chicago Bears and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1985 season. The Bears defeated the Patriots by the score of 46–10, capturing their first NFL championship since 1963, three years prior to the birth of the Super Bowl. Super Bowl XX was played on January 26, 1986 at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana. ", "NFL team the Chicago Bears, who recorded the song, “The Super Bowl Shuffle,” became the champions of Super Bowl XX. PHOTO: AP PHOTO/NFL PHOTOS", "The NFC champion Chicago Bears, seeking their first NFL title since 1963, scored a Super Bowl-record 46 points in downing AFC champion New England 46-10 in Super Bowl XX. The previous record for most points in a Super Bowl was 38, shared by San Francisco in XIX and the Los Angeles Raiders in XVIII.", "The most successful franchise of the 1980s was the San Francisco 49ers , which featured the West Coast offense of head coach Bill Walsh . This offense was led by three-time Super Bowl MVP quarterback Joe Montana , Super Bowl MVP wide receiver Jerry Rice , and tight end Brent Jones . Under their leadership, the 49ers won four Super Bowls in the decade ( XVI , XIX , XXIII , and XXIV ) and made nine playoff appearances between 1981 and 1990, including eight division championships, becoming the second dynasty of the post-merger NFL. The 1980s also produced the 1985 Chicago Bears , who posted an 18–1 record under head coach Mike Ditka , colorful quarterback Jim McMahon , and Hall of Fame running back Walter Payton and won Super Bowl XX in dominating fashion. The Washington Redskins and New York Giants were also top teams of this period; the Redskins won Super Bowls XVII and XXII and the Giants claimed Super Bowls XXI and XXV . As in the 1970s, the Oakland Raiders were the only team to interrupt the Super Bowl dominance of other teams; they won Super Bowls XV and XVIII (the latter as the Los Angeles Raiders).", "With the fiery Mike Ditka coaching, the Bears stormed into the playoffs in 1984 on the back of Walter Payton's sensational running, only to lose the NFC championship game. Led by QB Jim McMahon, they came back strong in '85, posting a 15-1 regular season record and winning Super Bowl XX by a score of 46-10. They dominated the division for most of the decade.", "Super Bowl XX (1986) – Chicago Bears defensive end Richard Dent (No. 95) sacks New England quarterback Steve Grogan during Super Bowl XX. Dent had two sacks and two forced fumbles as a devastating defense helped Chicago crush the Patriots 46-10.", "Super Bowl XXIX was played between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion San Diego Chargers and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion San Francisco 49ers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1994 season. The 49ers defeated the Chargers by the score of 49–26, becoming the first team to win five Super Bowls. The game was played on January 29, 1995 at Joe Robbie Stadium in Miami, Florida (now part of the suburb of Miami Gardens).", "As of 2016, Super Bowl XX remains the last Super Bowl to feature two teams both making their first appearance in the game. It was the fourth overall following Super Bowl I, Super Bowl III, and Super Bowl XVI. Any future Super Bowl that would have such a combination would have to have the Detroit Lions playing either the Cleveland Browns, Houston Texans, or Jacksonville Jaguars in the game.", "Super Bowl XXX (1996) – Dallas Cowboys cornerback Larry Brown is pushed out of bounds after one of his two interceptions in Super Bowl XXX. Brown's MVP efforts helped the Cowboys beat Pittsburgh 27-17 for their third championship in four years.", "Raymond Barry took over the Patriot coaching duties in 1984, and the following year New England had an 11-5 record to earn a wildcard berth. Winning three playoff games, the Patriots went to Super Bowl XX (which they lost to the Chicago Bears). This was Hall-of-Fame guard John Hannah's final game.", "The 1987 season began with a 24-day players' strike, reducing the 16-game season to 15. The games for weeks 4–6 were won with all replacement players. The Redskins have the distinction of being the only team with no players crossing the picket line. Those three victories are often credited with getting the team into the playoffs and the basis for the 2000 movie The Replacements. The Redskins won their second championship in Super Bowl XXII on January 31, 1988, in San Diego, California. The Redskins routed the Denver Broncos 42–10 after starting the game in a 10–0 deficit, the largest come-from-behind victory in Super Bowl history, which was tied by the New Orleans Saints in Super Bowl XLIV and the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX . This game is more famous for the stellar performance by quarterback Doug Williams who passed for four touchdowns in the second quarter en route to becoming the first black quarterback to lead his team to a Super Bowl victory while also winning the games Super Bowl MVP award. Rookie running back Timmy Smith had a great performance as well, running for a Super Bowl record 204 yd.", "With the win, the Redskins became the first team, and Joe Gibbs the first coach, to win a Super Bowl with three different quarterbacks. Two other teams have since duplicated this feat: the New York Giants (Phil Simms in Super Bowl XXI, Jeff Hostetler in Super Bowl XXV, and Eli Manning in Super Bowls XLII and XLVI) and the Green Bay Packers (Bart Starr in the first two Super Bowls, Brett Favre in Super Bowl XXXI, and Aaron Rodgers in Super Bowl XLV).", "Photo: Wide receiver Don Beebe of the Buffalo Bills (left) forces a fumble on defensive tackle Leon Lett of the Dallas Cowboys during Super Bowl XXVII at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California. The Cowboys won the game, 52-17.", "Super Bowl XXVI was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Washington Redskins and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Buffalo Bills to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1991 season. The Redskins defeated the Bills by the score of 37–24, becoming the fourth team after the Pittsburgh Steelers, the Oakland Raiders, and the San Francisco 49ers to win three Super Bowls. The Bills became the third team, after the Minnesota Vikings (Super Bowls VIII and IX) and the Denver Broncos (Super Bowls XXI and XXII), to lose back-to-back Super Bowls. The game was played on January 26, 1992, at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis, Minnesota, the first time the city has played host to a Super Bowl (the city will host Super Bowl LII at U.S. Bank Stadium).", "Super Bowl XXXII saw quarterback John Elway and running back Terrell Davis lead the Denver Broncos to an upset victory over the defending champion Packers, snapping the NFC's 13 year winning streak. The following year, the Broncos defeated the Atlanta Falcons in Super Bowl XXXIII , Elway's fifth Super Bowl appearance, his second NFL championship, and his final NFL game. The back-to-back victories heralded a change in momentum in which AFC teams would win 10 out of 13 Super Bowls. In the years between 2001 and 2011, three teams – the Patriots, Steelers, and Colts – accounted for ten of the AFC Super Bowl appearances, with those same teams often meeting each other earlier in the playoffs. In contrast, the NFC saw a different representative in the Super Bowl every season from 2001 through 2010.", "27 Jan 1988: Quarterback Doug Williams of the Washington Redskins fields questions during Media Day for Super Bowl XXII against the Denver Broncos at Jack Murphy Stadium in San Diego, California. The Redskins won the game, 42-10. Mandatory Credit: Mike Powell via Getty Images", "Elway and the Broncos earned their second title in Super Bowl XXXIII, handily beating the Atlanta Falcons. In a rare NFC win, the St. Louis Rams took the title in Super Bowl XXXIV, but that was followed by a drubbing by the Baltimore Ravens of the New York Giants in Super Bowl XXXV.", "Super Bowl XXXV was played by the AFC's Baltimore Ravens and the NFC's New York Giants. The Ravens defeated the Giants by the score of 34–7. The game was played on January 28, 2001, at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida.", "Super Bowl XXIII was played between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Cincinnati Bengals and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion San Francisco 49ers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1988 season. The 49ers defeated the Bengals by the score of 20–16, winning their third ever Super Bowl. The game was played on January 22, 1989 at Joe Robbie Stadium in Miami, Florida, the first Super Bowl hosted in the Miami area in 10 years, and the first in Miami not held at the Orange Bowl.", "The most successful team of the 1980s was the San Francisco 49ers, which featured the West Coast offense of Hall of Fame head coach Bill Walsh. This offense was led by three-time Super Bowl MVP and Hall of Fame quarterback Joe Montana, Super Bowl MVP and Hall of Fame wide receiver Jerry Rice, and tight end Brent Jones. Under their leadership, the 49ers won four Super Bowls in the decade (XVI, XIX, XXIII, and XXIV) and made nine playoff appearances between 1981 and 1990, including eight division championships, becoming the second dynasty of the post-merger NFL.", "During the 1997 season, Elway and Davis helped guide the Broncos to their first Super Bowl victory, a 31–24 win over the defending champion Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XXXII. Though Elway completed only 13 of 22 passes, throwing one interception and no touchdowns (he did, however, have a rushing touchdown), Davis rushed for 157 yards and a Super Bowl–record three touchdowns to earn the Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award — this while overcoming a severe migraine headache that caused him blurred vision. The Broncos repeated as Super Bowl champions the following season, defeating the Atlanta Falcons (led by Elway's longtime head coach Dan Reeves) in Super Bowl XXXIII, 34–19. Elway was named Super Bowl MVP, completing 18 of 29 passes for 336 yards, with an 80-yard touchdown to wide receiver Rod Smith and one interception.", "* January 17, 1988: Cornerback Darrell Green knocks down a Wade Wilson pass at the goal line to clinch a victory over the Minnesota Vikings in the NFC Championship game. The Redskins go on to defeat the Denver Broncos 42–10 in Super Bowl XXII.", "Why you might remember this Super Bowl: Besides the officiating, this Super Bowl is best remembered for being the final game of Jerome Bettis' career. In front of a hometown crowd in Detroit, the Bus carried the ball 14 times for 43 yards. Steelers wide receiver Hines Ward took home the Super Bowl MVP award after a five-catch, 123-yard, one touchdown performance.", "On January 22nd, 1989 at Joe Robbie Stadium in Miami, Florida, Sam Wyche's Cincinnati Bengals lost to Bill Walsh's San Francisco 49ers in Super Bowl 23, 20-16. Super Bowl Twenty-Three MVP, Jerry Rice, set a Super Bowl record with 215 yards receiving and Joe Montana had a record 357 yards. Boomer Esiason, Anthony Munoz, Tim McGee and Icky Woods all struggled against Ronnie Lott, Charles Haley, Tim McKyer, and the 49er defense. But, the Bengals' D, led by Jason Buck, Leon White and Solomon Wilcots, made big plays when they had to, as Cincinnati found themselves up 16-13 with 3:20 remaining. Montana led an 11 play, 92 yard, game winning drive that ended with a 10 yard touchdown pass to John Taylor with 34 seconds remaining.", "On January 29th, 1995 at Joe Robbie Stadium in Miami, Florida, Siefert's San Francisco 49ers won Super Bowl 29 against Bobby Ross' San Diego Chargers, 49-26, in the highest scoring Super Bowl of all time. Super Bowl Twenty-Nine's MVP, Steve Young rushed for 49 yards and threw for a record breaking 6 touchdown passes; 3 to Jerry Rice, 2 to Ricky Watters, 1 to William Floyd. Natrone Means and Tony Martin scored offensive touchdowns for the Chargers, and Andre Coleman returned a kickoff for a 98 yard score. San Fran's secondary compiled of Martin Hanks, Deion Sanders, Eric Davis, and Tim McDonald held Stan Humphries under 50% passing.", "Super Bowl XXVI, held in the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome, wrested the mantle of northernmost Super Bowl away from the Detroit area; it holds the title to this day. Barring Seattle, no NFL market (not even Toronto!) can possibly top the superior geography of the Twin Cities.", "On January 14th, 1968 the Oakland Raiders met the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl 2 in Miami, Florida's Orange Bowl. The game drew over 75,000 people, the first $3 million gate. Super Bowl Two was no different than Super Bowl One for Bart Starr and Green Bay. Starr was named MVP and the Packers won easily for the second straight year, 33-14. Kicker Don Chandler added four field goals, and All-Pro cornerback Herb Adderley had a 60 yard interception return for a touchdown. Daryle Lamonica threw to Bill Miller for both of Oakland's touchdowns. This was Vince Lombardi's last Championship.", "During the 1966 season, the NFL and AFL agreed to merge, thus beginning what would become the Super Bowl -era. Behind the leadership of head coach Vince Lombardi , the Packers finished with an NFL-best 12-2 record. In the NFL Championship game against the Dallas Cowboys , with the Packers leading 34–27, the Cowboys had the ball on the Packers' two-yard line, threatening to tie the ballgame. But on fourth down, the Packers' Tom Brown intercepted Don Meredith's pass in the end zone to preserve their victory against Dallas.", "Photo: Green Bay Packers coach Vince Lombardi is carried off the field after his team defeated the Oakland Raiders 33 to 14 in the Super Bowl II.", "Dan Reeves' Atlanta Falcons fell victim to Mike Shanahan's Defending Champion Denver Broncos on January 1st, 1999 at Pro Player Stadium in Miami, Florida. Super Bowl 33 had Dan Reeves' old club, Denver, against his new club, \"The Dirty Birds.\" John Elway played well in his last game, throwing an 80 yard touchdown to Rod Smith, while taking home MVP honors. Terrell Davis had 100 yards for the second straight year. Tony Martin and Terrence Mathis were Chris Chandler's main targets, but Chandler also threw 3 interceptions; 2 to Darrien Gordon; 1 to Darrius Johnson. Jamal Anderson had 96 yards, and Tim Dwight had a 96 yard kick return for Atlanta. Trevor Price, Glenn Cadrez and Ray Crockett led Denver's defense.", "Technically, the first two NFL championship games used the title of \"World Championship Game\" so the 50th \"Super Bowl\" would in fact be the one held in 2018. The \"Super Bowl I\" moniker was used retroactively." ]

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[ "Under the influence of the European Enlightenment , in the latter part of the 18th century there began a movement to limit the scope of capital punishment. Until that time a very wide range of offenses, including even common theft, were punishable by death—though the punishment was not always enforced, in part because juries tended to acquit defendants against the evidence in minor cases. In 1794 the U.S. state of Pennsylvania became the first jurisdiction to restrict the death penalty to first-degree murder, and in 1846 the state of Michigan abolished capital punishment for all murders and other common crimes. In 1863 Venezuela became the first country to abolish capital punishment for all crimes, including serious offenses against the state (e.g., treason and military offenses in time of war). Portugal was the first European country to abolish the death penalty, doing so in 1867; by the early 20th century several other countries, including the Netherlands, Norway , Sweden , Denmark , and Italy , had followed suit (though it was reintroduced in Italy under the fascist regime of Benito Mussolini ). By the mid-1960s some 25 countries had abolished the death penalty for murder, though only about half of them also had abolished it for offenses against the state or the military code. For example, Britain abolished capital punishment for murder in 1965, but treason, piracy, and military crimes remained capital offenses until 1998.", "Since 1997 to 2015, Belarus has been the only country in Europe to still carry out executions. 2009 and 2015 were the first two years in recorded history when Europe was completely free of executions. This century the following European countries have abolished capital punishment; Ukraine (2000), Malta (2000), Cyprus (2002), Turkey (2004), Moldova (2005), Albania (2007), Russia (2009), and Latvia (2012).", "For many people, it was a tremendous humiliation for France, the birthplace of human rights and the Enlightenment, to be the last country in Western Europe to use the death penalty. The abolition movement began when Portugal abolished the death penalty for common crimes in 1867 and by the late 1970s, nobody was using it in Europe. Even in Spain , one of the first things they did after the death of Franco was abolish the death penalty.", "564. Which country was the first to abolish capitol punishment 1826? Russia Czar Nicholas - Siberia instead", "Note: Where a country has abolished, re-instated, and abolished again (e.g. Philippines, Switzerland, Portugal) only the later abolition date is included. Countries who have abolished and since reinstated (e.g. Liberia) are not included. Non-independent territories are considered to be under the jurisdiction of their parent country – which leads to unexpectedly late abolition dates for the UK, New Zealand and the Netherlands, where Jersey (UK), the Cook Is (NZ), and the Netherlands Antilles, were the last territories of those states to abolish capital punishment, and all were rather later than the more well known abolitions on the respective mainlands. Defunct countries such as the GDR (East Germany), which abolished capital punishment in 1987 but was dissolved in 1990, are also not included. References are in the continental tables above and not repeated here.", "has recently, as a move towards EU membership, undergone a reform of its legal system. Previously there was a de facto moratorium on the death penalty in Turkey as the last execution took place in 1984. The death penalty was removed from peacetime law in August 2002, and in May 2004 Turkey amended its constitution in order to remove capital punishment in all circumstances. It ratified Protocol no. 13 to the European Convention on Human Rights in February 2006. As a result, Europe is a continent free of the death penalty in practice, all states but Russia, which has entered a moratorium, having ratified the Sixth Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights, with the sole exception of Belarus", "In Turkey, over 500 people were sentenced to death after the 1980 Turkish coup d'état. About 50 of them were executed, the last one 25 October 1984. Then there was a de facto moratorium on the death penalty in Turkey. As a move towards EU membership, Turkey made some legal changes. The death penalty was removed from peacetime law by the National Assembly in August 2002, and in May 2004 Turkey amended its constitution in order to remove capital punishment in all circumstances. It ratified Protocol no. 13 to the European Convention on Human Rights in February 2006. As a result, Europe is a continent free of the death penalty in practice, all states but Russia, which has entered a moratorium, having ratified the Sixth Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights, with the sole exception of Belarus, which is not a member of the Council of Europe. The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe has been lobbying for Council of Europe observer states who practise the death penalty, the U.S. and Japan, to abolish it or lose their observer status. In addition to banning capital punishment for EU member states, the EU has also banned detainee transfers in cases where the receiving party may seek the death penalty. ", "The guillotine was last used in France in 1977. The French abolished capital punishment in 1981.", "European states abolished torture from their statutory law in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Sweden and Prussia was the first to do it in 1722 and 1754, respectively; Denmark abolished it in 1770, Austria in 1776, France in 1780, and the Netherlands in 1798. Russia abolished torture in 1801. Bavaria did it in 1806 and Württemburg in 1809. In Spain the Napoleonic conquest put an end to the torture in 1808. Norway abolished it in 1819 and Portugal in 1826. Swiss cantons abolished torture in the first half of the nineteenth century.", "For a long time, the death penalty in France had been a topic of heated debate, with many favoring it as the right way to punish the guilty for their horrendous crimes, while others disapproved of the fact that such executions, in their eyes, completely smothered out the flames of human life and basic rights. Finally, on August 26th, 1981, the Council of Ministers of the French Parliament approved the bill to abolish the death penalty in the country. It was soon passed by the Assemblée Nationale, and was implemented in the nation. Thus, brought to an end was the role of the infamous French guillotine, and Djandoubi's 1977 execution still stands as the last capital punishment administered by the French legal system.", "Capital punishment was abolished in 1787, although restored in 1795. Legal reforms gained comprehensive \"Austrian\" form in the civil code (ABGB: Allgemeine Bürgerliche Gesetzbuch) of 1811 and have been seen as providing a foundation for subsequent reforms extending into the 20th century. The first part of the ABGB appeared in 1786, and the criminal code in 1787. These reforms incorporated the criminological writings of Cesare Beccaria, but also first time made all people equal in the eyes of the law.", "In Spain,garrotting was abolished, along with the death penalty, in 1978. in 1990, Andorra, in 1990 became the last country to abolish the death penalty by garrotting,", "In 1846 Michigan became the first state in the Union, as well as the first English-speaking government in the world, to abolish the death penalty. Historian David Chardavoyne has suggested that the movement to abolish capital punishment in Michigan grew as a result of enmity toward the state's neighbor, Canada. Under British rule, it made public executions a regular practice.", "Capital punishment in the United Kingdom was used since before the creation of the state in 1801 until the practice was abolished in the 20th century. The last executions in the United Kingdom were by hanging, and took place in 1964, prior to :capital punishment being abolished for murder (in 1965 in Great Britain and in 1973 in Northern Ireland). Although unused, the death penalty remained a legally defined punishment for certain offences such as treason until it was completely abolished in 1998. In 2004 the 13th Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights became binding on the United Kingdom, prohibiting the restoration of the death penalty for as long as the UK is a party to the Convention.", "Abolition was often adopted due to political change, as when countries shifted from authoritarianism to democracy, or when it became an entry condition for the European Union. The United States is a notable exception: some states have had bans on capital punishment for decades (the earliest is Michigan, where it was abolished in 1846), while others actively use it today. The death penalty there remains a contentious issue which is hotly debated.", ", which is not a member of the Council of Europe. The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe has been lobbying for Council of Europe observer states who practice the death penalty, the U.S. and Japan, to abolish it or lose their observer status. In addition to banning capital punishment for EU member states, the EU has also banned detainee transfers in cases where the receiving party may seek the death penalty.", "Capital punishment has in the past been practiced in virtually every society, although currently only 58 nations actively practice it, with 95 countries abolishing it (the remainder having not used it for 10 years or allowing it only in exceptional circumstances such as war) [10] . It is a matter of active controversy in various countries and states, and positions can vary within a single political ideology or cultural region. In the EU member states, Article 2 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union prohibits the use of capital punishment. [1]", "As the spirit of liberté, égalité and fraternité swirled through Paris in the early days of the French Revolution, Dr. Joseph-Ignace Guillotin rose before the National Assembly in 1789 to lobby for equality in a most unlikely area: capital punishment. The Parisian deputy and anatomy professor argued that it was unfair for common criminals in France to be executed by tortuous methods such as hanging, burning at the stake and breaking on the wheel while aristocratic felons had the privilege of quick decapitations, particularly if they tipped their executioners to ensure swift sword chops.", "Giovanni Battista Bugatti, executioner of the Papal States between 1796 and 1865, carried out 516 executions (Bugatti is pictured here offering snuff to a condemned prisoner). The Vatican City abolished its capital punishment statute in 1969.", "Similarly, in medieval and early modern Europe, before the development of modern prison systems, the death penalty was also used as a generalised form of punishment. For example, in 1700s Britain there were 222 crimes which were punishable by death, including crimes such as cutting down a tree or stealing an animal. [24] Thanks to the notorious Bloody Code , 18th century (and early 19th century) Britain was a hazardous place to live. For example, Michael Hammond and his sister, Ann, whose ages were given as 7 and 11, were reportedly hanged at King's Lynn on Wednesday, September 28, 1708 for theft . The local press did not, however, consider the executions of two children newsworthy. [25]", "Capital punishment was made illegal in Michigan, the first state to do so, and the first English-speaking government in the world to totally abolish the death penalty for ordinary crimes.", "up to 1938.� All the European countries that previously used beheading have now totally abolished the death penalty.", "Beheading is an ancient form of execution, but the French made the process eerily efficient during the French Revolution. During the Revolution's Reign of Terror, tens of thousands were beheaded in a wave of class conflict that changed the face of France forever. Joseph-Ignace Guillotine, a physician, suggested a more ethical means of beheading, as it often took several strokes of the sword or axe to sever a victim's head. He invented a machine, the guillotine, that took the head off in one swift stroke. The guillotine was still used in some countries into the 20th century. The Nazis beheaded thousands using guillotines, and in East Germany the Stasi used them to perform secret executions.", "Capital punishment was totally abolished in 1990. Protocol No. 6 to the ECHR was adopted on", "between 1800 and 1866.� From 1866 until manual beheading was replaced by the guillotine in 1903 only 14 more people were to suffer this fate. Capital punishment was abolished in", "1847 - Michigan becomes 1st English-speaking jurisdiction to abolish the death penalty (except for treason against the state)", "Although Israel has provisions in its criminal law to use the death penalty for extraordinary crimes, it has only been used once. On May 31, 1962, Nazi leader Adolf Eichmann was executed by hanging.", "In 1938 the issue of the abolition of capital punishment was brought before parliament. A clause within the Criminal Justice Bill called for an experimental five-year suspension of the death penalty. When war broke out in 1939 the bill was postponed. It was revived after the war and to everyone's surprise was adopted by a majority in the House of Commons (245 to 222). In the House of Lords the abolition clause was defeated but the remainder of the bill was passed. Popular support for abolition was absent and the government decided that it would be inappropriate for it to assert its supremacy by invoking the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 over such an unpopular issue.", "The 25th April 1792 saw the world’s first use of the guillotine as a method of execution. Nicolas Jacques Pelletier, a French highwayman found guilty of killing a man during one of his robberies, was the.... . .", "The 1814 Act also permitted the King to authorise the use of an alternative method, beheading, which was not abolished until 1973 (although obsolete long before then). The Act was amended by the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 when the death penalty was abolished and replaced with imprisonment at the discretion of the court, up to life imprisonment.", "Beheading was abolished as a method of execution for treason in 1973. However hanging remained available until 1998 when, under a House of Lords amendment to the Crime and Disorder Act 1998, proposed by Lord Archer of Sandwell, the death penalty was abolished for treason and piracy with violence, replacing it with a discretionary maximum sentence of life imprisonment. These were the last civilian offences punishable by death.", "In 1792, a public executioner named Charles-Henri Sanson recommended reconsideration of the guillotine and Dr. Antoine Louis (the secretary of the Academy of Surgeons) supported him. In April 1792, Tobias Schmidt (a German piano maker) built the first working model in less than a week. On April 17, 1792, the executioner tested the prototype by decapitating sheep, calves, and corpses from the local poorhouse. On April 25, Nicolas Pelletier (a thief who viciously assaulted his victims) entered the history books as the first criminal beheaded by the guillotine." ]

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[ "On April 19, 1988, Japanese telecommunications company NTT began offering nationwide ISDN services trademarked INS Net 64, and INS Net 1500, a fruition of NTT's independent research and trial from the 1970s of what it referred to the INS (Information Network System). ", "Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a switched telephone service capable of transporting voice and digital data, is one of the oldest Internet access methods. ISDN has been used for voice, video conferencing, and broadband data applications. ISDN was very popular in Europe, but less common in North America. Its use peaked in the late 1990s before the availability of DSL and cable modem technologies. ", "In the 1990s, the National Information Infrastructure initiative in the U.S. made broadband Internet access a public policy issue. In 2000, most Internet access to homes was provided using dial-up, while many businesses and schools were using broadband connections. In 2000 there were just under 150 million dial-up subscriptions in the 34 OECD countriesThe 34 OECD countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan,", "It is estimated that the 51% of the information flowing through two-way telecommunications networks in the year 2000 were flowing through the Internet (most of the rest (42%) through the landline telephone). By the year 2007 the Internet clearly dominated and captured 97% of all the information in telecommunication networks (most of the rest (2%) through mobile phones). , an estimated 21.9% of the world population has access to the Internet with the highest access rates (measured as a percentage of the population) in North America (73.6%), Oceania/Australia (59.5%) and Europe (48.1%). In terms of broadband access, Iceland (26.7%), South Korea (25.4%) and the Netherlands (25.3%) led the world. ", "By June 2007, the 200 millionth 3G subscriber had been connected of which 10 million were in Nepal and 8.2 million in India. This 200 millionth is only 6.7% of the 3 billion mobile phone subscriptions worldwide. (When counting CDMA2000 1x RTT customers—max bitrate 72% of the 200kbit/s which defines 3G—the total size of the nearly-3G subscriber base was 475 million as of June 2007, which was 15.8% of all subscribers worldwide.) In the countries where 3G was launched first – Japan and South Korea – 3G penetration is over 70%. In Europe the leading country for 3G penetration is Italy with a third of its subscribers migrated to 3G. Other leading countries for 3G use include Nepal, UK, Austria, Australia and Singapore at the 32% migration level.", "In 1993 the World Wide Web (originally designed by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN in Switzerland ) and the graphical Mosaic Web Browser (created by the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois ) brought the Internet to a much larger audience. Between 1993 and 2000 the “dot-com” boom drove the transformation of the Internet from an underground research phenomena to a nearly ubiquitous and essential technology with far-reaching effects. Commercial investment in infrastructure and in “web presence” saw explosive growth; new modes of interaction and communication (e.g., e-mail, Internet messaging, and mailing lists) proliferated; Uniform Resource Locators (URLs, such as http://www.britannica.com ) became a common (and highly valued) feature of advertisements and corporate identity; and artists, scientists, citizens, and others took up the challenge of both using and understanding the new medium.", "The global Internet took shape in academia by the second half of the 1980s as well as many other computer networks of both academic and commercial use such as USENET, Fidonet and the Bulletin Board System. By 1989 the Internet and the networks linked to it were a global system with extensive transoceanic satellite links and nodes in most rich countries. Based on earlier work from 1980 onwards Tim Berners Lee formalized the concept of the World Wide Web by 1989 and performed its earliest demonstrations in December 1990 and 1991. Television viewing became commonplace in the Third World, with the number of TV sets in China and India increasing by 15 and 10 times respectively. ", "     ICQ (\"I seek you\") was a firm founded in Tel Aviv, Israel, \"the brainchild of four Israeli computer programmers ... [Within six months] it claimed the title of world's largest online communication network.\" [NIESE, A., 11-15-01] Another Israeli computer company, StarBand, \"is America's first consumer two-way, always-on, high-speed satellite Internet service provider.\" [CEO: Zur Feldman; President: David Trachtenberg]", "The Internet is a vast worldwide conglomeration of linked computer networks. Its roots lie in the mid-twentieth century, with a number of projects by the United States government and the private sector, most notable of which was the computer network created by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the Department of Defense (DOD) in 1969. Until the early 1990s, the Internet remained largely the province of specialists, including defense personnel and scientists. The creation of browsers, or software that provided a convenient graphical interface between user and machine, revolutionized the medium, and spawned rapid economic growth throughout the 1990s. In addition to the World Wide Web and e-mail, the parts of the Internet most familiar to casual users, the Internet", "ISDN: Integrated Services Digital Network - digital, high bandwidth telephone lines that can deliver data over the Internet. Data, including encoded audio and video, travels at 128K bits per second over an ISDN line.", "In 1996, Senegal achieved full Internet connectivity with Enda and Telecom Plus. Since then several ISP and cybercafes have been added, including Metissacana, Arc Information, Africa online, Cyber Business Center and Africa-network, making a total of six Internet providers and 30,000 users. This development stimulated the growth of information technology-based services.", "By 1978 the ARPAnet had grown to encompass dozens of universities and military research sites in the United States . At this point the project leaders at ARPA recognized a need for a specific kind of standardization to keep the network feasible, namely a common operating system and networking software that could run on all of the diverse hardware connected to the network. Based on its widespread adoption in the 1970s, the UNIX operating system was chosen by ARPA as one official platform for the Internet. UNIX was known for its portability (ability to be installed on different kinds of hardware) and extensibility (ease with which new components could be added to the core system). Bill Joy (who later cofounded Sun Microsystems) is credited with the first widespread implementation of the Internet Protocol (IP) software in a UNIX operating system, a version known as Berkeley Systems Distribution (BSD).", "American Personal Communications (APC), the first GSM carrier in America, provided the first text-messaging service in the United States. Sprint Telecommunications Venture, a partnership of Sprint Corp. and three large cable-TV companies, owned 49 percent of APC. The Sprint venture was the largest single buyer at a government-run spectrum auction that raised $7.7 billion in 2005 for PCS licenses. APC operated under the brand name of Sprint Spectrum and launched its service on November 15, 1995 in Washington, D.C. and in Baltimore, Maryland. Vice President Al Gore in Washington, D.C. made the initial phone-call to launch the network, calling Mayor Kurt Schmoke in Baltimore. ", "2. The US nationwide network into which one dials to access CompuServe. It was created by John Goltz, one of the founders and system guru of CompuServe. He later worked for Tymshare, one of CompuServe's big competitors.", "Not to be confused with a separate application known as the World wide web which was invented much later in the early 1990s (see article on the English inventor Tim Berners-Lee), the Internet is the global system of overall interconnected computer networks that use the standardized Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private and public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope that are linked by copper wires, fiber-optic cables, wireless connections, and other technologies. The concept of packet switching of a network was first explored by Paul Baran in the early 1960s, and the mathematical formulations behind packet switching were later devised by Leonard Kleinrock. On October 29, 1969, the world's first electronic computer network, the ARPANET, was established between nodes at Leonard Kleinrock's lab at UCLA and Douglas Engelbart's lab at the Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International). Another milestone occurred in 1973 when Bob Kahn and Vinton Cerf co-invented Internet Protocol and Transmission Control Protocol while working on ARPANET at the United States Department of Defense. The first TCP/IP-wide area network was operational on January 1, 1983, when the United States' National Science Foundation (NSF) constructed the university network backbone that would later become the NSFNet. This date is held as the \"birth\" of the Internet. ", "By the early 1990s, modems made e-mail a viable alternative to Telex systems in a business environment. But individual e-mail accounts were not widely available until local Internet service providers were in place, although demand grew rapidly, as e-mail was seen as the Internet's killer app . It allowed anyone to email anyone, whereas previously, different system had been walled off from each other, such that America Online subscribers could only email other America Online subscribers, Compuserve subscribers could only email other Compuserve subscribers, etc. The broad user base created by the demand for e-mail smoothed the way for the rapid acceptance of the World Wide Web in the mid-1990s.[ citation needed ] Fax machines were another technology that helped displace the telegram.", "For a long time, the federal government did not allow organizations to connect to the Internet to carry out commercial activities.  By 1988, it was becoming apparent, however, that the Internet's growth and use in the business sector might be seriously inhibited by this restriction. That year, CNRI requested permission from the Federal Networking Council to interconnect the commercial MCI Mail electronic mail system to the Internet as part of a general electronic mail interconnection experiment. Permission was given and the interconnection was completed by CNRI, under Cerfs direction, in the summer of 1989. Shortly thereafter, two of the then non-profit Internet Service Providers (UUNET [xii] and NYSERNET) produced new for-profit companies (UUNET and PSINET [xiii] respectively). In 1991, they were interconnected with each other and CERFNET [xiv] .  Commercial pressure to alleviate restrictions on interconnections with the NSFNET began to mount.", "In December 2012, the ITU facilitated The World Conference on International Telecommunications 2012 (WCIT-12) in Dubai. WCIT-12 was a treaty-level conference to address International Telecommunications Regulations, the international rules for telecommunications, including international tariffs. The previous conference to update the Regulations (ITRs) was held in Melbourne in 1988. ", "William Henry \"Bill\" Gates III (born October 28, 1955) is an American business magnate, investor, philanthropist, and author. Gates is the former CEO and current chairman of Microsoft, the software company he founded with Paul Allen. He is consistently ranked among the world's wealthiest people and was the wealthiest overall from 1995 to 2009, excluding 2008, when he was ranked third. During his career at Microsoft, Gates held the positions of CEO and chief software architect, and remains the largest individual shareholder, with 6.4 percent of the common stock. He has also authored or co-authored several books.", "The Internet is a computer network that was designed to interconnect other computer networks. Its origins lie in the ARPANET, an experimental network designed for the U.S. Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in 1969. The original ARPANET had some features that were unique in its day.", "The new numbering plan was officially accepted in October 1947, dividing most of North America into 86 Numbering Plan Areas (NPAs). The area codes were first used by long-distance operators to establish long-distance calls between toll offices. The first customer-dialed direct call using area codes was made on November 10, 1951, from Englewood, New Jersey, to Alameda, California. Direct distance dialing (DDD) was subsequently introduced across the country and by the early 1960s most areas of the Bell System had been converted and it was commonplace in cities and most larger towns.", "The Internet began in the 1960s as a small network of academic and government computers primarily involved in research for the U.S. military. Originally limited to researchers at a handful of universities and government facilities, the Internet quickly became a worldwide network providing users with information on a range of subjects and allowing them to purchase goods directly from companies via computer. By 1999, 84 million U.S. citizens had access to the Internet at home or work. More and more Americans were paying bills, shopping, ordering airline tickets, and purchasing stocks via computer over the Internet.", "Various private networks like UUNET (founded 1987), the Well (1985), and GEnie (1985) had e-mail from the 1970s, but subscriptions were quite expensive for an individual, US$25 to US$50 per month, just for e-mail. Internet use was then largely limited to government, academia and other government contractors until the net was opened to commercial use in the 1980s.", "Various private networks like UUNET (founded 1987), the Well (1985), and GEnie (1985) had e-mail from the 1970s, but subscriptions were quite expensive for an individual, US$25 to US$50 per month, just for e-mail. Internet use was then largely limited to government, academia and other government contractors until the net was opened to commercial use in the 1980s.", "International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T)-Formerly called the Committee for International Telegraph and Telephone (CCITT), ITU-T is now an international organization that develops communication standards. The ITU-T developed X.25 and other communications standards.", ";Development (ITU-D): Established in 1992, this sector helps spread equitable, sustainable and affordable access to information and communication technologies (ICT).", "In the last few years, we have seen a new phase of commercialization. Originally, commercial efforts mainly comprised vendors providing the basic networking products, and service providers offering the connectivity and basic Internet services. The Internet has now become almost a \"commodity\" service, and much of the latest attention has been on the use of this global information infrastructure for support of other commercial services. This has been tremendously accelerated by the widespread and rapid adoption of browsers and the World Wide Web technology, allowing users easy access to information linked throughout the globe. Products are available to facilitate the provisioning of that information and many of the latest developments in technology have been aimed at providing increasingly sophisticated information services on top of the basic Internet data communications.", "Many charts in the public domain use the 10/29/1969 as radix first chart for the internet. It is described as the date that the ‘backbone’ for internet was activated.", "A National Science Foundation decree that prevented commercial use of the Internet was dissolved in 1991, the same year the World Wide Web came into existence. By then, personal computer use by businesses, institutions, and individuals had spiraled. When the graphics-based Web browsing program known as Mosaic was released in 1993, the Internet's growth exploded. Firms like Netscape and Yahoo! were founded soon after, making access to the Internet even easier. By 1996, an estimated 40 million individuals were accessing the Internet, and by 1999, that number had grown to 200 million.", "All of this took some time, but by the beginning of 1983, when the TCP/IP was ready to go and finally adopted, the Internet—or a network of networks—was finally born. To this point, most of the business on the \"Net,\" as it came to be called, was science-oriented. About this same time, however, the microcomputer revolution was also starting to be felt. Called \"personal computers,\" these new, smaller, desktop-size computers began slowly to enter businesses and homes, eventually transforming the notion of what a computer was. Until this time, a computer was a very large, super-expensive, anonymous-looking machine (called a \"mainframe\") that only corporations could afford. Now however, a computer was a friendly, nearly-portable, personal machine that had a monitor or screen like a television set. As more and more individuals purchased a personal computer and eventually learned about a way of talking to another computer (via e-mail), the brand-new Internet soon began to experience the problems of its own success.", "The Internet (or 'Net') is built on a chaotic mishmash of hardware, governed by minimal standards and even fewer rules. Thousands of different software packages broadcast on the Net, connecting millions of users each day. During the Clinton administration, the Internet was nicknamed \"The Information Superhighway\", a term which has now become grossly inadequate to describe the sheer magnitude of the Internet's reach.", "The Internet has had a profound affect on the world of computers. Microsoft CEO Bill Gates claims, �The Internet is pervasive in everything we�re doing.� The Internet also has assumed an increasing prominence in the world at large. Today, the letters �www� seem an omnipresent part of advertisements on buses, billboards, and magazines." ]

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[ "Bruce Willis was born Walter Bruce Willis on 19 March 1955, in Idar-Oberstein, West Germany. He is an American actor, and film producer who came to fame in the late 1980s and has since starred in over 60 films, including Die Hard, Pulp Fiction, Sin City, Unbreakable, Armageddon and The Sixth Sense.", "Walter Bruce Willis (born March 19, 1955), better known as Bruce Willis, is an American actor, producer, and musician. His career began in television in the 1980s and has continued both in television and film since, including comedic, dramatic, and action roles. He is well known for the role of John McClane in the Die Hard series, which were mostly critical and uniformly financial successes. He has also appeared in over sixty films, including box office successes like Pulp Fiction, Sin City, 12 Monkeys, The Fifth Element, Armageddon, and The Sixth Sense.Motion pictures featuring Willis have grossed US$2.64 billion to 3.05 billion at North American box offices, making him the ninth highest-grossing actor in a leading role and twelfth highest including supporting roles. He is a two-time Emmy Award-winning, Golden Globe Award-winning and four-time Saturn Award-nominated actor. Willis was married to actress Demi Moore and they had three daughters before their divorce in 2000 after thirteen years of marriage.", "Walter Bruce Willis (born March 19, 1955) is an American actor, producer, and singer. His career began on the Off-Broadway stage and then in television in the 1980s, most notably as David Addison in Moonlighting (1985–1989). He is known for his role of John McClane in the Die Hard series. He has appeared in over 60 films, including Color of Night (1994), Pulp Fiction (1994), 12 Monkeys (1995), The Fifth Element (1997), Armageddon (1998), The Sixth Sense (1999), Unbreakable (2000), Sin City (2005), Red (2010), The Expendables 2 (2012), and Looper (2012).", "Bruce Willis was born in Idar-Oberstein, West Germany. His father, David Willis, was an American soldier. His mother, Marlene K., was German, and had been born in Kaufungen, near Kassel. Willis is the oldest of four children: he has a sister, Florence, and a brother, David. His brother Robert died of pancreatic cancer in 2001, aged 42. After being discharged from the military in 1957, Willis’s father took his family back to Carneys Point, New Jersey. Willis has described himself as having come from a “long line of blue collar people”; his mother worked in a bank and his father was a welder, master mechanic, and factory worker.", "Die Hard is a 1988 American action film directed by John McTiernan and written by Steven E. de Souza and Jeb Stuart. It follows off-duty New York City Police Department officer John McClane (Bruce Willis) as he takes on a group of highly organized criminals led by Hans Gruber (Alan Rickman), who perform a heist in a Los Angeles skyscraper under the guise of a terrorist attack using hostages, including McClane's wife Holly (Bonnie Bedelia), to keep the police at bay.", "Born 3/19/1955 in Idar-Oberstein, West Germany to a bank teller and an American soldier.Bruce Willis is, along with fellow actors Tom Selleck, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Dennis Hopper, and John Milius, one of the few outspoken conservatives in Hollywood, and reputedly a staunch supporter of the Republican party. He has three children by Moore: Rumer, Scout, and Tallulah Belle.", "Bruce Willis begn his career on the Off-Broadway stage and then in television in the 1980s, most notably as David Addison in \"Moonlighting.\" He is perhaps best known for his role of John McClane in the \"Die Hard\" film series. He has appeared in over sixty films, including \"Pulp Fiction,\" \"12 Monkeys,\" \"The Fifth Element,\" \"The Sixth Sense,\" \"Unbreakable,\" and \"Sin City.\"", "Bruce Willis has appeared in four films with Samuel L. Jackson: National Lampoon’s Loaded Weapon 1, Pulp Fiction, Die Hard with a Vengeance, and Unbreakable, this last one also with Robin Wright; and both actors were slated to work together in Black Water Transit, before dropping out. Willis also worked with his eldest daughter, Rumer, in the 2005 film Hostage. In 2007, he appeared in the thriller Perfect Stranger, opposite Halle Berry, the crime/drama film Alpha Dog, opposite Sharon Stone, and marked his return to the role of John McClane in Live Free or Die Hard. Subsequently, he appeared in the films What Just Happened, with Robert De Niro, Sean Penn and Catherine Keener; and Surrogates, with Radha Mitchell and Rosamund Pike, both movies based on the comic book of the same name.", "In 1996, Roger Director, a writer and producer from Moonlighting, wrote a roman à clef on Willis titled A Place to Fall. Cybill Shepherd wrote in her 2000 autobiography, Cybill Disobedience, that Willis was angry at Director, because the character was written as a \"neurotic, petulant actor.\" In 1998, Willis participated in Apocalypse, a PlayStation video game. The game was originally announced to feature Willis as a sidekick, not as the main character. The company reworked the game using Willis's likeness and voice and changed the game to use him as the main character. In Quebec, Canada, Willis' voice has been overdubbed in French, in 28 of his films, by Jean-Luc Montminy. ", "Bruce Willis also owes the beginning of his small-screen career to Miami Vice, on which he played arms dealer extraordinaire Tony Amato in the show’s first season. Four months later, he was trading barbs with Cybill Shepherd as P.I. David Addison in Moonlighting, a role that earned Willis his first (and only) Golden Globe Award.", "Willis had a number of small film roles in the early 1980s before he was hired as a wisecracking detective opposite Cybill Shepherd in the television sitcom Moonlighting (1985–89). The show made Willis a household name and helped to launch his film career. In the film Die Hard (1988), Willis portrayed the cynical but good-natured New York City police detective John McClane, who finds himself embroiled in a terrorist attack on a Los Angeles office building. The film was a major box-office success and helped establish Willis as a leading action hero. It also spawned the sequels Die Hard 2: Die Harder (1990), Die Hard: With a Vengeance (1995), Live Free or Die Hard (2007), and A Good Day to Die Hard (2013).", "*Actor Bruce Willis, with help from June Pointer and The Pointer Sisters, reached number five on the Billboard Hot 100, number 20 on the Hot Black Singles chart and number 22 on the Adult Contemporary chart (1987)", "Willis has appeared in four films with Samuel L. Jackson (National Lampoon's Loaded Weapon 1, Pulp Fiction, Die Hard with a Vengeance, and Unbreakable) and both actors were slated to work together in Black Water Transit, before dropping out. Willis also worked with his eldest daughter, Rumer, in the 2005 film Hostage. In 2007, he appeared in the thriller Perfect Stranger, opposite Halle Berry, the crime/drama film Alpha Dog, opposite Sharon Stone, and reprised his role as John McClane in Live Free or Die Hard. Subsequently, he appeared in the films What Just Happened and Surrogates, based on the comic book of the same name. ", "Willis owns his own motion picture production company called Cheyenne Enterprises, which he started with his business partner Arnold Rifkin in 2000. He also owns several small businesses in Hailey, Idaho, including The Mint Bar and The Liberty Theater and is a co-founder of Planet Hollywood, with actors Arnold Schwarzenegger and Sylvester Stallone. In 2009 Willis signed a contract to become the international face of Belvedere SA's Sobieski vodka in exchange for 3.3% ownership in the company.", "Willis was originally cast as Terry Benedict in Ocean’s Eleven (2001) but dropped out to work on recording an album. In Ocean’s Twelve (2004), he makes a cameo appearance as himself. In 2007, he appeared in the Planet Terror, with Rose McGowan, Freddy Rodriguez, Josh Brolin and Marley Shelton, half of the double feature Grindhouse, as the villain, a mutant soldier.", "1988 - \"Die Hard\" / Bruce Willis - July 15th, 1988: Bruce Willis goes from TV star to movie star as terrorist-fighting NYPD cop John McClane. [Based on: NEWSDAY article [", "Willis starred with Tracy Morgan in the comedy Cop Out, directed by Kevin Smith and about two police detectives investigating the theft of a baseball card. The film was released in February 2010. Willis appeared in the music video for the song “Stylo” by Gorillaz. Also in 2010, he appeared in a cameo with former Planet Hollywood co-owners and ’80s action stars Sylvester Stallone and Arnold Schwarzenegger in the film The Expendables. Willis played the role of generic bald man “Mr. Church“. This was the first time these three legendary action stars appeared on screen together. Although the scene featuring the three was short, it was one of the most highly anticipated scenes in the film. The trio filmed their scene in an empty church on October 24, 2009. Willis next starred in RED, alongside Mary-Louise Parker, Karl Urban and Morgan Freeman, this movie was an adaptation of the comic book mini-series of the same name, in which he portrayed Frank Moses. The film was released on October 15, 2010.", "In 2006, he said that the United States should intervene more into Colombia, in order to end the drug trafficking. In several interviews Willis has said that he supports large salaries for teachers and police officers, and said he is disappointed in the United States foster care system as well as treatment of Native Americans. Bruce Willis also stated that he is a supporter of gun rights, Everyone has a right to bear arms. If you take guns away from legal gun owners, then the only people who have guns are the bad guys. Even a pacifist, he insists, would get violent if someone were trying to kill him. You would fight for your life.", "He is played by Bruce Willis and carried a Beretta 92FS as his sidearm for many years.", "Image caption Bruce Willis (pictured with Schwimmer) appeared in the show for nothing after losing a bet with Matthew Perry", "[on rejecting the role of John McClane in Die Hard (1988)] I gave that boy [ Bruce Willis ] a career.", "Who is the voice of baby Mikey in the 1989 film Look Who's Talking? Bruce Willis", "Aside from appearing in Die Hard and other bonehead action flicks, Bruce Willis can often be see murdering tunes by The Rolling Stones, and his debut album destroyed tracks by everyone from Booker T Jones to The Temptations.", "Willis reprised his most famous role, John McClane, for a fifth time, starring in A Good Day to Die Hard, which was released on February 14, 2013. In an interview, Willis said, \"I have a warm spot in my heart for Die Hard..... it's just the sheer novelty of being able to play the same character over 25 years and still be asked back is fun. It's much more challenging to have to do a film again and try to compete with myself, which is what I do in Die Hard. I try to improve my work every time.\" ", "Bruce Willis’ career skyrocketed the following year when Die Hard came out. The rest is history.", "Bruce Willis, 60, has signed on for a SIXTH Die Hard film | Daily Mail Online", "Willis will star in the movie adaptation of the video game Kane & Lynch: Dead Men, named Kane & Lynch. ", "Willis was very much in another world in 1987 when he and McTiernan shot the movie. At the time, he was the wisecracking star of ABC's private detective comedy Moonlighting alongside Cybill Shepherd, but he found an 11-week window to make his foray into action films.", "In honor of the actor’s birthday, we’ve got a guide to the best Bruce Willis movies", "What is the name of the main character played in Bruce Willis in the \"Die Hard\" films?", "Willis' acting role models are Gary Cooper, Robert De Niro, Steve McQueen and John Wayne. Willis is left handed. ", "Q. What was the name of the restaurant chain opened by Bruce Willis, Sylvester Stallone and Arnold Swartzeneger?" ]

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[ "Lord of the Flies is a 1954 novel by Nobel Prize-winning English author William Golding about a group of British boys stuck on an uninhabited island who try to govern themselves with disastrous results. Its stances on the already controversial subjects of human nature and individual welfare versus the common good earned it position 68 on the American Library Association’s list of the 100 most frequently challenged books of 1900–1999.", "Lord of the Flies is a novel written by Nobel-Prize winning author William Golding. It discusses the struggle that men face in creating a culture", "Sir William Gerald Golding (19 September 1911 – 19 June 1993) was a British novelist, poet, playwright and Nobel Prize for Literature laureate, best known for his novel Lord of the Flies. He was also awarded the Booker Prize for literature in 1980 for his novel Rites of Passage, the first book of the trilogy To the Ends of the Earth.", "William Golding 1911 �1993) Nobel Prize in Literature laureate, best known for his novel Lord of the Flies english school boys stranded on an island turn savage, A coral island, probably in the South China Sea, was the setting for this book by William Golding. He was also awarded the Booker Prize for literature in 1980 for his novel Rites of Passage, the first book of the trilogy To the Ends of the Earth.", "Lord of the Flies, William Golding. According to Schmoop, “Lord of the Flies was first published in 1954 by William Golding , an English writer. It took awhile to gain wide readership, but by the 1960s it was a big success and Golding was off on his writing career that would include a Nobel Prize for Literature in 1983. According to the prize committee, Golding’s novels “illuminate the human condition of the world today.” Not bad.", "lord of the flies - Lord of the Flies What could be more perfect, than a group of kids alone on a tropical island. Where there are no adults or rules to live by. This would seem to be any child’s dream. This is the setting for William Golding’s novel Lord of the Flies. In this novel a group of British boys get stranded on an island, with no sign of people around them except for themselves. At first the boys are prepared have fun and good times. It isn’t long until reality sets in. There are many things to be done....   [tags: essays research papers]", "Lord Of The Flies - Essay on Lord of the Flies The novel, Lord of the Flies, was written by William Golding. William Golding was born on September 19, 1911. His literary ambitions began at the young age of seven. He received his Bachelor of Arts from Oxford University in 1935. His novels explore characters and situations. In Lord of the Flies, it is a time of war. A group of English schoolboys are on a plane, when they are attacked and they have to evacuate their aircraft. They find themselves on a remote island, somewhere in the Pacific Ocean, without any adult supervision....   [tags: essays research papers]", "Once dubbed \"Lord of the Campus\" by Time magazine, Nobel Prize-winning British novelist William Golding spent an entire writing career living down his first novel, Lord of the Flies. A relative of Robinson Crusoe, Golding's dystopian tale of juvenile survival and tyranny made its author's fame and became part of the campus canon on both sides of the Atlantic. Interweaving an allegory of Original Sin with descriptions of human primitivism, Lord of the Flies is ranked with George Orwell's Animal Farm and Ninety Eighty-four as a novel that invites--even demands--analysis. Golding produced other fables in his long writing career: both The Inheritors and Pincher Martin are takes on the limits of so-called rational man. Later in life, he also dabbled in social comedy with The Pyramid and The Paper Men, while with his eighteenth-century sea trilogy--Rites of Passage, Close Quarters, and Fire Down Below--Golding turned a ship into a metaphor of the British Empire.", "Lord Of The Flies - The adventure novel, The Lord of the Flies, was an epic tale that depicted the different facets of the human spirit. It was written by William Golding in the 1950’s and recieved many awards. Idt was declared the “Outstanding Novel of the Year” by E.M. Forrester. The author did in no wat mean for this story to be biographical, but Mr. Golding depicted well the many different aspect of human nature. The book has been described as “provacative, vivid and enthralling,” but Time and Tide said it best when they wrote, “It is not only a first-rate adventure story but a parable of our times.” The novel took place on an island probably somewhere in the middle of the Atlantic....   [tags: essays research papers]", "William Golding's first novel, Lord of the Flies, 1954, rapidly became a world success and has so remained. It has reached readers who can be numbered in tens of millions. In other words, the book was a bestseller, in a way that is usually granted only to adventure stories, light reading and children's books. The same goes for several of his later novel, including Rites of Passage, 1980.", "William Golding is the writer of \"Lord of the Flies\". The first time I heard about that book was 5 years ago when the TV show Lost started, because it is partially based on the book. Then last year my sister read it and she really enjoyed it and since then I wanted to read it but I hadn't found the moment until I saw it was on the list of eligible authors. I haven't been able to read the book yet, but I already bought it and read a few pages. So far I have also found out that Golding has won the Nobel Prize and that he is dead.", "The Lord of the Flies - The Lord of the Flies written by William Golding is a popular novel that deals with many themes. The theme I will talk about is how humans and human nature can easily be corrupted by surrounding influences and themselves. Simon is corrupted by the natural environment and the nature of people around him. In contrast, there is Jack who was only corrupted by his obsessions. Also, Ralph became morally corrupted after a combination of spending time with Jack’s group and being by himself. The Lord of the Flies shows that anyone can be corrupted by circumstance especially if left alone....   [tags: William Golding, corruption, human nature]", "Overview of Lord of the Flies by William Golding - Lord of the Flies This book, Lord of the Flies, was written by English author William Golding. It was his first book and when it was published in 1954, he was 43 years old. In 1983, the author got a novel prize in literature (Bruce, 1993). The book is about tragic story of young boys in an unknown island in war time. Although the book was not great success at that time, it soon became a best-seller and it is a recommended book in the world now. It has been cinematized three times since 1963. William Golding took elite courses....   [tags: Literary Analysis, Book Review]", "William Golding (1911-93) was born in Cornwall, England. His first novel, Lord of the Flies, was published in 1954 and became an international bestseller. In 1983, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.", "...The famous quote by Lord Action, \"Power corrupts, absolute power corrupts absolutely\" is proven to be true by the actions of the character Jack, in the novel \"Lord of the Flies\" by William Golding. At the beginning of the novel Jack is an innocent, young boy who progressively becomes power dependant and thrives off of this power. By the end of the novel Jack has become absolutely corrupt with this power and commits terrible...", "... Nobel Prize winning writer William Golding, who penned the classic novel \"Lord of the Flies ... issued the veto Friday, raised two ...", "From Nobel Laureate William Golding's (Lord of the Flies) epic sea-voyage trilogy comes the story of an ambitious British aristocrat, humbled by the lives of his fellow passengers, as he embarks on an ocean voyage for Australia where he is to be an official in the colonial government....", "Birth of Sir William Golding, British novelist, winner of the 1983 Nobel Prize for Literature, best known for his novel ‘Lord of the Flies’", "����������� In answer to a publicity questionnaire from the American publishers of LORD OF THE FLIES, William Golding (born Cornwall, 1911) declared that he was brought up to be a scientist, and revolted; after two years of Oxford he changed his educational emphasis from science to English literature, and became devoted to Anglo-Saxon. After publishing a volume of poetry he \"wasted the next four years,\" and when Word War II broke out he joined the Royal Navy. For the next five years he was involved in naval matters except for a few months in New York and six months with Lord Cherwell in a \"research establishment.\" He finished his naval career as a lieutenant in command of a rocket ship; he had seen action against battleships, submarines and aircraft, and had participated in the Walcheren and D-Day operations. After the war he began teaching and writing. Today, his novels include LORD OF THE FLIES (Coward-McCann), THE INHERITORS (which may loosely be described as a novel of prehistory but is, like all of Golding's work, much more), and PINCHER MARTIN published in hardcover by Harcourt Brace as THE TWO DEATHS OF CHRISTOPHER MARTIN). He lists his Hobbies as thinking, classical Greek, sailing and archaeology, and his Literary Influences as Euripides and the anonymous Anglo-Saxon author of THE BATTLE OF MALDON.", "Stephen King wrote an introduction for a new edition of Lord of the Flies (2011) to mark the centenary of William Golding's birth in 2011.", "6. Lord of the Flies, William Golding (1955). A children’s adventure story, an anthropological discourse, a retelling of the Garden of Eden. Your first exposure to the dystopia genre probably happened your junior year when you read this classic. –Sigh, poor Piggy.", "The classic novel by William Golding With a new Introduction by Stephen King \"To me Lord of the Flies has always represented what novels are for, what makes them indispensable.\" -Stephen King ... More »", "As the narrative moves closer to dramatic conflict and tragedy, Golding distinguishes Lord of the Flies from the romantic adventure stories that were popular among boys of the mid-twentieth century. In the second meeting, Ralph encourages the boys to have fun on the island and to think of the experience as one that would happen \"in a novel.\" Immediately, the boys begin shouting out the names of their favorite island adventures, including The Coral Island. The Coral Island (1857), written by R.M. Ballantyne, was a popular nineteenth-century novel that followed the happy adventures of three unsupervised boys on a tropical island. Golding, who found the narrative of The Coral Island naive and unlikely, wrote Lord of the Flies partly as a response to this novel. The mention of these idealized island narratives at the outset of Golding's dystopian tale is thus ironic because the events to follow are nothing like the entertaining experiences of the boys on The Coral Island. Through the explicit comparison, the reader is encouraged to recognize Golding's work as a critical commentary on popular adventure fiction on the basis of its optimistic unreality.", "In 1954, Golding published his first novel, Lord of the Flies, which details the adventures of British schoolboys stranded on an island in the Pacific who descend into barbaric behavior. Although at first rejected by twenty-one different publishing houses, Golding's first novel became a surprise success. E.M. Forster declared Lord of the Flies the outstanding novel of its year, while Time and Tide called it \"not only a first-rate adventure story but a parable of our times.\" Golding continued to develop similar themes concerning the inherent violence in human nature in his next novel, The Inheritors, published the following year. This novel deals with the last days of Neanderthal man. The Inheritors posits that the Cro-Magnon \"fire-builders\" triumphed over Neanderthal man as much by violence and deceit as by any natural superiority. His subsequent works include Pincher Martin (1956), the story of a guilt-ridden naval officer who faces an agonizing death, Free Fall (1959), and The Spire (1964), each of which deals with the depravity of human nature. The Spire is an allegory concerning the protagonist's obsessive determination to build a cathedral spire regardless of the consequences.", "In this paper I am dealing with this author's chronology . In the introduction im explaining why I am focusing on how was he influenced by war to write the \" Lord of the Flies \", and a bit more about this Nobel laureate. I will refer mainly to the shock the war meant to him, the track that his book has left among other British people and the impact of the Nobel Prize. My goal is to discover the effects of the Second World War on him, and I will confront it in my conclusion .", "* Lord of the Flies (1954) * The Inheritors (1955) * Pincher Martin (1956) * Free Fall (1959) * The Spire (1964) * The Pyramid (1967) * The Scorpion God (1971) * Darkness Visible (1979) * The Paper Men (1984) * To the Ends of the Earth (trilogy) o Rites of Passage (1980) o Close Quarters o Fire Down Below (1989) * The Double Tongue (posthumous) (1995)[12]", "William McGuire \"Bill\" Bryson, OBE, FRS (/ˈbraɪsən/; born December 8, 1951) is a best-selling Anglo-American author of humorous books on travel, as well as books on the English language and science. Born in the United States, he was a resident of Britain for most of his adult life before returning to America in 1995. In 2003 Bryson and his wife and four children moved back to Britain, living in the old rectory of Wramplingham, Norfolk. He served as the chancellor of Durham University from 2005 to 2011. Bryson came to prominence in the United Kingdom with the publication of Notes from a Small Island (1995), an exploration of Britain, and its accompanying television series. He received widespread recognition again with the publication of A Short History of Nearly Everything (2003), a book widely acclaimed for its accessible communication of science.", "Kenneth Grahame ( ; 8 March 1859 – 6 July 1932) was a British writer, most famous for The Wind in the Willows (1908), one of the classics of children's literature. He also wrote The Reluctant Dragon; both books were later adapted into Disney films, which are The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad and The Reluctant Dragon.", "Title of the paper : Wars as an influence on the \"Lord of the Flies ”", "Sir Ranulph Twisleton-Wykeham-Fiennes, 3rd Baronet, OBE (born 7 March 1944), commonly known as Ranulph (Ran) Fiennes, is an English explorer and holder of several endurance records. He is also a prolific writer.", "Even though its my least favorite of the first four books I’ve read, Lord of the Flies has my favorite opening line of these first several reads. Who is the boy with fair hair? Why is he climbing down a rock? Why is a kid in a lagoon?", "Richard. born 1920, British author; his novels include Watership Down (1972), The Plague Dogs (1977), and Traveller (1988)" ]

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[ "   Vauxhall’s ‘Prince Henry’ was one of the first sports cars to be catalogued by a British manufacturer. Development began in 1908 when L. H. Pomeroy convinced Vauxhall directors he could redesign the 3ltr engine from 23 to 40 hp with no increase in size. His study of gas flow and valve timing proved revolutionary, not only in the crank shaft speed meaning.", "Henry was interested in motor cars as well and supposedly invented a windshield wiper and, according to other sources, the car horn. In his honor, the Prinz-Heinrich-Fahrt (Prince Heinrich Tour) was established in 1908, like the earlier Kaiserpreis a precursor to the German Grand Prix. Henry and his brother William gave patronage to the Kaiserlicher Automobilclub (Imperial Automobile Club).", "Development of automotive technology was rapid, due in part to the hundreds of small manufacturers competing to gain the world's attention. Key developments included electric ignition and the electric self-starter (both by Charles Kettering, for the Cadillac Motor Company in 1910–1911), independent suspension, and four-wheel brakes.", "Within the collection are some of the most elegant and innovative cars in automotive history, from the �Blower� Bentley (1929), the Ferrari 250 GTO (1962), the famous Mercedes 300 SL (1955) and the unforgettable Jaguar �D type,� whose shark fin blazed a triumphant trail at Le Mans in 1955, 1956 and 1957. But the grand tourer, the Bugatti Atlantic (1938) of which only four models were produced, represents the ultimate in luxury while showcasing the evolution of styles and techniques on the road. Each of these exceptional vehicles was designed as a masterpiece blending technological innovation and boldness of style.", "Henry Ford (1863 – 1947) was an American industrialist, founder of the Ford Motor Company and developer of the assembly line technique of mass production. His introduction of the Model T automobile revolutionized transportation and American industry. As owner of the Ford Motor Company, he became one of the richest and best-known people in the world. He is credited with \"Fordism\", that is, mass production of inexpensive goods coupled with high wages for workers. Ford had a global vision, with consumerism as the key to peace. His intense commitment to systematically lowering costs resulted in many technical and business innovations, including a franchise system that put a dealership in every city in North America, and in major cities on six continents. Ford left most of his vast wealth to the Ford Foundation but arranged for his family to control the company permanently.", "The first Singer designed car was the 4-cylinder 2.4 litre 12/14 of 1906. The engine was bought in from Aster. For 1907 the Lea-Francis design was dropped and a range of two-, three- and four-cylinder models using White and Poppe engines launched. The Aster engined models were dropped in 1909 and a new range of larger cars introduced. All cars were now White and Poppe powered. In 1911 the first big seller appeared with the four cylinder 1100 cc Ten with Singer’s own engine. The use of their own power plants spread through the range until by the outbreak of the First World War all models except the low-volume 3.3 litre 20 hp were so equipped.", "A thriving carriage trade set the stage for the work of Henry Ford, whose automobile Highland Park Ford Plant in 1910 revolutionized not only automobile manufacturing but virtually created the concept the assembly line and mass production. Ford's manufacturing innovations were soon adopted by rival automobile manufacturers, most of whom, and their parts suppliers, were headquartered in the Detroit metropolitan area, establishing the city's fame as the world's car capital.", "European car design underwent major changes during the 1970s due to the need for performance with high fuel efficiency—designs such as the Volkswagen Golf and Passat, BMW 3, 5, and 7 series, and Mercedes-Benz S-Class appeared at the latter half of the decade. Ford Europe, specifically Ford Germany, also eclipsed the profits of its American parent company. The designs of Giorgetto Giugiaro became dominant, along with those of Marcello Gandini in Italy. The 1970s also saw the decline and practical failure of the British car industry—a combination of militant strikes and poor quality control effectively halted development at British Leyland, owner of all other British car companies during the 1970s.", "1914 - Henry Ford announced the new continuous motion method to assemble cars. The process decreased the time to make a car from 12½ hours to 93 minutes.", "The world’s first patent for a practical internal-combustion-engine-powered automobile was issued to German engineer Karl Benz. With a tubular framework mounted on a Benz-designed, one-horsepower, single-cylinder, 954-cc engine, the carriage-like three-wheeler Motorwagen had tiller steering and a buggy seat for two. The engine was a refinement of the four-stroke engine designed by Nikolaus Otto 10 years earlier. Although awkward and frail, it incorporated some still-familiar features: an electrical ignition, differential, mechanical valves, a carburettor, an engine-cooling system, oil and grease cups for lubrication, and a braking system.", "German dictator Adolf Hitler (1889–1945) gave Henry Ford a medal for making cars affordable. Inspired by the Model-T Ford, Hitler asked German auto-maker Dr Ferdinard Porsche to develop a simple people's car or \"Volks Wagen\" called the KDF (Kraft durch Freude or Strength through Joy). Renamed the Beetle, it sold over 20 million worldwide and was one of the most popular cars of the 20th century.", "The need for this kind of car, and its functional objectives, was formulated by the leader of Nazi Germany, Adolf Hitler, who wanted a cheap, simple car to be mass-produced for his country's new road network. Hitler contracted Ferdinand Porsche in 1934 to design and build it. Porsche and his team took until 1938 to finalise the design. The influence on Porsche's design of other contemporary cars, such as the Tatra V570 and the work of Josef Ganz remains a subject of dispute. The result was one of the first rear-engined cars since the Brass Era. With 21,529,464 produced, the Beetle is the longest-running and most-manufactured car of a single platform ever made.", "1885: First automobile powered by an internal combustion engine is produced by Karl Benz in Mannheim, Germany. Henry Ford makes his first car in 1893 in the US and later invents assembly line production.", "Gottlieb Daimler (1834-1900) was a German engineer and inventor who assisted in the development of the Otto gasoline engine. In 1887, he patented the Daimler engine, a high-speed internal-combustion engine that was an important step in the development of the automobile. Daimler and German inventor, Wilhelm Maybach, mounted a gasoline-powered engine onto a bicycle, creating a motorcycle, in 1885. In 1887, they manufactured their first car, which included a steering lever and a four-speed gearbox. Another German engineer, Karl Benz, produced his first gasoline car in 1886. In 1926, Daimler, Maybach and Benz were to join together to form the Mercedes Benz brand name.", "In early 1900, Daimler had sold the Prince of Wales a mail phaeton . [41] [42] In 1902, upon buying another Daimler, King Edward VII awarded Daimler a royal warrant as suppliers of motor cars. [42] [43]", "The success of the company gave Benz the opportunity to indulge in his old passion of designing a horseless carriage. Based on his experience with, and fondness for, bicycles, he used similar technology when he created an automobile. It featured wire wheels (unlike carriages' wooden ones)", "He was an engineer, industrial designer and industrialist, born in Schorndorf (Kingdom of Württemberg), in what is now Germany. He was a pioneer of internal-combustion engines and automobile development.", "Around the same time, Mario Boano and Luigi Segre of Italy's Carrozzeria Ghia had proposed some styling enhancments to Volkswagen. These too were ignored. Karmann approached Ghia directly, resulting in a prototype. Using a Beetle, Ghia developed a new body that was mounted directly to the Beetle's basic platform chassis. The prototype was sent to Karmann in late 1953 and used to impress Volkswagen's chief Heinz Nordhoff. There were slight differences to the Beetle's body; the new coupe had slightly wider bodywork and a lower roofline. There was a bulge in the rear fenders and an extended lower-body crease. Some of these design features were shown on the Chrysler-Ghia d'Elegance Concept car of 1953.", "1885 - Gottlieb Daimler invented what is often recognized as the prototype of the modern gas engine - with a vertical cylinder, and with gasoline injected through a carburetor (patented in 1887). Daimler first built a two-wheeled vehicle the \"Reitwagen\" (Riding Carriage) with this engine and a year later built the world's first four-wheeled motor vehicle.", "1885 - Gottlieb Daimler invented what is often recognized as the prototype of the modern gas engine - with a vertical cylinder, and with gasoline injected through a carburetor (patented in 1887). Daimler first built a two-wheeled vehicle the \"Reitwagen\" (Riding Carriage) with this engine and a year later built the world's first four-wheeled motor vehicle.", "Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 – April 7, 1947) was the founder of the Ford Motor Company and is credited with contributing to the creation of a middle class in American society. He was one of the first to apply assembly line manufacturing to the mass production of affordable automobiles. This achievement not only revolutionized industrial production in the United States and the rest of the world, but also had such tremendous influence over modern culture that many social theorists identify this phase of economic and social history as \"Fordism.\"", "In 1926, the Berlin Automobile Exhibition showcased the new Horch 303. Horch immediately became the marque of top quality in German automobile history. The eight-cylinder engine would become standard for all models after 1927.", "The success of the company gave Carl Benz the opportunity to indulge in his old passion of designing a horseless carriage. He finished his creation in 1885 and named it the Benz Patent Motorwagen. It was the first automobile entirely designed as such to generate its own power, which is why Carl Benz was granted his patent and is regarded as its inventor. The car was first driven in Mannheim in 1885.", "At the 1931 Salon de Paris, August Horch became the leading name in the German automobile market. The star of the exhibition was a yellow lacquered Cabriolet with a brown top and green morocco upholstery. But its main feature was less cosmetic - a 12 cylinder V engine with a six-litre cylinder capacity, a marvel of innovative engineering.", "The company branched out into heavy vehicles and developed techniques to mass produce cars and consequently bring their prices down. With the onset of WW1, it all branched out into making ammunition, tanks and aeroplanes.", "Horch was the popular name for high-performance luxury motor cars manufactured in Germany by the company, August Horch & Cie, at the beginning of the 20th century.", "In 1886 began the era of Cars. That same year, a first car was made of the German inventor Karl Benz called Benz-Patent Motorwagen. But it was not released in wide production right away.", "When in 1909, at the age of twenty-eight, Henry Frederick Stanley Morgan (HFS as he came to be known throughout the motoring world) designed and built", "Otto built his first gasoline-powered engine in 1861. Three years later he formed a partnership with the German industrialist Eugen Langen , and together they developed an improved engine that won a gold medal at the Paris Exposition of 1867.", "Siegfried Marcus, of Mecklenburg, built a can in 1868 and showed one at the Vienna Exhibition of 1873. His later car was called the", "Auto Union Chairman, Klaus, Baron von Oertzen , wanted a showpiece project to announce the new brand. At the 1933 Berlin Motor Show, German Chancellor Adolf Hitler announced two new programs: [4]", "Auto Union chairman, Klaus, Baron von Oertzen, wanted a showpiece project to announce the new brand. At the 1933 Berlin Motor Show, German Chancellor Adolf Hitler announced two new programs: " ]

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[ "Big Bill Broonzy, byname of William Lee Conley Broonzy (born June 26, 1893, Scott, Miss., U.S.—died Aug. 14, 1958, Chicago , Ill.), American blues singer and guitarist who represented a tradition of itinerant folk blues.", "2003: Arthur Conley (57) American horn player, vocalist, songwriter; born in McIntosh County, Georgia and grew up in Atlanta. He first recorded in 1959 as the lead singer of Arthur & the Corvets. With this group, he released three singles in 1963 and 1964, \"Poor Girl\", \"I Believe\", and \"Flossie Mae\". He launched a solo career, and is well known for his 1967 hit, \"Sweet Soul Music\". It shot to the number two spot on both the pop and R&B charts, earning Conley the number eleven male artist ranking for 1967. The song paid homage to other soul singers like Lou Rawls, Wilson Pickett and James Brown. He e relocated to England in 1975, and spent several years in Belgium, after which he settled in Amsterdam, The Netherlands in spring 1977, where he promoted new music (died in Ruurlo, The Netherlands after a long battle with intestinal cancer) b. January 4th 1946.", ". 2003 ~ Arthur Conley , a 1960s soul singer and protege of Otis Redding's , died at his home in the town of Ruurlo, in the eastern Netherlands. He was 57. Conley was born in Atlanta and started his recording career in 1959 as leader of the group Arthur and the Corvets. He was best known for his 1967 hit, Sweet Soul Music, which he co-wrote with Redding based on a number by Sam Cooke . Conley had several minor hits in the following two years. He moved to Europe in the early 1970s after several tours of the continent, deciding that he was \"fed up with the pressure\" in the United States, said Giesen. In the Netherlands, Conley appeared on television and radio, and ran an independent record label. In the last five years he was an adviser to The Original Sixties R&B and Soul Show, which sought to reproduce the sound and look of the heyday of soul.", "In early jazz, Louis Armstrong was well known for his virtuosity and his improvisations on the Hot Five and Hot Seven recordings. Miles Davis is widely considered one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century—his style was distinctive and widely imitated. Davis' phrasing and sense of space in his solos have been models for generations of jazz musicians. Dizzy Gillespie was a gifted improviser with an extremely high (but musical) range, building on the style of Roy Eldridge but adding new layers of harmonic complexity. Gillespie had an enormous impact on virtually every subsequent trumpeter, both by the example of his playing and as a mentor to younger musicians. Maynard Ferguson came to prominence playing in Stan Kenton's orchestra, before forming his own band in 1957. He was noted for being able to play accurately in a remarkably high register. ", "Béla Fleck (b. 1958) is widely acknowledged as one of the world’s most innovative and technically proficient banjo players. [39] His work spans many styles and genres, including jazz, bluegrass, classical, R&B, avant garde, and “world music”, and he has produced a substantial discography and videography. He works extensively in both acoustic and electric media. Fleck has been nominated for Grammy Awards in more categories than any other artist, and has received 13 as of 2015. [40]", "The influence of country music can be heard everywhere today, nowhere more than in contemporary rock music. And country music in all its forms is the subject of this book, which charts the music�s development from smalltime back-porch performances on homemade instruments, through the earliest recordings, the honky-tonk era, and now stadium concerts. Combining rare and unpublished photographs with exclusive interviews from country�s greatest singers, musicians, and songwriters, The Story of Country Music reveals how hillbilly music became the authentic voice of a nation and won hearts around the world.�Notes: Size: 11\" x 7�\". Blue boards with Silver titling to the Spine. 192 pages. Tags: country music history and criticism musicians biography western genres styles bluegrass dance colin escott 0563488204 first editions firsts printings 1st", "Dizzy Gillespie was one of the most influential and well-known jazz musicians of all-time. Born John Birks Gillespie on this day in 1917, he pioneered a number of jazz subgenres and became internationally famous for his legendary ability on the trumpet, his trademark “balloon cheeks,” and his playful stage presence.", "Arthur Conley, born April 1, 1946, in Atlanta, Georgia, becomes an R&B singer who began his musical career when discovered by soul singer Otis Redding, who became his mentor and producer. After the untimely death of Redding, Conley recorded \"Take Me Just as I Am,\" in the mid 1960s. Conley recorded two albums entitled \"Sweet Soul Music,\" and \"Soul Directions.\" Both were testaments to the moving spirits of his heroes, Otis Redding and Sam Cooke.", "Having made landmark recordings with Miles Davis, formed pioneering fusion bands Dreams and Mahavishnu Orchestra, and made several fine solo albums, by 1978 Billy Cobham was firmly established as one of the world's leading jazz-rock drummers. This superb set was taped for radio broadcast by WXRT-FM at Park West, Chicago, Illinois, on March 4, 1978, and finds him supported by his recently formed Magic Band, consisting of Charles Singleton (sax, reeds, guitar), Ray Mouton (guitar), Alvin Batiste (clarinet), Mark Soskin (keyboards), and Randy Jackson (bass). It's presented here in digitally remastered sound with background notes and images.", "Louis Daniel Armstrong (usually pronounced 'Louee' in the French pronunciation with a silent s) (also known by the nicknames Satchmo and Pops) was an American jazz musician. Armstrong was a charismatic, innovative performer whose musical skills and bright personality transformed jazz from a rough regional dance music into a popular art form. Probably the most famous jazz musician of the 20th century, he first achieved fame as a trumpeter, but towards the end of his career he was best known as a vocalist and was one of the most influential jazz singers.", "Scott Joplin was \"the King of Ragtime Writers,\" a composer who elevated \"banjo piano playing,\" a lowly entertainment associated with saloons and brothels, into an American art form loved by millions. Born in Texas in either 1867 or 1868, Joplin was raised in Texarkana, the son of a laborer and former slave. As a child, Joplin taught himself piano on an instrument belonging to a white family that granted him access to it, and ultimately studied with a local, German-born teacher who introduced Joplin to classical music. Joplin attended high school in Sedalia, MO, a town that would serve as Joplin 's home base during his most prosperous years, and where a museum now bears his name.", "There were well-known white musicians such as Benny Goodman, Gene Krupa, Milton Mezzrow, Mugsy Spanier or Joe Sullivan, who were inspired by Afro-American icons and jazz masters like Louis Armstrong and his contemporaries. The acceptance of jazz spread across the Atlantic and by the mid 20th century, and this made it to become international. Today, Jazz music is regarded as an integral and vibrant part of American culture, the music that is unique and native to America, and a world-wide representative of African American culture.", "Uptown is a area in New Orleans which spans across a number of historical districts including the fabled French Quarter. Several 19th Century structures stand proudly along the avenues which are dotted with friendly jazz bars and clubs. Known for its mixed races, you are bound to notice subtle Italian, German, Irish and Afro American influences in the architecture and lifestyle. Hollywood chocolate boy Harry Connick Junior as well as the legendary Louis Armstrong both hail from Uptown, making it yet another reason to visit.", "Joseph Harry Fowler Connick Jr. is an American singer, big band leader, talk show host and actor. He has sold over 28 million albums worldwide. Connick is ranked among the top 60 best-selling male ...", "From his early days in the honkytonks of New Orleans, Louis Armstrong rose to become one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century. Instantly recognizable for his virtuoso trumpet solos and sandpapery singing voice, he transformed jazz with a string of famous recordings in the 1920s before later becoming a pop music icon with such tunes as “Mack the Knife,” “Hello, Dolly!” and ‘What a Wonderful World.” Check out nine little-known facts about the jazz legend nicknamed “Satchmo.”", "Performers include: Bessie Smith-- Victoria Spivey-- Blind Willie Johnson-- Mississippi John Hurt,--Lucille Bogan-- Charlie Patton--Casey Bill Weldon--Big Bill Broonzy-- Alfred Fields--Jack Kelly--Blind Boy Fuller--Bukka White-- Bill Gaither--Memphis Minnie--Peter Cleighton--Big Bill Broonzy--Sister O.M. Terrell--Homer Harris-- Willie \"Long Time\" Smith.", "With very few exceptions, the career of Harry Connick, Jr., can be divided in half -- his first two albums encompassed straight-ahead New Orleans jazz and stride piano while his later career (which paralleled his rising celebrity status) alternated between more contemporary New Orleans music and pop vocals with a debt to Frank Sinatra. Born in New Orleans on September 11, 1967, Connick grew up the son of two lawyers who owned a record store. After beginning on keyboards at the age of three, he first...", "Bilk has been described as the \"Great Master of the Clarinet\". \"Stranger on the Shore\" – which he was once quoted as calling \"my old-age pension\" – remains a standard of jazz and popular music alike. ", "\"When our particular part of the jazz world was buzzing with the news of Lonnie Donegan's rapidly approaching visit to the States, Johnny Duncan walked onto the scene... He came into 100 Oxford Street one evening to see if there was any chance of 'sitting in' with the band some time, and conversation soon developed. We discovered him to be an American guitarist and folk singer, over here because his wife (who is British) had to have a heart operation. (Successful, we are glad to say). At home, Johnny was well-known in his native Knoxville, Tennessee, leading his own group, broadcasting, televising and recording. Here, he is now a member of Dickie Bishop's Skiffle Group, and hopes to do some recording in the fairly near future. Incidentally, we are told that skiffle is, to Johnny, 'Blue Grass Style' music, as it originated, and still exists, among the hillbilly folk of Kentucky's 'blue grass' area.\"", "In the 2000s Texas rock remained a powerful force in the music industry. The late King Curtis (born Curtis Ousley) of Fort Worth was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as one of rock's most talented and influential sidemen. He played tenor sax on recordings by the Coasters, Aretha Franklin, Sam and Dave, John Lennon, and countless others.", "Bob Wills was another country musician from the Lower Great Plains who had become very popular as the leader of a “hot string band,” and who also appeared in Hollywood Westerns . His mix of country and jazz , which started out as dance hall music, would become known as Western swing . Spade Cooley and Tex Williams also had very popular bands and appeared in films. At its height, Western swing rivaled the popularity of big band swing music.", "Bob Wills was another country musician from the Lower Great Plains who had become very popular as the leader of a \"hot string band,\" and who also appeared in Hollywood westerns . His mix of country and jazz , which started out as dance hall music, would become known as Western swing . Spade Cooley and Tex Williams also had very popular bands and appeared in films. At its height, Western swing rivaled the popularity of big band swing music.", "Béla Anton Leoš Fleck (born July 10, 1958) is an American banjo player. Widely acknowledged as one of the world's most innovative and technically proficient banjo players, he is best known for his work with the bands New Grass Revival and Béla Fleck and the Flecktones.", "Renowned for his charismatic stage presence and voice almost as much as for his trumpet-playing, Armstrong's influence extends well beyond jazz music, and by the end of his career in the 1960s, he was widely regarded as a profound influence on popular music in general. Armstrong was one of the first truly popular African-American entertainers to \"cross over\", whose skin color was secondary to his music in an America that was extremely racially divided. He rarely publicly politicized his race, often to the dismay of fellow African-Americans, but took a well-publicized stand for desegregation in the Little Rock Crisis. His artistry and personality allowed him socially acceptable access to the upper echelons of American society which were highly restricted for black men of his era.", "Billy was born in 1917. He was a great trumpet player who played with Bob Crosby, Artie Shaw, and Benny Goodman. He served in the U.s. Army, went with the Eddie Condon band and formed his own band in late 1940. He had two songs I like. They are “My Ideal” and his best, “Moonlight in Vermont”.", "In the [late 1940s and early] 1950s she made several popular recordings for Capitol, the orchestral backings for many of which were arranged and conducted by Barbour. Her 1958 hit single “Fever” was also a collaboration with Barbour [sic]. Her “Black Coffee” album of 1953 was particularly successful, as was “Beauty and the Beat” a few years later. On these and other albums of the period, Lee was often accompanied by jazz musicians, including Jimmy Rowles, Marty Paich and George Shearing.", "In the [late 1940s and early] 1950s she made several popular recordings for Capitol, the orchestral backings for many of which were arranged and conducted by Barbour. Her 1958 hit single \"Fever\" was also a collaboration with Barbour [sic]. Her \"Black Coffee\" album of 1953 was particularly successful, as was \"Beauty and the Beat\" a few years later. On these and other albums of the period, Lee was often accompanied by jazz musicians, including Jimmy Rowles, Marty Paich and George Shearing.", "The music that Armstrong heard as a child was primarily a combination of blues, ragtime, military parade music, and spirituals. In the first decade of the twentieth century, this combination evolved into what would come to be called jazz. One important early source of music for Armstrong was a neighborhood joint known as the Funky Butt Hall. He was not allowed inside, but watched performances through chinks in its ramshackle walls. Armstrong was also exposed to the nascent jazz genre—as originated by the likes of Charles“Buddy” Bolden—at second-line parades, funeral processions, and other community gatherings. In addition, as a pre-teen, Armstrong had a job delivering coal in New Orleans’s infamous Storyville district. The brothels there employed some of the city’s best musicians, and Armstrong listened to them as much as possible.", "Her recording successes continued throughout the period even if, on some occasions, she had to fight to persuade Capitol to record them. One such argument surrounded \"Lover,\" which executives felt would compete directly with the labels then popular version by Les Paul. Lee won out [sic; she left Capitol for Decca] and her performance of her own arrangement, played by a studio orchestra under the direction of Gordon Jenkins, was a sensation.", "As a young man, while playing in Cab Calloway’s Big Band at the Cotton Club in Harlem, Gillespie met a Cuban-American trumpeter and became interested in creating fusions of Afro-Cuban music with Jazz. “He then wrote several Latin-tinged compositions, such as ‘A Night in Tunisia,’ and ‘Manteca,’” Hasse says. “He was responsible, perhaps more than any other jazz musician, for making Latin rhythms an important part of American jazz music.”", "Prompted by jump blues saxophonist Eddie “Clean-head” Vinson, Adderley and his brother traveled to New York City in 1955. The unknown Adderley soon sat in with the band of bassist Oscar Pettiford at the popular Greenwich Village club Cafe Bohemia . Allowed to take the stage due to the late arrival of bandmember Jerome Richardson, Adderley underwent a fierce initiation when Pettiford called out a furiously paced version of “I’ll Remember April.” But Adderley’s study of Charlie Parker’s alto saxophone solos had prepared him for the challenges of such a breakneck tempo. As jazz historian Leonard Feather wrote in the liner notes to Somethin’ Else, Adderley “met the challenge with a long solo that just about knocked Pettiford off the stand.”", "The musical genius of the band was Mary Lou Williams, who had an uncanny musical memory and perfect pitch. She proudly claimed that she played heavy (\"like a man\"), reflecting the biases of the time. She absorbed the influences around her, including Earl Hines, Jelly Roll Morton, James P. Johnson, and Count Basie. She also started writing arrangements for the band after she learned how to read music." ]

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[ "Joan Alexandra Molinsky (born June 8, 1933), better known by her stage name Joan Rivers, is an American television personality, comedian, writer, film director, and actress. She is known for her ribald, depreciative style. Rivers' comic style relies heavily on her ability to poke fun at herself and other Hollywood celebrities. Her long career spanning 5 decades has led to her becoming known as a comedy legend and icon, often being referred to as 'The Queen Of Comedy'.", "Biogphiy: Joan Alexandra Molinsky (June 8, 1933 – September 4, 2014), better known by her stage name Joan Rivers, was an American television personality, comedian, writer, film director, and actress. She is known for her brash manner; her loud, raspy voice with a heavy New York accent; and her numerous cosmetic surgeries. Rivers’ comic style relies heavily on her ability to poke fun at herself and other Hollywood celebrities.", "Joan Alexandra Molinsky (June 8, 1933 – September 4, 2014), better known as Joan Rivers, was an American comedian, actress, writer, producer, and television host noted for her often controversial comedic persona—where she was alternately self-deprecating or sharply acerbic, especially toward celebrities and politicians.", "Widely known as Joan Rivers, the comedienne was born Joan Alexandra Molinsky in June 1933. She was mostly noted for her comedic and often controversial persona but was also a writer, television host, producer and comedian. She rose to prominence as a guest on The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson in 1965. Rivers was given her own show The Late Show With Joan Rivers in 1986, making her the first woman to ever host a late night television talk show.", "• Joan Rivers (Joan Alexandra Molinsky) comedian and talk show host, born 8 June 1933; died 4 September 2014", "Born Joan Alexandra Molinsky in  Brooklyn , the daughter of Russian immigrant Jews, she graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Barnard. (“My mother wanted M.D. to stand for Make Dollars.”)", "Born Joan Alexandra Molinsky, June 8, 1933, in Brooklyn, NY; daughter of Meyer C. (a physician) and Beatrice Molinsky; married James Sanger (an heir to a department store fortune), 1957 (annulled, 1958); married Edgar Rosenberg (a manager, executive, and producer), 1964 (committed suicide, August 14, 1987); children: Melissa (from second marriage). Education: Attended Connecticut College for Women; Barnard College, B.A. (English and anthropology), 1954.", "Born Joan Molinsky on June 8, 1933, in Brooklyn, N.Y., Rivers was the youngest daughter of Russian Jewish immigrants. Recalling her childhood in a piece for New York Magazine last year, she wrote that she used to save up her money and visit Sardi's in the Theater District, where she'd \"order an avocado for 60 cents and wait to be discovered.\" Manhattan, she mused, \"was Oz,\" and all she wanted \"was to get out of Brooklyn and get into Oz.\" She got her wish when she attended school on the Upper West Side, at the all-female Barnard College, where she studied English and anthropology.", "Following her second husband’s death in 1975, she had a career as a book editor for the final two decades of her life. She is remembered for her contributions to the arts and preservation of historic architecture, as well as for her style, elegance, and grace. [1] [2] She was a fashion icon; her famous ensemble of pink Chanel suit and matching pillbox hat has become a symbol of her husband’s assassination and one of the most iconic images of the 1960s. [3] [4] She ranks as one of the most popular First Ladies and in 1999 was named on Gallup’s list of Most Admired Men and Women in 20th century America. [5]", "1000+ images about JOAN RIVERS aka joan alexandra molinsky rosenberg on Pinterest | Johnny carson, Joan rivers quotes and Penthouse for sale", "John Lennon once described her as \"the world's most famous unknown artist: everybody knows her name, but nobody knows what she does.\" Her circle of friends in the New York art world has included Kate Millett, Nam June Paik, Dan Richter, Jonas Mekas, Merce Cunningham, Judith Malina, Erica Abeel, Fred DeAsis, Peggy Guggenheim, Betty Rollin, Shusaku Arakawa, Adrian Morris, Stefan Wolpe, Keith Haring, and Andy Warhol (she was one of the speakers at Warhol's 1987 funeral), as well as George Maciunas and La Monte Young. In addition to Mekas, Maciunas, Young, and Warhol, she has also collaborated with DeAsis, Yvonne Rainer, and Zbigniew Rybczyński.", "Turner has been acknowledged as one of the world's most popular and biggest-selling music artists of all time and is the most successful female rock artist of all time with record sales exceeding 180 million. She has sold more concert tickets than any other solo performer in history. To date, Turner has 7 Billboard top 10 singles, 16 US top ten R&B sin Tina Turner (born Anna Mae Bullock) is an American singer-songwriter, dancer, and actress. She has won eight Grammy Awards. Turner's consistent contributions to rock music have earned her the title \"The Queen of Rock & Roll\". Besides rock music, she has also performed R&B, soul, dance and pop music. She was listed on Rolling Stone's list The Immortals — The Greatest Artists of All.", "Britannica online encyclopedia article on Ayn Rand Russianborn American writer who, in commercially successful novels, presented her philosophy of", "On 15 January 2006, the World War II Veterans Committee (sponsors of the Memorial Day Parade in Washington D.C. and the National World War II Memorial , the newest monument on the National Mall ), citing \"her indomitable spirit, love of country, and the example of courage she has given her fellow Americans\", awarded Toguri its annual Edward J. Herlihy Citizenship Award. [2] According to one biographer, Toguri found it the most memorable day of her life. [7]", "as well as the Skowhegan Medal for work in assorted media. The next year, she was awarded the fifth MOCA Award to Distinguished Women in the Arts from the Museum of Contemporary Art Los Angeles. In 2005, she received a lifetime achievement award from the Japan Society of New York, which had hosted Yes Yoko Ono and where she had worked in the late 1950s and early 1960s.", "Russian-American novelist Ayn Rand, who immigrated to the U.S. In 1926, became a well-known author after the success of her best-selling novels Fountainhead in 1943 and Atlas Shrugged in 1957. Raised in Russia during the Bolshevik revolution, Rand witnessed the Communist government confiscate her fathers business and leave the family impoverished. As a student, she watched as Communists took over the University of Petrograd and prohibited free speech. These experiences led Rand to despise collectivist political systems and to develop her own philosophy called objectivism, which embodies principles of capitalism, rational self-interest, and reason. Her beliefs about independent thought and individualism earned her a large following that continues to thrive today.", " Ayn Rand (Alisa Zinov'yevna Rosenbaum)(2/2, 1905 – 3/6, 1982), was a Russian/Jewish-American novelist, philosopher, playwright, and screenwriter.  She is known for her two best-selling novels and for developing a philosophical system she called Objectivism.  Born and educated in Russia, Rand immigrated to the United States in 1926.  She worked as a screenwriter in Hollywood and had a play produced on Broadway in 1935–1936. She first achieved fame with her novel The Fountainhead, published in 1943, which in 1957 was followed by her best-known work, the philosophical novel Atlas Shrugged.  Rand's political views, reflected in both her fiction and her theoretical work, emphasize individual rights (including property rights) and laissez-faire capitalism, enforced by a constitutionally-limited government.  She was a fierce opponent of all forms of collectivism and statism, including fascism, communism, socialism, and the welfare state, and promoted ethical egoism while rejecting the ethic of altruism.  She considered reason to be the only means of acquiring knowledge and the most important aspect of her philosophy, stating, \"I am not primarily an advocate of capitalism, but of egoism; and I am not primarily an advocate of egoism, but of reason. If one recognizes the supremacy of reason and applies it consistently, all the rest follows.\"  [Although many good points, this philosophy is Jewish materialism and allows economic warlords and thieves vs the wage-slave poor. Disparity between rich and poor grows.  Laissez-faire is social Darwinism.]  Alan Greenspan, director of the Federal Reserve was a Randist.", "In 2003 she was made a “Living Landmark” of New York City for her contributions to Broadway, and in 2010-11 she appeared in a Broadway revival of A Little Light Music. She was the subject of a documentary film, Elaine Stritch: Shoot Me, released earlier this year.", "Liza May Minnelli (born March 12, 1946) is an Academy Award-winning and Tony Award-winning American actress and singer.", "Ayn Rand was a Russian-American 20th century writer who was an enthusiastic supporter of laissez-faire capitalism. She wrote We the Living about the effects of Communism in Russia.", "Krasner struggled with the public's reception of her identity, both as a woman and as the wife of Pollock. When they both exhibited their works at a show called \"Artists: Man and Wife\" in 1949, an ARTnews reviewer stated: \"There is a tendency among some of these wives to 'tidy up' their husband's styles. Lee Krasner (Mrs. Jackson Pollock) takes her husband's paint and enamels and changes his unrestrained, sweeping lines into neat little squares and triangles.\" Even after the rise of feminism in the 1960s and 1970s, her career as an artist was always put into relation to Pollock since remarks made about her work often commented on how she had become a successful artist by moving out of Pollock's shadow. In articles about her work, Pollock is continually referred to. Typically in the 1940s and 1950s, she would not sign works at all, sign with the genderless initials \"L.K.\", or blend her signature into the painting in order to not emphasize her status as a woman and as a wife to another painter. ", "Krasner struggled with the public's reception of her identity, both as a woman and as the wife of Pollock. When they both exhibited their works at a show called \"Artists: Man and Wife\" in 1949, an ARTnews reviewer stated: \"There is a tendency among some of these wives to 'tidy up' their husband's styles. Lee Krasner (Mrs. Jackson Pollock) takes her husband's paint and enamels and changes his unrestrained, sweeping lines into neat little squares and triangles.\" [83] Even after the rise of feminism in the 1960s and 1970s, her career as an artist was always put into relation to Pollock since remarks made about her work often commented on how she had become a successful artist by moving out of Pollock's shadow. [84] In articles about her work, Pollock is continually referred to. Typically in the 1940s and 1950s, she would not sign works at all, sign with the genderless initials \"L.K.\", or blend her signature into the painting in order to not emphasize her status as a woman and as a wife to another painter. [85]", "Cynthia Weil was born on October 18, 1937 in New York City. As a young actress, singer and dancer, she began her songwriting career as a prot�g� or Tin Pan Alley songwriter, Frank Loesser. She was soon put under contract with Al Nevins and Don Kirsher�s Aldon Music during one of the most pivotal periods in music-the transition from Tin Pan Alley to Rock and Roll. She was one of the young writers at Aldon Music who greatly influenced rock and roll and monopolized the pop charts in the process.", "Vicki Singer, Toby Warticovschi, Dr. Lew Chartock, Yale Hollander, Rori Picker Neiss, Avi Rosenzweig, Lauren Sagel, Harvey Hieken, Peggy Kaplan, Jill Mogil, Ed Musen, Gary Ratkin, Laura Silver, Rabbi Lane Steinger ADVISORY COMMITTEE Terry Bloomberg, Nanci Bobrow, Ph.D., Ava Ehrlich, Charles C. Eisenkramer, Richard Flom, Dodie Frey, John Greenberg, Yusef Hakimian, Philip A. Isserman, Gianna Jacobson, Linda Kraus, Sanford Lebman, Michael Litwack, Dr. Ken Ludmerer, Lynn Lyss, Rabbi Mordecai Miller, Donald Mitchell, Milton Movitz, Michael N. Newmark, Adinah Raskas, Marvin J. Schneider, Irving Shepard, Richard W. Stein, Barbara Langsam Shuman, Sanford Weiss, Phyllis Woolen Markus, Vivian W. Zwick. Founder Morris Pearlmutter (1913-1993)", "An ambitious and important artist in New York City during Abstract Expressionism's heyday, Lee Krasner's own career often was compromised by her role as supportive wife to Jackson Pollock, arguably the most significant postwar American painter, as well as by the male-dominated art world. Krasner was intimately involved in the synthesis of abstract form and psychological content, which announced the advent of Abstract Expressionism. Her desire to revise her aesthetic or what she called \"breaks,\" led to her innovative Little Imageseries of the late 1940s, her bold collages of the 1950s, and, later, her large canvases, brilliant with color, of the 1960s. Krasner was \"rediscovered\" by feminist art historians during the 1970s and lived to see a greater recognition of her art and career, which continues to grow to this day.", "Nancy has written two books about her legendary father with the hope of setting the record straight about his life. She is also pursuing the commission of a statue of Frank to be placed in Times Square near the Paramount Theatre (where Frank created a record breaking sensation and incited the birth of the \"Bobby Soxers\"), as a lasting gift to the city of New York. For several years, she has been working toward establishing the National Museum of American Music, an educational facility and repository for the collected libraries of the greatest contributors to the heritage of American music.", "Helen Gurley Brown (February 18, 1922 – August 13, 2012) was an American author, publisher, and businesswoman. She was the editor-in-chief of Cosmopolitan magazine for 32 years. ", "Mordyukova gained much acclaim for the supporting role as Superintendant Barbara Plyushch in The Diamond Arm , the most popular Russian comedy of all time. In it, Mordyukova satirized a typical Soviet-style apartment manager, a woman of small mind, but with a big voice. Her other works of interest include: Prostaya istoriya , Predsedatel (1964), War and Peace by director Sergey Bondarchuk , and Russkoye pole , by director Nikolai Moskalenko, where she co-starred opposite her son, Vladimir Tikhonov .", "Perhaps Paustovsky's most famous work is his autobiography, Povest o Zhizni (\"Story of a Life\") (1945-1963). It is not a mere historical document, however; rather, it is a long, lyrical tale, focusing on his personal perceptions of events. In 1955, Paustovsky gave us The Golden Rose, a book about \"literature in the making\". It consists of stories and fragments dealing with creativity, the role of the writer, and the function of literature. One of the stories in this work is \"Precious Dust\", in which a trash collector spends two years gathering the grains of gold dust from the trash bins of a jewelry shop. When he has enough gold, he smelts it into a beautiful golden rose as a gift for the woman she loves. But, by then, she has moved to America and left no forwarding address.", "As a freelance writer, community organizer and activist, Mrs. Murphy was devoted social, racial and economic justice through her use of the written word and via various forms of civic engagement. During her sixty years in Baltimore, she participated in numerous community organizations. As a resident of Cherry Hill, she ran unsuccessfully for City Council. And over a span of 26 years, she was involved in some capacity with 14 different political campaigns.", "Diane Sawyer, the award-winning anchor of ABC's \"World News,\" was the host of the 69th Annual George Foster Peabody Awards ceremony.", "1930 Polnoe Sobranie Basen Krylova (Cover: Basni Krilova). Ivan Krylov. With 32 illustrations by Percy Billinghurst. Paperbound. Berlin/Paris: Zolotaya Biblioteka: Moskva. $26 from Mark Kazakevich, San Francisco, through eBay, Nov., '06." ]

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[ "Patricia Neary (born October 27, 1942) is an American ballerina, choreographer and ballet director, who has been particularly active in Switzerland. She has also been a highly successful ambassador for the Balanchine Trust, bringing George Balanchine's ballets to some 60 cities around the globe.", "Our studios are exceptionally busy this week, with the arrival of two répétiteurs from the George Balanchine Trust — Patricia Neary and Peter Frame — who will be staging the company premiere of Episodes . Patricia Neary was hand-picked by Balanchine to join the New York City Ballet, where he later created two key roles on her — in Raymonda Variations and in Jewels. She will use her personal experience dancing several roles to stage Episodes and preserve every last detail of the choreography.", "Patricia Neal (January 20, 1926 – August 8, 2010) was an American actress of stage and screen. She was best known for her film roles as World War II widow Helen Benson in The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951), wealthy matron Emily Eustace Failenson in Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961), and the worn-out housekeeper Alma Brown in Hud (1963), for which she won the Academy Award for Best Actress. She played Olivia Walton in the 1971 made-for-television film The Homecoming: A Christmas Story, a role played in the regular series by actress Michael Learned.", "her individual style, and her passion for the arts. She was a skilled artist of painting, drawing, s i nging and writing. She was a devoted daughterto Elizabeth Hugel, age 94, and beloved Nonni t o s e ven grandchildren whom she adored. With all of our love forever, daughters Holly", "Pollock's staining into raw canvas was adapted by the Color Field painters Helen Frankenthaler and Morris Louis. Frank Stella made \"all-over composition\" a hallmark of his works of the 1960s. The Happenings artist Allan Kaprow, sculptors Richard Serra and Eva Hesse, and many contemporary artists have retained Pollock’s emphasis on the process of creation; they were influenced by his approach to process, rather than the look of his work. In 2004, One: Number 31 was ranked the eighth-most influential piece of modern art in a poll of 500 artists, curators, critics, and dealers.", "This standoffish aesthetic position, her chosen departure from the career-making New York scene, and the fact that her overall output was not very large (by some standards at least), were factors that limited her career and her contemporary impact on the course of American art. Yet perhaps, as time goes on, present-day art lovers who get to know these pieces will agree with Professor Stanton that they are powerful and beautiful creations, worthy of contemplation and admiration on their intrinsic merits - regardless of what was supposedly fashionable in 1960-something:", "Jackson Pollock (January 28, 1912 – August 11, 1956), was an influential American painter and a major figure in the abstract expressionist movement. He was well known for his uniquely defined style of drip painting. He was regarded as a mostly reclusive artist. He had a volatile personality, and struggled with alcoholism for most of his life. In 1945, he married the artist Lee Krasner, who became an important influence on his career and on his legacy.", "Audrey Hepburn (; born Audrey Kathleen Ruston; 4 May 1929 – 20 January 1993) was a British actress. Recognised as a film and fashion icon, Hepburn was active during Hollywood's Golden Age. She was ranked by the American Film Institute as the third-greatest female screen legend in Golden Age Hollywood and was inducted into the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame.", "In much of her output before the late 1960s, Frank seems less interested in color than in tonality and texture, often employing the gray scale to create a sense of depth or of motion from light to dark, this frequently moving in a diagonal (as in \"Winter's End\", 1958), and otherwise employing one basic hue (as with the earthy reds in \"Plum Point\", 1964). However, the later, \"windowed\" paintings show a sharper interest in vivid color relationships: indeed, Yoseloff (p. 20) notes that with the later paintings \"she has gone to bolder colors\". This is especially true, as he notes, in the \"aerial\" paintings, of which an early and monumental example is \"Aerial View no. 1\" (1968, 60 inches by 84 inches, collection of the Turner Auditorium complex at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University). This was one of the artist's favorites, according to Baltimore County Women [see below].", "Her life, however, was not dedicated to just on-camera pursuits. On the contrary, long active in arts-in-education programs, including programs for the disadvantaged, Ruth received the first national Arts in Education Award in 1983 from the Board of Directors of Business and Industry for Arts in Education, Inc. The award was subsequently named the Ruth Warrick Award for Arts in Education and continued to be given annually. In 1991, she received her certification as a licensed metaphysical teacher. In her senior years, she became an avid spokesperson for the rights of senior citizens as well as the disabled, and was appointed to the U.N. World Women's Committee on Mental Health.", "Patricia Lee \"Patti\" Smith (born December 30, 1946) is an American singer-songwriter, poet and visual artist, who became a highly influential component of the New York City punk rock movement with her 1975 debut album Horses. Called the \"Godmother of Punk,\" her work was a fusion of rock and poetry. Smith's most widely known song is \"Because the Night\", which was co-written with Bruce Springsteen and reached number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1978. In 2007 she was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Born Patricia Lee Smith, she spent was raised as a Jehovah's Witness. She had a strong religious upbringing and a Bible education, but left organized religion as a teenager because she felt it was too confining; much later, she wrote the line \"Jesus died for somebody's sins, but not mine\" in her cover version of Them's \"Gloria.\"", "Louise Joséphine Bourgeois, was one of the most important artists in modern and contemporary art. She was well known for her spider structures which resulted in her being nicknamed the Spiderwoman. She was born December 25, 1911 in Paris, and died in New York on May 31, 2010.", "An artist who was a key figure in an influential movement of London-based painters, but who was prevented from joining solely because she was a woman, will this week get due recognition at the National Portrait Gallery as part of a display marking the group's 100th anniversary.", "English artist Dame Barbara Hepworth  (1903 - 1975) is credited for being ‘one of the few women artists to achieve international prominence’ *. Her art is renowned for exemplifying Modernism and in particular modernist sculpture.", "During the late 1970s, Edith Head was asked to design a woman's uniform for the United States Coast Guard , because of the increasing number of women in the Coast Guard. Head called the assignment a highlight in her career and received the Meritorious Public Service Award for her efforts. [5] Her designs for a TV mini-series based on the novel Little Women were well received. Her last film project was the black-and-white comedy Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid , starring Steve Martin and Carl Reiner . For the production, she re-created fashions of the 1940s, extensively referencing the film clips from classic film noir motion pictures. It was released shortly after her death and dedicated to her memory.[ citation needed ]", "* The film I Remember Better When I Paint (2009) describes how Hayworth took up painting while struggling with Alzheimer's and produced art. ", "A very talented painter, Kathryn spent two years at the San Francisco Art Institute. At 20, she won a scholarship to the Whitney Museum's Independent Study Program. She was given a studio in a former Offtrack Betting building, literally in an old bank vault, where she made art and waited to be critiqued by people like Richard Serra, Robert Rauschenberg and Susan Sontag. Later she earned a scholarship to study film at Columbia University School of Arts, graduating in 1979. She was also a member of the British avant garde cultural group, Art and Language. Kathryn is the only child of the manager of a paint factory and a librarian.", "Kathryn Ann Bigelow (; born November 27, 1951) is an American director, producer and writer. Her films include the vampire Western horror film Near Dark (1987), the action crime film Point Break (1991), the science fiction action thriller Strange Days (1995), the mystery thriller The Weight of Water (2000), the submarine thriller K-19: The Widowmaker (2002), the war film The Hurt Locker (2009), the action thriller war film Zero Dark Thirty (2012), and the short film Last Days of Ivory (2014). The Hurt Locker won the 2009 Academy Award for Best Picture and the BAFTA Award for Best Film, and was nominated for the 2009 Golden Globe Award for Best Drama.", "Kathryn Bigelow has distinguished herself as one of Hollywood's most innovative filmmakers. Her most recent directorial achievement, The Hurt Locker,", "In 1966 Patricia Lawford moved with her children to New York City. There she was actively involved in supporting the city’s arts scene. She devoted her time to charity auctions and fund-raisers for the arts. Mrs. Lawford founded the National Committee for the Literary Arts, which arranges author lectures and scholarships. She also worked with the National Center on Addiction and with the Kennedy Library on its museum exhibits.", "Known for her naive folk art, Grandma Moses (1860 � 1961) had a long and prolific career, especially considering that she did not start painting until she was 75 years old. She began by creating works based on Currier and Ives prints as well as images from newspapers and magazines. She went on to paint scenes from her own memory of growing up in late-nineteenth century rural America. She worked somewhat methodically, first painting her vast, flat landscapes and then peopling the scenes with contented villagers, farmers, animals, and children busy at work or hard at play.", "Early in the 1980s many artists committed to getting more professional and often that meant traveling to attend the rare educational programs offered by newly formed ateliers, such as the San Francisco Tapestry Workshop, or to far-away institutions they identified as fitting their needs. This phenomenon was happening in Europe and Australia as well as in North America.", "graduate of the NYU Tisch School of Arts where she was named 1997 Outstanding Actress. Erin has just", "NELLIE CORNISH (1915-1994): Nellie Cornish founded the Cornish School of Allied Arts on Seattle's Capital Hill in 1914. Cornish also became famous for the staff she hired ballerina Mary Ann Wells, composer John Cage, dancer Merce Cunningham, and artist Mark Tobey. In later years she wrote her autobiography, \"Miss Aunt Nellie\".", "Elaine Stritch (born February 2, 1925) is an American actress and vocalist, known for her trademark performance of \"The Ladies Who Lunch\" in Company and her one-woman show, Elaine Stritch at Liberty. Early years Stritch was born in Detroit, Michigan, the daughter of Mildred (n�e Jobe), a homemaker, and George Joseph Stritch, a business executive with B.F. Goodrich. Her family was wealthy and devoutly Roman Catholic. Stritch's father was of Irish descent, and her mother was of Welsh descent. Stritch is the niece of Samuel Cardinal Stritch, the former Roman Catholic Archbishop of Chicago. Stritch trained at the Dramatic Workshop of the New School for Social Research in New York City under Erwin Piscator; other students at the Dramatic Workshop at this time included Marlon Brando and Bea ...", "The term refers to art that depicts recognizable figures or elements of the natural world; unlike abstract art.", "VIRGINIA ADMIRAL (1915-2000) was a painter who studied with Hans Hoffman and writer who worked with poet Robert Duncan to launch Epitaph, which developed into The Experimental Review. She later wrote for True Crime magazine. In 1942 she married painter Robert De Niro and a year later their son, the actor Robert De Niro , was born. Her work can be found in the permanent collections of MOMA , the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Peggy Guggenheim Collection in Venice.", "Kathleen was born in Culdaff in the Inishowen Peninsula, Co. Donegal, and moved with her family to Cork at the age of 10. Kathleen took up art in the late 90’s and has continued to indulge her passion for it. She paints in Oil, Acrylic, Watercolour and Pastel and enjoys all the different mediums.", "Genre painters also delighted in being humorous and sharing their wit with the art-viewing public. Louis Moeller's Stop Fooling depicts a typical rural or small-town couple taking a break from their shared routine. Though engaged in shelling beans together, the husband, influenced perhaps by the crock of cider set next to him on the porch steps, has taken advantage of the situation to crack a joke causing the woman to admonish him. As privileged viewers, we share in this light-hearted moment. We can smile as well at the quaintness of the scene and wonder aloud at the nature of this exchange that has provoked such an immediate reaction from the woman. Such direct involvement with the picture was often the intent of genre painters.", "It was during the 1960s that Warhol began to make paintings of iconic American products such as Campbell’s Soup Cans and Coca-Cola bottles, as well as paintings of celebrities such as Marilyn Monroe, Elvis Presley, Troy Donahue, Muhammad Ali and Elizabeth Taylor. He founded “The Factory”, his studio during these years, and gathered around himself a wide range of artists, writers, musicians, and underground celebrities. He began producing prints using the silkscreen method. His work became popular and controversial.", "While she never considered herself a Surrealist, Kahlo befriended one of the primary figures in that artistic and literary movement, Andre Breton, in 1938. That same year, she had a major exhibition at a New York City gallery, selling about half of the 25 paintings shown there. Kahlo also received two commissions, including one from famed magazine editor Clare Boothe Luce, as a result of the show.", "The Pre-Raphaelites were active in the mid-nineteenth century. Watch curator Allison Smith discuss what else was happening at the time in the art world." ]

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[ "The origin of silk plays a part in the value of the silk. The largest supplier of silk yarn is of course, China. India comes in second and Japan third. There are a few other sources but negligible in what they supply to the world market . . . but the FINEST SILK FABRIC comes from Italy and France. China has come a long way from its earlier silk fabric manufacturing to become a supplier of better quality silk fabric for the most part. But not every supplier out of China produces silk of equal value in beauty and durability. As the weight of the silk goes up, so does the price and the durability. A duchesse silk satin from China does not have the same value/beauty as a duchesse silk satin from Italy for instance. Although it is a nice silk, it is not comparable to the silk fabric of Italy and France. But of course, it is less expensive.", "Where the raw silk is produced.-It is not surprising then that 40 per cent of the world's raw silk is produced by the Empire of China, 20 per cent by Japan, 20 per cent by Italy, 10 per cent by Persia, Asiatic Turkey, India, and Arabia, and the remaining 10 per cent by France, Austria, Spain, or Portugal. Italy produces some of the finest silk in the world; India and China, some of the coarsest and poorest.", "The major silk producing countries in the world are; China, India, Uzbekistan, Brazil, Japan, Republic of Korea, Thailand, Vietnam, DPR Korea, Iran, etc.  Few other countries are also engaged in the production of cocoons and raw silk in negligible quantities; Kenya, Botswana, Nigeria, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Bangladesh, Colombia, Egypt, Japan, Nepal, Bulgaria, Turkey, Uganda, Malaysia, Romania, Bolivia, etc.", "The major silk consumers of the world are; USA, Italy, Japan, India, France, China, United Kingdom, Switzerland, Germany, UAE, Korea, Viet Nam, etc.", "Legend has it that the Japanese carries off four Chinese maidens, who knew the secret of silk, along with mulberry shoots and silk moth eggs. Today Japan is the leading producer of silk! Another story is that a Chinese princess married an Indian prince. She carries silkworm eggs and mulberry shoots in her elaborate headdress and the secret of raising silkworms in her head. Now silk was grown and produced in India. Finally, two poor monks told Emperor Justinian of Constantinople that they had learned the secret of silk. Justinian send them back to China to get some eggs and mulberry shoots for him. They returned many years later with the eggs and shoots hidden inside their hollowed-out walking sticks. Since Justinian was the emperor of Constantinople, a crossroads city, the secret soon spread throughout Europe. There are many more interesting stories about the history of silk. Have older children do some research in the library and report to the class.", "Raising silkworms to produce silk began over 5000 years ago in China. This methods spread to Korea, Japan and Southern Asia. European traders stole silkworm eggs in the eleventh century and began silkworm farming in Europe. Most silkworm farms today exist in Japan, China, Spain, France and Italy.", "Even though silk has a small percentage of the global textile market - less than 0.2% (the precise global value is difficult to assess, since reliable data on finished silk products is lacking in most importing countries) - its production base is spread over 60 countries in the world.  While the major producers are in Asia (90% of mulberry production and almost 100% of non-mulberry silk), sericulture industries have been lately established in Brazil, Bulgaria, Egypt and Madagascar as well.  Sericulture is labour-intensive.  About 1 million workers are employed in the silk sector in China.  Silk Industry provides employment to 7.9 million people in India, and 20,000 weaving families in Thailand.  China is the world's single biggest producer and chief supplier of silk to the world markets. India is the world's second largest producer.  Sericulture can help keeping the rural population employed and to prevent migration to big cities and securing remunerative employment; it requires small investments while providing raw material for textile industries.", "India is the second largest producer of silk in the world after China. About 97% of the raw silk comes from five Indian states, namely, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Jammu and Kashmir, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal. North Bangalore, the upcoming site of a $20 million \"Silk City\" Ramanagara and Mysore, contribute to a majority of silk production in Karnataka. ", "Byzantine Greek historian Procopius stated that two Nestorian Christian monks eventually uncovered the way of how silk was made. From this revelation monks were sent by the Byzantine Emperor Justinian (ruled 527 - 565) as spies on the Silk Road from Constantinople to China and back to steal the silkworm eggs, resulting in silk production in the Mediterranean, particularly in Thrace in northern Greece, and giving the Byzantine Empire a monopoly on silk production in medieval Europe.", "Unlike some other textiles, silk-wearing traditions and demand go back a long way. A good example is India, where the local demand greatly exceeds supply (and hampers export growth). India has thus become the largest importer of raw silk, despite the fact that it is now the second largest producer. Some other silk producers are also experiencing fast-growing local demand, such as China, where consumers are increasingly able to afford the lower price range silk products. This pattern is also expected to repeat itself in Viet Nam.", "Clothing and luxury industries thrived in Italy, where Florence and Lucca became prosperous silk-weaving centers that imported their raw material through the port of Venice . The Lucchese clothing industries also imported eastern fashion with their raw silk, adopting patterns and motifs of Chinese and Mongol clothing. Florence was known for its floral patterns. Italian damask, velvet, lace, satin, and taffeta were sold throughout the continent, and for those who could afford it, these luxury materials replaced heavy wool and simple linens as clothing material. The war in northern Italy, in which French and German armies played an important role, also served to spread Italian fashion and material to northern Europe.", "Al-Khowârizmî is the region south and to the east of the Aral Sea around the town now called Khiva (or Urgench) on the Amu Darya river. It was part of the Silk Route, a major trading pathway between the East and Europe. In 1200 it was in Persia but today is in Uzbekistan , part of the former USSR, north of Iran, which gained its independence in 1991.", "In Italy, beginning in the twelfth century and continuing through the entire eighteenth century, the largest industry for the production of velvets in the western world was set up. For centuries in Lucca, Siena, Venice, Florence and Genoa supplied the rest of Europe with these valued fabrics, to be used in clothing, wall coverings, upholstery, the trapping of horses, furniture of all sorts, and the interiors of carriages and litters.", "Larger industrial centres are Bratislava , the capital of Slovakia, with a thriving machinery and a petrochemical industry; and Košice , the principal town of eastern Slovakia, with a modern steel mill. Prominent in Romania are Cluj-Napoca , which is the principal town of the Transylvanian Plateau, concentrating on machinery making and chemical and food products; Braşov , situated in a basin near the boundary between the Western and Southern Carpathians, a town where machine production predominates; and Sibiu , lying between the Transylvanian Plateau and the Southern Carpathians.", "China is the largest supplier of the raw material needed to make cashmere wool, but Europe has mastered cashmere manufacturing methods, and has cornered the market on premium quality (and costlier) products.", "The principal sericultural regions are the Yangtze and Chu Chiang basins, where the mulberry silkworm is raised; the oak silkworm is raised in Northeast China and Shantung. In 1970, 125,000 tons of cocoons were harvested, and 10,200 tons of raw silk were produced (according to UN data).", "Silk has a long history in India. It is known as Resham in eastern and north India, and Pattu in southern parts of India. Recent archaeological discoveries in Harappa and Chanhu-daro suggest that sericulture, employing wild silk threads from native silkworm species, existed in South Asia during the time of the Indus Valley Civilization dating between 2450 BC and 2000 BC, while \"hard and fast evidence\" for silk production in China dates back to around 2570 BC. Shelagh Vainker, a silk expert at the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, who sees evidence for silk production in China \"significantly earlier\" than 2500–2000 BC, suggests, \"people of the Indus civilization either harvested silkworm cocoons or traded with people who did, and that they knew a considerable amount about silk.\"", "Silk weaving has been in the UK since the 16th century when a mass exodus of French Huguenots came to England bringing with them wealth, arts and skills which included silk weaving. Many settled in Spitalfields in London. This was the start of the silk industry in England. The main centres of the silk industry in England in the 16th century were London, Coventry and Norwich.", "The Silk Road is an extensive interconnected network of trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East, South, and Western Asia with the Mediterranean world, as well as North and Northeast Africa and Europe. The term \"Seidenstraße\" (literally \"Silk Road\") was coined retrospectively by the German geographer Ferdinand von Richthofen in 1877 and has since found its way into general usage. It was the major reason for the connection of trade routes into an extensive trans-continental network. In recent years, both the maritime and overland Silk Routes are again being used, often closely following the ancient routes. The Silk Routes (collectively known as the 'Silk Road') were important paths for cultural, commercial and technological exchange between traders, merchants, pilgrims, missionaries, soldiers, nomads and urban dwellers from Ancient China, Ancient India, Ancient Tibet, Persia and Mediterranean countries for almost 3,000 years. It gets its name from the lucrative Chinese silk trade, which began during the Han Dynasty (206 BCE�220 CE).", "The Ottoman world is probably the best known for its production of sumptuous textiles that were woven with shimmering silk and metallic threads. Exquisitely decorated satins and velvets were cherished by both the Ottomans and the Europeans who considered them luxury items that reflected the majesty of kings and the wealth of their courts. Sewn into garments or used as furnishings, they were displayed in ceremonial functions, preserved as treasuries, given as gifts, and demanded as tribute. Silk has always been an expensive and desirable commodity; it was brought from distant lands and required highly specialized and laborious techniques of processing, spinning, dyeing, and weaving; it feels sensuous against the skin but is very durable and can be woven with the most intricate patterns, rendered in brilliant jewel-like colors. Its trade routes and markets were zealously guarded and fought over, since whoever controlled its commercial activities and industrial centers reaped significant financial benefits.", "One important luxury product was silk, which was imported and then processed in the Empire. In order to protect the manufacture of silk products, Justinian granted a monopoly to the imperial factories in 541. In order to bypass the Persian landroute, Justinian established friendly relations with the Abyssinians, whom he wanted to act as trade mediators by transporting Indian silk to the Empire; the Abyssinians, however, were unable to compete with the Persian merchants in India. Then, in the early 550s, two monks succeeded in smuggling eggs of silk worms from Central Asia back to Constantinople, and silk became an indigenous product.", "Some of the countries have provided more elaborate statistical data on silk industry, other than the production data given above.  The country-wise details are given below:-", "-- \"The Silk Road\" is an extensive intercontinental network of trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East, South, and Western Asia with the Mediterranean world, as well as North and Northeast Africa and Europe (and thus a  network linking Eurasia). The term \"Seidenstra�e\" (Die Seidenstrassen, literally \"Silk Road\") was coined in 1877 by the German geographer, cartographer and explorer Baron Ferdinand von Richthofen. The term, which has found its way into general usage, is derived from the lucrative Chinese silk trade, which began during the Han Dynasty (206 BCE�220 CE), and later led to increased trade along the routes, transforming the series of routes into an extensive trans-continental network. In recent years, both maritime and overland Silk Routes are again being used, often closely following the ancient routes.", "The Silk Road (or Silk Routes) is an extensive interconnected network of trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East, South, and Western Asia with the Mediterranean world, as well as North and Northeast Africa and Europe. The term \"Seidenstraße\" (literally \"Silk Road\") was coined retrospectively by the German geographer Ferdinand von Richthofen in 1877 and has since found its way into general usage. It gets its name from the lucrative Chinese silk trade, which began during the Han Dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE), and was the major reason for the connection of trade routes into an extensive trans-continental network. In recent years, both the maritime and overland Silk Routes are again being used, often closely following the ancient routes.", "Silk is made by the silkworm as it builds its cocoon, and is extruded, or pushed out, in one continuous strand which is several hundred metres long. When unwound it is specially treated using ancient techniques, and then woven into the world’s finest luxury fabric.", "Acknowledgement: Facts about silk history in this writing have been borrowed from various sources such as Wikipedia and Encyclopaedia Brittanica . Please visit All About Silk for further information about silk.", "The tribal people collect them from the forest and spin the fluff into a raw silk that is soft and fairly lustrous.  The silk obtained from A. infracta is known locally as \"book\", and those from A. moleneyi as \"Trisnian-tsamia\" and \"koko\" (Tt).  The fabric is elastic and stronger than that of mulberry silk.  Anaphe silk is used, for example, in velvet and plush.", "Silk is the shiny fiber made by silkworms to form their cocoons. Worms are boiled in their cocoons to get the silk. Used in cloth. In silk-screening (other fine cloth can be and is used instead). Taffeta can be made from silk or nylon. Silk powder is obtained from the secretion of the silkworm. It is used as a coloring agent in face powders, soaps, etc. Can cause severe allergic skin reactions and systemic reactions (if inhaled or ingested). Alternatives: milkweed seed-pod fibers, nylon, silk-cotton tree and ceiba tree filaments (kapok), rayon, and synthetic silks.", "Bombyx mori - stocky creamy-white Asiatic moth found almost entirely under human care; the source of most of the silk commerce", "One day, when the empress was sipping tea under a mulberry tree , a cocoon fell into her cup and began to unravel. The empress became so enamored with the shimmering threads, she discovered their source, the Bombyx mori silkworm found in the white mulberry. The empress soon developed sericulture, the cultivation of silkworms, and invented the reel and loom. Thus began the history of silk.", "It takes about ten pounds of mulberry leaves for silkworms to be able to manufacture 1 pound of cocoons, which can be spun into a silk thread over 100 miles long.", "This vast Eurasian plain - with taiga in the north, forest in the middle and the steppe as its southern flank - stretches over 10 000 km from west to (south)east, from the Baltic Sea and crosses the Dnepr, Don and Volga rivers, deep into Siberia across the Urals, which convention has designated as the border between Europe and Asia (Figure 10.1). Most of the countrys farm land is in the so-called \"fertile triangle\", with its base along the western border from the Baltic to the Black Sea and that tapers eastward to the southern Urals, where it narrows to a strip about 400 km wide extending across the southwestern fringes of Siberia." ]

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[ "The VS-300, in point of time, actually dates back to 1929 when Mr. Sikorsky concluded that a successful helicopter soon would be possible. In 1931 he applied for a helicopter patent that incorporated most of the features of the VS-300. There was one main lifting screw and a small auxiliary rotor at the rear of the fuselage to counteract torque. The VS-300 was powered by a four-cylinder, 75-horsepower, air-cooled engine; it had a three-bladed main rotor, 28 feet in diameter, and a welded steel frame, a power transmission combination of v-belts and bevel gears, a two-wheeled landing gear, and a completely open pilot's seat. The VS-300, now part of the Ford Museum at Dearborn, Michigan, established a world endurance record by staying aloft an hour and 32 minutes on May 6, 1941. Thus, the helicopter fundamentals were established.", "The Vought-Sikorsky VS-300 (or S-46) was a single-engine helicopter designed by Igor Sikorsky. It had a single three-blade rotor originally powered by a 75 horsepower (56 kW) engine. The first \"free\" flight of the VS-300 was on 13 May 1940. The VS-300 was the first successful single lifting rotor helicopter in the United States and the first successful helicopter to use a single vertical-plane tail rotor configuration for antitorque. With floats attached, it became the first practical amphibious helicopter.", "Sikorsky continued to dream of building a successful helicopter. He had never stopped jotting down his design ideas. He had even patented some of them. In 1939, he achieved his goal. He completed the VS-300, piloting the craft himself during its first flight that summer. The VS-300 would later be known as the United States’ first successful helicopter and served as the model for all single-rotor helicopters by 1940. One of the most significant design details in Sikorsky’s helicopter was its use of a tail rotor to provide thrust in the opposite direction of the torque created by the top rotor. This model was the first that did not require two counter-rotating rotors to cancel out the torque. Sikorsky’s innovative design made the craft lighter, simpler, and easier to control.", "The final variant of the VS-300 was powered by a 150 hp Franklin engine. The VS-300 was one of the first helicopters capable of carrying cargo. The VS-300 was modified over a two-year period, including removal of the two vertical tail rotors, until 1941 when a new cyclic control system gave it much improved flight behavior.Chiles 2008, p. 104.", "Flight of the VS-300 continued with each flight a little longer than the last as the pilots adjusted to this unruly machine until December 9, 1939 when a gust of wind tipped over the VS-300 grinding the rotors into the ground and causing major damage to the VS-300.  This ended the career of the First Configuration.", "The passenger capacity of the aircraft was increased to 149 by extending the fuselage around the wing by. The wing incorporated a number of changes for improved aerodynamics. The wing tip was extended, and the wing span by. The leading-edge slats and trailing-edge flaps were adjusted. The flight deck was improved with the optional EFIS (Electronic Flight Instrumentation System), and the passenger cabin incorporated improvements similar to those developed on the Boeing 757. The prototype -300, the 1,001st 737 built, first flew on 24 February 1984 with pilot Jim McRoberts. It and two production aircraft flew a nine month long certification program.", "The most visible difference between the -300 and previous models was a stretched upper deck with two new emergency exit doors and an optional flight-crew rest area immediately aft of the flight deck as standard. (The stretched upper deck had previously been offered as a retrofit and first appeared on two Japanese 747-100 SR models.) Compared to the -200, the upper deck is 23 feet 4 inches (7.11 m) longer than the -200. A new straight stairway to the upper deck instead of a spiral staircase is another difference between the -300 and earlier variants.[69] The staircase creates room below and above for more seats. With minor aerodynamic changes, Boeing increased the cruise speed of the -300 to Mach 0.85 from Mach 0.84 on the -100/-200. The -300 features the same takeoff weight. Two of the three engine choices from the -200 were unchanged in the -300, but the General Electric CF6-80C2B1 was offered instead of the CF6-50E2 offered on the -200.", "The most visible difference between the -300 and previous models was a stretched upper deck with two new emergency exit doors and an optional flight-crew rest area immediately aft of the flight deck as standard. Compared to the -200, the upper deck is 23 feet 4 inches (7.11 m) longer. The stretched upper deck had previously been offered as a retrofit and first appeared on two Japanese 747-100SR aircraft.", "The most visible difference between the -300 and previous models was a stretched upper deck with two new emergency exit doors and an optional flight-crew rest area immediately aft of the flight deck as standard. Compared to the -200, the upper deck is longer. The stretched upper deck had previously been offered as a retrofit and first appeared on two Japanese 747-100SR aircraft.", "The 747 line was further developed with the launching of the 747-300 in 1980. The -300 resulted from Boeing studies to increase the seating capacity of the 747. Solutions such as fuselage plugs and extending the upper deck over the entire length of the fuselage were rejected. The early designation of the -300 was 747SUD for \"stretched upper deck\", then 747-200 SUD, followed by 747EUD, before the 747-300 designation was used. The 300 model was first produced in 1983. It included a stretched upper deck (SUD), increased cruise speed and increased seating capacity. Passenger, short range and combination freighter-passenger versions were produced.", "Swissair placed the first order for the 747-300 on June 11, 1980. [135] The variant revived the 747-300 designation, which had been previously used on a design study that did not reach production. The 747-300 first flew on October 5, 1982, and the type's first delivery went to Swissair on March 23, 1983. [34] Besides the passenger model, two other versions (−300M, −300SR) were produced. The 747-300M features cargo capacity on the rear portion of the main deck, similar to the −200M, but with the stretched upper deck it can carry more passengers. [119] [136] The 747-300SR, a short range, high-capacity domestic model, was produced for Japanese markets; Japan Airlines operated the type with more than 600 seats on the Okinawa–Tokyo route and elsewhere. No production freighter version of the 747-300 was built, but Boeing began modifications of used passenger −300 models into freighters in 2000. [137]", "Some air forces experimented with \"heavy fighters\" (called \"destroyers\" by the Germans). These were larger, usually twin-engined aircraft, sometimes adaptations of light or medium bomber types. Such designs typically had greater internal fuel capacity (thus longer range) and heavier armament than their single-engine counterparts. In combat, they proved vulnerable to more agile single-engine fighters.", "The sheer flexibility of the Mosquito airframe was its greatest strength. Built in two basic forms of fighter or bomber it performed a variety of tasks: night fighter; pathfinder; photo- reconnaissance; strategic bomber, sea patrol and fighter-bomber. Armament varied widely too: four .303” Browning machine guns and four 20mm Hispano cannon were the normal complement for a fighter variant, with hardpoints available for bombs, anti-ship torpedos and rockets in later years. Even a bomb bay-mounted 57mm anti-tank gun was installed on the FB.Mk XVIII.", "Compared to the -200, the upper deck is 23 feet 4 inches (7.11 m) longer than the -200. [133] A new straight stairway to the upper deck instead of a spiral staircase is another difference between the -300 and earlier variants. [76] The staircase creates room below and above for more seats. With minor aerodynamic changes, Boeing increased the cruise speed of the -300 to Mach 0.85 from Mach 0.84 on the -100/-200. [133] The -300 features the same takeoff weight. Two of the three engine choices from the -200 were unchanged in the -300, but the General Electric CF6-80C2B1 was offered instead of the CF6-50E2 offered on the -200. [76]", "The passenger capacity of the aircraft was increased to 149 by extending the fuselage around the wing by 2.87 meters (9 ft 5 in). The wing incorporated a number of changes for improved aerodynamics. The wingtip was extended 9 in (23 cm), and the wingspan by 1 ft 9 in (53 cm). The leading-edge slats and trailing-edge flaps were adjusted. The tailfin was redesigned, the flight deck was improved with the optional EFIS (Electronic Flight Instrumentation System), and the passenger cabin incorporated improvements similar to those developed on the Boeing 757. The prototype 737-300, the 1,001st 737 built, first flew on 24 February 1984 with pilot Jim McRoberts. It and two production aircraft flew a nine-month-long certification program.", "The General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon is a single-engine multirole fighter aircraft originally developed by General Dynamics (now Lockheed Martin) for the United States Air Force (USAF). Designed as an air superiority day fighter, it evolved into a successful all-weather multirole aircraft. Over 4,500 aircraft have been built since production was approved in 1976. Although no longer being purchased by the U.S. Air Force, improved versions are still being built for export customers. In 1993, General Dynamics sold its aircraft manufacturing business to the Lockheed Corporation, which in turn became part of Lockheed Martin after a 1995 merger with Martin Marietta. ", "The original wing design, the basic structure of which was unchanged until the C type in 1942. The armament to be carried was 8x .303 Browning machine guns with 300 rpg.", "An aircraft wing of V-shaped planform, either tapering or of constant chord, suggesting a stylized arrowhead.", "The German V-2 rocket was the world's first large-scale liquid-propellant rocket vehicle, the first long-range ballistic missile, and the ancestor of today's large rockets and launch vehicles. Called the A-4 (Aggregat 4) by German Army Ordnance, the rocket was dubbed V-2, or Vergeltungswaffe Zwei (\"Vengeance Weapon Two\"), by the Nazi Propaganda Ministry when its existence was publicly announced in November 1944, two months after first deployment as a weapon. Launched from mobile platforms, the missile had a maximum range of about 320 km (200 miles) and a one-ton warhead. At least 10,000 concentration camp workers died in the process of manufacturing it.", "The V-2 rocket, developed and used by the Germans during World War II, was the world's first large-scale liquid-propellant rocket vehicle, the first modern long-range ballistic missile, and the ancestor of today's large-scale liquid-fuel rockets and launch vehicles. Called the A-4 (Aggregat 4) by German Army Ordnance, the rocket was dubbed V-2, or Vergeltungswaffe Zwei (\"Vengeance Weapon Two\"), by Dr. Josef Goebbels' Propaganda Ministry when its existence was publicly announced in November 1944, two months after it was first deployed as a weapon. The Smithsonian Institution's V-2 was acquired in 1946 from the U.S. Army Air Forces, and was officially transferred on 1 May 1949 by what was now the U.S. Air Force. It was moved to the National Air Museum's storage facility in Suitland, Maryland in 1954, and was restored in 1975-76 for exhibition in the new National Air and Space Museum building.", "The V-2 (German: Vergeltungswaffe 2, \"Vengeance Weapon 2\"), technical name Aggregat-4 (A4), was the world's first long-range ballistic missile. The liquid-propellant rocket was developed during the Second World War in Germany as a \"vengeance weapon\", designed to attack Allied cities as a form of retaliation for the ever-increasing Allied bomber effort against German cities. The V-2 rocket was also the first man-made object to enter the fringes of space.", "In the aftermath of the cancellation of the TSR-2, the British had started a project with the French for the Anglo-French Variable Geometry aircraft (AFVG). When French commitment was curtailed the British sought a second partner in the F-104 Consortium of European nations. This in turn led to the European consortium that adopted variable geometry for the Multi-Role Combat Aircraft (MRCA) project that emerged as the Panavia Tornado. This was an interdictor and stand-off interceptor similar in function to the F-111, albeit on a smaller scale. After AFVG, Dassault Aviation built a prototype fighter in 1968, Dassault Mirage G , two variants Mirage G4 and G8, and in cooperation with Ling-Temco-Vought, the LTV V-507 for VFX project. Meanwhile, the U.S. Navy introduced the Grumman F-14 Tomcat to replace the canceled F-111B fleet interceptor with a fighter more nimble than the F-4 Phantom. Unlike the F-111, its variable-sweep wings were programmed automatically by speed and could be swept under G loading. In air combat, the wings could be swept forward for tight \"bat\" turns and back for dash speeds. Rockwell, meanwhile, adopted variable geometry for the Advanced Manned Strategic Bomber (AMSA) program that produced the B-1 Lancer bomber, intended to provide an optimum combination of high-speed cruising efficiency and fast, supersonic penetration speeds at extremely low level. The last variable-sweep wing military aircraft to date was the Soviet Tupolev Tu-160 \"Blackjack\", which first flew in 1980.", "The V-2 (, \"Retribution Weapon 2\"), technical name Aggregat-4 (A-4), was the world's first long-range guided ballistic missile. The missile with a liquid-propellant rocket engine was developed during the Second World War in Germany as a \"vengeance weapon,\" designed to attack Allied cities as retaliation for the Allied bombings against German cities. The V-2 rocket also became the first artificial object to cross the boundary of space with the vertical launch of MW 18014 on 20 June 1944. ", "The purpose of these strange objects was a mystery, for they merely followed warplanes, but apparently never opened fire or otherwise attacked them. These objects were named �Foo Fighters�, a term which came from a headline �Where There�s Feu, There�s Fire.� Each side in the war seemed to believe that the Foo Fighters were the inventions of their enemy and several reconnaissance missions were launched to gain further information. To date, it has never been clearly established where the technology came from, and the origins of the foo-fighters remain an historical puzzle alongside the Scandinavian ghost rockets. What was clear, however, was that it wasn�t Allied technology, and that was a serious cause of concern.", "The V-1 was an unmanned, un-guided, flying bomb. Although primitive by today's standards, it was the first of what we now call a \"cruise missile.\" It was designed by the Fiesler Company and designated the Fi-103. Due to the odd sound of the V-1's engine, the British public dubbed the new weapon the \"buzz bomb\" and \"doodlebug\". The Germans called it \"Vergeltungswaffe\" or \"retaliation weapon.\" Since it was the first such weapon, it was designated the V-1.", "Supermarine 305: Designed to the same specification as the Boulton Paul Defiant and Hawker Hotspur . The basic Spitfire wings and undercarriage were mated to a new fuselage which provided room for a gunner and a remote control four gun turret (originally armed with .303 Brownings, later with Lewis machine guns .) Other modifications included a cooling system mounted in a chin radiator housing. There was no forward firing armament and dive brakes were added to the wings. Projected speed 315 mph (507 km/h) at 15,000 ft (4,572 m). [58]", "     The V-1 was an unmanned, un-guided, flying bomb.  Although primitive by today's standards, it was the first of what we now call a \"cruise missile.\"  It was designed by the Fiesler company and designated the FZG-76.  The Germans called it \"Vergeltungswaffe\" or \"retaliation weapon.\"  Since it was the first such weapon, it was designated the V-1. ", "An early example of a man portable telescopic sight for low visibility/night use is the Zielgerät (aiming device) 1229 (ZG 1229), also known by its code name Vampir. The ZG 1229 Vampir was a Generation 0 active infrared night vision device developed for the Wehrmacht for the StG 44 assault rifle, intended primarily for night use. The issuing of the ZG 1229 Vampir system to the military started in 1944 and it was used on a small scale in combat from February 1945 until the final stages of World War II.", "The first flight of the Model 299 was on 28 July 1935 with Boeing chief test-pilot Leslie Tower at the controls. Richard Williams, a reporter for the Seattle Times, coined the name \"Flying Fortress\" when the Model 299 was rolled out bristling with multiple machine gun installations. The most unusual gun emplacement was the nose installation (see note for description and drawing), which allowed the single machine gun to be fired toward almost any frontal angle that an approaching enemy fighter could take to attack the B-17.", "F-106B 57-2516 arrived at Lewis Research Center in October of 1966 where it was assigned the NASA number 616. It was used for research and development in support of supersonic transport engine inlet design. It was later modified with two additional jet engines mounted underneath the wings. 616 was transferred to the Dryden Flight Research Facility at Edwards AFB in January of 1979, where it was renumbered 816. This plane was later loaned to Langley, where it was modified by the Langley Research Center in 1979 to evaluate the effect of lightning strikes on aircraft. In 1988, it was fitted with Langley-designed and manufactured wing leading-edge vortex flaps in connection with the Advanced Technology Fighter program. This aircraft was retired on 17 May 1991 and was the last flight having been flown on 5 March from Langley AFB in Virginia.  The aircraft is now display at the Virginia Air and SpaceCenter at Hampton.", "Carl first jumped into prominence as a model designer and builder when his beautiful elliptical-winged 'Hayseed' won the Ohio State model championship in Cleveland in 1941. This successful Class 'C' design with a 930 sq.in. wing was the forerunner to a number of similar designs, some of which were published.", "The first flight of the Model 299 was on 1935 with Boeing chief test-pilot Leslie Tower at the controls. Richard Williams, a reporter for the Seattle Times, coined the name \"Flying Fortress\" when the Model 299 was rolled out bristling with multiple machine gun installations. The most unusual gun emplacement was the nose installation which allowed the single machine gun to be fired toward almost any frontal angle. " ]

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[ "Joseph Goebbels was born in Rheydt, Germany, on 29th October, 1897. He attended the established Heidelberg University where he was awarded a doctorate of philosophy in 1920. He had not served in the German Army during the First World War as he was disabled by a clubbed foot which hindered his ability to walk.", "Goebbels, who aspired to be an author, obtained a Doctor of Philosophy degree from the University of Heidelberg in 1921. He joined the Nazi Party in 1924, and worked with Gregor Strasser in their northern branch. He was appointed as Gauleiter (district leader) for Berlin in 1926, where he began to take an interest in the use of propaganda to promote the party and its programme.", "Goebbels was born in the Rhineland and he attended Heidelberg University where he was became a Doctor of Philosophy in 1920. He had not served in the German Army during the  First World War  as he was disabled by a clubbed foot which meant he found it difficult to walk (Hitler ordered him to disguise this). This feeling of inferiority (Goebbels was self-conscious about his lack of height as well), his rejection by the German Army and the terms of the  Treaty of Versailles  lead to Goebbels becoming a very bitter man in the early 1920’s. He joined the Nazi Party towards the end of 1924 to keep his parents happy.", "After earning a Ph.D. in Literature and Philosophy from the University of Heidelberg in 1921 he worked as a journalist and tried for several years to become a published author. His work included an autobiographical novel called Michael which no publisher would take at the time, and two plays written in verse - The Wanderer, about Jesus Christ, and The Lonesome Guest - which no producer would stage. Joining the Nazi Party in 1924 (although he later claimed to have joined in 1922), Goebbels was initially closely aligned with the left faction around the Strasser brothers . From 1926, when he became gauleiter of Berlin, he moved away from his early associations, and his diary shows many instances of great admiration for Hitler.", "Josef Goebbels was educated in history, literature and phisilophy at various German universities. He was rejected from the German army in World War I because of his crippled foot. He joined the Nazi Party in 1922. He admired Adolf Hitler, the leader of that party. He was appointed district leader of the Nazi Party in Berlin. Later, Hitler made him Propaganda Leader of the Party in 1929.", "He was educated at a Christian Gymnasium, where he completed his Abitur (university entrance examination) in 1916, and in 1917 he attended a course at the German Franciscan brothers' boarding school in Bleijerheide, Kerkrade, in the Netherlands. Gradually losing his Catholic faith, he went on to study literature and philosophy at the universities of Bonn, Würzburg, Freiburg and Heidelberg, where he wrote his doctoral thesis on a minor 19th century romantic dramatist, Wilhelm von Schütz. His two most influential teachers, Friedrich Gundolf and his doctoral supervisor at Heidelberg, Max Freiherr von Waldberg, were Jews. His intelligence and political astuteness were generally acknowledged even by his enemies.", "It was Waldberg who recommended Goebbels write his thesis on Wilhelm von Schütz. After submitting the thesis and passing his oral examination, Goebbels earned his PhD in 1921.", "The son of a bookkeeper, Goebbels was brought up in a devoutly Catholic home. His parents hoped he would be a priest, but he saw his future as a writer and instead studied philosophy and literature, earning a Ph.D. in drama in 1921. Goebbels' literary aspirations were never realized, however. He received endless rejections from newspapers and publishing houses and ultimately, his pompous overwrought style made him more suited to the life of political rhetoric.", "Josef Mengele was born on the 16th March 1911, the eldest of two brothers. He went into studying Philosophy at Munich and then medicine and Frankfurt University. His 1935 dissertation dealt with racial differences of the lower jaw structure, which got the attention which made him set for the future to come, joining the Nazi party in 1937, becoming SS in 1938 and sent to the Eastern (Russian) front. ", "Dr. Paul Joseph Goebbels ( October 29 , 1897 – May 1 , 1945 ) was Adolf Hitler 's Propaganda Minister (see Propagandaministerium ) in Nazi Germany . Goebbels was known for his zealous and energetic oratory and virulent anti-Semitism . Following Hitler's death, he served as Chancellor for one day. He then committed suicide .", "He was made the rector of the University of Freiburg in 1933 and later joined the National Socialist German Workersâ (Nazi) Party. In his speeches and addresses, he started to openly support the German revolution and appreciate Adolf Hitler.", "The Humboldt University of Berlin was first established in 1810 as the University of Berlin. The institution adopted the name Humboldt in 1949, as a tribute to founder Wilhelm von Humboldt and his sibling Alexander. Humboldt suffered during Germany’s Nazi-led period, but today is recognized as one of the top universities in the country. Nobel-winning physicist Max Planck (1918) studied and taught at Humboldt, as did recipients Max von Laue (1914), Walther Bothe (1954) and James Franck (1925), with even trailblazer Albert Einstein (1921) being a professor there. Several students have made the transition from graduate to laureate, including physicist Gustav Ludwig Hertz (1925), chemist Fritz Haber (1918) and physiologist Otto Heinrich Warburg (1931).", "Dr. Goebbels came to Berlin in 1926 on Adolf Hitler’s orders to reorganize the Berlin party, which was at the edge of collapse. He came alone. He came as a fighter who had proved himself against the French, separatists and Communists in three years in the Rhine and Ruhr areas. He came without support; he had to build his own support.", "German public university and research facility Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU) was established in Munich in 1472, when it was known as the University of Ingolstadt. The university endured Germany’s National Socialist rule and was famously the base of defiant anti-Nazi resistance group White Rose. One of the university’s most famous Nobel-winning students is Max Planck (1918), who is credited with inventing quantum theory. Other distinguished Nobel physicists such as Max von Laue (1914), Gustav Hertz (1925), Werner Heisenberg (1932), Wolfgang Pauli (1945), Hans Bethe (1967) and Gerhard Ertl (2007, in Chemistry) also graduated from LMU. Nobel-winning writer Thomas Mann (1929) and influential Chemistry winner Otto Hahn (1944), who has been described as “the father of nuclear chemistry,” did too.", "Nevertheless, Heidegger managed to emerge from World War II with his reputation mostly intact. The Allies’ denazification program, which aimed to rid German society of Nazi ideology, targeted regime supporters just like him. Freiburg came under French control, and the new authorities there forced Heidegger into retirement and forbade him from teaching. But in 1950, the now-independent university revoked the ban. This resulted in large part from Heidegger’s outreach campaign to French intellectuals with anti-Nazi credentials, including Sartre and the resistance fighter Jean Beaufret. In short order, Heidegger won over a wide following in France. Once his international reputation was secure, the university gave him emeritus status and allowed him to resume teaching.", "In 1933 Heidegger joined the Nazi Party and was elected Rector of Freiburg University, where, depending on whose account one believes, he either enthusiastically implemented the Nazi policy of bringing university education into line with Hitler's nauseating political programme (Pattison 2000) or he allowed that policy to be officially implemented while conducting a partially underground campaign of resistance to some of its details, especially its anti-Semitism (see Heidegger's own account in Only a God can Save Us). During the short period of his rectorship—he resigned in 1934—Heidegger gave a number of public speeches (including his inaugural rectoral address; see below) in which Nazi images plus occasional declarations of support for Hitler are integrated with the philosophical language of Being and Time. After 1934 Heidegger became increasingly distanced from Nazi politics. Although he didn't leave the Nazi party, he did attract some unwelcome attention from its enthusiasts. After the war, however, a university denazification committee at Freiburg investigated Heidegger and banned him from teaching, a right which he did not get back until 1949. One year later he was made professor Emeritus. Against this background of contrary information, one will search in vain through Heidegger's later writings for the sort of total and unambiguous repudiation of National Socialism that one might hope to find. The philosophical character of Heidegger's involvement with Nazism is discussed later in this article.", "During World War II, Goebbels increased his power and influence through adroit and shifting alliances with other Nazi leaders. By mid-1943, the tide of war was turning against the Axis powers; Goebbels responded by urging the Germans to embrace the idea of total war and mobilization. He remained with Hitler in Berlin to the end. Before he committed suicide, Hitler named Goebbels his successor as Chancellor in his will. Goebbels and his wife Magda killed their six young children by giving them poison, then committed suicide. The couple's bodies were burned in a shell crater, but due to the lack of petrol, the burning was only partially effective.", "Dr. Paul Josef Goebbels was the Reich Minister of Propaganda, and a vehement antisemite. Goebbels speeches of hatred against Jews arguably initiated the final solution, and no doubt helped sway public opinion to the detriment of the Jewish people. A sufferer of polio, Goebbels had a club foot, but this did not effect his standing as the second best orator in The Reich. He coined the phrase “Total War”, and was instrumental in convincing the nation to fight long after the war was effectively lost. At the end of the war, a devoted Goebbels stayed in Berlin with Hitler and killed himself, along with his wife Magda and their six young children.", "Stalingrad was the first time the Nazi government publicly acknowledged a failure when they broadcast news of the defeat on January 31. On February 18, Joseph Goebbels made a famous speech at the Berlin Sportpalast, admitting that Germany was in grave danger, and encouraging the German people to continue the war despite the difficulties they were facing, as the existence of Germany and Western Civilization was a stake.", "Those are the weapons that served the faithful National Socialism of Dr. Joseph Goebbels in the battle for Berlin and the battle for Germany. Armed with these weapons, he succeeded everywhere he attacked. If one asked a journalist, regardless of the camp in which he stood, who was the best German journalist, one would get the answer, however reluctant: Dr. Goebbels. In an era when hundreds of German newspapers had given upon the familiar old institution of the lead article, since its old platitudes no longer found readers, Dr. Goebbels wrote his lead articles and they were read. He wrote in a language that captivated the reader, who otherwise looked only for sensation. If one asked for the name of a great speaker in the Reichstag, honest people answered that no one since Friedrich Naumann so held the attention of the Reichstag as Dr. Joseph Goebbels.", "In 1919 Hess enrolled in the University of Munich, where he studied history and economics. His geopolitics professor was Karl Haushofer, a proponent of the concept of Lebensraum (\"living space\"), which Haushofer cited to justify the proposal that Germany should forcefully conquer additional territory in Eastern Europe. Hess later introduced this concept to Adolf Hitler, and it became one of the pillars of Nazi Party ideology. Hess became friends with Haushofer and his son Albrecht, a social theorist and lecturer.", "Goebbels began to regulate all forms of artistic expression , banishing Jewish writers , journalists and artists from Germany's cultural life. He took control of the news media, making sure that it presented Germany's domestic and foreign policy aims in terms of Nazi ideology. He played probably the most important role in creating an atmosphere in Germany that made it possible for the Nazis to \"clean\" the Reich of Jews, homosexuals and other minorities. The Goebbels technique, also known as argumentum ad nauseam , is the name given to a policy of repeating a falsehood until it is taken to be the truth (see Big Lie ). Goebbels also pioneered the use of broadcasting in mass propaganda, promoting the distribution of inexpensive single frequency radio receivers (the so-called Volksempfänger (People's radio)) to the German public which ensured that millions of people heard the output of the Reich's propaganda ministry while being unable to receive news and other broadcasts from outside Germany. Meanwhile his ministry busily broadcast Nazi propaganda around the world by shortwave radio . Newsreels, movies and books were impossible to publish without prior approval and censorship by Goebbels' ministry. He is credited by historians with developing the techniques of modern communications and propaganda. He had a strong influence on German propaganda motion pictures throughout the Nazi era. He was the unaccredited Executive Producer and an uncredited writer of the film Kolberg (1945). [3]", "Joseph and Magda Goebbels and their children moved into the Vorbunker, connected to the lower Führerbunker under the Reich Chancellery garden, in the waning days of the War with the intent of dying; Goebbels refused Adolf Hitler 's order for them to leave. Magda told Traudl Junge that she and Goebbels had made the decision to kill their children as well so that they would not have to live with the shame of their father's role in the Nazi regime. She had told her former sister-in-law: \"We have demanded monstrous things from the German people, treated other nations with pitiless cruelty. For this the victors will exact their full revenge\", and wrote to her son by her first marriage that death was \"the only possible honorable end\". As a dentist gave each child a morphine injection, Magda and Hitler's personal doctor poisoned them with cyanide. Two hours later, she and Goebbels were shot on his orders. Their bodies were discovered by the Soviet Army on May 2, 1945.", "The aristocratic zu Guttenberg, once tipped as a future chancellor, had been accused of plagiarism the previous month on a website called GuttenPlag Wiki. He initially dismissed the allegations as “abstruse” but an investigation by the University of Bayreuth, which awarded the degree in 2006 on the basis of a thesis on the development of the US and European Union constitutions, upheld them. Bayreuth revoked the doctorate.", "ZEENEWS.COM: University strips German defence minister of degree (IANS) \"Berlin: The University of Bayreuth stripped German Defence Minister Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg of his degree on Wednesday, a week after the disclosure that parts of his doctoral thesis were copied. Ruediger Bormann, the university president, announced the ruling hours after the postgraduate committee of the law and economy faculty met.\"", "Willy Brandt (; born Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm; 18 December 1913 – 8 October 1992) was a German statesman and politician, who was leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) from 1964 to 1987 and served as Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany from 1969 to 1974. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1971 for his efforts to strengthen cooperation in western Europe through the EEC and to achieve reconciliation between West Germany and the countries of Eastern Europe. He was the first Social Democrat chancellor since 1930.", "At the time of Hitler's death, most of Germany's infrastructure and major cities were in ruins and he had left explicit orders to complete the destruction. Millions of Germans were dead with millions more wounded or homeless. In his will , he dismissed other Nazi leaders and appointed Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz as Reichspräsident (President of Germany) and Goebbels as Reichskanzler (Chancellor of Germany). However, Goebbels and his wife Magda committed suicide on 1 May 1945 . On 7 May 1945 , in Rheims , France, the German armed forces surrendered unconditionally to the Western Allies and on 8 May 1945 , in Berlin to the Soviet Union thus ending the war in Europe and with the creation of the Allied Control Council on 5 June 1945 , the Four Powers assumed \"supreme authority with respect to Germany.\" Adolf Hitler's proclaimed Thousand Year Reich had lasted 12 years.", "In the Weimar Republic, the university was widely recognized as a center of democratic thinking, coined by professors like Karl Jaspers, Gustav Radbruch, Martin Dibelius and Alfred Weber. Unfortunately, there were also dark forces working within the university: Nazi physicist Philipp Lenard was head of the physical institute during that time. Following the assassination of the liberal German-Jewish Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau, he refused to half mast the national flag on the institute, thereby provoking its storming by communist students.", "During the Battle of Berlin (16 April 1945 – 2 May 1945), Hitler and his staff lived in the underground Führerbunker, while the Red Army approached. On 30 April, when Soviet troops were one or two blocks away from the Reich Chancellery, Hitler and Eva Braun committed suicide in the Führerbunker. On 2 May General Helmuth Weidling unconditionally surrendered Berlin to Soviet General Vasily Chuikov. Hitler was succeeded by Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz as Reich President and Goebbels as Reich Chancellor. Goebbels and his wife Magda committed suicide the next day, after murdering their six children. On 4–8 May 1945 most of the remaining German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. The German Instrument of Surrender was signed 7 May, marking the end of World War II in Europe.", "At the end of the war in 1945, a favourably disposed university de-Nazification commission found Heidegger guilty of having “consciously placed the great prestige of his scholarly reputation…in the service of the National Socialist Revolution,” and he was banned from further teaching. (The ban was lifted in 1950.) In later years, despite pleas from friends and associates to disavow publicly his Nazi past, Heidegger declined to do so. Instead, in his own defense he preferred to cite a maxim from the French poet Paul Valéry : “He who thinks greatly must err greatly.” In his book Introduction to Metaphysics, published in 1953, Heidegger retrospectively praised “the inner truth and greatness of National Socialism .”", "Konrad Hermann Joseph Adenauer (; 5 January 1876 – 19 April 1967) was a German statesman who served as the first post-war Chancellor of Germany (West Germany) from 1949 to 1963. He led his country from the ruins of World War II to a productive and prosperous nation that forged close relations with France, Great Britain and the United States. During his years in power West Germany achieved democracy, stability, international respect and economic prosperity (\"Wirtschaftswunder\", German for \"economic miracle\"). He was the first leader of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), a Christian Democratic party that under his leadership became, and has since usually been, the most influential party in the country.", "In March of 1938, Nazi Germany led by Adolph Hitler gave an ultimatum to Chancellor Schuschnigg of Austria to resign and allow a new Chancellor of Germany's choosing to take over or Hitler's troops would march into Austria. With his back against a wall, Schuschnigg did resign and Dr. Arthur Seyss-Inquart, a Nazi puppet, took control. Immediately, he ordered the Austrian army to offer no resistance, and then invited German troops to enter Austria. Hitler achieved his Anschluss - the union of Austria and Germany." ]

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[ "Prince Edward is the youngest child and third son of Queen Elizabeth II. He has held the title of Earl of Wessex since 1999.", "HRH Prince Edward is the youngest child and third son of HM Queen Elizabeth II and HRH Prince Philip, the Duke of Edinburgh.", "Prince Edward, Queen Elizabeth's youngest son, is the only one of her children to have dabbled in a real career--and he married a modern, career woman. Edward dabbled in a career in theater and as a filmmaker and his wife, maiden name Sophie Rhys-Jones, worked in public relations before they quit their jobs in 2002 to become full-time working members of the Royal Family.", "7. HRH The Prince Edward, The Earl of Wessex, youngest son of HM Queen Elizabeth II (1964)", "7. HRH The Prince Edward, The Earl of Wessex, youngest son of HM Queen Elizabeth II (1964)", "The Prince Charles, Prince of Wales (Charles Philip Arthur George;[N 1] born 14 November 1948) is the oldest child of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, making him heir apparent, equally and separately, to the sixteen thrones of Commonwealth realm countries. He is resident in and most directly involved with the United Kingdom, the oldest realm, while also carrying out duties in and on behalf of the other states of which his mother is sovereign. He is also heir to the positions of Supreme Governor of the Church of England, Duke of Normandy, Lord of Mann, and Paramount Chief of Fiji, though he will not necessarily become Head of the Commonwealth.[2] Since 1958, Charles has held the title Prince of Wales, though in Scotland he is instead titled as Duke of Rothesay; he may also be referred to as the Duke of Cornwall.", "Prince Henry of Wales (Henry Charles Albert David; born 15 September 1984), commonly known as Prince Harry, is the younger son of Charles, Prince of Wales and the late Diana, Princess of Wales, and fourth grandchild of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. As such, he is third in the line of succession (behind his father and elder brother) to the thrones of sixteen independent sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize, Antigua and Barbuda, and Saint Kitts and Nevis. Consequently, he is also third in line, again behind his father and elder brother, to the position Supreme Governor of the Church of England.", "Fifth heir: Prince Henry of Wales, commonly known as Prince Harry, the younger son of Charles, Prince of Wales, and the late Diana, Princess of Wales. He is the fourth grandchild of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.", "James, Viscount Severn, is a member of the British Royal Family. He is the second child and only son of Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex, and Sophie, Countess of Wessex. He is also the youngest grandchild of Queen Elizabeth II and The Duke of Edinburgh. Viscount Severn is eighth in line to the throne.", "The Prince Charles, Prince of Wales (Charles Philip Arthur George [N 1] ; born 14 November 1948) is the eldest child of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh . Since 1952, he has been heir apparent to the thrones of the Commonwealth realms . After earning a bachelor of arts from Trinity College, Cambridge , Charles served a tour of duty with Royal Navy in 1971-1976. He married Lady Diana Spencer before an enormous worldwide television audience in 1981. They had two children, Prince William of Wales in 1982 and Prince Harry of Wales in 1984. The couple separated in 1992 following numerous tabloid allegations concerning their relationship. They divorced in 1996 after Diana publicly accused the prince of having an affair with Camilla Parker Bowles . Diana perished in a car crash in 1997. In 2005, after a lengthy continued association, the Prince married Camilla, who uses the title Duchess of Cornwall .", "Prince Charles was born Charles Philip Arthur George on November 14, 1948, in London, England. The son of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Charles ascended the royal hierarchy at an early age. His mother became queen when he was only three after the death of his grandfather King George VI  in 1952. As Elizabeth's oldest child, Charles became the heir apparent to the British throne and received the title of Duke of Cornwall. Charles was also destined to become Great Britain's oldest heir apparent, with his mother remaining queen for more than six and a half decades.", "1. Edward was born on 10 March 1964 and is the third son and youngest child of The Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh.", "Prince Charles, who was born at Buckingham Palace on 14 November 1948, is the eldest son of Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. He is the heir to the throne of the United Kingdom. The Prince of Wales is well known for his extensive charity work, particularly for the Prince's Trust. He also carries out a full schedule of royal duties, and increasingly is taking on more royal roles from his aging mother. The Prince is also well known for his high profile marriages to the late Lady Diana Spencer and subsequently to Camilla, The Duchess of Cornwall.", "Known as Prince Harry , the youngest child of Prince Charles and Diana, Princess of Wales was born on 15 September 1984 and is fifth in line to the throne.", "Charles, Prince of Wales (Charles Philip Arthur George; born 14 November 1948), is the eldest child and heir apparent of Queen Elizabeth II. Known alternatively in Scotland as Duke of Rothesay and in South West England as Duke of Cornwall, he is the longest-serving heir apparent in British history, having held the position since 1952. He is also the oldest heir to the throne since 1714.", "Prince William of Wales, whose full name is William Arthur Philip Louis Mountbatten-Windsor, is the grandson of Queen Elizabeth II, and second in the line of succession to the British throne.", "Peter Mark Andrew Phillips (born 15 November 1977) is the only son of The Princess Anne, The Princess Royal and her first husband, Captain Mark Phillips. He is the eldest grandson and first grandchild of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.", "Anne, Princess Royal KG [2] KT [3] GCVO (Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise; born 15 August 1950), is the only daughter of Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh . At the time of her birth, she was third (behind her mother and elder brother ) and rose to second (after her mother's accession) in the line of succession to the thrones of the 16 Commonwealth realms ; however, after the birth of two younger brothers and six nieces and nephews she is currently tenth in line.", "HRH The Prince Edward Antony Richard Louis was born March 10, 1964 at Buckingham Palace, London.   Andrew was the fourth, and last, child  of Queen Elizabeth II and The Duke of Edinburgh.", "Charles, Prince of Wales (Charles Philip Arthur George;born 14 November 1948), is the eldest child and heir apparent of Queen Elizabeth II. Known alternatively in Scotland as Duke of Rothesay and in South West England as Duke of Cornwall, he is the longest-serving heir apparent in British history, having held the position since 1952. He is also the oldest person to be next-in-line to the throne since Sophia of Hanover (the heir presumptive to Queen Anne), who died in 1714 at the age of 83.Charles was born at Buckingham Palace as the first grandchild of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. He was educated at Cheam and Gordonstoun Schools, which his father, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, had attended as a child, as well as the Timbertop campus of Geelong Grammar School in Victoria, Australia. After earning a bachelor of arts degree from Trinity College, Cambridge, Charles served in the Royal Navy from 1971 to 1976.In 1981, he married Lady Diana Spencer and they had two sons: Prince William (born 1982) later to become Duke of Cambridge, and Prince Harry (born 1984). In 1996, the couple divorced, following well-publicised extra-marital affairs. Diana died in a car crash in Paris the following year. In 2005, Charles married Camilla Parker Bowles, who uses the title Duchess of Cornwall.", "Prince Charles Philip Arthur George Mountbatten was born on November 14, 1948, almost a year after his parents' marriage. His mother is Princess Elizabeth, who later became Queen Elizabeth II and his father is Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh. His sister Anne was born in 1950 and later, in the 60s, came the births of brothers Andrew and Edward. Charles was educated at home in Buckingham Palace and then went to several different schools, including Gordonstoun, which his father attended.", "Prince Charles was born in 1948, eldest son of the then Princess ELIZABETH and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. He became Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay, the traditional titles for the heir to the throne, when his mother became Queen ELIZABETH II in 1952. He attended her coronation. Tutored by a governess until the age of 8, he attended Cheam preparatory school in Berkshire and then Gordonstoun School in Scotland where his father had been at school. He became head boy although he has said that he did not enjoy his time at school. In 1966 he spent two terms at Geelong School in Australia and visited Papua New Guinea.", "The Prince of Wales asked the media to respect his sons' privacy, to allow them to lead a normal school life. In the following years, Princes William and Harry, who are second and fourth in line to the throne, accompanied their father on a limited number of official engagements in the UK and abroad.", "British royalty who is the only son of Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex and Sophie, Countess of Wessex . At the time of his birth, he was eighth in line to inherit the throne of England.", "The Prince of Wales is the eldest son of The Queen and The Duke of Edinburgh (pictured)", "Prince William of Wales (William Arthur Philip Louis; born 21 June 1982) is the elder son of Charles, Prince of Wales and the late Diana, Princess of Wales He is second in the line of succession to the British throne and those of each of the other Commonwealth Realms. He was the first prince to be born into the immediate royal family since the birth of Prince Edward in 1964.", "He is the great-grandson of Edward VII of the United Kingdom, and 68th in line to the British throne. He is a paternal second cousin to Elizabeth II and the late Princess Margaret and also a maternal first cousin to Baudouin of Belgium and his successor Albert II of Belgium.", "Edward was the eldest son of King George V and Queen Mary. He was created Prince of Wales on his sixteenth birthday, nine weeks after his father succeeded as king. As a young man, he served in the British Army during the First World War and undertook several overseas tours on behalf of his father.", "Edward was the eldest son of King George V and Queen Mary. He was created Prince of Wales on his sixteenth birthday. As a young man, he served in the British Armed Forces during the First World War and undertook several foreign tours on behalf of his father.", "The only son of Princess Anne and her first husband Captain Mark Phillips was born on 15 November 1977 and is 13th in line to the throne.", "HRH The Duke of York, (Prince Andrew Albert Christian Edward), KG, GCVO, ADC, b 19 Feb. 1960", "The eldest child and only son of the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge was born on 22 July 2013 and is third in line to the throne." ]

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[ "The Jehovah’s Witnesses emerged in the late 1870s out of the Bible Student movement. They were founded by Charles Taze Russell as the Zion’s Watch Tower Tract Society and grew to maturity under the guidance of Joseph Franklin Rutherford. In order to distinguish themselves from groups (including Russell’s original teachings) they renamed themselves the Jehovah’s Witnesses in 1931. An apocalyptic group that believes Satan has corrupted the world and the end of the world is imminent, they reject a number of mainstream Christian beliefs like the Trinity as well as the idea that the soul is immortal. They also eschew secular practices like celebrating birthdays, Christmas, Easter, military service, and saluting national flags. All of these positions they ground in their particular reading of scripture. The name Jehovah was selected because of their (mis)translation of the Hebrew name for God.", "The Jehovah's Witnesses was begun by Charles Taze Russell in 1872. He was born on February 16, 1852, the son of Joseph L. and Anna Eliza Russell. He had great difficulty in dealing with the doctrine of eternal hell fire, and in his studies came to deny not only eternal punishment but also the Trinity , the deity of Christ , and the Holy Spirit .  When Russell was 18, he organized a Bible class in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.  In 1879 he sought to popularize his aberrant ideas on doctrine.  He co-published The Herald of the Morning magazine with its founder, N. H. Barbour; and by 1884 Russell controlled the publication and renamed it The Watchtower Announcing Jehovah's Kingdom and founded Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society (now known as the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society). The first edition of The Watchtower magazine was only 6,000 copies each month. Today the Witnesses' publishing complex in Brooklyn, New York, churns out 100,000 books and 800,000 copies of its two magazines - daily!", "The group now known as the Jehovah's Witnesses was founded in 1879 by Charles Taze Russell, a Pennsylvania businessman. Russell's Adventist background and study of the Bible led him to conclude, among other things, that the second coming of Christ would occur in 1914, that Hellfire did not exist, and God was not a Trinity.", "The religious organization known as Jehovah’s Witnesses since 1931 was originally called the Russellites after its founder, Charles Taze Russell (see Russell, Charles Taze). It has also been known as the International Bible Students Association. The group’s central belief is that the Bible, when it is literally interpreted, can be used to predict God’s plan of salvation with precision. Jehovah’s Witnesses believe that the end of the world is near and that there will be a great \"battle of Armageddon\" between the forces of God and Satan; in this conflict God will be victorious and will set up an earthly paradise for all believers.", "Few Witnesses today are aware of the relevance of the year 1799, that this year is pivotal to the very existence of Jehovah's Witnesses. 1799 was the beginning of \"the time of the end.\" This concept started the era of enlightenment and Adventist movement of the 1800's, resulting in Russell's end time belief system.", "They have made many eschatological forecasts, some of which have led people (including followers) to incorrect assumptions. One example is The Watchtower's assertions that the end of the \"Gentile times\" or \"times of the nations\" would occur in 1914; even prominent Watch Tower representatives such as A. H. Macmillan incorrectly concluded and overstated their expectations. As a result, The Watchtower has acknowledged that Jehovah's Witnesses \"have made mistakes in their understanding of what would occur at the end of certain time periods.\" Concurrently with these exceptions, Jehovah's Witnesses in their literature and assemblies have taught their leadership was personally chosen by Jesus Christ in 1919 (a prophetic year in Jehovah's Witnesses eschatology) and that they are \"God's sole channel on earth,\" and \"Jehovah's spirit directed organization\".", "1816 Jehovah's Witnesses trace their origins to the nineteenth century Adventist movement in America. That movement began with William Miller, a Baptist lay preacher whom, in the year 1816, began proclaiming that Christ would return in 1843. His predictions of the Second Coming or Second Advent captured the imagination of thousands in Baptist and other mainline churches. Perhaps as many as 50,000 followers put their trust in Miller's chronological calculations and prepared to welcome the Lord, while, as the appointed time approached, others watched nervously from a distance. Recalculations moved the promised second advent from March 1843 to March, 1844, and then to October of that year. Alas, that date too passed uneventfully. The Branch Davidians who died at Waco, Texas, under the leadership of David Koresh also trace their roots to the same Millerite source through a different line of descent. A Short History of the Watchtower Organization", "It began roughly 130 years ago by a gentleman named Charles Taze Russell. He didn't believe in Hell or the Trinity. In 1884 he started an organization in Brooklyn NY called Rusellites, almost 50 years later they became Jehovah's Witness' based on Isaiah 43:10. Jehovah's take away the divinity of Jesus Christ, and as God in the flesh.", "In Noah's day, Jehovah declared: \"My spirit shall not act toward man indefinitely in that he is also flesh. Accordingly his days shall amount to a hundred and twenty years.\" (Genesis 6:3) The issuance of this divine decree in 2490 B.C.E. marked the beginning of the end for that ungodly world. Just think what that meant for those then living! Only 120 years more and Jehovah would bring \"the deluge of waters upon the earth to bring to ruin all flesh in which the force of life is active from under the heavens.\"-Genesis 6:17. Noah received the warning of the upcoming catastrophe decades in advance, and he wisely used the time to prepare for survival. \"After being given divine warning of things not yet beheld,\" says the apostle Paul, \"[Noah] showed godly fear and constructed an ark for the saving of his household.\" (Hebrews 11:7) What about us? Some 90 years have passed since the last days of this system of things began in 1914. We are certainly in \"the time of the end.\" (Daniel 12:4) How should we respond to warnings we have been given? \"He that does the will of God remains forever,\" states the Bible. (1 John 2:17) Now is therefore the time to do Jehovah's will with a keen sense of urgency.\" Watchtower 2003 Dec 15 p.15 \"Warned of \"Things Not Yet Beheld\"", "The Watch Tower Society rejects accusations that it is a false prophet, stating that its teachings are not inspired or infallible, and that it has not claimed its predictions were \"the words of Jehovah.\" George D. Chryssides has suggested that with the exception of statements about 1914, 1925 and 1975, the changing views and dates of the Jehovah's Witnesses are largely attributable to changed understandings of biblical chronology than to failed predictions. Chryssides further states, \"it is therefore simplistic and naïve to view the Witnesses as a group that continues to set a single end-date that fails and then devise a new one, as many counter-cultists do.\" However, sociologist Andrew Holden states that since the foundation of the movement around 140 years ago, \"Witnesses have maintained that we are living on the precipice of the end of time.\" ", "The incredible claim that earthquakes have increased 20 fold since 1914 has been used as an illegitimate way to convince Jehovah's Witnesses we are living in the \"last days.\" This is related to Jesus' statement in Luke 21:11 that there will be \"great earthquakes\" as a sign of the \"end.\"", "This group also teaches the Heavenly Kingdom took effect in 1914 with the invisible enthronement of Christ as King. They preach it is currently occupied by a little flock or Anointed Class of about 135,400 people. All were selected after Christ's ascension into heaven at Pentecost (33 A.D.) and during subsequent centuries according to them. Jehovah Witnesses say the selection of the full complement of 144,000 was completed in 1935. Some 8,600 are still living on earth. They will spend eternity with God and Christ as spirit creatures. The latter number increases slightly from time to time as anointed but unfaithful members are replaced. Witnesses say; Christ's Second Coming was not a physical return to earth. It was an invisible event in 1914 in which Satan and Christ engaged in a heavenly battle. Afterwards, Christ began to rule the Heavenly Kingdom as King of Kings. Satan was expelled to Earth. They say World War I was a visible sign of Satan's earthly demise and the beginning of the woes that would accompany the \"last days of this system of things.\"  So for Jehovah Witnesses, Christ is not coming.  He is already here (since 1914).  They think Jesus is directing His activities exclusively through His theocratic Watchtower organization in Brooklyn.  They totally disregard the warnings to us in Matthew 24:23-27:", "In a manuscript he wrote in 1704 in which he describes his attempts to extract scientific information from the Bible, he estimated that the world would end no earlier than 2060. In predicting this he said, \"This I mention not to assert when the time of the end shall be, but to put a stop to the rash conjectures of fanciful men who are frequently predicting the time of the end, and by doing so bring the sacred prophesies into discredit as often as their predictions fail.\"", "In late 1976, Robertson predicted that the end of the world was coming in October or November 1982. In a May 1980 broadcast of The 700 Club he stated, \"I guarantee you by the end of 1982 there is going to be a judgment on the world.\" ", "William Miller -  Leader of the Millerite movement; projected 1844 as the end of the world", "Prior to Joseph Franklin Rutherford's death in January 1942 (due to cancer of the rectum), the WatchTower Society had taught that World War II was the start of events leading into Armageddon, which was to occur prior to the expiration of the 40 year generation of 1914, in 1954. However, just like what had occurred with Charles Taze Russell and Joseph F. Rutherford during World War I, none of the Watchtower Society's \"prophesies\" came true. However, the following \"Cold War\" gave the Watch Tower Society everything it needed for their fall-back message of \"any day now\". By the early 1950s, the new message was that 6000 years of mankind's existence would end in 1972, and that Christ's Millennium (seventh) would have to start sometime prior to such.", "The Watchtower Bible & Tract Society’s founder, Charles Taze Russell predicted the end of times with specific years and months while he was alive as well. When the date ran its course and nothing happened they engaged in the typical Watchtower “spin control” and attempted to explain away the issue. For example, when they were wrong about 1914 they came out with several elaborate explanations. One was that this was a “spiritual Armageddon” and that Jesus took his throne at that time and began ruling over the earth “invisibly”. With regard to an explanation as to why Armageddon didn’t coincide they came out in writing stating that the time differential between the creation of Adam and the creation of Eve was the reason they were ”off” as to the exact coming of Armageddon. Then, when 1975 came and went they engaged in the very same justification with a totally new group of people who were blissfully unaware that this exact same argument had been used over sixty years prior to explain away the failure of 1914 to bring about Armageddon.", "In 1966, the end of the 6000 years was revised from 1972 to 1975, and the Watch Tower Society went on a worldwide campaign of \"insinuation\" that Armageddon would occur in October 1975. The \"October 1975\" campaign was the most successful Second Adventist \"Date Prediction Addicts\" recruiting campaign since William Miller had predicted the end of the 6000 years and the Second Advent for 1843-4, and Nelson Barbour had predicted the end of the 6000 years for 1872 and the Second Advent for 1873-4. Although it had taken the Watch Tower Society from the 1870s until the mid-1960s to reach the 1,000,000th member mark, the \"October 1975\" campaign allowed the WatchTower Society to go from 1,000,000 members to 2,000,000 members in less than a decade.", "On Jan. 1, 1956 New York City-born social psychologist Leon Festinger (1919-89) et al. pub. When Prophecy Fails: A Social and Psychological Study of a Modern Group That Predicted the Destruction of the World , about a small cult called the Seekers led by Chicago, Ill. housewife (ex-Scientologist) Dorothy Martin (1900-92) that claimed to be receiving messages from the \"Guardians\" from another planet, who told them that a flood would destroy the world on Dec. 21, 1954; when it failed to materialize, instead of giving up their beliefs they claimed that the \"Force of Good and Light\" the members spread through the world caused it to be spared, and she changes her name to Sister Thedra and founds the Assoc. of Sananda and Sanat Kumara , which survives her death. In 1957 Festinger pub. his theory of Cognitive Dissonance .", "73. Hiram Clegg, together with his wife Emma and four friends of the faith from Randolph Junction, were summoned by the Spirit and Mrs. Clara Collins, widow of the beloved Nazarene preacher Ely Collins, to West Condon on the weekend of the eighteenth and nineteenth of April, there to await the End of the World. —Robert Coover, The Origin of the Brunists (1966)", "In order to support its apocalyptic view of our times, Watchtower has concocted the idea that the \"signs\" presented in Matthew and Luke are related to the term \"Last Days\" written by Peter, Paul and James. As shown at Did the Last Days start 1914? , this entire doctrine is fundamentally wrong. Neither did Jesus or any other Bible writer point to the specific year of 1914 for this to start. The article 1914 shows how the concept that the Last Days specifically started in 1914 is based on misapplication of Daniel 4.", "1925 was a date set by Rutherford for the commencement of the earthly paradise and the resurrection onto earth of people such as Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. See 1925 for a full discussion on Watchtower expectations for this date.", "Howell, soon to adopt the biblical name of David Koresh, had attracted dozens of adults and their children and convinced them to make their home in his wooden castle at the end of the world. Set upon a wind-scoured rise of bald land named Mt. Carmel, Koresh's believers lived behind clapboard walls on the edge of McLennan County, waiting for Armageddon, the final battle between good and evil predicted in the Book of Revelations. A few of them had grown impatient, however, and had left for California. They were some of the sources of information for the series of reports the Waco paper had entitled, The Sinful Messiah.", "Despite the fact that none of Joseph F. Rutherford's predictions for 1918, or 1919, or any other year had or were coming true, Rutherford rallied the troops, and again continued to fill the coffers by publishing revised predictions for 1920-5. \"Judge\" Rutherford's MILLIONS NOW LIVING WILL NEVER DIE prophesied that Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob would be resurrected by 1925 to rule over the earth from the city of Jerusalem. As had always occurred previously, new prophesies brought new followers and new money. By the start of 1922, around 32,000 \"Date Prediction Addicts\" were again attending WatchTower meetings. By 1925, that number had skyrocketed to nearly 100,000. However, as had repeatedly occurred in the past, the failed 1925 prediction resulted in the loss of followers, and more importantly, their money. Less than 20,000 WatchTower Society followers attended the annual Memorial in 1928.", "Since at least the latter 1920s, the WatchTower Society has taught that Armageddon would occur on or before the end of the \"generation\" that was alive in 1914. First, the WatchTower Society added the Bible's 40 year generation to the year 1914, and arrived at October 1954. Then, even during the ongoing October 1975 campaign, they added the Bible's 70 year generation to the year 1914, and arrived at October 1984, and even added the Bible's 80 year generation to the year 1914, and arrived at October 1994.", "The LORD Jesus Christ has warned us to always watch and pray so that we can escape all the things that will come upon the whole earth at the end of this age! In the above passage of scripture God says that the end time will come like a “snare” upon all those who dwell on the whole face of the earth.", "An interesting side-note: The Branch Davidians who died at Waco, Texas, under the leadership of David Koresh also trace their roots to the same Millerite source through a different line of descent. In 1935 the Seventh Day Adventist Church expelled a Bulgarian immigrant named Victor Houteff, who had begun teaching his own views on certain passages of the Revelation or Apocalypse, the last book of the Bible. Houteff set up shop on the property at Waco. After first referring to his tiny new sect as The Shepherd's Rod, Houteff and his people in 1942 incorporated and renamed themselves Davidian Seventh Day Adventists. Houteff died in 1955, and in 1961 his wife Florence officially disbanded the sect, but a few followers under the leadership of west Texas businessman Benjamin Roden took over the real estate. Roden died in 1978, leaving behind his wife Lois and his son George to lead the group. Then, in 1987, David Koresh took over the leadership position, and the tragedy that followed is public knowledge.", "1943 \"The Watchtower is a magazine without equal in the earth, and is conceded this rank by all that have been faithful readers thereof during its more than sixty years of publications.... This is not giving any credit to the magazines publishers, but is due to the great author of the Bible with its truths and prophecies, and who now interprets its prophecies. He it is that makes possible the material that is published in the columns of this magazine and who give promise that it shall continue to publish the advancing truths as long as it continues to exist for the service of the interests of his Theocratic Government. (Watchtower, April 15, 1943, p. 127) ", "1943 \"The Watchtower is a magazine without equal in the earth, and is conceded this rank by all that have been faithful readers thereof during its more than sixty years of publications.... This is not giving any credit to the magazines publishers, but is due to the great author of the Bible with its truths and prophecies, and who now interprets its prophecies. He it is that makes possible the material that is published in the columns of this magazine and who give promise that it shall continue to publish the advancing truths as long as it continues to exist for the service of the interests of his Theocratic Government. (Watchtower, April 15, 1943, p. 127)", "'... belief in survival after death - the individual survival of John Smith, still conscious of himself as John Smith - is enormously less widesread than it was. Even among professing Christians it is probably decaying: other people, as a rule, don't even entertain the possibility that it might be true. ... There is little doubt that the modern cult of power worship is bound up with the modern man's feeling that life here and now is the only life there is. ... I would say that the decay of belief in personal immortality has been as important as the rise of machine civilization. ... I do not want the belief in life after death to return.... What I do point out is that its disappearance has left a big hole, and that we ought to take notice of that fact. ... [Mankind] is not likely to salvage civilization unless he can evolve a system of good and evil which is independent of heaven and hell.", "The following is an extract from Mackenzie's Royal Masonic Cyclopaedia upon this subject: With infinite learning and patience the author of The Book of God, who preserves strict anonymity, has endeavored to show that the work, Apocalypse, was originally revealed to a primaeval John, otherwise Cannes and identical with the first messenger of God to man;. This theory is sufficiently remarkable to be mentioned here. The messengers, twelve in number, are supposed by the author to appear at intervals of years. Thus:", "\"He was laying a foundation for a work that would be completed in our 20th century\". Watchtower 1989 Jan 1 p.12." ]

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[ "The remains of the Titanic were found in 1985 by Dr. Robert Ballard, an oceanographer and marine biologist with the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. When he located the Titanic, he saw that, as some survivors reported, the ship had broken apart. He believed the weight of the water-filled bow raised the stern out of the water and snapped the ship in two just before it sank. Debris falling out of the ship was strewn over a 1/2 mile across the sea floor. The bow and the stern were found nearly 2000ft. apart.", "The question of where Titanic’s final resting place was remained unanswered for many years. Expedition after expedition failed, but on 1st September 1985, Titanic was discovered by Dr Robert Ballard two and a half miles down. The discovery provided quite a surprise when it showed that the ship had not sank intact, as had been the generally accepted view, but in fact had split into two pieces during sinking.", "1985 - The Titanic was found by Dr. Robert Ballard and Jean Louis Michel in a joint U.S. and French expedition. The wreck site is located 963 miles northeast of New York and 453 miles southeast of the Newfoundland coast.", "On April 17, 1912, the day before survivors of the Titanic disaster reached New York, the Mackay-Bennett was sent off from Halifax, Nova Scotia to search for bodies. On board the Mackay-Bennett were embalming supplies, 40 embalmers, tons of ice, and 100 coffins. Although the Mackay-Bennett found 306 bodies, 116 of these were too badly damaged to take all the way back to shore. Attempts were made to identify each body found. Additional ships were also sent out to look for bodies. In all, 328 bodies were found, but 119 of these were badly damaged and thus were buried at sea.", "At 2.20am on Monday 15th April 1912, the largest luxury liner in the world disappeared under the North Atlantic after a collision with an iceberg at 11.40pm on Sunday 14th. She was at the midpoint of her maiden voyage from Southampton to New York but finished her journey with a two-and-a-half mile plunge to the ocean floor. It would be seventy-three years before she would be seen again, Dr. Robert Ballard locating her wreck on September 1st 1985. Now as she lies on the ocean floor, the Titanic is a 1912 time capsule. Some of her secrets have recently been plundered however, and are now being exhibited at the Maritime Museum in Greenwich, London.", "When the RMS Titanic sank 100 years ago, about 1,500 passengers and crew went down with it. Some 340 of these victims were found floating in their life jackets in the days following the shipwreck. But what happened to the other 1,160 is still a mystery. Newly released photos suggest that at least some of the unlucky travelers' remains are mixed in with the wreckage of the ship. The question is controversial — after 33 trips to the ship, \"I've seen zero human remains,\" a \"visibly miffed\" Titanic director James Cameron tells The New York Times — and a lot may ride on the answer. Here's a look at the dispute:", "The Titanic was discovered by a concerted effort from French and American scientists. Dr. Robert Ballard led the American side of the operation with a submersible from Hole Deep Submergence Lab in Massachusetts, and Francias de Recherche from pour I’Exploitation des Mers Led by Jean Jerry ran the French side of things. They were armed with some of the most sophisticated underwater technology available at the time and each side had high expectations for the operation. Although the subject of public scrutiny, the effort set out to find the Titanic wreck, something that the public thought was simply ludicrous to attempt.", "It was late August 1985 when Ballard finally began his search for the Titanic. Ballard had invited a French research team, led by Jean-Louis Michel, to join this expedition. Aboard the Navy’s oceanographic survey ship, the Knorr , Ballard and his team headed to the likely location of the Titanic’s resting place -- one thousand miles due east of Boston, Massachusetts.", "A joint American-French expedition discoveres the wreck of the Titanic on 1 September 1985 at a depth of 2.5 miles (4 km) at 41°43′55″N 49°56′45″W / 41.73194°N 49.94583°W / 41.73194; -49.94583 .", "A few of the Titanic’s passengers were among the wealthiest and most famous people of the day, such as John Jacob Astor IV and Benjamin Guggenheim. But most were immigrants headed for the United States. Some 150 bodies were recovered from the North Atlantic, and about half were never identified. The best-known shipwreck in history inspired songs, books, movies, and an underwater expedition that found the fractured vessel on the ocean floor in 1985.", "After the collision, Fourth Officer Joseph Boxhall determined the Titanic's position as 41°46¢ N 50°14¢ W. In accordance with his wishes, Boxhall's ashes were spread at that location following his death in 1967. When the wreck was found in 1985, it was some 13 nautical miles (24 km) away.", "Following his discovery of the wreck site, Ballard returned to Titanic in July 1986 aboard the research vessel RV Atlantis II. Now the deep-diving submersible DSV Alvin could take people back to Titanic for the first time since her sinking, and the remotely operated vehicle (ROV) Jason Jr. would allow the explorers to investigate the interior of the wreck. Another system, ANGUS, was used to carry out photo surveys of the debris field. [38] The results were spectacular. Jason Jr. descended the ruined Grand Staircase as far as B Deck, and photographed remarkably well-preserved interiors, including some chandeliers still hanging from the ceilings. [39]", "The wreck of the RMS Titanic (1912) in the North Atlantic is located by a joint American-French expedition led by Dr. Robert Ballard WHOI and Jean-Louis Michel (IFREMER) using side-scan sonar from RV Knorr.", "Until 1 September 1985 the location of the wreck was unknown. Various expeditions tried using sonar to map the sea bed in the hope of spotting the wreck, but failed due to a combination of bad weather, technological difficulties and poor search strategy. The wreck was finally located, 13.2 miles (21 km) from the inaccurate position transmitted by Titanics crew while the ship was sinking, by a joint French-American expedition led by Jean-Louis Michel of IFREMER and Robert Ballard of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The key to its discovery was an innovative remotely-controlled deep-sea vehicle called Argo, which could be towed above the sea bed while its cameras transmitted pictures back to a mother ship.", "A year after the remains of the Titanic were discovered, more oceanographers went to explore the sections of bow and stern and the extensive debris field that lay between the two. In 1993, the company RMS Titanic Inc. (formed by Premier Exhibitions, which designs museum exhibitions and maintains artifacts) was named salvor-in-possession of the wreck, gaining the rights to collect found artifacts and launch expeditions to the ship. They did so seven times between 1986 and 2004, collecting over 5,500 artifacts ranging from china dishes to leather trunks filled with preserved bank notes. A section of the debris field even became known as \"hell's kitchen\" for the overwhelming amount of cooking utensils found there. Through photographs taken on subsequent trips, the company was able to reconstruct images of the grand staircase, later made famous (as were all things Titanic) by James Cameron's blockbuster film.", "White Star hires a second ship – the cable-laying ship Minia – to recover bodies from the scene of Titanic’s sinking. Another cable ship – the Mackay-Bennet – had reached the scene on April 20 and was quickly overwhelmed by the number of bodies to be found there. By the time recovery efforts conclude, 326 of Titanic’s more than 1,500 dead have been found. More than 100 are buried at sea. The others are brought to shore where some are sent home for burial. The remaining victims are buried in Halifax, Nova Scotia.", "Ballard, the U.S. leader had been interested in finding the Titanic shipwreck since 1973, and had actually set out to locate the vessel in 1977. Ballard used a somewhat less advanced way to attempt to locate the Titanic which involved using a drilling ship to probe the bottom of the ocean. The event ended when the rigging pipe snapped off and Ballard had to once again wait to attempt the legendary vessel. Armed with better technology and the help of the French Institute Francias de Recherche pour I’Exploitation des Mers (I.F.R.E.M.E.R.), Ballard would finally be successful in locating the Titanic.", "Ballard's team made a general search of the vessel's exterior, noting its condition; most significantly they confirmed that Titanic had in fact split in two, and that the stern was in far worse shape than the rest of the ship. Ballard's team did not have much time to explore, as others were waiting to take Knorr on other scientific pursuits, but his fame was now assured. Ballard originally planned to keep the exact location a secret to prevent anyone from claiming prizes from the wreck. Ballard considered the site a cemetery, and refused to desecrate it by removing artifacts from the wreck. However, in an address to Congress shortly after he returned to the United States, Ballard implored future explorers to devote time to retrieving artifacts to create a museum.", "Lord Mersey was appointed to head the British Board of Trade's inquiry into the disaster, which took place between 2 May and 3 July. Each inquiry took testimony from both passengers and crew of Titanic, crew members of Leyland Line's Californian, Captain Arthur Rostron of Carpathia and other experts.[154] The two inquiries reached broadly similar conclusions; the regulations on the number of lifeboats that ships had to carry were out of date and inadequate,[155] Captain Smith had failed to take proper heed of ice warnings,[156] the lifeboats had not been properly filled or crewed, and the collision was the direct result of steaming into a dangerous area at too high a speed.[155]", "2005 saw two expeditions to the Titanic. James Cameron returned for the third and last time to film Last Mysteries of the Titanic. Another expedition searched for previously unseen pieces of wreckage, and led to the documentary Titanic's Final Moments: Missing Pieces.", "Each inquiry took testimony from both passengers and crew of Titanic, crew members of Leyland Line’s Californian, Captain Arthur Rostron of Carpathia and other experts.The British inquiry also took far greater expert testimony, making it the longest and most detailed court of inquiry in British history up to that time. The two inquiries reached broadly similar conclusions; the regulations on the number of lifeboats that ships had to carry were out of date and inadequate, Captain Smith had failed to take proper heed of ice warnings,the lifeboats had not been properly filled or crewed, and the collision was the direct result of steaming into a dangerous area at too high a speed.", "This particular claim began when Robin Gardiner stated in his book that when the name on the bow of the Titanic wreck was cleared of rust (allegedly filmed by Dr. Ballard during his 1986 dive to the wreck), the raised letters 'M, P & Y' were visible. However, he does not show a picture of this, nor does he offer any source for this assertition at all. Sometime later in a documentary entitled \"Titanic - The Shocking Truth\" the following image appeared:", "In August of 2005, G. Michael Harris led the Titanic HARRIS Expedition and used the Akademik Mstislav Keldysh and the MIR submersibles for 8 dives on Titanic to research G. Michael Harris' \"GROUNDING THEORY\" that sunk Titanic as well as his son, Sebastian Harris (age 13) who set the Guinness Book of World Records dive as the Youngest Deepest Diver on Titanic.", "NARRATOR: Ballard is also excited at the prospect of seeing Titanic's sister ship lying on the ocean floor. The discovery of Titanic was the highlight of his career, but since then, thousands of objects have been salvaged from the wreck site. Powerless to stop it, he has explored other wrecks in the pursuit of a personal vision.", "In 2003 Captain L. M. Collins, a former member of the Ice Pilotage Service published The Sinking of the Titanic: The Mystery Solved proposing, based upon his own experience of ice navigation, and witness statements given at the two post-disaster enquiries, that what the Titanic hit was not an iceberg but low-lying pack ice. He based his conclusion upon three main pieces of evidence.", "Mr Harold Arthur Sanderson, Director of the Oceanic Steam Navigation Company (not from Harland and Wolff as claimed), was 60 years old at the time of the sinking, and was examined on Day 17 of the British Wreck Commissioner's Inquiry. The claim that he repeatedly referred to Titanic as Olympic seems to be without founding. There is not one occasion in which he seemingly confuses the two in name. The closest we have is when he is questioned about the binoculars and is asked:", "The Third IFREMER/RMS TITANIC Expedition. Among the artifacts this expedition recovered from the Titanic's debris field was some of Titanic's coal .", "Two children look down on March 27, 2012, at an image of the Titanic wreck in the Titanic Belfast visitor center. (Peter Muhly / AFP - Getty Images) Share Back to slideshow navigation", "The Fourth IFREMER/RMS TITANIC Expedition. They perform site mapping, artifact recovery, and photographic exploration of the interior and exterior of the Titanic. The expedition tries, but fails, to bring up an 11-ton piece of the hull.", "The name Titanic was derived from Greek mythology and meant gigantic. Built in Belfast, Ireland, in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (as it was then known), the RMS Titanic was the second of the three Olympic-class ocean liners—the first was the RMS Olympic and the third was the HMHS Britannic. They were by far the largest vessels of the British shipping company White Star Line's fleet, which comprised 29 steamers and tenders in 1912. The three ships had their genesis in a discussion in mid-1907 between the White Star Line's chairman, J. Bruce Ismay, and the American financier J. P. Morgan, who controlled the White Star Line's parent corporation, the International Mercantile Marine Co. (IMM).", "Over the next few months, Olympic assisted with both the American and British inquiries into the disaster. Deputations from both inquiries inspected Olympics lifeboats, watertight doors and bulkheads and other equipment which were identical to those on Titanic. Sea tests were performed for the British enquiry in May 1912, to establish how quickly the ship could turn two points at various speeds, to approximate how long it would have taken the Titanic to turn when it sighted the iceberg.", "Over the next few months, Olympic assisted with both the American and British inquiries into the disaster. Deputations from both inquiries inspected Olympic's lifeboats, watertight doors and bulkheads and other equipment which were identical to those on Titanic. Sea tests were performed for the British enquiry in May 1912, to establish how quickly the ship could turn two points at various speeds, to approximate how long it would have taken the Titanic to turn when it sighted the iceberg." ]

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[ "The Spice Girls are a British pop  girl group  formed in 1994. The group consists of five members, who each later adopted nicknames initially ascribed to them:  Melanie Brown  (\"Scary Spice\"), Melanie Chisholm  (\"Sporty Spice\"),  Emma Bunton  (\"Baby Spice\"),  Geri Halliwell  (\"Ginger Spice\"), and  Victoria Beckham , née Adams (\"Posh Spice\"). They were signed to  Virgin Records  and released their debut single, \" Wannabe \", in 1996, which hit number-one in more than 30 countries and helped establish the group as a global phenomenon. Credited for being the pioneers that paved the way for the commercial breakthrough of  teen pop  in the late 1990s, their debut album,  Spice , sold more than 28 million copies worldwide, becoming the best-selling album by a female group in music history. They have sold over 80 million records worldwide,making them the best-selling female group of all time and one of the best-selling pop groups of all time, and also making them the most successful British band since  the Beatles , and compared with  Beatlemania .", "The Spice Girls are an English pop girl group formed in 1994. The group consists of Melanie Brown (\"Scary Spice\"), Melanie Chisholm (\"Sporty Spice\"), Emma Bunton (\"Baby Spice\"), Geri Halliwell (\"Ginger Spice\"), and Victoria Beckham, née Adams (\"Posh Spice\"). They were signed to Virgin Records and released their debut single \"Wannabe\" in 1996, which hit number one in 37 countries and established them as a global phenomenon. Their debut album Spice sold more than 30 million copies worldwide, becoming the best-selling album by a female group in history. Their follow up album Spiceworld sold over 20 million copies worldwide. The Spice Girls have sold over 80 million records worldwide, making them the best-selling female group of all time, one of the best-selling pop groups of all time, and the biggest British pop phenomenon since Beatlemania.", "The Spice Girls were a British girl group formed in 1994. They consist of Victoria Beckham (née Adams) who is nicknamed Posh Spice, Melanie Brown nicknamed Scary Spice, Emma Bunton who was Baby Spice, Melanie Chisholm , Sporty Spice, and Geri Halliwell Ginger Spice.", "Melanie Janine Brown (born 29 May 1975), better known as Mel B, Melanie B and, for a short time, as Melanie G, is a British presenter, television personality, singer, rapper, dancer, recording artist, actress, author, and model. Brown rose to fame as a member of the girl group the Spice Girls, in which she was known as Scary Spice. The group signed to Virgin Records and in 1996 they released their debut single, \"Wannabe\", which hit number one in more than 31 countries and helped establish the group as a \"global phenomenon\". It was followed by their debut album, Spice, which has sold more than 28 million copies worldwide, becoming the best-selling album by a female group in music history. The band's second album, Spiceworld, went on to sell over 20 million copies worldwide. As of 2013, the Spice Girls have sold over 100 million albums worldwide, making them the biggest selling female group in history and also one of the best-selling music artists in the world. Brown is also known for supporting girl power and earlier global tours, which grossed an estimated $500–800 million between 1996 and 2001. The Return of the Spice Girls was the band's comeback tour throughout 2007 and 2008, having grossed US$200 million and winning the Billboard 2008 Touring Award. As of July 2013, Brown's net worth is estimated to be $85 million. ", "On 18 December 2012 it was reported that Range would be joining the Spice Girls and replacing Victoria Beckham, however Emma Bunton and Range quickly denied the rumours with Bunton saying \"None of the Spice Girls would ever or could ever be replaced, nonsense in the papers\" with Range adding \"Ahh and there was me all getting ready to be Suga Spice, haha x\". In March 2013 it was announced that Range would appear on Totally Senseless, an ITV1 series as a team captain with Brian Dowling and Steve Jones as hosts. The series was not picked up by ITV. Range took part in the 8th series of Celebrity MasterChef, aired in summer 2013, but was the first to be eliminated.", "Victoria Beckham (then Victoria Adams) was an original member of The Spice Girls , the British pop supergroup of the 1990s. Victoria was \"Posh Spice,\" the elegantly haughty member of the ensemble. (The other four members were known as Baby Spice, Sporty Spice, Scary Spice and Ginger Spice .) She married football (soccer) superstar David Beckham in July of 1999. The two quickly became one of Britain's most celebrated couples, with their every move followed by paparazzi and their home jokingly known to the tabloids as \"Beckingham Palace.\" The Spice Girls disbanded in 2001 and Beckham released the solo album Victoria Beckham the same year, followed by a succession of singles. Over time, Victoria Beckham became best known as a fashion plate and the acknowledged queen of the WAGS -- the \"wives and girlfriends\" of British football stars. The Beckhams moved to Los Angeles when her husband began playing for the LA Galaxy of Major League Soccer. The Spice Girls also reunited briefly for a world tour in 2007. Victoria and David Beckham have four children and Victoria has a line of clothing in her name. Her autobiography, Learning to Fly, was published in 2001.", "Geri Halliwell was born on August 6, 1972 in Watford, England. In 1994, she became \"Ginger Spice\" in the all-girl, British pop group the Spice Girls. Halliwell quit in 1998 to pursue her solo career, starting with her single, \"Look At Me,\" which sold more than 1 million copies worldwide. Since her run with the Spice Girls, Halliwell has authored a series of children's books and started a swim. Additionally, she has been has the most No. 1 singles of any female musician in U.K. history.", "Spice Girls. Hanson, Will Smith, Third Eye Blind, Savage Garden, Matchbox 20, Ray J, the Mighty Mighty Bosstones, Chumbawamba, Sister Hazel, Aqua, Erykah Badu, Amber, Wyclef Jean, DJ Kool, Foxy Brown, Jagged Edge, Missy Elliott, Lorrie Morgan, Barenaked Ladies, Our Lady Peace and Trace Adkins.", "Aged between 18 and 24, the Spice Girls form a sort of political coalition, like any political party — though the Eurosceptics have a basic 3-2 majority. There is even a militant tendency in the frizzy-haired, bare- bellied black figure (with a stud in her tongue) of Mel B, who is, if you like, the Clare Short of the Spice Girls. Her nick- name is 'Scary Spice'. There is blonde Emma, whose piquant charms resemble the young blonde Barbara Castle, and brunette Mel C, from a working-class Liverpudlian background, who looks rather like Edwina Currie. On the Right of the group, there is the elegant Victoria, who attended ballet school and is nicknamed 'Posh Spice'; she is the Bill Cash of the Spice Girls who is even more obsessed with Maastricht than Gerri.", "The Spice Girls all had unique nicknames, Mel B was 'Scary Spice', Mel C 'Sporty Spice', Emma 'Baby Spice', Geri 'Ginger Spice' and Victoria of course was dubbed 'Posh Spice'.", "Ginger Spice Geri Halliwell, 34, was the first to leave the group in 1998. In 2005, she moved to Los Angeles to work on various projects. Soon after, she announced her pregnancy. After returning to London, Halliwell gave birth on May 14, 2006, to daughter Bluebell Madonna, whose father is reported to be Halliwell's ex, drummer and screenwriter Sasha Gervasi. The other four Spice Girls were invited to Bluebell's christening in April, and Halliwell asked all to be the girl's godmothers. Only Brown, who had just given birth, did not attend.", "On August 12, 2012 the Spice Girls performed as a quintet for the last time at the London 2012 Olympics Closing Ceremony. This was the last Spice Girls concert to feature Victoria Beckham and Mel C.", "So, whether it’s emerging from a giant pair of legs at the Brit Awards or making an unforgettable cameo in an episode of Sex and the City, Geri’s the only Spice Girl who’s remained fun, flirty and downright outrageous. And while the other Girls might have more “class” and natural ability, it’s Geri’s solo career that everyone remembers. (Alim Kheraj)", "The image of the Spice Girls was deliberately aimed at young girls, an audience of formidable size and potential; reinforcing the range of appeal within the target demographic were the bandmates' five distinctive personalities, which encouraged fans to identify with one member or another. This marketing was helped in no small way by the aliases assigned to each member of the group, similar to the marketing ploy used in children's serial literature of including several different character types in the storyline. Shortly after \"Wannabe\"'s release, the group appeared in Top of the Pops magazine where each member was given a nickname based upon her image: Adams became \"Posh Spice\", Bunton became \"Baby Spice\", Brown became \"Scary Spice\", Halliwell became \"Ginger Spice\", and Chisholm became \"Sporty Spice\". ", "In 2012 The Spice Girls reunited as a quintet one last time for the closing ceremonies of the 2012 Olympic Games. This was the last Spice Girls concert to feature Victoria Beckham and Mel C.", "On 12 August 2012, after much speculation, Bunton and the Spice Girls performed a medley of \"Wannabe\" and \"Spice Up Your Life\" at the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony, reuniting as a quintet for the last time for the event. This was the last Spice Girls concert to feature Victoria Beckham and Mel C. ", "Emma Lee Bunton is an English singer-songwriter, actress, and radio and television presenter. She is best known as a member of the girl group the Spice Girls formed in the 1990s. Bunton is known as Baby Spice as she was the youngest member of the group and also due to her youthful appearance. In 2009 she began as a radio presenter on the Heart Breakfast show in London with Jamie Theakston and presenting her own show on Saturday between 5 and 7 p.m.", "Born on the 29th May 1975 in Leeds, England, Melanie Brown became a member of Spice Girls in 1994. Their three albums sold than 40 million copies worldwide and they had nine singles at number 1 in the UK.", "1974, Victoria Adams, Posh Spice, The Spice Girls, (1996 UK No.1 & 1997 US No.1 single ‘Wannabe’, plus eight other", "Even if you didn't like the '90s British pop group Spice Girls, chances are you found yourself humming one of its catchy tunes like \"Wannabe\" at some point during its heyday. Aside from the band's poppy jams, it was its borderline Barbie-doll nicknames that had everyone talking. We may have not known who Victoria Beckham was but Posh Spice, on the other hand, well, she was the total sexpot of the bunch.", "The group began a relationship with Simon Fuller of 19 Entertainment and finally signed with him in March 1995. During the summer of that year the group toured record labels in London and Los Angeles with Fuller and finally signed a deal with Virgin Records in September 1995. From this point on, up to the summer of 1996, the group continued to write and record tracks for their debut album while extensively touring the west coast of the United States, where they had signed a publishing deal with Windswept Pacific. On 7 June 1996, the Spice Girls released their debut single, \"Wannabe\", in the United Kingdom. In the weeks leading up to the release, the video for \"Wannabe\", got a trial airing on The Box music channel. The song proved to be a global hit, reaching number 1 in 29 countries. and becoming the biggest-selling single by an all-female group of all time. It was followed by nine further number-1 singles from their albums Spice, Spiceworld and Forever. Each member of the group received a nickname from the media. Halliwell was named \"Ginger Spice\". Other successful releases followed, including \"Say You'll Be There\" and \"2 Become 1\" from Spice, and \"Spice Up Your Life\", \"Too Much\" and \"Stop\" from Spiceworld. ", "The biggest pop phenomenon of the late 1990s, the Spice Girls enjoyed a series of chart-topping singles like “Wannabe,” “Say You’ll Be There” and “2 Become 1”; as the tracksuit-clad Sporty Spice, Mel C. (as Chisholm was commonly known) was widely considered the most musically talented Spice Girl.", "Bursting into our consciousness in 1994 when she joined the now iconic girl group The Spice Girls, Victoria (then Adams) was nicknamed Posh Spice after her love of glossy high-end designers and her slick bob hairdo.", "Melanie Brown, also known as \"Mel B,\" was previously known as \"Scary Spice,\" a member of the all-girl, British pop group the Spice Girls.", "Mel C is an English singer, songwriter, actress and television personality best known for being a member of the Spice Girls.", "In the summer of 1996 a lunch at a Notting Hill restaurant with the editor of Top of the Pops magazine, Peter Loraine would inadvertently lead the Spice Girls to adopt nicknames. The nicknames played a key role in their marketability and the way their international audience would identify with them.", "fourth Spice Girl to have a solo No 1. Written by Richard Stannard who wrote six of the Spice Girls’ UK No.1 hits. I", "In March, a double A-side of Mama / Who Do You Think You Are was released in Europe, the last from Spice, which once again saw them at number one, making the Spice Girls the first group in history to have four consecutive number one hits in the UK. Girl Power! , The Spice Girls' first book and manifesto was launched later that same month at the Virgin Megastore. In April, Spice: the Official Video Volume One is released.", "She is best known for being a member of the biggest-selling girl group of all time. The Spice Girls have sold in excess of 80 million records, toured the globe and most recently have worked together on the brand new musical Viva Forever!, based on their songs.", "The songstress doesn’t just use her middle name as her stage name, but as her only name, which she’s used since first starting her prolific career.", "Previously she was one of The Spice Girls, who dominated the music charts in the late 90s with hits such as Wannabe, Mama and 2 Become 1.", "Pop singer who was known as Ginger Spice while performing with the Spice Girls, known for hits like \"Wannabe.\"" ]

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[ "The country in which a motor vehicle's vehicle registration plate was issued is indicated by an international licence plate country code, formerly known as an International Registration Letter or International Circulation Mark, displayed in bold block uppercase on a small white oval plate or sticker near the number plate on the rear of a vehicle.", "All vehicles registered in the UK must display the international registration letters GB on the rear of the vehicle when taken temporarily abroad.", "There are currently 13,347 regular medallions, running from 1A10 to 9Y99, and including 136 SBV (\"Standby vehicle\") licenses, and TLC1 and TLC3. The letter series runs from 10 to 99, then advances to the next letter, skipping I, O, Q, R, S, X, Z. After Y, the first digit advances. The license plates bear a variation of the medallion number. The numbers assigned to boro taxis are not medallion numbers, but they are TLC Street Hail Livery license numbers which consist of two letters, starting with AA, and advancing to AB and AC... followed by three numbers. The license plates retain the previous numbers as a livery cab.", "The International Distinguishing Sign is an oval standardized sign composed of three black capital letters on a white background, indicating where the vehicle is registered.", "This represents the place where the car was first registered. Vehicles registered in Birmingham, for example, begin with the letters BA - BY; those registered in Chelmsford begin EA – EY.", "From 1963 until around 1990, in West Germany, private vehicles owned by members of British Forces Germany and their families were issued registration numbers in a unique format (initially two letters followed by three digits plus a \"B\" suffix, e.g. RH 249 B, then from the early 1980s three letters followed by two numbers plus the \"B\" suffix, e.g. AQQ 89 B). This was discontinued for security reasons, as it made them vulnerable to Provisional IRA attacks. Private vehicles driven by British military personnel are now issued with either standard UK number plates (if right hand drive) or German ones (if left hand drive), although the vehicle is not actually registered with the DVLA. ", "The license plate is rectangular in shape and made of aluminum. On the left, there is the country code \"TR\" in a 4×10 cm blue stripe like in EU countries (without the 12 golden stars). The text is in black characters on white background, and for official vehicles white on black. On all vehicles two plates have to be present, being one in front and the other in rear except motorcycles and tractors. The serial letters use the Turkish letters except Ç, Ş, İ, Ö, Ü and Ğ.", "In Jakarta, vehicles from year of 2009 and later start using three letter suffix, B 1234 ABC", "ACMAT  · Agricola  · Ajokki (Finland) · Albion Motors  · Alfa Romeo (Italy) · Amanco  · Astra (Italy) · AutoDiana  · Avia (Czech)  · Avia (Spain)  · Barreiros (Spain) · Berliet (France) · Bernard (France) · Bollnäs  · DAAG (Germany) · DAF (Netherlands) ( Paccar ) · EBIAN (Greece) · Ebro (Spanish) · ELBO (Greek) · Emelba (Spain) · Enasa (Spain) · Faun (German) · Fiat / Iveco (Italy)/ Ford Trucks / Iveco-Ford  · FTF Trucks (Netherlands) · Hanomag  · Hanomag Henschel  · Hispano-Suiza (Spain) · Intrall (Poland) · IPV (Spain) · Jelcz  · Kaelble  · KMC  · Laffly (France) · Latil (France) · LIAZ  · Magirus-Deutz (Germany) · MAN (German) · Mercedes Benz (German) · MOL (Belgium) · Panhard (France) · Pegaso (Spain) · Renault (France) · Roman  · Saurer (Switzerland) · Saviem  · Scania  · Scania-Vabis  · Steyr (Austria) · Tatra (Czech) · Uro (Spain) · Volkswagen (Germany) · Volvo (Sweden)", "Within the United Kingdom, motorists with vehicles registered in Great Britain may use number plates featuring the national flag of England, Scotland and Wales, or alternatively the Union Flag, together with the code name \"ENG\" for England, \"SCO\" for Scotland, \"Wales\" or \"CYM\" for Wales, \"GB\" for Great Britain or \"UK\" for United Kingdom respectively. Although not officially recognised outside the UK, they are authorised by the nation's Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency. However, motorists with vehicles registered in Northern Ireland fall within the jurisdiction of the Driver & Vehicle Agency, which does not permit the letters NI to appear alongside any flag; only the Union Flag alongside GB/UK or the EU format (featuring in this case the letters GB), being optionally permitted. The British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar, unlike the Crown dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man, counts as part of the EU and, therefore, uses number plates in the EU format.", "In the Falkland Islands, the format is 'F' followed by up to three digits and a letter registered in a strict numerical sequence. Plates should be black-on-yellow for the rear of the vehicle and black-on-white for the front of the vehicle although black-on-yellow is not unknown. Government vehicles are registered with 'F' followed by four digits. White on black was previously used.", "Stamp-issuing status: active; Population: 28,133,082 (1996). A republic in Northern Africa. Algeria was a territory of the Ottoman Turkish Empire from 1518-1830 and during this period was one of the centers of the Barbary pirates. France seized the coastal region in 1830 and during the 19th century expanded its rule inland. After World War II, Algerian nationalism increased, and French efforts to retain control resulted in a bitter civil war. In 1958, Algeria became an integral part of France, and French stamps replaced those of the colony. This effort to maintain the territory's association with France failed, and in 1962 Algeria became independent and resumed issuing its own stamps. Since independence, Algeria has been ruled by socialist and military governments. The first democratic elections in 1991 produced a victory for Islamic fundamentalists, and the military acted to nullify the electoral results. This provoked a bloody terrorist campaign by the fundamentalists, which continues and has claimed tens of thousands of civilian lives.", "The United Nations maintains a list of Distinguishing Signs of Vehicles in International Traffic; these codes appear in oval-shaped signs displayed on the rear of vehicles. These codes were authorized by the UN's 1949 and 1968 Conventions on Road Traffic. (In the U.S., the use of the oval design is not controlled and vehicles often display similar ovals with a wide variety of non-standard codes.) Many of the vehicle codes created since the adoption of ISO 3166 coincide with either the ISO 2-alpha or 3-alpha codes, but many of the codes, especially the older European ones, do not. In Europe, the vehicle codes are often used in postal addressing, preceding the delivery code. (Complete postal addressing information is available from the Universal Postal Union .)", "A vehicle registration plate is a metal or plastic plate attached to a motor vehicle or trailer for official identification purposes. The registration identifier is a numeric or alphanumeric code that uniquely identifies the vehicle within the issuing region's database . In some countries, the identifier is unique within the entire country, while in others it is unique within a state or province. Whether the identifier is associated with a vehicle or a person also varies by issuing agency. Depending on the country, the vehicle registration plate may be called a license plate or tag ( US ), licence plate ( Canada ), number plate or registration plate ( UK ).", "A North African country, Algeria is located on the Mediterranean coast and is bordered by Tunisia, Libya, Morocco, Western Sahara, Mauritania, Mali, and Niger. Algiers is the capital and biggest city of the country. It is the largest country in Africa and the 10th largest in the world. 48 provinces and 1,541 communes comprise Algeria.", "A European vehicle registration plate is a vehicle registration plate, a metal or plastic plate or plates attached to a motor vehicle or trailer for official identification purposes. The registration identifier is a numeric or alphanumeric code that uniquely identifies the vehicle within the issuing authority's database. In Europe most countries have adopted a common format for number plates, such as the common EU format issued in EU member states. This format satisfies the requirements in the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic, which states that cross-border vehicles must display a distinguishing code for the country of registration on the rear of the vehicle. This sign may either be an oval sticker placed separately from the registration plate or may be a blue stripe incorporated into the vehicle registration plate. When the distinguishing sign is incorporated into the registration plate, it must also appear on the front registration plate of the vehicle, and have the EU or national flag.", "New-style (post-1983, black lettering on white) Moroccan vehicle registrations have two numbers to the right of the plate to indicate the town of registration. ", "Currency:  Algerian dinar cannot be brought into or taken out of Algeria.   Declare all foreign currency at Customs upon arrival, using the form provided.", "Legislation, Law Enforcement, and Border Security: Algeria amended Article 87 of the Penal Code in 2013 to define terrorist acts in accordance with relevant international terrorism conventions. In 2013, Algeria made efforts to build the capacity of the National Gendarmerie’s National Institute of Forensic Science and Criminology to eventually obtain International Organization for Standardization certification. Algeria also acquired the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) – a milestone in creating a platform for future sharing of DNA data with other Algerian and international partners.", "Military vehicles have registration plates bearing their registration number preceded by the emblem of their respective military branch. Combat vehicles have red-on-white plates, while non-combat vehicles’ plates are white-on-black", "*The BMC trademark is registered (1564704, E1118348) to MG Rover Group Ltd in the UK. BMC is also the name of a commercial vehicle manufacturer in Turkey, formerly the Turkish subsidiary of the British Motor Corporation. It is believed that Nanjing Automotive may have purchased this from MG Rover, however the brand has not been reassigned as of 17 July 2006.", "Mopeds aren't allowed on highways. Required age is 14, but a specific license (\"patentino\") is required. Owners of car or bike licenses may drive them freely. Registration (with plate) and insurance are mandatory. The law dictates all mopeds be restricted to 45 km/h (28 mph), but this is largely ignored and it's common for dealerships to sell them unrestricted if asked beforehand; this is not tolerated by the authorities. The new law increases penalties up to € 1338,59. Helmets are mandatory. Since 2006, a passenger may be carried on suitably built (dual seat) and registered mopeds. The driver must be over 18 years. Mopeds registered before this date that satisfy the technical and legal requirements may be re-registered (a new plate is issued) and used to carry a passenger.", "Algiers has strengthened protectionist measures since 2015 to limit its import bill and encourage domestic production of non-oil and gas industries. Since 2015, the government has imposed additional regulatory requirements on access to foreign exchange fo", "The BMC trademark is registered (1564704, E1118348) to MG Rover Group Ltd in the UK. BMC is also the name of a commercial vehicle manufacturer in Turkey, formerly the Turkish subsidiary of the British Motor Corporation. It is believed that Nanjing Automotive may have purchased this from MG Rover, however the brand has not been reassigned as of 17 July 2006.", "Road Conditions and Safety: According to local media, Algeria has the fourth highest vehicular accident rate in the world. Problems include poorly maintained roads, a severe lack of roadway signage, insufficient vehicle maintenance, defective, pirated auto parts, driver fatigue, and reckless and unskilled drivers.  Lack of enforcement continues to be a major problem.  While emergency response resources are adequate in Algiers and other populated cities, this is not the case in rural areas.", "The Algerian Parliament ratifies the association agreement with the European Union signed in 2001. It should come into force in September 2005.", "le row. The plate has a white background and black text. The background on a hired motorbike should be yellow.", "Foreign entities have largely equal rights to establish and own business enterprises in Algeria and engage in most forms of remunerative activity, within the framework of the requirement for majority (51 percent) Algerian participation in all new foreign investments, including those in the banking sector. Private enterprises formally have equal status with public enterprises and compete on an equal basis with respect to access to markets, credit, and business operations.", "The industry standard size front number plate is 520 mm × 111 mm (20½\" × 4⅜\"). Rear plates are either the same size, or 285 mm × 203 mm (approx 11\"x8\") or 533 mm × 152 mm (approx 21\"x6\"). There is no specified legal size for a number plate. For example, the rear number plate of a Rover 75 is 635 mm x 175 mm.", "If traveling with prescription medication, check with the government of Algeria to ensure the medication is legal in Algeria. Always carry your prescription medication in original packaging with your doctor’s prescription. ", "If a mortgage / an absolute ownership / a lease has been registered, a letter issued from the relevant institution intimating that it does not object to the issue of a duplicate of the number plate / sticker.", "If you intend to register your vehicle at another LTO branch where it's not registered before, there's a charge of PhP100.00" ]

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[ "Jock and Ellie briefly separated in 1981 after Miss Ellie learned that Jock was the power behind Takapa, a land development deal that she was fighting against on the grounds of conservationism. After Ellie refused his order to back down and stay out of the matter, he left Southfork. However, they quickly reconciled and went on a second honeymoon to Paris. Upon returning to the United States, Jock and Miss Ellie arrived in Washington. D.C., where they were met by the U.S. State Department with a request for Jock to lead the development of the oil industry in South America. Ellie returned to Southfork alone, while Jock had conferences in Washington. Jock briefly returned to Dallas for a few hours before leaving for South America. While flying back from Venezuela to Texas, the helicopter he was in collided with a small plane and landed in a lake. Jock's body was never found, but he was declared dead in the fall of 1982. The storyline involving Jock's death was necessitated by the death of actor Jim Davis. A tribute to Davis was shown at the end of the episode \"The Search\"; a picture of Davis and the words \"Jim Davis 1909-1981\" was quietly displayed for some moments before the credits and music started. A memorial headstone to Jock stands on Southfork Ranch, beside Miss Ellie's headstone and grave.", "1982: Jock Ewing, the patriarch of the Ewing family on the television soap \"Dallas,\" died in an aircrash during this evening's episode. He does not come back to life.", "Born in 1939 in Dallas, Texas, John Ross Ewing Jr. is the namesake of his father and oldest of four children, Gary, Ray (half-brother with a different mother), and Bobby. His mother Ellie Ewing Farlow (nee: Southworth) was raised on their massive family ranch, Southfork, located in Braddock, north of Dallas. Jock, as his father was commonly known, vanished in a helicopter accident in 1981 and was declared dead within a year. The loss was very emotional for J.R. who idolized his father.", "Ellie Southworth was desperate to save Southfork, which was hit hard by the Great Depression of the 1930s, but Jock was reluctant to marry, even after Miss Ellie chose him over Digger, because unbeknownst to Miss Ellie, Jock was previously married to a woman named Amanda Lewis and looked after her psychiatric needs. Amanda had suffered a mental breakdown shortly after she and Jock were married, and Jock put her in a mental hospital. The doctor told Jock that Amanda would never recover and advised Jock to divorce her, which he eventually did in 1930. In 1936, Miss Ellie came to Jock, told him that she was pregnant with J.R., and demanded that he marry her. Jock and Miss Ellie married on the day that her family was to lose Southfork, and it was well known that Jock was the only man in Dallas with the money to save the ranch. Jock had a fragile and stormy relationship with Miss Ellie's father, Aaron Southworth, and with her brother, Garrison Southworth. On his deathbed, Aaron accepted Jock as part of his family by giving him his favorite gun.", "John Ross \"Jock\" Ewing, Sr. (1909–82) is a character in the popular American television series Dallas, played by Jim Davis (1978–81); in the made-for-TV movie prequel to the series, Dallas: The Early Years (1986), he was played by Dale Midkiff. Jock Ewing founded Ewing Oil in 1930 and was the patriarch of the Ewing family.", "In the Dallas episode \"Furious and the Fast \" J.R. was talking to his son John Ross on his cellphone someone walks up to him and shoots him twice. He was then buried next to Jock and Miss Ellie.  It was later revealed that J.R. had cancer and only had days to live in a letter he left for Bobby. ", "Jock Ewing was the first main character to depart the series, as he died offscreen in a mysterious plane accident in South America, early in season five. Actor Jim Davis had died mid-season in 1981, but remained credited throughout season four.", "With J.R. out of the picture and Jock dying before he could find out, Ray Krebbs never knew of his Ewing blood ties. After an injury he suffered in a Ewing Oil-sponsored rodeo, Ray became a down on his luck ranchhand, forcing to work two or three jobs to support his family, who are loving and very supportive of him. He does have a son called Jock.", "Notes: Jim Davis' untimely death left some pretty big boots to fill, and the smartest thing Dallas did in handling how to pass on Jock's torch to another patriarch was not do so obviously. Clayton Farlow was created originally for no other reason than to be Dusty's dad, and to be representative of the financial means with which Dusty had the capability to fight against J.R. for Sue Ellen. When we first met Clayton, Jock was alive and well and there was no reason to suspect he'd be going anywhere, nor that Clayton would have reason to stick around once the Dusty story was over.", "When Jim Davis died in 1981, it was decided to write him off by first having his character, Jock Ewing, disappear in the Amazon and eventually having him declared legally dead. See more »", "DeathFrazier was diagnosed with liver cancer in late September 2011. Within a few weeks, the cancer had metastasized. By November 2011, he was under hospice care, where he died on November 7.[1][27][28] Upon hearing of Frazier’s death, Muhammad Ali said, “The world has lost a great champion. I will always remember Joe with respect and admiration.”[29][30][31] Frazier’s private funeral took place on November 14 at the Enon Tabernacle Baptist Church in Philadelphia and in addition to friends and family was attended by Muhammad Ali, Don King, Larry Holmes, Magic Johnson, Dennis Rodman, among others. He was later buried at the Ivy Hill Cemetery, a short drive from the Enon Tabernacle Baptist Church.[32][33]", "At the time of his death, Richardson had been building a recording studio in his home in Beaumont, Texas, and was also planning to invest in a radio station. He had written 20 new songs he planned to record himself or with other artists.<br /><br /> Jay Perry Richardson took up a musical career and was known professionally as \"The Big Bopper, Jr.\", and performed around the world. He toured on the \"Winter Dance Party\" tour with Buddy Holly impersonator John Mueller on some stages where his father performed.<br /><br /> In January 2007, Jay requested that his father's body be exhumed and an autopsy be performed in response to an alleged internet rumor about guns being fired aboard the plane, and Richardson himself initially surviving the crash; although Jay Richardson never divulged the name of the site where he had seen this rumor. The autopsy was performed by Dr. Bill Bass, a forensic anthropologist at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Jay was present with Dr. Bass throughout the autopsy and observed as the casket was opened; both men were surprised to find the remains well enough preserved to be recognizable as those of the late rock star. \"Dad still amazes me 48 years after his death, that he was in remarkable shape,\" Richardson told the Associated Press. \"I surprised myself. I handled it better than I thought I would\". Dr. Bass's findings indicated no signs of foul play. Read Less", "When Larry Hagman died in 2012, he’d already been struggling with health issues for years. He kept working, though, and was chipper enough to reprise his role as the devious J.R. Ewing on TNT’s 2012 update of Dallas. Hagman died about a year into filming the new show, and as a result, his character was killed off using manipulated unaired footage of the actor. The death was, of course, something that had almost happened 30-odd years earlier when J.R. Ewing was first famously shot. In 2012, though, Ewing was in control of his own fate, having hired his private investigator to off him after receiving a diagnosis of terminal cancer. Dallas being the soapy, outlandish show it is, Ewing also managed to arrange his death so that his longtime rival, Cliff Barnes, got blamed for his assisted suicide.  ", "On the finale episode of DALLAS (5/3/91), Southfork was no more...well almost. It seemed that J.R. Ewing was contemplating suicide since his life was falling apart. A representative of Satan in the guise of an angel, offered J.R. the opportunity to see what the world would have been like had he not been born. He discovered that a new brother named Jason sold off the homestead and had Southfork leveled to make way for a huge housing development. So much for family loyalty.", "Larry Hagman , known for his roles as Major Tony Nelson on the 60s sitcom I Dream of Jeannie and oil tycoon J.R. Ewing on the 80s primetime soap opera Dallas, died of complications from cancer at a Dallas hospital on Friday. He was 81.", "The ongoing bond between the two series was eventually cut in 1986, as the tenth season premiere of Dallas declared Bobby's death the previous year had been a dream. Bobby's death had had some influence on the Knots Landing storylines as well, with Gary grieving for his dead brother while Gary's wife Abby, who had lost her brother Sid a few years earlier, consoled him. Abby and Greg Sumner then took advantage of Gary's grief and Gary's journey to Dallas for Bobby's funeral to gain politically at Empire Valley. Val also named her and Gary's son \"Bobby\" in memory of his late Uncle. Unlike the Dallas producers, the Knots Landing producers were not prepared to reset their series, resulting in the Knots Landing producers cutting off their show's links with Dallas. As a result, there were no further crossover episodes or storylines. Bobby Ewing was never mentioned again on Knots Landing.", "Texas A&M announced his death but did not give a location or a cause. He lived in College Station, Tex.", "Garrett died on February 25, 2008 in his hometown of Louisville, Kentucky. The cause of death was due to complications from a botched medical procedure performed at Baptist East Hospital in Louisville. It was originally suspected to be due to a brain aneurysm, but it was just a rumor which was confirmed by one of his relatives and announced by his former Playa bandmate Smoke Digglera.", "Rooney was hospitalized on October 25, 2011, after developing postoperative complications from an undisclosed surgery, and died on November 4, 2011, at the age of 92, less than five weeks after his last appearance on 60 Minutes. ", "WALTER CRONKITE: \"From Dallas, Texas, the flash, apparently official, President Kennedy died at one p.m. Central Standard Time, two o'clock Eastern Standard Time, some thirty-eight minutes ago.\"", "October 7: British star Chris Adams is shot to death by his friend William Parnell at the age of 46 in Waxahachie, Texas. Parnell claimed the two had been drinking heavily and that he shot Adams in self-defense when innocent roughhousing turned violent. Adams had his greatest success in the Texas-based World Class promotion in the 1980s. He wrestled briefly in WCW as a member of a British clique as recently as 2000.", "May 14, 1992 - Former NFL Player Dies of Brain Cancer after Using Steroids and HGH for Two Decades", "On Feb. 3, 1959, Buddy Holly of Lubbock, J.P. \"Big Bopper\" Richardson of Beaumont and Ritchie Valens of California, along with their pilot, were killed in the crash of a small charter plane in Clear ... more", "From Dallas, Texas, the flash, apparently official: (reading AP flash) \"President Kennedy died at 1 p.m. Central Standard Time.\" (glancing up at clock) 2 o'clock Eastern Standard Time, some 38 minutes ago. [28]", "Terry was tragically killed in an automobile accident on March 12, 1989 in Maryland. On February 27, 2009, He was posthumously inducted into the John B. McLendon, Jr. CIAA Athletic Hall of Fame.", "* Professional wrestler and wrestling promoter Jack Adkisson, better known as Fritz Von Erich, was the father of five sons who followed in his footsteps as wrestlers under the Von Erich name—Kevin, David, Kerry, Mike, and Chris. The family is famous for its supposed \"curse\"—although Jack lived until his natural death, his oldest son, Jack Jr., was killed in a freak childhood accident, David died in 1984 under disputed circumstances, and Mike, Chris, and Kerry all committed suicide between 1987 and 1993.", "1985 Bobby Ewing died on the season finale of \"Dallas\" on CBS-TV. He returned the following season.", "On February 3, 1959, Richardson died in a plane crash in Clear Lake, Iowa, along with music stars Buddy Holly and Ritchie Valens, and pilot Roger Peterson.", "Erroll Garner died from cardiac arrest related to emphysema on January 2, 1977. He is buried in Pittsburgh's Homewood Cemetery.", "Wilson's money drained away in a sorry tale of legal battles and unpaid tax, and he retired in 1996 at the age of 45. According to Waddell: \"He couldn't be Jocky Wilson without a lot of drink. He couldn't be the player he was. Unfortunately, the 10 pints of lager and the three or four vodkas are going to kill you, if you do it every night.\"", "Big Bopper Jr. dies in Katy. ... Jay P. Richardson, ... The younger Richardson, who was born two months after his father's death, ...", "Peat Wilson, the world famous TV announcer on Ch 5, KGO, dropped dead in the prime of his life." ]

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[ "A local chap hailing from Exeter with a huge passion for fine cuisine and a determination to use the very best local produce from the West Country, Michael Caine and his talented team have held two Michelin stars at Gidleigh Park since 1999. Michael's cuisine is truly original and brilliant, a fact recognised not just by appreciative visitors to Gideigh Park but by guidebook editors and those within the industry who bestoy the highest awards and accolades. With his classical French training in some of the finest restaurants in the world, Michael has created a style that is uniquely his own, at once classic yet also highly innovative. Constantly evolving and developing and never failing to delight in the perfect execution. The wild game of Dartmoor, fish from the Devon coast and produce from Gidleigh Park?s own kitchen garden all form the basis for the exceptional dishes.", "Sir Michael Caine, (; born Maurice Joseph Micklewhite; 14 March 1933) is an English actor and author. Renowned for his distinctive working class cockney accent, Caine has appeared in over 115 films and is regarded as a British film icon.", "Sir Michael Caine, CBE (/keɪn/; born Maurice Joseph Micklewhite; 14 March 1933) is an English actor and author. Renowned for his distinctive working class cockney accent, Caine has appeared in over 115 films and is regarded as a British film icon.", "Sir Michael Caine was born Maurice Joseph Micklewhite on 14th March 1933 in London. He has starred in over 100 films, most famous for his appearances in The Italian Job, Zulu, and as Harry Palmer in Alfie. In 200 Queen Elizabeth II knighted Caine for his significant contribution to cinema. ", "Icon of British cool in the 1960s, leading action star in the late '70s, and knighted into official respectability in 1993, Michael Caine has enjoyed a long, varied, and enviably prolific career. Although he played a part in some notable cinematic failures, particularly during the 1980s, Caine remains one of the most established performers in the…  More Bio:", "\"It's wonderful and it's even more beautiful to share it with my celestial twin, Michael Caine. (We were born on the) same year, month, day and hour. And we found that out 45 years ago. We did the music to 'Italian Job' in London, where my son was born - he's 45 now. And Michael taught me to -- his real name is Michael Micklewhite, Cary Grant (real name) is Archibald Leach, he's a cockney too. You know I did his last movie -- And he taught me cockney which is just like jazz slang, it's a prison language you know. He's just one of the greatest, most real human beings I've ever met in my life.\"", "Michael Caine Net Worth is $75 Million. Michael Caine is an award winning English actor and author with a net worth of $75 million. Michael Caine accumulated his net worth through successful acting career in television, on stage and screen, as well a Sir Maurice Joseph Micklewhite, CBE , better known as Michael Caine, is an English actor.", "Actor Michael Caine was born Maurice Micklewhite and chose the name Michael because he preferred the sound of it to the less glamorous-sounding \"Maurice\". He chose the name Caine reputedly because at the precise instant he needed to decide upon his new stage name, he saw a cinema marquee for the then-current movie The Caine Mutiny and thought that it would make a good last name in conjunction with Michael. (\"Had I looked the other direction,\" he would later quip, \"I'd be known as Michael The One Hundred and One Dalmatians.\") Similarly, actor Pete Postlethwaite was advised to adopt a different surname by peers who quipped that his \"would never be put up in lights outside theaters because they couldn't afford the electricity\" (Postlethwaite rejected the advice). Conversely, Doris Kappelhoff heeded the suggestion of a bandleader who said that her name would never fit on the marquee; since \"Day By Day\" had become a signature song for her she became known to the public as Doris Day.", "The Italian Job * Peter Collinson 1969. In the most famous Hollywood W11 scene, Michael Caine appears round the back of Alice’s antiques shop in the Denbigh Close mews.", "When Caine first became an actor, he adopted the stage name \"Michael Scott\". His agent soon informed him, however, that another actor was already using the same name, and that he had to come up with a new name immediately. Speaking to his agent from a telephone box in Leicester Square in London, Caine looked around for inspiration, noted that The Caine Mutiny was being shown at the Odeon Cinema, and decided to change his name to \"Michael Caine\". He once joked to an interviewer that had he looked the other way, he would have ended up as \"Michael One Hundred and One Dalmatians\".", "* Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy (Michael Caine, winner)", "Actor Michael Caine was knighted in 2000, and was known for his... Photo-6005650.81728 - Houston Chronicle", "BETTER Michael Caine (born Maurice Micklewhite) - Best and worst celebrity name changes - Pictures - CBS News", "In every film where Caine and Christopher Nolan make a collaboration, Caine's character either assists, guides, trains or educates the protagonist of each film. In The Prestige (2006), Caine portrays a magician who teaches the main character the art of illusion. For 'The Dark Knight trilogy', Caine plays a butler to the Wayne family, where he supports, nurtures and loves the main character Bruce Wayne (Batman). During Inception (2010), Caine depicts the father of the main protagonist, Cobb, and aids him by recruiting one of his students. In Interstellar (2014), Caine portrays a professor/engineer, who invites and encourages the central character, Cooper, to lead an important space mission that will determine the future of planet earth.", "Now that dates both of us. Harry Palmer – star of The Ipcress File, Caine’s breakthrough role – hit the screens 45 years ago. The longevity of Caine’s career is not the least remarkable thing about him. In his new autobiography, The Elephant to Hollywood, there are poignant personal recollections of two movie stars who were brought down by the pressures of stardom: one is Heath Ledger, the other Rita Hayworth. That is some chronological range. But Caine is still going strong.", "After working on The Italian Job with Noël Coward, and a solid role as RAF fighter pilot Squadron Leader Canfield in the all-star cast of Battle of Britain (both 1969), Caine played the lead in Get Carter (1971), a British gangster film. Caine was busy with successes including Sleuth (1972) opposite Laurence Olivier, and John Huston's The Man Who Would Be King (1975) co-starring Sean Connery which received widespread acclaim. The Times applauded the \"lovely double act of Caine and Connery, clowning to their doom\", while Huston paid tribute to Caine's improvisation as an actor: \"Michael is one of the most intelligent men among the artists I've known. I don't particularly care to throw the ball to an actor and let him improvise, but with Michael it's different. I just let him get on with it.\" ", "After launching the new millennium with both a revitalized career momentum and newfound popularity among fans who were too young to appreciate his early efforts, Caine once again scored a hit with the art-house circuit as the torturous Dr Royer-Collard in director Phillip Kaufman's Quills. Later paid homage by Hollywood icon Sylvester Stallone when the muscle-bound actor stepped into Caine's well-worn shoes for a remake of Get Carter (in which Caine also appeared in a minor role) the actor would gain positive notice the following year for his turn as a friend attempting to keep a promise in Last Orders. As if the Get Carter remake wasn't enought to emphasize Caine's coolness to a new generation of moviegoers, his turn as bespectacled super-spy Austin Powers' father in Austin Powers in Goldfinger proved that even years beyond The Italian Job Caine was still at the top of his game. Moving seamlessly from kitsch to stirring drama, Caine's role in 2002's The Quiet American earned the actor not only some of the best reviews of his later career, but another Oscar nomination as well.", "In the 2000s, Caine appeared in Miss Congeniality (2000), Last Orders (2001), The Quiet American (2002) and others that helped rehabilitate his reputation. Several of Caine’s classic films have been remade, including The Italian Job, Get Carter, Alfie and Sleuth. In the 2007 remake of Sleuth, Caine took over the role Laurence Olivier played in the 1972 version and Jude Law played Caine’s original role. Caine also starred in Austin Powers in Goldmember (2002) as Austin’s father and in 2003 he co-starred with Robert Duvall in Secondhand Lions. In 2005, he was cast as Bruce Wayne’s butler Alfred Pennyworth in the first production of the new Batman film series. In 2006, he appeared in the films Children of Men and The Prestige. In 2007 he appeared in Flawless, while in 2008 he reprised his role as Alfred in Christopher Nolan’s critically acclaimed Batman sequel, The Dark Knight as well as starring in the British drama Is Anybody There?, which explores the final days of life.", "After several minor roles, Caine came into the public eye as an upper-class British army officer in the 1964 film Zulu . This proved paradoxical, as Caine was to become notable for using a regional accent, rather than the Received Pronunciation hitherto considered proper for film actors. At the time, Caine's working-class cockney, just as with The Beatles' Liverpudlian accents, stood out to American and British audiences alike. Zulu was closely followed by two of his best-known roles: the spy \"Harry Palmer\", in The IPCRESS File (1965), and the woman-chasing Alfie (1966). He went on to play Palmer in a further two films. His trademark horn-rimmed glasses did not prevent him from becoming a pin-up. After ending the 1960s with the equally iconic The Italian Job and a solid role as an RAF fighter pilot, Squadron Leader Canfield, in the all-star cast of Battle of Britain (1969), Caine entered the 1970s with Get Carter, a British gangster film.", "What is the formula for Michael Caine's success in spy films? For one matter, he's had the luck to work in movies based on books by some of espionage's finest storytellers--Len Deighton, Graham Greene, Robert Ludlum, Frederick Forsythe, Jack Higgins. He's worked with top directors and stellar co-stars from Robert Duvall to Laurence Olivier. And, while not a classically trained actor, Caine has been a consummate professional praised by his co-workers, critics, and audiences.", "Caine previously won Golden Globe and London Film Critics Circle Awards and received a BAFTA Award nomination, all for Best Supporting Actor, for Little Voice. He won his latest London Film Critics Circle Award for his performance in Christopher Nolan 's period drama The Prestige. It was his second film for the director following their collaboration on the 2005 hit Batman Begins, in which Caine played Bruce Wayne's butler and confidant, Alfred. In 2008, he reprised the role of Alfred in Nolan's blockbuster The Dark Knight.", "In the 2000s, Caine appeared in Miss Congeniality (2000), Last Orders (2001), The Quiet American (2002), for which he was Oscar-nominated, and others. Several of Caine's classic films have been remade, including The Italian Job, Get Carter, Alfie and Sleuth. In the 2007 remake of Sleuth, Caine took over the role Laurence Olivier played in the 1972 version and Jude Law played Caine's original role. In an interview with CNN, Law spoke of his admiration for Caine: \"I learned so much just from watching how he monitored his performance, and also how little he has to do. He's a master technician and sometimes he was doing stuff I didn't see, I couldn't register. I'd go back and watch it on the monitor, it was like 'Oh my God, the amount of variety he's put in there is breathtaking.", "Since then, Caine has starred in such films as Noises Off, Blood and Wine, Quills, Miss Congeniality, Austin Powers: Goldmember, and Lasse Hallstr�m's Secondhand Lions. His more recent film work includes Gore Verbinski 's The Weather Man, Alfonso Cuaron's Children of Men, the 2007 remake of Sleuth, the title role in the independent film Harry Brown, and reuniting with Christopher Nolan in 2010's smash hit Inception. He also appears in the upcoming Journey 2: Mysterious Island for New Line/Warner Bros.", "Since then, Caine has starred in such films as Noises Off, Blood and Wine, Quills, Miss Congeniality, Austin Powers: Goldmember, and Lasse Hallström's Secondhand Lions. His more recent film work includes Gore Verbinski's The Weather Man, Alfonso Cuaron's Children of Men, the 2007 remake of Sleuth, the title role in the independent film Harry Brown, and reuniting with Christopher Nolan in 2010's smash hit Inception. He also appears in the upcoming Journey 2: Mysterious Island for New Line/Warner Bros.", "In 2005 Caine appeared in director Christopher Nolan ’s Batman Begins , playing the superhero ’s butler and confidant, Alfred. The film was a critical and commercial success. He reprised the role in the sequels The Dark Knight (2008) and The Dark Knight Rises (2012). Caine’s other notable films include the thrillers Children of Men (2006) and The Prestige (2006), the latter also directed by Nolan. In 2007 he starred in Kenneth Branagh ’s remake of Sleuth, portraying the character originally played by Olivier.", "Caine was nominated for a Golden Globe and Academy Award for his role as womanizing Alfie in Lewis Gilbert 1966 British film.", "\"My career is going better now than when I was younger. It used to be that I'd get the girl but not the part. Now I get the part but not the girl.\" Michael Caine", "''Is Anybody There?\" stars Bill Milner as a lonely 11-year-old whose parents run a nursing home, and Caine, as a cantankerous retired magician forced to live there. Joseph V. Amodio sat down recently with Caine — aka Sir Maurice Micklewhite (he was knighted in 2000) — to discuss war, romance and walking three miles a day.", "Caine's acting career began at the age of 20 in Horsham, Sussex, when he responded to an advertisement in The Stage for an assistant stage manager who would also perform small walk-on parts for the Horsham-based Westminster Repertory Company who were performing at the Carfax Electric Theatre. Adopting the stage name \"Michael Scott\", in July 1953 he was cast as the drunkard Hindley in the Company's production of Wuthering Heights. He moved to the Lowestoft Repertory Company in Suffolk for a year when he was 22. It was here that he met his first wife. He has described the first nine years of his career as \"really, really brutal.\" ", "“Is Anybody There?” stars Bill Milner as a lonely 11-year-old whose parents run a nursing home, and Caine, as a cantankerous retired magician forced to live there. Joseph V. Amodio sat down recently with Caine - aka Sir Maurice Micklewhite (he was knighted in 2000) - to discuss war, romance and walking three miles a day.", "‘Mr Caine, with the help of spectacular make-up, shows a range of which one had not expected from this excellent player of layabouts and secret agents.’ – The Sunday Times", "The former Maurice Micklewhite took his screen name from the 1954 film The Caine Mutiny . Caine entered motion pictures in 1956 and played a variety of roles in such British productions as A Hill in Korea (1956), How to Murder a Rich Uncle (1957), The Day the Earth Caught Fire (1961), and Zulu (1964). Success came with The Ipcress File (1965)—the first of four films in which Caine portrayed British spy Harry Palmer—but his real breakthrough was in the title role of Alfie (1966), for which he received an Academy Award nomination as best actor. His other successful films of the 1960s include Funeral in Berlin (1966), Gambit (1966), The Wrong Box (1966), Hurry Sundown (1967), and The Italian Job (1969)." ]

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[ "Evening Class is a novel by Maeve Binchy. It was adapted as the award-winning film Italian for Beginners (2000) by writer-director Lone Scherfig, who failed to formally acknowledge the source, although at the very end of the closing credits is the line 'with thanks to Maeve Binchy'.", "You can read more book reviews or buy Evening Class by Maeve Binchy at Amazon.co.uk .", "You can read more book reviews or buy Evening Class by Maeve Binchy at Amazon.com .", "Gertrude Stein (February 3, 1874 – July 27, 1946) was an American novelist, poet, playwright and art collector. Born in the Allegheny West neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and raised in Oakland, California, Stein moved to Paris in 1903, and made France her home for the remainder of her life. She hosted a Paris salon, where the leading figures in modernism in literature and art would meet, such as Pablo Picasso, Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Sinclair Lewis, Ezra Pound, and Henri Matisse. ", "A story of many Irish men and women from various backgrounds and how a teacher, Nora O'Donoghue (known as \"Signora\"), and an Italian evening class changes their lives over the course of a year. Each chapter deals with the life story of one or more students in the class. In a Dickensian way, they bump into each other and are affected by the decisions of those around them.", "Louisa May Alcott (; November 29, 1832 – March 6, 1888) was an American novelist and poet best known as the author of the novel Little Women (1868) and its sequels Little Men (1871) and Jo's Boys (1886). Raised by her transcendentalist parents, Abigail May and Amos Bronson Alcott in New England, she grew up among many of the well-known intellectuals of the day such as Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau.", "Born in London in 1930, Harold Pinter is a renowned playwright and screenwriter. His plays are particularly famous for their use of understatement to convey characters' thoughts and feelings. In 2005, Pinter was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature.", "George Bernard Shaw (26 July 1856 – 2 November 1950) was an Irish playwright and a co-founder of the London School of Economics. Although his first profitable writing was music and literary criticism, in which capacity he wrote many highly articulate pieces of journalism, his main talent was for drama, and he wrote more than 60 plays. He was also an essayist, novelist and short story writer. Nearly all his writings address prevailing social problems, but have a vein of comedy which makes their stark themes more palatable. Issues which engaged Shaw's attention included education, marriage, religion, government, health care, and class privilege.", "William Somerset Maugham (pronounced 'mawm'), CH (25 January 1874 – 16 December 1965) was an English playwright , novelist and short story writer . He was among the most popular writers of his era, and reputedly, the highest paid author during the 1930s.", "Pinter was born and raised in Hackney, east London, and educated at Hackney Downs School. He was a sprinter and a keen cricket player, acting in school plays and writing poetry. He attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art but did not complete the course. He was fined for refusing National Service as a conscientious objector. Subsequently, he continued training at the Central School of Speech and Drama and worked in repertory theatre in Ireland and England. In 1956 he married actress Vivien Merchant and had a son, Daniel born in 1958. He left Merchant in 1975 and married author Lady Antonia Fraser in 1980.", "In 1947 Malcolm Lowry published Under the Volcano, while George Orwell's satire of totalitarianism, 1984, was published in 1949. Other novelists writing in the 1950s and later were: Anthony Powell whose twelve-volume cycle of novels A Dance to the Music of Time, is a comic examination of movements and manners, power and passivity in English political, cultural and military life in the mid-20th century; Nobel Prize laureate William Golding's allegorical novel Lord of the Flies 1954, explores how culture created by man fails, using as an example a group of British schoolboys marooned on a deserted island. Philosopher Iris Murdoch was a prolific writer of novels throughout the second half of the 20th century, that deal especially with sexual relationships, morality, and the power of the unconscious. Scottish writer Muriel Spark pushed the boundaries of realism in her novels. The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (1961), at times takes the reader briefly into the distant future, to see the various fates that befall its characters. Anthony Burgess is especially remembered for his dystopian novel A Clockwork Orange (1962), set in the not-too-distant future,", "William Somerset Maugham (25 January 1874 – 16 December 1965) was an English playwright, novelist, and short story writer; often published as simply W. Somerset Maugham.", ".0000000000On a perfect June morning, Clarissa Dalloway fashionable, worldly, wealthy, an accomplished hostess sets off to buy flowers for the party she is to give that evening. She is preoccupied with thoughts of the present and memories of the past, and from her interior monologue emerge the people who have touched her life. On the same day Septimus Warren Smith, a shellshocked survivor of the Great War, commits suicide, and casual mention of his death at the party provokes in Clarissa thoughts of her own isolation and loneliness. Bold and experimental, Mrs Dalloway is a landmark in twentieth-century fiction and a book that gets better with each reading.With an Afterword by Anna South.", "Maugham kept his own lodgings, took pleasure in furnishing them, filled many notebooks with literary ideas, and continued writing nightly while at the same time studying for his degree in medicine. In 1897, he presented his second book for consideration. (The first was a biography of opera composer Giacomo Meyerbeer written by the 16-year-old Maugham in Heidelberg. [9] ) Liza of Lambeth , a tale of working-class adultery and its consequences, drew its details from Maugham's experiences as a medical student doing midwifery work in the London slum of Lambeth. The novel is of the school of social-realist \"slum writers\" such as George Gissing and Arthur Morrison . Frank as it is, Maugham still felt obliged to write near the opening of the novel: \"...it is impossible always to give the exact unexpurgated words of Liza and the other personages of the story; the reader is therefore entreated with his thoughts to piece out the necessary imperfections of the dialogue.\"", "sentimental novel by James Hilton, published serially and in book form in 1934. The work depicts the career of a gentle schoolteacher at an English public school.", "Nothing Like the Sun is a fictional recreation of Shakespeare's love-life and an examination of the supposedly partly syphilitic sources of the bard's imaginative vision. The novel, which drew on Edgar I. Fripp's 1938 biography Shakespeare, Man and artist, won critical acclaim and placed Burgess among the first rank novelists of his generation. M/F (1971) was listed by the writer himself as one of the works of which he was most proud. Beard's Roman Women was revealing on a personal level, dealing with the death of his first wife, his bereavement, and the affair that led to his second marriage. In Napoleon Symphony, Burgess brought Bonaparte to life by shaping the novel's structure to Beethoven's Eroica symphony. The novel contains a portrait of an Arab and Muslim society under occupation by a Christian western power (Egypt by Catholic France). In the 1980s, religious themes began to feature heavily (The Kingdom of the Wicked, Man of Nazareth, Earthly Powers). Though Burgess lapsed from Catholicism early in his youth, the influence of the Catholic \"training\" and worldview remained strong in his work all his life. This is notable in the discussion of free will in A Clockwork Orange, and in the apocalyptic vision of devastating changes in the Catholic Church – due to what can be understood as Satanic influence – in Earthly Powers (1980).", "The structure of this ambitious work is an unequal triptych: the first section (almost half the novel at 187 pages) is set in an English country house on just two hot days in the summer of 1935; the second section (168 pages) jumps to May 1940 and the retreat from Dunkirk; while a short third section (just 20 pages) brings us to London in 1999. In the first part, 13 year old aspiring writer Briony Tallis observes her 23 year old sister Cecilia in two incidents with Robbie Turner, the Cambridge-educated son of the char lady - one a tussle over an expensive vase by the side of the garden fountain and the other a more intimate encounter in the house's library. Briony's misunderstanding or misinterpretation or misrepresentation of these events sets the scene for tragic circumstances for which she spends a lifetime of atonement in the only form a novelist knows how.", "Kingsley Amis was born in south London in 1922 and was educated at the City of London School and St John's College, Oxford. At one time he was a university lecturer, a keen reader of science fiction and a jazz enthusiast. After the publication of  Lucky Jim  in 1954, which has become a modern classic, Kingsley Amis wrote over twenty novels, including The Alteration (1976), winner of the John W. Campbell Memorial Award,  The Old Devils  (1986), winner of the Booker Prize , and The Biographer's Moustache (1995), which was to be his last book. He published a variety of other work, including a survey of science fiction entitled New Maps of Hell (1960); Rudyard Kipling and His World (1975); The Golden Age of Science Fiction (1981); Collected Poems (1979); and his Memoirs (1991). He wrote ephemerally on politics, education, language, films, television, restaurants and drink. In 1995 Eric Jacobs published Kingsley Amis, a biography of the distinguished writer, on which Amis himself collaborated. Kingsley Amis was awarded the CBE in 1981 and received a knighthood in 1990. He died in 1995.", "The first Weinrebe lecture in life-writing was given by Michèle Roberts, Emeritus Professor of Creative Writing at the University of East Anglia. The lecture is introduced by Professor Hermione Lee. In this lecture, Michèle Roberts offers a stimulating blend of moving personal accounts, and thought-provoking reflections on the theory of life-writing. Michèle Roberts is the author of twelve highly acclaimed novels, including The Looking Glass and Daughters of the House which won the WHSmith Literary Award and was shortlisted for the Booker Prize. Her memoir Paper Houses was BBC Radio 4's Book of the Week in June 2007. She has also published poetry and short stories, most recently collected in Mud- stories of sex and love (2010). Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales; http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/", "Louis de Bernières (born 8 December 1954) is a British novelist most famous for his fourth novel, Captain Corelli's Mandolin. In 1993 de Bernières was selected as one of the \"20 Best of Young British Novelists\", part of a promotion in Granta magazine. Captain Corelli's Mandolin was published in the following year, winning the Commonwealth Writers Prize for Best Book. It was also shortlisted for the 1994 Sunday Express Book of the Year. It has been translated into over 11 languages and is an international bestseller.", "Despite his heavy socializing, Capote maintained a rigorous writing schedule for most of his life. He published A Tree of Night, a collection of stories, in 1949, followed in 1950 by Local Color, a collection of travel essays. The Muses Are Heard, his comic satire of his travels in Russia with the cast of the George Gershwin musical Porgy and Bess, came out in 1956, and in 1958 he published one of his best-known works, Breakfast at Tiffany's, a short novel set in New York. Three years later, Paramount Pictures released a highly acclaimed film version starring Audrey Hepburn and George Peppard.", "In 1889 book writer Howard Lindsay was born. Lindsay became best known for writing the books to THE SOUND OF MUSIC, CALL ME MADAM, MR. PRESIDENT, and ANYTHING GOES.", "(1923–  ) writer; born in New York City. He studied at the University of Southern California, New York University (B.A. 1948), Columbia University (M.A. 1949), and Oxford, England (1949–50). He became an advertising writer and promotion manager in New York City (1952–56), and taught at various universities, notably at City College of New York, until 1975. He wrote for television, movies, and theater, but is best known for several novels, most notably his famous antiwar work, Catch-22 (1961).", "His first novel, A Trick of the Light, was published in 1984. His other novels include The Girl at the Lion d'Or (1989), set in France between the First and Second World Wars, and the bestselling Birdsong (1993), the story of a young Englishman called Stephen Wraysford and his harrowing experiences fighting in northern France during the First World War. The main narrative is intercut with scenes from the life of Stephen's granddaughter, Elizabeth, a young woman living in the 1970s who travels to France to discover more about her grandfather's life. The Fatal Englishman: Three Short Lives (1996) is a multiple biography of the lives of the artist Christopher Wood, airman Richard Hillary and spy Jeremy Wolfenden.", "This stunning debut tells the story of the lone African-American teacher at an elite all-boys boarding school, a promising black inner-city student who is new to the school, and a middle-aged white divorcée. Compelling and provocative, this novel explores how race and class entangle and sets our characters on the path toward a tragic confrontation.", "The Graduate is a 1963 novel by Charles Webb, who wrote it shortly after graduating from Williams College. It tells the story of Benjamin Braddock, who, while pondering his future after his graduation, has an affair with the older Mrs. Robinson, the wife of his father's business partner.", "Forster's two best-known works, A Passage to India and Howards End, explore the irreconcilability of class differences. A Room with a View also shows how questions of propriety and class can make human connection difficult. The novel is his most widely read and accessible work, remaining popular long after its original publication. His posthumous novel Maurice explores the possibility of class reconciliation as one facet of a homosexual relationship.", "He is one-seventh of The School of Night, literary improvisers who have appeared at The British Library, Soho Theatre, The Old Vic Tunnels, three times at Edinburgh Festival Fringe, the English Theatre of Hamburg and the late Jeremy Beadle’s library, and also improvised in Decor without Production (Royal Court). He is a regular collaborator with Slung Low – Camelot: The Shining City (Sheffield Crucible), The White Whale (a new version of Moby Dick), 59 Minutes to Save Christmas (Barbican), Beyond The Frontline (Salford Quays), Mapping The City (Hull).", "A common theme in my reviews of Bookers is the prevalence of the theme of class, and Rites of Passage is no exception. In fact, one important line of the book is that \"class is the language of the British\". This novel is steeped in concepts of class and where the boundaries are.", "His non-fiction for adults includes books for teachers, such as Did I Hear You Write? (1989) and A Year with Poetry (1997). He has also recently written three books of autobiography entitled, Carrying the Elephant (2002); This Is Not My Nose (2004) and In the Colonie (2005), and he edited these and added new poems, for a Selected Poems (2007).", "In 2001 he wrote Birthday, a sequel to Saturday Night and Sunday Morning. He continued to write a range of other works thereafter but – perhaps frustratingly for him – remained best known as a provincial realist who, he said, \"strove to explain the complications of the human soul with a simplicity that can be universally understood.\"", "Most famous work: The Piano Teacher – the 1983 novel is about a piano teacher who gets in a sadomasochistic relationship with her student." ]

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[ "Air Pacific Limited, trading as Fiji Airways (and formerly as Air Pacific), is the flag carrier airline of Fiji. It is based in Nadi and operates international and domestic services to 10 countries and 17 cities around the Pacific Ocean, including Oceania, the United States and Hong Kong. Fiji Airways annually transports almost two-thirds of the visitors to the country.", "Air Pacific is the flag carrier airline of Fiji and has been in service since 1951. The airline was founded by Australian aviator, Harold Gatty, and begun life as Katafanga Estates, a domestic airline which flew around the Fijian islands from it's base at Nausori Airport.", "Air Pacific (tel. 800/227-4446; www.airpacific.com), Fiji's international airline, has extensive service to Nadi from Sydney, Brisbane, and Melbourne in Australia, and Auckland, Wellington, and Christchurch in New Zealand. It flies its own planes 6 days a week between Nadi and Los Angeles, a service it code-shares with Air New Zealand and Qantas , and once weekly between Vancouver, B.C., and Nadi via Honolulu. One of its Nadi-Honolulu flights stops in Christmas Island in the central Pacific. It code-shares with American Airlines, which provides feeder service from many U.S. and Canadian cities to Los Angeles. Within the region, it links Nadi to Samoa and Tonga, and it goes west to Vanuatu and Solomon Islands. It also provides nonstop service between Fiji and Japan.", "“Air Pacific’s greatest asset is its people – from our maintenance and ground crews, to the pilots and flight attendants, to our schedulers and administrative staff,” Mr. Pflieger told Fiji Islands magazine. \"The many changes and the improvements they are making now will serve Fiji and Fijians well for another 60 years. They are rising to the challenge of new competition and an ever changing world, and creating a strong legacy. It is an honour to work with everyone here.\"", "By the early 1970s, seven Pacific island governments, some still under British rule at the time, held shares in Air Pacific, in addition to shares held by Qantas, TEAL (now Air New Zealand) and the British Overseas Airways Corporation (later merged to form British Airways). However, the regional airline idea lost support as some of the shareholding Pacific island governments sold their shares and created their own national airlines.", "Qantas Airways (tel. 800/227-4500; www.qantas.com), the Australian carrier, has flights from several Australian cities and Fiji, and between Los Angeles and Fiji (its Fiji-bound passengers fly on Air Pacific planes).", "Pacific Voyager Class: Enjoy Air Pacific's economy class friendly service designed for you to relax throughout your flight fo Fiji. Experience Fijian hospitality with an extensive range of inflight entertainment.", "Philippine Airlines (PAL) [1] , Cebu Pacific [2] , Air Asia [3] are the national carriers.", "Aeroflot, American, Air Berlin, Air France, Air Tahiti Nui, Air New Zealand, Alitalia, All Nippon Airways, Asiana, British Airways, Cathay Pacific, China Airlines, China Eastern, China Southern, El Al Israel Airlines, Emirates, Etihad, EVA Air, Fiji Airways , Ethiopian, Iberia Airlines, Japan Airlines, KLM Royal Dutch, Korean Air, LAN Airlines, LAN Peru, Lufthansa, Norwegian, Philippine Airlines, Qantas, Qatar Airways, Saudia, Singapore Airlines, Swiss International Airlines, Thai Airways, Transaero Airlines, & Turkish Airlines", "Pan Am planned to start land plane service over Alaska to Japan and China, and sent Lindbergh on a survey flight in 1930; however, the ongoing political upheaval in the Soviet Union and Japan made the route nonviable. Trippe then decided to start a service from San Francisco to Honolulu, and from there to Hong Kong and Auckland following existing steamship routes. After negotiating rights in 1934 to land at Pearl Harbor, Midway Island, Wake Island, Guam, and Subic Bay (Manila), Pan Am shipped $500,000 worth of aeronautical equipment westward in March 1935 and ran its first survey flight to Honolulu in April with a Sikorsky S-42 flying boat. The airline won the contract for a San Francisco-Canton mail route later that year, running its first commercial flight in a Martin M-130 on November 22 to massive media fanfare. Later, Pan Am used Boeing 314 flying boats for the Pacific route: in China, passengers could connect to domestic flights on the Pan Am-operated China National Aviation Corporation (CNAC) network. Pan Am flew to Singapore for the first time in 1941, starting a semimonthly service which reduced San Francisco-Singapore travel times from 25 days to 6 days.[5] The Boeing 314s were also used on transatlantic routes starting in 1939.", "On July 31, 1946, a chartered Philippine Airlines (PAL) DC-4 ferried 40 American servicemen to Oakland, California, from Nielson Airport in Makati City with stops in Guam, Wake Island, Johnston Atoll and Honolulu, Hawaii, making PAL the first Asian airline to cross the Pacific Ocean. A regular service between Manila and San Francisco was started in December. It was during this year that the airline was designated as the flag carrier of Philippines.", "In July 2011, All Nippon Airways and AirAsia agreed to form a low-cost carrier , called AirAsia Japan , based at Tokyo's Narita International Airport . ANA held 51 percent shares and AirAsia held 33 percent voting shares and 16 percent non-voting shares through its wholly owned subsidiary, AA International. [31] The carrier lasted until October 2013, when AirAsia withdrew from the joint venture; the carrier was subsequently rebranded as Vanilla Air .", "Jetstar [3] is a budget Australian airline that recently started connecting Honolulu to several cities in Australia . Also Hawaiian Airlines, United, Delta and several other carriers have several direct flights to Honolulu from Canada, Japan, South Korea, China, Taiwan, The Philippines, Australia, and New Zealand.", "Air New Zealand has Pacific Wave which used to be called Pacific Way until NZ roled out the current livery with a blue and teal wave device on the forward part of the fuselage. This is also known as the Pacific Wave.", "July 2011, All Nippon Airways and AirAsia have agreed to form a low-cost carrier AirAsia Japan based in Tokyo's Narita International Airport. ANA held 51 percent shares and AirAsia held 33 percent voting shares and 16 percent non-voting shares through its wholly owned subsidiary, AA International. The carrier lasted until October 2013, when AirAsia withdrew from the joint venture; the carrier was subsequently rebranded as Vanilla Air.", "Cebu Pacific Air is an airline owned by Cebu-based Gokongwei family. On May 28, 2008, Cebu Pacific was named as the world's number one airline in terms of growth. The airline carried a total of almost 5.5 million passengers in 2007, up 57.4% from 2006. On January 6, 2011, Cebu Pacific flew its 50 millionth passenger (from Manila to Beijing). The airline reached the 100 million passengers in 2015. Cebu Pacific commenced international long-haul flights to Middle East and Australia, flight to Guam starting Q1 2016.", "Alaska Airlines, easyJet, Japan Airlines, Jet Airways, JetBlue, Jetstar, Korean Air, Qantas, S7 Airlines, South African Airways, TAP Portugal, Virgin America. ", "In 1935 Pan Am would begin Trans-Pacific service to Manila in the Philippines via Hawaii, Midway Island, Wake Island and Guam.  Soon thereafter the Manila service would be extended onto Macau and then Hong Kong.  The Pacific service was inaugurated with the famous Martin 130 \"China Clipper\" flying boat which is seen on the right.", "North America has JetBlue, Southwest Airlines, Volaris and WestJet. Europe has Ryan Air and EasyJet. Asia has AirAsia, Jetstar and Tiger Airways, all of which also serve Australia. South America, unfortunately, has a notable shortage of low-cost air carriers.", "Polynesian Airlines is the national flag carrier of Samoa and has been since it’s inauguration in 1962. The airline once flew all over the Pacific until the introduction of flights by Virgin Samoa and Virgin Australia airlines to the region, which between them were able to offer the same routes for less cost. Today the airline flies to just one destination from it’s main airport hub at -", "Wednesday, October 21, 1936:Pan American Airways initiated regular weekly transpacific passenger service as the Hawaii Clipper took of from Alameda, near San Francisco, arriving at Manila on October 27. (See November 22-29, 1935, and April 28, 1937.)", "Fiji Airways has a subsidiary airline Fiji Link (formerly Pacific Sun) that offers domestic flights and flights to the nearby islands of Tonga, Samoa, Tuvalu and Vanuatu. Fiji Airways is also a partner with the frequent flyer programmes of Alaska Airlines, American Airlines, and Qantas.", "In November 2010 Pan American Airways, Incorporated, was resurrected for the fifth time by a company named World-Wide Consolidated Logistics, Inc. The reincarnated operator is based at Brownsville/South Padre Island International Airport in Brownsville, Texas. The airline's inaugural flight was to Monterrey, Mexico, on November 12, 2010. The airline had said it would carry cargo only at first but intended to announce passenger service by 2011. However, due to serious legal charges that were laid against the company's CEO Robert L. Hedrick in 2012, including child pornography charges for which he was eventually convicted, the company lost its bid with the FAA to pursue passenger or cargo flights of any kind. ", "Polynesian Airlines (tel. 21-261 in Samoa; www.polynesianairlines.com), the national carrier of Samoa, connects its home base at Apia to American Samoa.", "United Airlines bought PanAm’s pacific routes and hired many pilots, flight attendants and pacific station personnel. They were very valuable in helping United transition into a true international airline.", "Try including Pacific Northern Airlines (PNA) who was purchased in (I believe) 1974 by Western Airlines – now part of the Delta family. This puchase, by WAL, gave them the CONUS to Alaska reach. Western Airlines….The Only Way to Fly…..", "Air Marshall Islands is the flag carrier airline of the Marshall Islands. The airline was formed in 1980 and flies to twenty eight domestic destinations within the Marshall Islands, from it’s main airport hub at -", "Shown below are several airlines which are either based in or travel around the South Pacific.  ", "Also when Pan Am went bankrupt United bought all the profitable Pacific routes. One or two of the major Mgmt people also went with United.", "While Delta acquired some of PanAm’s assets, most of them were acquired by United. In February 1986, United assumed Pan Am’s entire Pacific Division. Unite acquried most of the Atlantic and Latin American Divisions of PanAm in in 1991.", "Pacific Express flew BAC-111 and B737-200 operated out of SFO and LAX with their headquarters based in Chico, CA. They attempted to restructure after UAL mirrored their strategy ultimately going defunct on Feb 2, 1984.", "Where is Pacific Northern Airlines which operated between PDX/SEA and many Alaska destinations? I worked for them 1955-1987 until they merged with Western Airlines." ]

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[ "PURCHASE, N.Y., March 16— John Clifford's Ballet of Los Angeles would have been attraction enough when it appeared Friday night at the Performing Arts Center of the State University College at Purchase. Mr. Clifford was a popular dancer with the New York City Ballet, which he left in 1973. And his company visits New York infrequently. But this visit included Allegra Kent, a former ballerina of the City Ballet, who seldom performs these days, but whose magic is legendary.", "In her Krishnamurti period, Shirley heard of a boarding school based on that guru's philosophy in Ojai, Calif. But she forgot its name, so she picked a school at random in the Ojai Valley and dropped Allegra off. The child now plotted how to get her mother back. In gym class she discovered she was a great jumper. She wrote her mother that she wanted to become a ballerina -- an idea that must have strummed some chord deep in Shirley's brain, for she fetched Allegra and took her to the two best ballet teachers in Los Angeles, Bronislava Nijinska and Carmelita Maracci. By the age of 12, Allegra was in ballet class nine hours a week. Her future as a dancer was Shirley's new religion, until, pretty soon, it wasn't. Allegra, she now decided, should quit dancing, go to college. But it was too late. Allegra Kent was accepted into the New York City Ballet at age 15.", "One of the greatest of George Balanchine's ballerinas, Allegra Kent joined the New York City Ballet at the age of fifteen and only two years later inspired Balanchine's \"The Unanswered Question\" (from Ivesiana). Beautiful, sensuous, mysterious, she quickly became an essential Balanchine dancer. He created central roles for her in 'Episodes', 'Bugaku', 'The Seven Deadly Sins, Stars and Stripes', and the 'Brahms-Schoenberg Quartet', as well as reviving 'La Sonnambula' for her. An immense favorite of audiences here and abroad, she had a particularly spectacular success on the company's famous Russian tour in 1962. But the story of her personal life is at least as dramatic as the story of her rise to fame. Raised haphazardly by a mostly absent father and an all-too-present mother, she married the first man she ever dated, the celebrated (and complicated) photographer Bert Stern. And she suspended her career three times to have children, no matter what the cost to her work. Allegra Kent is today a triumphant survivor of a difficult, troubled, yet deeply gratifying life, and her writing reflects the intelligence, grace, and artistry that characterized her dancing. Her account of a bizarre childhood, a magnificent if unusual dance career, a charged, complicated, domestic life, and a never-ending struggle with emotional, physical, and financial pressures is fascinating as are her portraits of the other great dance figures who punctuated her life, from Balanchine to Baryshnikov. show more", "Allegra Kent’s scintillating autobiography, Once a Dancer..., begins with these prescient words: “As a child, I knew I had one great possession: my body. It was little and quick. I lived within it.” -This month, Kent, who danced with the New York City Ballet for more than 30 years, celebrates a couple of milestones. The first is the reissue of her memoir, charming and juicy by turns; the second occurs on Monday 9, when Kent is presented with a Dance Magazine Award. In the program, held at Florence Gould Hall, Janie Taylor of NYCB will perform Kent’s original part in “The Unanswered Question,” in which a ballerina is held aloft, her feet never touching the floor. Interviewing Kent is a little like trying to catch a butterfly without a net. Her ballerina days aren’t exactly over; now she dances with words.", "Theatre (or theater, see spelling differences) is a branch of the performing arts. Any performance may be considered theatre; however, as a performing art, theatre focuses almost exclusively on live performers creating a self-contained drama. A performance qualifies as dramatic by creating a representational illusion. By this broad definition, theatre had existed since the dawn of man, as a result of the human tendency for storytelling. Since its inception, theatre has come to take on many forms, utilizing speech, gesture, music, dance, and spectacle, combining the other performing arts, often as well as the visual arts, into a single artistic form.", "Big name indeed. During Allegra's nine years studying ballet, Gianni secured a birthday dance for his niece with ballet superstar Maurice Béjart.", "Opera is a combination of many art forms: singing, orchestral music, acting, dancing, mime, costumes, scenic design and painting, lighting, and makeup design.", "Kent joined the New York City Ballet company in 1952, at age 15. Within a few years, Balanchine began creating ballets inspired by her complexities as a dancer: her otherworldly stage presence, her innocent sensuality, her hyperactivity, her tendency to go outside technique to move in beautiful and strange ways. (In 1958, he even revived Night Shadow, renamed La Sonnambula, for Kent.)", "Citation: In recognition of her revolutionary contributions to American dance -- combining classical discipline and ballet technique with modern dance and natural movements -- and for her innovative choreography for stage and film.", "Lady Gaga (born Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta; March 28, 1986) is an American recording artist. She had enrolled at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts to study music, but left the college and began performing in the rock music scene of New York City's Lower East Side. She soon signed with Streamline Records, an imprint of Interscope Records, upon its establishment in 2007. During her early time at Interscope, she worked as a songwriter for fellow label artists and captured the attention of Akon, who recognized her vocal abilities, and got her signed to his own label, Kon Live Distribution.", "Opera has existed for more than four hundred years. Opera incorporates all varieties of other art forms; dance, visual arts, music, costumes, sets and make-up.", "Madonna (born Madonna Louise Ciccone; August 16, 1958) is an American recording artist, actress and entrepreneur. Born in Bay City, Michigan , she moved to New York City in 1977 to pursue a career in modern dance. After performing in pop groups, she released her debut album in 1983. She followed it with a series of albums in which she found immense popularity by pushing the boundaries of lyrical content in mainstream popular music and imagery in her music videos, which became a fixture on MTV. Throughout her career, most of her songs have hit number one on the record charts, including \" Like a Virgin \", \" Papa Don't Preach \", \" Like a Prayer \", \" Vogue \", \" Frozen \", \" Music \", \" Hung Up \", and \" 4 Minutes \". Madonna has been praised by critics for her diverse musical productions while at the same time serving as a lightning rod for religious controversy.", "The strength of all the Arts including writing, painting, dance, and theater have the ability to create a similar effect.", "Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta (/ˈstɛfəniː dʒɜːrməˈnɒtə/ STEF-ə-nee jur-mə-NOT-ə; born March 28, 1986), known professionally as Lady Gaga, is an American singer, songwriter, and actress. She performed initially in theater, appearing in high school plays, and studied at CAP21 through New York University's Tisch School of the Arts before dropping out to pursue a musical career. After leaving a rock band, participating in the Lower East Side's avant garde performance art circuit, and being dropped from a contract with Def Jam Recordings, Gaga worked as a songwriter for Sony/ATV Music Publishing. From there, recording artist Akon noticed her vocal abilities and helped her to sign a joint deal with Interscope Records and his own KonLive Distribution.", "Kent attended Los Angeles City College and graduated from the University of Southern California in 1973 with a B.S. in Business Administration. However, his real passion in college was always music. He earned almost as many music credits as he did credits in his major. Music composition, conducting, vocal performance, music history and opera were his real loves. While in college he was able to take conducting classes from three of the greatest choral conductors in America: Charles Hirt, Roger Wagner, and Robert Shaw. These remain his conducting \"heroes\" to this day.", "She went on to study singing and opera with Carl Ebert , Jan Popper, Boris Goldovsky and Sarah Caldwell . She embarked on a varied career, involving film and musical comedy as well as opera and concerts. She appeared extensively on American television, dubbed the singing voices of film actresses in The King and I , West Side Story and My Fair Lady , and acted in several commercial stage ventures. Her light, flexible, wide-ranging soprano and uncanny accuracy and musicianship have made her valuable in more classical ventures, and have contributed to her success in works by Anton Webern , Igor Stravinsky , Charles Ives , Paul Hindemith and Alexander Goehr , many of which she has recorded.", "From an early age, Krasner knew she wanted to pursue art as a career. [5] Krasner's career as an artist began when she was a teenager. [5] She specifically sought out enrollment at Washington Irving High School for Girls since they offered an art major. [5] After graduating from high school, she attended the Women's Art School of Cooper Union on a scholarship. [6] Here, she completed the course work required for a teaching certificate in art. [5] Krasner pursued yet more art education at the illustrious National Academy of Design , completing her course load there in 1932.", "Julie Kent makes our famous ballerinas list for many reasons.  Not only is she a principal dancer with American Ballet Theatre, she has also appeared in several ballet videos and motion pictures including the film “Dancers” co-staring with her former director, Mikhail Baryshnikov, and a role in the ballet-hit “Center Stage.”  Julie Kent is a true ballerina in all of sense of the title; beautifully classical port de bras and lines with strength to match.", "Christened Frank Kent Smith, he was born in New York City on March 19, 1907, to a hotelier. An early experience in front of a crowd happened during childhood when he performed as an assistant to Blackstone the Magician. Kent graduated from boarding school (Philips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire) and attended Harvard University, finding theater work at various facilities during his time off. One such group, the University Players in West Falmouth, Massachusetts, produced such screen icons as James Stewart , Henry Fonda and Margaret Sullavan .", "Mansfield's husband at the time, Paul Mansfield, hoped the birth of their child would discourage her interest in acting. When it did not, he agreed to move to Los Angeles in late 1954 to help further her career. Between a variety of odd jobs, including a stint as a candy vendor at a movie theatre, Mansfield studied drama at UCLA. Her movie career began with bit parts at Warner Brothers. She was signed by the studio after one of its talent scouts discovered her in a production at the Pasadena Playhouse. Mansfield had small roles in Female Jungle (1954), and in Pete Kelly's Blues (1955) which starred Jack Webb.", "Katherine Lucy Bridget Burke (born 13 June 1964, Camden ) is an English actress , comedienne , playwright and theatre director .", "For many years Katherine had expressed a desire to work on both sides of the camera and form her own production company. In 2007, this ambition was fulfilled when she partnered with her mother and manager Nancy to form Abishag Productions. The company, named after a character in a poem by Robert Frost about the transient nature of beauty and fame in Hollywood, announced its first project in August. The premise of the project, tentatively titled \"Drawn Together\" and since renamed \"Girl Most Wanted\", is an action comedy about a man who meets the girl of his dreams in a most unusual way.", "Sandra Staggs hails from the Big Easy. One of five children, she began performing at a very early age. Her first Equity Theatre performance was at the age of ten in Virginia, where she played Alice in Alice Through The Looking Glass; at that moment her mother knew Sandra was destined to take a road less traveled, a path which would lead to multiple careers in the entertainment business.", "A New York City native, Saviola graduated from the prestigious High School of Music and Art in Manhattan and dropped out of college after a year in order to learn acting. She was lead singer of a female rock band in NYC in 1970, the Margo Lewis Explosion. She was signed by a disco label in the late 1970s. She worked in theatrical productions in New York for 25 years, before appearing in various television series, including \"The Heights\", \"Civil Wars\", and \"Star Trek: Deep Space Nine\". She has also appeared in three Woody Allen movies.", "As the chapter titles in Source indicate, Burke has chosen a wide and disparate range of artists through which to explore this idea: 'Georgia O'Keeffe and the Desert', 'Picasso's Provence', 'Karen Blixen's Homelands', 'Jackson Pollock on Long Island', 'Virginia Woolf and Vanessa Bell in Sussex', 'Ernest Hemingway in Key West', 'Monet, Blanche Hochede and Giverny' and 'Emily Kame Kngwarreye's Utopia'. She outlines the creative lives of each of these men and women, discusses their desires and disaffections, their marriages, passions, strengths and weaknesses, and their work. She also visits the places in which they were most creative and offers her own vision of what inspired them. Inevitably, given the very unusual lives of all of her subjects, their stories involve \"mourning and regeneration\", and \"patterns of illness, alcoholism, syphilis, breakdowns and suicide\". But these are also stories of achievement and rebirth.", "\"A fantastically vibrant institution that promotes art for one and all\" says Will. \"The thought-provoking exhibitions are curated in a striking museum building that is fast becoming Kent's cultural hub.\"", "Dancers in the Wings, 1880. Pastel and tempera on paper, 69.2 x 50.2 cm. Norton Simon Art Foundation, Norton Simon Museum, Pasadena.", "Frida Kahlo lived and worked at the center of the Mexican Renaissance in the 20's and 30's. At the age of 16, she was involved in an accident that left her in constant pain. Her paintings reflect the continual struggle with her ravaged body. Kahlo was hailed as a Surrealist by the artist Andre Breton, who described her art as \"playing alternately at being absolutely pure and absolutely pernicious.\" For her husband, the Cubist and muralist Diego Rivera, her painting \"was the greatest proof of the Renaissance of the art of Mexico.\"", "While the majority of the movement in A History is improvised, Miller, Wilks, and the performers set the ins and outs of its order of events based upon a pre-determined score. At a certain point, Miller notes, every performance is improvised because it occurs in real time. She works to find the best form that engenders what she calls a live moment. In A History, Miller, Wilks, Hauser, and Jones focused more on crafting the elements of the entry point into certain moments than on the repetition of those moments. This manner of moving in and out of these passages in the score pulls Hauser and Jones into fresh relationships with each other. As partners, they slice into each other’s space. They have the familiarity and boundarylessness of puppies and the self-awareness of adolescents, and yet, they do not always fully acknowledge each other’s presence or the fact that they interrupt each other’s kinespheres. They just exist with each other in space and time. These two so often perform near each other, apart yet together, coming and going, that when they perform in unison for a few too-brief moments, their dual perception of each other and the quiet connection they retain through wiping the floor with their bent forearms, crouching and perching forward over their chests, revolving through space, is breathtaking.", ">> one of the great of all-time. grace kelly born in pennsylvania lived most of her life in a palace and while she only starred in a handful of films, she is forever a star.", "After coming to the attention of the producer Hal Wallis, Drake was pressured by her agent to sign a Hollywood contract. She hated Hollywood and managed to get herself released from the contract by declaring herself insane. She returned to New York City and, in 1947, read for the director Elia Kazan for the lead role in the London company of the play Deep Are the Roots. Later that year, Drake was selected by Kazan as one of the founding members of the Actors Studio. ", "This absolutely fascinating study is the first comprehensive, interpretive account of Mae West's life and work. It reveals a beloved icon as a radically subversive artist consciously creating her own complex image." ]

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[ "\"Billy Don't Be a Hero\" is a 1974 pop song that was first a hit in the UK for Paper Lace and then some months later it was a hit in the US for Bo Donaldson and The Heywoods. The song was written by two British songwriters Mitch Murray and Peter Callander.", "Paper Lace also did the original “Billy, Don’t Be a Hero,” which went to No. 1 in the U.K. But Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods had the hit with that song here in the U.S. of A.", "Billy Don’t Be A Hero Fun Fact: The song was originally recorded by Paper Lace where it was a #1 hit in England. They were beat to the punch with an American release by Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods, who also saw their version reach #1. Paper Lace were responsible for another song thought by many to be a 70’s embarrassment: The Night Chicago Died.", "Paper Lace was a classic one-hit wonder band. In America, anyway. In the U.K. they were a classic two-hit wonder. Formed in 1969 in Nottingham, England, and made up of Michael Vaughn, Chris Morris, Carlo Santanna, Cliff Fish, and Phillip Wright, Paper Lace was one of hundreds of pop bands in England looking for the big time while slogging their way through small club gigs and brief television appearances. Their big break came in 1974 when their version of the tear-jerking bubblegum tune \"Billy, Don't Be a Hero\" won top honors on Opportunity Knocks, a nationwide talent-show on ITV. They rode that song all the way to the top of the U.K. charts but were aced out of any sales in the U.S. by Bo Donaldson & the Haywoods' transcendent version. Their next single,\"The Night Chicago Died,\" did manage to hit the number one slot on the U.S. charts (number three in the U.K.) and then that was it. The group released two albums, Paper Lace and Other Bits of Material in 1974 and First Editon in 1975, and did a quick fade from the public eye. In 1978 they surfaced briefly with a singalong version of \"We've Got the Whole World in Our Hands\" with their local football team, Nottingham Forest FC, and the disappeared forever. ~ Tim Sendra", "Cincinnati, Ohio septet Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods' May 1974 No. 1 single \"Billy, Don't Be a Hero\" was featured on their eponymous debut LP,", "Formed in 1969 in Nottingham, England, and made up of Michael Vaughn, Chris Morris, Carlo Santanna, Cliff Fish, and Phillip Wright, Paper Lace was one of hundreds of pop bands in England looking for the big time while slogging their way through small club gigs and brief television appearances. Their big break came in 1974 when their version of the tear-jerking bubblegum tune \"Billy, Don't Be a Hero\" won top honors on Opportunity Knocks, a nationwide talent-show on ITV. They rode that song all the way to the top of the U.K. charts but were aced out of any sales in the U.S. by Bo Donaldson & the Haywoods' transcendent version. Their next single,\"The Night Chicago Died,\" did manage to hit the number one slot on the U.S. charts (number three in the U.K.) and then that was it. The group released two albums, Paper Lace and Other Bits of Material in 1974 and First Editon in 1975, and did a quick fade from the public eye. In 1978 they surfaced briefly with a singalong version of \"We've Got the Whole World in Our Hands\" with their local football team, Nottingham Forest FC, and the disappeared forever. ~ Tim Sendra, Rovi", "With their subject matter assumed in America to be about the American Civil War, it was logical that \"Billy Don't Be a Hero\" should become a hit in the United States; however, Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods were the first to release \"Billy\" in the United States, and Paper Lace had to be content with a #96 placing. However, the follow-up song \"The Night Chicago Died\", set in the Prohibition era with reference to Al Capone, was untroubled by any such competition and topped the Billboard Hot 100. It sold over three million copies, and was awarded a gold disc by the R.I.A.A. in August 1974. ", "1954 ● Robert “Bo” Donaldson → Pop-rock singer, keyboardist, trumpeter and frontman for The Heywoods, “Billy Don’t Be a Hero” (#1, 1974)", "Thanks to that show, songwriters/producers, Mitch Murray and Peter Callender quickly signed them. The smash hit \"Billy Don't Be a Hero\" spent three weeks at Number 1 on the UK Singles Chart in March 1974. It was followed by the story song \"The Night Chicago Died\" which reached Number 3. Another release, \"The Black-Eyed Boys\", took Paper Lace to number 11 in late 1974[http://www.sonsandlovers.co.uk/PAPER%20LACE.htm \"Paper Lace\"]. [http://www.sonsandlovers.co.uk/ Sons and Lovers website], 2003. Retrieved 9 September 2006. and number 37 in Canada.", "Billy Don't be a Hero - Bo Donaldson and the Haywoods. Teen has to be a hero and go to Vietnam and be a hero again. She was pretty pissed off about that. If he was that pigheaded, would the relationship have lasted anyway? Lyrics", "Musician. Best known as the lead vocalist for the music ensemble \"Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods\". They scored a gold record with \"Billy, Don't Be a Hero\" in 1974.", "1974 - Many new musical faces were on the scene, including Terry Jacks, who was starting week two of a three-week stay at the top of the pop charts with his uplifting ditty, \"Seasons in the Sun\". Other newcomers: Jefferson Starship, Billy Joel, Kiss, Olivia Newton-John, Kool & the Gang and The Steve Miller Band.", "He cut his first record entitled “Why Am I” with a trio he formed on Jubilee Records before being drafted into the Armed Forces. After his discharge, he joined the new record label Dawn Records and had a brief stint as a member of Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes. It was during this time he met producers Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff. He eventually went solo and recorded his first album, Feeling Good at the Cadillac Club, produced by Gamble & Huff on the Gamble label. His second album, Ebony Woman, was released on Gamble & Huff’s Neptune label. His third album, Going East, was released on Gamble & Huff’s newly formed Philadelphia International Records label. This album and Ebony Woman made some headway as the record-buying public became familiar with Billy and his trademark, distinctive singing voice.", "\"Don't Worry, Be Happy\" is a song by musician Bobby McFerrin . Released in September 1988, it became the first a cappella song to reach number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, a position it held for two weeks. The song's title is taken from a famous quote by Meher Baba . The original music video stars Robin Williams and Bill Irwin . [1] The \"instruments\" in the a cappella song are entirely overdubbed voice parts and other sounds made by McFerrin, using no instruments at all. The music video for the song is considerably shorter than the album version.", "In 1971, Sonny and Cher signed with the Kapp Records division of MCA Records , and Cher released the single \"Classified 1A\", in which she sings from the point of view of a soldier who bleeds to death in Vietnam . Written by Sonny, who felt that her first solo single on the label had to be poignant and topical, the song was rejected by radio station programmers as uncommercial. Since Sonny's first attempts at reviving their recording career as a duo had also been unsuccessful, Kapp Records recruited Snuff Garrett to work with them. He produced Cher's first U.S. solo number-one single, \" Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves \", which \"proved that ... Garrett knew more about Cher's voice and her persona as a singer than Sonny did\", writes Bego. [55] The song was featured on the 1971 album Chér (eventually reissued under the title Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves), which was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). [56] Its second single, \" The Way of Love \", reached number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 chart [57] and established Cher's more confident image as a recording artist. [15]", "Hamilton, Joe Frank and Reynolds: A soft-rock trio from the early- to mid-1970s, who hit No. 4 on the Hot 100 in July 1971 with \"Don't Pull Your Love.\" After several years of failing to hit the top 40, they released the single \"Fallin' in Love\" in June 1975 (Ironically, Reynolds had left by that time), and two months later had their only No. 1 hit. While they had another top 25 hit after that, only those first two songs are remembered today.", "In 1971, Sonny and Cher signed with the Kapp Records division of MCA Records, and the latter singer released the single \"Classified 1A\", in which she sings from the point of view of a soldier who bleeds to death in Vietnam. Written by Sonny, who felt that her first solo single on the label had to be poignant and topical, radio station programmers quickly rejected the song as uncommercial. Since Sonny's first attempts at reviving their recording career as a duo had also been unsuccessful, Kapp Records recruited Snuff Garrett to work with them. He produced Cher's first U.S. solo number-one single, \"Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves\", which \"proved that ... Garrett knew more about Cher's voice and her persona as a singer than Sonny did\", writes Bego. The song was featured on the 1971 album Chér (eventually reissued under the title Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves), which was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Its second single, \"The Way of Love\", reached number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and established Cher's more confident image as a recording artist.", "During the '70s, he recorded sporadically, preferring to concentrate on his hotel chain, appropriately called King of the Road. \"Tomorrow Night in Baltimore,\" released in the spring of 1971, was his biggest hit of the decade, climbing to number 11. Early in the decade, he wrote songs for Walt Disney's animated adaptation of Robin Hood -- he also provided a voice for the rooster in the film -- as well as the movie Waterhole Three. In 1973, he left Smash/Mercury for Columbia Records. He spent four years at Columbia and only his debut single for the label, \"Open Up Your Heart,\" was a hit, peaking at number 14.", "Al Caiola - the guitarist who recorded the theme songs for Bonanza (#19) and The Magnificent Seven (#35) in 1961, passed away on November 9th, 2016, at the age of 96. He also played on Paul Anka's \"Put Your Head on My Shoulder\", Neil Sedaka's \"Calendar Girl\", Bobby Darin's \"Mack the Knife\" and \"Splish-Splash\", Simon & Garfunkel's \"Mrs. Robinson\", Johnny Mathis' \"Chances Are\", Del Shannon's \"Runaway\" and Ben E. King's \"Stand by Me\"", "\"Mamas Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to be Cowboys\" - Waylon Jennings & Willie Nelson (1978, Waylon & Willie)", "*The Hassles (featuring a then unknown Billy Joel) released their version as a single in 1969.", "Country singer Billy Dean co-wrote and recorded a song called \"Billy the Kid,\" which was subsequently a hit single on the country charts in 1992. Really about young Billy Dean rather than the Western outlaw, it has since gone on to become Dean's signature song.", "1938- Billy Davis Jr. (singer; “You Don’t Have To Be A Star”; member of the 5th Dimension; “Stoned Soul Picnic”)           78 yrs.", "Billy Joel's song \" The Ballad of Billy the Kid \", a historically inaccurate re-telling of Billy the Kid's life, off of his 1973 album Piano Man", "Billy Joel's song The Ballad of Billy the Kid, a historically inaccurate re-telling of Billy the Kid's life, off of his 1973 album Piano Man", "Joel signed his first solo record contract with Artie Ripp's Family Productions, and subsequently recorded his first solo album. Cold Spring Harbor (a reference to the Long Island town of the same name), was released in 1971. However, Ripp mastered and released the album at the wrong speed, resulting in Joel's voice sounding a semitone too high. In addition, the onerous terms of Ripp's Family Productions contract also guaranteed Joel very little money from the sales of his albums.", "The 1968 song Don't Bogart Me (also known as Don't Bogart That Joint) by U.S. band Fraternity of Man became popular in counterculture through its inclusion in the soundtrack of the 1969 film Easy Rider . The lyric's refrain: \"Don't bogart that joint, my friend; Pass it over to me.\"", "On December 4, 1970, Dennis released his first piece of solo material, a little-known single released only in Europe and the UK under the name \"Dennis Wilson & Rumbo.\" The single featured \"Sound of Free\", on his usual theme of freedom, on the A-side with the romantic \"Lady\" (also known as \"Fallin' In Love\") on the B-side. The song was later covered by American Spring and released as the B-side to their single \"Shyin' Away\".", "Don’t Go Breaking My Heart was released in June 1976 and quickly lived up to its pop potential, reaching the top of the US Hot 100 chart on its sixth week. In the UK it leapt up to #1 on the UK singles chart in just three weeks.", "During the summer of 1976, one song dominated the planet’s radio airwaves: Don’t Go Breaking My Heart.", "An American country/rock band that became popular during the Vietnam War. Produced classic hits such as \"Proud Mary\", \"Green River\", \"Suzie Q\" and \"Fortunate Son\".", "A.\"Pasadena\" was originally released in 1972 as a non-album single. A new version was recorded for the LP Album Hero in November 1975." ]

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[ "Canadian physician Frederick Banting and medical student Charles H. Best are credited with the first medical success of insulin's use in the treatment of diabetes. Banting and Best developed insulin for human treatment with the help of Canadian chemist James B. Collip and Scottish physiologist J.J.R. Macleod.", "Best and Collip went on to productive careers in research. Best, his associates, and students conducted basic studies on the lipotropic effects of the dietary factor choline and pioneered in the isolation and development of heparin. In 1941 he succeeded Banting as head of the Banting and Best Department of Medical Research. Banting’s friends were extremely upset when Banting’s chair and control of the department were given to Best. They knew that in the last years of his life, Banting had developed an intense dislike of Best, a feeling shared by E.C. Noble, who was deeply embittered by Banting’s and then Best’s neglect of his contributions to the insulin work ( 56 ).", "Canadian doctor Frederick Banting and American biomedical scientist Charles Best co-discovered  insulin in 1921. This is a life-saving treatment for diabetes .", "After Banting’s death, Best became the chief spokesman for the view that he and Banting had discovered insulin on their own in 1921 and had been denied their full share of the glory because of the scheming of Macleod and Collip and their friends. During the next 30 years, Best and his friends promoted a version of the discovery of insulin with a greatly enlarged and enhanced part for Best while minimizing or omitting the contributions of Macleod and Collip. He justified revisions of the written record on the grounds that memory took precedence. Bliss believes that Best was insecure and had a deep psychologic need for recognition and a place in history ( 56 ).", "Photo: In this lab, Banting and Best carried out early experiments which led to the discovery of insulin.", "In the spring of 1921, Banting traveled to Toronto to explain his idea to J.J.R. Macleod, who was Professor of Physiology at the University of Toronto, and asked Macleod if he could use his lab space to test the idea. Macleod was initially skeptical, but eventually agreed to let Banting use his lab space while he was on vacation for the summer. He also supplied Banting with ten dogs on which to experiment, and two medical students, Charles Best and Clark Noble, to use as lab assistants, before leaving for Scotland. Since Banting required only one lab assistant, Best and Noble flipped a coin to see which would assist Banting for the first half of the summer. Best won the coin toss, and took the first shift as Banting's assistant. Loss of the coin toss may have proved unfortunate for Noble, given that Banting decided to keep Best for the entire summer, and eventually shared half his Nobel Prize money and a large part of the credit for the discovery of insulin with the winner of the toss. Had Noble won the toss, his career might have taken a different path.", "Banting and Best began their experiments by removing the pancreas from a dog. This resulted in the following:", "It is very unusual for someone to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine the same year as he or she is nominated for the first time. However, as can be seen from the archive material of the prize awarding institution (The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm) this was true for both Banting and Macleod. They published their work on the discovery of insulin in 1922 and were nominated for the first time in 1923: Banting by G. W. Crile (Cleveland), F. G. Benedict (Boston) and August Krogh; and Macleod by G. N. Stuart (Cleveland) and August Krogh. Charles Best, on the other hand, was never nominated at this time (only nominated candidates can be considered for the prize).", "Insulin was immediately and spectacularly effective: not a cure, but a powerful lifesaving therapy for diabetes mellitus . Frederick Banting was hailed as the principal discoverer of insulin because his idea had launched the research and because of his prominence in the early use of insulin.", "Banting was thirty-one in 1923 when he received the Nobel Prize for Medicine along with J. J. R. Macleod, Charles Best, and J. B. Collip. After service as a doctor in Flanders in The Great War, he tried general practice in London, Ontario, without much satisfaction; however, he was intrigued by the relationship between the pancreas and diabetes. His consequent experiments at the University of Toronto led to the discovery of insulin and an effective method of controlling diabetes. Fishing and painting were two outside activities he enjoyed. Some of his happiest times were on sketching trips with A. Y. Jackson. An intensely patriotic man, when the Second World War came, Banting threw himself into war work, and was on his way to England on a secret mission when he was killed in 1941 in a plane crash in Newfoundland.", "On the night of 31 October 1920, after reading a routine article in a medical journal while preparing a talk to medical students, Frederick Banting wrote down an idea for research aimed at isolating an internal secretion of the pancreas that might prove to be a cure for diabetes — a substance long sought by other researchers. The next morning, he discussed the idea with F.R. Miller, a professor of physiology at Western , who advised him to seek support for his proposed research at the University of Toronto . On 17 May 1921, Banting began work under the direction of Professor J.J.R. Macleod and assisted by C.H. Best .", "a chemistry professor on sabbatical from the University of Alberta joined what was now Macleod’s team, and sought a biochemical method for extracting insulin in parallel with Best. Best and Collip simultaneously succeeded. The fact that Banting was being supported with money from Macleod’s research grants was no doubt a factor in the Nobel Committee’s decision. When Banting agreed to share the prize, he gave half his prize money to Best. Sony  VGP-BPS21A/b Battery", "In the 1920s, his association with Best having ended, Banting turned to cancer research. In this field he achieved nothing but frustration. Strange ventures, such as exploration of royal jelly and an attempt to revive victims of drowning, went nowhere. Eventually the group of young scientists he supervised in his Department of Medical Research at the University of Toronto did do useful work on silicosis (an occupational lung disease) and other problems.", "The team published there findings in 1923 and Banting and McLeod were awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine (Banting shared his award money with Best).  On June 3, 1934,  Banting was knighted for his medical discovery. He was killed in an air crash in 1941.", "At the end of 1921 Macleod invited James Bertram Collip (1892–1965), a biochemist in the department of physiology at the University of Toronto, to help Banting and Best with purifying their extract. Collip, another University of Toronto graduate, was on sabbatical from the University of Alberta and, supported by a fellowship, had returned to his alma mater. As the experimental pace quickened, Banting and Best needed large amounts of their extract, and Collip set to work purifying the extract for clinical testing in humans.", "A coin toss decided who would go first. Best won. Stevenson ( 20 ) cites Banting’s Cameron Lecture ( 8 ) as the source of the story, but adds that Best and Noble dismissed it as a newspaper fiction. When this version was repeated by J.R. Henderson ( 21 ) in 1971, Noble was quick to respond that the coin toss did occur ( 22 )( 23 ). When he did return he did not replace Best because Best was getting on so well with the experiments. There was no point in having a new assistant start fresh to pick up on the procedures at this stage of the work. Banting and Best had both become proficient with each other’s techniques and worked well together. Noble did participate later in the post-discovery development work, and his name appears on several of the publications.", "On October 26, 1923, the Nobel Prize in medicine was awarded to Banting and Macleod, the fastest the Nobel committee has ever awarded a prize after an initial discovery. Upon hearing that he was to share the prize with Macleod, however, Banting became very upset that Best was not included, swearing that he wouldn't accept the award. Banting's friends and colleagues converged, calming him down and reminding him that he would be the first Canadian to receive the Prize - an honor and major achievement for both him and his country. Banting grudgingly agreed with his friends that he should not refuse the prize. One thing he could do, however, was split his share of the $30,000 monetary prize with Best. Fifteen thousand dollars was a lot of money in those days, more than most people made in a year, enough to buy a house and have enough left over for a car. Banting immediately cabled Best, who was presenting an academic paper that night at Harvard Medical School, telling him in the truncated language of the wire medium:", "The youngest man ever to receive the Nobel Prize in medicine, Dr. Banting became a popular hero of the 1920s and certainly the most famous Canadian. He was widely expected to conquer more diseases. These expectations weighed heavily on a deeply insecure, poorly-trained researcher desperate to prove that his insulin adventure was no fluke.", "For his valiant effort, Banting was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1923. He was the first Canadian to receive the award. He divided his share of the prize with his invaluable assistant, Charles Best.", "Banting and Best finished their first paper in late November. Macleod polished the final draft but declined being listed as a coauthor because it was Banting and Best’s work ( 17 ). The paper’s title was “The Internal Secretion of the Pancreas” ( 32 ), and it was to appear in the Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine in February 1922. Before actual publication, there would be an occasion for the first public presentation before the American Physiological Society in New Haven, CT, on December 30, 1921. As a member of the society, Macleod’s name was listed first on the program and Banting and Best were identified as “by invitation”. On the published half-page abstract, the order was reversed ( 37 ). Banting was nervous and “spoke haltingly, Macleod beautifully” ( 38 ).", "system for weight loss through diet control, named for William Banting (1797-1878), English undertaker who invented it, tested it himself, and promoted it in his 1863 booklet \"Letter on Corpulence, Addressed to the Public.\" Although the word is a surname, it was used like a verbal noun in -ing. (\"She is banting\").", "The next year, in May 1921, the University granted Dr. Banting permission to proceed with his project. He would work under the direction of Professor Macleod, who gave him a small laboratory on the top floor of the university's medical building. He also loaned him one of his student research assistants, Charles Best, a recent graduate. The two began work on May 17, 1921.", " F. G. Banting meets J. J. R. Macleod in Toronto for the first time. Macleod later arranges for Banting to use the Physiology Labs at the University of Toronto to try out his idea.", "In 1938, Banting's interest in aviation medicine resulted in his participation with the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) in research concerning the physiological problems encountered by pilots operating high-altitude combat aircraft. Banting headed the RCAF's Number 1 Clinical Investigation Unit (CIU), which was housed in a secret facility on the grounds of the former Eglinton Hunt Club in Toronto. ", "13. Rafter GW. Banting and Best and the sources of useful knowledge. Perspect Biol Med. Winter 1983;26(2):281-286.", "It is interesting to note that Banting realized how his initial failure at a medical practice in Ontario led him on the road to a Nobel Prize. Like most heroes and discoverers, Banting showed the quality of perseverance, intuition, and courage in the face of what appeared to be insurmountable obstacles. Banting wrote in 1940: \"...had I not failed in my one year at London, I might never have started my research work...\" Nobel prize winner, accomplished painter, knighted by the queen, and a recipient of the Military Cross for bravery during World War I, Frederick Banting was a saver of lives.", "Dr. Banting was working as a part-time instructor at the university when, during a sleepless night on October 31, 1920, something he was reading in a medical journal suddenly clicked. He immediately jotted down an idea for research.", "With the assistance of graduate student Clifford Berry, Atanasoff built the prototype ABC (Atanasoff Berry Computer) at Iowa State College in 1939. (See Figure 4.) It was the first machine to perform arithmetic electronically. It was neither entirely automatic nor general purpose. An operator had to administer each stage of the computation, and, not surprisingly, it was designed for the specific purpose of solving simultaneous equations. Still, Atanasoff rightly believed that he and Berry had demonstrated the practicality of electronic digital computing machines. So convinced was Atanasoff that he invited the physicist John Mauchly to inspect the ABC in 1941.", "In 1885, also in the United States, Tolbert Lanston invented the Monotype , which casts individual pieces of type for a line and justifies each line by a system of counting in units the width of the spaces taken up by the pieces of type. The matrices are indefinitely reusable, and the pieces of type, which are used only for the impressions, are returned to the caster. The contemporary Monotype typecaster is controlled by a ribbon of paper perforated on a separate keyboard. It can produce 10,000 to 12,000 pieces of type per hour.", "Frederick Banting was born on November 14, 1891, in a farm house near Alliston, Ontario. The youngest of five children of William Thompson Banting and Margaret Grant, he attended public high schools in Alliston. In 1910, he started at Victoria College, part of the University of Toronto, in the General Arts program. After failing his first year, he petitioned to join the medical program in 1912 and was accepted. He began medical school in September 1913. ", "Tom Kilburn (11 August 1921 – 17 January 2001) was an English mathematician and computer scientist. Over the course of a productive 30-year career, he was involved in the development of five computers of great historical significance. With Freddie Williams he worked on the Williams–Kilburn Tube and the world's first stored-program computer, the Small-Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM), while working at the Victoria University of Manchester. His work propelled Manchester and Britain into the forefront of the emerging field of computer science.", "In 1965 Mr Bansal took us for the final year in English Language and Literature in Form IVc. I was a struggler in English but managed to scrape through and get just about pass marks in both subjects at ‘O’ level. Mr Bansal had the onerous task of making us understand “Macbeth”, Thomas Hardy’s “Far from the Madding Crowd” and Robert Browning’s “Poetry and Prose”. He would read out each and every sentence of text and explain the meanings in simple English. In Far from the Madding Crowd, we found Batsheba Everdene’s ditching of Gabriel Oake in favour of Sergeant Troy quite riveting reading considering in those days the almost unobtainable Lady Chatterley’s Lover novel was the limit of crossing the border of lust. " ]

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[ "La Dolce Vita (; Italian for \"the sweet life\" or \"the good life\") is a 1960 Italian comedy-drama film directed and co-written by Federico Fellini. The film follows Marcello Rubini, a journalist writing for gossip magazines, over seven days and nights on his journey through the \"sweet life\" of Rome in a fruitless search for love and happiness. La Dolce Vita won the Palme d'Or (Golden Palm) at the 1960 Cannes Film Festival and the Oscar for Best Costumes, and remains one of the most critically acclaimed films of all time.", "La Dolce Vita, ( Italian: “The Sweet Life”) Italian film , released in 1960, that was widely hailed as one of the most important ever made and the first of several acclaimed collaborations between director Federico Fellini and actor Marcello Mastroianni , who came to represent the director’s alter ego.", "One of the first movies that comes to mind when it comes to Italian Films is undoubtedly La Dolce Vita. Release in 1960, La Dolce Vita, which means \"The Sweet Life\" in English, was directed by Federico Fellini and stars Marcello Mastoianni and Anita Ekberg. ", "Federico Fellini (20 January 1920 – 31 October 1993) was a highly esteemed and influential Italian film director. Fellini's films typically combine memory, dreams, and fantasy. Among the most famous of his films are La Strada, La Dolce Vita, 8½, and Amarcord.", "La Dolce Vita star Anita Ekberg, the former Miss Sweden, branded a 'sex goddess' for her performance in Federico Fellini's iconic movie, died in Rome aged 83", "Swedish actress Anita Ekberg, known for one of cinema's most sensual performances in Federico Fellini's 1960 film La Dolce Vita, has died in Italy at the age of 83.", "In Filmcritica XI, Italian poet and film director Pier Paolo Pasolini argued that \"La dolce vita was too important to be discussed as one would normally discuss a film. Though not as great as Chaplin, Eisenstein or Mizoguchi, Fellini is unquestionably an author rather than a director. The film is therefore his and his alone... The camera moves and fixes the image in such a way as to create a sort of diaphragm around each object, thus making the object’s relationship to the world appear as irrational and magical. As each new episode begins, the camera is already in motion using complicated movements. Frequently, however, these sinuous movements are brutally punctuated by a very simple documentary shot, like a quotation written in everyday language\". ", "It was in Rome that she met director Federico Fellini, who cast her in La Dolce Vita as Sylvia Rank - \"the most wonderful woman created since the beginning of time\" - an actress pursued by news photographers.", "Rome (AFP) - Swedish actress Anita Ekberg, known for one of cinema's most sensual performances in Federico Fellini's 1960 film \"La Dolce Vita\", has died in Italy at the age of 83.", ", 1924–96, Italian movie actor, b. Fontana Liri, Italy. Known for his striking good looks and his world-weary introspective air, he was directed by Federico Fellini in such films as La Dolce Vita (1959), 8 1-2 (1963), and", "References to the film abound in other films. (Moviemakers love Fellini.) Lost in Translation duplicates the celebrity interview scene and later has two characters watching the film itself. Goodbye Lenin , Bee Season , and L.A. Story all imitate the scene where a statue of Jesus is carried by helicopter over the city, with a statue of Lenin, the letter \"A,\" and a hotdog stand, respectively. (Those three are the ones that come to mind. I'm sure there are others.) Woody Allen's 1998 film Celebrity is a contemporary reworking of La Dolce Vita. In Ed Wood , the Jeffrey Jones character, Criswell, does the same trick of turning a napkin into a bra as Fanny does in Fellini's film.", "ROCKVILLE, Md. -- Felice Quinto, a renowned celebrity photographer and the likely model for the character Paparazzo in Federico Fellini's 1960 film \"La Dolce Vita,\" has died. He was 80.", "In the Los Angeles Times, Kevin Thomas noted another way the film was influential. \"La Dolce Vita is also one of the triumphs of have-it-both-ways filmmaking: Fellini reveals the emptiness, boredom and destructiveness of the Via Veneto existence while at the same time making it highly glamorous and seductive.... It is tempting to speculate that this film was crucial in giving birth to the contemporary media sensationalism that it reveals as lethally shallow. Marcello, surely, anticipates Geraldo [Rivera] and beyond.\"", "Anita Ekberg and Marcello Mastroianni photographed by the set photographer Pierluigi Praturlon on the set of La Dolce Vita (Fellini, 1960).", "Federico Fellini's classic depiction of decadent American starlets and persistent photographers changed cinema forever. Now the journalist who chronicled 1950s life on Rome's glitzy Via Veneto and briefed Fellini for his film has decided to give his own definitive account of the era. As far as Ciuffa, now 77, is concerned, 50 years later he is setting the record straight, by writing La Dolce Vita, Minute by Minute.", "Critic Robert Richardson suggests that the originality of La dolce vita lies in a new form of film narrative that mines \"an aesthetic of disparity.\" Abandoning traditional plot and conventional \"character development,\" Fellini and co-screenwriters Ennio Flaiano and Tullio Pinelli, forged a cinematic narrative that rejected continuity, unnecessary explanations, and narrative logic in favour of seven non-linear encounters between Marcello, a kind of Dantesque Pilgrim, and an underworld of 120 different characters. These encounters build up a cumulative impression on the viewer that finds resolution in an \"overpowering sense of the disparity between what life has been or could be, and what it actually is.\" ", "La Dolce Vita broke all box office records. Despite scalpers selling tickets at 1000 lire, crowds queued in line for hours to see an “immoral movie” before the censors banned it. At an exclusive Milan screening on 5 February 1960, one outraged patron spat on Fellini while others hurled insults. Denounced in parliament by right-wing conservatives, undersecretary Domenico Magrì of the Christian Democrats demanded tolerance for the film’s controversial themes. The Vatican's official press organ, l'Osservatore Romano, lobbied for censorship while the Board of Roman Parish Priests and the Genealogical Board of Italian Nobility attacked the film. In one documented instance involving favourable reviews written by the Jesuits of San Fedele, defending La Dolce Vita had severe consequences. In competition at Cannes alongside Antonioni’s L’Avventura, the film won the Palme d'Or awarded by presiding juror Georges Simenon. The Belgian writer was promptly “hissed at” by the disapproving festival crowd. ", "\"Movies do not change, but their viewers do. When I saw 'La Dolce Vita' in 1960, I was an adolescent for whom 'the sweet life' represented everything I dreamed of: sin, exotic European glamour, the weary romance of the cynical newspaperman. When I saw it again, around 1970, I was living in a version of Marcello's world; Chicago's North Avenue was not the Via Veneto, but at 3 a.m. the denizens were just as colorful, and I was about Marcello's age. When I saw the movie around 1980, Marcello was the same age, but I was 10 years older, had stopped drinking, and saw him not as a role model but as a victim, condemned to an endless search for happiness that could never be found, not that way. By 1991, when I analyzed the film a frame at a time at the University of Colorado, Marcello seemed younger still, and while I had once admired and then criticized him, now I pitied and loved him. And when I saw the movie right after Mastroianni died, I thought that Fellini and Marcello had taken a moment of discovery and made it immortal.\" ", "Quinto was born in Milan in 1929 and befriended Fellini while living in Rome in the 1950s. According to his wife, Fellini asked Quinto to play a photographer in \"La Dolce Vita,\" but he declined because he was making more money taking pictures. He briefly appeared in the film as a bystander.", "In La Dolce Vita, Mastroianni portrayed a disillusioned journalist and gossip writer, ashamed of the shallowness of his profession but too weak to remove himself from the nightly temptations it offers: booze, easy women, and exotic fun. Rife with irony and surreal imagery whose meaning may only have been known to the director himself, the film is a compelling indictment of the decadence of modern life, mass consumerism , and what passes for high culture .", "Martin Charles Scorsese (; ; born November 17, 1942) is an American director, producer, screenwriter, actor, and film historian, whose career spans more than 53 years. Scorsese's body of work addresses such themes as Sicilian-American identity, Roman Catholic concepts of guilt and redemption, machismo, modern crime, and gang conflict. Many of his films are also notable for their depiction of violence and liberal use of profanity.", "Directed by Franco Zeffirelli; written by John Mortimer and Mr. Zeffirelli, based on ''The Autobiography of Franco Zeffirelli''; director of photography, David Watkin; edited by Tariq Anwar; music by Alessio Vlad and Stefano Arnaldi; art directors, Carlo Centolavigna and Gioia Fiorella Mariani; produced by Riccardo Tozzi, Giovannella Zannoni and Clive Parsons; released by G2 Films, an MGM company. Running time: 117 minutes. This film is rated PG.", "The New York Times hailed La dolce vita as \"one of the most widely seen and acclaimed European movies of the 1960s\". It was nominated for four Academy Awards, and won one for Best Costume Design: Black-and-White. La dolce vita also earned the Palme d'Or (Golden Palm) at the 1960 Cannes Film Festival. Entertainment Weekly voted it the 6th Greatest film of all time. ", "Directed by Franco Zeffirelli; written by John Mortimer and Zeffirelli, based on \"The Autobiography of Franco Zeffirelli\"; director of photography, David Watkin; edited by Tariq Anwar; music by Alessio Vlad and Stefano Arnaldi; art directors, Carlo Centolavigna and Gioia Fiorella Mariani; produced by Riccardo Tozzi, Giovannella Zannoni and Clive Parsons; released by G2 Films, an MGM company. Running time: 117 minutes. This film is rated PG.", "Essential surrealist film, La Dolce Vita is an early critique to press photography, bourgeois society, special attention to stars and social decadence.", "According to Bosley Crowther of the New York Times, La Dolce Vita is a movie where \"dignity is transmuted into the sensational. Old values, old disciplines are discarded for the modern, the synthetic, the quick by a society that is past sophistication and is sated with pleasure and itself. All of its straining for sensations is exploited for the picture magazines and the scandal sheets that merchandise excitement and vicarious thrills for the mob … it is an awesome picture, licentious in content but moral and vastly sophisticated in its attitude and what it says.\"", "What to look for: I mentioned in my column about The Rules of the Game a few weeks ago that I was struck by how much La Dolce Vita resembles it. In both instances, the filmmaker depicts a decadent, ungrounded upper crust that can't possibly last. And in both cases, the central character is someone who cavorts with the elite without actually, technically being one of them, and who is eventually slapped back to reality by a tragic turn of events.", "Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports that from 57 reviews, 96% were positive; the consensus states: \"An epic, breathtakingly stylish cinematic landmark, La Dolce Vita remains riveting in spite of -- or perhaps because of -- its sprawling length.\" On Metacritic, the film has a 93/100 rating based on 12 critics, indicating \"universal acclaim\". ", "Movies do not change, but their viewers do. When I saw La Dolce Vita in 1960, I was an adolescent for whom 'the sweet life' represented everything I dreamed of: sin, exotic European glamour, the weary romance of the cynical newspaperman. When I saw it again, around 1970, I was living in a version of Marcello's world; Chicago's North Avenue was not the Via Veneto, but at 3 a.m. the denizens were just as colorful, and I was about Marcello's age.", "Anita Ekberg , the actress and international sex symbol best known for her role in \"La Dolce Vita,\" died in Italy on January 11. She was 83.", "The Russian poet Andrei Gorchakov, accompanied by guide and translator Eugenia, is traveling through Italy researching the life of an 18th-century Russian composer. In an ancient spa town, he meets the lunatic Domenico, who years earlier had imprisoned his own family in his house for seven years to save them from the evils of the world. Seeing some deep truth in Domenico's act, Andrei becomes drawn to him. In a series of dreams, the poet's nostalgia for his homeland and his longing for his wife, his ambivalent feelings for Eugenia and Italy, and his sense of kinship with Domenico become intertwined. Winner of the Grand Prix de Creation and FIPRESCI prize at the 1984 Cannes Film Festival. (Subtitles) USSR/Italy 120m", "The 2013 Italian film The Great Beauty features a former writer who wanders through the parties of the Roman high society trying to decide what to do with his life." ]

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[ "Lacsa is the national airline of Costa Rica. The airline is part of Grupo TACA and operates as TACA/Lacsa international scheduled services to destinations in Central, North and South America. Its main hub is at Juan Santamaría International Airport (SJO), located about 20 km (13 mi) northwest of San José , Costa Rica's capital city.", "Avianca Costa Rica, formerly known as Lacsa (Spanish: Lineas Aéreas Costarricenses S.A.), minority owned by the Synergy Group, is the national airline of Costa Rica and is based in San José. It operates international scheduled services to over 35 destinations in Central, North and South America. When it was a subsidiary of Grupo TACA, the airline was also known as TACA/LACSA. Since May 2013, when Grupo TACA was bought, Avianca Costa Rica is one of the seven nationally branded airlines (Avianca Ecuador, Avianca Honduras, etc.) in the Avianca Holdings group of Latin American airlines.", "Lacsa was established on 17 October 1945 by Pan American World Airways, the Costa Rican government and Costa Rican private interests. It started operations on 1 June 1946 and was designated the national carrier in 1949. Its domestic network was transferred to its wholly owned subsidiary Sansa in September 1959. ", "The airline also operated a subsidiary in the Cayman Islands, Cayman Brac Airways (CBA) Ltd., which it sold a 51% controlling interest in the late 1960s to the Cayman Islands government which in turn used the air carrier to form Cayman Airways. Lacsa served Grand Cayman for many years as an intermediate stop on its services between San Jose, Costa Rica and Miami. ", "KLM (Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij) is the national air carrier of the Netherlands, its name is literally translated as Royal Aviation Company but more usually as Royal Dutch Airlines. Founded on 7 October 1919, KLM is the oldest airline in the world still operating under its original name.", "Founded in 1919, KLM (KL) is the oldest airline in the world operating under its original name. The airline, which operates from a hub at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol (AMS), is the flag carrier of the Netherlands. Its subsidiaries include KLM Cityhopper (WA) and Transavia (HV). KLM flies to about 130 destinations in 69 countries across Europe, Asia, Africa, North America and South America. A member of the SkyTeam alliance, the carrier also has codeshare agreements with 29 other airlines. KLM's fleet of 113 passenger aircraft includes both Boeing and Airbus planes. Each is typically configured with a Business Class cabin, Economy Comfort Class and Economy Class.", "Southwest Airlines Co. (NYSE: LUV) is an American low-cost airline based in Dallas, Texas, with its largest focus city at Las Vegas’ McCarran International Airport. It is the largest airline in the United States by number of passengers carried domestically per year and (as of December 31, 2007) also the largest airline in the world by number of passengers carried. It is also the 6th largest U.S. airline by revenue. It also maintains the third-largest fleet of aircraft among all of the world’s commercial airlines.", "Lacsa services were previously flown exclusively by Airbus A320 family jetliners drawn from the pooled fleet of the former Grupo TACA. In 2008, a new fleet of Embraer 190 jets was introduced. ", "There is one national airline, La Costena, as well as more than seven international airlines including American Airlines, Continental and Delta. These airlines provide daily transportation throughout the country of Nicaragua as well as service to countries globally. Customer service includes baggage handling, handicap access to public areas and Wi-Fi for travelers within the airport.", "LAN is Chile's national flag carrier, the largest airline in the country and one of the largest airlines in Latin America. LAN operates an extensive network of both domestic and international flights to destinations in Latin America and the United States, to Canada, Mexico, and the Caribbean, Australia and New Zealand, and to Paris, Frankfurt and Madrid in Europe. Its main hub is Santiago International Airport (SCL) near Santiago", "11x Caravelle (of which one leased from Air France), 20x B707 (of which one leased from Sobelair + one from Trans Air + one from Zaïre Express + one from Occidental Airlines), 5x B727-100, 16x B737-200, 6x B737-300, 3x B737-400, 6x B737-500, 6x BAC 1-11 of which two leased from British World and four from European Aircharter, 1x BAe146-300 leased from British World, 4x B747-100 (of which two leased from Air France), 3x B747-200 leased from Air France, 3x B747-300 of which one leased from Corsair, 13x DC10 (of which four leased from Lufthansa + one from Air Zaïre + two from Alitalia + one from World Airways), 7x A310 (of which two leased from Airbus and two from Lufthansa), 15x A319, 6x A320, 3x A321, 10x A330, 5x A340 (of which one leased from Airbus), 2x MD11 leased from City Bird.", "Romania 's first national airline was founded in 1920 under the name CFRNA - (French-Romanian Company for Air Navigation). The airline used French-built Potez 15 aircraft for its passenger/mail service between Paris and Bucharest via several cities in Central Europe . In 1925, the city of Galaţi became the first destination in Romania served by regular flights followed, from 24 June 1926, by an extended service to Iaşi and Chişinău . Ten de Havilland DH.9 and five Ansaldo A.300 , in addition to the Potez aircraft, operated the service. In 1928 the airline changed its name to SNNA - Serviciul Naţional de Navigaţie Aeriană (The National Air Navigation Service). In 1930, the company adopted the name LARES - Liniile Aeriene Române Exploatate de Stat (Romanian Air Line Exploited by the State) while 1937 saw the merger of LARES with its competitor, SARTA (Societatea Anonimă Română de Transporturi Aeriene). [3]", "Colombia's national airline and flag carrier, Avianca (AV) was founded in 1919 as SCADTA. It is the country's largest airline and the second largest in North and South America. The carrier operates a primary hub at El Dorado International Airport (BOG) and secondary hubs at El Salvador International Airport (SAL) and Jorge Chávez International Airport (LIM). It flies to about 90 destinations in 22 countries in South America, North America and Europe. The airline has a number of subsidiaries, including Avianca Brazil, Avianca Costa Rica, Avianca Ecuador, Avianca El Salvador, Avianca Guatemala, Avianca Honduras, Avianca Peru and Sansa.", "SABENA (an acronym for \"Societé Anonyme Belge d'Exploitation de la Navigation Aérienne\") began operations in 1923 as the national carrier of Belgium. In 1925 and Sabena began flights within Congo, the Belgian colony in Africa. In 1946 they changed their name in \"SABENA – Belgian World Airlines\". SABENA was mainland Europe's first airline to operate a jet across the Atlantic (Boeing 707 to New York in 1960).", "Sabena began operations on 23 May 1923 as the national carrier of Belgium. The airline was created by the Belgian government after their predecessor SNETA (Syndicat national pour l'étude des transports aériens) - formed in 1919 to pioneer commercial aviation in Belgium - ceased operations. Sabena operated its first commercial flight from Brussels to London (UK) on 1 July 1923, via Ostend. Services to Rotterdam (Netherlands) and Strasbourg (France) were launched on 1 April 1924. The Strasbourg service was extended to Basle (Switzerland) on 10 June 1924. Amsterdam (Netherlands) was added on 1 September 1924, and Hamburg (Germany) followed on 1 May 1929 via Antwerp, Düsseldorf, and Essen.", "TAM Airlines is the largest airline in Latin America and Brszil's flag carrier. It operates domestic scheduled services and also international flights to destinations in North and South America and Europe. Its main hub airports are at São Paulo-Guarulhos International Airport (GRU), at Brasília International Airport (BSB), Brasília , Brazil's capital city, and at Galeão International Airport (GIG) near Rio de Janeiro .", "There are two domestic airlines which offer flights all over the country: SANSA and Nature Air. The first one is a division of a larger airline called TACA which flies all over Latin American and the USA, while Nature Air is exclusively for Costa Rica, and it also offers a couple of destinations in Nicaragua and Panama. There are also a series of local private companies that charter planes all over the country as well.", "Never flying on this airline again. I went to Bogota for the holidays and I had purchased my returning flight with Avianca, which had a layover in San Salvador. When I arrived to the airport kiosk for the check in, they told me that they were unable to give me my ticket from San Salvador to Chicago because the system...", "*Copa Airlines was the first Latin American customer of the Embraer E-190. The airline also operated the longest scheduled Boeing 737-700 flight in the world between Panama City and Montevideo, Uruguay, until it was overtaken by Scandinavian Airlines's Stavanger to Houston service. The route regained the title when the SAS service closed in October 2015. ", "A French–Albanian joint venture Ada Air, was launched in Albania as the first private airline, in 1991. The company offered flights in a thirty-six-passenger airplane four days a week between Tirana and Bari, Italy and a charter service for domestic and international destinations.", "A French-Albanian joint venture Ada Air , was launched in Albania's as the first private airline, in 1991. The company offered flights in a thirty-six-passenger airplane four days each week between Tirana and Bari , Italy and a charter service for domestic and international destinations.", "When Sabena was created, the airline was partly funded by Belgians in the Belgian Congo colony who lost their air service, an experimental passenger and cargo company (LARA) between Léopoldville, Lisala, and Stanleyville a year earlier and who expected the new Belgian national airline to fill this gap. On 12 February 1925, Sabena pioneered a long haul across Africa to Leopoldville, capital of the Belgian Congo. Throughout their history, Sabena had a long tradition of service to African destinations and for a long time these were the only profitable routes served by the airline.", "Lufthansa was established in 1926, following a merger between Deutsche Aero Lloyd (DAL) and Junkers Luftverkehr. It operated its first flight in that same year with a Fokker F-11, taking off from Berlin-Tempelhof for Zurich. In 1953, Aktiengesellschaft für Luftverkehrsbedarf (LUFTAG) acquired the Deutsche Lufthansa brand name and thereafter operated under that name. Lufthansa is a superpower in the airline industry, with 117,000 employees and numerous subsidiaries including Air Dolomiti, Swiss International Airlines, Eurowings, Augsburg Airways and Contact Air.", "LATAM carried 67.833 million passengers in 2014, more than China Eastern, and Turkish Airlines 54.675, more than Air China. These reports are not given by the IATA and could be from multiple air operator's certificates.", "1961 also saw a major upheaval for SABENA in the Congo colony.  When the old Belgian Congo became the Republic of Congo belgians fled, transported by SABENA.  This was the end of the impressive regional network of routes and airports in Congo that the airline had built up since 1924.  When the new Republic began it's own airline: Air Congo, in June 1961 SABENA held 30 percent of that airline's shares.", "Laker Airways expanded to Los Angeles (1978). The company acquired two-second-hand Boeing 707-351B narrowbodied long-haul aircraft from Cathay PacificNorthwest Airlines being the original operator to commence non-stop operations to the US West Coast prior to receiving the first of the McDonnell-Douglas DC-10 series 30 aircraft that were on order. ", "Venezolana Internacional de Aviación Sociedad Anónima (), or VIASA for short, was the Venezuelan flag carrier between 1960 and 1997. It was headquartered in the Torre Viasa in Caracas. Launched in 1960, it was nationalised in 1975 due to financial problems, and re-privatised in 1991, with the major stake going to Iberia. The company ceased operations in , and went into liquidation.", "The national carrier was Armavia (now defunct), and served destinations across the CIS, Europe and the Middle East. Some West Asian airlines (Syrian, Iranian, etc.) also serve the airport.", "Ryanair flies to 22 countries, 132 destinations across Europe, it being the continents low cost airline with the most extended network.", "All those attempts (SNETA & LARA) were concretized when, on 23 May 1923, SABENA (Soci�t� A�rienne Belge d'Exploitation de la Navigation A�rienne) was born. The capital of the company was in the hands of both private interests and the state. The new airline expended quickly, each year new liaisons being created:", "Skytrain saw the demise of ABC Trans Atlantic charters but Laker continued their charter flights to European hotspots with DC10s supplementing the BAC111s and sole B707 on peak services. Skytrain services shortly commenced to LAX and then SFO . Initially DC10-10s were used, making refuelling stops at Bangor, but DC10-30s were then introduced in the Laker fleet.", "Surprisingly, until they had the DC10, Laker sometimes operated a BAC111 non-stop from LGW to the Canary Islands. It seems that there were restrictions on weight (passengers were restricted to 15kgs for luggage) and the flight operated at higher levels than norm, so it just about came within the BAC111's range. Refuelling stops were sometimes necessary at Faro." ]

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[ "2001: A Space Odyssey is a 1968 science fiction film/movie produced and directed by Stanley Kubrick. The screenplay was co-written by Kubrick and Arthur C. Clarke, and was partially inspired by Clarke's short story \"The Sentinel\". Clarke concurrently wrote the novel of the same name which was published soon after the film was released. The story deals with a series of encounters between humans and mysterious black monoliths that are apparently affecting human evolution, and a space voyage to Jupiter tracing a signal emitted by one such monolith found on the moon. Keir Dullea and Gary Lockwood star as the two astronauts on this voyage, with Douglas Rain as the voice of the sentient computer HAL 9000 who has full control over their spaceship. The film is frequently described as an \"epic film\", both for its length and scope, and for its affinity with classical epics.", "2001: A Space Odyssey is a 1968 epic science fiction film produced and directed by Stanley Kubrick. The screenplay, written by Kubrick and Arthur C. Clarke, was partially inspired by Clarke's short story \"The Sentinel\". Clarke concurrently wrote the novel 2001: A Space Odyssey, published soon after the film was released. The film follows a voyage to Jupiter with the sentient computer Hal after the discovery of a mysterious black monolith affecting human evolution. The film deals with the themes of existentialism, human evolution, technology, artificial intelligence, and extraterrestrial life. It is noted for its scientifically accurate depiction of space flight, pioneering special effects, and ambiguous imagery. It uses sound and minimal dialogue in place of traditional narrative techniques; the soundtrack consists of classical music such as The Blue Danube and Also sprach Zarathustra.", "2001: A Space Odyssey is a 1968 epic science fiction film produced and directed by Stanley Kubrick, and co-written by Kubrick and Arthur C. Clarke, partially inspired by Clarke’s short story The Sentinel. The story deals with a series of encounters between humans and mysterious black monoliths that are apparently affecting human destiny, and a space voyage to Jupiter tracing a signal emitted by one such monolith found on the moon. Keir Dullea and Gary Lockwood star as the two astronauts on this voyage, with Douglas Rain as the voice of the sentient computer HAL who “seems human” and has full control over their spaceship.", "2001: A Space Odyssey is a science-fiction narrative, produced in 1968 as both a novel, written by Arthur C. Clarke, and a film, directed by Stanley Kubrick. It is a part of Clarke's Space Odyssey series. Both the novel and the film are partially based on Clarke's short story \"The Sentinel\", written in 1948 as an entry in a BBC short story competition, and \"Encounter in the Dawn\", published in 1953 in the magazine Amazing Stories.", "2001: A Space Odyssey began as an idea by director Stanley Kubrick [1928-1999] to create the \"proverbial good science fiction movie.\" He developed the screenplay in collaboration with British science fiction author Sir Arthur C. Clarke [1917-2008] based on Clarke's 1950 short story 'The Sentinel'. As they were working on the screenplay, they were also placing their ideas into a book that was subsequently published in 1968 by Clarke under the same title as the movie. The novel was scheduled to be released prior to the film pending Kubrick's approval of the book's content. It was Clarke's belief that Kubrick intentionally delayed signing off on Clarke's version so that the movie would be released first. In 1972, Clarke published The Lost Worlds of 2001, a compilation of behind-the-scenes notes about the script and production issues. It also included a copy of The Sentinel and excerpts from the early screenplay that did not make it into the final version of the film. A sequel movie, 2010 , was released in 1984.", "The late legendary Director Stanley Kubrick is to this day well known for directing long film shoots. A good example is the classic sci-fi film he directed, 2001: A Space Odyssey. Originally titled Journey Beyond The Stars in a press release for MGM on February 23, 1965, the sci-fi film finally premiered in early April 1968. And what started out as a $5 million budgeted film, when all was finally said and done, the film investment doubled over at $10.5 million.", "Clarke’s growing reputation as an expert in all things space led to the collaboration for which he is perhaps best known. In 1964, with director Stanley Kubrick, Clarke began work on a screenplay adaption of his 1951 short story “The Sentinel.” It would evolve into the 1968 Kubrick-directed classic 2001: A Space Odyssey, widely considered to be among the greatest movies ever made. Clarke and Kubrick received an Academy Award nomination for their script and also collaborated on developing the story into a novel published the same year. Clarke later followed with the literary sequels 2010: Odyssey Two (published in 1982 and adapted into a 1984 film), 2061: Odyssey Three (1987) and 3001: The Final Odyssey (1997).   ", "\"2001: A Space Odyssey\" was Stanley Kubrick's epic, groundbreaking film from 1968, and HAL 9000 was unquestionably its star.", "*Dr. Frank Poole is an astronaut aboard Discovery One on the first manned mission to Jupiter in 2001: A Space Odyssey (Saturn in the novel). He and Dave Bowman are the only crew members who were not put on board in suspended animation (hibernation). His boyhood hometown was Flagstaff, Arizona, where he visited the Lowell Observatory at its museums on many occasions. These visits sparked his interest in astronomy and astronautics, and hence he went to college to study these subjects. He is the main character of 3001: The Final Odyssey. In Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey, Poole was portrayed by Gary Lockwood. Tom Hanks once expressed interest in directing a film version of 3001, in which he would have played Poole, but this never came to pass.", "Stanley Kubrick's stunning epic 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) reinvented the science fiction genre - after its premiere in April 1968. It earned four Academy Award nominations and won for Special Visual Effects. The spectacular film had the largest movie budget for special effects (to date) - more than 60%. It introduced the character of HAL, a computer that could see, speak, hear, and think like its human colleagues aboard the spaceship, and fantastic special effects of outer-space by Douglas Trumbull.", "The visionary author won worldwide acclaim with more than 100 books on space, science and the future. The 1968 story “2001: A Space Odyssey” — written simultaneously as a novel and screenplay with director Stanley Kubrick — was a frightening prophecy of artificial intelligence run amok.", "Kubrick  released his most popular film, 2001: A Space Odyssey, in 1968, after working diligently on the production for a number of years—from co-writing the script with sci-fi writer Arthur C. Clarke to working on the special effects, to directing. The film earned Kubrick 13 Academy Award nominations; he won one for his special effects work.", "Over one hundred essays and reviews covering six decades by the author of 2001: A Space Odyssey ( RC 19164 ). Includes pieces about rockets, flying saucers, visits to the Moon, and working with director Stanley Kubrick, along with predictions and prophecies for the twenty-first century. An annotation precedes each article. 1999.", "2001: A Space Odyssey may be Kubrick's most famous and influential film. Steven Spielberg has called it his generation's \"Big Bang\", focusing their attention on the race to space. The special effects techniques that Kubrick pioneered were later built upon by Ridley Scott and George Lucas for films such as Alien and Star Wars , respectively. 2001 is particularly notable as one of the few films in which space travel is presented in as realistic a manner as possible. For example, there is no sound in any of the space scenes, weightlessness is strictly adhered to, and sequences in which characters are wearing space suits often contain only the actor's breathing on the soundtrack. The only blemish in this regard is the series of shots inside on the moon, where gravity appears to be operating at Earth normal, despite no mention of \"artificial\" gravity. What keeps the film alive today is its sense of mystery. Its primary themes: the origins and meaning of life, super-intelligent computers, extraterrestrials, the search for God and a place in the universe, rebirth and evolution; all are conveyed in an artistically ambiguous and primal manner. This keeps the film ripe for debate and meditation. Whole books have been written about interpretations of it, and even Arthur C. Clarke has gone on record of not knowing exactly what Kubrick was up to when making the film, going as far to say that 2001 was 90% Kubrick's vision.", "Clarke offered up six of his short stories as possible material for Kubrick to adapt. The director picked “The Sentinel” as his source material for the film. Clarke and Kubrick spent the rest of 1964 generating ideas, reading books on anthropology and science, and watching many science fiction films. On February 23, 1965 Kubrick issued a press releasing the next the title of his next film as Journey Beyond the Stars. Eleven months later, Kubrick changed the title to 2001: A Space Odyssey drawing on Homer’s The Odyssey for inspiration. The director and Clarke went through several drafts of a script while Clarke concurrently worked on a 2001 novel. Kubrick remarked his goal was to make a film that was “basically a visual, nonverbal experience” that “hits the viewer at an inner level of consciousness, just as music does, or painting.”", "A jewel in the wealth of Clarke's short stories, \"Sentinel of Eternity,\" reprinted in Expedition to Earth as \"The Sentinel,\" shines forth, as it is the inspiration for Stanley Kubrick's landmark movie 2001: A Space Odyssey and Clarke's 2001 novel adaptation. 2001 tells the story of the Discovery, a spaceship operated by an intelligent computer, HAL 9000. The ship is sent into outer space to track a mysterious signal emanating from a black monolith on Earth's moon. HAL's secret agenda slowly eliminates Discovery 's human crew save Dave Bowman who, encountering a mirror monolith on a Saturn moon, evolves into the Star Child. This narrative of an enigmatic alien artifact, also shown four million years in the past helping encourage the dawn of Man, embodies the scientific and metaphysical qualities of Clarke's writings. Nicholls considers these qualities as Clarke's central paradox; namely, that a writer exploring scientific theories and detailing technological advances should be drawn to the metaphysical, mystical, even quasi-religious essence of space and the universe at large.", "112 Stanley Kubrick, 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968). Three years in production, 2001 cost $10.5 rrhlhon, over 60 per cent of which was spent on special effects.", "Upon release in 1968, 2001: A Space Odyssey was not an immediate hit among many critics, who faulted its lack of dialogue, slow pacing, and seemingly impenetrable storyline. The film appeared to defy genre convention, much unlike any science-fiction movie before it, and clearly different from any of Kubrick's earlier films or stories. Kubrick was particularly outraged by a scathing review from Pauline Kael, who called it \"the biggest amateur movie of them all\", with Kubrick doing \"really every dumb thing he ever wanted to do\". Despite the initial poor critical response, 2001: A Space Odyssey gradually gained popularity and earned $31 million worldwide by the end of 1972. Today, it is widely considered to be one of the greatest and most influential films ever made, and is a staple on All Time Top 10 lists. Baxter describes the film as \"one of the most admired and discussed creations in the history of cinema\", and Steven Spielberg has referred to it as \"the big bang of his film making generation\". For LoBrutto it \"positioned Stanley Kubrick as a pure artist ranked among the masters of cinema\".", "Topping that off, Dullea played the salacious Marquis De Sade himself in a relatively tame, internationally flavored production of De Sade . The apex of his film career, however, came with his lead role in Stanley Kubrick 's epic science-fiction film, 2001: A Space Odyssey , as the astronaut Dr. David Bowman.", "Shares his birthday with 'Peter Hyams', who directed 2010: The Year We Make Contact (1984), sequel of 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), which is directed by Kubrick.", "Despite initially receiving mixed reactions from critics and audiences, 2001: A Space Odyssey garnered a cult following and slowly became the highest-grossing North American film of 1968. It was nominated for four Academy Awards, and received one for its visual effects. A sequel directed by Peter Hyams was released in 1984.", "Immediately after liftoff, the music that can be heard playing at Mission Control HQ is the Blue Danube. it is the same track from the first glimpse of then futuristic space travel in the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey, another film about an ill-fated mission to Jupiter. At the same time the screenplay was written, by Stanley Kubrick & Arthur C. Clarke, Clarke was writing the book", "Kubrick's last film in the 60s was the most successful science fiction film of the decade with a story that spanned all of human history with giant leaps (from pre-historic cave-dwelling apes jump-cutting ultimately to futuristic outer space travelers to Jupiter). A continuing theme was the reception of an extra-terrestrial signal in its portrayal of man (bored in his technological paradise) confronting technology beyond his control. His film, based on the novel by Arthur C. Clarke, was the majestic, Super Panavision 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) with its spectacular visuals, landmark special effects, classical music, psychedelic, light-show ride (that appealed to late 60s 'tripping' viewers) and the memorable, flawed HAL supercomputer (with the uncredited voice of Douglas Rain).", "In 1965 Stanley Kubrick made a relatively brief return visit to Shepperton. The first day’s shooting on 2001: A Space Odyssey was on the H stage. The set was the excavated site on the Moon where the monolith had been discovered. The ‘hole’ was 150ft x 50ft x 20 ft deep and at one end had an area representing the Moon’s surface. The first day of shooting this extraordinary film was December 29th 1965, some three and a half years before a man would actually step onto the Moon itself. (The majority of the film was shot at the MGM studios in Borehamwood, where it occupied most of the stages there for several years.)", "Shared a 1969 Academy Award nomination with Stanley Kubrick in the category, Best Writing, Story and Screenplay - Written Directly for the Screen for 2001: A Space Odyssey . [75]", "2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) was not nominated for Best Picture and received only one award - Best Special Visual Effects - from its four nominations (other nominations were Best Original Story and Screenplay, Best Art Direction/Set Decoration, and Best Director!). The Academy members presumably didn't recognize or realize the outstandingly superior, too-believable makeup in the opening scenes of 2001, that included both human actors with life-like masks and infant chimpanzees!", "Despite receiving mixed reviews upon release, 2001: A Space Odyssey is today thought by some critics to be one of the greatest films ever made and is widely regarded as one of the best science fiction film of all time. It was nominated for four Academy Awards, and received one for visual effects. It also won the Kansas City Film Critics Circle Best Director and Best Film awards of 1968. In 1991, 2001: A Space Odyssey was deemed culturally significant by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry.", "Dr. Frank Poole was one of the main characters of 2001: A Space Odyssey. He was a scientist and astronaut that worked alongside Dr. Bowman. ", "In the sections that follow, I review the 2001 story, following the real or screenplay sequence rather than the sequence we followed in the actual filming. 2001: A Space Odyssey divides neatly into three parts, the first covering the \"Dawn of Man,\" the second a sober portrayal of events that supposedly occur early in the twenty-first century, and the third an utterly fantastic extrasolar voyage and contact.", "Despite initially receiving mixed reviews, 2001: A Space Odyssey is today recognized by many critics and audiences as one of the greatest and most influential films ever made; the 2002 Sight & Sound poll of critics ranked it among the top ten films of all time. In addition, in 2010 it was named the #1 greatest film ever made by The Moving Arts Film Journal. It was nominated for four Academy Awards, and received one for visual effects. In 1991, it was deemed “culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant” by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry.", "Since its premiere, 2001: A Space Odyssey has been analyzed and interpreted by professional film critics, amateur writers and science fiction fans, virtually all of whom have mentioned its deliberate ambiguity. Questions about 2001 range from uncertainty about its deeper philosophical implications about humanity's origins and final destiny in the universe, to interpreting elements of the film's more enigmatic scenes such as the meaning of the monolith, or the final fate of astronaut David Bowman. There are also simpler and more mundane questions about what drives the plot, in particular the causes of Hal's breakdown (explained in earlier drafts but kept mysterious in the film). ", "2001-- A Space Odyssey (HD) -- Best Scene with Hal and Dave -- 'Hal open the pod bay doors'" ]

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[ "Kyushu, the third largest and most southern of Japan’s four main islands, is the site of Japan’s most active volcano, Mt. Aso, and several cities with important historical, political and commercial significance, including Nagasaki, Kagoshima and Fukuoka.", "A group of three small islands, the Volcano Islands (in Japanese, Kazan-retto) lie in the western Pacific Ocean between the Bonin Islands to the north and the Mariana Islands to the south. The Volcano Islands belong to Japan. The three volcanic islands are, from north to south, Kita-Io (San Alexander) Island, Io Island (now Io-to; conventionally, Iwo Jima), and Minami-Io (San Augustino) Island. Unclaimed until the arrival of Japanese fishermen and sulfur miners in 1887, the islands were claimed formally by Japan in 1891.", "Japan consists of a group of four large islands, called Honshu , Hokkaido , Kyushu, and Shikoku, and more than 3,000 smaller islands. It is a country of intense volcanic activity, with more than 60 active volcanoes, and frequent earthquakes. The terrain is rugged and mountainous, with lowlands making up only about 29% of the country. The highest of the mountain peaks is an extinct volcano found on Honshu called Mount Fuji. It reaches an altitude of 12,388 ft (3,776 m). Although the climate is generally mild, tropical cyclones usually strike in the fall, and can cause severe damage.", "Honshu is the largest island, measuring an area of 87,805 square miles. Almost 80 percent of the country's population lives here. The capital of the country is also located on this island. Japan's tallest mountain Mount Fuji (3,776m) is situated here. Although the volcano here has been dormant since 1708, geologists classify it as an active volcano. Tokyo stands on the Kanto plain. The Kanto plain is Japan's largest lowland, spreading across from the Japanese Alps to the Pacific.", "Volcano Islands, Japanese Kazan-rettō, archipelago, Tokyo to (metropolis), far southern Japan . The islands lie in the western Pacific between the Bonin Islands (north) and the Mariana Islands (south). The three small volcanic islands are, in north–south sequence, Kita-Iō (San Alexander) Island, Iō Island (Iō-tō; conventionally, Iwo Jima), and Minami-Iō (San Augustino) Island. Unclaimed until the arrival of Japanese fishermen and sulfur miners in 1887, the islands were claimed formally by Japan in 1891.", "Although Japan contains more than 3,900 islands, four islands account for almost all of the national territory. In order of size they are Honsh, Hokkaid, Kysh, and Shikoku, with Honsh larger than Great Britain (or Utah) and Hokkaid somewhat smaller than Ireland (or Maine). In addition, small islands extend southwestward from Kysh through the Ryky archipelago and southward from Honsh through the Izu, Bonin (Ogasawara), and Volcano (Io or Iwo) groups. The southernmost of the Islands, running northeastward from Hokkaid, are claimed by Japan but occupied by the Russian Federation.", "Japan is another island arc. The Japanese archipelago consists of four large islands, from Hokkaido, in the far north, through Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu in the far south. Japan also includes more than 3,000 smaller islands. In several places in the Japanese archipelago, volcanoes are still active.", "Located on Japan’s southernmost island of Kyushu, Mount Aso is the country’s most active volcano and a popular tourist hiking destination, with its highest peak reaching more than 5,000 feet.", "The northernmost, Atlasov Island (Oyakoba in Japanese), is an almost perfect volcanic cone rising sheer out of the sea; it has been praised by the Japanese in haiku, wood-block prints, and other forms, in much the same way as the better-known Mt. Fuji.", "Japan's islands are very beautiful and varied, but they can be treacherous. Earthquakes are common and result from a fault that circles the Pacific Ocean, causing earthquakes on the west coast of North and South America as well. They are frequent in Japan, occurring more often than they are felt. Even so, one big enough to be noticed by scientists occurs every three days in T�ky�. Occasionally they do serious damage. The mountains of Japan contain 10 per-cent of the world's most active volcanoes. Mt. Fuji, Japan's most famous mountain and one of its most beautiful and revered, is a dormant volcano, which last erupted in 1707. Tidal waves occasionally result from undersea earthquakes, and typhoons sometimes hit Japan as they move north from the South Pacific.", "The Japanese archipelago consists of thousands of islands, but the Japan of world maps -- the bow-shaped country in the Pacific curling around the east coast of continental Asia -- is made up of four main islands: Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu and Shikoku. Honshu is the largest, roughly the size of Minnesota, followed by Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku. Each island offers something a little different for the tourist, but the four are unified by Japan's technology and hospitality.", "This large city is an excursion base from which to explore the dramatic coastlines, national parks and volcanic mountains of Kyushu, Japan's third largest island. Mount Sakurajima, an active volcano, can be reached by ferry. To the north, Kirishima-Yaku National Park is a scenic area of smoking volcanoes, craters and lakes. South of the city, Ibusuki, the island's most popular seaside resort, welcomes kimono-clad bathers to its sandy beaches and warm, underwater springs.", "Japan is an island nation of East Asia. It is composed of four large islands and many smaller ones, which extend in a narrow arc, northeast to southwest, for a distance of about 1,500 miles (2,400 kilometers) off the eastern coast of Asia. The four main islands are Honshu (the largest and most populous), Hokkaido, Kyushu, and Shikoku.", "Japan has four principal islands. From north to south, they are Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyūshū. The four major islands are separated only by narrow straits and form a natural geographic entity. The nation also has more than three thousand smaller islands, including the Ryukyu archipelago, which extends far to the southwest of the main islands.", "Unlike most ancient mountains on the mainland, many important islands in Korea were formed by volcanic activity in the Cenozoic orogeny. Jeju Island, situated off the southern coast, is a large volcanic island whose main mountain Mount Halla or Hallasan (1950 m) is the highest in South Korea. Ulleung Island is a volcanic island in the Sea of Japan, whose composition is more felsic than Jeju-do. The volcanic islands tend to be younger, the more westward.", "A new island has emerged off the coast of Tokyo on October 20, 2013, as a result of underwater volcano eruption. Advisories from the coast guard and the Japan Meteorological Agency said the island is about 200 meters (660 feet) in diameter. The island emerged 1 000 km (620 miles) south of Tokyo, just off the coast of Nishinoshima, a small, ...", "Volcanic activity and the movement of Earth's crust formed many island chains in this region. Japan is a country of frequent earthquakes and intense volcanic activity, with more than 60 active volcanoes. Over 70 percent of its terrain is mountainous. The highest mountain peak is an extinct volcano called Mount Fuji, which reaches an altitude of 12,388 feet (3,776 meters).", "Our next destination was the far-away island of Hachijojima, in the Izu Islands group. This chain of volcanic islands stretches from just south of Tokyo down into the Pacific Ocean to Aogashima, a very distant 1,000 kilometers from Tokyo. Many people are very surprised to find that even on Hachijojima—300 km from Tokyo—they are technically still part of this massive city; in fact, the whole chain is part of Tokyo City! We had a great time exploring the island in search of the endemic warbler and thrush. Birders used to visit Miyakejima in order to see the Izu endemics, but a recent volcanic eruption saw the island evacuated, and from the ferry trip we were able to observe firsthand the damaged forests of the island.", "Ascending one of Japan's many mountains is within the capabilities of any traveller. You can reach the summit of some mountains almost entirely by car, or with only a short easy walk. Mount Aso is one of the world's largest volcanic calderas, and a paved road brings cars and pedestrians right up to the summit. Or, you can take the ropeway, which was promoted as the world's first ropeway over an active volcano.", "Mt. Aso, is located approximately 30 miles north of Kumamoto City, Kyushu, Japan .It  is one of the symbols of the Kumamoto Prefecture, once known as Hi no Kuni or the Land of Fire. It is the largest active volcano in Japan.", ", island (1990 pop. 4,240,265), 7,247 sq mi (18,770 sq km), S Japan, separated from Honshu and Kyushu by the Inland Sea. The smallest of the major islands of Japan, its high mountains and steep slopes limit agriculture and impede communication; there are no volcanoes.", "The caldera is one of the world's largest (450 sq. km) and most active 90,000-300,000 years ago. Its lava once flowed over half of the whole island of Kyushu. Even today, you can still see the remains of the violent activity. And while huge molten rocks may not be raining down on you, the large numbers of emergency concrete bunkers are there for a good reason.", "For example, a volcanic eruption off the coast of Japan has created a brand new Island called “Niijima” that is literally eating another small volcanic island next to it…", "The Mariana Islands (also the Marianas) are a crescent-shaped archipelago comprising the summits of fifteen mostly dormant volcanic mountains in the western North Pacific Ocean, between the 12th and 21st parallels north and along the 145th meridian east. They lie south-southeast of Japan, west-southwest of Hawaii, north of New Guinea and east of the Philippines, demarcating the Philippine Sea's eastern limit. They are found in the northern part of the western Oceanic sub-region of Micronesia, and are politically divided into two jurisdictions of the United States: the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands and, at the southern end of the chain, the territory of Guam.", "The highest point in the country is the renowned Mount Fuji (Fujiyama), a symmetrical dormant volcano that rises to 3,776 meters (12,388 feet) in central Honshu, outside of the Japanese Alps. The second-highest peak is Kitadake (3,192 meters/10,472 feet) and the third-highest is Hotakadake (3,190 meters/10,466 feet). Both are in central Honshu.", "Geographically, Mount Fuji is the highest mountain in Japan at 12,389 feet. Constituting a part of the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park, it is also an active stratovolcano that last showed activity in 1708. After the 2012 tsunami in the region, its volcanic tempers are being carefully monitored.", "A volcanic island in the Pacific Ocean has merged with its neighbor to form one landmass, the US space agency says. The merged island lies some 1,000km (621mi) south of Tokyo, the result of eruptions on the seafloor that have spewed enough material to rise above the water line. In November 2013, a new island sprouted near to Nishino-shima, another volcanic landmass that last expanded in the 70s. Four months later, the new and old islands are one island. The newer portion of the island - which was referred to as Niijima - is now larger than the original Nishino-shima landmass.", "The island nation of Japan lies along the western edge of the Ring of Fire, and is one of the most tectonically active places on Earth. As much as 10% of the world’s volcanic activity takes place in Japan.", "The Liancourt Rocks have different names. They are known as Dokdo to South Koreans and as Takeshima in Japan. Both countries claim these windswept islets, which lay in the Sea of Japan, almost equidistant from the two countries' mainlands. Their total area is less than 50 acres. Tourist occasionally visit the two main islets, but only a few residents (as well as members of South Korea's police force) live there permanently.", "From north to south, the main islands are (alternative names given in parentheses are mainly Japanese):", "Roughly the size of the state of Minnesota, Honshu is a mountainous island and home to many of the country's active volcanoes. Its most famous peak is Mt.", "an island in central Japan: chief island of the country. 88,851 sq. mi. (230,124 sq. km)." ]

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[ "Ezzard Charles, in full Ezzard Mack Charles (born July 7, 1921, Lawrenceville, Georgia , U.S.—died May 28, 1975, Chicago , Illinois ), American world heavyweight boxing champion from September 27, 1950, when he outpointed Joe Louis in 15 rounds in New York City , to July 18, 1951, when he was knocked out by Jersey Joe Walcott in 7 rounds in Pittsburgh .", "Humanityinneed777 store ezzard charles - autograph w/ photo boxing world heavyweight champion ezzard charles autograph he was born in lawrenceville, georgia, but is commonly thought of as a cincinnatian.[1] charles graduated from woodward high school in cincinnati where he was already becoming a well-known fighter.[2]known as the cincinnati cobra, charles fought many notable opponents in both the light heavyweight and heavyweight divisions, eventually winning a championship in the latter. Although he never won the light heavyweight title, the ring magazine has rated him as the greatest light heavyweight of all time.[3]ezzard charles started his career as a featherweight in the amateurs, where he had a record of 42-0. In 1938, he won the diamond belt", "    Ezzard Charles is Cincinnati’s only World Heavyweight Boxing Champion. He was born in Georgia in 1921 but came to Cincinnati at the age of nine to live with his grandmother and great-grandmother in the West End. He started his amateur boxing career in his teen years and won 42 amateur fights as a welterweight and a middleweight. In 1939 he won the Amateur Athletic Union national middleweight title. He graduated from Woodward High School in 1942.    ", "Ezzard Charles was born on July 7, 1921 in a small town of Lawrenceville, Georgia. The family later moved to Cincinnati, where young Ezzard developed into the state’s only world heavyweight champion.", "World Heavyweight boxing champion Ezzard Charles defeated former titleholder Joe Louis in a unanimous decision following a 15-round bout at Yankee Stadium . [84]", "1951 - After trying four times without success, �Jersey� Joe Walcott became the world heavyweight boxing champ by knocking out Ezzard Charles (whose real name was actually Charles Ezzard) in Pittsburgh, PA. Walcott became the oldest heavyweight titlist to the time (age 37).", "1949-06-22 Ezzard Charles beats Jersey Joe Walcott in 15 for National Boxing Association world heavyweight title", "\"The Pirates trainer was a big fan of Ezzard Charles, the heavyweight boxing champion from Cincinnati, and he knew I was from Cincinnati,\" Parker said.", "In 1951, Mr. Walcott won the world heavyweight title in Pittsburgh, knocking out Ezzard Charles in the seventh round. He was 37 at the time, making him the oldest boxer to win a world title, a record that held until 1994 — also the year of his death — when George Foreman won at 45.", "   For even before Ezzard Charles entered the heavyweight ranks, he had carried a flame of achievement, first as a middleweight and then as a light heavyweight. Some, including that venerable boxing voice, Ray Arcel, hold that Charles was one of the greatest light heavyweights of all time.", "The following year, on June 25, Louis and Walcott met once again, although this time Louis was clearly the dominant force, knocking out Walcott in the 11th round. Shortly after winning his rematch with Walcott, Louis announced his retirement from the ring. The retirement of Joe Louis after just over eleven years as heavyweight champ set the stage for a match between Walcott and Ezzard Charles for the now-vacant World Boxing Association heavyweight title. The two faced off on June 22, 1949. Walcott lost a 15-round decision to Charles and promptly announced his retirement. Manager Bocchicchio had other ideas for Walcott, who was now 35. The two took a short vacation together, after which they issued a press release announcing that Walcott had changed his mind and would continue his boxing career. Walcott won a match in Sweden against Ollie Tandberg and once again hinted at retirement. Again, Bocchicchio persuaded him to continue boxing.", "Shortly before announcing his retirement, Louis had gotten involved in the formation of the International Boxing Club —a promotional company that quickly came under the control of organized crime figures. The IBC, with Louis as a partner, bought up the contracts of the top heavyweight contenders and organized a box-off to determine a new champion. At the end of the tournament, Ezzard Charles became Louis's successor as champion (officially recognized by the National Boxing Association ), having beaten Jersey Joe Walcott by decision.", "The Cincinnati Cobra lost his two last bouts and retired after 19 years as a professional boxer. His only son, Ezzard Charles II told the Gwinnett Daily News in 2010 that his father rarely spoke of his boxing career, preferring instead to focus on the future.", "Ezzard Charles won the National Boxing Association heavyweight crown in a fifteen-round decision over Jersey Joe Walcott on June 22, 1949. But two years later, on July 18, 1951, Walcott turned the tables on Charles, knocking him out to take the heavyweight title for himself. The following year, Charles failed in an attempt to recapture the title from Walcott, who lost it barely three months later to Rocky Marciano.", "A Name From History: Ezzard Charles, one of the greatest boxers ever, to become part of cityscape", "Wrote Pilger in 2010: \"Ezzard Charles could display the sweet science at its finest. He would feint, slip, roll, counter, do it all. To some, he may have been dull. But those who understood boxing see him as a true artist. Many believe Ezzard to be the best light heavyweight ever, although he never won a title there.\"", "A Name From History: Ezzard Charles, one of the greatest boxers ever, to become part of cityscape - Insider - Story", "Photo: Jersey Joe Walcott fighting Ezzard Charles, the heavyweight champion, in 1951. Walcott won the title by a knockout in the seventh round. (Associated Press)", "There’s no counting the number of punches that hit the head and midsection of Ezzard Mack Charles in his 42 amateur and 122 professional fights. Known as \"The Cincinnati Cobra,\" Charles endured shots from great boxers such as Louis, Rocky Marciano, Archie Moore and Jersey Joe Walcott because he wanted to be the heavyweight champion.", "Back to the drawing board, Walcott rebuilt his career with a 5-1 run before facing Cincinnati’s Ezzard Charles for the heavyweight title vacated by Joe Louis. Charles beat Walcott by decision and repeated with another win over Walcott four months later. ", "Marciano won a decision against Ezzard Charles in 1954. He almost lost his title in their rematch later that year. In the sixth round Charles cut Marciano's nose so badly that his cornermen (the people who Marciano had in his corner of the ring) could not stop the bleeding. The ring doctor watched the cut closely and considered stopping the fight, but Marciano came back forcefully against Charles in the eighth round and knocked him out.", "Joe Louis, the world heavyweight champion, retired as undefeated heavyweight champion in March 1949. On June 22 that year, Charles beat Walcott on points over 15 rounds to win the vacant title, which was recognised only by the NBA.", "Lennox Claudius Lewis, CM, CBE, (born 2 September 1965) is a former professional boxer who reigned as the last undisputed world heavyweight champion. He holds dual British and Canadian citizenship. As an amateur he represented Canada at the 1988 Olympics, winning a gold medal in the super-heavyweight division after defeating future world champion Riddick Bowe in the final. As a professional Lewis became undisputed champion by defeating Evander Holyfield, successfully unifiying his WBC title with Holyfield's WBA and IBF titles. Prior to the rematch he was awarded the IBO title. Lewis is regarded by many as one of the greatest heavyweight boxers of all time, and also one of the greatest British fighters of all time. ", "Lennox Lewis, in full Lennox Claudius Lewis (born September 2, 1965, London , England), first British boxer to hold the undisputed heavyweight world championship since Bob Fitzsimmons held the title in 1899.", "Ezzard Charles’ illustrious career almost ended just a month after his stunning knockout of Moore. In February 1948, Charles knocked out a 21 year old contender named Sam Baroudi in the 10th round and final round. Tragically, Baroudi suffered a brain haemorrhage after the knockout, and later died in hospital. Seeming contemplating retirement, Charles was urged to carry on by Baroudi’s grieving family. It was time for Charles to tackle the Heavyweights.", "Lennox Lewis, (born 2 September 1965) is a retired boxer and the most recent undisputed world heavyweight champion. He holds dual British and Canadian citizenship. As an amateur he won gold representing Canada at the 1988 Olympic Games after defeating future h...", "British boxers of a Caribbean background have played a prominent role in the national boxing scene since the early 1980s. In 1995 Frank Bruno, whose mother was a Pentecostal laypreacher from Jamaica, became Britain's first world heavyweight boxing champion in the 20th century. Bruno's reign was shortly followed by British-born Jamaican Lennox Lewis, who defeated Evander Holyfield and Mike Tyson to become the world's premier heavyweight during the late 1990s. Middleweights Chris Eubank, who spent his early years in Jamaica, and Nigel Benn, of Barbadian descent, both claimed world titles and fought a series of brutal battles in the early 1990s.[http://www.100greatblackbritons.com/bios/nigel_benn-chris_eubanks.html 100 Great Black Britons]. Chris Eubank biography. Retrieved 6 October 2006. °[http://www.eastsideboxing.com/news/Benn-Eubank-Watson.php The Rubank-Benn-Watson rivalry] Eastsideboxing.com. Retrieved 6 October 2006. In the Sydney Olympics of 2000, Audley Harrison (who has Jamaican heritage) became Britain's first heavyweight gold medalist. Other boxing champions from the British African-Caribbean community include the welterweight Lloyd Honeyghan, nicknamed \"Ragamuffin Man\" by boxing superstar Donald Curry in 1986, in reference to his (in comparison to Curry's extravagance) normal appearance; Honeyghan subsequently spectacularly defeated Curry. ", "Peter Charles (IRL) whose dedication and professionalism is legendary proved, once again, just how good he is. On Friday night he won the Accenture Puissance in a major tussle with the great John Whitaker, jumping a massive 7'3\" just 1\" off equaling the Olympia record of 7'4\". If that wasn�t enough, on Saturday afternoon, he brought out another of his string, Carnavelly, to win the Ericsson World Cup Qualifier in a classic jump-off.", "Walcott fought Ezzard Charles four times, losing the first two and winning the next two. He beat Joey Maxim twice and lost to him once.", "In 1949, Charles outpointed Walcott for the title that Louis had vacated, and Charles outpointed him again in 1951. Four months later, Walcott took the title away with a left hook to Charles's chin. Walcott was to beat Charles again a year later. Lost Title at Age 38", "January 30: After beating Waldek Zbyszko and Ed �Strangler� Lewis in late-1919 to earn a title shot, Joe Stecher regains the World title by beating Earl Caddock in 2: 05:30 at Madison Square Garden.", "In 1949, Charles outpointed Walcott for the title that Louis had vacated, and Charles outpointed him again in 1951. Four months later, Walcott took the title away with a left hook to Charles’s chin. Walcott was to beat Charles again a year later. Lost Title at Age 38" ]

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[ "Amelia Earhart became the first woman to fly across the Atlantic and the first person to make a solo flight across both the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans.", "In 1932, Amelia Earhart became the first female to make a solo flight across the Atlantic", "Amelia Earhart becomes the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean. She began her flight at Harbor Grace in Newfoundland and ended it 14 hours and 56 minutes later in London Derry. Earhart crossed the Atlantic with two companions in 1928.", "On the 21st May 1927, Charles Lindbergh became the first person to make a solo non-stop flight across the Atlantic when he flew 3,600 miles from New York to Paris. On exactly the same date five years later, Amelia Earhart became the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic when she landed in Northern Ireland, having been forced to abandon her intended destination of Paris due to technical difficulties.", "On May 20, 1932, Amelia Earhart took off from Newfoundland; she landed in Ireland nearly 15 hours later, becoming the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean.", "Born on this date in 1897, Amelia Earhart was a widely-known celebrity during her lifetime based on her accomplishments as ace pilot. She flew in an airplane for the first time in 1920, and by 1921 owned her own plane, she named \"canary.\" Record-breaking feats in the air gained her national recognition. She was the first woman to fly as a passenger across the Atlantic. Later in 1932 became the first woman to pilot solo across the Atlantic, and in 1935, the first woman to fly solo from Hawaii to California. An author, founder of aviation organizations, and aviation editor for Cosmopolitan Magazine, Earhart felt her accomplishments proved equality between the genders in ability. At the age of 40, she began plans to be the first woman to fly around the world. \"I have a feeling that there is just about one more good flight left in my system, and I hope this trip is it,\" she said. On 1 June, 1937, Earhart and her navigator Fred Noonan departed from Miami. Leaving New Guinea on June 29 (with only 7 thousand miles to accomplish her goal), contact was lost with her plane, and all search-and-rescue efforts proved futile. While there are several theories about what actually happened, Amelia Earhart will always be remembered for her courage, vision, and groundbreaking achievements, both in aviation and for women.", "While she was only a passenger in her first Transatlantic flight, Amelia Earhart soon became the first woman to fly across the Atlantic solo. However, her attempt to fly around the world didn’t turn out so well since her plane hasn’t been seen since 1937.", "* In 1932, Amelia Earhart became the first female to make a solo flight across the Atlantic from Harbour Grace, Newfoundland to Derry, Northern Ireland. ", "Amelia Earhart is probably the most famous female pilot in aviation history, an accolade due both to her aviation career and to her mysterious disappearance. On May 20–21, 1932, Earhart became the first woman — and the second person after Charles Lindbergh — to fly nonstop and solo across the Atlantic Ocean. Flying a red Lockheed Vega 5B, she left Harbor Grace, Newfoundland, Canada, and landed about 15 hours later near Londonderry, Northern Ireland. The feat made Earhart an instant worldwide sensation and proved she was a courageous and able pilot. Then, on August 24–25, she made the first solo, nonstop flight by a woman across the United States, from Los Angeles to Newark, New Jersey, establishing a women's record of 19 hours and 5 minutes and setting a women's distance record of 3,938 kilometers (2,447 miles).", "In 1932 Hattie Caraway of Arkansas became the first woman elected to the Senate. Furthermore, in 1932 Amelia Earhart became the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic, taking her journey on the 5th anniversary of Lindbergh's solo Atlantic flight . She was awarded the National Geographic Society's gold medal from President Herbert Hoover, and Congress awarded her the Distinguished Flying Cross. Later in 1932 she became the first woman to fly solo nonstop coast to coast, and set the women's nonstop transcontinental speed record, flying 2,447.8 miles in 19 hours 5 minutes. In 1935 she became the first person to solo the 2,408-mile distance across the Pacific between Honolulu and Oakland, California; this was also the first flight where a civilian aircraft carried a two-way radio. Later in 1935, she became the first person to fly solo from Los Angeles to Mexico City. Still later in 1935, she became the first person to fly solo nonstop from Mexico City to Newark. In 1937 Amelia Earhart began a flight around the world but vanished during it; her remains, effects, and plane have never been found. The first woman to fly solo around the world and return home safely was the American amateur pilot Jerrie Mock, who did so in 1964. In 1933 Frances Perkins was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as his Secretary of Labor, making her the first woman to hold a job in a Presidential cabinet. ", "May 20, American aviator Amelia Earhart begins the first solo flight by a woman across the Atlantic Ocean. She takes a can of tomato juice and a thermos of soup for her 14-hour, 56-minute flight from Newfoundland to Ireland.", "1932 (May 20-21) - Amelia Earhart flew solo across Atlantic from Newfoundland to Ireland, in 14 hours 56 minutes -- the first woman and the second person to fly solo across the Atlantic, the first person to cross the Atlantic twice non-stop, and also setting the record for the longest distance flown by a woman and for the fastest flight across the Atlantic", "20 May 1932 - Amelia Earhart takes off from Newfoundland to begin the world's first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean by a female pilot, landing in Ireland the next day.", "In the early 20th century, aviation pioneers made the island of Newfoundland a popular destination for pilots who wished to cross the Atlantic Ocean. The American pilot, Amelia Earhart, completed the world's first transatlantic solo flight by a woman in 1932, taking off from Harbour Grace and landing in Northern Ireland .", "In 1926, magazine publisher George Putnam tapped Amelia Earhart to be the first woman to fly across the Atlantic -- as a passenger. The pilot and navigator were both men. Amelia Earhart became an instant celebrity as a woman aviator, and began to give lectures and fly in shows, again setting records. In one notable incident, she flew First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt over Washington, D.C.", "American aviation pioneer and author. Earhart was the first female aviator to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean. She received the U.S. Distinguished Flying Cross for this record", "Honolulu, Jan. 11 -- Amelia Earhart Putnam, only woman to fly the Atlantic alone, took off from Wheeler Field for Oakland, Calif., at 4:44 P. M. [10:14 Eastern Standard Time] today on a trans-Pacific flight never made solo before.", "On May 20, 1932, five years after Charles Lindbergh flew across the Atlantic, Amelia began her journey to cross the Atlantic Ocean. Despite eventually veering off course, she broke several records on the historic flight. Not only did she become the first woman to fly the Atlantic solo and the only person to do it twice, she also broke the record for the longest flight by a woman, and broke the record for crossing the Atlantic Ocean in the shortest time. During this time, Amelia had made many important friends. She had agreed to marry millionaire publisher George Putnam, and had even taken first lady Eleanor Roosevelt on a flight.", "; First crossing of the Atlantic by a woman: On 17–18 June 1928, Amelia Earhart was a passenger on an aircraft piloted by Wilmer Stultz. Since most of the flight was on instruments for which Earhart had no training, she did not pilot the aircraft. Interviewed after landing, she said, \"Stultz did all the flying — had to. I was just baggage, like a sack of potatoes. Maybe someday I'll try it alone.\"", "Women''s Firsts: Amelia Earhart (1897-1937) becomes the first woman to complete a solo nonstop transatlantic flight, from Newfoundland to Ireland in about 15 hours.", "After Amelia Earhart took her first flying lesson on January 3, 1921, she managed in six months to save enough money for buying her first plane. 1928 she was the first woman to fly on her own across the Atlantic. Everything in her life revolved around flying. 1935 she was the first woman to cross the Pacific from Honolulu to Oakland. 1937 she wanted to be the first woman to fly around the world. In June she started from Miami on the 2nd July came her last transmission. She was never seen again.", "Burry Port, Carmarthenshire, South Wales, June 18.--The first woman to cross the Atlantic successfully by air, Miss Amelia Earhart, Boston settlement worker, alighted in the seaplane Friendship here this morning on the broad expanse of Loughor estuary, after a flight of 20 hours and 40 minutes elapsed time from Trepassey.", "Amelia Earhart was the greatest American woman pilot in the 1930's. She flew solo across the Atlantic from Newfoundland to Ireland. She was the first person to fly solo from Hawaii to California and from Mexico City to New Jersey. In 1937 she set out for an around-the-world flight. In New Guinea her radios failed but she continued out across the Pacific Ocean and was never seen again.", "Unlike Charles Lindbergh, Earhart was well known to the public before her solo transatlantic flight. In 1928, as a member of a three-person crew, she had become the first woman to cross the Atlantic in an aircraft. Although her only function during the crossing was to keep the plane’s log, the event won her national fame, and Americans were enamored with the daring and modest young pilot. For her solo transatlantic crossing in 1932, she was awarded a Distinguished Flying Cross by the U.S. Congress.", "In serious danger, Earhart abandoned her plans to land at Southampton, England, and made for the first bit of land she saw. She touched down in a sheep pasture in Ireland on May 21, 1932, becoming the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic and the first-ever person to fly across the Atlantic twice.", "1932 — First woman (and only the second person) to fly solo and nonstop across the Atlantic. Also first person to cross the Atlantic twice by air.", "Aviation pioneer who was the first female pilot to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean. Earhart worked as an auxiliary nurse in the First World War, and took her first flight in 1920. She worked a series of odd jobs to fund flying lessons and in 1923 became the 16th woman to be awarded a pilot’s license by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI). Earhart completed her solo Atlantic flight in 1932 and went on to set a number of aviation records. Earhart was a founder member of the Ninety-Nines society for women pilots and was its first President.", "aviator: 1st woman to fly solo across the Atlantic; 1st woman to fly solo from Hawaii to California; disappeared July 2, 1937 near Howland Island in the Pacific during a round the world trip from Florida to California", "June 17-18, 1928 - First woman to fly across the Atlantic; 20hrs 40min (Fokker F7, Friendship)", "1932 --- 1st transatlantic solo flight by a woman. (traveling from Harbor Grace, Newfoundland, to Ireland in approximately 15 hours)", "To top it, she flew back. Later, she piloted a small cabin plane across the South Atlantic; and became the first person ever to fly solo from England to New Zealand. Her record (covering 14,224 miles in 11 days and 45 minutes) stood for 44 years. Her flights became legendary in the years of the Depression, when people craved escapism. Long-distance solo record flying became an epidemic. The public would literally cause traffic jams to see the flying celebrities touch down in their moment of glory.", "1930: Amy Johnson landed her Gypsy Moth Jason in Darwin, Australia, the first woman to fly solo from England. Her departure 19 days earlier had not attracted much attention, but her courage in braving sandstorms and forced landings made her an international heroine." ]

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[ "Seattle (pronounced /siːˈætəl/ ( [1] listen ) see-at-əl ) is the northernmost major city in the contiguous United States , and the largest city in the Pacific Northwest and the state of Washington . It is a major seaport situated on a narrow isthmus between Puget Sound (an arm of the Pacific Ocean ) and Lake Washington , about 114 miles (183 km) south of the Canada – United States border , and it is named after Chief Sealth \"Seattle\" , of the Duwamish and Suquamish native tribes . Seattle is the center of the Seattle–Tacoma–Bellevue metropolitan statistical area --the 15th largest metropolitan area in the United States , and the largest in the northwestern United States . [8 ] Seattle is the county seat of King County and is the major economic, cultural and educational center in the region. The 2010 census found that Seattle is home to 608,660 residents within a metropolitan area of some 3.4 million inhabitants. [9 ] The Port of Seattle , which also operates Seattle–Tacoma International Airport , is a major gateway for trade with Asia and cruises to Alaska, and is the 8th largest port in the United States in terms of container capacity. [10 ]", "Seattle is a major coastal seaport and the seat of King County, in the U.S. state of Washington. With 620,778 residents as of 2011, Seattle is the largest city in the Pacific Northwest region of North America and the largest city on the West Coast north of San Francisco. The Seattle metropolitan area of around 4 million inhabitants is the 15th largest metropolitan area in the United States.[3] The city is situated on a narrow isthmus between Puget Sound (an inlet of the Pacific Ocean) and Lake Washington, about 100 miles (160 km) south of the Canada–United States border, but farther north than Toronto. A major gateway for trade with Asia, Seattle is the 8th largest port in the United States and 9th largest in North America in terms of container handling.", "\"Seattle Washington is a coastal port city and the largest city in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is located in the state of Washington between an arm of the Pacific Ocean called Puget Sound and Lake Washington, about 96 miles (154 km) south of the Canada - United States border in King County, of which it is the county seat.", "Washington's principal ports include Seattle, Tacoma, and Anacortes, all part of the Puget Sound area and belonging to the Seattle Customs District. The Ports of Longview, Kalama, and Vancouver, along the Columbia River, are considered part of the Portland (Oregon) Customs District. In 2004, the Port of Seattle handled 23.501 million tons of cargo, while Tacoma handled 26.282 million tons, making them the 37th- and the 30th-busiest ports in the United States, respectively. State-operated ferry systems transported more than 13 million passengers and over 10 million vehicles across Puget Sound annually in the mid-1990s. In 2003, waterborne shipments totaled 106.489 million tons. In 2004, the state of Washington had 1,057 mi (1,701 km) of navigable inland waterways.", "Seattle, which is the state's largest city, lies in the center of the Puget Sound region and sits between Elliot Bay and Lake Washington. Across the Sound are Bainbridge Island, the Kitsap Peninsula and Olympic Peninsula. To the east, and across Lake Washington, is the neighboring city of Bellevue.", "Body of water connecting Puget Sound to the Pacific Ocean between Vancouver Island and the Olympic Peninsula, Wash. Ferries frequently travel across the strait between Port Angeles, Wash. and Victoria, B.C.", "Puget Sound is a sound along the northwestern coast of the U.S. state of Washington, an inlet of the Pacific Ocean, and part of the Salish Sea. It is a complex estuarine system of interconnected marine waterways and basins, with one major and two minor connections to the open Pacific Ocean via the Strait of Juan de Fuca—Admiralty Inlet being the major connection and Deception Pass and Swinomish Channel being the minor. Flow through Deception Pass is approximately equal to 2% of the total tidal exchange between Puget Sound and the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Puget Sound extends approximately 100 mi from Deception Pass in the north to Olympia, Washington in the south. Its average depth is 450 ft and its maximum depth, off Point Jefferson between Indianola and Kingston, is 930 ft. The depth of the main basin, between the southern tip of Whidbey Island and Tacoma, Washington, is approximately 600 ft.", "North of the city center, Lake Washington Ship Canal connects Puget Sound to Lake Washington. It incorporates four natural bodies of water: Lake Union , Salmon Bay, Portage Bay, and Union Bay .", "There are extensive waterways in the midst of Washington's largest cites, including Seattle, Bellevue, Tacoma and Olympia. The state highways incorporate an extensive network of bridges and the largest ferry system in the United States to serve transportation needs in the Puget Sound area. Washington's marine highway constitutes a fleet of twenty-eight ferries that navigate Puget Sound and its inland waterways to 20 different ports of call, completing close to 147,000 sailings each year. Washington is home to four of the five longest floating bridges in the world: the Evergreen Point Floating Bridge, Lacey V. Murrow Memorial Bridge and Homer M. Hadley Memorial Bridge over Lake Washington, and the Hood Canal Bridge which connects the Olympic Peninsula and Kitsap Peninsula. Washington has a number of seaports on the Pacific Ocean, including Seattle, Tacoma, Kalama, Anacortes, Vancouver, Longview, Greys County, Olympia, and Port Angeles.", "The man-made Lake Washington Ship Canal incorporates four natural bodies of water: Lake Union, Salmon Bay, Portage Bay, and Union Bay, connecting Puget Sound to Lake Washington.", "Puget Sound itself is a body of water lying east of Admiralty Inlet, through which ocean waters reach inland some 50 miles from the Pacific Coast to provide all-weather ports for ocean-going ships at Seattle, Tacoma and Olympia. The waterway is a complex and intricate system of channels, inlets, estuaries, embayments and islands.", "After decades of often-rancorous debate, construction of a ship canal to link Lake Washington and Puget Sound finally began in 1911. Following the failure of several private canal schemes, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Gen. Hiram M. Chittenden (1858-1917), advanced the project, and his name was later given to the Government Locks linking the Sound and Salmon Bay at Ballard. The canal required digging cuts between Salmon Bay and Lake Union at Fremont and between Lake Union and Lake Washington at Montlake, and building four bascule bridges at Fremont, Ballard, the University District, and Montlake. The Locks officially opened on July 4, 1917, but the canal was not declared complete until 1934.", "Bremerton, the largest city in Kitsap County, is located directly west of Seattle across the Puget Sound on the Kitsap Peninsula. It is bounded on the southeast and east by Sinclair Inlet and the strait of Port Orchard respectively. The city is divided by the Port Washington Narrows, a strait spanned by two bridges that connects, the eastern and western sides of the city. The part of the city northeast of the narrows is referred to as East Bremerton. The city's southern border is contiguous with Mason County and includes Bremerton National Airport. ", "North Puget Sound , region lies north of the Admiralty Inlet and Port Townsend and west of Whidbey Island. Includes the city of Bellingham and the picturesque San Juan Islands .", "Washington's coastal region is one of the wettest areas in the United States, receiving up to 150 in. (381 cm) of rain per year at high elevations; it is correspondingly heavily forested, especially with spruce, fir, cedar, and hemlock. Between the Cascades and the much lower Coast Ranges to the west lies the Puget Trough, a lowland heavily indented by Puget Sound , the site of Seattle, Tacoma, Everett, and most of the state's population and industry. The Coast Ranges rise to 7,965 ft (2,428 m) at Mt. Olympus in the Olympic Mts., within Olympic National Park. Along the Pacific coast, in the southwest, they are breached by two substantial bays, Grays Harbor and Willapa Bay. Puget Sound is filled with more than 300 islands, including the San Juan Archipelago and Whidbey Island; it is entered from the northwest through the Juan de Fuca Strait, from the north through the Strait of Georgia. Point Roberts, the northwesternmost portion of Washington on the latter strait, is the southern end of a peninsula that begins in Canada, and the area is not connected by land with the rest of the state.", "The Salish Sea includes the Strait of Juan de Fuca, the Strait of Georgia, Puget Sound, and all their connecting channels and adjoining waters, such as Haro Strait, Rosario Strait, Bellingham Bay, Hood Canal, and the waters around and between the San Juan Islands in the U.S. state of Washington and the Gulf Islands in British Columbia, Canada. The western boundary is the entrance to the Strait of Juan de Fuca, defined as a line between Cape Flattery and Carmanah Point. The southern boundary is the southern end of Puget Sound. The northern boundary reaches just beyond the northern end of the Strait of Georgia to include waters that experience the floodstream or tidal surge from the south: Discovery Passage south of Seymour Narrows, Sutil Channel south of Penn Islands, Lewis Channel (between Cortes and West Redonda Island), Waddington Channel (between West Redonda and East Redonda Island), and Pendrell Sound, Desolation Sound, and the southern portion of Homfray Channel (between East Redonda Island and the mainland). These boundaries were based on the 2002 \"Georgia Basin–Puget Sound Ecosystem Indicators Report\". The total extent of the Salish Sea is about 18000 km2.", "King County Metro provides frequent stop bus service within the city and surrounding county, as well as a South Lake Union Streetcar line between the South Lake Union neighborhood and Westlake Center in downtown. Seattle is one of the few cities in North America whose bus fleet includes electric trolleybuses. Sound Transit currently provides an express bus service within the metropolitan area, two Sounder commuter rail lines between the suburbs and downtown, and its Central Link light rail line between the University of Washington and Sea-Tac Airport. Washington State Ferries, which manages the largest network of ferries in the United States and third largest in the world, connects Seattle to Bainbridge and Vashon Islands in Puget Sound and to Bremerton and Southworth on the Kitsap Peninsula.", "The term \"Puget Sound\" is used not just for the body of water but also the Puget Sound region centered on the sound. Major cities on the sound include Seattle, Tacoma, Olympia, and Everett, Washington. The Seattle metropolitan area also includes Bellevue, Washington, just east of the Sound.", "Puget Sound, the Strait of Georgia, and the Strait of Juan de Fuca make up part of the Pacific coasts of the American state of Washington and the Canadian province of British Columbia. Collectively, they make up the Salish Sea. Their beaches are like most other ones, with one disturbing feature:", "The people of King County voted on September 5, 1911 to create a Port District. King County's Port of Seattle was established as the first Port District in Washington State. The Port of Seattle is King County's only Port District. It is governed by five Port Commissioners, who are elected countywide and serve four-year terms. The Port of Seattle owns and operates many properties on behalf of King County's citizens, including Sea-Tac International Airport; many seaport facilities around Elliott Bay, including its original property, publicly owned Fishermen's Terminal, home to the North Pacific fishing fleet and the largest homeport for fishermen in the U.S. West Coast; four container ship terminals; two cruise ship terminals; the largest grain export terminal in the U.S. Pacific Northwest; three public marinas; 22 public parks; and nearly 5,000 acres of industrial lands in the Ballard-Interbay and Lower Duwamish industrial centers.", "During World War II, the state became a focus for war industries. While the Boeing Company produced many of the nation's heavy bombers, ports in Seattle, Bremerton, Vancouver, and Tacoma were available for the manufacture of warships. Seattle was the point of departure for many soldiers in the Pacific, a number of whom were quartered at Golden Gardens Park. In eastern Washington, the Hanford Works atomic energy plant was opened in 1943 and played a major role in the construction of the nation's atomic bombs.", "*Puget Sound bottom, Washington  – lowest sea water point in the interior of the United States at ", "Seattle is the main departure city for cruise ships heading towards Alaska or western Canada's fjords. Cruise ships to Seattle may be docked at one of two terminals in the Port of Seattle .", "The size of Puget Sound's watershed is 12138 sqmi. \"Northern Puget Sound\" is frequently considered part of the Puget Sound watershed, which enlarges its size to 13700 sqmi. The USGS uses the name \"Puget Sound\" for its hydrologic unit subregion 1711, which includes areas draining to Puget Sound proper as well as the Strait of Juan de Fuca, the Strait of Georgia, and the Fraser River. Significant rivers that drain to \"Northern Puget Sound\" include the Nooksack, Dungeness, and Elwha Rivers. The Nooksack empties into Bellingham Bay, the Dungeness and Elwha into the Strait of Juan de Fuca. The Chilliwack River flows north to the Fraser River in Canada.", "Other major cities situated on the Sound include Everett , Olympia and Tacoma . On the west side of the Sound are the cities of Bremerton , Port Orchard and Shelton .", "Olympia is the capital of the State of Washington and the county seat of Thurston County. It was incorporated on January 28, 1859. The population was documented as 46,478 in the 2010 census. The city borders Lacey to the east and Tumwater to the south. Olympia is a major cultural center of the Puget Sound region. Olympia is located 60 mi southwest of Seattle, the largest city in the state of Washington, and falls within the borders of the Seattle CSA.", "Seattle offers an abundance of attractions related to the maritime industry. Harbor traffic on Elliott Bay can be observed from Waterfront Park, located in the pier area just off Alaskan Way. South of the park at Pier 53, the Seattle Fire Department boats, Alki and Chief Seattle, are berthed; a favorite local event is practice day, when the fireboats shoot high water arcs into the bay. At Fishermen's Terminal, a working commercial fishing port, residents and visitors enjoy watching fishermen mend nets and tend their boats. Hiram M. Chittenden Locks, among the busiest locks in the world, furnish diversion for navigation enthusiasts as scores of large and small vessels are transferred daily between salt and fresh water. The Seattle Aquarium on the downtown waterfront links the waterfront to First Avenue, which lies just above. For those wanting to go out onto the water, ferries provide rides along the coast and across the sound; tour boats offer longer cruises and excursions to points of interest in the area.", "Seattle’s first real boom came when the ship Portland docked at the waterfront in 1897 with its now-famous cargo: two tons of gold newly gleaned from northern Yukon goldfields. The news spread quickly across the USA ; within weeks, thousands of fortune seekers from all over the world converged on Seattle, the last stop before heading north. That summer and fall, 74 ships left Seattle bound for Skagway , Alaska , and on to the goldfields in Dawson City , Yukon.", "The city is situated on Bellingham Bay which is protected by Lummi Island, Portage Island, and the Lummi Peninsula, and opens onto the Strait of Georgia. It lies west of Mount Baker and Lake Whatcom (from which it gets its drinking water) and north of the Chuckanut Mountains and the Skagit Valley. Whatcom Creek runs through the center of the city. Bellingham is 17 mi south of the US-Canada border and 50 mi southeast of Vancouver.", "By Air- Seattle-Tacoma International Airport (SEA) and Spokane International Airport (GEG) are two major airports in the state.", "Prior to Euro-American settlement, Bellingham was in the homeland of Coast Salish peoples of the Lummi and neighboring tribes. The first Caucasian settlers reached the area in 1854. In 1858, the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush caused thousands of miners, storekeepers, and scalawags to head north from California. Whatcom (Bellingham's original name) grew overnight from a small northwest mill town to a bustling seaport, the basetown for the Whatcom Trail, which led to the Fraser Canyon goldfields, used in open defiance of colonial Governor James Douglas's edict that all entry to the gold colony be made via Victoria, British Columbia.", "Bellingham's proximity to the Strait of Juan de Fuca and to the Inside Passage to Alaska helped keep some cannery operations here. P.A.F., for example, shipped empty cans to Alaska, where they were packed with fish and shipped back for storage." ]

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[ "Rotary was formed on the 23rd February, 1905 in Chicago by Paul Harris, a Chicago attorney who, with five others, founded the Rotary Club of Chicago. These pioneers decided to hold meetings in each other’s homes on a rota basis, hence the name ‘Rotary’ was adopted. In 1906 the very first act of Rotary service was the provision by the Chicago Club of a public toilet outside the Chicago City Hall; from this small beginning Rotary Clubs undertake every year practical acts of service in local communities across the world.", "Rotary is a global humanitarian organization with more than 1.2 million members in 34,000 clubs around the world.  Rotary members are men and women who are business, professional and community leaders with a shared commitment to make the world a better place through humanitarian service. The first Rotary club was founded in Chicago in 1905.  Among many areas of local and international service including clean water and literacy, the eradication of polio has been Rotary’s top priority for more than two decades. The international humanitarian service organization of Rotary is a spearheading partner in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative, along with the World Health Organization, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and UNICEF.", "The first Rotary Club was formed when attorney Paul P. Harris called together a meeting of three business acquaintances in downtown Chicago, United States, at Harris's friend Gustave Loehr's office in the Unity Building on Dearborn Street on February 23, 1905. In addition to Harris and Loehr (a mining engineer and freemason ), Silvester Schiele (a coal merchant), and Hiram E. Shorey (a tailor) were the other two who attended this first meeting. The members chose the name Rotary because initially they rotated subsequent weekly club meetings to each other's offices, although within a year, the Chicago club became so large it became necessary to adopt the now-common practice of a regular meeting place.", "Grassroots at the core, Rotary links 1.2 million members to form an organization of international scope. It started with the vision of one man — Paul Harris. The Chicago attorney formed the Rotary Club of Chicago on 23 February 1905, so professionals with diverse backgrounds could exchange ideas, form meaningful, lifelong friendships, and give back to their communities.", "The Rotary Club was founded in Chicago by an American Lawyer named Paul P. Harris on February 23, 1905. An American by the name of Leon J. Lambert initiated its formation in the Philippines on June 1919, which gave birth to the Rotary Club of Manila the first Asian Rotary Club.", "The ROTARY/One Foundation is a not-for-profit organization that is supported solely by voluntary contributions from members of the Rotary Club of Chicago and friends of the ROTARY/One Foundation. They share the commitment to service that began in 1905 with the founding of the Rotary Club of Chicago – the first service club in America.", "Rotary International was founded in 1905. In 1906 the club became the first service club in the US with its installation of a public toilet outside City Hall in Chicago.  Since then Rotary has grown to over 32,000 clubs in 168 countries around the world.  Its participation with efforts to eradicate polio, clear mine fields in war torn countries and bring clean water to underprivileged people in remote locations is well documented.  ", "1905 Chicago attorney Paul Harris and 3 other businessmen meet for lunch to form the Rotary Club, the world's 1st service club", "The next four Rotary Clubs were organized in cities in the western United States, beginning with San Francisco, then Oakland, Los Angeles, and Seattle. The National Association of Rotary Clubs in America was formed in 1910. On November 3, 1910, a Rotary club began meeting in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, the beginning of the organisation's internationality. On 22 February 1911, the first meeting of the Rotary Club Dublin was held in Dublin, Ireland. This was the first club established outside of North America. In April 1912, Rotary chartered the Winnipeg club marking the first establishment of an American-style service club outside the United States. To reflect the addition of a club outside of the United States, the name was changed to the International Association of Rotary Clubs in 1912.", "By 1910, Rotary was growing by leaps and bounds, with clubs organized in San Francisco , New York City, Boston, and the first international club established in Winnipeg, Canada . Soon, new clubs were operating in London, Dublin , Belfast , and Glasgow . The name was formally changed to “International Association of Rotary Clubs” in 1912, and one year later the organization embarked on its first full-scale relief effort, the collection of donations from all the clubs, both those based in the United States and those in other nations, to assist flood victims within the states of Indiana and Ohio , where flooding had left thousands of people hungry and without homes. With the advent of World War I in 1914 in Europe , Rotary Clubs throughout Ireland and England provided services to soldiers at home and at the front, including raising combat battalions, organizing special constabulary companies, and entertaining wounded soldiers. When the United States entered World War I in 1917, Rotary Clubs across the country jumped into action by mobilizing school boys for farm work, organizing Liberty Loan drives, and implementing highly effective campaigns for food, books, and tobacco for use by those men who recently had entered army training camps.", "By 1910, Rotary was no longer just in Chicago; there were sixteen clubs in the United States that made up the National Association of Clubs. And with the charter of each new club came a new design, based loosely on Bear's wagon wheel motif.", "The first motto of Rotary International, \"He Profits Most Who Serves Best,\" was approved at the second Rotary Convention, held in Port- land, Oregon, in August 1911. The phrase was first stated by a Chicago Rotarian, Art Sheldon, who made a speech in 1910, which included the remark, \"He profits most who serves his fellows best.\" At about the same time, Ben Collins, president of the Rotary Club of Minneapolis, Minnesota, commented that the proper way to organize a Rotary club was through the principle his club had adopted--\"Service, Not Self.\" These two slogans, slightly modified, were formally approved to be the official mottoes of Rotary at the 1950 Convention in Detroit--\"He Profits Most Who Serves Best\" and \"Service Above Self.\" The 1989 Council on Legislation established \"Service Above Self\" as the principal motto of Rotary, since it best explains the philosophy of unselfish volunteer service.", "The creativity of the first Rotary clubs yielded great divergence in early emblem designs. Clubs would often incorporate local history or landmarks into their emblems. The Rotary Club of Lincoln, Nebraska, superimposed the wheel over a portrait of Abraham Lincoln in its emblem, while the Rotary Club of Oakland, California, used an oak tree for its design.", "The Rotary Club is a service organization founded by Paul Harris in 1905, renamed Rotary International Association in 1913, and eventually Rotary International in 1926. Rotary International has today more than 1.2 million members and 31,500 clubs in 160 countries.", "Interact, the Rotary youth program, was launched by the R.I. Board of Directors in 1962. The first Interact club was established by the Rotary Club of Melbourne, Florida. Interact clubs provide opportunities for boys and girls of secondary school age to work together in a world fellowship of service and international understanding. The term, Interact, is derived from \"inter\" for international, and \"act\" for action. Every Interact club must be sponsored and supervised by a Rotary club and must plan annual projects of service to its school, community and in the world. Today there are over 7,000 Interact clubs with more than 154,000 members in 93 countries. \"Interactors\" develop skills in leadership and attain practical experience in conducting service projects, thereby learning the satisfaction that comes from serving others. A major goal of Interact is to provide opportunities for young people to create greater understanding and goodwill with youth throughout the world.", "The postwar years was a time of unprecedented growth for Rotary International. The organization held its first international conference in 1948 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil , with members from all over the world in attendance. Rotary Clubs were established once again in Germany and Japan , as well as in other countries such as Tanganyika, Macao, and North Borneo. Thousands and thousands of food packages were sent to Rotar-ian families living in war-devastated areas, while Rotary International continued its tradition of raising money from clubs around the world to meet the needs of disadvantaged people. The first Rotary Foundation Fellowships, created in memory of founder Paul Harris, who died in 1947, were granted to 18 students for the 1947–48 school year. By the mid-1950s, total contributions to the Rotary Foundation exceeded $5 million, and Rotary’s membership in North America alone amounted to nearly 270,000 individuals. Rotary’s North American membership continued to increase slowly during the late 1950s and early 1960s, but Rotary International, like all service clubs in the United States, was about to experience a new era.", "The first Irish clubs discussed admitting women as members in 1912, but the proposal foundered over issues of social class. Gender equity in Rotary moved beyond the theoretical question when in 1976, the Rotary Club of Duarte in Duarte, California, admitted three women as members. After the club refused to remove the women from membership, Rotary International revoked the club's charter in 1978. The Duarte club filed suit in the California courts, claiming that Rotary Clubs are business establishments subject to regulation under California's Unruh Civil Rights Act, which bans discrimination based on race, gender, religion or ethnic origin. Rotary International then appealed the decision to the U.S. Supreme Court. The RI attorney argued that \"... [the decision] threatens to force us to take in everyone, like a motel\". The Duarte Club was not alone in opposing RI leadership; the Seattle-International District club unanimously voted to admit women in 1986. The United States Supreme Court, on 4 May 1987, confirmed the Californian decision. Rotary International then removed the gender requirements from its requirements for club charters, and most clubs in most countries have opted to include women as members of Rotary Clubs. The first female club president to be elected was Silvia Whitlock of the Rotary Club of Duarte, California, USA in 1987. By 2007, there was a female trustee of Rotary's charitable wing The Rotary Foundation while female district governors and club presidents were common.", "Paul Harris, the founder of Rotary, was born in Racine, Wisconsin, USA, on April 19, 1868, but moved at the age of 3 to Wallingford, Vermont, to be raised by his grandparents. In the forward to his autobiography My Road to Rotary, he credits the friendliness and tolerance he found in Vermont as his inspiration for the creation of Rotary.", "Rotaract: a service club for young men and women aged 18 to 30 with around 215,000 members in 9,388 clubs in 176 countries. Rotaract was founded in 1968 by Charlotte North Rotary Club, located in Charlotte, North Carolina, USA. Rotaract clubs are either community or university based, and they are sponsored by a local Rotary club. This makes them true \"partners in service\" and key members of the family of Rotary. ", "Founded in 1905, ROTARY/One is the founding club of Rotary International, the premier humanitarian and service organization in the world.  We are business and community leaders who believe that we can have a positive impact in our communities and around the world through fellowship with other like-minded individuals.  By joining Rotary, you become part of a family with 1.2 million members, in 33,000 clubs, in over 200 countries.  ", "1868-1942 - Paul Percy Harris - Attorney. Founded Rotary International in 1905. Planted Friendship Trees in nearly 50 cities worldwide.", "Though they didn’t decide there and then to call it a Rotary Club, that meeting on the night of February 23, 1905 was the first meeting of the world’s first Rotary Club. The next day, a fifth member joined the group, having been invited to do so by Paul Harris. He was Harry Ruggles, a printer. He, in turn, interested a real estate dealer named Will Jenson. It was Ruggles who, at an early meeting one evening, jumped on a chair and shouted, “Let’s sing”! He liked to sing and it was his infectious enthusiasm for it that started the Rotary Clubs which today make singing part of their weekly program. Soon after Ruggles and Jenson came in, the organization of the new Club was completed at a meeting in Schiele’s office. The first president was Schiele, with Jenson as corresponding secretary, Shorey as recording secretary and Ruggles as treasurer.", "In July 2005, in Steyne Gardens, under the enthusiastic initiative, drive and planning of Past President Janet Stockwell Rotary celebrated its centenary in a spectacular way which informed the public about Rotary and its achievements and aims. It was a memorable occasion. It is pleasant to record that Janet was our first lady president.", "Cebu Rotary Club, the pre-war civic organization | Freeman Opinion, The Freeman Sections, The Freeman | philstar.com", "Within a few years Rotary clubs began springing up all across the country, and eventually in other nations as well, and Rotary International was born. ", "The Rotary Club is the basic unit of Rotary activity, and each club determines its own membership. Clubs originally were limited to a single club per city, municipality, or town, but Rotary International has encouraged the formation of one or more additional clubs in the largest cities when practical. Most clubs meet weekly, usually at a mealtime on a weekday in a regular location, when Rotarians can discuss club business and hear from guest speakers. Each club also conducts various service projects within its local community, and participates in special projects involving other clubs in the local district, and occasionally a special project in a \"sister club\" in another nation. Most clubs also hold social events at least quarterly and in some cases more often.", "ROYAL AUTOMOBILE CLUB OF VICTORIA – CITY & COUNTRY CLUB – founded 1903. Golf & Country Club for gentlemen and ladies.", "According to its constitutions (\"Charters\"), Rotary defines itself as a non-partisan, non-sectarian organization. It is open to business and professional leaders aged 18 and upwards, with no regard to economic status. ", "\"The first four Rotarians: (from left) Gustavus Loehr, Silvester Schiele, Hiram Shorey, and Paul P. Harris Courtesy of Rotary Images\"", "The Foundation was created in 1917 by Rotary International's sixth president, Arch C. Klumph, as an endowment fund for Rotary \"to do good in the world.\"  The Rotary Foundation has two main streams of activity: programs and fundraising.  Fundraising directly feeds program activities. The programs of The Rotary Foundation fall into three main categories: Educational Programs, which fund Ambassadorial Scholarships and cultural exchanges; Humanitarian Programs, which fund a wide variety of grant programs to assist people in developing countries; and PolioPlus, Rotary's worldwide effort to eradicate the poliomyelitis virus.", "One hundred eleven years later, Rotary’s Board spent three days addressing dozens of issues that boiled down to one: How will the organization Harris founded thrive in its second century?", "In 1985, Rotary launched its PolioPlus program to immunize all of the world's children against polio. As of 2011, Rotary has contributed more than 900 million US dollars to the cause, resulting in the immunization of nearly two billion children worldwide. " ]

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[ "(Gerald Ford became Richard Nixon's vice-president after Spiro Agnew resigned over Watergate, then took over the presidency when Nixon resigned as well)", "FOR TWO YEARS the nation was run by a president and a vice president who were not elected by the people. After Vice President Spiro T. Agnew resigned in 1973, President Nixon appointed Gerald Ford as vice president. Nixon resigned the following year, which left Ford as president, and Ford's appointed vice president, Nelson Rockefeller, as second in line.", "October 10, 1973 - Spiro T. Agnew (1918-1996) resigned the office of Vice President of the United States amid charges of income tax evasion on illegal payments allegedly received while he was governor of Maryland and after he became Vice President. He was later given a $10,000 fine and sentenced to serve three years probation. He was succeeded as Vice President by Gerald R. Ford, who went on to become President after the resignation of Richard M. Nixon.", "Gerald Ford was the first person to be both vice president and president without being elected by the people. He was appointed vice president when Spiro Agnew resigned and he succeeded to the presidency when Nixon resigned.[7]", " Gerald Ford was the first vice president selected by this method, after the resignation of Vice President Spiro Agnew in 1973; after succeeding to the presidency, Ford nominated Nelson Rockefeller as vice president.", "Explanation:Spiro \"Ted\" Agnew, governor of Maryland, was selected by Richard Nixon to be his running-mate in the 1968 election. Agnew was an important piece in Nixon's \"Southern Strategy\" and became a popular figure for his attacks on Democrats. Though there was some talk of replacing him in the 1972 election, Nixon chose Agnew again as his running-mate. After an investigation turned up a number of criminal charges, Agnew pleaded no contest, resigned from office, and was given a $10,000 fine. He later paid over $260,000 to the state of Maryland. Agnew was replaced by Gerald Ford as vice-president. Agnew was the second vice-president in history to resign, the first being Andrew Jackson's first vice-president, John C. Calhoun.", "As defined in the 20th Amendment: Should a vice president resign, becomes incapacitated or dies, the president must appoint a new one. When Spiro Agnew resigned from the vice presidency owing to a kick-back scandal, House Minority Leader Ford was appointed by President Nixon to take his place. As vice president, Ford languished on the sidelines. Meanwhile, national security adviser Henry Kissinger basked in the limelight and Nixon`s foreign policy activities overshadowed domestic issues.", "Birthday - Spiro Agnew (1918-1996) was born in Baltimore, Maryland. He served as Richard Nixon's vice-president from 1969-73. He resigned amid charges of income tax evasion on kickbacks received while he was governor of Maryland and after he became vice-president. As Nixon's vice-president, Agnew was known as an outspoken critic of the counter-culture and anti-war movements of the late 1960s and early 70s.", "Gerald Ford is the only person to rise to both the presidency and the vice presidency without being elected. He was appointed to the vice presidency when Spiro Agnew resigned in the face of extortion, bribery, and conspiracy charges, and was elevated to the presidency upon Nixon’s resignation in 1974. Ford ran for reelection, defeating Reagan for the Republican nomination, but lost to Jimmy Carter in the presidential election.", "Mr. Ford was chosen by Nixon to become Vice-President after the resignation of Spiro T. Agnew which put him next in line to be President.", "After Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned during Richard Nixon 's presidency October 10 , 1973 , Nixon nominated Ford to take Agnew's position on October 12 ; this was the first time that the Vice-Presidential vacancy provision of the 25th Amendment had been applied. The United States Senate voted 92 to 3 to confirm Ford on November 27 , and on December 6 the House confirmed him 387 to 35.", "October 10: Spiro Agnew resigns as vice-president and then in federal court in Baltimore, pleads no contest to charges of evasion of income taxes, fined and given three years probation, He is replaced by Gerald Ford. (Almanac; Guardian, October 24, 1973)", "Spiro Theodore Agnew (; November 9, 1918 – September 17, 1996) was an American politician who served as the 39th Vice President of the United States from 1969 to 1973, under President Richard Nixon.", "2. Ford had the distinction of being the only U.S. politician to serve as the Vice President and President without having been elected to either office, rising to power after the resignations of Spiro Agnew and Richard Nixon.", "As the scandal came to light, Vice President Spiro T. Agnew (1918-1996) resigned from office in October 1973 over unrelated charges of accepting bribes and evading taxes. Nixon used his power under the 25th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution to appoint Ford as his new vice president. The well-liked and respected Ford was easily confirmed by Congress and took office on December 6, 1973.", "Late in 1973 Spiro Agnew pleaded no contest to a charge of income tax evasion and resigned as Vice President. President Nixon was empowered by the 25th Amendment to appoint a new vice president and chose Ford. He was sworn in on December 6, 1973.", "Ford was sworn in as Vice President on 6 December 1973, after the resignation of then-Vice President Spiro Agnew .", "Agnew's resignation triggered the first use of the 25th Amendment, specifically Section 2, as the vacancy prompted the appointment and confirmation of Gerald Ford, the House Minority Leader, as his successor. This remains one of only two instances in which the amendment has been employed to fill a vice-presidential vacancy. The second time was when Ford, after becoming President upon Nixon's resignation, chose Nelson Rockefeller (originally Agnew's mentor in the moderate wing of the Republican Party) to succeed him as Vice President. Had Agnew remained as Vice President when Nixon resigned just 10 months later, Agnew himself would have become the 38th President, instead of Ford.", "In a separate matter, in October 1973 Vice President Agnew resigned, after pleading \"no contest\" to tax fraud. Utilizing the untried procedures of the 25th amendment to the Constitution, Nixon nominated and Congress confirmed the appointment of Gerald R. Ford to the Vice-Presidency.", "Between the time of his nomination as Richard Nixon's running mate in August 1968 to his resignation in October 1973, Vice President Spiro T. Agnew (1918-1996) was a leading spokesman for those Nixon called \"The Silent Majority\" of Americans. The charge of bribe-taking, which forced Agnew's resignation from office, preceded by less than one year President Nixon's own resignation.", "In late 1973, Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned his office after pleading no contest to a charge of income tax evasion. Nixon chose Ford as Agnew's replacement. In Ford, the tarnished Nixon administration found a candidate of impeccable character and reputation.", "At the 1968 Republican National Convention, Agnew, who had earlier been asked to place Richard Nixon's name in nomination, was selected in private by Nixon and his campaign staff. He was then presented to the convention delegates for nomination for Vice President and ran alongside Nixon in the Presidential Election of 1968. Nixon and Agnew defeated the incumbent Vice President, Hubert Humphrey (formerly long-time Senator from Minnesota) and Senator Edmund Muskie of Maine. In 1972, Nixon and Agnew were reelected for a second term, defeating Senator George McGovern and Ambassador Sargent Shriver.", "October 10, 1973, as Nixon ordered the full air resupply of Israel at the darkest hours of the Yom Kippur War, Henry Kissinger had to officiate at another deeply embarrassing event for the Nixon White House. Nixon’s vice President, Spiro Agnew, resigned in disgrace. He later pleaded no contest to charges of having accepted bribes while he was governor of Maryland. Two years later, Agnew tried to reenter politics but failed after pushing forward his own anti-Semitic views of Jewish control of banking and the media. He claimed that Israel mistreated Christians. He took on distinctly anti-Zionist positions. Maryland has a very large, liberal Jewish population concentrated in the key voting areas of Baltimore and Montgomery Co. The Jews were the key to Agnew’s being elected in Maryland", "Spiro T. Agnew, Point Man for Nixon Who Resigned Vice Presidency, Dies at 77 - The New York Times", "13. On October 10th, Spiro T. Agnew resigns as Vice President and then pleads no contest to charges of evasion of income taxes while Governor of Maryland. Read a book set in Maryland, a legal thriller OR a book with a connection to taxes (a CPA, a tax evasion scheme, etc).", "Scandal in the Nixon administration – U.S. Vice President Spiro T. Agnew addresses the media on August 8, 1973, saying he would not resign while being investigated on charges of tax fraud, bribery and conspiracy. However, Agnew resigned in October 1973 after pleading no contest to a single count of income-tax evasion. He was the second vice president to resign in U.S. history.", "Agnew, a Republican, was elected chief executive of Baltimore County in 1961. In 1967, he became governor of Maryland, an office he held until his nomination as the Republican vice presidential candidate in 1968. During Nixon’s successful campaign, Agnew ran on a tough law-and-order platform, and as vice president he frequently attacked opponents of the Vietnam War and liberals as being disloyal and un-American. Reelected with Nixon in 1972, Agnew resigned on October 10, 1973, after the U.S. Justice Department uncovered widespread evidence of his political corruption, including allegations that his practice of accepting bribes had continued into his tenure as U.S. vice president. He died at the age of 77 on September 17, 1996.", "Agnew’s downfall began in the summer of 1973, when he was investigated in connection with accusations of extortion , bribery , and income-tax violations relating chiefly to his tenure as governor of Maryland. Faced with federal indictments, Agnew fought the charges, arguing that the allegations were false, that a sitting vice president could not be indicted, and that the only way he could be removed from office was by impeachment . After the solicitor general released a brief asserting that sitting vice presidents could be indicted, Agnew launched an attack on the administration and vowed not to resign. With Nixon in danger of impeachment for his role in the Watergate scandal , the administration sought to remove Agnew from the presidential line of succession, and secret plea bargaining took place between Agnew’s lawyers and a federal judge. Agnew resigned the vice presidency on October 10, 1973, and appeared in United States District Court in Baltimore on the same day to plead nolo contendere to a single federal count of failing to report on his income-tax return $29,500 in income that he had received in 1967, while governor of Maryland. Acknowledging that the plea amounted to a felony conviction , Agnew declared that he had resigned in the national interest. He was fined $10,000 and sentenced to three years of unsupervised probation.", "Reference:   Public Papers.   Letter to Spiro T. Agnew about his Decision to Resign as Vice President (290)", "Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the thirty-seventh President of the United States (1969–1974) and the only American president to resign from that office. He was also Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961.", "In order to bypass the VP at that time, Spiro Agnew had to be disposed of by some means or another. Here is what Agnew himself had to say about it…", "October 10, 1973, Vice President Spiro Agnew Pleads No Contest To Tax Evasion - Today In Crime History" ]

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[ "William Edward \"Billy\" Crystal (born March 14, 1948) is an American actor, writer, producer, comedian and film director. He gained prominence in the 1970s for playing Jodie Dallas on the ABC sitcom Soap and became a Hollywood film star during the late 1980s and 1990s, appearing in the critical and box office successes When Harry Met Sally... and City Slickers. He has hosted the Academy Awards eight times.", "William Edward \"Billy\" Crystal (born March 14, 1948) is an American actor, writer, producer, director, comedian and television host. He gained prominence in the 1970s for playing Jodie Dallas on the ABC sitcom Soap and became a Hollywood film star during the late 1980s and 1990s, appearing in the critical and box office successes When Harry Met Sally... (1989), City Slickers (1991), and Analyze This (1999) and providing the voice of Mike Wazowski in the Monsters, Inc. franchise.", "William Edward\"Billy\"Crystal (born March 14, 1948). Mr. Crystal is an American actor, writer, producer, comedian, and film director. Crystal gained prominence in the 1970s for playing Jodie Dallas on the ABC sitcom Soap and became a Hollywood film star during the late 1980s and 1990s, appearing in the critical and box office successes When Harry Met Sally... and City Slickers. Billy Crystal has hosted the Academy Awards nine times, including the 84th Academy Awards in 2012.", "Billy Joel (born William Martin Joel; May 9, 1949) is an American rock musician, singersongwriter, and classical composer. Since releasing his first hit song, \"Piano Man\", in 1973, Joel has become the sixth best-selling recording artist and the third best-selling solo artist in the United States, according to the RIAA. Joel had Top 10 hits in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s and has 33 Top 40 hits in the United States, all of which he wrote singlehandedly. He is also a six-time Grammy Award winner, a 23-time Grammy nominee and has sold over 100 million records worldwide. He was inducted into the Songwriter's Hall of Fame (1992), the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (1999), and the Long Island Music Hall of Fame (2006). Joel \"retired\" from recording pop music in 1993 but continues to tour. Upon seeing The Beatles on The Ed Sullivan Show in 1964 as a teen, Joel decided to", "Billy Crystal is a former stand-up comic and cast member of television's \"Saturday Night Live\" who achieved greater glory as an actor and emcee, starring in such movies as \"When Harry Met Sally...\" and hosting the Academy Awards ceremony eight times, a total surpassed only by Bob Hope.", "The Crystals - The Crystals, a singing group from the New York City area, were one of the most successful girl groups of the early 1960s, best remembered for the hit singles \"He's A Rebel\", \"Da Doo Ron Ron\" and \"Then He Kissed Me\". In the early 1960s, Barbara Alston, Mary Thomas, Dolores \"Dee Dee\" Kenniebrew, Myrna Girard and Patricia \"Patsy\" Wright formed The Crystals through the help of Benny Wells, Barbara's uncle. Soon, the quintet signed with Phil Spector's label Philles Records. Spector then chose Alston to be the group's lead singer by default, which made her very uncomfortable since she had a fear of singing in front of audiences. Their first hit was 1961's \"There's No Other Like My Baby\" (see 1961 in music). This song's A-side \"Oh Yeah, Maybe Baby\" (featuring Wright on lead) didn't generate the interest that the more late 50s R&B-flavored, \"Chantels-like\" B-side did. Their second release, \"Uptown\" was very topical and socially-aware, as it had the group crooning about loving a boy in the ghetto. After the success of \"Uptown\", a pregnant Girard was replaced by Dolores \"LaLa\" Brooks. The next single was 1962's \"He Hit Me (And It Felt Like a Kiss)\", still widely remembered though only rarely played on the radio due to the touchy subject matter of spousal abuse. Sales were sluggish. ' Artist Discography '", "Neil Leslie Diamond is an American singer-songwriter, musician and actor. His career began in the 1960s and he has sold over 120 million records worldwide, making him one of the world's best-selling artists of all time. Early in the 21st century, he was the third most successful adult contemporary artist in the history of the Billboard charts. His songs have been covered internationally by many performers from various musical genres.", "Harry Belafonte is a singer, actor, and social activist who came to prominence in the late ‘50s for his tropical tempos and high-profile involvement in the Civil Rights Movement. Known as The King of Calypso, Harry is credited with popularizing the Caribbean music style with audiences around the world. His breakthrough album “Calypso,” released in 1956, featured his most famous songs. During this time period, Harry became a close ally of Martin Luther King Jr. Together the pair would become leaders in the struggle for African-American equality. In keeping with his lifelong service to public progress, Harry Belafonte is currently the ACLU’s celebrity ambassador for juvenile justice issues.", "Later in the 1990s, Crystal went to work with director Woody Allen on the comedy Deconstructing Harry (1997). He scored another big hit with Analyze This (1999), a comedy about a crime boss (Robert De Niro) who seeks help from a therapist played by Crystal. This humorous odd couple reunited for the 2002 sequel, Analyze That.", "Throw Momma from the Train (ABC2 USA comedy movie 1987 ) Danny DeVito, Billy Crystal. (M) The story of a bitter ex-husband and a 40-year-old mama’s boy who want their respective spouse and mother dead, but who will pull it off?", "- 1977: Wash your mouth out—Billy Crystal portrays Jodie Dallas on Soap, the first hit series with a gay character in a central role", "Fred Astaire (born Frederick Austerlitz; [1] May 10, 1899 – June 22, 1987) was an American dancer, singer, actor, choreographer and television presenter.", "William Martin \"Billy\" Joel (born May 9, 1949) is an American pianist , singer-songwriter , and composer. Since releasing his first hit song, \" Piano Man ,\" in 1973, Joel has become the sixth best-selling recording artist and the third best-selling solo artist in the United States, according to the RIAA . [3] He also has the third best-selling album in the United States with his Greatest Hits Vol. 1 & 2 . [4]", "During the last months of the decade Billy appeared several times on Jack Good´s latest pop vehicle \"Boy Meets Girl\", a TV show where American rock´n´rollers Gene Vincent and Eddie Cochran made their UK debuts. On January 24,1960, Larry Parnes´ latest rock spectacular \"The Fast Moving Anglo-American Beat Show\", a 12-week, twice nightly, UK tour, started at the Gaumont Theatre, in Ipswich, Gene Vincent and Eddie Cochran headlining. Also on the bill with Billy, Joe Brown, Tony Sheridan Trio, Georgie Fame and Billy Raymond. The tour ended in tragedy when Eddie Cochran got killed in a car accident while on his way to the airport and back home to the US. In March, while Billy was still on the road with the Americans, his fifth single \"Colette\" entered the Hit Parade, spending 10 weeks on the charts and reaching the number 9 spot - so far his biggest hit.", "Billy Crystal came to fame on the sitcom Soap. After a year on Saturday Night Live, he began a successful film career.", "Actor/Director Billy Crystal is also frequently seen at games; he directed a memorable movie named 61* in 2001 which highlighted Roger Maris' chase of Babe Ruth's single-season home run record in 1961.", "Following the initial success of the play, Crystal wrote the book 700 Sundays for Warner Books , which was published on October 31, 2005. In conjunction with the book and the play that also paid tribute to his uncle, Milt Gabler , Crystal produced two CD compilations: Billy Crystal Presents: The Milt Gabler Story, which featured his uncle's most influential recordings from Billie Holiday 's \" Strange Fruit \" to \" Rock Around the Clock \" by Bill Haley & His Comets ; and Billy Remembers Billie featuring Crystal's favorite Holiday recordings.", "Sunny, loveable tenor Stubby Kaye with his butterball frame kept his real name a secret for his entire career. He was born Bernard Katzin in New York and started off in the world of entertainment in 1939 after winning a radio contest. Touring as a comedian in vaudeville for over a decade, he also appeared regularly with the USO during the war years. He finally hit it big on Broadway in 1950 when he created the role of Nicely-Nicely Johnson in the smash musical hit \"Guys and Dolls\" singing his rousing show-stopper \"Sit Down, You're Rockin' the Boat\" and solidified his status a few years later as Marryin' Sam in \"Li'l Abner\" in 1956. He preserved both of these signature roles on film.", "Following the success of these films, Crystal wrote, directed, and starred in Mr. Saturday Night (1992) and Forget Paris (1995). In the former, Crystal played a serious role in aging makeup, as an egotistical comedian who reflects back on his career although the character was from his SNL days. He directed the made-for-television movie 61* (2001) based on Roger Maris 's and Mickey Mantle 's race to break Babe Ruth 's single-season home run record in 1961. This earned Crystal an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special.", "Even though Billy Crystal played Ted Wass's younger brother, Billy is actually older than Ted. See more »", "Billy Crystal & Muhammad Ali at Audemars Piguet's Time To Give Celebrity Watch Auction For Charity, held at Christie's Auction House in New York City. 10/23/00 ( Nick Elgar/ImageDirect ) (Via MerlinFTP Drop) ", "Crystal's first film role was in Joan Rivers 's 1978 film Rabbit Test . Crystal also made game show appearances such as The Hollywood Squares , All Star Secrets and The $20,000 Pyramid . He holds the record for getting his contestant partner to the top of the pyramid in winner's circle in the fastest time, 26 seconds.", "1950 ● Billy Ocean (Leslie Sebastian Charles) → Trinidad-born, UK-based R&B/dance-pop singer and songwriter, “Caribbean Queen” (#1, 1984)", "Billy Crystal hosted the show for his ninth time, second only in number of hosting duties to Bob Hope. He was also the first solo host since Hugh Jackman at the 81st Academy Awards.", "As a child, Crystal met several famous musicians and performers, including Billie Holiday, through his father, Jack Crystal, who acted as a booking agent for jazz acts. His father also ran the Commodore music store and co-founded the Commodore record label with Crystal's uncle, Milt Gabler. Crystal's father sometimes brought home comedy albums of performers such as Bill Cosby, and the recordings were early influences on the budding comic. His parents also let him stay up to watch such humorous television personalities as Jack Paar and Sid Caesar.", "Billy Joel's song \" The Ballad of Billy the Kid \", a historically inaccurate re-telling of Billy the Kid's life, off of his 1973 album Piano Man", "Billy Crystal 's catch phrase \"Can you dig it? I knew that you could,\" is used repeatedly in the film.", "1919 Howard Keel [Harry Clifford Leek] Gillespie IL, actor/singer (7 Brides for 7 Brothers, Kiss Me Kate)", "1938- Billy Davis Jr. (singer; “You Don’t Have To Be A Star”; member of the 5th Dimension; “Stoned Soul Picnic”)           78 yrs.", "\"Billy's catalog is one of the greatest in contemporary music,\" said Mr. Freed. \"His songs are melodic and memorable, and he writes conversationally in universal themes that are timeless and borderless. Billy's music is as important to his era as George Gershwin and Irving Berlin's were to theirs. It's truly an extraordinary privilege to welcome Billy to Rondor.\"", "During a break from Soap, Crystal filmed his first movie. He starred in Rabbit Test (1978), a comedy about a man who becomes pregnant. The film was co-written and directed by stand-up legend Joan Rivers. Despite the impressive names tied to the project, the film proved to be a commercial and critical disappointment.", "1940 Birthday - Billy Davis, Jr., born in St. Louis, Missouri, singer, 5th Dimension-One Less Bell" ]

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[ "George Eastman Patents Kodak Camera. George Eastman, an American inventor, developed the Kodak camerathe first to use roll film, which he had invented in 1884, and to be suitable for general use. No technical knowledge was required.", "1888 – American inventor George Eastman registered the trademark \"Kodak\" after receiving a patent for his roll film camera.", "George Eastman was the man who invented the roll film, which was not only a great boost for the art of photography, but also became the basis for the invention of motion picture films. Eastman founded Kodak, a popular photographic equipment company even to this day, in 1889.", "George Eastman founded the Eastman Kodak Company and invented roll film, helping to bring photography to the mainstream. Roll film was also the basis for the invention of motion picture film in 1888 by the world's first filmmaker Louis Le Prince, and a few years later by his followers Léon Bouly, Thomas Edison, the Lumière Brothers and Georges Méliès.", "In 1885 American inventor George Eastman marketed his first box camera. It sold for $25.00, a considerable sum in those days. The Kodak camera, the first camera designed to use roll film, came with the film already installed. After the purchaser took 100 pictures, the camera had to be returned to the factory, where the film was removed and processed and new film was installed.", "Centuries after its invention by George Eastman, roll film, the spool-wound photographic film with paper backing protection, persists to this day, more familiar to us lomographers and film photographers in the form of 120 film . The medium format film was introduced by Kodak in 1901, marketed for use in the Brownie No. 2 camera.", "George Eastman founded the Eastman Kodak Co. (1881) and invented the roll paper film (1885) and celluloid film in 1889 which brought photography to everybody. The roll film was also the basis for the invention of the motion picture film, used by early filmmakers Thomas Edison , the Lumiere Brothers , and Georges M�li�s .", "The work of Muybridge, Marey and Le Prince laid the groundwork for the development of motion picture cameras, projectors and transparent celluloid film - hence the development of cinema. American inventor George Eastman, who had first manufactured photographic dry plates in 1878, provided a more stable type of celluloid film with his concurrent developments in 1888 of sensitized paper roll photographic film (instead of glass plates) and a convenient \"Kodak\" small box camera (a still camera) that used the roll film. He improved upon the paper roll film with another invention in 1889 - perforated celluloid (synthetic plastic material coated with gelatin) roll-film with photographic emulsion.", "The use of photographic film was pioneered by George Eastman, who started manufacturing paper film in 1885 before switching to celluloid in 1889. His first camera, which he called the \"Kodak,\" was first offered for sale in 1888. It was a very simple box camera with a fixed-focus lens and single shutter speed, which along with its relatively low price appealed to the average consumer. The Kodak came pre-loaded with enough film for 100 exposures and needed to be sent back to the factory for processing and reloading when the roll was finished. By the end of the 19th century Eastman had expanded his lineup to several models including both box and folding cameras.", "First box camera George Eastman registers the trademark Kodak, and receives a patent for his camera which uses roll film", "This Original Kodak camera, introduced by George Eastman, placed the power of photography in the hands of anyone who could press a button. Unlike earlier cameras that used a glass-plate negative for each exposure, the Kodak came preloaded with a 100-exposure roll of flexible film. After finishing the roll, the consumer mailed the camera back to the factory to have the prints made. In capturing everyday moments and memories, the Kodak's distinctive circular snapshots defined a new style of photography--informal, personal, and fun.", "Photography evantually was made available for everybody by the genius of George Eastman , the founder of KODAK.", "Camera Capers In 1888, an American named George Eastman introduced the first hand-held snapshot camera. He called it the Kodak (the word Kodak had no meaning but could be pronounced in all languages). Degas bought a portable Kodak and loved to carry it around with him. He used it to take pictures of his friends. He also used his camera to capture images that he could later refer to when painting a picture. Some of Degas’s photos are so beautiful they can be considered works of art themselves.", "For more than 120 years, Eastman Kodak has helped people around the world capture their most memorable occasions on film. The company began in the late 1800s, when Kodak founder George Eastman almost single-handedly took photography from a science practiced by a few professionals and dedicated amateurs to a hobby anyone could enjoy. Kodak sold easy-to-use cameras and film, then developed its customers' pictures.", "On May 2, 1887, Hannibal Goodwin filed a patent for \"a photographic pellicle and process of producing same ... especially in connection with roller cameras\", but the patent was not granted until 13 September 1898. In the meantime, George Eastman had already started production of roll-film using his own process.", "He was born in Waterville, New York, and was self-educated. In 1884, Eastman patented the first film in roll form to prove practicable; in 1888 he perfected the Kodak camera, the first camera designed specifically for roll film. In 1892, he established the Eastman Kodak Company, in Rochester, New York, one of the first firms to mass-produce standardized photography equipment. This company also manufactured the flexible transparent film, devised by Eastman in 1889, which proved vital to the subsequent development of the motion picture industry.", "On September 4, 1888 Eastman registered the trademark Kodak, and received a patent (388850) for his hand-held box camera which used roll film containing a 100 exposure of roll of paper stripping film and the entire camera was sent back to the manufacturer for developing, printing, and reloading with a new film. He coined the phrase \"You Press The Button and We Do The Rest.\"", "By mass-producing his inventions, the American inventor and industrialist George Eastman (1854-1932) promoted photography as a popular hobby. He was also a benefactor of educational institutions.", "By mass-producing his inventions, the American inventor and industrialist George Eastman (1854-1932) promoted photography as a popular hobby. He was also a benefactor of educational institutions.", "In 1881 a farmer in Cambria, Wisconsin, Peter Houston, invented the first roll film camera. His younger brother David, filed the patents for various components of Peter's camera. ", "Daylight-loading film and cameras eliminated returning them to the factory. To Eastman's old slogan was added \"or you can do it yourself.\" A pocket Kodak was marketed in 1897, a folding Kodak in 1898, noncurling film in 1903, and colour film in 1928. Eastman film was indispensable to Thomas Edison's motion pictures; Edison's incandescent bulb was used by Eastman and by photographers specializing in \"portraits taken by electric light.\"", "At the time, photographs were still primarily taken in studios by skilled professionals because of the need for massive equipment, from the cameras themselves to the machines to develop the film. Photographers also had to have complete control over backgrounds and lighting due to the long exposure times. In 1888, Eastman challenged this cumbersome system with the handheld Kodak camera. Eastman came up with the name Kodak out of thin air, claiming that the letter “K” was a favorite of his, “a strong, incisive sort of letter.”", "* Photographic plates preceded photographic film as a means of photography. A light-sensitive emulsion of silver salts was applied to a glass plate. This form of photographic material largely faded from the consumer market in the early years of the 20th century, as more convenient and less fragile films were introduced. The wet collodion process was replaced by dry plates at the start of the 1870s. The mechanical production of dry photographic plates were invented by George Eastman who filed U.S. patent #226,503 on September 9, 1879 for (in his own words \"An Improved Process for Preparing Gelatine Dry-Film Plates\") which was issued to him on April 13, 1880. ", "Cameras and the photographic process continued to develop in rapid succession. The dry plate process in 1855 made it possible for photographers to take candid photos quickly. In 1885, Kodak developed paper film. Celluloid film followed in 1889. By the turn of the century, the Kodak Brownie camera had been invented, making it possible for the average person to take candid photos of friends and family. This ushered in a new era of photography that continually evolves, even today with digital cameras .", "The Eastman Kodak Company of Rochester, New York, was at the forefront of the major photographic technology advances of the 20th century, from the introduction of flexible camera film sold by the roll, to the production of film for the first motion pictures with sound. Mostly, though, Kodak revolutionized the world of amateur photography by making cameras affordable, portable, and easy to use. With the creation of small, inexpensive cameras like the Brownie in 1900, anyone was suddenly able to document their daily lives through simple snapshots , a legacy that lasts to this day. Within a few years, Kodak was more than just a household name, and “Kodaking” was used interchangeably with “photographing.”", "In the late 1880s, famed American inventor Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931) (and his young British assistant William Kennedy Laurie Dickson (1860-1935)) in his laboratories in West Orange, New Jersey, borrowed from the earlier work of Muybridge, Marey, Le Prince and Eastman. Their goal was to construct a device for recording movement on film, and another device for viewing the film. Dickson must be credited with most of the creative and innovative developments - Edison only provided the research program and his laboratories for the revolutionary work.", "In the 1870s American photography was still time-consuming, difficult, and expensive. Equipment included a huge camera, strong tripod (a three-legged stand), large plateholder, dark tent, chemicals, water container, and heavy glass plates. Eastman experimented using dry plates. He was the first American to contribute to the improvement of photographic methods by coating glass plates with gelatin, a gummy substance, and silver bromide, a chemical. In 1879 his coating machine was patented in England , and in 1880 he received an American patent for it. He sold his English patent and opened a shop to manufacture photographic plates in Rochester. To do away with glass plates, Eastman coated paper with gelatin and photographic chemicals. The developed film was stripped from the paper to make a negative. This film was rolled on spools. Eastman and William Walker created a lightweight roll holder that would fit any camera.", "In the 1870s American photography was still slow, difficult, and expensive. Equipment included a huge camera, strong tripod, large plateholder, dark tent, chemicals, water container, and heavy glass plates. Eastman experimented with dry-plate techniques. He was the first American to contribute to photographic technology by coating glass plates with gelatin and silver bromide. In 1879 his coating machine was patented in England, in 1880 in America. He sold his English patent and opened a shop to manufacture photographic plates in Rochester. To eliminate glass plates, Eastman coated paper with gelatin and photographic emulsion. The developed film was stripped from the paper to make a negative. This film was rolled on spools. Eastman and William Walker devised a lightweight roll holder to fit any camera.", "In the 1870s American photography was still slow, difficult, and expensive. Equipment included a huge camera, strong tripod, large plateholder, dark tent, chemicals, water container, and heavy glass plates. Eastman experimented with dry-plate techniques. He was the first American to contribute to photographic technology by coating glass plates with gelatin and silver bromide. In 1879 his coating machine was patented in England, in 1880 in America. He sold his English patent and opened a shop to manufacture photographic plates in Rochester. To eliminate glass plates, Eastman coated paper with gelatin and photographic emulsion. The developed film was stripped from the paper to make a negative. This film was rolled on spools. Eastman and William Walker devised a lightweight roll holder to fit any camera.", "In 1884, Eastman patented a photographic medium that replaced fragile glass plates with a photo-emulsion coated on paper rolls. The invention of roll film greatly sped up the process of recording multiple images.", "In 1880, George Eastman, a young hobbyist photographer and school dropout, became one of the first to successfully manufacture dry plates commercially in the United States. One year later Eastman and Henry Strong formed a partnership called the Eastman Dry Plate Company.", "Known for inventing the phonograph and the motion picture camera, and whose work in electricity led to the development of the lightbulb" ]

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[ "The Odd Couple is a sitcom that aired on ABC from 1970 until 1975 that starred Tony Randall as Felix Unger and Jack Klugman as Oscar Madison, based upon the play of the same name, which was written by Neil Simon. Felix and Oscar are two divorced men. Felix is a neat freak while Oscar is sloppy and casual. They share a Manhattan apartment, and their different lifestyles inevitably lead to conflicts and laughs.", "Felix Unger (or Ungar) was one of the principal characters in Neil Simon's play The Odd Couple. Felix was portrayed in the original Broadway production of the play by Art Carney, in the film by Jack Lemmon, and in the television series by Tony Randall.", "* On the TV series The Odd Couple, Felix Unger and Oscar Madison live at 1049 Park Avenue.", "The Odd Couple stars Matthew Perry as endearing slob Oscar Madison and Thomas Lennon as uptight neat freak Felix Unger, two former college buddies who become unlikely roommates after the demise of their marriages. It's not long after Oscar lets Felix move in that Oscar fears he's made a monumental mistake. Oscar's jack-of-all-trades assistant, Dani, and his long-time agent, Teddy, have their hands full trying to keep Oscar's career as a sports radio host on track...", "Neil Simon’s 'The Odd Couple': Why Oscar Madison and Felix Ungar are unable to live with each other", "The Odd Couple on ABC from 1970-75 and Klugman co-starred with Tony Randall, who played Felix Unger. The series was of course about two divorced men living together -- a neat freak and a slob -- Klugman played Oscar Madison, the slob sportswriter to Tony Randall's overly fussy Felix Unger. The sitcom got solid ratings and received critical acclaim. Klugman won two Emmys for this role (and was nominated three other times) and a Golden Globe, not bad for a man whose first drama teacher told him he was better suited to be a truck driver. The show ran just for five years, but has lived on for decades in syndication. Klugman's co-star Randall passed away in 2004 at age 84. In 2005, Klugman published Tony And Me: A Story of Friendship, a book about his long friendship with Randall which began in 1955 (15 years prior to Odd Couple) when they both appeared on an episode of the CBS series Appointment with Adventure. For Klugman, no cause of death was mentioned, however he battled throat cancer for many years, losing his voice as a result of a 1989 surgery. He spoke in a rasp thereafter.", "Now, the parts of the slovenly sportswriter Oscar Madison and the neat-freak newswriter Felix Ungar (Felix didn’t become a photographer with the last name of Unger until the 1970 ABC TV show) have attracted some hilarious comic actors over the decades.", "Specially on the TV series, Felix takes practically everything, from his habits to his pastimes to his relationships, to extremes, which is why he often finds himself being called a lunatic. In the end, though, his childlike enthusiasm and good heart win out over any annoyance he causes. Felix is especially adorkable when he's happy or excited. In \"I'm Dying of Unger\", he rolls on the bed like a little kid after tricking Oscar's agent into giving him three more days.", "Jack Klugman Actor, Quincy M.E. As a film character actor, Klugman was the epitome of the everyman. He was one of the pioneers of television acting in the 1950s, and is best remembered for his 1970s TV work as Oscar Madison on The Odd Couple and as the medical examiner on Quincy M.E. .", "The cornerstone of the comedy is the relationship between two very different men: sloppy Oscar Madison, divorced since several month, and the neat and precise Felix Ungar, estranged and kicked out by his wife. They decide to share Oscar's Park Avenue apartment in order to save money for alimony. “[H]owever, the couple remains at odds. Two men of opposite temperaments, rejected by their wives, cannot dovetail in a common household”[9]", "Felix Unger and Oscar Madison meet at college in the late 1980s and quickly became friends. Years later, Felix is a news writer and photographer and Oscar is a sports talk show host, but both are divorced from their wives. Felix's wife Ashley kicked him out and Oscar's wife Gaby left him, and now the two friends have to live in the same apartment in spite of their differences. Felix is extremely neurotic and fussy in contrast to Oscar who is slovenly and easy-going. In the middle of all this, Felix and Oscar are trying to date Casey and Emily , two sisters who coincidentally are roommates in the same building. Lucky for the divorcees, both women also have recently exited unhealthy relationships. Felix is pretty insecure because of his remaining feelings for Ashley, but Oscar feels better off away from his ex.", "With Matthew Broderick (Felix Ungar) and Nathan Lane (Oscar Madison) scheduled to star, youÿffffe2ÿffff80ÿffff99d regret it if you ...", "I finally figured out what my problem is... I'm the odd couple... Felix Unger and Oscar Madison All rolled into one.", "Oscar Madison begrudgingly agrees to let Felix Unger, his uptight former college buddy, move in with him after the demise of their marriages. It's not long after Felix moves in that Oscar fears he'...", "  On November 13th, Felix Unger was asked to remove himself from his place of residence. That request came from his wife. Deep down, he knew she was right, but he also knew that someday he would return to her. With nowhere else to go, he appeared at the home of his childhood friend, Oscar Madison. Sometime earlier, Madison's wife had thrown him out, requesting that he never return. Can two divorced men share an apartment without driving each other crazy?  ", "Thinking of Oscar Madison and Felix Unger as I watch this. . . . . . or Walter Matthau and Jack Lemmon . . . .", "For those who remember:. Felix Unger: \"Oscar, is it snowing outside?!\". Oscar Madison : \"I can't tell, it's all white\"", "***In the film only Oscar is divorced, Felix is merely separated; in the series both men are divorcees.", "The success of the film was the basis for the 1970–75 ABC television sitcom, starring Tony Randall as Felix and Jack Klugman as Oscar. Klugman was familiar with the role as he had replaced Walter Matthau in the original Broadway run. Neil Simon originally disapproved of this adaptation, but by the series' final season, he reassessed the show positively to the point of appearing in a cameo role.", "“My Strife In Court” (season three, episode 19): This is the one in which amateur defense attorney Felix, representing himself and Oscar in a ticket-scalping case, yells at a witness, “When you assume, you make an ass of you and me!” Even the crusty old judge is impressed, but for no reason other than the love of his own voice, Felix keeps going and publicly ridicules his roommate. Oscar gets revenge by putting Felix on the stand and providing viewers with some backstory. Oscar: “What did your school yearbook say about you?” Felix, reluctantly: “I was voted the boy most likely to interrupt.” We also learn that Felix is responsible for a legal precedent: Gloria was the first woman in New York to be granted a divorce on the grounds of her spouse’s “pestiness.”", "OSCAR has a car, THE SLOPPY JALOPY , which was used in Follow That BIRD & episodes of SESAME STREET . THE SLOPPY JALOPY 's New York license plate says \" S C R A M \". OSCAR has also been seen driving a broken-down taxi .", "Randall and Klugman also reunited in 1993 for a made-for-TV reunion film based upon the series. The movie was initially broadcast on CBS on September 24, 1993. Robert Klane was the writer and director, with a cast that included Barbara Barrie as Felix's wife, Penny Marshall as Myrna and Dick Van Patten. The Jack Klugman's throat-cancer surgery was written into the script, when Felix (Tony Randall) stays with Oscar and helps with his rehabilitation. ", "The O.C. is an American teen drama television series created by Josh Schwartz that originally aired on the Fox network in the United States from August 5, 2003, to February 22, 2007, running a total of four seasons. \"O.C.\" is an abbreviation of \"Orange County\". ", "Night Court is an American television situation comedy that aired on NBC from January 4, 1984, to May 31, 1992. The setting was the night shift of a Manhattan municipal court, Criminal Court Part 2, presided over by a young, unorthodox judge, Harold T. \"Harry\" Stone (played by Harry Anderson). The series was created by comedy writer Reinhold Weege, who had previously worked on Barney Miller in the 1970s and early 1980s.", "Banacek 13 Sep 1972-3 Sep 1974 (NBC/Universal \"Mystery Movie\"); 8 July 1975-23 Dec 1977 (UK: ITV) 17 90-minute episodes (including pilot); Creators: Richard Levinson, William Link; Music: Billy Goldenberg; Executive Producer: George Eckstein; Producer: Howie Horowitz; Mystery/Detective drama series. Polish-American Thomas Banacek is a freelancer for insurance companies; he tracks down stolen goods. Starring GEORGE PEPPARD as Thomas Banacek; RALPH MANZA as Jay Drury; MURRAY MATHESON as Felix Mulholland; CHRISTINE BELFORD as Carlie Kirkland; LINDEN CHILES as Penniman.", "3. US/West German/French tv series (1954-1955). Inter-Continental Film Productions/La Telediffusion/Lüdecke Productions. Syndicated/Dumont Television Network. Produced by Edward Gruskin and Wenzel Lüdecke. Directors included Gunther von Fritsch, Wallace Worsely Jr and Joseph Zigman. Writers were Bruce Elliot, Bruce Geller, Gruskin, Earl Markham. Based on characters created by Alex Raymond . Cast includes Henry Beckman, Irene Champlin, Steve Holland and Joseph Nash. 39 25-minute episodes. Black and white.", "Oscar Cherniak (Shawn Erker) Drama centred on a group of teens in highschool who publish an on-line e-zine. “Truth 'n Rumours” columnist Oscar came out about his bisexuality, much to the embarassment of his girlfriend Patti.", "Brilliant British TV series starring George Cole as Arthur Daley, a shady businessman and used-car dealer on London's \"alternate economy\". Dennis Waterman is Terry McCann, Daley's business associate and bodyguard, or \"minder\", hence the title. The show ran for several years and usually centered on Arthur hatching some half-baked scheme, only to escape just a half-step ahead of the police or British mobsters. Patrick Malahide played Det. Sgt. Chisholm, a low-rent Javert who always seemed to let Arthur and Terry slip through his fingers.", "The show is set around the 1860s and it centers on the Cartwright family, who live in the area of Virginia City, Nevada , bordering Lake Tahoe . The series stars Lorne Greene , Dan Blocker , Michael Landon , Pernell Roberts (who left after six seasons), and later David Canary and Mitch Vogel .", "Broadcasting from New York, the series premiered at 2:30pm, October 14, 1934, on the NBC Blue Network. The host was fictional producer, Douglass Garrick (portrayed by John Anthony). Doris Dagmar played Peggy Winthrop, who delivered the Lux commercials. Each show featured a scripted session with Garrick talking to the lead actors. Anthony appeared as Garrick from the premiere 1934 episode until June 30, 1935. Garrick was portrayed by Albert Hayes from July 29, 1935 to May 25, 1936, when the show moved to the West Coast.", "The show follows the adventures of stepbrothers Phineas Flynn (Vincent Martella) and Ferb Fletcher (Thomas Sangster), who live in the fictional city of Danville, in a (never specified) Tri-State area, as they seek ways to occupy their time during their summer vacation. Often these adventures involve elaborate, life-sized and ostensibly dangerous construction projects. Phineas's older sister, Candace Flynn (Ashley Tisdale), has two obsessions: \"busting\" Phineas and Ferb's schemes and ideas, and winning the attention of a boy named Jeremy (Mitchel Musso). Meanwhile, the boys' pet platypus, Perry, acts as a secret agent for an all-animal government organization called the O.W.C.A. (\"Organization Without a Cool Acronym\"), fighting Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz. ", ", starring Dennis Franz and David Caruso, is the first R-rated network series. Twenty-five percent of ABC’s 225 affiliates pre-empt the first episode." ]

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[ "Prototypes were developed by Philips and Sony independently in the late 1970s. In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the Red Book CD-DA standard was published in 1980. After their commercial release in 1982, compact discs and their players were extremely popular. Despite costing up to $1,000, over 400,000 CD players were sold in the United States between 1983 and 1984. The success of the compact disc has been credited to the cooperation between Philips and Sony, who came together to agree upon and develop compatible hardware. The unified design of the compact disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or player from any company, and allowed the CD to dominate the at-home music market unchallenged. ", "Piet Kramer, who at the time was a member of the optical group at Philips that made a significant contribution to the CD technology, commented on Philips’ and Sony’s collaborative work: “When Philips teamed up with Sony to develop the CD, our first target was to win over the world for the CD. We did this by collaborating openly to agree on a new standard. For Philips, this open innovation was a new approach – and it paid off. In the late 70s and early 80s, we never imagined that one day the computing and entertainment industries would also opt for the digital CD for storing the growing volume of data for computer programs and movies.”", "Technology giants Philips and Sony developed the CD format together. In 1979, a task force was set-up to create a digital audio disc and set a standard for the music industry that all manufacturers could follow and develop for.", "Sony executive Norio Ohga , who later became the CEO and chairman of Sony, was convinced of the format's commercial potential and pushed further development despite widespread skepticism. [7] Later in 1979, Sony and Philips Consumer Electronics (Philips) set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. Led by Kees Schouhamer Immink and Toshitada Doi , the research pushed forward laser and optical disc technology that began independently by Philips and Sony in 1977 and 1975, respectively. [4] After a year of experimentation and discussion, the task force produced the Red Book , the Compact Disc standard. Philips contributed the general manufacturing process , based on video LaserDisc technology. Philips also contributed eight-to-fourteen modulation (EFM), which offers both a long playing time and a certain resilience to defects such as scratches and fingerprints, while Sony contributed the error-correction method, CIRC . The Compact Disc Story, [8] told by a former member of the taskforce, gives background information on the many technical decisions made, including the choice of the sampling frequency, playing time, and disc diameter. The task force consisted of around four to eight persons, [9] [10] though according to Philips, the Compact Disc was thus \"invented collectively by a large group of people working as a team.\" [11]", "One legend is that the compact disc was deliberately designed to have a 74-minute playing so that it could accommodate Beethoven's Ninth Symphony. Kees Immink, Philips' chief engineer, who developed the CD, recalls that a commercial tug-of-war between the development partners, Sony and Philips, led to a settlement in a neutral 12-cm diameter format. The 1951 performance of the Ninth Symphony conducted by Furtwängler was brought forward as the perfect excuse for the change, and was put forth in a Philips news release celebrating the 25th anniversary of the Compact Disc as the reason for the 74-minute length. ", "The Compact Disc, or CD, is an optical disc used to store digital data, originally developed for storing digital audio. While working at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, James Russell invented the compact disc,[322][323][324][325][326] later presenting and selling the rights to companies such as Sony and Philips who commercialized the compact disc beginning in 1980. Russell currently holds 22 legal patents relating to his inventions in optical recording and playback as well as the compact disc.[327]", "The technology behind CDs was invented in the late 1960s by James T. Russell (1931–). An avid music fan, he longed for a sound-recording system that would reproduce music more exactly than LP records and cassette tapes. He patented the first ever optical sound recording system in 1970, refining it over the years that followed. Audio CDs finally made their commercial debut in Europe in 1982, launched by the Sony and Philips electronics corporations, and appeared in the United States the following year. CD-ROMs became popular in the 1990s, when publishers such as Encyclopedia Britannica, Broderbund, and Dorling Kindersley released popular \"multimedia\" encyclopedias containing written text, sound, pictures, animations, and videos. CD-ROMs are less popular today, thanks to the World Wide Web (WWW) , which makes it easier to publish and update information instantly and link together pages from lots of different sources.", "CD, or compact disc, is a polycarbonate disc with binary data burned onto it and sandwiched between plastic discs and a reflective disc designed to reflect the laser that reads the data. They were designed in the late 1970s as a smaller-scale spinoff of Laserdisc video technology by Sony. In 1982, the first CD sold in stores was Billy Joel’s album 52nd Street. At this time, the discs themselves were $30+ and the players were $900. By 2007, more than 200 billion CDs had been made, but their decline was in full swing as downloadable music files took hold.", "The CD was originally thought to be the successor of the audio gramophone record, rather than primarily as a data storage medium. In June 1985, the CD-ROM (read-only memory) and, in 1990, CD-Recordable were introduced, both developed by both Sony and Philips.", "The logical format of an audio CD (officially Compact Disc Digital Audio or CD-DA) is described in a document produced by the format's joint creators, Sony and Philips in 1980. The document is known colloquially as the \" Red Book \" after the color of its cover. The format is a two-channel 16-bit PCM encoding at a 44.1 kHz sampling rate per channel. Four-channel sound is an allowable option within the Red Book format, but has never been implemented . Monaural audio has no existing standard on a Red Book CD; mono-source material is usually presented as two identical channels on a 'stereo' track.", "• Philips and Sony co-developed CD – over 200 billion CDs sold in last 25 years", "Spinning-off from the Laserdisc video format, Sony had been developing optical digital audio disc technology, with public demonstrations in September 1976 and September 1978. Philips would demonstrate their own prototype in March 8, 1979. Later that same year, both firms jointly began developments on the Compact Disc-Digital Audio (CD-DA) format. Following a year of discourse and testing, the co-manufacturing effort would yield the Red Book audio CD standard.", "For the first few years of its existence, the CD was a medium used purely for audio. However, in 1985 the Yellow Book CD-ROM standard was established by Sony and Philips, which defined a non-volatile optical data computer data storage medium using the same physical format as audio Compact Discs, readable by a computer with a CD-ROM drive.", "* Philips and Sony co-developed CD � over 200 billion CDs sold in last 25 years", "The Compact Disc is a spin-off of the Laserdisc technology. Philips publicly demonstrated a prototype of an optical digital audio disc at a press conference called \"Philips Introduce Compact Disc\" [2] in Eindhoven , Netherlands , on March 8, 1979. [3] Three years earlier, Sony first publicly demonstrated an optical digital audio disc in September 1976. In September 1978, they demonstrated an optical digital audio disc with a 150 minute playing time, and with specifications of 44,056 Hz sampling rate, 16-bit linear resolution, cross-interleaved error correction code, that were similar to those of the Compact Disc introduced in 1982. Technical details of Sony's digital audio disc were presented during the 62nd AES Convention, held on March 13–16, 1979, in Brussels . [4]", "Philips had developed a LaserDisc early on for selling movies, but delayed its commercial launch for fear of cannibalizing its video recorder sales. Later Philips joined with MCA to launch the first commercial LaserDisc standard and players. In 1982, Philips teamed with Sony to launch the Compact Disc; this format evolved into the CD-R, CD-RW, DVD and later Blu-ray, which Philips launched with Sony in 1997 and 2006 respectively.", "In 1980 Philips and Sony produced their Red Book, which laid down all the standards for compact discs. From that time on the companies worked separately on their own CD equipment but in the early days agreed to share components.", "Philips’ R & D contributed (EFM), which offers both a long playing time and a high resilience against disc defects such as scratches and fingerprints, while Sony contributed the error-correction method, CIRC. This was a partnership made in heaven both companies. According to Philips, the Compact Disc was thus \"invented collectively by a large group of people working as a team.", "In 1962, Philips invented the Compact Cassette medium for audio storage, introducing it in Europe on 30 August 1963 at the Berlin Radio Show, and in the United States (under the Norelco brand) in November 1964, with the trademark name Compact Cassette. The team at Philips was led by Lou Ottens in Hasselt, Belgium. ", "The Philips factory in Germany, where the world’s first CD was pressed, belonged to Polygram – the recording company, which Philips owned at the time. The first CD to be manufactured at the plant was “The Visitors” by ABBA. By the time CDs were introduced on the market in November 1982, a catalogue of around 150 titles – mainly classical music – had been produced. The first CDs and CD players – including Philips’ CD100 – were introduced in Japan in November, followed by a US and European market introduction in March of 1983.", "PolyGram was the name of the major label recording company started by Philips and Siemens as a holding company for their music interests in 1979. The name was chosen to reflect the Siemens interest Polydor Records and the Philips interest Phonogram Inc. The company traced its origins through Deutsche Grammophon back to the inventor of the flat disk gramophone, Emil Berliner.", "The Philips \"Green Book\" specifies the standard for interactive multimedia Compact Discs designed for CD-i players (1993). This format is unusual because it hides the initial tracks which contains the software and data files used by CD-i players by omitting the tracks from the disc's TOC (table of contents). This causes audio CD players to skip the CD-i data tracks. This is different from the CD-i Ready format, which puts CD-i software and data into the pregap of track 1. CD-i was the leading format of its time but was supplanted by the politics of competition. Philips Interactive Media lead the way in producing breakthrough titles, including the first interactive coloring book, Sesame Street Disc and children's programs, Groliers and Comptoms encyclopedias and many more pathbreaking programs.", "A Compact Disc (also known as a CD) is an optical disc used to store digital data, originally developed for storing digital audio. The CD has been available on the market since October 1982, and remains the standard physical medium for sale of commercial audio recordings to the present day. The technology was later adapted and expanded to include data storage CD-ROM, and this was followed by write-once audio and data storage CD-R and rewritable media CD-RW. Other variants were developed including: Video Compact Discs (VCD), Photo CD, and Enhanced CD.", "The Compact Disc, is the forefather of today�s extensive family of optical discs for a wide range of applications such as CD-Rom, CD-R and CD-RW, DVD, DVD R, DVD RW and Blu-ray. Philips estimates that over the past 25 years, since the first CD was pressed at the Philips factory near Hanover, Germany, over 200 billion CDs have been sold worldwide. Even though a single CD is only 1.2 mm thick, if all CDs ever produced were piled up, the stack of CDs would circle the earth six times. The compact disc, as well as the DVD disc, remain a very popular music/ video carrier, because of their digital quality, portability, and resilience to damage, and remain a very popular gift.", "The compact disc project was launched following Philips' failure with its video disc technology in 1978. The video disc was one of the first commercial products to take advantage of laser technology that could read information from a disc without any physical contact. Research into the video disc began as far back as 1969.", "The Compact Disc, is the forefather of today’s extensive family of optical discs for a wide range of applications such as CD-Rom, CD-R and CD-RW, DVD, DVD R, DVD RW and Blu-ray. Philips estimates that over the past 25 years, since the first CD was pressed at the Philips factory near Hanover, Germany, over 200 billion CDs have been sold worldwide. Even though a single CD is only 1.2 mm thick, if all CDs ever produced were piled up, the stack of CDs would circle the earth six times. The compact disc, as well as the DVD disc, remain a very popular music/ video carrier, because of their digital quality, portability, and resilience to damage, and remain a very popular gift.", "The following year saw the company being split into five divisions: marketing and sales, manufacturing, service, engineering, and diversified operations. In 1984, Sony launched the world's first portable CD player dubbed D-50 . The device, which was approximately the size of four CD cases, was later called Discman.", "PolyGram, Philips' music television and movies division, was sold to Seagram in 1998 and merged into Universal Music Group and Universal Studios. Philips Records continues to operate as record label of UMG, its name licensed from its former parent.", "The \"compact cassette\" (a Philips trademark) was introduced by the Philips Corporation at the Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin in 1963 and marketed in 1965 as a device purely intended for portable speech-only dictation machines. There was never any intention that it be a replacement for reel-to-reel recorders. The tape width was nominally 1⁄8 inch (actually 0.15 inch, 3.81 mm) and tape speed was 1.875 inches (4.8 cm) per second, giving a decidedly non Hi-Fi frequency response and quite high noise levels.", "CD-i (Compact disc - interactive) is a multimedia CD format specified in 1986, in the Green Book. CD-i was detailed as a whole system, comprising not just a disc and data format, but an entire hardware and software system, a variety of special compression methods for audio and visual data, and a method of interleaving audio, video, and text data. Developed as a user-friendly alternative to a PC, CD-i players are easier to use, and have TV video output as well. Full screen motion video capabilities were added to the original specification later.", "1982 - first digital audio 5-inch CD discs marketed, merging the consumer music industry with the computer revolution", "The transformation of CD players and CDROMs from laboratory curiosities to the economical household appliances that have revolutionized the musical recording industry and have made possible multimedia computing depend on the availability of two technologies: low power low cost solid state laser diodes and mass produced large scale integrated circuits. Without these, a CD player using 1960's technology would be the size of dishwasher!" ]

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[ "Nestlé S.A. is a Swiss multinational food and beverage company headquartered in Vevey, Switzerland. It is the largest food company in the world measured by revenues.", "Tracing its beginnings way back to 1866, long-standing Swiss multinational Nestlé S.A. is today the biggest food and drinks firm worldwide. Nestlé’s grand headquarters in Vevey, Switzerland are close to Lake Geneva and the Swiss Alps, adding to the company’s allure. In 2014 Forbes included Nestlé on its list of the world’s largest public companies, with its market value cited as $239.6 billion. Nestlé in addition ranked highly in the Reputation Institute’s 2014 rundown of “The World’s Most Reputable Companies” and made Forbes’ 2013 list of the 100 most powerful brands. The firm’s controversial chairman and former CEO, Peter Brabeck-Letmathe – who is also the current chairman of Formula 1 – is one of Switzerland’s most powerful businessmen, having turned Nestlé into a truly global powerhouse during his time in charge. The corporation boasts a total staff of around 333,000 employees.", "Nestle is a multinational corporate since the headquarter is located in Switzerland but operates businesses in the many other countries over the world such as Europe, United State, China, Malaysia, Hong Kong etc. As we know, Nestle is an infant's product. Besides producing infants, Nestle has also produces some other products such as chocolate, yogurt drink, cornflakes, ice-cream etc which can easily found in supermarkets all over the world.", "Nestlé S.A. (;,,) is a Swiss transnational food and drink company headquartered in Vevey, Vaud, Switzerland. It is the largest food company in the world measured by revenues, and ranked #72 on the Fortune Global 500 in 2014. ", "In 1905 Nestlé work together with the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company, the year after Nestlé added chocolate to its line of foods. The newly formed Nestlé and Anglo-Swiss Milk Company had factories in the Spain, Germany, United States and Britain. Soon, the company had full-scale manufacturing in Australia with warehouses in Hong Kong, Singapore and Bombay. Most production still took place in Europe. (English Tea Store, 2004-2009)", "Nestlé is pursuing a similar long-term bet in the Middle East, an area in which most multinational food companies have little presence.  Collectively, the Middle East accounts for only about 2 percent of Nestlé’s worldwide sales and the individual markets are very small.  However, Nestlé’s long-term strategy is based on the assumption that regional conflicts will subside and intra-regional trade will expand as trade barriers between countries in the region come down.  Once that happens, Nestlé’s factories in the Middle East should be able to sell throughout the region, thereby realizing scale economies.  In anticipation of this development, Nestlé has established a network of factories in five countries, in the hope that each will, someday, supply the entire region with different products.  The company, currently makes ice-cream in Dubai, soups and cereals in Saudi Arabia, yogurt and bouillon in Egypt, chocolate in Turkey, and ketchup and instant noodles in Syria.  For the present, Nestlé can survive in these markets by using local materials and focusing on local demand.  The Syrian factory, for example, relies on products that use tomatoes, a major local agricultural product.  Syria also produces wheat, which is the main ingredient in instant noodles. Even if trade barriers don’t come down soon, Nestlé has indicated it will remain committed to the region. By using local inputs and focussing on local consumer needs, it has earned a good rate of return in the region, even though the individual markets are small.", "Nestle has been present in China for over twenty years and today operates 23 factories, two R&D Centres and employs 14,000 people. Its China region achieved sales of SFr2.8b in 2010. Main Nestle brands in China include Nescafe, Nan and Maggi as well as local brands such as Totole, Haoji and Dashan. Nestle has established several technical assistance initiatives for milk and coffee farmers in China.", "Nestle is continuing to drive its growth in Europe with a €10 million (more than SFr12 million) investment to produce different varieties of chocolate in Spain. The company has installed a new production line for moulding chocolates at its factory in La Penilla de Cayon in the north of the country. It is one of eight major investments Nestle has made in its manufacturing operations in Europe this year, including SFr45 million to extend a factory in Hungaryand SFr38 million to double pet food production in Russia.", "          Nestle’s products include baby food, bottled water, breakfast cereals, coffee, confectionery, dairy products, ice cream, pet foods, and snacks. 29 of Nestle’s brands have annual sales of over 1 billion Swiss francs including Nescafe, Kit Kat, Nesquik and Maggi. Nestle  has around 450 factories, operates in 86 countries, and employs around 328,000 people. It is one of the main shareholders of L’Oreal, the world’s largest cosmetics company.", "Even though Nestle as a multinational corporate which operates their business in the other country, but do respect to people's culture and traditional which is a corporate that think global, act local by working hard to integrate itself into the cultures and traditions of the country. For example, Kit-Kat's formula is almost different everywhere. A Russian Kit-Kat is smaller than a Bulgarian, but less sweet than Germany's Kit-Kat. While in Japan, the strawberry Kit-Kat is all the rage.", "Specialist pharmacist Heinrich Nestle was born in 1814 in Frankfurt and moved to Switzerland in 1843, where he proceeded to open his own pharmacy and sell a variety of products, including everything from drugs to fertilizer to mustard. Because the official language of Geneva was French, he changed his name to Henri Nestle. In 1867, Nestle sold milk products for mothers and then in 1904 began to manufacture and sell milk chocolate. The bird family that is used in the Logo dates back to the Nestle family coat of arms and symbolizes the meaning of the Nestle name \"small nest\".", "Nestlé – named after its founder, Henri Nestlé, who was born in Germany under the name \"Nestle\", which is German for bird's nest. The company logo is a bird's nest with a mother bird and two chicks.", "In September 2006 Nestlé announced they were eliminating 25% of their workforce in York and moving production of Smarties to Germany. One of the reasons given for the cuts and moves was so the York factory could be modernised for Kit Kat production to continue.", "sion to expand our operations to meet growing market demands for the next few years.\" He added: \"We have invested more than USD 400 million in the Middle East over the years and the new multi-million dollar manufacturing facility in TechnoPark is another testimonial to our deep commitment in this region.\" Nestlé Middle East – which sells brands such as Nido, Kit Kat, Quality Street, Nescafé and Maggi – totalled revenue of over USD 1.4 billion in 2009. With 17 factories and 37 offices in the region, Nestlé Middle East employs over 7,000 across its operations.", "Kit Kat bars are produced in 21 countries by Nestlé: UK , Egypt , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , Algeria , South Africa , Germany , Russia , Japan , China , Indonesia , Malaysia , India , Turkey , Venezuela , Spain , United Arab Emirates , Mexico , Bulgaria and Ukraine .", "Nestlé was formed in 1905 by the merger of the Anglo-Swiss Milk Company, established in 1866 by brothers George Page and Charles Page, and Farine Lactée Henri Nestlé, founded in 1866 by Henri Nestlé (born Heinrich Nestle). The company grew significantly during the First World War and again following the Second World War, expanding its offerings beyond its early condensed milk and infant formula products. The company has made a number of corporate acquisitions, including Crosse & Blackwell in 1950, Findus in 1963, Libby's in 1971, Rowntree Mackintosh in 1988, and Gerber in 2007.", "Maggi; Swiss German:. is an international brand of seasonings, instant soups, and noodles that originated in Switzerland. It was acquired by Nestlé in 1947. ", "When thinking about the top chocolate bar brands, likely a few come to mind including Nestle. Nestle is a brand that is represented worldwide, and we carry Canadian, British and American Nestle products within our cash and carry inventory. ", "        “Henri Nestle, himself an immigrant from Germany, was instrumental in turning his Company towards international expansion from the very start. We own more than our name, our logo and our first infant-food product to our founder. Henri Nestle embodied many of the key attitudes and values that form part and parcel of our corporate culture: pragmatism, flexibility, the willingness to learn an open mind and respect for other people and cultures.” Peter Brabeck-Letmathe, Nestle Chairman", "Strategy, Management and Leadership Individual Report 1 Business-level Strategy of Nestle Nestle is an international... brand with a portfolio in almost every food and beverage category. The brand is consumed daily by a majority of people, from its confectionary to it dairy brands and on to it’s beverages. With around 8000 brands it is hard to stay away from them. The company shows it’s size when figures such as 468 factories spread over 86 countries are some statistics, with the company employing...", "The Dow Chemical Company (), commonly referred to as Dow, is a multinational chemical corporation headquartered in Midland, Michigan. Dow provides chemical, plastic, and agricultural products and services to consumer markets that include food, transportation, health and medicine, personal care and construction, and operates in approximately 180 countries. ", "...Nestlé was founded in 1866 by Henri Nestlé and is today the world's biggest food and beverage company. Henri Nestlé developed the first infant food in 1867 to save the life of a friend's baby who could not be breastfed. (this is a combination of cow’s milk, wheat flour and sugar). Since then, the company has looked to build on a tradition of providing nutritious products. The Nestlé Group invests around 1.5...", "PepsiCo Inc. is an American multinational food, snack and beverage corporation headquartered in Purchase, New York, United States, with interests in the manufacturing, marketing, and distribution of grain-based snack foods, beverages, and other products.", "Kellogg Company (also Kellogg's, Kellogg, and Kellogg's of Battle Creek) is an American multinational food manufacturing company headquartered in Battle Creek, Michigan, United States. Kellogg's produces cereal and convenience foods, including cookies, crackers, toaster pastries, cereal bars, fruit-flavored snacks, frozen waffles, and vegetarian foods. The company's brands include Froot Loops, Apple Jacks, Corn Flakes, Frosted Flakes, Rice Krispies, Special K, Cocoa Krispies, Keebler, Pringles, Pop-Tarts, Kashi, Cheez-It, Eggo, Nutri-Grain, Morningstar Farms, and many more. Kellogg's stated purpose is \"Nourishing families so they can flourish and thrive.\" ", "* In March 2015, Nestlé ranked second in Oxfam’s Behind the Brands scorecard, where the NGO ranks the world’s ‘Big 10’ consumer food and beverage companies on their policies and commitments to improve food security and sustainability. Nestlé assumed the number one ranking for land rights, while the company also outperformed its peers on transparency and water. ", "The end of World War II was the beginning of a dynamic phase for Nestlé. Growth accelerated and numerous companies were acquired. In 1947 Nestlé merged with Maggi, a manufacturer of seasonings and soups. Crosse & Blackwell followed in 1950, as did Findus (1963), Libby’s (1971) and Stouffer’s (1973). Diversification came with a shareholding in L’Oreal in 1974. In 1977, Nestlé made its second venture outside the food industry, by acquiring Alcon Laboratories Inc.", "A large number of food producing or trading companies are located in Bremen with their German or European headquarters: Anheuser-Busch InBev (Beck's Brewery), Kellogg's, Kraft Foods (Kraft, Jacobs Coffee, Milka Chocolate, Milram, Miràcoli), Frosta (frosted food), Nordsee (chain of sea fast food), Melitta Kaffee, Eduscho Kaffee, Azul Kaffee, Vitakraft (pet food for birds and fishes), Atlanta AG (Chiquita banana), chocolatier Hachez (fine chocolate and confiserie), feodora chocolatier.", "* In September 2012, Nestlé was among the top-scoring companies on the Climate Disclosure Leadership Index (CDLI)", "Kellogg's products are manufactured in 18 countries and marketed in over 180 countries. Kellogg's largest factory is at Trafford Park in Manchester, United Kingdom, which is also the location of its European headquarters. Kellogg's holds a Royal Warrant from Queen Elizabeth II and the Prince of Wales.", "Kraft Foods is an American multinational confectionery, food and beverage conglomerate. It markets many brands in more than 170 countries. Twelve of its brands annually earn more than $1 billion worldwide: Cadbury, Jacobs, Kraft, LU, Maxwell House, Milka, Nabisco, Oscar Mayer, Philadelphia, Trident and Tang.", "In March 2001, The Keebler Company was acquired by the Kellogg Company. At that time, headquarters were based in Elmhurst, Illinois. Currently, Keebler has manufacturing plants in United States, Thailand, Indonesia, and Malaysia.", "Posted in Features Comments Off on Nestlé throws weight behind World Environment Day food waste message" ]

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[ "“Theme from Mahogany (Do You Know Where You’re Going To?)” is a song written by Michael Masser and Gerald Goffin, and recorded first by American singer Thelma Houston in 1973, and most notably by Diana Ross as the theme to the 1975 Motown/Paramount film Mahogany.", "The Theme from the movie \"Mahogany\" also titled \"Do You Know Where You're Going To\" is a song written by Michael Masser and Gerald Giffin and was sung by Dianna Ross as the theme to the 1975 Paramount film. Her recording of the theme became a number one hit on both the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 Hits and the Easy Listening Charts. The song was nominated for an Academy Award and was performed live by Dianna Ross at the oscars show. INFRINGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT LAW IS NEVER INTENDED!", "Theme from Mahogany : Do you know where you're going to? : from the original soundtract [sic] of a Berry Gordy film Mahogany (Musical score, 1975) [WorldCat.org]", "* 1975: “Theme From Mahogany (Do You Know Where You’re Going To)” (US #1, UK #5)", "The film's score is by Elmer Bernstein. Along with the iconic main theme and effective support of the story line, the score also contains allusions to twentieth-century symphonic works, such as the reference to Bartok's Concerto for Orchestra, second movement, in the tense quiet scene just before the shoot out. The original soundtrack was not released at the time until reused and rerecorded by Bernstein for the soundtrack of Return of the Seven. Electric guitar cover versions by Al Caiola in the U.S. and John Barry in the U.K. were successful on the popular charts. A vocal theme not written by Bernstein was used in a trailer.", "CLIFF AT MOVIES The \"Theme from A Summer Place\" is a song with lyrics by Mack Discant and music by Max Steiner, written for the 1959 movie A Summer ...", "Best remembered for \"9 to 5\" (aka \"Morning Train), Sheena Easton scored another big hit with the title track to James Bond's first '80s film. The song was nominated for an Oscar.", "The Star Trek the Next Generation main theme . Which is originally the theme to Star Trek the Motion Picture .", "It was directed by Ron Clements and John Musker and songs were by Alan Menken and Howard Ashman (with additional lyrics provided by Tim Rice after Ashman's death). Menken received the 1992 Academy Award for Original Music Score of Aladdin. The main soundtrack song \"A Whole New World\" (sung during the closing credits by Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle) won a Grammy Award as well as the Academy Award for Best Song in 1993.", "The film tells its story using non-traditional narrative techniques, intercutting the storylines of seven different Dylan-inspired characters. The title of the film is taken from the 1967 Dylan Basement Tape recording of \"I'm Not There\", a song that had not been officially released until it appeared on the film's soundtrack album. The film received a generally favorable response, and appeared on several top ten films lists for 2007, topping the lists for The Village Voice, Entertainment Weekly, Salon and The Boston Globe. Particular praise went to Cate Blanchett for her performance, culminating in a Volpi Cup for Best Actress from the Venice Film Festival, the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress, along with an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress nomination. This was Heath Ledger's final film to be released during his lifetime.", "Much of this tone is captured in the film’s unforgetable theme song, the Colonel Bogey March (you know it even if you think you don’t). First written in 1914 by WWI British Lt. F.J. Ricketts (under the pseudonym Kenneth Alford), the piece was adapted into an Oscar-winning orchestrated score by Malcom Arnold for The Bridge on the River Kwai. Since then, it has been engrained into popular culture, thanks partially to the Tom Hanks-John Candy Kwai spoof Volunteers (1985), in which the Washington State University Fight Song is sang in replace of the Colonel Bogey March. Similarly, in an episode of The Fresh Prince of Bel Air, Carlton sings his own fight song to the tune.", "The theme tune was Irving Berlin's \"What'll I Do?\". Initially the version recorded by actor William Atherton for the 1974 film The Great Gatsby was used; from the third series onwards is sung by Quirke and Robson.", "For the opening theme, Herrmann reused a short sequence he had previously composed for the 1951 movie On Dangerous Ground, starring Robert Ryan and Ida Lupino. The \"Have Gun – Will Travel\" theme (and fragments of incidental music also used in the television series) are featured in a chase scene across snowy fields; at the 35:25 mark of the film, the actual \"Have Gun – Will Travel\" opening theme is played in recognizable form, although the scoring is slightly different than that heard in the better-known television version.", "Also in the film were segments from two of Antonio Carlos Jobim 's classic bossa nova songs, \" The Girl From Ipanema \" and \" Quiet Nights of Quiet Stars \". These songs were played during the \"breakfast scenes\" with V and Deitrich and were one of the ways used to tie the two characters together. Beethoven's Symphony No.5 also plays an important role in the film, with the first four notes of the first movement signifying the letter \"V\" in Morse code . [21] [22] Gordon Deitrich's Benny Hill -styled comedy sketch of Chancellor Sutler includes the \" Yakety Sax \" theme. Inspector Finch's alarm clock begins the morning of November 4 with the song \"Long Black Train\" by Richard Hawley , which contains the foreshadowing lyrics \"Ride the long black train... take me home black train.\"", "He co-wrote \"Distant Hills\", which was used as the theme tune to the television series Crown Court, and wrote the music for the 1972 ITV mystery quiz Whodunnit?, \"Cross Country Go\", a \"B\" movie made by British Movietone News in 1974, and incidental music for the wartime TV series Danger UXB. He also composed music for the De Wolfe music library, some of which was used in films such as Eskimo Nell (1975), and composed the score for the film Nutcracker (1982).", "The soundtrack of The Long Goodbye features two songs, \"Hooray for Hollywood\" and the eponymous \"The Long Goodbye\", composed by John Williams and Johnny Mercer. It was Altman's idea to have every occurrence of the latter song arranged differently, from hippie chant to supermarket muzak to radio music, setting the mood for the hero's encounters with eccentric Californians, while pursuing his case. ", "The Living Daylights was the twelfth and final Bond film to be scored by composer John Barry. The title song of the film, \"The Living Daylights\", was co-written with Paul Waaktaar-Savoy of the Norwegian pop-music group A-ha and recorded by them. The group and Barry did not collaborate well, resulting in two versions of the theme song.", "In 2002, he co-wrote and performed the songs for the DreamWorks animated film, Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron. The songs were included on the film's soundtrack. The most successful single from the soundtrack was \"Here I Am\", a British Top 5 and German Top 20 hit. The song also gave him his fourth Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Song from a Motion Picture", "* \"Theme from A Summer Place\", composed by Max Steiner; performed by Percy Faith and his Orchestra", "The music for Never Say Never Again was written by Michel Legrand . [332] Legrand also wrote the main theme \"Never Say Never Again\", which featured lyrics by Alan and Marilyn Bergman —who had also worked with Legrand in the Academy Award winning song \" The Windmills of Your Mind \" [333] —and was performed by Lani Hall . [326]", "The film's score was composed by Theodore Shapiro who made his animated feature score debut with this film. The score was released digitally by Madison Gate Records on 24 April 2012, and as a CD-R on-demand on 17 May 2012. The film also includes a number of previously released songs by various artists, including \"Swords of a Thousand Men\" by Tenpole Tudor, \"Ranking Full-Stop\" by The Beat, \"London Calling\" by The Clash, \"You Can Get It If You Really Want\" by Jimmy Cliff, \"Alright\" by Supergrass, and \"I'm Not Crying\" by Flight of the Conchords. ", "Another song, \"Tomorrow Never Dies\", written by the movie's composer David Arnold and performed by k.d. lang, was originally produced as the official theme tune. When Crow's song became the official theme the k.d. lang song was relegated to the end credits, and renamed \"Surrender\". The melody of \"Surrender\" still remains in Arnold's score. ", "Ticket To Ride was the soundtrack to a key scene in the Help! film. Filmed on the ski slopes of Obertauern, Austria on 20 March 1965, it was a forerunner of the music videos which would later become widespread.", "The soundtrack was released in the United Kingdom on 21 October 2013. It was released in the United States the next day via digital download with two extra tracks by The London Session Orchestra, a compact disc copy was released on 7 January 2014. It was scored by Theodore Shapiro. \"Sweeter Than Fiction\" by Taylor Swift was included on the soundtrack and was released as the lead single on 21 October 2013 by Big Machine Records. The single received a nomination for Best Original Song at the 71st Golden Globe Awards.", "“Will You Be There,” the theme for the film, won the MTV Movie Award for “Best Song in a Movie” in 1994. It was also included in the album All Time Greatest Movie Songs released by Sony in 1999. ", "The film's theme song, \"Jean,\" written by Rod McKuen, became a major hit in 1969. Both McKuen and pop star Oliver (William Swofford) released versions. Although the music suits the tone of the film, the syrupy lyrics seem to describe an entirely different Jean or, perhaps, a much younger version of the character. The movie, wisely, features only the tune.", "The original score was composed by Michael Gore. The score won the Academy Award for Best Music - Original Score. It was also nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score, the BAFTA Award for Best Film Music and a Grammy Award.", "* \"September\" - performed by Earth, Wind and Fire; used before the end credits where everyone in the museum is partying.", "I forgot if the movie had the same title as the theme song. I am looking for the lyrics.Mancini played song goes \"From moment to moment, every moment that I live, I live for every moment with you.\"\"", "John Debney was commissioned to write the score for this film, and intended to replace Ron Grainer's original theme with a new composition. Ultimately Debney did in fact use an arrangement of Grainer's music for the theme, although Grainer goes uncredited.", "'This one'll be the theme tune for the film you're working on. OK? Listen to this!!'", "The times and scenes these songs were played in the movie can be found at 'what-song'" ]

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[ "1996 is The Year of The Rat according to Chinese Astrology. Celebrations of the lunar new year are from February 19 to 21 1996.", "Each year of the Chinese Zodiac is represented by a different animal: the rat, ox, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, horse, sheep, monkey, rooster, dog, and pig. The five elements are assigned to the 12 animals (years), giving different characteristics to each animal (year). Assigning each of the five elements to the 12 years creates 60 different combinations that results in a 60-year cycle.", "Complete the sequence (three more needed): S, H, S, M, C, D, P, R, O, ... T, R, D. Snake, Horse, Sheep, Monkey, Chicken, Dog, Pig, Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon - the Chinese years (Dragon was 2000 - the cycle repeats every 12 years).", "THE CHINESE NEW YEAR IS CELEBRATED AT THE SECOND NEW MOON AFTER THE WINTER SOLSTICE January 21 and February 19 on the Gregorian calendar. Each year is named after one of 12 animals: Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Goat, and Monkey. These twelve year cycles are continuously repeated. The Chinese Lunar Calendar began in 2697 BC, which makes 2014 the 4712th Chinese Year. It begins, New Year's Day is Jan. 31, 2014, the Year of the Horse.", "The Chinese Lunar calendar follows a 12 year cycle and each of the 12 years is represented by 12 Animals which form the Chinese Zodiac. After every 12 years the Chinese Calendar repeats itself. The animals in the Chinese Zodiac or the animals which constitute the Chinese calendar are Rat, Ox, Tiger, Hare, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Sheep, Monkey, Rooster, Dog and Pig.", "The Chinese calendar was a complex timepiece. Its parameters were set according to the lunar phases as well as the solar solstices and equinoxes. Yin and yang, the opposing but complementary principles that make up a harmonious world, also ruled the calendar, as did the Chinese zodiac, the cycle of twelve stations or “signs” along the apparent path of the sun through the cosmos. Each new year was marked by the characteristics of one of the 12 zodiacal animals: the rat, ox, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, horse, sheep, monkey, rooster, dog and pig.", "The twelve animals that appear on the Chinese zodiac calendar — a rat, ox, tiger, rabbit (or hare), dragon, snake, horse, sheep (or goat), monkey, rooster, dog and pig — are the topic of countless legends embedded in Chinese mythology. The same zodiac animals are also used in many neighbouring cultures to China. You can read more about the mythology surrounding the zodiac animals by visiting our Astrology and Myths page .", "The years are represented by 12 zodiac animals: rat, buffalo, tiger, cat, dragon, snake, horse, goat, monkey, rooster, dog and pig. These animals rotate through 12-year periods. Each animal has different strengths and weaknesses that they are believed to pass on to any person born in their year.", "The Chinese measure time using an epoch of 3,600 years as the base unit. This consists of 60 X 60 year cycles, which contains all 12 animal signs in combination with each of the 5 elements, or Stem-Branch. This basic cycle has been constructed from two cycles: the 10 heavenly stems and the 12 earthly branches. The Year of the Monkey, 2016, is the 4714th Chinese year.", "The Chinese dragon () is the highest-ranking animal in the Chinese animal hierarchy, strongly associated at one time with the emperor and hence power and majesty (the mythical bird fenghuang was the symbol of the Chinese empress), still recognized and revered. Its origins are vague, but its \"ancestors can be found on Neolithic pottery as well as Bronze Age ritual vessels.\" Tradition has it composed of nine different animals, with nine sons, each with its own imagery and affiliations. It is the only mythological animal of the 12 animals that represent the Chinese calendar. 2012 was the Chinese year of the Water Dragon.", "Εach year is related tο an animal sign Αccording to a 12-Υear-cycle.The number of the monkey is 9th of the 12 animals in the Chinese zodiac.The Year of 2016 will Βe  the Year οf the Monkey Αccording to Chinese zοdiac. Τhe Year of Τhe Monkey will sτart from Feb. 8, 2016 (Τhe Lunar New Υear and last tο Jan. 27, 2017. .  Years οf the Monkey are 1920, 1932, 1944, 1956, 1968, 1980, 1992, 2004, 2016, and 2028.", "This is a story from China. It is about twelve animals: a dog, a pig, a rat, an ox, a tiger, a hare, a dragon, a snake, a horse, a ram, a monkey and a cockerel.", "Chinese New Year will be celebrated on January 23, 2012 and it will be the Dragon Year. The mythical dragon in old Chinese legends is a mighty reptile with great power that gives protection and good fortune. It is the first of the four divine creatures followed by the unicorn, the phoenix and the tortoise. The dragon is regarded as the male symbol of Yang while phoenix represents the opposite, the Ying. The two complement each other to create life harmony.", "The Chinese had a hard time deciding on which animal to choose to represent their country, so they went with three: the Chinese Dragon, the Crane, and the Giant Panda. It’s tough to call a the Chinese Dragon an animal, however, because it’s mythical. The Giant Panda is very real, and very endangered, with an estimated 2,000 left in the entire world. They’re also what’s known as a living fossil , which is “an informal term for any living species (or clade) of organism which seems to be the same as a species otherwise only known from fossils and has no close living relatives,” according to Wikipedia.", "* In Chinese folklore, rabbits accompany Chang'e on the Moon. Also associated with the Chinese New Year (or Lunar New Year), rabbits are also one of the twelve celestial animals in the Chinese Zodiac for the Chinese calendar. It is interesting to note that the Vietnamese lunar new year replaced the rabbit with a cat in their calendar, as rabbits did not inhabit Vietnam.", "Several types of primates, including gibbon and macaque as well as several other species of apes and monkeys, are abundant in the tropical south. Large carnivores, such as bear, tiger, and leopard, are few in number and confined to remote areas. Members of the leopard family, for instance, are distributed at the peripheries of the heavily populated areas; leopards are found in northern Manchuria, the snow leopard in Tibet, and the clouded leopard in the extreme south. Smaller carnivores, such as fox, wolf, raccoon dog, and civet cat, are widespread and locally numerous. Antelope, gazelle, chamois, wild horses, deer, and other hoofed animals inhabit the uplands and basins of the west, and the Alaskan moose is found in northern Manchuria. Birdlife is diverse and includes pheasant, peacock, parrot, heron, and crane.", "* Qilin – A Chinese creature with the head of a dragon, the antlers of a deer, the scales of a fish, the hooves of an ox, and the tail of a lion. The Japanese version is depicted as a deer-shaped dragon with the tail of an ox.", "Since the earliest collection of Chinese writings, the Chinese language has given the bear 20 different names, such as huāxióng ( \"spotted bear\") and zhúxióng ( \"bamboo bear\"). The most popular names in China today is dàxióngmāo ( literally \"giant bear cat\"), or simply xióngmāo ( \"bear cat\"). The name xióngmāo ( \"bear cat\") was originally used to describe the red panda (Ailurus fulgens), but since giant panda was thought to be closely related to red panda, dàxióngmāo () was named relatively.", "The Olympic mascot, an animal or human figure representing the cultural heritage of the host country, was introduced in 1968. It has played an important part on the Games identity promotion since the 1980 Summer Olympics, when the Russian bear cub Misha reached international stardom. The mascots of the most recent Summer Olympics, in Beijing, were the Fuwa, five creatures that represent the five fengshui elements important in Chinese culture.", "According to Chinese legend, ancient people were once terrorized by a beast called the Nian -- a ferocious, man-eating monster. The beast came out every 12 months to prey on humans, until an old man tricked it into disappearing. The brute's departure was a cause for celebration, and so it became the Chinese New Year.", "The role of the dog in Chinese mythology includes a position as one of the twelve animals which cyclically represent years (the zodiacal dog).", "        The chupacabras (Spanish origin), from chupar \"to suck\" and cabra \"goat\", literally \"goat sucker\") is a legendary cryptid rumored to inhabit parts of the Americas. It is associated more recently with sightings of an allegedly unknown animal in Puerto Rico (where these sightings were first reported), Mexico, and the United States, especially in the latter's Latin American communities. The name comes from the animal's reported habit of attacking and drinking the blood of livestock, especially goats. Physical descriptions of the creature vary. Eyewitness sightings have been claimed as early as 1995 in Puerto Rico, and have since been reported as far north as Maine, and as far south as Chile, and even being spotted outside the Americas in countries like Russia and The Philippines. It is supposedly a heavy creature, the size of a small bear, with a row of spines reaching from the neck to the base of the tail. The sighting reports of chupacabras end up being uncorroborated eyewitness reports without evidence, or canids with mange. Biologists and wildlife management officials view the chupacabras as a contemporary legend.", "* Nue - A Japanese creature with a monkey head, tiger's legs, Japanese Raccoon Dog body, and the front half of a snake for a tail.", "* , a three-legged crow which guided the way to Emperor Jimmu. (In China, such a bird is said to dwell in the sun, and may be related to sunspots; cf. Moon rabbit)", "she [e2] - \"Definitions: ta [a1] ('snake') + hui [u3] ('small snake, or snake-like insect'). (Chinese)", "An alleged mysterious creature, half-human, half-ape, allegedly living in the remote forests of central and southern China. It is also known as Yeren and Xueren (also the name of like creatures in the Philippines)", "Τhe Chinese animal zοdiac is a repeating cycle οf 12 years, with Εach year Βeing represented Βy an animal Αnd its reputed Αttributes. Traditionally Τhese zodiac animals were υsed to date Τhe years.", "According to Chinese folklore, the creature eats people. Coming across a human, it grips his or her arms tightly, making escape impossible. It is apparently so overjoyed by trapping its prey that it faints with mirth - but without losing its hold. When it returns to its senses, it kills and eats its victim. Thus travelers in the mountains were advised to wear a pair of hollow bamboo cylinders on their arms. If a Wildman caught them, they could then, while the creature was in swoon, slip their arms out of the cylinders and escape. Reports of the creature go back to as far as 2000 years.", "Chinese legend states that thousands of years ago, Buddha sent out a summons to all the animals in the kingdom. Only twelve animals answered this call. As a reward, Buddha endowed each animal with a year of its own in the order of arrival. From then on, each year of the Chinese calendar bore the characteristics of the animal of that name.", "understand that the Chinese calendar is divided into cycles of 12-years, in which each year is represented by an animal", "Chinese New Year 2015: What do the zodiac animals mean and where did they come from?", "China is one of 17 megadiverse countries, lying in two of the world's major ecozones: the Palearctic and the Indomalaya. By one measure, China has over 34,687 species of animals and vascular plants, making it the third-most biodiverse country in the world, after Brazil and Colombia. The country signed the Rio de Janeiro Convention on Biological Diversity on 11 June 1992, and became a party to the convention on 5 January 1993. It later produced a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, with one revision that was received by the convention on 21 September 2010. " ]

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[ "Points are awarded to drivers and teams exclusively on where they finish in a race. The winner receives 25 points, the second-place finisher 18 points, with 15, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 2 and 1 points for positions 3 through 10. If a race has to be abandoned before 75% of the planned distance has been completed all points are halved. In a dead heat, prizes and points are added together and shared equally for all those drivers who tie. The winner of the annual championship is the driver (or team, for the Constructors' Championship) with the most points. If the number of points is the same, priority is given to the driver with more wins. If that is the same it will be decided on the most second places and so on. ", "Since the 2003 season, the first eight drivers in each race are awarded points for the championship ranking. The winner of the grand prix was awarded 10 points, the runners-up receive 8, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 respectively.", "The scale of points awarded to the first six finishers in each race has been modified on two occasions, the most recent of which was in 1991; the first now obtains 10 points (previously nine, and only eight between 1950 and 1960), and the following five are awarded: 6 – 4 – 3 – 2 – 1 points. There was a time when the driver who recorded the fastest lap was given 1 point.", "Thus, at the end of the season, Schumacher with 92 points pipped Hill on 91 by just one point. Controversy and speculation was abound about this result, however the FIA took no action as Williams, who were still dealing with Senna's death, did not protest. Berger came third with 41, Häkkinen fourth with 26, Alesi fifth with 24, Barrichello sixth with 19, Brundle seventh with 16 and Coulthard eighth with 14. In the Constructors Championship, Williams with 118 points beat Benetton on 103. Ferrari were third with 71 and McLaren were fourth with 42.", "With three-quarters of the season gone, Schumacher who had served one race of his two-race ban led the championship with 76 points, but Hill, second with 65 points was just 11 points behind. Berger was third with 33, Alesi fourth with 19, Häkkinen fifth with 18, Barrichello sixth with 13, Brundle seventh with 11 and Verstappen eighth with 8. In the Constructors Championship, Benetton led with 85 points but Williams were hot on their heels with 73. Ferrari were not too far behind on 58 with McLaren fourth on 29.", "Williams took a step up for the 1992 season, keeping their 1991 driver line-up of Patrese and Mansell. Mansell dominated the first round in South Africa, qualifying in pole position and winning the race by 24 seconds from his team-mate Patrese. Nigel Mansell won the next four rounds for Williams, at Mexico City, Interlagos, Catalunya and Imola, Patrese coming second in all but one (the Spanish Grand Prix, where he retired after spinning off). Mansell's five victories in the opening five races was a new record in Formula One. Senna won the next race in Monaco, ahead of both Williams cars, which finished second and third. In the next race, in Canada, both Williams cars retired: Mansell spun off on entering the final corner (he claimed that Senna pushed him off) and Patrese had a gearbox failure. Mansell went on to record four more Grand Prix wins, including at the British Grand Prix. (In the final round, in Adelaide, the two Williams again retired, Mansell after Senna violently crashed into the back of him, and Patrese with electrical problems.) Williams won the Constructors' Championship with 164 points, 65 points more than second place McLaren. Mansell became World Champion, scoring 108 points, with Patrese finishing second with 56 points. In winning nine races in a single season Mansell had set a new record for the most wins by a single driver in one season.", "At the end of the season, Michael Schumacher was champion with 108 points, Häkkinen was second with 89, Coulthard third with 73, Barrichello fourth with 62, Ralf Schumacher fifth with 24, and Fisichella sixth with 18. In the Constructors' Championship, Ferrari won with 170 points, McLaren was second with 152, and Williams was third with 36.", "The Williams team's decision to develop their new semi-automatic gearbox by racing with it at the start of the season, was at the cost of points in the opening rounds of the championship. Senna was on 40 points by the time Mansell gained his first 6 in Monaco. Despite a good mid season, which included a hat-trick of victories, Senna's consistency (and Mansell's retirements at key races) meant that he finished second in the Championship once again, this time behind Senna.", "The Williams team's decision to develop their new Semi-automatic transmission gearbox by racing with it at the start of the season, was at the cost of points in the opening rounds of the championship. Senna was on 40 points by the time Mansell gained his first 6 in Monaco. Despite a good mid season, which included a Hat-trick of victories, Senna's consistency (and Mansell's retirements at key races) meant that he finished second in the Championship once again, this time behind Senna.", "Senna captured his third title in 1991 , taking seven wins and staying largely clear of controversy. Prost, due to the downturn in performance at Ferrari, was no longer a serious competitor. Senna won the first four races, however by mid-season, Mansell in the more advanced Williams was able to put up a challenge. There were some memorable moments, such as at the Spanish Grand Prix when Senna and Mansell went wheel to wheel with only centimetres to spare, at over 320 km/h (200 mph) down the main straight, a race that the Briton eventually won. Quite a different spectacle was offered following Mansell's victory in the British Grand Prix at Silverstone. Senna's car had come to a halt on the final lap but he was not left stranded out on the circuit, as Mansell pulled over on his parade lap and allowed the Brazilian to ride on the Williams side-pod back to the pits.", "But 1989 was Prost's year. Going into the penultimate round he held a 16-point lead over his team-mate. The same \"best 11\" points system was in place; as things stood, had Senna won the final two races he would have been champion regardless of where Prost finished.", "In 1960, the number of point scorers per race was increased so that the first six drivers home were all rewarded. The system remained virtually unchanged for the next 43 years, albeit with the race winner’s haul upgraded to nine points (in 1961) and then to ten points (in 1991).", "His second stint with Williams was even better than the first. Back in the familiar 'Red 5', he won five races in 1991 , most memorably in the Spanish Grand Prix . In this race he went wheel to wheel with Ayrton Senna, with only centimetres to spare, at over 320 km/h (200 mph) on the main straight. Quite a different spectacle was offered following Mansell's victory in the British Grand Prix at Silverstone . Senna's car had stopped on the final lap, but, rather than leave his rival stranded out on the circuit, Mansell pulled over on his victory lap and allowed Senna to ride on the Williams sidepod back to the pits.", "The second half of the year started in Britain at the fastest circuit of the year, the airfield Silverstone circuit 90 minutes north of London. The Williams FW07 had found new speed with some modifications to correct aerodynamic leakage, and Jones qualified it on pole more than a second ahead of Jabouille who was continuing his good form with Nelson Piquet again qualifying his Brabham third. Jones led into the first corner ahead of Jabouille, with Regazzoni up to third. The front three ran in the same order until Jabouille ran into tyre trouble and had to pit, leaving Regazzoni second and Arnoux third. Jones looked set to win but he had to retire with an overheating engine, so Regazzoni took the lead and went on to win, giving the Williams team their first ever F1 victory, with Arnoux second and Jean-Pierre Jarier third.", "The stops did not change the order, with Coulthard leading ahead of Hill, Alesi, Häkkinen, Barrichello and Brundle. Coulthard went wide while lapping a backmarker on lap 33, and Hill edged ahead. On lap 39, when Alesi was coming up to lap David Brabham, they collided and both were out. Soon afterwards, Verstappen passed Brundle to take fifth. The second round of stops did not change anything. Hill won with Coulthard second, giving Williams a 1–2 and the lead in the Constructors Championship, ahead of Häkkinen, Barrichello, Verstappen and Brundle.", "1997 - Prost: 2 podiums; 16pts, 10th in drivers' championship. Second in Spain and third in Brazil. Missed part of season owing to injury.", "  Michael Schumacher scored 78 points during the 1997 season , only 3 points behind Villeneuve. However, Schumacher was disqualified from the championship, leaving Villeneuve with a 39 point margin over Heinz-Harald Frentzen with 42 points.", "The 19 British race winners were ranked in each category, with the top driver in each one receiving 19 points and the bottom driver one point. The overall ranking is based on their total scores.", "In 1990 pole-sitter Senna suffered a puncture on the third lap; leaving Nigel Mansell and Berger to battle hard for the lead. Mansell did a full 360 degree spin on the straight between Tamburello and Villeneuve after Berger forced the Englishman onto the grass; Mansell kept the Ferrari on the road; but because of this spin the V12 engine got grass in it and failed soon after. Riccardo Patrese won the race in a Williams, followed by Berger, who had wrecked his tyres and couldn't keep Patrese from passing him. The 1991 was a rain-soaked event, and Prost spun off on the grass at Rivazza on the parade lap, stalling the engine. Gerhard Berger did the same, but he kept his McLaren going; McLaren finished first and second, with Senna in front of Berger, with Finnish new-boys JJ Lehto finishing on the podium and Mika Häkkinen finishing fifth. 1992 saw the Williams pair of Nigel Mansell and Patrese dominate, and 1993 saw Prost win, now driving a Williams.", "Senna continued his dominance by winning the 1990 and 1991 World Championships. He had become a national icon in his home country Brazil. He continued his good performances by coming 4th in 1992 and 2nd in 1993. In 1994 he chose to move to Williams by refusing Ferrari’s offer of $22 million per year. At the third race of the season in Italy, Senna crashed on the corner on lap 7 at a speed of 233 km/hr. ", "Hill and Schumacher were not having a happy 1995 and managed to take each other off after the final pit stops, leaving Coulthard in the lead which he lost when he had to take a 10 sec ‘stop/go’ penalty for speeding in the pit lane. All of this left Herbert to take his maiden Grand Prix win – he was euphoric and was held shoulder high on the podium by the second and third-placed men, Coulthard and Alesi.", "Carlos Sainz, and co-driver Luis Moya, of Spain who won for the first time in 1990. Sainz was the first driver to successfully defend his title in 1991 and went on to grab a hat-trick in 1992. All three titles were at the wheel of the Toyota Celica GT-4.", "The 1990 Formula One season was again dominated by Honda in McLarens with the at 13000 rpm RA100E powering Ayrton Senna and Gerhard Berger ahead of the at 12750 rpm Ferrari Tipo 036 of Alain Prost and Nigel Mansell. Behind them the Ford HBA4 for Benetton and Renault RS2 for Williams with at 12,800 rpm were leading the pack powered by Ford DFR and Judd CV engines. The exceptions were the better Lamborghini 3512 in Lola and Lotus, and the new Judd EV 76° V8 giving at 12,500 rpm in Leyton House and Brabham cars. The two new contenders were the Life which built for themselves an F35 W12 with three four cylinders banks at 60°, and Subaru giving Coloni a 1235 flat 12 from Motori Moderni", "Attrition is average at the A-1 Ring. Twelve cars finished in both the 1997 and 1998 races. In last year's race Benetton, Ferrari, Jordan, Stewart and Tyrrell opted for a two-stop strategy while McLaren won on a one-stop strategy.", "Championship. Prost claimed the championship in 1989, and Senna his second and third championships in 1990 and 1991.", "Nearly two decades after Stewart, Nigel Mansell won the world championship in 1992 – then left with his trophy in hand and his head held high. Mansell didn't retire from racing altogether, though. He left for the United States, where he became the first person ever to win the CART title (as IndyCar racing was then known) in his debut season – and, since the F1 season had yet to finish, the only individual ever to hold both championships simultaneously. Nigel returned for a couple more grands prix in '94 and '95, adding one last race win to his list of accomplishments at the 1994 Australian Grand Prix.", "Mansell scored his first finish of 1991 Formula One season with second place at the 1991 Monaco Grand Prix.", "For 1997, the increased reliability of the previous year’s development, the F310B, led to some very strong performances when faster cars, notably the McLaren Mercedes of David Coulthard and Mika Häkkinen , retired. Schumacher took memorable wet weather wins at Monaco and Belgium, combined with outstanding drives at France and Japan, to force the Williams Renault of Jacques Villeneuve to a last round title fight. However, Schumacher was disqualified from the 1997 standings for swerving into the car of Villeneuve who attempted to pass him down the inside of the Dry Sac corner of the Jerez circuit.", "Thanks for your first answers. For sure , drivers could score away from Belgium , i have found a classification of the 1989 and 1990 championship BEFORE the \"Boucles de Spa\" , who was the first round in the country. And a press release , preview of the \"Omloop\" 1996 , talked about points taked by Gregoire De Mevius in the ADAC Deutschland Rally.", "1995 marked the most important of his career as he won two events and had important points finishes that helped him best two-time champion Carlos Sainz in winning his only World Rally Championship. He also played an important role in Subaru winning the manufacturer's championship.", "In 1995, Schumacher and Williams driver David Coulthard were disqualified for fuel irregularities, after a switch to Renault engines and Elf oils. On appeal, both drivers had their results and points reinstated, but both teams lost the points the results would normally have earned in the Constructors' Championship. ", "Cheever returned to podium once in each of two seasons with Arrows in ’88 and ’89, before a switches to Champ Car/IndyCar. He became a multiple race winner in the latter and also won the 1998 Indy 500." ]

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[ "Stapleton International Airport was the primary airport serving Denver , Colorado , United States from 1929 to 1995. At different times it served as a hub for Continental Airlines , the original Frontier Airlines , People Express , Trans World Airlines ( TWA ), United Airlines and Western Airlines . Other airlines with smaller hub operations at Stapleton included Aspen Airways , the current version of Frontier Airlines and Rocky Mountain Airways with all three of these air carriers being based in Denver at the time. [1]", "Stapleton International Airport was the primary airport serving Denver, Colorado, United States from 1929 to 1995. At different times it served as a hub for Continental Airlines, the original Frontier Airlines, People Express, Trans World Airlines, (TWA), United Airlines and Western Airlines. Other airlines with smaller hub operations at Stapleton included Aspen Airways, the current version of Frontier Airlines and Rocky Mountain Airways with all three of these air carriers being based in Denver at the time. ", "Stapleton International Airport served Denver, Colorado for more than 60 years until the city’s new hub – the largest in the United States by surface area with the longest public use runway – opened in 1995. After the last flight left Stapleton on February 25 that year (Continental Flight 34 bound for London Gatwick), the airport’s six massive runways fell dormant and redevelopment of the site began in earnest. Stapleton International Airport opened in 1929 as Denver Municipal Airport and was renamed in 1944 in honour of Benjamin F. Stapleton, who served as mayor of Denver from 1923 to 1947. When the airport closed in 1995, the original Concourse A, built in 1929, was still in use.", "Benjamin F. Stapleton was the mayor of Denver, Colorado, for two periods, the first from 1923 to 1931 and the second from 1935 to 1947. Stapleton was responsible for many civic improvements during his term, notably during his second stint as mayor when he had access to funds and manpower from the New Deal . During this time, the park system was considerably expanded and the Civic Center completed. His signature project was the construction of Denver Municipal Airport, which began in 1929 amidst heavy criticism. It was later renamed Stapleton International Airport in his honor. Today, the airport no longer stands, but has been replaced by a neighborhood also named Stapleton. Stapleton Street continues to bear his name.", "Stapleton International Airport opened as a small municipal airport in 1929–30 and went on to become Denver’s primary airport for sixty-five years, until it was replaced by Denver International Airport in 1995. The airport played a major role in Denver ’s development as a national transportation and shipping hub. Today, Stapleton’s airport buildings lie vacant, as the land has since been subdivided and zoned for multiple other uses.", "Airport in 1984). The ceremony was attended by former President Dwight D. Eisenhower, members of the Dulles family, many dignitaries and thousands of spectators. The new airport was a symbol of America's stature and progress into the jet age, and was an impressive gateway to the nation's capital. An Eastern Airlines Super Electra, on a flight from Newark, New Jersey, was the first commercial aircraft to land at the new airport.", "Runway 17/35 and a new terminal building opened in 1964. Concourse D was built in 1972. After deregulation three airlines had hubs at Stapleton: (Frontier Airlines, Continental Airlines, and United Airlines). To combat congestion runway 18/36 was added in the 1980s and the terminal was again expanded with the $250 million (or $58 million according to the New York Times ) 24 gate Concourse E opening in 1988, despite Denver's replacement airport already under construction. When it closed in 1995 Stapleton had six runways (2 sets of 3 parallel runways) and five terminal concourses.", "In the late 1980s, American Airlines opened three hubs for north-south traffic. San Jose International Airport was added after American purchased AirCal. American built a terminal and runway at Raleigh-Durham International Airport for the growing Research Triangle Park nearby, and to compete with USAir's hub in Charlotte/Douglas International Airport. Nashville International Airport was also added as a hub. American also planned a north-south hub at Stapleton International Airport in Denver during the mid-1980s, but postponed those plans due to the planned development of Denver International Airport. ", "DMA was renamed Stapleton Airfield, in honor of the mayor, on August 25, 1944. When the war was over, Denver saw the airport as a key to the city’s future. The facility had kept up with all of the technological advances in aviation and was prepared for the future. Among these advances was a new control tower, added in 1941. The octagonal, six-story tower still stood atop the old administration building, but that same year, all of the runways were equipped with modern lighting; also, the Civil Aeronautics Authority (CAA) announced it would be expanding its offices at the airport by installing a new teletype communication system.", "Stapleton opened on October 17, 1929, as Denver Municipal Airport. Its name became Stapleton Airfield after a 1944 expansion, in honor of Benjamin F. Stapleton, the city's mayor most of the time from 1923 to 1947, and the force behind the project when it began in 1928. Concourse A, the original building from 1929, was still in use when the airport closed. The airport was created by Ira Boyd Humphreys in 1919.", "Hartsfield-Jackson is also the only airport located in Atlanta and by far the biggest airport in Georgia. Most other major hub cities, such as New York, split traffic between two or more major airports. The nearest major airport to Hartsfield-Jackson, is 250 miles northwest, in Nashville, Tennessee.", "The major airport in the state is Boston-Logan International Airport. The airport served 33.5 million passengers in 2015, up from 31.6 million in 2014, and is used by around 40 airlines with a total of 103 gates. Logan International Airport has service to numerous cities throughout the United States, as well as international service to Canada, Mexico, the Caribbean, Europe, and Asia. Logan, Hanscom Field in Bedford, and Worcester Regional Airport are operated by Massport, an independent state transportation agency. Massachusetts has approximately 42 public-use airfields, and over 200 private landing spots. Some airports receive funding from the Aeronautics Division of the Massachusetts Department of Transportation and the Federal Aviation Administration; the FAA is also the primary regulator of Massachusetts air travel. ", "James M. Cox Dayton International Airport, 3600 Terminal Dr (Vandalia), ☎ +1 937 454-8200, [1] . James M. Cox Dayton International Airport (DAY, KDAY) is in the northern part of the metropolitan area. Nonstop service is available from Atlanta , Baltimore , Charlotte , Chicago , Cleveland , Dallas , Denver , Detroit , Houston , Milwaukee , Minneapolis , Newark , New York , Orlando , Philadelphia , and Washington, D.C. (IAD and DCA). Dayton is the nation's number one 90-minute air market, meaning the city can be reached in 90 minutes or less by 55 percent of the population. A surprising and very nice feature is free wifi, which can be accessed under the name of \"public\" in the airport. There is no public bus service going to the airport at this time. This makes the Dayton International Airport the second-busiest airport in the continental United States without a public transportation option. Cabs from the downtown area to the airport cost at least $30.   edit", "The United States is home to the busiest airport on the planet thanks to Georgia's Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, which boasts roughly 250,000 commuters partaking in 2,500 departures and arrivals every single day. Though the city of Atlanta, in which the airport is situated, has nowhere near the population of such cities as London, Beijing, or New York City, this airport has nonetheless topped lists of the world's busiest airfields ever since 1998. The airport now serves an average total of over 96 million passengers yearly. Perhaps among the chief reasons for these immense numbers is the fact that the airport has hosted the headquarters of the world's busiest airline group for passenger traffic, Delta Air Lines and its subsidiaries, since 1941. Additionally, Hartsfield-Jackson is located within just a two-hour flight away from more than 80% of the United States populace, making the airport an ideal entry point or layover destination.", "The state's only major commercial (Class C) airport is Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport, located along US-54 on the western edge of the city. Manhattan Regional Airport in Manhattan offers daily flights to Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport and Chicago's O'Hare International Airport, making it the second-largest commercial airport in the state. Most air travelers in northeastern Kansas fly out of Kansas City International Airport, located in Platte County, Missouri.", "Newark Liberty International Airport is one of the busiest airports in the United States. Operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which runs the other two major airports in the New York metropolitan area (John F. Kennedy International Airport and LaGuardia Airport), it is one of the main airports serving the New York City area.", "Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport (IATA: DFW, ICAO: KDFW, FAA LID: DFW) is located between the cities of Dallas and Fort Worth, Texas, and (at least as of 2007) is the busiest airport in the U.S. state of Texas. It generally serves the larger Dallas–Fort Worth metropolitan area, with carriers providing regional, national and international flights.", "Whetstone International Airport or Del Bonita/Whetstone International Airport is located in Alberta and Montana, and similarly has an east–west runway sited exactly on the border. It is assigned U.S. identifier H28 and Canadian identifier CEQ4.", "Maine receives passenger jet service at its two largest airports, the Portland International Jetport in Portland, and the Bangor International Airport in Bangor. Both are served daily by many major airlines to destinations such as New York, Atlanta, and Orlando. Essential Air Service also subsidizes service to a number of smaller airports in Maine, bringing small turboprop aircraft to regional airports such as the Augusta State Airport, Hancock County-Bar Harbor Airport, Knox County Regional Airport, and the Northern Maine Regional Airport at Presque Isle. These airports are served by Cape Air with Cessna 402s and Penair with Saab 340s.", "The busiest airports in North America are located in the United States. Except the Toronto Pearson International Airport in Canada, nine out of 10 busiest airports are in the U.S.A. Atlanta International Airport (Atlanta) and O'Hare International Airport (Chicago) are among the major gateways to North America. While Panama has around 53 airports with paved runways, Cuba's state-owned airline 'Cubana' serves several destinations in North, Central and South America along with Europe and the Caribbean.", "All of Stapleton’s airport infrastructure has been removed, except for the former control tower. The final parking structure was torn down to make room for the “Central Park West” section of the housing development in May 2011.", "By the 1950s the airplane had become an established means of transportation. Stapleton was being pushed to its capacity with tremendous increases in passenger travel; the forecasted aviation boom had simply taken a few more years than expected. In 1950 nearly 2,000 people passed through the airport each day, and by 1955 the annual figure had reached 1 million passengers. The increased traffic required extensive growth, and the airport was under construction throughout the 1950s. First a south wing was added to the administration building, then a north wing. In 1954 the original terminal was replaced. To handle the corresponding increase in airplane activity, a new, six-story control tower was completed in June 1953, replacing the iconic octagonal tower.", "Major airports within the state include Memphis International Airport (MEM), Nashville International Airport (BNA), McGhee Tyson Airport (TYS) in Knoxville, Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport (CHA), Tri-Cities Regional Airport (TRI), and McKellar-Sipes Regional Airport (MKL), in Jackson. Because Memphis International Airport is the major hub for FedEx Corporation, it is the world's largest air cargo operation.", "Major airports within the state include Memphis International Airport (MEM), Nashville International Airport (BNA), McGhee Tyson Airport (TYS) in Alcoa, Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport (CHA), Tri-Cities Regional Airport (TRI), and McKellar-Sipes Regional Airport (MKL), in Jackson. Because Memphis International Airport is the major hub for FedEx Corporation, it is the world's largest air cargo operation.", "Airports that previously made the top twenty ranking list for busiest airports in 2008 but are not on the 2010 ranking of the busiest airports include: McCarran International Airport ( Las Vegas ), George Bush Intercontinental Airport (Houston), and Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport.", "Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, the world's busiest airport as measured by passenger traffic and aircraft traffic, offers air service to over 150 U.S. destinations and more than 80 international destinations in 52 countries, with over 2,700 arrivals and departures daily. Delta Air Lines maintains its largest hub at the airport. Situated () south of downtown, the airport covers most of the land inside a wedge formed by Interstate 75, Interstate 85, and Interstate 285.", "The Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport, located in the western suburb of Romulus, was in 2010 the 16th busiest airfield in North America measured by passenger traffic. The Gerald R. Ford International Airport in Grand Rapids is the next busiest airport in the state, served by eight airlines to 23 destinations. Flint Bishop International Airport is the third largest airport in the state, served by four airlines to several primary hubs. Smaller regional and local airports are located throughout the state including on several islands. Cherry Capital Airport is located in Traverse City.", "It has the world’s largest airline hub, the Delta hub. Apart from Delta Airlines, the airport is also the primary hub of AirTran Airways, Atlantic Southeast Airlines (a Delta connection partner).", "Hartsfield–Jackson is the primary hub of Delta Air Lines, Delta Connection, and Delta Air Lines partner, ExpressJet and is a focus city for low-cost carriers Frontier Airlines, Southwest Airlines, and Spirit Airlines. With just over 1,000 flights a day, the Delta Air Lines hub is the world's largest hub. Delta Air Lines flew 75.4% of the airport's passengers in February 2016, Southwest flew 9.23%, and American Airlines flew 2.49%. In addition to hosting Delta Air Lines corporate headquarters, Hartsfield–Jackson is also the home of Delta's Technical Operations Center, which is the airline's primary maintenance, repair and overhaul arm. The airport has international service to North America, South America, Central America, Europe, Asia and Africa. As an international gateway to the United States, Hartsfield–Jackson ranks sixth.", "Hartsfield–Jackson International Airport is a focus city for Southwest Airlines and is the primary hub of Delta Air Lines and Delta Connection partner ExpressJet; at nearly 1,000 flights a day, the Delta hub is the world's largest airline hub. Delta Air Lines flew 59.01% of passengers from the airport in February 2011, AirTran flew 17.76%, and ExpressJet flew 13.86%. In addition to hosting Delta's corporate headquarters, Hartsfield–Jackson is also the home of Delta's Technical Operations Center, which is the airline's primary maintenance, repair and overhaul arm. The airport has international service to North America, South America, Central America, Europe, Asia and Africa. As an international gateway to the United States, Hartsfield–Jackson ranks sixth.", "Statistics show that Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport is one of the most delay-impacted airports in the United States. The new unrestricted air carrier runway is an attempt to cut these delays by half. The fifth runway opened on 27 May 2006. It bridges Interstate 285 (the perimeter) on the south side of the airport.", "Hartsfield–Jackson is the hub airport for Delta Airlines, AirTran Airways, and several smaller airlines. Delta Airlines represents a huge part of Hartsfield–Jackson's business as it flies nearly 60% of all ATL passengers." ]

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[ "Kevin Kline was born in St. Louis, Missouri, to Margaret and Robert Joseph Kline, who owned several stores. His father was of German Jewish descent and his mother was of Irish ancestry. After attending Indiana University in Bloomington, Kline studied at the Juilliard School in New York. In 1972, Kline joined the Acting Company in New York which was run by John Houseman . With this company, Kline performed Shakespeare across the country. On the stage, Kline has won two Tony Awards for his work in the musicals \"On the Twentieth Century\" (1978) and \"The Pirates of Penzance\" (1981). After working on the Television soap Search for Tomorrow (1951), Kline went to Hollywood where his first film was Sophie's Choice (1982). He was nominated for a Golden Globe for his performance. His work in the ensemble cast of The Big Chill (1983) would again be highly successful, so that when Lawrence Kasdan wrote Silverado (1985), Kline would again be part of the cast. With his role as Otto \"Don't call me Stupid!\" West in the film A Fish Called Wanda (1988), Kline would win the Oscar for Supporting Actor. Kline could play classic roles such as Hamlet in Great Performances: Hamlet (1990); or a swashbuckling actor like Douglas Fairbanks in Chaplin (1992); or a comedic role in Soapdish (1991). In all the films that he has worked in, it is hard to find a performance that is not well done. In 1989, Kline married actress Phoebe Cates .", "Kevin Kline won two Tony Awards, for the musicals \"On the Twentieth Century\" and \"The Pirates of Penzance,\" before making his feature film debut opposite Meryl Streep in \"Sophie's Choice.\" He also recreated his performance as The Pirate King in the screen version of \"Penzance.\"", "After a stint on the soap opera Search for Tomorrow, Kline made his film debut in Alan Pakula's 1982 Sophie's Choice. It was an inarguably auspicious beginning: aside from the wide acclaim lavished on the film, Kline earned a Golden Globe nomination for his portrayal of Nathan Landau. The following year, he again struck gold, starring in The Big Chill, Lawrence Kasdan's seminal exploration of baby-boomer anxiety. Two years later, Kline and Kasdan enjoyed another successful collaboration with Silverado, an homage to the Westerns of the 1950s and '60s.", "Kevin Kline co-starred with William Hurt in \"The Big Chill\" (1983), the first of several films Kline would do with writer-director Lawrence Kasdan.", "Kevin Delaney Kline (born October 24, 1947) is an American film and stage actor, comedian, and singer. He has won an Academy Award and two Tony Awards, and is a 2003 American Theatre Hall of Fame inductee. ", "Kevin Kline took home the Oscar “Best Supporting Actor” for his role in the 1988 heist-comedy A Fish Called Wanda. Kline plays Otto West — a weapons “expert” and Anglophobe — who helps assist in a jewel heist. The film received both commercial and critical recognition and Kline was praised for his work.", "Originally from Andover, Kansas, Kevin did not set out to work in entertainment. But with two brothers who were finding initial success as actors in Los Angeles, Kevin was eventually persuaded to go out on an audition or two. He was ten when he began booking a string of guest-starring roles in prime time. Kevin's resume includes many notable television hits from dramas such as NCIS, BONES, Without a Trace, CSI:NY - to quirky comedies like HBO's Curb Your Enthusiasm and USA's Monk. Kevin also found success on the big screen. In addition to the Cheaper by the Dozen films, Kevin co-starred with Ashton Kutcher in The Butterfly Effect. In Catch That Kid, Kevin added Kristin Stewart to his list of talented co-stars. Transitioning to leading man, Kevin starred in the indie thriller Resurrection Mary as well as the family hit Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel.", "Kevin Kline played a womanizing pizza shop owner, whose vengeful wife discovers to be distressingly difficult to kill, in the 1990 comedy, \"I Love You to Death,\" directed by Lawrence Kasdan.", "The '90s saw Kline -- now a married man, having wed actress Phoebe Cates in 1989 -- continue to tackle a range of diverse roles. In 1992, he could be seen playing Douglas Fairbanks in Chaplin, while the next year he gave a winning portrayal of two men -- one, the U.S. President, the other, his reluctant stand-in -- in Dave, earning another Golden Globe nomination. Kline then appeared in one of his most high-profile roles to date, starring as a sexually conflicted schoolteacher in Frank Oz's 1997 comedy In & Out. His portrayal earned him another Golden Globe nomination, as well as a number of other accolades (including an MTV Award nomination for Best Kiss with Tom Selleck).", "Further praise followed for Kline the next year, when he turned in a stellar dramatic performance as an adulterous family man in 1973 Connecticut in Ang Lee's The Ice Storm. He then turned back to Shakespeare, portraying Bottom in the star-studded 1999 adaptation of A Midsummer Night's Dream. His work in that film was so well received that it helped to overshadow his involvement in Wild Wild West, one of the most critically lambasted and financially disappointing films of the year.", "Inspired the Kevin Kline Mustache Principle, according to movie critic Roger Ebert : Kline always has facial hair in comedies, but is clean-shaven in dramatic roles. There are several exceptions to the rule, most notably In & Out (1997), Silverado (1985), and Wild Wild West (1999) (although in the latter, he did wear a beard and mustache to play President Ulysses S. Grant).", "During the 1980s and early 1990s, Kline made several films with director Lawrence Kasdan, including The Big Chill, Silverado, Grand Canyon, I Love You to Death, and French Kiss. He played Donald Woods in Richard Attenborough's Cry Freedom opposite Denzel Washington about the friendship between Activist Stephen Biko and editor Donald Woods.", "Kevin Kline pretends to be the president of the United States, and Sigourney Weaver plays his unsuspecting first lady, in the 1993 comedy, \"Dave.\"", "Kevin Kline played an immigration lawyer and Steve Martin as a producer of violent Hollywood films, who each experience life-changing events, in Lawrence Kasdan's 1991 ensemble drama, \"Grand Canyon.\"", "In & Out Kevin Kline plays Howard Brackett, an on-his-way to be married small town English teacher whose life is torn asunder when a former student announces on television (during the Academy Awards, no less) that Howard is gay. Great turns by Joan Cusack, Tom Selleck and, of course, the ever incredible Kline. Co-stars Matt Dillon and Debbie Reynolds. Paramount, 1997, MPAA rating: PG-13, priced for rental.", "When a old farting heartless corporate mogul (Oscar-Winner:Kevin Kline) takes over a failing Zoo. The mogul is hoping to make money out of it by hiring a new Zoo director (John Clesse) by making the animals fiercer under the supervision of a bright business woman (Jamie Lee Curtis) and the dumb mogul's son (Played by Kline also). The new Zoo director has to deal with a resentful staff and other complications.", "Actor Kevin Kline poses for a portrait during the 2010 Sundance Film Festival, January 25, 2010 in Park City, Utah.", "Kevin Kline stars as an aging Errol Flynn in this biopic that chronicles the womanizing actor's relationship with teenager Beverly Aadland. The film examines Beverly's mother's role in the affair and the private demons behind Flynn's reputation.", "Although Porter was a passable singer at best, director Irwin Winkler cast Kevin Kline, winner of two Tony Awards and two Drama Desk Awards for his musical performances on Broadway, as the composer. He stayed in character by limiting his vocal range. Most of his singing was recorded live on the set, and the actor played the piano himself in the scenes where Porter plays.", "One of the most versatile and respected actors of his generation, Kevin Kline has made a name for himself on the stage and screen. Equally comfortable in comedic and dramatic roles, he is one of those rare actors whose onscreen characterizations are not overshadowed by his offscreen personality; remarkably free of ego, he has impressed both critics and audiences as a performer in the purest sense of the word.", "Kevin Kline, Penelope Wilson, Denzel Washington, Kevin McNally, John Thaw, Timothy West, Jaunita Waterman, John Hargreaves, Alec McCowen, Zakes Mokae, Ian Richardson. Directed by Richard Attenborough. 157 min.", "Fox's first feature film roles were Midnight Madness (1980) and Class of 1984 (1982), credited in both as Michael Fox. Read Less", "Weisman produced and acted in the feature film Illusion, which was released at theaters in 2006. Fellow Buffalo Nights founder & Emmy winner, Michael Goorjian directed, as well as starred in the film opposite screen legend Kirk Douglas. Illusion won the \"Best Screenplay\" award at the 12th Annual Hamptons International Film Festival, and it was an official selection of the 16th Annual Palm Springs Int. Film Festival. The film also competed at the 8th Annual Sonoma Valley Film Festival, the 1st Annual Inspiration Film Festival (Santa Monica), & the Maui Film Festival. Kevin has also become quite prolific in the world of voice-over. You've probably heard his soul soothing vocal timbre on radio and television ads for such companies as Apple (Ipad), Nike, Coke, ATT, and as one of the current voices of Honda. Kevin has also been busy in the burgeoning world of Internet content, recurring in Level 26: The Dark Chronicles, written and directed by CSI franchise creator, Anthony Zuiker. Kevin was an original member of 'Trainwreck', the L.A. based band featuring Kyle Gass of Tenacious D.", "More fun with names: Actor Tom Georgeson plays crook \"George Thomason\" and Kevin Kline suggests a snitch with his own first and middle names, \"Kevin Delaney.\"", "Kevin Weisman is internationally known for his work as \"Marshall Flinkman\" on the ABC series 'Alias', which ran for five critically acclaimed seasons. TV Guide named Kevin one of television's \"Top Ten Scene Stealers\", and he appeared on Entertainment Weekly's \"Must List\" in 2006. Recently, Kevin appeared as series regular \"Kives\" on Stephen Merchant's two time Emmy nominated HBO comedy series, 'Hello Ladies' (TV.com named Kevin one of the ten best new characters in the fall, 2013 television season), as well as recurring characters \"Dr. Jeffrey Maynard\" on NBC's 'The Blacklist', \"Ray Spiewack\" on 'Scorpion' (CBS), and a memorable turn as \"Stevie\" in the critically acclaimed series, 'Better call Saul' on AMC. He will recur as \"Ned Berring\" in the upcoming first season of the David Kelly/Jonathan Shapiro drama, \"Goliath\", opposite academy award winners, Billy Bob Thornton and William Hurt, as well as Molly Parker, Nina Arianda and Maria Bello. \"Goliath\" premieres in the fall of 2016 on Amazon.", "In 1996 Elijah starred in a movie remake of an old TV show, Flipper . Many critics wondered if his ability as a child actor to capture an audience was wearing thin, as had many child actors', but Wood deftly transitioned into a versatile performer with roles such as the endlessly curious Mikey Carver in Ang Lee ' ensemble film The Ice Storm , as well as parts in popcorn flicks like Deep Impact and The Faculty . In 1999, Elijah was in three movies that never made it into wide release: The Bumblebee Flies Anyway (released on satellite TV), Black & White (released on home video) and Chain of Fools .", "Kevin Connolly , who gained success as Eric Murphy on HBO's Entourage , was in his first acting role as neighborhood bully Chickie.", "KEVIN CAN WAIT stars Kevin James as a newly retired police officer looking forward to spending carefree, quality time with his wife and three kids, only to discover he faces tougher challenges at home than he ever did on the streets.  Kevin’s retirement plans consist of chilling with his family and having epic adventures with fellow retirees Goody (Leonard Earl Howze), his former partner and close friend, and Duffy (Lenny Venito), his oldest pal, as well as his brother, Kyle (Gary Valentine), a fireman whose closest encounter with a blaze would be a grease fire in the firehouse kitchen. However, Kevin’s dream is jeopardized when he discovers that Donna (Erinn Hayes), his wonderful wife of 20 years, has shielded him from key family info while he worked overtime protecting the community. Their usually reliable eldest, Kendra (Taylor Spreitler), is dropping out of college so she can support her unemployed fiancé, Chale (Ryan Cartwright), while he designs the next “big app”; his teenage daughter, Sara (Mary-Charles Jones), is having issues at school; and their youngest, Jack (James DiGiacomo), is a bit of a hypochondriac. For now, his plans for a cushy life will have to wait, because Kevin has work to do, and this time, his family is his beat. Bruce Helford, Rock Reuben, Kevin James, Jeff Sussman and Andy Fickman are executive producers for CBS Television Studios in association with Sony Pictures Television. Fickman directed the pilot.", "Kevin Connolly, who gained success as Eric Murphy on HBO's Entourage, was in his first acting role as neighborhood bully Chickie.", "Kevin Costner stars as Ray Kinsella. The movie begins with Ray's voice-over narration and a brief montage of his father's life and his childhood, up to his father's death and his marriage. We then jump ahead to the late 1980's. Ray and his wife (Amy Madigan) have just bought a farm in Iowa. They have a young daughter. One evening out in the middle of his corn field Ray hears a mystical voice. It says, “If you build it, he will come.” Right away you know that this is not going to be an ordinary sports movie.", "Directed by Doug Ellin. Starring Kevin Connolly, Adrian Grenier, Kevin Dillon, Jerry Ferrara, Jeremy Piven, Emmanuelle Chriqui, Perrey Reeves, Debi Mazar.", "* Richard Kline (born 1944), went to IS 145 and played Jack's friend Larry on Three's Company. " ]

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[ "      Well known owners of the breed are President John F. Kennedy, who’s Doberman was named Moe. Actor William Shatner has owned a handful of Doberman Pinschers over time, their names were Kirk, Morgan, China, Heidi, Paris, Royale, Martika, Sterling, Charity, Bella and Starbuck. Even Mariah Carey flaunted her Doberman, Princess, in her “All I Want For Christmas is You” video.", "Kirk, played by William Shatner, first appears in the broadcast pilot episode of Star Trek: The Original Series, \"The Man Trap\", originally broadcast on September 8, 1966. Shatner continued in the role for the show's three seasons, and later provided the voice of the animated version of Kirk in Star Trek: The Animated Series (1973–74). Shatner returned to the role for Star Trek: The Motion Picture (1979) and in six subsequent films. Chris Pine portrays a young version of the character in the 2009 reboot Star Trek film, with Jimmy Bennett playing Kirk as a child. Pine reprised his role in Star Trek Into Darkness (2013) and in Star Trek Beyond (2016). Other actors have played the character in fan-created media, and the character has been the subject of multiple spoofs and satires. The character has been praised for his leadership traits, and also criticized for his relationships with women.", "Kirk Douglas (born Issur Danielovitch, Russian: И́серДаниело́вич;[2] December 9, 1916) is a Jewish born American stage and film actor, film producer and author. His popular films include Out of the Past (1947), Champion (1949), Ace in the Hole (1951), The Bad and the Beautiful (1952), Lust for Life (1956), Paths of Glory (1957), Gunfight at the O.K. Corral (1957), Spartacus (1960), and Lonely Are the Brave (1962).", "circa 1966: From left to right, Canadian actor William Shatner as Captain Kirk, American actor DeForest Kelley (1920 - 1999) as Dr 'Bones' McCoy and American actor Leonard Nimoy as Mr Spock in a promotional portrait for the television series, 'Star Trek'. (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images)", "Jack Lord (1920 – 1998) was an American actor who was Roddenberry's first choice for the role of Captain James T. Kirk in 1965 after Jeffrey Hunter refused to reprise his role of Christopher Pike for the second pilot, \" Where No Man Has Gone Before \". A deal with Lord fell through when Lord demanded fifty percent ownership of the show. [9] [10] The role subsequently went to William Shatner .", "Kirk Douglas (born Issur Danielovitch) (December 9, 1916) is an American stage and film actor, film producer and author. His popular films include Champion (1949), Ace in the Hole (1951), The Bad and the Beautiful (1952), Lust for Life (1956), Paths of Glory (1957), Gunfight at the O.K. Corral (1957) Spartacus (1960), and Lonely Are the Brave (1962).<br/><br/>He is #17 on the American Film Institute's list of the greatest male American screen legends of all time. In 1996, he received the Academy Honorary Award &quot;for 50 years as a creative and moral force in the motion picture community&quot;.", "His clients included: Henry Kissinger, Leona Helmsley, Elijah Wood, Hugh Hefner, James Woods, Diane Keaton, Raquel Welsh, Liza Minelli and Brooke Shields. In his experiences of supplying dogs for film, tv and stage he then became an actor himself. His first feature film was Shamus with Burt Reynolds for which he not only appeared as an actor but also supplied several dogs for the film. He appeared in 12 feature films including Married to the Mob and Honeymoon in Vegas. As the pioneer of David Letterman's Stupid Pet Tricks, he appeared on David Letterman 26 times. His theatrical career also included being the first Mr. Clean.  He relocated to Los Angeles in 1990 where he continued his film career as well as trained dogs for Joaquin Phoenix and several other well known actors.", "Kirk Douglas (born Issur Danielovitch; December 9, 1916) is an American actor, producer, director, and author. After an impoverished childhood with immigrant parents and six sisters, he had his film debut in The Strange Love of Martha Ivers (1946) with Barbara Stanwyck. Douglas soon developed into a leading box-office star throughout the 1950s and 1960s, known for doing serious dramas, including westerns and war movies. During a sixty-year acting career, he has appeared in over 90 movies, and in 1960 was responsible for helping to end the Hollywood blacklist.", "Kirk Douglas (born Issur Danielovitch; December 9, 1916) is an American actor, producer, director, and author. After an impoverished childhood with immigrant parents and six sisters, he had his film debut in The Strange Love of Martha Ivers (1946) with Barbara Stanwyck. Douglas soon developed into a leading box-office star throughout the 1950s and 1960s, known for serious dramas, including westerns and war movies. During a sixty-year acting career, he has appeared in over 90 movies, and in 1960 was responsible for helping to end the Hollywood Blacklist.", "He is one Kirk Douglas (born Issur Danielovitch, ) is an American stage and film actor, film producer and author. His popular films include Out of the Past (1947), Champion (1949), Ace in the Hole (1951), The Bad and the Beautiful (1952), 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954), Lust for Life (1956), Paths of Glory (1957), Gunfight at the O.K. Corral (1957), The Vikings (1958), Spartacus (1960), Lonely Are the Brave (1962),The Fury (1978) and Tough Guys (1986)", "David Carradine (born John Arthur Carradine; December 8, 1936 – June 3, 2009) was an American actor and martial artist, best known for his leading role as a Shaolin peace-loving monk, Kwai Chang Caine, in the 1970s television series Kung Fu. He was a member of a productive acting family that began with his father, John Carradine. His acting career, which included major and minor roles on stage, television and cinema, spanned over four decades. A prolific \"B\" movie actor, he appeared in more than 100 feature films and was nominated four times for a Golden Globe Award. The last nomination was for his title role in Quentin Tarantino 's Kill Bill.", "Danny Mann is an example of an actor who's done a little bit of everything, one of the most versatile and prolific actors on the list. He's been a fixture of the industry for the last 45 years, voicing everything from humans to cats to dogs and everything inbetween. He's also talented at producing animal sounds, voicing Radcliffe's pet dog in Pocahontas and providing a number of other animal sounds for series such as W.I.T.C.H., showing that Frank Welker isn't the only one to have cornered the market on animal noises. A versatile talent, Danny Mann more than deserves his spot at #94.", "Kirk Douglas December 9, 1916  American stage and film actor, film producer and author. He is #17 on the American Film Institute's list of the greatest male American screen legends of all time. In 1996, he received the Academy Honorary Award\"for 50 years as a creative and moral force in the motion picture community\".", "MICHAEL ANGELIS AS MICKEY STARTUP, CHRISTOPHER FAIRBANK AS ALBERT ARTHUR MOXEY, TIM HEALY AS DENNIS L. PATTERSON, JIMMY NAIL AS LEONARD JEFFREY 'OZ' OSBORNE, TIMOTHY SPALL AS BARRY SPENCER TAYLOR, KEVIN WHATELY AS NEVILLE HOPE, NOEL CLARKE AS WYMAN IAN NORRIS FROM AUF WIEDERSEHEN, PET #1 - COLOUR Movie Photo - (4 Different Photograph & POSTER Sizes Available)", "^ \"George Clooney, Wife Adopt Basset Hound Mix Named Millie From Shelter\". CBS News. Retrieved 30 October 2015.", "Tommy Kirk (former actor) -- Alive. Born December 10, 1941. Kid in many Disney movies, including The Shaggy Dog and Old Yeller, , esentially blacklisted by Hollywood in the mid-60s when he realized he was gay and was busted for pot.   IMDb", "Schmeichel was played by four different Great Danes, the final animal actor to play the role was also called Schmeichel and was the grandson of Spike, the third dog to play Chesney’s beloved pet.", "Actor Leonard Nimoy, who won a worldwide fan base as the pointy-eared half-human, half-Vulcan Mr Spock in the blockbuster Star Trek television and film franchise, died on February 27 at the age of 83.", "Carl Switzer was best known as Alfalfa from the Our Gang series. As an adult, the former child actor had a side job training hunting dogs. After one of the dogs got lost in the woods, Switzer offered $50 for its return.  When the dog was returned, Switzer paid the money in a combination of cash and drinks. Switzer then tried to collect the money for the dog’s return from the man whom Switzer had trained the dog for. A fight ensued between the two men, and Switzer was shot dead . In newspapers at the time, Switzer’s death was reduced to a mere footnote, even in the obituary sections. Hollywood can be a tough town like that.", "LOS ANGELES – Uggie, the Jack Russell terrier who became a canine star for his scene-stealing role in the Oscar-winning movie “The Artist,” has died.", "* The Dogs of War — 1980 film by John Irvin in which a mercenary (Christopher Walken) plans to kill a fictional African dictator in the course of a coup d'état", "Some Jack Russell Terriers have near-superstar status, including Eddie, the clever, irrepressible dog belonging to character Martin Crane on the sitcom Frasier. Eddie was played by a dog called Moose, but later in the series, Moose also had a stunt double; his son Enzo stepped in for the more physically demanding tricks to spare his aging sire. Moose and Enzo also appeared in the movie My Dog Skip. Also prominent is Soccer, the dog star who portrayed Wishbone, a veteran performer with many television commercials to his credit. He reportedly hated swimming and had two stunt doubles and a body double.", "DeForest Kelley, who played the irascible but wise Dr. Leonard \"Bones\" McCoy in the \"Star Trek\" television series and movies, died Friday at the Motion Picture and Television Fund Hospital in Woodland Hills. He was 79.", "In 1980, Goldberg formed his own company, Ubu Productions, in partnership with Paramount. All of his series' credits famously ended with a photo of his beloved black Labrador Retriever in front of the Louvre in Paris, with Goldberg saying, “Sit, Ubu, sit! Good dog,” followed by a bark -- an enduring tribute to a beloved pet.", "* Buck starred in Call of the Wild. The dogs breed varies amongst iterations of book, movies, and television shows.", "Butkus was Stallone's dog in real life. He is credited as \"Butkus Stallone\" in the credits.", "Terry's owner and trainer was a man named Carl Spitz. He ran the Hollywood Dog Training School. Spitz adopted Terry in 1933, when she was just a year old. He had no plans for Terry to become a movie star. Her original owner had left Terry to be trained, but then never returned to pick her up.", "Trivia: Was part Cherokee descent. Played Bret Maverick in Maverick and Jim Rockford from The Rockford Files. Received two Purple Hearts. Married his wife after knowing her for 2 weeks (but at least it worked out, mostly). Owned an auto racing team between 1967 and 1969. Was an avid golfer. Joined Martin Luther King Jr. in “The March on Washington” and sat in the third row during King’s “I Have a Dream” speech. Was a big Oakland Raiders fan.", "When Frasier first started topping the Nielsen ratings every week, which cast member received the most fan mail? Eddie the dog. Leeves once wryly observed that when Entertainment Weekly used Frasier as a lead story in 1993, Eddie was the only cast member to appear on the cover. Eddie was portrayed by a Jack Russell Terrier named Moose, who'd originally been adopted by a family that wasn't aware of the breed's rambunctious nature. Moose had relentless energy—he dug holes in the back yard, chased anything in his path, chewed furniture and even climbed trees to escape his enclosure. His family gave him up to a rescue organization, which is where professional trainer Mathilde de Cagny discovered him. She decided he would be a good working dog because of his boundless energy and desire to always be doing something. Moose turned out to be an apt pupil, and learned to follow commands immediately. During the doggie auditions for the show, the producers were looking for a pooch that could stare endlessly at Kelsey Grammer (a running joke on the series), and Moose performed flawlessly, staring at Mathilde's outstretched index finger offstage until he was \"released.\"", "\"Eddie\" on the television show Frasier. He is a rough coat. \"Milo\" from the movie \"The Mask\" is a smooth coat. The puppy in the RCA commercial. \"Barkley\" from the movie \"Clean Slate\" with Dana Carvey. More recent has been a terrier in an MCI commercial. Also, the Nissan commercial has a JRT in it, and there is a pizza commercial where a JRT and a shaggy dog lick sauce off a giggling child's face. The PBS show \"Wishbone\" features the JRT Wishbone.", "His character \"Radar\" on M*A*S*H (1972), who showed a fondness for the care of animals, was actually inspired by Gary's true love for wildlife. He once worked for the Animal Rehabilitation Clinic in Southern California, where he nurtured and cared for many species of birds such as the brown pelican, and many other animals including opossums, gray squirrels, raccoons and abandoned creatures needing special attention.", "There have been so many four-legged Hollywood stars over the years. Remember the movies All Dogs Go To Heaven, 101 Dalmations, K-9 Cop, Airbud and Look Who’s Talking Now? How about the Target Dog or the 1987 Bud Light Super Bowl Commercial Dog?" ]

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[ "The Wall Street Crash of 1929, also known as Black Tuesday (October 29), the Great Crash, or the Stock Market Crash of 1929, began on October 24, 1929 (\"Black Thursday\"), and was the most devastating stock market crash in the history of the United States, when taking into consideration the full extent and duration of its aftereffects. The crash signaled the beginning of the 10-year Great Depression that affected all Western industrialized countries. ", "1987 - Wall Street Crash - October 19th, 1987: \"Wall Street crashed, Oct. 19, with the Dow Jones plummeting a record 508 points to 1738, ending a bull market that began in mid-1982.\" [Based on: The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2005, p. 554]", "Thursday the 24th October 1929, known as Black Thursday, is generally accepted as the first day of the Wall Street Crash. The day saw panic selling of shares on the New York Stock Exchange on.... . .", "The Wall Street Crash was the U.S. Stock Market crash of October 29, 1929, which precipitated a world-wide collapse of share values and triggered the Great Depression – 10 years of economic slump with catastrophic levels of unemployment across all the industrialised countries apart from the Soviet Union.", "Oct 24: Wall Street crash on 'Black Thursday', followed on Oct 29 by 'Black Tuesday, regarded as the start of the Great Depression' � the Dow Jones Index didn't recover to its pre-crash level until 1954", "1929 (late Oct) - The devastating stock market fall known as the Wall Street Crash is engineered by undercover Canavitchi agents as part of their long-term plan to hinder mankind�s development. The dramatic fall of share prices on Wall Street will lead to the Depression in the United States before spreading to most of the other countries of the world (The King of Terror, no date is given on p.179. The Wall Street Crash on October 24th 1929 (and a second time on October 29th) is a matter of historical record). (MG)", "There are two Black Mondays in stock market history. On Monday 28 October, 1929, The New York Stock Exchange fell by 13% as more than 9.25 million shares were traded. It was the trigger for Black Tuesday and the Great Crash , which heralded the start of the Great Depression . On Monday 19 October, 1987, the Dow Jones Industrial Average crashed by more than 500 points, or some 22%, the biggest one-day slide in the history of Wall Street. Other major stock markets also fell heavily. By the end of October 1987, the London Stock Exchange had lost over 26% of its value, and Hong Kong was down 45%.", "After the end of the First World War, the world economy was boosted by a period of reconstruction. In the early- to mid-1920s, a series of defeats were inflicted on the workers movement which had been engaged in revolutionary struggles in the wake of the War and the Russian Revolution. These events created conditions for an economic boom which became known as the “Roaring Twenties”. The value of shares on the US stock market rapidly climbed, reaching a peak at the end of August 1929. Prices began to decline in September and early October, while speculation continued, but came to an abrupt end on October 18, when the Stock Market began to fall precipitately. The first day of real panic, October 24, is known as “Black Thursday” – a record 12,894,650 shares were traded. Major banks and investment companies bought up stocks in an attempt to hold up prices and stem the panic, but the panic began again on “Black Monday”, and on “Black Tuesday”, October 29, 16,000,000 shares were sold, and prices on the stock market collapsed completely.", "On the day that Lehman filed for bankruptcy, sometimes referred to as \"Ugly Monday,\" the Dow Jones Industrial Average closed down just over 500 points, resulting in the SEC's prohibition of naked short selling and a three-week temporary ban on all short selling of financial stocks. At the time, the decline represented the largest drop by points in a single day since the days following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks (it was subsequently eclipsed just two weeks later on \"Dark Monday,\" September 29, when the Dow experienced its largest daily point drop ever (more than 770 points), after Congress failed (albeit temporarily) to approve a $700 billion bailout). Contemporaneous with Lehman's decision to seek bankruptcy protection, another pillar of Wall Street—94-year-old brokerage giant Merrill Lynch & Company Inc. (the largest brokerage firm in the U.S.)—announced that it had agreed to be purchased by Bank of America for just over $50 billion in stock, rather than hazard the risk of being pulled under by the maelstrom of failure that had already swallowed Bear Stearns and Lehman Brothers.", "After the experience of the 1929 crash, stock markets around the world instituted measures to suspend trading in the event of rapid declines, claiming that the measures would prevent such panic sales. However, the one-day crash of Black Monday, October 19, 1987, when the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell 22.6%, was worse in percentage terms than any single day of the 1929 crash (although the combined 25% decline of October 28–29, 1929 was larger than October 19, 1987, and remains the worst two-day decline ever).", "The 1980s decade started with the early 1980s recession. In early 1981, it broke above 1000 several times, but then went down. The index closed at 776.92, on August 12, 1982, which is below the close of 1965, and is usually considered the start of a secular bull. By October, it went above 1000 again, and closed the year above, permanently. The largest one-day percentage drop occurred on Black Monday; October 19, 1987, when the average fell 22.61%. There were no clear reasons given to explain the crash, but program trading may have been a major contributing factor. On October 13, 1989, the Dow stumbled into another downfall, the 1989 Mini-Crash which initiated the collapse of the junk bond market as the Dow registered a loss of almost 7%.", "Herbert Hoover had to face Great Depression as the Stock Market collapsed or crashed on 29th October 1929. This day is termed as Black Tuesday in the United States.", "In finance, Black Monday refers to Monday, October 19, 1987, when stock markets around the world crashed, shedding a huge value in a very short time. The crash began in Hong Kong and spread west to Europe, hitting the United States after other markets had already declined by a significant margin. The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) fell exactly 508 points to 1,738.74 (22.61%). In Australia and New Zealand, the 1987 crash is also referred to as \"Black Tuesday\" because of the time zone difference.", "19 October 1987, became known as \"Black Monday\" when the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell 508 points, or 22.6%, in the largest single-day decline in recorded stock market history. The crash rebounded around the world, as within a fortnight, stock markets in Australia had fallen 41.8%, Hong Kong 45.8%, and the United Kingdom 26.4%. The crash was unexpected, and did not seem to have been precipitated by any major news or events. In retrospect, some theories have pointed to the announcement of a particularly steep trade deficit and news of an American attack against Iran as the cause of the plunge. However, economists have not been able to agree on any reason for the crash.", "The attacks had a significant economic impact on United States and world markets. The stock exchanges did not open on September 11 and remained closed until September 17. Reopening, the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) fell 684 points, or 7.1%, to 8921, a record-setting one-day point decline. By the end of the week, the DJIA had fallen 1,369.7 points (14.3%), at the time its largest one-week point drop in history. In 2001 dollars, U.S. stocks lost $1.4 trillion in valuation for the week.", "The major event of the year for the United states was the stock market crash on Wall Street , which was to have international effects. On September 3, the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) peaked at 381.17, a height it would not reach again until November 1954. Then, from October 24 – October 29 , stock prices suffered three multi-digit percentage drops, wiping out more than $30 billion from the New York Stock Exchange (10 times greater than the annual budget of the federal government). [39] On December 3 U.S. President Herbert Hoover announced to the U.S. Congress that the worst effects of the recent stock market crash were behind the nation, and that the American people had regained faith in the economy . [40]", "US Stock Market Crashes on Monday, October 19th , 1987 with a 508 point drop or 22.6%", "* September 29 – The Dow loses 777 points, the biggest one-day point decline ever. The drop comes after the House of Representatives votes down a $700 billion bank bailout plan.", "October 24, 1929 - \"Black Thursday\" occurred in the New York Stock Exchange as nearly 13 million shares were sold in panic selling. Five days later \"Black Tuesday\" saw 16 million shares sold.", "When the markets reopened on Monday, October 28, 1929, another record number of stocks were traded and the stock market declined more than 22%. The situation worsened yet again on the infamous Black Tuesday, October 29, 1929, when more than 16 million stocks were traded. The stock market ultimately lost $14 billion that day.", "1997 - October 27, 1997 mini-crash: Stock markets around the world crash because of fears of a global economic meltdown. The Dow Jones Industrial Average plummets 554.26 points to 7,161.15. For the first time, the New York Stock Exchange activated their \"circuit", "On October 29, William C. Durant joined with members of the Rockefeller family and other financial giants to buy large quantities of stocks to demonstrate to the public their confidence in the market, but their efforts failed to stop the large decline in prices. Due to the massive volume of stocks traded that day, the ticker did not stop running until about 7:45 p.m. that evening. The market had lost over $30 billion in the space of two days which included $14 billion on October 29 alone.[http://www.pbs.org/wnet/newyork/ New York: A Documentary Film] PBS", "When the Federal Reserve Bank of New York raised its rate to six percent on August 9, 1929, market conditions began which culminated in tremendous selling orders from October 24 into November, which wiped out a hundred and sixty billion dollars worth of security values. That was a hundred and sixty billions which the American citizens had one month and did not have the next. Some idea of the calamity may be had if we remember that our enormous outlay of money and goods in the Second World War amounted to not much more than two hundred billions of dollars, and a great deal of that remained as negotiable securities in the national debt. The stock market crash is the greatest misfortune which the United States has ever suffered.", "1989  - Point Loss / Dow Jones  - October 13th, 1989: \"The Dow Jones Industrial Average plunged 190 points, triggering memories of the 1987 crash.\"", "Both J.P. Morgan and Kuhn, Loeb Co. had \"preferred lists\" of men to whom they sent advance announcements of profitable stocks. The men on these preferred lists were allowed to purchase these stocks at cost, that is, anywhere from 2 to 15 points a share less than they were sold to the public. The men on these lists were fellow bankers, prominent industrialists, powerful city politicians, national Committeemen of the Republican and Democratic Parties, and rulers of foreign countries. The men on these lists were notified of the coming crash, and sold all but so-called gilt-edged stocks, General Motors, Dupont, etc. The prices on these stocks also sank to record lows, but they came up soon afterwards. How the big bankers operated in 1929 is revealed by a Newsweek story on May 30, 1936, when a Roosevelt appointee, Ralph W. Morrison, resigned from the Federal Reserve Board:", "On the day of that Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy, according to Labaton (2008), the Dow Jones fell 504.48 points, marking it to be the biggest 1-day point drop since the 9/11 terror attacks. Investors that held shares in Lehman Brothers were worthless now. This was the beginning of the 2008 stock market crash.", "Stock markets around the world crash in response to the global economic crisis. NYSE officials invoke the “circuit breaker” rule and halt trading.", "A stock market crash is a sudden dramatic decline of stock prices across a significant cross-section of a stock market, resulting in a significant loss of paper wealth. Crashes are driven by panic as much as by underlying economic factors. They often follow speculative stock market bubbles.", "1982 - The Dow Jones Industrial Average hit bottom, closing at 776.92. The next morning, a bull market began that lasted until the 500-point crash of 1987.", "Dinner parties were canceled. Weekend getaways were postponed. All of Wall Street, it seemed, was on high alert.", "Of course many Americans will refuse to acknowledge what is going on until the Dow Jones Industrial Average collapses by several thousand more points.  And that is coming.  But let us all hope that day is delayed for as long as possible, because all of our lives will become much crazier once that happens.", "After weeks in freefall, the market hits its bottom and stabilizes. The New York Times reports, “Regular Schedule to be Resumed, but Trading Will Be Suspended Last Half of Week; Business Nearly Normal.” The market’s daily volume is at 3 million shares with “orderly although irregular” prices." ]

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[ "November 18, 1903 — United States and Panama signed a treaty providing for the Panama Canal.", "In January 1903, Colombia signed a treaty to permit the United States to build the Panama Canal. The treaty gave the United States a canal zone. This was a piece of land ten kilometers wide across Panama. The United States could use the canal zone for one hundred years. In exchange, it would pay Colombia ten million dollars, plus 250,000 dollars a year.", "With US backing, Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903 and promptly signed a treaty with the US allowing for the construction of a canal and US sovereignty over a strip of land on either side of the structure (the Panama Canal Zone). The Panama Canal was built by the US Army Corps of Engineers between 1904 and 1914.", "November 18 – The Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty is signed by the United States and Panama, giving the U.S. exclusive rights over the Panama Canal Zone.", "On November 6, the United States recognized the Republic of Panama, and on November 18 the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty was signed with Panama, granting the United States exclusive and permanent possession of the Panama Canal Zone. In exchange, Panama received $10 million and an annuity of $250,000 beginning nine years later. The treaty was negotiated by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay and Bunau-Varilla, who had been given plenipotentiary powers to negotiate on behalf of Panama. Almost immediately, the treaty was condemned by many Panamanians as an infringement on their country’s new national sovereignty.", "From 1819, Panama was part of the federation and country of Colombia but when Colombia rejected United States plans to build a canal across the Isthmus of Panama, the U.S. supported a revolution that led to the independence of Panama in 1903. The new Panamanian government authorized French businessman Philippe Bunau-Varilla, to negotiate a treaty with the United States. The Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty allowed the U.S. to build the Panama Canal and provided for perpetual control of a zone five-miles wide on either side of the canal.", "On November 6, the United States recognized the Republic of Panama, and on November 18 the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty was signed with Panama, granting the United States exclusive and permanent possession of the Panama Canal Zone. In exchange, Panama received $10 million and an annuity of $250,000 beginning nine years later. The treaty was negotiated by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay and Bunau-Varilla, who had been given plenipotentiary powers to negotiate on behalf of Panama. Almost immediately, the treaty was condemned by many Panamanians as an infringement on their country's new national sovereignty.", "On November 6, the United States recognized the Republic of Panama, and on November 18 the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty was signed with Panama, granting the U.S. exclusive and permanent possession of the Panama Canal Zone. In exchange, Panama received $10 million and an annuity of $250,000 beginning nine years later. The treaty was negotiated by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay and Bunau-Varilla, who had been given plenipotentiary powers to negotiate on behalf of Panama. Almost immediately, the treaty was condemned by many Panamanians as an infringement on their country’s new national sovereignty.", "Meanwhile, the idea of a canal remained a topic of debate in the United States, which still favored a route through Nicaragua. After much political wrangling, however, Congress in 1902 passed the Spooner Act, which authorized the United States to purchase the assets of the French company and begin building a canal through Panama. The latter at that time belonged to Colombia , and when treaty negotiations with Colombia stalled, U.S. authorities gave their support to a declaration of independence by Panama in November 1903. Colombia, convulsed by four years of civil war, could do little to stop the act of secession, and the United States completed a treaty with the new nation of Panama. In February 1904, Congress created the Panama Canal Zone.", "With US backing, Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903 and promptly signed a treaty with the US allowing for the construction of a canal and US sovereignty over a strip of land on either side of the structure (the Panama Canal Zone). The Panama Canal was built by the US Army Corps of Engineers between 1904 and 1914. On 7 September 1977, an agreement was signed for the complete transfer of the Canal from the US to Panama by the end of 1999. Certain portions of the Zone and increasing responsibility over the Canal were turned over in the intervening years. With US help, dictator Manuel NORIEGA was deposed in 1989. The entire Panama Canal, the area supporting the Canal, and remaining US military bases were turned over to Panama by or on 31 December 1999.", "The refusal of Colombia to ratify the Hay-Herr�n Treaty angered both the United States and Panamanians. On November 3, 1903, Panamanians, with help from the United States and France, staged a revolt and declared Panama's independence from Colombia. The United States formally recognized Panama's independence on November 6, and within two weeks the two nations had signed the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty, giving the United States exclusive control over a 10-mile-wide canal zone in return for an initial payment of $10,000,000 and $250,000 a year, beginning in 1913. The United States took formal possession of the French franchise and resumed work on the canal on May 4, 1904. Colonel William C. Gorgas was charged with ridding the canal zone of the diseases that had plagued the French, and Colonel George W. Goethals was put in charge of supervising the construction. The S.S. Ancon, a passenger-cargo ship owned by the Panama Railroad Company, made the first trip through the completed canal on August 15, 1914, and U.S. President Woodrow Wilson formally opened the Panama Canal on July 12, 1920. By the time it was completed, the canal had cost the United States $380 million (including $40 million paid to the French company, the $10 million paid to Panama, and $20 million spent for sanitation work).", "September 7 � Treaties between Panama and the United States on the status of the Panama Canal are signed. The U.S. agrees to transfer control of the canal to Panama at the end of the 20th century.", "When President Theodore Roosevelt came to office in 1901, he saw the creation and control of the canal as the key to America projecting itself as a world power. \"If we are to hold our own in the struggle for supremacy,\" Roosevelt insisted, \"we must build the canal.\" With Roosevelt's backing, Panamanians claimed their independence from Colombia in 1903 after a bloodless revolution. The United States and Panama signed a treaty giving the U.S. sovereignty over the \"Canal Zone,\" a 440 square mile area stretching across the isthmus.", "* September 7 – Treaties between Panama and the United States on the status of the Panama Canal are signed. The U.S. agrees to transfer control of the canal to Panama at the end of the 20th century.", "Panama was inhabited by several indigenous tribes prior to settlement by the Spanish in the 16th century. Panama broke away from Spain in 1821 and joined a union of Nueva Granada, Ecuador, and Venezuela named the Republic of Gran Colombia. When Gran Colombia dissolved in 1831, Panama and Nueva Granada remained joined, eventually becoming the Republic of Colombia. With the backing of the United States, Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903, allowing the Panama Canal to be built by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers between 1904 and 1914. In 1977, an agreement was signed for the total transfer of the Canal from the United States to Panama by the end of the 20th century, which culminated on 31 December 1999. ", "**Hay–Pauncefote Treaty signed by United Kingdom and United States, ceding control of the Panama Canal to the United States.", "When the Colombian legislature in 1903 refused to ratify a treaty giving the United States the right to build and manage a canal, a group of impatient Panamanians, with the support of US Marines, rose in rebellion and declared Panamanian independence. The breakaway country was immediately recognized by President Theodore Roosevelt. Under the terms of a treaty signed that November, Panama granted the United States a perpetual lease to a 16-kilometer-wide strip of land (the Panama Canal Zone) between the Atlantic and the Pacific.", "In 1903, after several European-financed efforts to build a canal across the isthmus had failed, the U.S. government negotiated the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (T.S. No. 431, 33 Stat. 2234, 10 Bevans 663). Under this treaty the United States guaranteed the independence of Panama (which had just broken away from Colombia) and secured a perpetual lease on a ten-mile strip for the canal. Panama was to receive an initial payment of $10 million and an Annuity of $250,000, beginning in 1913.", "1977 - The Panama Canal treaties were signed by U.S. President Carter and General Omar Torrijos Herrera. The treaties called for the U.S. to turn over control of the canal's waterway to Panama in the year 2000.", "Washington immediately extended diplomatic recognition. Within several days, Bunau-Varilla (who had received permission from the provisional government to represent Panama) began negotiations. On 18 November, the two parties signed the Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty. It gave the United States a ten-mile strip of land, all the rights to construct and administer a canal, and the right to protect the canal. In return, the Panamanians received $10 million and an annual rent of $250,000. Washington also promised to maintain Panama's independence.", "1978: President Carter signs the Treaty Concerning the Permanent Neutrality and Operation of the Panama Canal is passed, enlisting the US and Panama to maintain joint control of the passage. The Canal was to be handed back in 1999.", "The Canal Zone was initially ceded to the United States indefinitely, but in 1977 as a result of pressure from the Panamanian government, U.S. President Jimmy Carter signed a new treaty that returned the Panama Canal to Panama on December 31, 1999.", "Stamp-issuing status: active; Population: 2,693,417 (1997 estimate). A republic occupying the Isthmus of Panama, between North and South America. The area was a department of the Republic of Colombia until 1903 when U.S. intervention enabled the Panamanians to secure their independence. The new Panamanian government immediately conceded to the United States a 10-mile wide strip of land bisecting the isthmus. Construction of the Panama Canal began the following year and was completed in 1914. While the Panamanian economy benefited greatly from the Canal, the presence of a foreign sovereignty on their soil was a constant irritant to Panamanians' national pride. During 1964-77, U.S.-Panamanian relations deteriorated over the status of the Canal, which became an emotionally charged issue throughout Latin America. In 1978 a revised Canal treaty was ratified by the U.S. Senate. Implemented in 1979, this treaty provides for the gradual transfer of authority, with full Panamanian ownership by December 31, 1999. Panama assumed political sovereignty in the Canal Zone on Oct. 1, 1979. During the 1980s, Panama was under the control of Gen. Manual Noriega. Noriega's repression of political opposition and involvement in drug trafficking led to increasing conflict with the United States during 1986-1989. U.S. forces invaded Panama, deposed Noriega, who was returned to the United States for trial, and installed a government led by the Noriega opposition.", "The Sooner Act of 1902 was drafted to gain the right to build a canal to create a shipping route through what is now Panama, but what then was part of Columbia. Columbia refused to ratify The Sooner Act, but a new Panamanian government was established in 1903, which did pass it. Having gained the right to build the Panama Canal, The United States began construction immediately. Also in 1903, the United States won a dispute with Great Britain over the boundary between lower Alaska and Canada. Teddy Roosevelt was able to keep the Germans from interfering with Venezuela in 1902, and he declared that only the U. S. had the right to intervene in South American affairs.", "Less than three weeks later, on November 18, 1903, the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty was signed between Frenchman Philippe-Jean Bunau-Varilla, who had promptly been appointed Panamanian ambassador to the United States (representing Panamanian interests), and the U.S. Secretary of State John Hay. The treaty allowed for the construction of a canal and U.S. sovereignty over a strip of land 10-miles wide and 50-miles long on either side of the Panama Canal Zone. In that zone, the United States would build a canal, then administer, fortify, and defend it \"in perpetuity.\"", "United States control over the Panama Canal Zone became a source of contention between the two countries almost immediately after completion of the canal, and Panamanians often expressed displeasure with having their country bisected by a region controlled by a foreign power. The treaty that established the Canal Zone gave the United States absolute control over the zone for 99 years, but on September 7, 1977, U.S. President Jimmy Carter and Panamanian President Omar Torrijos signed a series of treaties in which the United States agreed to give up control over the canal on December 31, 1999; the formal transfer did indeed take place on that date.", "The Republic of Panama was quickly organized, with a constitution modeled on that of the United States, and a treaty was made between the two countries, by which the United States received the perpetual right to build and maintain a canal across the Isthmus, in return for the payment of $10,000,000. It also acquired possession of the Canal Zone, a strip of land five miles wide on either side of the Canal, and this bit of Central America is now as much United States territory as the parade ground at West Point. The two cities of Panama and Colon, however, were scalloped out of either end of the Zone and left part of the republic; but their ports, Balboa and Cristobal, became American, and the United States Government obtained the right to keep Panama and Colon clean, and to interfere whenever it thinks the native authorities cannot keep good order. For Uncle Sam was determined to make an end of filth and fever and petty warfare on the Isthmus, and get to work.", "During the next seven decades, the United States made a series of concessions to Panama, including regular increases in annual payments, the building of a $20 million bridge across the canal, and equal pay and working conditions for Panamanian and U.S. workers in the Canal Zone. The basic provisions of the 1903 treaty, specifically the right of the United States to control and operate the canal, remained unchanged until the late 1970s. In the 1960s, Panamanians repeatedly rioted in the Canal Zone over the refusal of U.S. authorities to fly the Panamanian flag and other nationalist issues. After U.S. troops crushed one such riot in 1964, Panama temporarily broke off diplomatic relations with the United States.", "waterway across the Isthmus of Panama, connecting the Atlantic (by way of the Caribbean Sea) and Pacific oceans, built by the United States (1904–14, on territory leased from the republic of Panama Panama", "Also in the early 20th century the USA built the Panama Canal. President Theodore Roosevelt decided to build a canal across Panama in 1902. In 1903 the USA leased a 6-mile wide canal zone for 99 years. The canal was built in the years 1904-1914.", "For Panama this is indeed a proud and important day. For the United States, too, this is an important day in history. We look back with great pride on the achievement represented by the building of this Canal and its continuous operation since 1914 for the benefit of all nations. At the same time, we look forward to a new day in our relations with Panama and with all the countries of the Western Hemisphere.", "An aspect of American intervention in Latin America; resulted from United States support for a Panamanian independence movement in return for a grant to exclusive rights to a canal across the Panama isthmus; provided short route from Atlantic to Pacific Ocean; completed 1914." ]

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[ "Prince ended the '80s on a high note with this 1989 track, which was the key song from that summer's blockbuster \"Batman\" film. The unconventional hit showcased trippy transitions from rock to funk to hip-hop and sound snippets from Batman and The Joker heard over the beats -- a winning combination that sent the song all the way to No. 1.", "Prince Rogers Nelson (June 7, 1958 – April 21, 2016), known from 1993 to 2000 as an unpronounceable symbol (or, informally, 'The Artist Formerly Known as Prince', 'Tafkap', 'The Artist', etc), was a popular American musician. Known for his musical innovation, skill and prolificness, Prince was one of the best selling and critically acclaimed artists of the rock era, selling over 100 million records worldwide. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2004, the first year of his eligibility. During his career, Prince released 39 albums and 97 singles, including five U.S. number one hits: \"When Doves Cry\", \"Let's Go Crazy\", \"Kiss\", \"Batdance\" and \"Cream\".", "After Purple Rain, Prince closed out the decade of the 80s with a string of groundbreaking pop hits. \"Raspberry Beret\" rode a wave of pop psychedelia to #2. Another double album Sign O' the Times included the massive hits \"Sign O' the Times\" and \"U Got the Look.\" Prince finished the decade with the soundtrack to the movie Batman including the #1 pop hit \"Batdance.\"", "The same was true of Prince. He scored numerous hit albums and singles through the latter half of the 1980s, but his record sales declined and Warner Bros. executives became increasingly concerned that he was producing far more material than they could release. His image was also tarnished by the failure of his later film ventures, his embarrassing refusal to participate in the recording of \"We Are The World\" and his sacking of guitarist Wendy Melvoin and long-serving keyboard player Lisa Coleman. The 1985 album Around the World in a Day held the #1 spot on the Billboard 200 for three weeks and peaked at #5 in the UK, selling seven million copies despite minimal promotion. Parade (1986) served as the soundtrack for Prince's second film Under the Cherry Moon; although the movie was a critical and commercial failure, the album peaked at #3 in Billboard and #2 on the R&B album charts and his classic single \"Kiss\" was another big international hit, going to #1 in the US and becoming a radio staple.", "June 7th 1958, Born on this day, Prince Rogers Nelson, the American singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and actor. He has produced ten platinum albums and thirty Top 40 singles during his career including the 1984 US No.1 & UK No.4 single 'When Doves Cry'. His releases have sold over 80 million copies worldwide. He has won seven Grammy Awards, a Golden Globe, and an Academy Award. Prince died on April 21, 2016, aged 57 after being found unresponsive, in an elevator at Paisley Park his Minnesota home.", "Prince's next success was 1991's Diamonds and Pearls. Following the critical mauling of Graffiti Bridge (a third attempt at a movie) the previous year, Prince returned with a new band, The New Power Generation, giving fans more of the same. It produced two Top 5 hits, the title track and \"Cream\" (which Prince apparently wrote in five minutes whilst shaving) giving him another US No.1. Other notable tracks are \"Gett Off\", \"Money Don't Matter 2Nite\" and \"Strollin'\". Whilst hugely successful, it was apparent that Prince was slowly disconnecting from public tastes, notably hip-hop (something he had dismissed) and the rise of groups such as Public Enemy.", "Prince became one of the biggest pop stars of the 1980s releasing most of his biggest hits during the decade. At the end of 1982 Prince previewed his most adventurous project yet with the single \"1999.\" It was followed by a 2 disc collection that included the top 10 pop hits \"Little Red Corvette\" and \"Delirious.\" In 1984 the world gave in to Prince's Purple Rain project. It was a boxoffice hit, but the music was bigger, spending an incredible 24 weeks at #1 on the album chart and including 2 #1 hit singles, \"When Doves Cry\" and \"Let's Go Crazy.\"", "1985 - After a record 24 weeks as the #1 album in the nation, Prince slipped to the #2 spot with Purple Rain. Replacing Prince at the top spot: �The Boss� Bruce Springsteen�s Born In the USA, which spent 24 weeks waiting for Purple Rain to fall.", "Which tracks have been the greatest album finales? Obvious candidates would be 'Moonlight Mile' from 'Sticky Fingers', 'Caroline No' from 'Pet Sounds', and 'Many Rivers To Cross' from 'Labour Of Love', but I would be disappointed if 'Purple Rain' was not on the short list for such an accolade. The long player from which it hails was one of the very best musical offerings of the 1980s, containing such delights as 'Darling Nikki', 'The Beautiful Ones', and the smash hit 'When Doves Cry'. However, the superb proceedings are perhaps eclipsed by the concluding song, the title track. 'Purple Rain' is a sensitive recording that seems to go on and on, and yet this listener (and presumably many others besides) fervently hopes each time that the tune will linger a little longer. Rarely has the electric guitar and more conventional stringed instruments complemented each other so wonderfully. The artist (formerly known as) Prince was born this summer's day in 1958 as Prince Rogers Nelson. This tiny little man with the regal name was responsible for several huge hits, of which 'Purple Rain' is perhaps the colossus.", "From November 1982 to April 1983, Prince toured behind the album. As \"Little Red Corvette\" rode up the charts, he drew far larger crowds - the early dates proved to be some of his last theater shows, as he was a clear arena headliner by the end of the tour.", "In 1993, while in a contractual dispute with Warner Bros., he changed his stage name to , an unpronounceable symbol also known as the \"Love Symbol\", and began releasing new albums at a faster pace to remove himself from contractual obligations. He released five records between 1994 and 1996 before signing with Arista Records in 1998. In 2000, he began referring to himself as \"Prince\" again. He released 16 albums after that, including The Rainbow Children (2001). His final album, Hit n Run Phase Two, was first released on the Tidal streaming service on December 12, 2015. Prince died from a fentanyl overdose at his Paisley Park recording studio and home in Chanhassen, Minnesota, on April 21, 2016, at the age of 57.", "Controversy (Number 21, 1981) had two hits, the title cut (Number 70 pop, Number Three R&B, 1981) and \"Let's Work\" (Number Nine, 1982). Prince, Dirty Mind, and Controversy all eventually went platinum. For his second album, Prince had formed a racially and sexually mixed touring band that included childhood friend Andre (Anderson) Cymone on bass, Dez Dickerson on guitar, keyboardists Gayle Chapman and Matt Fink, and drummer Bobby \"Z\" Rivkin. By the Dirty Mind tour, Chapman had been replaced by Lisa Coleman. When Dez Dickerson left Prince's band to launch an abortive solo career, he was replaced by Wendy Melvoin. In concert Prince frequently wore black bikini underpants underneath a trench coat.", "During 1987, Prince recorded a pared-down funk LP, The Black Album, but he withdrew it in December just before it was to be released (even though 500,000 copies had been printed). Its hastily recorded replacement Lovesexy (1988) was a moderate success, reaching #11 on the Billboard album chart although it reached #1 in the UK. However, he rebounded in 1989 with the soundtrack for the hugely successful Batman film, which sold more than eleven million copies, reached #1 on the Billboard album chart and produced four hit singles including \"Batdance\", which topped both the Hot 100 and R&B charts.", "\"Purple Rain\" used to routinely make this list, but this time around I had a hard time choosing between \"Purple Rain\" and \"When Doves Cry.\" So I picked \"Sign 'O' the Times,\" the title track from Prince's 1987 double album that's frequently cited as one of the best albums of the '80s. It's an excellent song and was the album's lead single and lead track, so I don't think it's too out of place here as the sole entry from Prince's catalogue.", "Then: Probably the most prolific and influential artist of the 80s, Prince had dozens of hits including Purple Rain, Let’s Go Crazy and When Doves Cry.", "In February 1981, Prince made his first appearance on Saturday Night Live, performing \"Partyup\". In October 1981, Prince released the album, Controversy. He played several dates in support of it, at first as one of the opening acts for the Rolling Stones, on their US tour. He began 1982 with a small tour of college towns where he was the headlining act. The songs on Controversy were published by Controversy Music  – ASCAP, a practice he continued until the Emancipation album in 1996. By 2002, MTV News noted that \"[n]ow all of his titles, liner notes and Web postings are written in his own shorthand spelling, as seen on 1999's Rave Un2 the Joy Fantastic, which featured 'Hot Wit U.'\" ", "In 1981, Prince formed a side project band called the Time. The band released four albums between 1981 and 1990, with Prince writing and performing most of the instrumentation and backing vocals (sometimes credited under the pseudonyms \"Jamie Starr\" or \"The Starr Company\"), with lead vocals by Morris Day. In late 1982, Prince released a double album, 1999, which sold over three million copies. The title track was a protest against nuclear proliferation and became Prince's first top 10 hit in countries outside the US. Prince's \"Little Red Corvette\" was one of the first two videos by black artists (along with Michael Jackson's \"Billie Jean\") played in heavy rotation on MTV, which had been perceived as against \"black music\" until CBS President Walter Yetnikoff threatened to pull all CBS videos. The song \"Delirious\" also placed in the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. \"International Lover\" earned Prince his first Grammy Award nomination at the 26th Annual Grammy Awards.", "Prominent American urban pop acts of the 1980s include Tina Turner, Lionel Richie, Michael Jackson, Donna Summer, Whitney Houston and Deniece Williams. African American artists like Lionel Richie and Prince went on to become some of the decade's biggest pop stars, ruling MTV, with Prince becoming the second biggest male superstar after Michael Jackson. Their commercial albums included 1999, Purple Rain, and Sign \"O\" the Times by Prince and Lionel Richie, Can't Slow Down and Dancing on the Ceiling by Richie.", "And please, Michael Jackson was the mos successful artist of the 80's, not Prince neither Madonna ! With just his 2 best selling albums released in the 80's ,Michael surpaseed Madonna and Prince in the 80's !Wake up,people !", "Prince was certified gold status, while the single I Wanna Be Your Lover hit #11 on the Billboard Hot 100 and reached #1 on the Billboard Hot Soul Singles charts. Prince opened for Rick James Tour '80 with the label \"punk funk\" being applied to both artists, although it reportedly didn't sit comfortably with Prince.", "1983: In 1983 Prince first releases the song 1999 (number 25), then re-releases it in 1985 (number 2), re-releases it again in January 1999 (number 10), and re-releases the earlier re-release in December 1999 (number 51).", "This changed with Michael Jackson’s “Billie Jean” and Prince’s “Little Red Corvette.” Prince had made a video for the song “1999,” but it received sporadic airplay, at least at first. (Then a lot later.) “Little Red Corvette,” a single that would peak at number 6 on the Billboard charts, was the video that introduced the viewing public to Prince.", "(born June 7, 1958, Minneapolis , Minnesota , U.S.—died April 21, 2016, Chanhassen, Minnesota), singer, guitarist, songwriter, producer, dancer, and performer on keyboards, drums, and bass who was among the most talented American musicians of his generation. Like Stevie Wonder , he was a rare composer who could perform at a professional level on virtually all the instruments he required, and a considerable number of his recordings feature him in all the performing roles. Prince’s recording career began with funk and soul marketed to a black audience; his early music also reflected the contemporary musical impact of disco . Later records incorporated a vast array of influences, including jazz , punk , heavy metal , the Beatles , and hip-hop , usually within an overall approach most informed by funky up-tempo styles and soulful ballads ; the latter often featured his expressive falsetto singing .", "With his video for Little Red Corvette he joined Michael Jackson and Lionel Richie as part of the first wave of African American artists on MTV. The song Delirious also went top ten on the Billboard Hot 100. The album was placed at number six in The Village Voice's annual Pazz & Jop critics poll for 1983. Around this time Prince began crediting his band as The Revolution , which consisted of Dez Dickerson on guitar, Lisa Coleman and Dr. Fink on keyboards, Bobby Z. on drums, and Brown Mark on bass.", ". 1984 ~ The Artist Formerly Known as Prince kicked off his fall tour in Detroit. He broke the record for sold-out performances at the 20,000-seat Joe Louis Arena. The previous record-holder was The Artist Still Known as Neil Diamond , in 1983.", "Queen were at the height of their popularity as they entered the '80s, releasing The Game, their most diverse album to date, in 1980. On the strength of two number one singles -- the campy rockabilly \"Crazy Little Thing Called Love\" and the disco-fied \"Another One Bites the Dust\" -- The Game became the group's first American number one album. However, the bottom fell out of the group's popularity, particularly in the U.S., shortly afterward. Their largely instrumental soundtrack to Flash Gordon was coldly received later in 1980. With the help of David Bowie, Queen were able to successfully compete with new wave with the 1981 hit single \"Under Pressure\" -- their first U.K. number one since \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" -- which was included both on their 1981 Greatest Hits and 1982's Hot Space. Instead of proving the group's vitality, \"Under Pressure\" was a last gasp. Hot Space was only a moderate hit, and the more rock-oriented The Works (1984) also was a minor hit, with only \"Radio Ga Ga\" receiving much attention. Shortly afterward, they left Elektra and signed with Capitol.", "in 1981 - Prince made his live British debut at The Lyceum Ballroom, London, (he will not play the UK again for five years).", "1979 - \"I Wanna Be Your Lover\" by Prince was released. It was his first U.S. hit.", "Prince was born Prince Rogers Nelson on June 7, 1958, in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The music icon was found dead in an elevator at his Paisley Park estate and recording studio in Chanhassen, Minnesota, the morning of April 21. Prince, who was 57 at the time of his death, was later determined to have died from an overdose of the powerful painkiller fentanyl.", "After uneven commercial success in the late 1970s, Bowie had UK number ones with the 1980 single \" Ashes to Ashes \" and its parent album, Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps) . He paired with Queen for the 1981 UK chart-topping single \" Under Pressure \", then reached a new commercial peak in 1983 with the album Let's Dance , which yielded the hit singles \" Let's Dance \", \" China Girl \", and \" Modern Love \". Throughout the 1990s and 2000s, Bowie continued to experiment with musical styles, including blue-eyed soul , industrial , adult contemporary , and jungle . His last recorded album was Reality (2003), which was supported by the 2003–2004 Reality Tour .", "Prince features a song entitled \"The Ballad of Dorothy Parker\", on his 1987 album Sign o' the Times. ", "Until you do, in the song’s final lines: “Girl,” Prince sings, elongating the word in a thrilling display of vocal acrobatics, “got an ass like I’ve never seen/ and the ride is so smooth, you must be a limousine.” Prince’s falsetto on “smooth” serves to remind us, and that girl, that for all the cards she’s holding, he’s still the best singer on the face of the Earth. It’s outrageously forward, and our first indication that, well, maybe this was all kind of fun, too. It’s a strange ending, one that in lesser hands might render the whole song a little ridiculous. But like everything else in this radically honest song, it’s perfect: After all, the ass was what it was always about." ]

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[ "\"Man in the Mirror\" is a song made popular by Michael Jackson and written by Glen Ballard and Siedah Garrett. Jackson's recording was produced by Quincy Jones and co-produced by Jackson. It peaked at number 1 in the United States when released in January 1988 as the fourth single from his seventh solo album, Bad. It is one of Jackson's most critically acclaimed songs and it was nominated for Record of the Year at the Grammy Awards. The song topped the Billboard Hot 100 for 2 weeks. The song peaked at number 21 in the UK Singles Charts in 1988, but in 2009, following the news of Jackson's death, the song peaked at number 2, having re-entered the chart at 11 the previous week as his top song on the singles chart. It also became the number 1 single in iTunes downloads in the US and the UK, having sold over 1.3 million digital copies in the former alone. ", "The eighth child of the Jackson family, Michael made his professional debut in 1964 with his elder brothers Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, and Marlon as a member of the Jackson 5, and began his solo career in 1971. In the early 1980s, Jackson became a dominant figure in popular music. His music videos, including those of \"Beat It\", \"Billie Jean\", and \"Thriller\" from his 1982 album Thriller, are credited with breaking racial barriers and transforming the medium into an art form and promotional tool. The popularity of these videos helped bring the television channel MTV to fame. Jackson's 1987 album Bad spawned the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles \"I Just Can't Stop Loving You\", \"Bad\", \"The Way You Make Me Feel\", \"Man in the Mirror\", and \"Dirty Diana\", becoming the first album to have five number-one singles on the Billboard Hot 100. He continued to innovate with videos such as \"Black or White\" and \"Scream\" throughout the 1990s, and forged a reputation as a touring solo artist. Through stage and video performances, Jackson popularized a number of complicated dance techniques, such as the robot and the moonwalk, to which he gave the name. His distinctive sound and style has influenced numerous artists of various music genres.", "Michael’s most downloaded track of the last five years is Man In The Mirror. Originally released in 1988 as the fourth single from his Bad album, it peaked at Number 21 on the Official Singles Chart. Co-written by Michael, Glen Ballard and Siedah Garrett, the song’s autobiographical lyrics struck a chord with his fans, and following his death, it re-entered the Top 40 at Number 2 along with 12 other of his classic songs. Since this day in 2009, Man In The Mirror has been downloaded 413,000 times.", "Releasing his follow-up to 'Thriller' in 1987, Jackson reached the top of the charts with 'Bad'. It featured five No. 1 hits, including 'Man in the Mirror', 'The Way You Make Me Feel', and the title track, which was supported by a video directed by Martin Scorsese. Jackson spent more than a year on the road, playing concerts to promote the album. While successful, 'Bad' was unable to duplicate the phenomenal sales of Thriller.", "This song gave Jackson the distinction of being the only solo artist in chart history to have four #1 singles off the same album. And Bad joined Saturday Night Fever as the only album to yield four chart-toppers. \"Man In The Mirror\" was written by Siedah Garrett, who had sung with Jackson on the album's first single, \"I Just Can't Stop Loving You.\" (Glen Ballard was Garrett's collaborator.) It was one of only two songs on Bad that wasn't written by Jackson himself.", "At that time, Jackson's art was still his best way of making a case for himself. In 1987, he released Bad, his much-anticipated successor to Thriller. If not as eventful and ingenious as Off the Wall and Thriller, Bad was as good as any album he ever made. It was taut and funky, it had snap and fever, it radiated rage and self-pity but also yearning for grace and transcendence – particularly in \"Man in the Mirror,\" a song about accepting social and political responsibility, and about the artist negotiating his way back into the world. Bad sold millions and launched five Number One singles, three more than Thriller, but because it couldn't match the accomplishments of Thriller, it was viewed as a flop.", "Michael Jackson's short film for \"Man in the Mirror\" was the third of nine short films produced for recordings from Bad, one of the best selling albums of all time. The \"Man in the Mirror\" single hit No. 1 in four countries in 1988, topping the charts in the United States, Italy, Belgium and Poland and reaching Top 5 in Canada, Ireland and New Zealand. In the U.S., \"Man in the Mirror\" was the fourth of five consecutive No. 1 singles from one album on the Billboard Hot 100-making Michael the first artist to achieve this milestone.", "In Bad, Jackson's concept of the predatory lover can be seen on the rock song \"Dirty Diana\".[184] The lead single \"I Just Can't Stop Loving You\" was a traditional love ballad, while \"Man in the Mirror\", an anthemic ballad of confession and resolution, improved on his earlier \"We Are the World\".[58] \"Smooth Criminal\" was an evocation of bloody assault, rape and likely murder.[58] Allmusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine states that Dangerous presents Jackson as a stark paradoxical individual.[185] He comments the album is more diverse than his previous Bad, as it appeals to an urban audience while also attracting the middle class with anthems like \"Heal the World\".[185] The first half of the record is dedicated to new jack swing, including songs like \"Jam\" and \"Remember the Time\".[186] The album is Jackson's first where social ills become a primary theme; \"Why You Wanna Trip on Me\", for example, protests against world hunger, AIDS, homelessness and drugs.[186] Dangerous contains sexually charged efforts like \"In the Closet\", a love song about desire and denial, risk and repression, solitude and connection, privacy and revelation.[186] The title track continues the theme of the predatory lover and compulsive desire.[186] The second half includes introspective, pop-gospel anthems such as \"Will You Be There\", \"Heal the World\" and \"Keep the Faith\"; these songs show Jackson finally opening up about various personal struggles and worries.[186] In the ballad \"Gone Too Soon\", Jackson gives tribute to his friend Ryan White and the plight of those with AIDS.[187]", "Michael Joseph Jackson (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American recording artist, entertainer and businessman. The seventh child of the Jackson family, he made his debut onto the professional music scene in 1968 at the age of 11 as a member of The Jackson 5. He then began a solo career in 1971 while still a member of the group. Referred to as the \"King of Pop\"[2] in subsequent years, his 1982 album Thriller remains the world's best-selling album of all time[3] and four of his other solo studio albums are among the world's best-selling records: Off the Wall (1979), Bad (1987), Dangerous (1991) and HIStory (1995).", "The single sleeve for \"Man in the Mirror\" contained a dedication to Yoshiaki Ogiwara, a five-year-old boy from Takasaki, Gunma, Japan who was kidnapped for ransom and subsequently murdered in September 1987. The killing was highly traumatic to the Japanese public and to Jackson himself, who was touring Japan at the time and subsequently dedicated concerts in Osaka and Yokohama to the boy's memory. ", "Michael Joseph Jackson was born August 29, 1958, the seventh child of the Jackson family. He made his professional debut at the age of 11 as a member of The Jackson 5 and began a solo career in 1971 while still a member of the group. Hailed as the \"King of Pop\" in subsequent years, five of his solo studio albums have become among the world's best-selling records: \"Off the Wall\" (1979), \"Thriller\" (1982), \"Bad\" (1987), \"Dangerous\" (1991) and \"HIStory\"(1995). An early star of MTV and the art of making pop videos, Michael broke down racial barriers, transformed the art of the music video and paved the way for modern pop music. 2008 marked the 25th anniversary of the \"Thriller\" album with the release of the double-disc album \"Thriller 25\", containing the original nine tracks from \"Thriller\", re-mixes and a new song called \"For All Time\". The album reached number one in eight countries, number two in the US, number three in the UK and was top 10 on over 30 national charts. To celebrate Michael's 50th birthday, Sony BMG released a compilation album, \"King of Pop\" which featured tracks voted for by his fans.", "In 1982, three years after Off the Wall, Quincy Jones and Michael Jackson collaborated once again and created Thriller, the bestselling album of all time. It was preceded by the single \"The Girl Is Mine,\" a collaboration with Paul McCartney , which reached #2 on the pop singles chart. A month after the album hit stores, the second single \"Billie Jean\" was unleashed, and the masterpiece that is Thriller began to unfold. Ultimately, 28 million copies sold in the US and Thriller became the first album to launch seven singles into the pop top 10. \"Bille Jean\" and \"Beat It\" both hit #1 and the music video for \"Beat It\" tore down barriers for African-American artists at MTV. ", "1982: Michael Jackson's album \"Thriller\" featuring hits like \"Beat It\" and \"Billie Jean\" is released, and the film \"Gandhi\" premieres.", "Michael Joseph Jackson (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American singer, songwriter, dancer, and actor. Called the King of Pop, his contributions to music, dance, and fashion, along with his publicized personal life, made him a global figure in popular culture for over four decades.", "Michael Joseph Jackson[1][2] (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American singer, songwriter, record producer, dancer, and actor. Called the King of Pop ,[3][4][5] his contributions to music, dance and fashion[6][7][8] along with his publicized personal life made him a global figure in popular culture for over four decades.", "Michael Joseph Jackson (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American recording artist, entertainer, and philanthropist. Referred to as the King of Pop, Jackson is recognized as the most successful entertainer of all time by Guinness World Records. His contribution to music, dance and fashion, along with a much-publicized personal life, made him a global figure in popular culture for over four decades. The eighth child of the Jackson family, he debuted on the professional music scene alongside his brothers as a member of The Jackson 5 in the mid-1960s, and began his solo career in 1971.", "Five of Jackson's solo albums - \"Off the Wall,\" \"Thriller,\" \"Bad,\" \"Dangerous\" and \"HIStory,\" all with Epic Records - are among the top-sellers of all time and \"Thriller\" holds the distinction as the largest selling album worldwide in the history of the recording industry with more than 70 million units sold. Additionally, singles released from the Thriller album sold more than 100 million copies worldwide, another all time record.", "Michael Joseph Jackson (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American recording artist, entertainer, and philanthropist. Referred to as the King of Pop , Jackson is recognized as the most successful entertainer of all time by Guinness World Records . His contribution to music, dance and fashion, along with a much-publicized personal life, made him a global figure in popular culture for over four decades. The eighth child of the Jackson family , Jackson debuted on the professional music scene along with his brothers as a member of The Jackson 5 in the in the mid-1960s, and began his solo career in 1971.", "While working on The Wiz, Jackson met producer Quincy Jones (1933–). They worked together on Jackson's 1979 album Off the Wall, which sold ten million copies and earned critical praise. In 1982 Jackson and Jones again joined forces on the Thriller album. Thriller fully established Jackson as a solo performer, and his hit songs from the album—\"Beat It,\" \"Billie Jean,\" and \"Thriller\"—made him the major pop star of the early 1980s. The success of Thriller (with forty million copies sold, it remains one of the best-selling albums of all time) and the videos of its songs also helped Jackson break the color barrier imposed by radio stations and the powerful music video channel MTV. By 1983 Jackson was the single most popular entertainer in America.", "Michael Jackson may be one of the most mysterious people on earth. His life and his experiences are probably much more than any of us could imagine, but this album (by far his most personal) gives you a little peak into who he really is.", "In 1997, Jackson released an album of new material coupled with remixes of hit singles from the \"HIStory\" album titled \"Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix\". He dedicated the album to his friend Sir Elton John , who had helped him through his addiction to prescribed painkillers. It went on to sell 6 million copies worldwide, making it the biggest selling remix album of all time.", "\"King of Pop\" whose career began at 11 as lead singer for the Jackson 5, the singing group he formed with his brothers out of Gary, Ind., and peaked in the 1980s, when he was popular music's premier all-around performer. He was lauded for shattering the race barrier on MTV, pioneering epic music videos, dominating the charts and dazzling onstage with such moves as his backward-gliding \"moonwalk.\" His 1982 Thriller album -- which included the blockbuster hits Beat It, Billie Jean and Thriller -- is the best-selling album of all time, with an estimated 50 million copies sold worldwide. As years went by, Jackson became an increasingly freakish figure -- his skin became lighter, his nose narrower, and he spoke breathily. Homicide, June 25.", "The epic video for the title track of Jackson’s bestselling album has become so iconic that it’s easy to underestimate the song itself, one of the strangest pieces of music he ever released. Written by Rod Temperton, the song was first called “Starlight” until Quincy Jones asked Temperton for another title. “The next morning I woke up and I just said this word [‘thriller’],” Temperton says. “Something in my head just said, ‘This is the title.’ You could visualize it at the top of the Billboard charts.” Temperton also revised the lyrics to take in Jackson’s love of horror movies. The track took the percolating-funk feel of Off the Wall to a grander, more theatrical level, with its supernatural sound effects – howling werewolves and creaking coffins – and the creepy-crawly narration of actor Vincent Price, a friend of Jones’ then-wife, Peggy Lipton, who nailed his part in two takes. The weirdness of “Thriller” didn’t end there: While the song was being mixed, Jackson’s eight-foot-long boa constrictor, Muscles, slithered across the console. The last of a mind-boggling seven singles from Thriller, it hit Number Four on the charts.", "* Jackson is the only male solo artist to have 2 albums (Thriller and Bad) certified 10x Platinum or more in the UK.", "Gilbert \"Gil\" Scott-Heron (April 1, 1949 – May 27, 2011) was an American soul and jazz poet , [5] [6] musician, and author, known primarily for his work as a spoken-word performer in the 1970s and 1980s. His collaborative efforts with musician Brian Jackson featured a musical fusion of jazz, blues, and soul, as well as lyrical content concerning social and political issues of the time, delivered in both rapping and melismatic vocal styles by Scott-Heron. His own term for himself was \"bluesologist\", [7] which he defined as \"a scientist who's concerned with the origin of the blues\". His music, most notably on Pieces of a Man and Winter in America in the early 1970s, influenced and helped engender later African-American music genres such as hip hop and neo soul .", "Yusuf Islam (born Steven Demetre Georgiou, ), commonly known by his former stage name Cat Stevens, is a British singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, humanitarian, and education philanthropist. His 1967 debut album reached the top 10 in the UK, and the album's title song \"Matthew and Son\" charted at number 2 on the UK Singles Chart. His albums Tea for the Tillerman (1970) and Teaser and the Firecat (1971) were both certified triple platinum in the US by the RIAA. His musical style consists of folk, pop, rock, and Islamic music. ", "He released his debut album, Life Thru A Lens , in 1997. Although slow to take off, after the success of single “Angels” , the album rose to No.1 in the UK charts. Then his second album, I’ve Been Expecting You , became an even bigger success. Released in 1998, it produced hits “Millennium” , “Strong” and “She’s The One” .", "Lead single \"Got 'til It's Gone\" was released in August 1997, featuring guest vocals from folk singer Joni Mitchell and rapper Q-Tip. The song's music video, depicting a pre-Apartheid celebration, won the Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video. \"Together Again\" became Jackson's eighth number-one hit on the Billboard Hot 100, placing her on par with Elton John, Diana Ross, and The Rolling Stones. It spent a record forty-six weeks on the Hot 100 and nineteen weeks on the United Kingdom's singles chart. It sold six million copies worldwide, becoming one of the best-selling singles of all time. \"I Get Lonely\" peaked at number three on the Hot 100, and received a Grammy nomination for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance. As Jackson's eighteenth consecutive top ten hit, it made her the only female artist to garner that achievement, surpassed only by Elvis Presley and The Beatles. Several other singles were released, including \"Go Deep\" and ballad \"Every Time\", which was controversial for the nudity displayed in its music video. ", "In October 2005, Martin released his first English-language album since 2000's Sound Loaded and the tenth album of his career. Most of the songs on the album, called Life, were co-written by Martin. He commented on the album: \"I was really in touch with my emotions. I think this album is very multi-layered, just like life is. It's about feeling anger. It's about feeling joy. It's about feeling uncertainty. It's about feeling. And all my emotions are part of this production.\" The album debuted at number six on the Billboard 200. The first single from the album, \"I Don't Care\", featured guest appearances by Fat Joe and Amerie. It peaked at number three on the Hot Dance Club Songs and number sixty-five on the Billboard Hot 100. Another song from the album, \"It's Alright\" was re-recorded as a duet with French singer M. Pokora. It was successful in French-speaking countries, reaching number four in France.", "His debut album, Life thru a Lens, was released in September 1997. The album launched with his first live solo gig at the Élysée Montmartre theatre in Paris, France. The album debuted at number eleven on the UK Albums Chart.", "1975, Born on this day, Dre, (Andre Benjamin), Outkast, US rapper, 2001 US No.1 & UK No.2 single 'Ms Jackson.'", "The Visible Man is a David Byrne remix album released in 1998. It includes nine remixes of six songs from his previous studio album, Feelings. Only 5,000 copies were released." ]

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[ "American troops and North Korean forces fight each other for the first time in the Korean War during the Battle of Osan.", "The Battle of Osan, the first significant American engagement of the Korean War, involved the 540-soldier Task Force Smith, which was a small forward element of the 24th Infantry Division which had been flown in from Japan. On 5 July 1950, Task Force Smith attacked the North Koreans at Osan but without weapons capable of destroying the North Koreans' tanks. They were unsuccessful; the result was 180 dead, wounded, or taken prisoner. The KPA progressed southwards, pushing back the US force at Pyongtaek, Chonan, and Chochiwon, forcing the 24th Division's retreat to Taejeon, which the KPA captured in the Battle of Taejon; the 24th Division suffered 3,602 dead and wounded and 2,962 captured, including the Division's Commander, Major General William F. Dean.", "In July of 1950, American troops and North Korean forces fought against each other for the first time in the Battle of Osan. The Korean War had only just begun in June when North Korea launched a full scale invasion of the South. Only a few U.S. troops had arrived in Korea by the time the Battle of Osan began, and they were considered largely unprepared to face the North Koreans. During the battle, the North Koreans quickly moved in on the U.S. forces and the Americans decided to withdraw from the fighting. Unfortunately, the withdrawal was uncoordinated and in the confusion the U.S. Troops suffered many casualties. The aftermath of the battle revealed that a combination of outdated equipment and a lack of organization would likely make it difficult for the Americans to win against the more well-prepared and organized North Korean forces.", "1950 - U.S. carrier-based planes attacked airfields in the Pyongyang-Chinnampo area of North Korea in the first air-strike of the Korean War.", "THE BATTLE OF THE CHOSIN RESERVOIR - Introduction The Battle of the Chosin Reservoir was a pivotal battle in the Korean War. The battle was a brutal 17 day fight in bitterly cold weather fought from 27 November to 13 December 1950. [1] During the battle the United States X Corps was attacked by the Chinese 9th Army in the vicinity of the Chosin reservoir. The Chinese forces quickly surrounded the US troops and forced them to fight a retrograde attack in order to fight their way out to friendly lines to the south. Due to poor Chinese intelligence on UN forces and logistical shortcomings the UN forces were able to evade total annihilation and were able to retreat to safety with the majority of their men and equipment intact....   [tags: Korean War, UN Intervention]", "The Korean War was overwhelmingly a land war with the US deploying six army divisions and one marine division. Despite the application of overwhelming air power and apart from the amphibious landing at Inchon, the most decisive events of the war were land actions.", "* The Battle of Inchon in September 1950 was an amphibious invasion and battle of the Korean War that resulted in a decisive victory for the United Nations forces led by General of the Army Douglas MacArthur. The battle at Incheon led to the recapture of the South Korean capital Seoul two weeks later.", "After secretly crossing the Yalu River on 19 October, the PVA 13th Army Group launched the First Phase Offensive on 25 October, attacking the advancing UN forces near the Sino-Korean border. After decimating the ROK II Corps at the Battle of Onjong, the first confrontation between Chinese and US military occurred on 1 November 1950; deep in North Korea, thousands of soldiers from the PVA 39th Army encircled and attacked the US 8th Cavalry Regiment with three-prong assaults—from the north, northwest, and west—and over ran the defensive position flanks in the Battle of Unsan The surprise assault forced the UN forces to retreat back to the Ch'ongch'on River, while the Chinese unexpectedly disappeared in their mountain hideouts following their victory.", "After secretly crossing the Yalu River on 19 October, the PVA 13th Army Group launched the First Phase Offensive on 25 October, attacking the advancing UN forces near the Sino-Korean border. This military decision made solely by China changed the attitude of the Soviet Union. Twelve days after Chinese troops entered the war, Stalin allowed the Soviet Air Force to provide air cover, and supported more aid to China. After decimating the ROK II Corps at the Battle of Onjong, the first confrontation between Chinese and U.S. military occurred on 1 November 1950; deep in North Korea, thousands of soldiers from the PVA 39th Army encircled and attacked the U.S. 8th Cavalry Regiment with three-prong assaults—from the north, northwest, and west—and overran the defensive position flanks in the Battle of Unsan. The surprise assault resulted in the UN forces retreating back to the Ch'ongch'on River, while the Chinese unexpectedly disappeared into mountain hideouts following victory. It is unclear why the Chinese did not press the attack and follow up their victory.", "The Korean War (1950–1953) saw the hastily formed Provisional Marine Brigade holding the defensive line at the Pusan Perimeter. To execute a flanking maneuver, General Douglas MacArthur called on Marine air and ground forces to make an amphibious landing at Inchon. The successful landing resulted in the collapse of North Korean lines and the pursuit of North Korean forces north near the Yalu River until the entrance of the People's Republic of China into the war. Chinese troops surrounded, surprised and overwhelmed the overextended and outnumbered American forces. X Corps, which included the 1st Marine Division and the Army's 7th Infantry Division, regrouped and inflicted heavy casualties during their fighting withdrawal to the coast, now known as the Battle of Chosin Reservoir.", "* September 15 – Korean War – Battle of Inchon: Allied troops commanded by Douglas MacArthur land in Inchon, occupied by North Korea, to begin a U.N. counteroffensive.", "The war began on June 25, 1950, when North Korean forces crossed the 38th Parallel and invaded South Korea. For the first time in history, the United Nations (UN) sent a multinational force to help the Democratic South defend itself against the Communist North. Twenty-One UN member nations contributed to the effort. Sixteen sent combat units while five others provided medical and other support services. The war lasted from 1950 to 1953 and ended in stalemate.", "1953 – Korean War: The 5th Marines, supported by the 2d Battalion, 7th Marines, in the first full day of fighting after the Chinese assault the previous evening of Outpost Vegas on Korea’s western front, counterattacked to regain enemy-held positions.", "The surprise character of the attack enabled the North Koreans to occupy all the South, except for the area around the port of Pusan. On 15th September, 1950, Douglas MacArthur landed American and South Korean marines at Inchon, 200 miles behind the North Korean lines. The following day he launched a counter-attack on the North Koreans. When they retreated, MacArthur's forces carried the war northwards, reaching the Yalu River, the frontier between Korea and China on 24th October, 1950.", "During the Cold War, American troops and their allies fought Communist forces in Korea and Vietnam. The Korean War began in 1950, when the Soviets walked out of a U.N. Security meeting, removing their possible veto. Under a United Nations umbrella, hundreds of thousands of U.S. troops fought to prevent the takeover of South Korea by North Korea, and later, to invade the northern nation. After repeated advances and retreats by both sides, and the PRC People's Volunteer Army's entry into the war, the Korean Armistice Agreement returned the peninsula to the status quo in 1953.", "1950-53 – Korean War . The United States responded to North Korean invasion of South Korea by going to its assistance, pursuant to United Nations Security Council resolutions. US forces deployed in Korea exceeded 300,000 during the last year of the conflict. Over 36,600 US military were killed in action. [RL30172]", "1950 – The First Marine Brigade battled North Koreans at Obong-ni Ridge. The ridge is located in the vicinity of Yongsan and the Naktong River in South Korea.", "On June 25, 1950, Kim Il-sung's Korean People's Army invaded South Korea, starting the Korean War. In the early weeks of the war, the North Koreans easily pushed back their southern counterparts. Truman called for a naval blockade of Korea, only to learn that due to budget cutbacks, the U.S. Navy could not enforce such a measure. Truman promptly urged the United Nations to intervene; it did, authorizing troops under the UN flag led by U.S. General Douglas MacArthur.", "Aug. 19: US troops, aided by airstrikes, drove North Korean forces in the Yongsan bridgehead back across the Naktong River, ending the Battle of the Naktong Bulge. Sixty-three B-29s attacked the industrial and port area of Chongjin in northeastern Korea. Nine Superfortresses of the 19th BG dropped 54 tons of 1,000-pound bombs on the west railway bridge at Seoul, called the “elastic bridge” because repeated air attacks had failed to bring it down. Thirty-seven USN dive bombers from two aircraft carriers followed up the USAF attack. Aerial reconnaissance the next day revealed that two spans had collapsed.", "On September 15, 1950, the UN offensive began with a massive landing at Inchon followed by the liberation of Seoul on September 29. The landing at Inchon, a daring offensive envisioned by General Douglas MacArthur, included the First Marine Division, the Army's Seventh Infantry Division, and South Korean units. A successful outcome at Inchon allowed allied forces to move in behind the NKPA at the Pusan Perimeter and on toward Seoul. In conjunction with the Inchon landing, UN forces pushed past the Pusan Perimeter, forcing a general North Korean retreat.", "The Korean War was a military conflict between South Korea, a non-Communist force, and North Korea, a Communist country. It lasted from June 25, 1950 to July 27, 1953. South Korea was supported by the UN (United Nations).China (People's Republic of China) and the Soviet Union supported North Korea. This war was the first significant armed conflict of the Cold War. (\"Korean War � Infoplease.com.\") (\"Korean War.\")", "The majority of these early battles ended in defeat for the U.S. and UN forces as American casualties reached 6,000 during the first month alone. Expecting to meet North Korean forces that would surrender with only a minor show of strength, the allied forces found themselves disadvantaged to the better trained, organized, and equipped NKPA. Pushed back into the southeastern corner of the Korean peninsula, allied forces successfully defended the \"Pusan Perimeter\" from North Korean advances while strengthening their forces through more equipment and increased manpower.", "October 25, 1950, China entered the Korean War on the side of North Korea against South Korea and the United Nations (UN), the United States being the UN's principal participant.", "In June 1950 North Korean troops crossed the 38th parallel and attacked southward, overrunning Seoul. Truman, perceiving the North Koreans as Soviet pawns in the global struggle, readied American forces and ordered General Douglas MacArthur to Korea. Meanwhile, the United States was able to secure a U.N. resolution branding North Korea as an aggressor. (The Soviet Union, which could have vetoed any action had it been occupying its seat on the Security Council, was boycotting the United Nations to protest a decision not to admit the People's Republic of China.)", "In June 1950 North Korean troops crossed the 38th parallel and attacked southward, overrunning Seoul. Truman, perceiving the North Koreans as Soviet pawns in the global struggle, readied American forces and ordered General Douglas MacArthur to Korea. Meanwhile, the United States was able to secure a U.N. resolution branding North Korea as an aggressor. (The Soviet Union, which could have vetoed any action had it been occupying its seat on the Security Council, was boycotting the United Nations to protest a decision not to admit the People's Republic of China.)", "Within the space of a few months in 1950, the United States had taken the big leap from attaching no strategic importance to Korea to active involvement there in a major armed conflict. Its active Army of 591,000 had been focused on Soviet intentions in western Europe and occupation duty in Europe and the Far East. The four divisions under", "In 1949, after American educated strongman Syngman Rhee was elected President of the Republic of Korea (South Korea), the United States withdrew its occupying forces, except for a small advisory command. Soviet forces had withdrawn from the North in 1948. In 1950 North Korean Communist leader Kim Il-sung met with Soviet and Chinese Communist leaders and proposed to take over all of Korea by force. He met no objections from either nation and was offered their support. China repatriated 50,000 Korean soldiers who had fought for the Communists in China’s Civil War, and they became an important element of the North Korean People’s Army.  Thus the struggle for control of Korea broke out when the North Koreans crossed the 38th parallel in force in 1950.", "On 25 October 1950, the Korean War took a grim new turn. The sudden intervention of Communist Chinese forces dashed hopes of a quick end to the war. The Chinese were attacking in force. They had tanks; waves of soldiers and fearsome weapons of the Soviet's; rockets. On 24 November, General MacArthur launched a counteroffensive of 100,000 UN troops. The 1st Cavalry and the ROK 6th Divisions moved up from their reserve positions and slammed into the attack. The Chinese penetrated the front companies of 1st and 2nd Battalions, 7th Cavalry and tried to exploit the gap. At 0200 they were hit by elements of the 3rd Battalion reinforced by tanks. Red troops were stopped and retreated back into an area previously registered for artillery fire. Enemy losses were high and the shoulder was held.", "In northeastern Korea, the X Corps, now strengthened by the arrival of the 3d Infantry Division from the United States, resumed its advance on November II. In the west, General Walker waited until the with to move the Eighth Army forward from the Ch'ongch'on while he strengthened his attack force and improved his logistical support. Both commands made gains. Part of the U.S. 7th Division, in the X Corps zone, actually reached the Yalu at the town of Hyesanjin. But during the night of November 25 strong Chinese attacks hit the Eighth Army's center and right; on the 27th the attacks engulfed the leftmost forces of the X Corps at the Changjin Reservoir; and by the 28th UNC positions began to crumble.", "In the first four weeks the American infantry forces hastily deployed to Korea proved too few and were underequipped. The Eighth Army in Japan was forced to recondition World War II Sherman tanks from depots and monuments for use in Korea. By 60 days into the war Truman had sent a massive amount of military supplies into Korea, and UN forces outnumbered the invaders and had far more supplies, munitions, air supremacy and naval supremacy.", "General Church led the coordinated attack of Army and Marine Corps troops against the North Koreans that began on 17 August. By the eighteenth the American forces had decisively defeated the 4th Division, which had lost half its original strength of about 7,000 men.", "Cover: U.S. 7th Infantry Division Soldiers pass through the outskirts of Hyesanjin in November 1950. (DA photograph)" ]

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[ "Last month the couple spent time on the Caribbean island of Mustique, where the Princess has taken several extended holidays without her husband since their marriage.", "The Caribbean is a very important area for the monarchy as well as the Commonwealth. It includes Her Majesty’s realms (countries in which she is both monarch and Head of State) of Barbados, Jamaica, Antigua and Barbuda, Belize, St Kitts and Nevis, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Grenada, St Lucia and the Bahamas. The Caribbean region also covers British Overseas Territories. These are defined as being still under British jurisdiction as they have not gained independence and include Bermuda, Montserrat, the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, the Turks and Caicos Islands, and Anguilla. The Queen and other members of the Royal Family are frequent visitors to the region, so much so that the Royal Yacht Britannia was quite a common sight in the oceans and harbours of the Caribbean until 1997, when it was decommissioned after 44 years of service. By that time, this royal residence of the sea, which is now a floating museum in Scotland, had become one of the most famous ships in the world, hosting highly successful diplomatic receptions in its state apartments onboard, as well as being the Queen’s home from home on royal tours. Some countries in the region have moved to sever links with the Crown. Guyana dropped the Queen as Head of State in 1970 and Trinidad and Tobago followed suit in 1976, although both opted to remain in the Commonwealth. The most recent Caribbean country to propose republicanism is Jamaica. After winning the election", "Lord Snowdon was often away on professional photographic assignments and continued to maintain his own cottage in Sussex. She herself took regular and separate holidays on the Caribbean island of Mustique, where her old friend Colin Tennant had made her a wedding present of a holiday home designed by Oliver Messel.", "Royal draw: Diana, Princess of Wales, is pictured on a deck chair on Necker Island during a holiday in January, 1989", "Diana and Charles divorced in 1996. Diana was hosted by Al-Fayed in the south of France in the summer of 1997, with her two sons, the Princes William and Harry. (HighBeam Research subscription required) For the holiday, Fayed bought a 195 ft yacht, the Jonikal (later renamed the Sokar). ", "After the announcement of her separation from the Prince, the Princess spent the early part of January 1993 in the Caribbean. Although she now had more freedom to organise her life as she wished, her new existence was already assuming the aspect of a gilded cage.", "Three major physiographic divisions constitute the West Indies: the Greater Antilles , comprising the islands of Cuba , Jamaica , Hispaniola ( Haiti and the Dominican Republic ), and Puerto Rico ; the Lesser Antilles , including the Virgin Islands , Anguilla , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Antigua and Barbuda , Montserrat , Guadeloupe , Dominica , Martinique , Saint Lucia , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , Barbados , and Grenada ; and the isolated island groups of the North American continental shelf— The Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands —and those of the South American shelf, including Trinidad and Tobago , Aruba , Curaçao , and Bonaire . ( Bermuda , although physiographically not a part of the West Indies, has common historical and cultural ties with the other islands and is often included in definitions of the region.)", "Jamaica officially the Commonwealth of Jamaica, is an island nation of the Greater Antilles, 234 kilometres (145 mi) in length, up to 80 kilometres (50 mi) in width, and 10,990 square kilometres (4,240 sq mi) in area. It is situated in the Caribbean Sea, about 145 kilometres (90 mi) south of Cuba, and 191 kilometres (119 mi) west of Hispaniola, the island harbouring the nation-states of Haiti and the Dominican Republic. The indigenous Arawakan-speaking Taíno name for the island was Xaymaca, meaning the \"Land of Wood and Water\" or the \"Land of Springs\". Once a Spanish possession known as Santiago, it became an English colony in 1655 under the name \"Jamaica\". It achieved full independence from Britain on August 6, 1962. With 2.8 million people, it is the third most populous Anglophone country in the Americas, after the United States and Canada. It remains a Commonwealth realm in concert with the Monarchy of Jamaica holding ultimate executive power, where Queen Elizabeth II is the current head of state and Queen of Jamaica. The head of government and Prime Minister of Jamaica is currently Portia Simpson-Miller, who holds full legislative power of the country. Kingston is the country's largest city, with a population of 937,700, and its capital. Jamaica has a large diaspora around the world consisting of Jamaican citizens migrating from the country.", "Within a month Diana had begun seeing Dodi Fayed , son of her host that summer, Mohamed Al-Fayed . Diana had considered taking her sons that summer on a holiday to the Hamptons on Long Island, New York , but security officials had prevented it. After deciding against a trip to Thailand , she accepted Fayed's invitation to join his family in the south of France, where his compound and large security detail would not cause concern to the Royal Protection squad. Mohamed Al-Fayed bought a multi-million pound yacht, the Jonikal, a 60-metre yacht on which to entertain Diana and her sons.", "Between there and Norfolk, Diana, with her two sisters and brother, embarked on the holiday shuttle which is the unhappy lot of children of divorced couples.", "1978: Princess Margaret and her friend, Roddy Llewellyn, left for a holiday on the romantic island of Mustique. On 10 May an announcement was made that the Princess intended to divorce Lord Snowdon after two years separation. A few days later, Roddy said he had no plans to marry the Princess.", "The Southern Caribbean is a group of islands that neighbor mainland South America in the West Indies. St. Lucia lies to the north of the region, Barbados in the east, Trinidad & Tobago at its southernmost point, and Aruba at the most westerly section.", "He transformed it into a millionaires’ playground where he regularly entertained Princess Margaret, for whom he built a house, and rock stars including David Bowie. He sold Mustique for £1 million and moved to St Lucia in 1992. His wife preferred to live in England, where she was lady-in-waiting to Princess Margaret.", "In December 1992, a formal separation was announced between Diana and Charles and in 1996, a divorce was agreed to which was finalized on August 28. In the settlement, Diana was given $28 million, plus $600,000 per year but she was to give up the title, \"Her Royal Highness.\"", "Diana, Princess of Wales, was born (in 1961) and raised at Park House, near the Sandringham Estate. Diana's maternal grandparents, The Fermoys, Maurice Roche, 4th Baron Fermoy and Ruth Roche, Baroness Fermoy and then her parents John Spencer, 8th Earl Spencer and The Honourable Frances Shand Kydd rented Park House from the Royal Family for decades. After Diana's father succeeded to his father's title, Earl Spencer, Diana's family moved to their ancestral seat, Althorp, in Northamptonshire. She would spend Christmas with the Royal Family at Sandringham while she was still married to the Prince of Wales.", "The event, in aid of breast-cancer, is Diana's first visit abroad since her divorce from Prince Charles became official and sends a signal to the world at large that she intends to stay in the media spotlight.", "In December 1992, the British Prime Minister, John Major, announced their formal separation in Parliament. That same year, the British press published bugged recordings of a passionate private 1989 telephone conversation between Charles and Camilla Parker Bowles. Charles and Diana divorced on 28 August 1996. When Diana died in a car crash in Paris on 31 August 1997, Charles flew there, with Diana's sisters, to accompany her body back to Britain. ", "During a visit to Korea, Charles and Diana are dubbed the ‘Glums’. An updated version of Diana: Her True Story, by Andrew Morton, claims the Princess has been ostracised by the Queen. Diana issues an unprecedented statement denying any rift with the Queen or Prince Philip. Weeks later, Prime Minister John Major announces to the House of Commons that Charles and Diana are to separate.", "December 9, 1992 - Buckingham Palace announced the separation of Prince Charles and Princess of Wales, Dianna.", "M UST IQ UE Who Lord Glenconner started it all by buying the island in 1958. And then he invited his fabulous pals to come and play – Princess Margaret among them. Her former villa, Les Jolies Eaux, is available for rent, FYI. Who goes now? Everybody. In terms of royals, Kate and Wills are big fans – they’ve visited a dozen times, give or take, and Prince George had his first ever holiday abroad there in 2014. The Middleton clan have been coming for yonks, and all met there last year to celebrate Carole’s 60th. They’re often seen hanging out at the island’s hotspot, Basil’s. How Everyone stays in villas and everyone congregates at Basil’s come sundown. When Christmas, New Year and Easter. The February blues festival at – you’ve guessed it – Basil’s is fun: Sir Mick Jagger has been known to grab the mike; Daphne Guinness might leap up for a song; the Middletons are likely to take to the floor for a family boogie in their tennis gear, post-match.", "Many blamed Diana's death on the paparazzi pursuing the car in which Diana was riding. Her funeral was held on Sept. 6, 1997. Princess Diana was born Diana Frances Spenser on July 1, 1961. On July 29, 1981, she married Prince Charles, oldest son of Queen Elizabeth of Great Britain and heir-apparent to the throne. The couple had two sons, Prince William (who is next in line to the throne after his father) and Prince Harry. The marriage ended in divorce in the summer of 1996.", "In 1867, Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh and second son of Queen Victoria , visited the islands. The main settlement, Edinburgh of the Seven Seas , was named in honour of his visit. Lewis Carroll 's youngest brother, the Rev. Edwin H. Dodgson , served as an Anglican missionary and school teacher in Tristan da Cunha in the 1880s. The second Duke of Edinburgh , the husband of Queen Elizabeth II , visited the islands in 1957 as part of a world tour onboard the royal yacht Britannia .", "On July 29, 1981, Prince Charles married Lady Diana Spencer in a lavish wedding held at St Paul’s Cathedral, London.  The couple had two sons – Prince William, born 1982, and Prince Henry (Harry), born 1984.  Charles and Diana divorced in 1996, and she was tragically killed the following year in a car accident in Paris.", "* Diana, Princess of Wales, first wife of Charles, Prince of Wales, was born and grew up in Park House near the Sandringham estate", "Is a volcanic island located in the Caribbean Sea. This island constitutional monarchy covers an area of 616 square kilometers and has a population of 162,000 people. ", "Celebrities from Hollywood star Johnny Depp, singer John Travolta, musician Mick Jagger, Princess Margaret, author and journalist Ian Fleming to actress Oprah Winfrey and so on have their own homes in the beautiful Caribbean islands . Let’s get more knowledge about these stars and discover where exactly their houses are through several photos as following:", "Britain’s Princess Diana and her son Prince William return by carraige to Windsor Castle, England, on April 21, 1986, after a Thanksgiving Service to mark the 60th Birthday of Queen Elizabeth II. (AP Photo/Staff/Dear)", "Tropical paradise: Sir Richard's daughter Holly was due to get married on the island later this year", "- Former US president Jimmy Carter and his wife visit the BVI. The St. Phillip's School at Baughers Bay is named after educator Alexandrina Maduro.", "(L to R) Earl Spencer, Princess Diana's brother, her two sons Princes Harry and William, and her former husband Prince Charles arrive into Westminster Abbey in London to attend the funeral ceremony of Diana, Princess of Wales, September 5, 1997.", "On Monday, July 28, 1981, the day before her wedding, Diana lunched with her sisters while Charles met with Camilla with the gift. Diana confided to her sisters that she didn’t want to marry someone who was still in love with his mistress.", "In the media, in the Caribbean they apparently only drink rum, or maybe tropical smoothies or ginger beer if they are children. Has elements of Truth in Television as rum production started in the Caribbean and continues to be a major industry there, hence its popularity." ]

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[ "Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger (;; born July 30, 1947) is an Austrian-American actor, filmmaker, businessman, investor, author, philanthropist, activist, and former professional bodybuilder and politician. He served two terms as the 38th Governor of California from 2003 until 2011.", "Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger (born July 30, 1947) is an Austrian-American former professional bodybuilder, actor, director, businessman, investor, and politician who served as the 38th Governor of California (2003-11).", "Schwarzenegger’s film career took off after his starring turn in 1982’s Conan the Barbarian. In 1983, he became a U.S. citizen; the next year he made his most famous film, The Terminator, directed by James Cameron. Although his acting talent is probably aptly described as limited, Schwarzenegger went on to become one of the most sought-after action-film stars of the 1980s and early 1990s and enjoyed an extremely lucrative career. The actor’s romantic life also captured the attention of the American public: he married television journalist and lifelong Democrat Maria Shriver, niece of the late President John F. Kennedy, in 1986.", "Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger (born July 30, 1947) is an Austrian and American former professional bodybuilder, actor, businessman, investor, and politician. Schwarzenegger served two terms as the 38th Governor of California from 2003 until 2011.", "The immigration law firm Siskind & Susser has stated that Schwarzenegger may have been an illegal immigrant at some point in the late 1960s or early 1970s because of violations in the terms of his visa. LA Weekly would later say in 2002 that Schwarzenegger is the most famous immigrant in America, who \"overcame a thick Austrian accent and transcended the unlikely background of bodybuilding to become the biggest movie star in the world in the 1990s\".", "Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger (German IPA: [ˌaɐnɔlt aloʏs ˈʃvaɐtsənɛɡɐ]) is an American and Austrian bodybuilder, actor, businessman, and politician, currently serving as the 38th Governor of the state of California.", "Arnold Schwarzenegger is an Austrian and American actor, politician, professional bodybuilder, model, director, writer, producer, activist, philanthropist, investor, and businessperson. A Republican, he served as Governor of California, from November 17, 2003 to January 3, 2011.", "THE BEGINNINGS Arnold Schwarzenegger is without any doubt one of the biggest stars Hollywood has ever known. And then we aren't only speaking about size. He's also the proof that everybody with a dream and a lot of perseverance can realize his dreams. Arnold was born on July 30, 1947 in Thal (4 miles from Graz), Austria. He grew up on the second floor of the 300-year-old home at 145 Thal-Linak with his parents Gustav and Aurelia and his older brother Meinhard.", "There cannot be a better illustration of the self-made man than Arnold Schwarzenegger in all of Hollywood history. Born on July 30, 1947 to Gustav and Aurelia Schwarzenegger in the remote Austrian community of Thal, down by the Italian border, he was exposed to severe discipline from an early age. It worked.", "Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger is an Austrian-American actor, Republican elected official, bodybuilder, and entrepreneur, at present serving as the 38th Governor of California. Called the Austrian Oak in his bodybuilding years, and lately The Governator and Conan the Republican, or just Ahhnold, Schwarzenegger as a young man got widespread interest as a successful bodybuilder, and afterward achieved international renown as a Hollywood action movie superstar.", "Arnold Schwarzenegger Net Worth is $300 Million. Arnold Schwarzenegger is an Austrian-American bodybuilder, model, actor, businessman, and politician with a net worth estimated at $300 million. He was born on July 30, 1947 in the tiny village of Thal Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger is an Austro-American former professional bodybuilder, actor, businessman, investor, and politician. Schwarzenegger served as the 38th Governor of California from 2003 until 2011. Schwarzenegger began weight training at the age of 15 years old. He won the Mr. Universe title at age 20 and went on to win the Mr. Olympia contest seven times. Schwarzenegger has remained a prominent presence in bodybuilding and has written many books and articles on the sport. Schwarzenegger gained worldwide fame as a Hollywood action film icon. He was nicknamed the \"Austrian Oak\" and the \"Styrian Oak\" in his bodybuilding days, \"Arnie\" during his acting career and more recently the \"Governator\" .", "Arnold Schwarzenegger is an Austrian-American bodybuilder, model, actor, politician and businessman that have a net worth of about $300 million.", "Schwarzenegger was born in Thal, Austria (German: Thal bei Graz), a small village bordering the Styrian capital Graz, and was christened Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger.[5] His parents were the local police chief Gustav Schwarzenegger (1907 – 1972), and his wife, Aurelia Jadrny (1922 – 1998). They were married on October 20, 1945 – Gustav was 38, and Aurelia was a 23-year-old widow with a son named Meinhard. According to Schwarzenegger, both of his parents were very strict: \"Back then in Austria it was a very different world, if we did something bad or we disobeyed our parents, the rod was not spared.\" He grew up in a Roman Catholic family who attended church service every Sunday.", "In 1984, Arnold Schwarzenegger portrayed an emotionless, homicidal android  in James Cameron's The Terminator...and an iconic movie villain was born. ", "Schwarzenegger was born in Thal, Styria, and christened Arnold Alois. His parents were Gustav Schwarzenegger (August 17, 1907 – December 13, 1972) and Aurelia Schwarzenegger (née Jadrny; July 29, 1922 – August 2, 1998). Gustav was the local chief of police, and had served in World War II as a Hauptfeldwebel after voluntarily joining the Nazi Party in 1938, though he was discharged in 1943 following a bout of malaria. He married Schwarzenegger's mother on October 20, 1945; he was 38, and she was 23. According to Schwarzenegger, both of his parents were very strict: \"Back then in Austria it was a very different world, if we did something bad or we disobeyed our parents, the rod was not spared.\" Schwarzenegger grew up in a Roman Catholic family who attended Mass every Sunday. ", "The Terminator is a 1984 American science fiction action film directed by James Cameron , co-written by Cameron, Gale Anne Hurd and William Wisher Jr. and starring Arnold Schwarzenegger , Michael Biehn, and Linda Hamilton . The film was produced by Hemdale Film Corporation and distributed by Orion Pictures, and filmed in Los Angeles. Schwarzenegger plays the Terminator, a cyborg assassin sent back in time from the year 2029 to 1984 to kill Sarah Connor, played by Hamilton. Biehn plays Kyle Reese, a soldier from the future sent back in time to protect Sarah.", "Schwarzenegger's career in bodybuilding took off after moving to the United States in 1968. At age 21, he was already weighing an impressive 250 lbs. He began training under the guidance of veteran bodybuilder Joe Weider. He trained at Gold's Gym where he became training partners and friends with Ric Drasin who designed the first Gold's Gym logo. Schwarzenegger went on to capture his first Mr. Olympia title in 1970 at age 23. He went on to win that title six more times, with his last title win in 1980, the same year in which he retired.", "Schwarzenegger was born with a bicuspid aortic valve ; a normal aorta has three leaflets. According to a spokesperson, Schwarzenegger has not used anabolic steroids since 1990 when they were made illegal. [6]", "* Arnold Schwarzenegger, former bodybuilding champion, actor and former governor of California. Born and raised in the farming village Thal, 2 km from Graz. In 2005, the Graz football stadium named after Schwarzenegger was renamed Stadion Graz-Liebenau after controversy over the use of the death penalty in California; now it is called the UPC-Arena.", "On this day in 2003, actor Arnold Schwarzenegger is elected governor of California, the most populous state in the nation with the world’s fifth-largest economy. Despite his inexperience, Schwarzenegger came out on top in the 11-week campaign to replace Gray Davis, who had earlier become the first United States governor to be recalled by the people since 1921. Schwarzenegger was one of 135 candidates on the ballot, which included career politicians, other actors, and one adult-film star.", "Following his arrival as a Hollywood superstar, he made a number of successful films: Commando (1985), Raw Deal (1986), The Running Man (1987), and Red Heat (1988). In Predator (1987), another successful film, Schwarzenegger led a cast which included future Minnesota Governor Jesse Ventura (Ventura also appeared in The Running Man and Batman and Robin with Schwarzenegger) and future Kentucky Gubernatorial candidate Sonny Landham.", "Arnold Schwarzenegger Growing up in a small, isolated village in Austria, he turned to bodybuilding as his ticket to a better life. Prior to that he served a mandatory one year in the Austrian military (beginning in 1965). After conquering the world as arguably the greatest bodybuilder who ever lived, he went to America to make his name in motion pictures  Hampered by his impossible name and thick accent, success eluded him for many years. It wasn't until he found the tailor-made role of Conan that he truly came into his own as a performer. A succession of over-the-top action films made him an international box office star.By alternating violent action films with lighter, comedic fare, he has solidified his position as one of the most popular - if not the most popular - movie stars in the world. After his long, and successful movie career, he ran in the California recall.   ", "Sep 17, 2012 . Arnold Schwarzenegger has had a life unlike many other individuals. . Schwarzenegger had his interest sparked in bodybuilding from a young age . after receiving close to 49 percent of the vote, well clear of his near rival.", "Schwarzenegger's first political appointment was as chairman of the President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports, on which he served from 1990 to 1993. He was nominated by George H. W. Bush, who dubbed him \"Conan the Republican\". He later served as Chairman for the California Governor's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports under Governor Pete Wilson.", "* On August 6, 2003, actor Arnold Schwarzenegger appeared on The Tonight Show and confirmed he would be running against California governor Gray Davis for the California recall election. Schwarzenegger won the election on October 7.", "In 1965, Schwarzenegger joined the Austrian army. At the time, there was a requirement for one year of service in the army for all eighteen year old Austrian males. During this year, Schwarzenegger left the army during basic training to participate in the Junior Mr. Europe contest of 1965. He won this contest, and thus did not regret the consequence of army jail for a week that followed.", "On August 6, 2003, actor Arnold Schwarzenegger appeared on The Tonight Show and confirmed he would be running against California governor Gray Davis for the California recall election. Schwarzenegger won the election on October 7.", "The Unstoppable Arnold: \"Commando\" (1985) It doesn't matter how many bad guys came at Schwarzenegger in this action flick that cast him as a retired elite black ops commando fighting to get his kidnapped daughter back. He defeated them all and delivered lines like: \"You're a funny guy, Sully. I like you. That's why I'm going to kill you last.\" (20th Century Fox)", "In 1984, he made the first of three appearances as the titular character in director James Cameron's science-fiction film The Terminator. Following The Terminator, Schwarzenegger made Red Sonja in 1985, which \"sank without a trace.\"", "His film appearances after becoming Governor of California include a 3-second cameo appearance in The Rundown (a.k.a., Welcome to the Jungle) with The Rock, and the 2004 remake of Around the World in 80 Days, where he appeared onscreen with action star Jackie Chan for the first time. In 2005, he appeared as himself in the film The Kid & I. Schwarzenegger voiced Baron von Steuben in Episode 24 (\"Valley Forge\") of Liberty's Kids.", "Nicknamed “The Governator,” Schwarzenegger surprised fans when put his action career aside to become the 38th Governor of California from 2003 to 2011. The former Mr. Universe was initially elected to replace Gray Davis after Davis was famously recalled from his position, and was re-elected in 2006.", "The film star Arnold Schwarzenegger has won the race for governor of California - ousting the Democratic incumbent, Gray Davis." ]

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[ "Set in the glamorous, high-class world of turn-of-the-century Paris, Gigi features memorable songs such as Thank Heaven for Little Girls, I Remember It Well, and The Night They Invented Champagne. The 1951 musical, which originally starred Audrey Hepburn in her first major Broadway role, was also adapted into a 9-time Academy Award winning movie, and has been charming audiences onstage and onscreen ever since.", "This Tony® and Academy Award®-winning musical features glorious songs such as \"Thank Heaven for Little Girls,\" \"I Remember It Well\" and \"The Night They Invented Champagne.\" Following its run at the Kennedy Center, this glistening, re-imagined production by Call the Midwife's Heidi Thomas and Follies director Eric Schaeffer will bring Gigi back to Broadway for the first time in 40 years!", "My Fair Lady was followed in 1958 with the classic film musical Gigi, which had a superb score including \"Thank Heaven For Little Girls\" and \"I Remember it Well\". The Film Musical won 9 Academy Awards.", "The musical opened off-Broadway at the Eden Theatre on June 21, 1969, transferred to the Belasco Theatre on February 17, 1971, and closed on August 12, 1972 after a total of 1,314 performances. It was directed by Jacques Levy (later the songwriting partner of Bob Dylan on his album Desire ) and choreographed by Margo Sappington . The cast included Raina Barrett, Mark Dempsey, Katie Drew-Wilkinson, Boni Enten, Bill Macy , Alan Rachins , Leon Russom , Margo Sappington , Nancy Tribush and George Welbes, [2] as well as the 3 \"Open Window\" composers.", "Carousel is the second stage musical by the team of Richard Rodgers (music) and Oscar Hammerstein II (book and lyrics). The work premiered in 1945 and was adapted from Ferenc Molnár's 1909 play Liliom, transplanting its Budapest setting to the Maine coastline. The story revolves around carousel barker Billy Bigelow, whose romance with millworker Julie Jordan comes at the price of both their jobs. He attempts a robbery to provide for Julie and their unborn child; when it goes wrong, he has a chance to make things right. A secondary plot line deals with millworker Carrie Pipperidge and her romance with ambitious fisherman Enoch Snow. The show includes the well-known songs \"If I Loved You\", \"June Is Bustin' Out All Over\" and \"You'll Never Walk Alone\". Richard Rodgers later wrote that Carousel was his favorite among all his musicals.", "From this low spot, Porter made a conspicuous comeback, in 1948, with Kiss Me, Kate . It was by far his most successful show, running for 1,077 performances in New York and 400 in London.[96] The production won the Tony Award for best musical (the first Tony awarded in that category), and Porter won for best composer and lyricist. The score includes “Another Op’nin’, Another Show”, “Wunderbar”, “So In Love”, “We Open in Venice”, “Tom, Dick or Harry”, “I’ve Come to Wive It Wealthily in Padua”, “Too Darn Hot”, “Always True to You (in My Fashion)”, and “Brush Up Your Shakespeare”.[97]", "The musical contains many songs that became popular standards, including \"Everything's Coming up Roses\", \"Together (Wherever We Go)\", \"Small World\", \"Some People\", \"Let Me Entertain You\", \"All I Need Is the Girl\", and \"Rose's Turn\". It is frequently considered one of the crowning achievements of the mid-20th century's conventional musical theatre art form, often called the \"book musical\".", "A Little Night Music is a musical with music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim and book by Hugh Wheeler. Inspired by the Ingmar Bergman film Smiles of a Summer Night, it involves the romantic lives of several couples. Its title is a literal English translation of the German name for Mozart's Serenade No. 13 for strings in G major, Eine kleine Nachtmusik. The musical includes the popular song \"Send in the Clowns\".", "Notable for some of the most famous songs in musical theater, such as \"Tonight,\" \"America\" and \"I Feel Pretty\", with music by Leonard Bernstein and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim . The movie adaptation, directed by Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins and starring Natalie Wood as Maria, won a whopping 10 Academy Awards , including Best Picture.", "A Little Night Music opened on Broadway at the Shubert Theatre on February 25, 1973, and closed on August 3, 1974, after 601 performances and 12 previews. It moved to the Majestic Theatre on September 17, 1973, where it completed its run. It was directed by Harold Prince with choreography by Patricia Birch and design by Boris Aronson. The cast included Glynis Johns (Desiree Armfeldt), Len Cariou (Fredrik Egerman), Hermione Gingold (Madame Armfeldt), Victoria Mallory (Anne Egerman), Judith Kahan (Fredrika Armfeldt), Mark Lambert (Henrik Egerman), Laurence Guittard (Carl-Magnus Malcolm), Patricia Elliott (Charlotte Malcolm), George Lee Andrews (Frid), and D. Jamin Bartlett (Petra). It won the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award and the Tony Award for Best Musical.", "While Little Shop composer Alan Menken and lyricist/book writer Howard Ashman found worldwide fame and won multiple Academy Awards for their scores for the films The Little Mermaid, Beauty and the Beast and Aladdin, their first success came when they decided to make a musical spoof of the Roger Corman 1960 sci-fi/horror filled, B-movie Little Shop of Horrors. In 1982 the show premiered Off Broadway and became a smash hit, running for five years. A semi-successful 1986 film version followed, featuring Rick Moranis and Steve Martin, and the musical is a continual favorite of regional theatres due to Menken's upbeat tunes, the fun characters, Ashman's charming and humorous book, and the overall quirky nature of the show. It's a black comedy musical with a big heart, big laughs, big toe-tapping songs and an even bigger plant as the star.", "This musical contains one of the most loved and respected scores ever written by Rodgers & Hammerstein. Such fun songs like “I Whistle A Happy Tune” and “Getting To Know You” are implanted into minds of generations along with the beautifully enchanting ballads such as “Hello, Young Lovers” and “We Kiss In a Shadow” and “I Have Dreamed.” The cast mostly of Asian-Americans featured strong vocals especially from Erik Kaiko, Jillian Anne Jackson and Kate Garassino.", "This is the musical which gave Gordon MacRae his greatest solo song, namely the 7 minutes long \"Soliloquy\", in which Billy the circus barker speculates about his unborn child, first with bluster and pride if it is a boy, and then with insecurity and despair if it is a girl he can't buy things for. Billy, as we have seen in the opening sequence of the film, is telling his story to one of the angels in heaven, where he has gone after a violent and premature death. So we see his tale unfold, as he meets pretty little Julie Jordan (Shirley Jones, excellent), marries her, and through fate and bad luck, gets separated from her.", "The musical opened off-Broadway at the Eden Theatre on June 21, 1969, transferred to the Belasco Theatre on February 17, 1971, and closed on August 12, 1972 after a total of 1,314 performances. It was directed by Jacques Levy (later the songwriting partner of Bob Dylan on his album Desire) and choreographed by Margo Sappington. The cast included Raina Barrett, Mark Dempsey, Katie Drew-Wilkinson, Boni Enten, Bill Macy, Alan Rachins, Leon Russom, Margo Sappington, Nancy Tribush and George Welbes, as well as the 3 \"Open Window\" composers.", "This brand-new musical production is an epic and emotionally charged retelling of the famous Victor Hugo love story of the beautiful gypsy girl Esmeralda, the scorned bell-ringer Quasimodo and the dashing Captain Phoebus, set in 15th century Paris. For the first time two masters of stage and screen, composer Alan Menken (The Little Mermaid, Beauty and the Beast, Newsies, Aladdin) and lyricist Stephen Schwartz (Wicked, Godspell, Pippin) join forces to adapt this time-honored story for the musical stage. The music's orchestral power and choral beauty, along with bold and dramatic theatrics create a powerful rendition of this timeless tale. ", "This versatile writer's fresh, humorous, well-crafted lyrics made his songs appealing to adults and children alike. Teamed with composer Alan Menken , Ashman did much to revive the American stage and screen musical in the late 20th Century. Their unsuccessful Off-Broadway project God Bless You Mr. Rosewater (1979) was followed by the ingenious spoof Little Shop of Horrors (1982), one of the highest grossing musicals in Off-Broadway history. The story of a man-eating plant attempting to take over the world from a dingy skid row flower shop, its tuneful score included the witty \"Somewhere That's Green\" and \"Suddenly Seymour.\" The 1986 movie version brought the team their first Oscar nomination for the added song \"I'm a Mean Green Mother From Outer Space.\"", "The bittersweet story of a young girl who falls in love with a carousel barker, adapted from the play Liliom by Hungarian-Jewish playwright Ferenc Molnar, is considered the finest musical of the 20th century. It features such unforgettable songs as \"June is bustin\" out all over\"If I loved You\" and \"Youגll never walk alone", "Directed by Robert Wise. Cast: Julie Andrews, Christopher Plummer, Richard Haydn, Peggy Wood, Eleanor Parker. Based on the musical by Richard Rodgers with lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II and book by Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse. A young girl named Maria is uncertain about her decision to enter a religious order. While deciding what to do, she becomes the governess of the seven Von Trapp children who live with their widowed father, a former captain in the Austrian navy. Disc 1. Feature film (175 min.). Running commentary by Robert Wise. Disc 2. Supplemental. Original 1965 documentary Salzburg sight and sound (36 min.) -- Documentary : The sound of music : from fact to phenomenon with cast interviews, rare music outtakes, photos and more (87 min.) -- Audio supplement by Ernest Lehman (36 min.) -- Interviews with Julie Andrews and Robert Wise -- DVD-ROM games and links to fan site -- Storyboards, sketches, production stills, theatrical trailers, radio and TV spots. 175 min. DVD 456; VHS 999:767:1&2", "Singer Maureen McGovern gets above-the-title billing for the Broadway musical “Little Women,” adapted from Louisa May Alcott’s 19th-century novel by composer Jason Howland, book-writer Allan Knee and librettist Mindi Dickstein.", "The Scarlet Pimpernel (1997), a 1997 Broadway musical composed by Frank Wildhorn and written by Nan Knighton . The production starred Douglas Sills as Sir Percy Blakeney, Christine Andreas as Marguerite Blakeney, and Terrence Mann as Citizen Chauvelin.", "The Sound of Music, with music by Richard Rodgers, lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II, and a book by Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse, opened on Broadway at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre on November 16, 1959, and starred Mary Martin as Maria and Theodore Bikel as Captain von Trapp.", "6. Louisa May Alcott's semi-autobiographical \"Little Women\" got the musical treatment as well. The show went through 55 previews before finally premiering at the Virginia Theatre on Broadway in 2005. Unfortunately, the reviews and reception were not positive and after 137 performances, Marmie, Meg, Jo, Beth, and Amy sang no more.", "The world premiere of this exciting musical opened to mixed reviews at the Theatre Royal Drury Lane. Based on the John Updike novel and the film of the same name, this musical by Dana P Rowe and John Dempsy was led by Maria Friedman, Joanna Riding and Lucie Arnaz as the three witches. The production later downsized to the Prince of Wales Theatre where it closed in October 2001.", "TUESDAY 4JAN A Little Night Music Lavish film version of the stage musical, which was in turn based on the Ingmar Bergman film Smiles of a Summer Night. Stephen Sondheim's score includes the hit Send in the Clowns, rendered here by Elizabeth Taylor. 1977", "78 Which musical features the songs “The Simple Joys Of Maidenhood” and “How To Handle A Woman”?", "The Harvey Girls (1946).  Not much of a western, but it is set in the southwest as the railroads extended into that part of the country.  And what list of musicals would be complete without Judy Garland somewhere on it?", "This followed much publicity after the show's star, Maria Friedman, who had created the role of Marian Halcombe in the original London production, was diagnosed with breast cancer during previews. She underwent treatment and returned for the Broadway premiere. Lisa Brescia performed the lead role during Friedman's several absences on Broadway. Judy Kuhn was announced to fill in for Friedman starting on 12 February 2006, but, since the show closed on 19 February, those plans changed and Friedman stayed until the closing. ", "\"Ten Little Bullets\" was originally Gavroche's death song, but the Dark Reprise of \"Little People\" supplanted it. It was reinstated in the 2006 Broadway revival.", "The production features the classic music and lyrics of Cole Porter and book by Arthur Kopit. The cast includes Grace Gonglewski as Margaret Lord, Alex Gwynn and Cambria Klein as Dinah Lord, Megan Nicole Arnoldy as Tracy Lord, Dan Schiff as Uncle Willie, Paul Schaefer as Dexter Haven, Ben Dibble as Mike Connor, Jenny Lee Stern as Liz Imbrie, Jon Reinhold as George Kittredge, and Dan Olmstead as Seth Lord. Frank Anzalone directs.", "After Hammerstein's death in 1960, Rodgers wrote both words and music for his first new Broadway project No Strings (1962, which earned two Tony Awards). The show was a minor hit and featured the song, \"The Sweetest Sounds\".", "ISBN 0881882062. With vocal melody, piano accompaniment, lyrics, chord names and black & white photos. Broadway and Movies. 9x12 inches.", "\"I Want the Good Times Back\" from the Broadway adaptation is both an \"I Want\" Song and a Villain Song . Ditto its post-Broadway replacement, \"Daddy's Little Angel\"." ]

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[ "Sunday, January 9, 1972. :   Former ocean liner, the Queen Elizabeth, is destroyed by fire in Hong Kong harbour.", "Sunday, January 9, 1972. :�� Former ocean liner, the Queen Elizabeth, is destroyed by fire in Hong Kong harbour.", "On Jan. 9, 1972, the British ocean liner Queen Elizabeth burst into flames and sank in Victoria Harbour. Although the fires were determined to be the work of arsonists, no one has ever been charged with the crime.", "In 1968, the Queen Elizabeth was sold to a group of US businessmen who planned to develop the ship into a hotel and tourist attraction. Generating huge debts and forced to close after being declared a fire hazard, it was sold in 1970 to C W Tung, a Taiwanese shipping tycoon, who intended to transform it into a mobile, floating university. Renamed the Seawise University, the ship was destroyed by fire on 9 January 1972, in Hong Kong harbour. The wreck sank to the bottom of the harbour, where it remains today.", "The ship was completely destroyed by the fire, and the water sprayed on her by fireboats caused the burnt wreck to capsize and sink in Hong Kong Victoria Harbour. [18] The vessel was finally declared a shipping hazard and dismantled for scrap between 1974 and 1975. Portions of the hull that were not salvaged were left at the bottom of the bay. The keel and boilers remained at the bottom of the harbour and the area was marked as \"Foul\" on local sea charts warning ships not to try to anchor there. It is estimated that around 40–50% of the wreck was still on the seabed. In the late 1990s, the final remains of the wreck were buried during land reclamation for the construction of Container Terminal 9 . [19] Position of wreck: Script error [1] The Queen Elizabeth held the title of \"largest passenger shipwreck\" until the Costa Concordia disaster in 2012.", "A year later, in January 1973, the old QUEEN ELIZABETH still lay in the harbour at Hong Kong, a burnt out hulk lying on her starboard side. Oil was gradually seeping from her ruptured fuel tanks and an inflated boom was floated round the hulk to contain it. Over 3,000 tons had to be pumped out eventually at a cost of £140,000 to Mr Tung. In December 1974 the decision was taken to scrap the remains of the QUEEN ELIZABETH. The hull was cut into sections of up to 250 tons each and, in all, some 45,000 tons of metal were lifted from the wreck. The remainder, lying on the harbour bed, was blown up as the wreck was a hazard to navigation.", "In 1974, Queen Elizabeth briefly appeared in the James Bond-movie 'The Man with the Golden Gun', where she served as the secret Hong Kong headquarters of the MI6. Filmed in 1973, the Queen Elizabeth had already been removed from Hong Kong harbour by a Japanese scrap firm at the time of the film's premiere in late 1974. So ended the glorious days of the Queen Elizabeth, the largest passenger vessel for 57 years, not surpassed until the arrival of the Carnival cruise ship Destiny at 101,000 tons in 1997. She was also the ship on which my wife and I (Rodney Hall) honeymooned in 1966!", "In 1968, Queen Elizabeth was sold to a group of Philadelphia businessmen from a company called The Queen Corporation (which was 85% owned by Cunard and 15% by them), at the same time the ships name was also altered as Cunard removed the word “Queen” from the bows and stern. The new company intended to operate the ship as a hotel and tourist attraction in Port Everglades, Florida, similar to the use of Queen Mary in Long Beach, California. Losing money and forced to close after being declared a fire hazard, the ship was sold at auction in 1970 to Hong Kong tycoon C.Y. Tung.", "The youngest Cunard Line ship, Queen Elizabeth, left, visits the Queen Mary, in Long Beach (Calif.) Harbor on March 12, 2013. The Queen Mary was built by Cunard in 1947 and retired in 1967. The Queen Mary, now a permanently berthed, is a hotel and special events venue. The two ships exchanged whistle blows. Photo by Jeff Gritchen / Los Angeles Newspaper Group", "The great liner, the RMS Queen Elizabeth made her rather sad and final Atlantic crossing from Southampton to", "In 1968, Queen Elizabeth was sold to a group of American businessmen from a company called The Queen Corporation (which was 85% owned by Cunard and 15% by them), at the same time the ship's name was also altered as Cunard removed the word \"Queen\" from the bow and stern. The new company intended to operate the ship as a hotel and tourist attraction in Port Everglades, Florida, similar to the use of Queen Mary in Long Beach, California. The Elizabeth, as it was now called, actually opened to tourists before the Queen Mary (which opened in 1971) but it was not to last. The climate of southern Florida was much harder on the Queen Elizabeth than the climate of southern California was on the Queen Mary. Losing money and forced to close after being declared a fire hazard, the ship was sold at auction in 1970 to Hong Kong tycoon C.Y. Tung.", "It's hardly the done thing these days for a great lady to be a heavy smoker,  so here's one last look at the QUEEN ELIZABETH 2 as she sometimes used to be!   In this instance the photograph was taken after the liner had completed her post-Falklands refit which included the short-lived painting of her hull in pebble grey.   The scene is unlikely to be repeated as the QE2 was shortly after re-engined with diesel-electric machinery during a 29 million pound refit at the Lloyd Werft,  Bremerhaven shipyard.   The refitted Cunarder returned to Southampton for a liner voyage to New York,  sailing on April 29th 1987.", "She was retired from service in November 1968, and was sold to a succession of buyers, most of whom had adventurous and unsuccessful plans for her. Finally she was sold to a Hong Kong businessmen who intended to convert her into a floating University cruise ship. In 1972 whilst undergoing renovations in Hong Kong harbor, she set on fire and capsized. In 1973, her wreck was deemed an obstruction, and she was scrapped where she lay.", "            1972 – At one time the Queen Elizabeth1 was the largest passenger liner in the world (this was before the incredibly ugly floating people factories known as cruise ships appeared on the scene) and on this day it caught fire and burned to unsalvageable wreckage in", "For more than a century and a half, Cunard dominated the Atlantic passenger trade and was one of the world's most important companies, with the majority of their liners being built at the John Brown Shipyard in Clydebank, Scotland. Today the Line still operates two classic passenger liners the RMS QUEEN ELIZABETH II and the RMS QUEEN MARY II.", "    The Queen Elizabeth was sold to a Hong Kong business tycoon and was to become the floating university Seawise University. Sadly, she suffered from the same tragic end as the Normandie when she, almost completed, caught fire and was capsized by water-pumping firemen. She remained on the spot and was scrapped in 1973.", "On September 19, 1967 the symbol of British maritime supremacy would make her 1001 Atlantic crossing and would retire from passenger service. On October 31, 1967 the Queen Mary would set out on her farewell cruise to Long Beach, California. Dubbed �The Last Great Cruise� the Queen would sail from Southampton with calls at Lisbon, Las Palmas, Rio de Janeiro, Valparaiso, Callao, Balboa, and Acapulco, arriving in Long Beach on December 11, 1967 where the City of Long Beach would take over as official owners. Four years was spent refitting the Queen Mary and on May 10, 1971 she officialy opened to the public as a hotel, maritime museum, and convention center.", "It was eventually decided to send the QUEEN ELIZABETH to Canada for drydocking at Esquimalt. (The Singapore facility was no longer available). A large amount of tropical growth that was fouling the liner's bottom plates needed to be removed: it was estimated that the growth reduced her speed by two knots or more. Two stops would be required for refuelling and watering. The first was New Zealand and the second was Nuku Hiva in the Marquesas Group of islands.", "RMS Titanic was a British passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean in the early morning of 15 April 1912, after colliding with an iceberg during her maiden voyage from Southampton, UK, to New York City, US. The sinking resulted in the deaths of more than 1,500 passengers and crew, making it one of the deadliest commercial peacetime maritime disasters in modern history. The RMS Titanic, the largest ship afloat at the time it entered service, was the second of three Olympic class ocean liners operated by the White Star Line, and was built by the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast, with Thomas Andrews as her naval architect. Andrews was among those who died in the sinking. On her maiden voyage, she carried 2,224 passengers and crew.", "Over the next few months Mr C.Y. Tung's great ship was reconditioned and converted into the ship of his dreams. The new fire regulations (that Cunard had not been able to afford) were incorporated, bringing the ship into line with the stringent standards required by the United States. Two thousand men were ferried out daily to work on the SEAWISE UNIVERSITY as she lay at anchor off Hong Kong. By New Year's Day 1972 the liner floated resplendent in her new livery of white hull and orange funnels, with the legend 'Orient Overseas Line' emblazoned along each side of her hull. All twelve boilers had been reconditioned and her four engines thoroughly overhauled. All that required to be done was drydocking in Japan.", "Like a Greek tragedy the tale of woe gathered force. Recently introduced legislation by the International Maritime Commission also influenced the board's decision. The Americans demanded that the QUEEN ELIZABETH be brought up to the new standards of fire protection which would have to include the fitting of additional fire sprinklers and the boxing-in of stairways that could otherwise act as deadly draught tunnels in the event of fire. The work, Cunard estimated, would cost £750,000. However, U.S. legislators had another surprise up their sleeve. When Cunard requested that the Americans send over an inspector to approve the improvement work as it progressed, the authorities declined. The Americans wanted the work to be completed and then for the 'Elizabeth' to sail over to New York for inspection prior to approval and certification. This would mean an expensive 'light' voyage to New York and, if the inspection failed, an equally expensive 'light' return trip back to the U.K. The prospect to Cunard was just too daunting, and contributed greatly to the decision to dispose of the QUEEN ELIZABETH.", "The 1970s economic situation in Britain saw costs escalating, with funding limited by the MPTE, which was embarking on an expensive operation to construct the Merseyrail \"Liverpool Loop\" extension. Compounded with the opening of the Kingsway road tunnel on 28 June 1971 and a further decline in passenger numbers (only 4,000-5,000 a day), the future of the service was uncertain. It was sentimental, rather than economical grounds which resulted in the retention of the ferries, after much public protest to keep them. However, service frequency was reduced, with ferry fares being linked to bus and rail fares. During this period, maintenance on the ferries was limited considerably, with the Woodchurch being laid up as a salvage for parts for Mountwood and Overchurch. At this time, the large brass helm from Overchurch was damaged and was replaced by that from Woodchurch. After the damaged helm was repaired, it was placed on Woodchurch. This has remained the case, even after both vessels were extensively rebuilt.", "In common with most of the luxury liners of the time, the RMS Titanic sailed from here, and it is still an important ocean liner port frequented by luxury ships such as the RMS QE2, the MV Oriana, and most recently the Queen Mary 2. A memorial to the engineers of the Titanic may be found in Andrews Park, on Above Bar Street. There is a memorial to the musicians who played on the Titanic just opposite the main memorial. Also, the Maritime museum in Wool Hall includes an exhibition related to the vessel.", "30 June 1900 - Fire destroys the docks in Hoboken, NJ of the North German Lloyd and Hamburg American steamship companies; ocean liners, other ships, and 145 lives are lost.", "Although a great deal of the Grand ex RMS Queen Elizabeth was scrapped and removed, a remnant did remain and you may ask Where is the that part of wreckage today? The following is from the", "RMS Atlantic was a transatlantic ocean liner of the White Star Line that operated between Liverpool, United Kingdom, and New York City, United States. During the ship's 19th voyage, on 1 April 1873, it ran onto rocks and sank off the coast of Nova Scotia, killing at least 535 people. It remained the deadliest civilian maritime disaster in the Northern Atlantic until the sinking of on 2 July 1898 and the greatest disaster for the White Star Line prior to the loss of 39 years later.", "A combination of sun and storm clouds enhance this view of Cunard's VISTAFJORD.   This medium size vessel of 24,492 grt was built in 1973.   Picture taken at Leith docks near Edinburgh.", "On the morning of 21 May 2007 the Cutty Sark, which had been closed and partly dismantled for conservation work, caught fire, and burned for several hours before the London Fire Brigade could bring the fire under control. Initial reports indicated that that damage was extensive, with most of the wooden structure in the centre having been lost.", "On the morning of May 21, 2007 the Cutty Sark, which had been closed and partly dismantled for conservation work, caught fire, and burned for several hours before the London Fire Brigade could bring the fire under control. Initial reports indicated that the damage was extensive, with most of the wooden structure in the centre having been lost.", "On the morning of May 21, 2007 the Cutty Sark, which had been closed and partly dismantled for conservation work, caught fire, and burned for several hours before the London Fire Brigade could bring the fire under control. Initial reports indicated that that damage was extensive, with most of the wooden structure in the centre having been lost.", "June 12 - SINGAPORE - The MV APL Emerald, a  40.077            ton container ship, spilled about 150 tonnes of fuel oil when  it ran            aground near Horsburgh Lighthouse, in the eastern approaches  of the            Singapore Straits. Six anti-pollution craft were involved in  the clean-up,            and oil booms have been laid around the vessel to contain the  spill,            which has since been contained. The authorities said there was  no chance            of any fuel reaching Singapore's shores, about 46km away.", "June 12 - SINGAPORE - The MV APL Emerald, a 40.077 ton container ship, spilled about 150 tonnes of fuel oil when it ran aground near Horsburgh Lighthouse, in the eastern approaches of the Singapore Straits. Six anti-pollution craft were involved in the clean-up, and oil booms have been laid around the vessel to contain the spill, which has since been contained. The authorities said there was no chance of any fuel reaching Singapore's shores, about 46km away." ]

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[ "TRIVIA NOTE: On the NBC produced episodes, Columbo's dog was originally called Fang. The spin-off series KATE LOVES A MYSTERY (MRS. COLUMBO)/NBC/1979 featured the wife of Detective Columbo, Kate Columbo (Kate Mulgrew) who owned a lazy basset hound dog named Whitefang.", "Dog was owned by Lt. Columbo (Peter Falk), a seemingly incompetent homicide detective who always got his man. The choice of a droopy-eared basset hound perfectly matched the disheveled police officer who wore a dirty raincoat, drove a disheveled Peugeot and smoked cigars.", "Columbo holds the ball in \"Étude in Black\" where he leaves his new Basset Hound dog in his car (at night) with the windows up. A girl with her own dog chews him out for his ignorance , but Columbo is at least thankful for the advice for his first dog.", "The crumpled mac-wearing 'tec Columbo was sometimes accompanied by his faithful (if ironically named)Bassett hound, Fang but often he would charm his suspect by telling them \"Mrs Columbo is one of your biggest fans...\" Stories of Columbo's unseen wife would sometimes be used by the canny cop to wrong foot the suspect into a confession. If nothing else we can be sure Mrs Columbo has a wide range of interests with music, wine, literature and architecture being chief among them.", "A lieutenant in the Los Angeles Police Department, Columbo was a comic variation on the traditional fictional detective. With the keen mind of Sherlock Holmes and Philip Marlowe, he was cast in the mold of neither — not a gentleman scholar, not a tough guy. He was instead a mass of quirks and peculiarities, a seemingly distracted figure in a rumpled raincoat, perpetually patting his pockets for a light for his signature stogie.", "The Pomeranian (often known as a Pom or Pom Pom) is a breed of dog of the Spitz type, named for the Pomerania region in Central Europe (today part of northern Poland and eastern Germany). The breed has been made popular by a number of royal owners since the 18th century. Queen Victoria owned a particularly small Pomeranian. They are small dogs weighing 1.9–3.5 kilograms (4.2–7.7 lb) and standing 5.0–11 inches (13–28 cm) high at the withers. They are typically friendly, playful and lively but are often aggressive to other dogs. They are alert and aware of changes in their environment and barking at new stimuli can develop into a habit of barking excessively in any situation.", "The German shepherd is an obedient and loyal breed of herding dog recognized all over the world for its courage, trainability, intelligence, and adaptability. Until the 1970s the breed was known as the Alsatian in the United Kingdom. The dog’s coat consists of coarse, medium-long outer hair and shorter, dense inner hair that ranges in color from white or pale gray to black and is often gray and black or black and tan. The ears are large, erect, and slightly pointed at the tip. The eyes are dark, almond-shaped, and deep-set. The tail is long, slightly bushy, and carried low, and it ends in a slight natural curve. The adult German shepherd stands 22-26 inches (56-66 centimeters) tall and weighs 75-95 pounds (34-43 kilograms). The dog is noted for its intelligence, alertness, and loyalty. The father of the breed was German breeder Max von Stephanitz, who developed the dog as a shepherd in Germany in the late 19th century. The German shepherd is also immensely capable as a police dog, search-and-rescue dog, military dog, watchdog, and companion to the blind and disabled. A famous member of this breed was film star Rin Tin Tin, who appeared in some two dozen movies in the 1920s (his descendants continued his film work, starring in movies and a television series).", "HERBERT HOOVER – Herbert Hoover owned many different breeds of dog. Strangely, he also owned two crocodiles. His Eskimo dog was named Yukonian, and he also owned a Belgian shepherd named King Tut. Other dogs included Pat the German shepherd, Big Ben and Sonnie, two fox terriers, Glen the Scotch collie, and Patrick the Irish wolfhound.", "Certain types of collie (for example Rough Collies , Smooth Collies , Shetland Sheepdogs and some strains of Border Collie and other breeds) have been bred as pet and show dogs for many generations. These types have proved to be highly trainable, gentle, loyal, and well suited as pets [5] [6] [7] . Their gentleness and devotion also make them quite compatible with children. They are often more suitable as companions than as watch dogs, though the individual personalities of these dogs vary. The temperament of these breeds has featured in literature, film and popular television programmes. The novels of Albert Payson Terhune celebrated the temperament and companionship of collies and were very popular in the United States during the 1920s and 1930s. More famously, the temperament and intelligence of the Rough Collie was exaggerated to mythic proportions in the character Lassie which has been the subject of many films, books and television shows from 1938 to the present.", "*Beauregard Bugleboy: A hound dog of undetermined breed; scion of the Cat Bait fortune and occasional Keystone Cops-attired constable and Fire Brigade chief. He sees himself as a noble, romantic figure, often given to flights of oratory while narrating his own heroic deeds (in the third person). He periodically appears with \"blunked out\" eyes playing \"Sandy\" —alongside Pogo or Albert when they don a curly wig, impersonating \"Li'l Arf an' Nonny,\" (a.k.a. \"Lulu Arfin' Nanny,\" Kelly's recurring parody of Little Orphan Annie). Beauregard also occasionally dons a trench coat and fedora, and squints his eyes and juts out his jaw when impersonating a detective in the style of Dick Tracy. However, his more familiar attire is a simple dog collar — or in later strips, a striped turtleneck sweater and fez. His canine revision of Kelly's annual Christmas burlesque, Deck Us All with Boston Charlie, emerges as \"Bark Us All Bow-wows of Folly,\" although he can't get anyone else to sing it that way. Usually just called \"Beauregard\" or \"ol' Houn' Dog,\" his full name is Beauregard Chaulmoogra Frontenac de Montmingle Bugleboy.", "*Bandit is the name of Jonny's pet, a small white dog. He has been so named because his eyes have a black, mask-like coloration around them. This coloration is occasionally instrumental in foiling antagonists. Bandit is unique among his fellow Hanna-Barbera dogs (such as Scooby-Doo, Huckleberry Hound, and Hong Kong Phooey), as he is a regular non-anthropomorphic dog. Still, he seems uncannily able to understand human speech and is capable of complex facial expressions. Don Messick provided Bandit's vocal effects, which were combined with an archived clip of an actual dog barking. Creator Doug Wildey wanted to have a monkey as Jonny's pet, but he was overruled by Hanna-Barbera. Wildey has also said that Bandit was intended to be a bulldog. However, Bandit does not actually conform to any breed standard. His tail is too long for any bulldog variant. He is too small to be an English Bulldog, unless he remains a puppy throughout the series. His ears are floppy, so he does not conform to the breed standard for a French Bulldog. In many ways he resembles a pug, except that pugs have a distinctive curved tail.", "* Vic Tayback as Carface Caruthers, a shifty, psychotic mixed American Pit Bull Terrier/Bulldog gangster. This was Tayback's final role before his death on May 25, 1990. For All Dogs Go To Heaven 2, All Dogs Go to Heaven: The Series and An All Dogs Christmas Carol, Ernest Borgnine took the role.", "You may recognize this mug. The Dogue de Bordeaux was the breed of dog that starred across from Tom Hanks in the film 'Turner and Hooch.' (Photo: otsphoto/Shutterstock)", "Bumbling, unassuming, the man in the mac, Columbo is the most underestimated detective on the beat, but that doesn't stop him from being a genius powerhouse who ALWAYS get his man. Created by William Link and Richard Levinson and first broadcast in the 1970s, Columbo was unusual in that the whole crime is played out in front the audience before the good Lieutenant even appears on the scene, allowing us to watch as the murderer unravels at the hand of the politely relentless detective constantly asking just one more thing.", "8. Born in 1893, a Border Collie named Old Hemp was famous for his ability to make sheep respond to his actions and is the ancestor of many of today’s sheepdogs. Wiston Cap (born 1963) can also be traced in the bloodlines of many modern collies.", "One of the most trainable breeds, the Border Collie also serves well as a narcotics and bomb detection dog and is a frequent high performer in obedience, agility, Frisbee(TM) trials, police work, search & rescue, Flyball, performing tricks, and competitive obedience.", "Feller “the unwanted dog” (adopted by Truman's personal physician); Mike, an Irish setter (belonged to Margaret Truman)", "The Lassie character was featured in a book titled Lassie Come Home by Eric P. Knight. Knight's collie \"Tootsie\" was the inspiration for the book, which was a collection of stories based on her and other collie legends he collected from talking to friends and neighbors. One such story was most likely the documented tale of \"Silverton Bobbie\", the Oregon collie who crossed the US to get to his owners. While the dogs who played Lassie on-screen were from AKC lines, the actual Tootsie looked nothing like them, although she did come from a collie breeder.", "The Border Collie is a working and herding dog breed developed in the Anglo-Scottish border region for herding livestock, especially sheep. It was specifically bred for intelligence and obedience.  In general, Border Collies are medium-sized dogs with a moderate amount of coat, which is often thick and frequently sheds.  Border Collies require considerable daily physical exercise and mental stimulation. The Border Collie is an intelligent dog breed;  in fact, it is widely considered to be the most intelligent dog breed. Although the primary role of the Border Collie is being a livestock herding dog, this type of breed is becoming increasingly popular as a pet.", "Collie is not a specific breed but is a distinctive type of herding dog, including many related landraces and formal breeds. It originates in Scotland and Northern England. It is a medium-sized, fairly lightly built dog with a pointed snout, and many types have a distinctive white pattern over the shoulders.", "The executives wanted Columbo to have a partner, a point that Levinson & Link fought against. The first attempt was Det. Wilson, a character that returned only one episode after the initial appearance many years later. They finally settled on Dog as the closest thing the character would have to a recurring partner.", "Heroics aside, the Collie is a medium-size (50 to 70 pounds) dog, easy to train, devoted to and protective of her family, and friendly with people outside the family circle as well. Known for being playful and gentle, she makes an excellent companion for children.", "Columbo was born and raised in New York City in a neighborhood near Chinatown . In the episode Murder Under Glass, he revealed that he ate more egg rolls than cannelloni in his childhood. The Columbo household included the future police officer's grandfather, parents, five brothers, one named George, and a sister. His brother-in-law is a lawyer . His father wore glasses and did the cooking when his mother was in the hospital having another baby. His grandfather \"was a tailgunner on a beer truck during Prohibition\" and let him stomp the grapes when they made wine in the cellar. He is Italian on both sides, though he professes to be \"the only Italian who can't sing\". Falk has stated during an interview on Inside the Actor's Studio that he wasn't truly sure how many relatives Columbo had aside from his wife.", "An episode of Pound Puppies , \"The Pups Who Loved Me\", revolves around a Basenji secret agent character by the name of Bondo. The dog is drawn with an appropriate likeness, but appears to bark, which is uncharacteristic of the breed.", "Question of the Day - The lovable Lassie was what type of Scottish dog breed? Collie", "The character of Columbo was created by William Link , who claimed that Columbo was partially inspired by Crime and Punishment character Porfiry Petrovich as well as G. K. Chesterton 's humble clerical detective Father Brown . Other sources claim Columbo's character is based on Inspector Fichet from the classic French suspense-thriller Les Diaboliques (1955) [3] .", "It's a cross between a border collie and an afghan and they are used for hunting?", "“Columbo” (1968-78, 89-2003) — Starring Peter Faulk, “Columbo” followed the exploits of a disheveled Los Angeles police department homicide detective. “Columbo” was different because the person who committed the crime was revealed early in the show. The remainder of the show was spent revealing how Columbo solved the crime. The intent of this style was to observe the way Columbo uncovered information and followed the clues that led him to the truth.", "The little dog, called �Trouble�, inherits $12 million after Helmsley's died. American press is calling Trouble, �The Greta Garbo of the canine�, because he has become the Number One kidnap target in the world and since his inheritance is living in getaway.", "The highly trained dogs that gourd “Robin’s Nest,” the home of Thomas Magnum, the hero of the hit 1980 TV series, Magnum, P.I. One of my favorite shows on the famous dog names list. Magnum drove a Ferrari 308 GTS. Loved that car.", "Fun Fact: This breed is the most recently recognized, coming into the breed family in 1964.", "   In 1962 the TV episode was remade into a stage play “Prescription Murder” which was adapted into a NBC TV Movie in 1968 starring Peter Falk. In 1971 the character returned in a NBC TV Movie called “Ransom For a Dead Man.” COLUMBO then became one of the rotating series in NBC MYSTERY MOVIE from 1971 until 1978. ABC brought back the cancelled series in 1989 for a series of TV Movies, first as part of ABC MYSTERY MOVIE (1989-1990) series, then as randomly scheduled TV Movies that lasted until 2003." ]

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[ "The new breed of Americans were virtuous, rugged individualists who were extremely hardworking, strongly believed in God, idealized family, loved the land they lived from, and were intensely loyal to the young nation where their freedoms allowed their pursuit of happiness. Stories of life on the frontier captivated folks back East, and were just in time for a new invention: the moving picture show (\"talkies\" would come much later, but one of the new \"movies,\" 1903's \"The Great Train Robbery,\" at only 10 minutes, is now called the first Western film).", "The western film genre was uniquely American and became popular in the early days of the cinema. The first major Western, a landmark film, was director James Cruze's epic pioneer saga filmed on-location, The Covered Wagon (1923), an authentic-looking 83 minute film advertised as \"the biggest thing the screen has had since The Birth of a Nation.\" Legendary director John Ford directed his first major film, a seminal Western titled The Iron Horse (1924), the sweeping tale of the construction of the first transcontinental railroad. The last film the old rugged Western hero, William S. Hart, appeared in was King Baggot's Tumbleweeds (1925). Famed cowboy actors, in addition to William S. Hart, included Tom Mix and Harry Carey.", "In the late 1800s entertainment acts such as Buffalo Bill Cody’s “Wild West Show” traveled the world, spreading the mystique of the Old West – of wild mustangs, guns and cattle. The end of an era was captured in the art of Frederic Remington and Charles Russell as they showcased cowboys on “buckin’ broncos,” Indians on painted ponies in full war regalia, and landscapes with wild mustangs and buffalo in great roving herds as they would never be seen live again. The first western movie was the silent film classic, “The Great Train Robbery” in 1903. Novels by Zane Grey and Louis L’Amour further immortalized this uniquely American experience. ", "it was the first 'true' western, but not the first actual western [Note: Edison's Cripple Creek Bar-Room Scene (1899) was probably the first western.]", "The American Mutoscope and Biograph Co. claimed to have made the first western one year before Porter's The Great Train Robbery (1903) . A few early westerns copyrighted by Biograph were the 21-minute long Kit Carson (1903) and the 15-minute The Pioneers (1903). The first western produced in the West was Biograph's A California Hold Up (1906). Note: The first sagebrush sagas were either shot on soundstages or made on the East Coast, until the wide expanse of the West opened up for on-location shoots.", "The western was among the first film genres, growing in status alongside the development of Hollywood's studio production system. There were only a few great silent westerns, although the best ones established some of the archetypes that are part of the genre even today. The earliest westerns (silent films without the sound of gunfire, horse's hoofbeats, and the cattle trail) are gems of American history. A few of the earliest western-like films were two shorts from Thomas Edison's Manufacturing Company:", "Hal Angus, of the original Essanay Film Manufacturing Company western unit, revisits the studio and location sites and reminisces about the early days between 1909-1916 when Gilbert M. Anderson produced and starred in hundreds of westerns. He points out that in the role of Broncho Billy, Gilbert Anderson created the prototype of the movie cowboy hero and established the format of the classic American movie western. 14 min. Video/C MM892", "The diligencia genre can be considered an ancestor of the film western, particular such examples as John Ford’s 1939 Stagecoach. (The Mexican title of which is, oddly enough, La Diligencia.) Thus the disorder of the Mexican outback was in fact the original Wild West. Its lawlessness is of great significance to Americans, because the background  of the western, in fiction and film — unpatrolled wilderness, distant towns, bandits around every mountain pass — is basically a legacy of the former Mexican rule. Or non-rule, rather. In this context Maximilian was the befuddled new sheriff, or dude from the East. He comes to town to bring civilization and order, and gets his hat shot off.", "The epic western is a subgenre of the western that emphasizes the story of the American Old West on a grand scale. Many epic westerns are commonly set during a turbulent time, especially a war, as in Sergio Leone's The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966), set during the American Civil War, or Sam Peckinpah's The Wild Bunch (1969), set during the Mexican Revolution. One of the grandest films in this genre is Leone's Once Upon a Time in the West (1968), which shows many operatic conflicts centered on control of a town while utilizing wide scale shots on Monument Valley locations against a broad running time. Other notable examples include The Iron Horse (1924), Duel in the Sun (1946), The Searchers (1956), Giant (1956), The Big Country (1958), Cimarron (1960), How the West Was Won (1962), Duck, You Sucker! (1971), Heaven's Gate (1980), Dances with Wolves (1990), The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford (2007), Django Unchained (2012), and The Revenant (2015).", "The American Film Institute defines western films as those \"set in the American West that embod[y] the spirit, the struggle and the demise of the new frontier.\" The term Western, used to describe a narrative film genre, appears to have originated with a July 1912 article in Motion Picture World Magazine. Most of the characteristics of Western films were part of 19th century popular Western fiction and were firmly in place before film became a popular art form. Western films commonly feature protagonists such as cowboys, gunslingers, and bounty hunters, who are often depicted as semi-nomadic wanderers who wear Stetson hats, bandannas, spurs, and buckskins, use revolvers or rifles as everyday tools of survival–and as a means to settle disputes using \"frontier justice\". Protagonists ride between dusty towns and cattle ranches on their trusty steeds.", "Warner Baxter won a Best Actor Academy Award as the Cisco Kid (\"the Robin Hood of the Old West\") in Fox-Movietone's In Old Arizona (1928/9), noted as the first sound Western produced by a major studio. [This was the film during which co-director Raoul Walsh lost an eye.] The Best Picture Academy Award winner in the 1930/31 ceremony was RKO's and Wesley Ruggles' Cimarron (1931), an epic tale based on Edna Ferber's tale of the Oklahoma Land Rush of 1889, with a young Irene Dunne and Richard Dix. The big-budget, somewhat dated film opened with a spectacular Oklahoma run sequence, requiring thousands of extras, herds of livestock, and dozens of cameramen for its success. [For many years, it was the only western ever to win the Best Picture honor - until two 90s winners: Dances with Wolves (1990) and Unforgiven (1992) .]", "The star of early Western movies. He made 336 films between 1910 and 1935, all but nine of them were silent films. He was Hollywood’s first Western megastar and is best known for define the genre for all cowboy actors who followed. Click picture to enter TOM MIX awesome web sight and read about his first horse Tony.", "American director Edwin S. Porter, chief of production at the Edison studio, helped to shift film production toward narrative story telling, with this quintessential western tale. It is often credited as the first modern narrative motion picture.", "Tom Mix (1880-1940) (a prototypical western action hero with a wholesome screen persona, fancy cowboy outfits, and his horse Tony the Wonder Horse, a prominent star for Fox films), he often produced and directed his own films. He was known as the first western superstar, and first appeared as Bronco Buster in Selig Polyscope's Ranch Life in the Great Southwest (1910), and then in many others (for Selig and later for Fox), including The Man From Texas (1915) and The Heart of Texas Ryan (1916), and later in such expensive features as Fox's Riders of the Purple Sage (1925) (from Zane Grey's 1912 melodrama of the same name) and The Great K & A Train Robbery (1926). Mix was an accomplished rodeo horseman/cowboy who performed most of his own stunts", "This film was one of the first Westerns to portray a bad man as somebody the audience can identify with, leading to the Spaghetti westerns of Sergio Leone.", "TOM MIX (1880-1940; born Thomas Hezikiah Mix) was an American film actor and the star of many early Western movies. He made a reported 336 films between 1910 and 1935, all but nine of which were silent features. He was Hollywood's first Western megastar and is noted as having defined the genre for all cowboy actors who followed.", "Much as I pride myself on my knowledge of film trivia, I had no idea this man was the first GIANT cowboy star and pretty much the father of western films as we know them. For me, the first cowboy star whose film work I saw on television was Roy Rogers. I have since learned that long before there was Roy Rogers and Trigger, there was Tom Mix and his wonder horse, Tony.", "The show was the first western filmed for television and a pioneer in its field. Until it came along, television cowboy programs consisted merely of segments cut from feature films.", "In The Virginian (1929) , one of the earliest Western talkies, Gary Cooper (as the Virginian) gave a famous taunting line to bad guy Trampas (Walter Huston) at the saloon's bar. At the start of the heated exchange, Trampas challenged the Virginian:", "Celebrates the American West as it was recorded and imagined in the first decades of motion pictures. Brings together silent and early sound films--narrative shorts and features, documentaries, promotional films, newsreel stories, and travelogues--showcasing the American West as it was recorded and imagined from 1898 to 1938.", "The Treasure of the Sierra Madre is a 1948 American dramatic adventurous neo-western with elements of Film Noir, written and directed by John Huston. It is a feature film adaptation of B. Traven's 1927 novel of the same name, about two financially desperate Americans, Fred C. Dobbs (Humphrey Bogart) and Bob Curtin (Tim Holt), who in the 1920s join initially reluctant old-timer Howard (Walter Huston, the director's father) in Mexico to prospect for gold. The Treasure of the Sierra Madre was one of the first Hollywood films to be filmed on location outside the United States (in the state of Durango and street scenes in Tampico, Mexico), although many scenes were fil ... (展开) med back in the studio and elsewhere in the US. The film is quite faithful to the source novel. In 1990, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\".", "One of Eastwood's finest outings to date, an elegiac western that ironically undermines the conventions of the genre, only to deliver a finale as legendary as the shootout at the O.K. Corral. Wyoming, the 1880s. William Munny (Clint Eastwood) is a former murderer who, transformed by the love of a good woman, gave up a life of indiscriminate killing to raise a family and try his hand at pig farming. With his wife now dead and his farm a failure,", "The film's credits, accompanied by the \"High Noon\" title song, play atop a scene of desperadoes gathering on the outskirts of a town. On a blazing summer morning [probably between 1870 and 1880], the three gang members have converged on the small, quiet, arid western town of Hadleyville (population about four hundred). The gunslingers ride by the town's church (one of the town's many seemingly respectable, stable, and supportive institutions), where Sunday morning church bells are pealing as a signal to worship. They are ominously recognized by an old Spanish woman who crosses herself, a fireman, and other townsfolk outside the Ramirez Saloon. One of the three, Ben Miller (Sheb Woolley), rides his unbridled horse uncontrollably toward a sign reading \"MARSHAL\" - a foreshadowing of the film's conflict.", "Generally, a Western is essentially set West of the Mississippi River from the early 1800s through about 1915. It is about conflict and confrontation, wars waged on an individual basis---people overcoming deadly obstacles in the form of other people, creative individualism opposing grouped forces that seek to thwart a person's individualism. Protagonists and antagonists can be on either side of the law, and of any race, white, red, yellow, black or brown, depending on the narrative set-up.", "The son of a lumberman, Tom Mix joined the army as a young man and was an artillery sergeant during the Philippine campaign from 1898 to 1901, though he never saw action. In fact, Mix deserted from the army and carefully kept the facts about his military service a closely guarded secret. About 1903 he was drum major with the Oklahoma Cavalry Band, playing in the St. Louis World's Fair. In 1904 he was a bartender and sheriff/marshal in Dewey, Oklahoma. He was in a series of Wild West shows, such as The Miller Bros. Wild West Show, from 1906-1909; the Widerman show in Amarillo, Texas; with wife Olive Mix in Seattle's Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition; and Will A. Dickey's Circle D Ranch. The latter supplied Selig Pictures with cowboys and Indians for movies and, in 1910, Mix was hired by Selig to provide and handle horses. His first movie was Ranch Life in the Great Southwest (1910). He continued with Selig until 1917, writing and directing as well as acting. He was signed by Fox Films in 1917 and remained with them until 1928, averaging five or so films a year. His popularity eclipsed all other great cowboy stars ( Hoot Gibson and even the legendary William S. Hart ) of the silent era and he earned--and spent--millions.", "The Treasure of the Sierra Madre is a 1948 American dramatic adventurous neo-western written and directed by John Huston. It is a feature film adaptation of B. Traven's 1927 novel of the same name, about two financially desperate Americans, Fred C. Dobbs (Humphrey Bogart) and Bob Curtin (Tim Holt), who in the 1920s join initially reluctant old-timer Howard (Walter Huston, the director's father) in Mexico to prospect for gold. ", "Early recruits included Tom Mix, who after winning the 1909 National Riding and Rodeo Championship, worked for the Selig Polyscope Company in Edendale. Mix made his first appearance in The Cowboy Millionaire in October 1909, and then as himself in the short documentary film titled Ranch Life in the Great Southwest in which he displayed his skills as a cattle wrangler. Mix eventually performed in over 160 cowboy matinee movies during the 1920s, and is considered by many as the first matinee cowboy idol.", "The Treasure of the Sierra Madre is a 1948 American film written and directed by John Huston, a feature film adaptation of B. Traven's 1927 novel of the same name, in which two impecunious Americans Fred C. Dobbs (Humphrey Bogart) and Bob Curtin (Tim Holt) during the 1920s in Mexico join with an old-timer, Howard (Walter Huston, the director's father), to prospect for gold. The old-timer accurately predicts trouble, but is willing to go anyway.The Treasure of the Sierra Madre was one of the first Hollywood films to be filmed almost entirely on location outside the United States (in the state of Durango and street scenes in Tampico, Mexico), although the night scenes were filmed back in the studio. The film is quite faithful to the novel. In 1990, this film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\".", "But out of all the commotion of new towns, new riches, and new hopes come riding the first organized system of crime, the Cowboys; identifiable by the red sashes around their waistline. The film commences with the wily bandits wreaking havoc on a small Arizonan pueblo just outside of Tombstone where the surprise visit of Curly Bill (Powers Boothe) and his gang means anything but a bright day for the newly married couple who tragically crosses their paths. Taking the initiative to make himself an authority, Curly Bill begins to ride from town to town wreaking havoc in the name of 'righteous power'.", "This is the context in which the three gringos band together in a small Mexican town and set out to strike it rich in the remote Sierra Madre mountains. They ride a train into the hinterlands, surviving a bandit attack en route. Once out in the desert, Howard, the old-timer of the group, quickly proves to be by far the toughest and most knowledgeable; he is the one to discover the gold they are seeking. A mine is dug, and much gold is extracted. Greed soon sets in and Dobbs (Humphrey Bogart) begins to lose both his trust and his sanity, lusting to possess the entire treasure. Dobbs is also paranoid that he will be killed by his partners. At this time a fourth American shows up, which sets up a moral debate about what to do with the new stranger. The bandits then reappear, pretending, very crudely, to be Federales, which leads to the now-iconic line about not needing to show any \"stinking badges\". After a gunfight, and the fourth American is killed, a real troop of Federales appear and drive the bandits away.", "So, what happened out in the West during those 150 years after Independence that was worth creating a separate genre of American film to chronicle?", "The film is known for Leone's use of long shots and close-up cinematography, as well as his distinctive use of violence, tension, and stylistic gunfights. The plot revolves around three gunslingers competing to find fortune in a buried cache of Confederate gold amid the violent chaos of the American Civil War (specifically the New Mexico Campaign in 1862), while participating in many battles and duels along the way. The film was the third collaboration between Leone and Clint Eastwood, and the second with Lee Van Cleef." ]

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[ "#219 Meryl Streep / Alan Osmond / Lindsay Wagner – 22 June 1949 | Born On The Same Day", "Lindsay Jean Wagner (born June 22, 1949) is an American actress. She is probably most widely known for her portrayal of Jaime Sommers in the 1970s television series The Bionic Woman (for which she won an Emmy award).", "Lindsay Jean Wagner (born June 22, 1949) is an American Emmy Award-winning film and television actress, model, author, singer, acting coach, and adjunct professor. Wagner is best known for her portrayal of the 1970s iconic television leading female science fiction action character Jaime Sommers, who takes on special high-risk government missions using her superhuman bionic powers in the American television series The Bionic Woman (1976–1978). She first played this role on the 1970s American television series The Six Million Dollar Man. The Jaime Sommers character also became a pop culture icon of the 1970s. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, she reprised the role of Jaime Sommers in several bionic reunion television movies.", "* Teresa Wright (1918–2005), Oscar-winning actress, The Best Years of Our Lives, The Pride of the Yankees (New York City, grew up in Maplewood)", "Natalie was of Russian and Ukrainian descent. Natalie’s father, Nikolai Stephanovich Zakharenko, was born in Vladivostok, Russia. Natalie’s mother, Maria Stepanovna (Zudilova), was born in Barnaul, Siberia, Russia, or in Tomsk, Russia. Her sister is actress and producer Lana Wood . Natalie was the mother of two children, actress Natasha Gregson Wagner and Courtney Brooke Wagner. She was married to actor Robert Wagner and British producer Richard Gregson.", "Is one of 22 Oscar-winning actresses to have been born in the state of New York. The others are Alice Brady , Teresa Wright , Anne Revere , Celeste Holm , Claire Trevor , Judy Holliday , Shirley Booth , Susan Hayward , Patty Duke , Anne Bancroft , Barbra Streisand , Jane Fonda , Lee Grant , Beatrice Straight , Mercedes Ruehl , Marisa Tomei , Mira Sorvino , Susan Sarandon , Jennifer Connelly , Melissa Leo and Anne Hathaway .", "Laurie Anderson (June 5, 1947 Glen Ellyn-) also known as Anderson, Laurie, Anderson Laurie, Laura Phillips Anderson, Laura Phillips \"Laurie\" Anderson, Laurel Phillips Anderson or Laurie Phillips Anderson is an American singer, composer, musician, artist, screenwriter, actor, film director, voice actor, visual artist, music artist and film score composer.", "Caryn Elaine Johnson (born November 13, 1955), better known by her stage name Whoopi Goldberg (/ˈhwʊpi/), is an African American actress, comedian, and television host. She has been nominated for 13 Emmy Awards for her work in television, and is one of the few entertainers who have won an Emmy Award, a Grammy Award, an Oscar, and a Tony Award. She was only the second black woman in the history of the Academy Awards to win an acting Oscar. Her breakthrough role was playing Celie, a mistreated black woman in the Deep South in the period drama film The Color Purple (1985), for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress. Goldberg played Oda Mae Brown, an eccentric psychic helping a slain man (Patrick Swayze) save his lover (Demi Moore), in the romantic fantasy film Ghost (1990), for which she won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. She was co-producer of the television game show Hollywood Squares from 1998 to 2002. She has been the moderator of the daytime television talk show The View since 2007.", "Renée Kathleen Zellweger (born April 25, 1969) is an American actress and producer. Zellweger first gained widespread attention for her role in the film Jerry Maguire (1996), and subsequently received two nominations for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her roles as Bridget Jones in the comedy Bridget Jones's Diary (2001) and as Roxie Hart in the musical Chicago (2002), and won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in the drama Cold Mountain (2003).", "Liza Minnelli, who won Best Actress for Cabaret (1972) , was the only Oscar winner to have parents who both received Oscars:", "Renée Kathleen Zellweger (born April 25, 1969) Katy, TX American actress, producer and voice artist. She first gained attention for her role in the film Jerry Maguire (1996), and subsequently received two nominations for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her roles as Bridget Jones in the comedy Bridget Jones's Diary (2001), and as Roxie Hart in the musical Chicago (2002). Zellweger won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in the drama Cold Mountain (2003).", "Audrey Hepburn (born Audrey Kathleen Ruston; 4 May 1929 – 20 January 1993) was a British actress and humanitarian. Born in Ixelles, a district of Brussels, Hepburn spent her childhood between Belgium, England, and the Netherlands, including German-occupied Arnhem during the Second World War where she worked as a courier for the Dutch resistance and assisted with fundraising. In Amsterdam, she studied ballet with Sonia Gaskell before moving to London in 1948 to continue her ballet training with Marie Rambert and perform as a chorus girl in West End musical theatre productions. She spoke several languages, including English, French, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, and German.", "Wagner and actress Jill St. John became an item in February 1982. After eight years together, they married on May 26, 1990. In 1999, an altercation occurred between Wagner's former sister-in-law Lana Wood and St. John, who had both appeared in the 1971 James Bond film Diamonds Are Forever, at a Vanity Fair shoot in Los Angeles. When photographer Annie Leibovitz asked for a picture of St. John and Wood together, St. John was so adamantly opposed to the idea that it reduced Wood to tears. Her publicicist, however, said it was he who vetoed the photo: \"I know [the Wagner family] would rather not have the current Mrs. Wagner shot with Natalie's sister.\" ", "33 year-old Olivia de Havilland (with her fifth and final career nomination - and winning her second Oscar) won the Best Actress Oscar for her brilliant performance as Catherine Sloper in The Heiress. The stunningly-beautiful actress portrayed a plain, frumpy, vulnerable, spinster heiress courted by a fortune-hunter Morris Townsend (played by Montgomery Clift). After hearing from her father Ralph Richardson that her eligible bachelor/lover was interested only in her money, she eventually took bitter revenge upon Clift in the final scene. [Trivia Note: At 33 years of age, Olivia de Havilland became the youngest performer to receive five acting nominations. This record wasn't surpassed for 57 years -- until 31 year old Kate Winslet received her fifth acting nomination for Little Children (2006).]", "After this, she took a break from acting and had two children, appearing in only three theatrical films during the 1970s. She was married to actor Robert Wagner twice, and to producer Richard Gregson. She had one daughter by each husband: actress Natasha Gregson Wagner and Courtney Wagner. Her younger sister Lana Wood is also an actress. ", "Her first film was a reprise of her Broadway hit, Funny Girl (1968), an artistic and commercial success, for which she won the 1968 Academy Award for Best Actress , sharing it with Katharine Hepburn ( The Lion in Winter ), the first time there was a tie in this Oscar category. Her next two movies were also based on musicals, Jerry Herman 's Hello, Dolly! (1969) and Alan Jay Lerner 's and Burton Lane 's On a Clear Day You Can See Forever (1970), while her fourth film was based on the Broadway play The Owl and the Pussycat (1970).", "Liza May Minnelli (born March 12, 1946) is an Academy Award-winning and Tony Award-winning American actress and singer.", "Drew Barrymore (born February 22, 1975) is an American actress, film director, screenwriter, producer, and model. She is a descendant of the Drew family and Barrymore family of iconic American stage and cinema actors, and she is the granddaughter of film legend John Barrymore.", "The actress, who won the Best Actress Oscar in 2009 for her performance as a former Nazi concentration camp guard in The Reader, was previously married to Jim Threapleton, a film director, by whom she has a daughter, Mia, who turns 12 next month. They divorced in 2001 after three years.", "Academy Award-winning actress: Patch of Blue [1965], The Diary of Anne Frank [1959]; The Poseidon Adventure, A Place in the Sun, The Night of the Hunter, The Pickle; died Jan 14, 2006", "Jayne Mansfield (April 19, 1933 – June 29, 1967) was an American actress working both on Broadway and in Hollywood. One of the leading blonde sex symbols of the 1950s, Mansfield starred in several popular Hollywood films that emphasized her platinum-blonde hair, hourglass figure and cleavage-revealing costumes.", "Natasha Gregson Wagner (born September 29, 1970) is an American actress . Wagner was born in Los Angeles, California, the daughter of Richard Gregson , a film producer, and actress Natalie Wood .", "Wagner was born in Los Angeles, California, the daughter of Marilyn Louise ( Thrasher) and William Nowels Wagner. When she was seven years old, Wagner's parents divorced and her mother moved with her to the northeast Los Angeles neighborhood of Eagle Rock, near Pasadena. Another relocation with her mother and stepfather, Ted Ball, brought Wagner to Portland, Oregon, where she attended David Douglas High School and appeared in a number of school plays. Wagner attended the University of Oregon for part of her freshman year before she transferred to Mount Hood Community College for a short period of time.", "March 11: Bobby McFerrin, 64. American singer author of the 1988 worldwide hit song Don't Worry Be Happy. He is a 10-time Grammy Award winner. March 12: Liza Minnelli, 68. Film and Broadway actress. Daughter of Wizard of Oz actress Judy Garland who made her first film appearance at age three. She married and divorced David Gest three times from 2002 to 2007.", "Gregson Wagner’s first film role was as Lisa in the film Fathers & Sons in 1992. She then had a small role in the movie Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Following that film she starred in several TV movies including Modern Vampires , Hefner: Unauthorized, and The Shaggy Dog . In 1995 she starred with her step-father Robert Wagner in a Hart to Hart TV movie. She starred in the Wes Craven film The Outpost . In 1996 she co-starred with Jon Lovitz in the comedy High School High . She played Lou in the 1997 film Two Girls and a Guy . Gregson Wagner had a small role in the 1998 thriller Urban Legend . That same year she guest starred in an episode of Ally McBeal . In 1998 she appeared in Another Day in Paradise with Vincent Kartheiser and Melanie Griffith .", "Was the 8th actress to receive an Academy Award; she won the Best Actress Oscar for Dangerous (1935) at The 8th Academy Awards on March 5, 1936.", "Is the only person to have won Academy awards for both acting and writing. She won Best Actress for Howards End (1992), and Best Adapted Screenplay for Sense and Sensibility (1995).", "1990: \"Peter Pan\" actress Mary Martin dies of cancer at age 76, and \"Ice Ice Baby\" by Vanilla Ice tops the singles chart.", "Personal Life: (1913-2005) Born in Greystones, County Wicklow in Ireland. Father was an attorney. Studied painting at the Dublin School of Art and the Polytechnic School of Art. Debuted on stage in 1932 and made her first film in 1934. Became a US citizen during WWII. Married twice and had 2 children. Married to second husband Stuart Scheftel for 48 years. Retired in 1991. Died in New York City of Alzheimer’s Disease at 91.", "Parker made her Broadway debut at the age of 11 in the 1976 revival of The Innocents, before going on to star in the title role of the Broadway musical, Annie, in 1979. She appeared in the 1984 films Footloose and Firstborn, and returned to Broadway in the 1989 play, The Heidi Chronicles. Other film roles include: L.A. Story (1991), Honeymoon in Vegas (1992), Hocus Pocus (1993), Ed Wood (1994), The First Wives Club (1996), The Family Stone (2005), and Failure to Launch (2006). She is set to star in the upcoming HBO series, Divorce (2016).", "Elizabeth Rodriguez is a Manhattan born and raised native New Yorker and a graduate of Lehman College in the Bronx. After graduation from Lehman, Rodriguez studied for two years under acclaimed acting teacher Maggie Flanigan at William Esper Studios in NYC. While still at the studio she began working professionally with appearances in the feature films \"Fresh\", \"Dead Presidents\" and \"I Think I Do\", as well as in TV shows such as \"Law & Order\", and recurring roles on both \"OZ\" and \"New York Undercover\".", "Actress, born in New York City, New York, USA. At age nine she began acting classes at the Lee Strasberg Studio in New York City and later enrolled at the Professional Performing Arts High School there. She became known through her role in the television series My So-Called Life (19945), and went on to star as Juliet in Baz Luhrmann's film William Shakespeare's Romeo + Juliet (1996). Later films…" ]

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[ "The 18th Amendment to the Constitution, called Prohibition, was ratified on January 16th, 1920. It provided that \"the manufacture, sale or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof is hereby prohibited.\"", "The 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution known as the Prohibition Amendment was adopted in the 1920s and made the making, selling, possessing, and consuming of alcoholic drinks illegal.", "In January 1920 the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution came into effect and it was then illegal to sell or manufacture alcohol. The name of the amendment was the National Prohibition Act otherwise known as the Volstead Act", "Prohibition officially began in the United States on January 16, 1920, a full year after the ratification of the 18th amendment. The 18th amendment prohibited the sale, manufacture, and transportation of alcohol. Interestingly enough, it did not prohibit the consumption of alcohol.", "In 1919, the 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which prohibited the sale and manufacture of alcohol, was ratified. It went into effect on January 16, 1920. That night, restaurants and saloons draped their tables in black cloths in acknowledgement of its passing. From one day to the next people didn’t know where to turn. They were out of work and their livelihood was threatened.", "4. The 18th Amendment / the Volstead Act ( Prohibition ) began on January 17th , 1920", "Woodrow Wilson’s second administration saw the passage of two significant constitutional amendments. The era of Prohibition was ushered in on January 17, 1920, when the 18th Amendment, banning the manufacture, sale and transportation of alcohol, went into effect following its ratification one year earlier. In 1919, Wilson vetoed the National Prohibition Act (or Volstead Act), designed to enforce the 18th Amendment; however, his veto was overridden by Congress. Prohibition lasted until 1933, when it was repealed by the 21st Amendment.", "The combined influence of the Anti-Saloon League, the WCTU, and the Prohibition Party in 1917 led to a wartime prohibition measure which quickly transformed into the Eighteenth Amendment of the Constitution. The amendment prohibited the manufacture, sale, transport, exporting, and importing of liquor in the United States . The states ratified the amendment by January 1919. Congress passed the Volstead Act, which provided for amendment enforcement, later in 1919 over the veto of President Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921). Prohibition went into effect January 1920, marking the twentieth century peak of the movement. For 13 years the nation was legally dry. Nevertheless, the demand for alcohol continued, giving rise to great disrespect for the law and extensive illegal activity, including smuggling, speakeasies, bootlegging, and a multibillion dollar criminal underworld. Widespread popular support did exist, however, and drinking habits altered substantially throughout the country, leading to a marked decline in alcohol-related accidents and deaths. Concerns grew through the 1920s about increasing police powers to enforce the amendment and intrusions into personal privacy.", "The Eighteenth Amendment (Amendment XVIII) of the United States Constitution effectively established the prohibition of alcoholic beverages in the United States by declaring the production, transport, and sale of alcohol (though not the consumption or private possession) illegal. The separate Volstead Act set down methods for enforcing the Eighteenth Amendment, and defined which \"intoxicating liquors\" were prohibited, and which were excluded from prohibition (e.g., for medical and religious purposes). The Amendment was the first to set a time delay before it would take effect following ratification, and the first to set a time limit for its ratification by the states. Its ratification was certified on January 16, 1919, with the amendment taking effect on January 16, 1920.", "During the 1920s, some freedoms were expanded while others were curtailed. The 18th Amendment to the Constitution, ratified in 1919, had banned the manufacture and sale of “intoxicating liquors,” and at 12 A.M. on January 16, 1920, the federal Volstead Act closed every tavern, bar and saloon in the United States. From then on, it was illegal to sell any “intoxication beverages” with more than 0.5% alcohol. This drove the liquor trade underground–now, people simply went to nominally illegal speakeasies instead of ordinary bars–where it was controlled by bootleggers, racketeers and other organized-crime figures such as Chicago gangster Al Capone . (Capone reportedly had 1,000 gunmen and half of Chicago’s police force on his payroll.)", "Prohibition developed as an unstoppable reform during the war, but Wilson played a minor role in its passage. A combination of the temperance movement, hatred of everything German (including beer and saloons), and activism by churches and women led to ratification of an amendment to achieve Prohibition in the United States. A Constitutional amendment passed both houses in December 1917 by 2/3 votes. By January 16, 1919, the Eighteenth Amendment had been ratified by 36 of the 48 states it needed. On October 28, 1919, Congress passed enabling legislation, the National Prohibition Act (informally known as the Volstead Act), to enforce the Eighteenth Amendment. Wilson felt Prohibition was unenforceable, but his veto of the Volstead Act was overridden by Congress. Prohibition began on January 16, 1920 (one year after ratification of the amendment); the manufacture, importation, sale, and transport of alcohol were prohibited, except for limited cases such as religious purposes (as with sacramental wine). But, the consumption of alcohol was never prohibited, and individuals could maintain a private stock that existed before Prohibition went into effect. Wilson moved his private supply of alcoholic beverages to the wine cellar of his Washington residence after his term of office ended. ", "At midnight on January 16, 1920 , the Eighteenth Amendment took effect. The famous minister Billy Sunday celebrated by preaching a sermon to 10,000 people in which he repeated the fantasy at the heart of the temperance and prohibition crusades:", "1919--the ratification of the 18th Amendment to the Constitution, which launched Prohibition, was certified by Acting Secretary of State Frank L. Polk.", "Pressure from the evangelical Protestant churches and the spread of temperance groups did not go unnoticed by legislators, and the 18th amendment to the US constitution was made in 1919. It came into effect on 16 January 1920, and banned alcohol outright.", "The United States Congress overrides President Woodrow Wilson�s veto of the Volstead Act, officially beginning the era of prohibition. The 18th Amendment had been ratified on January 29th of 1919, banning the creation, sale, or transportation of alcohol, but the means to enforce the amendment had not yet been decided until the Volstead Act was made into law on October 28th of 1919. The act outlined how the United States government would enact prohibition in by banning the production and distribution of alcohol meant for consumption. The act did not come into force until January, 1920 along with the 18th amendment. Prohibition remained the law of the land until 1933 when the 21st amendment to the US Constitution repealed prohibition in the country.", "The ratification of the 18th amendment to the Constitution in 1919 made the production and sale (including exportation) of alcoholic beverages illegal in the United States. This ushered in the beginning of what is known as the Gangster Era, a time that roughly spans from 1919 until 1933 when Prohibition was repealed. The 1920s saw gangsters , including Al Capone", "The Eighteenth Amendment made it a crime to make, sell, transport, import, or export liquor. It is the only amendment to be repealed by another (the Twenty-first). The Prohibition era (1920-1933) had been a long time in coming. From the mid-nineteenth century through the beginning of World War I, a growing movement demanded a prohibition on alcohol. When members of Congress finally bowed to pressure from prohibition supporters and passed a constitutional amendment, many did so under the belief that it would not be endorsed by the states. In fact, a clause was added to make it more likely not be sanctioned: if three-quarters of the states did not ratify the amendment before seven years had expired, it would be deemed inoperative.", "December 5th – The 21st Amendment is ratified, repealing the 18th Amendment and bringing a formal end to Prohibition. During its enforcement, nearly 800 gangsters had been killed in Chicago alone, while thousands of Americans have been blinded, paralyzed or killed by the illegal liquor. Despite the amendment’s repeal, hundreds of counties across the United States remained dry by local regulation, but the movement itself was more or less dead. After the 18th Amendment’s repeal, President Roosevelt noted:", "48. The Volstead Act, passed over the veto of President Woodrow Wilson, was enacted to enforce this amendment. It s the only amendment to the Constitution that was later repealed. What amendment is known as the Prohibition Amendment?", "During the early 1850s, twelve states and territories followed the example of Maine by enacting statewide prohibition laws. Most of these, however, were struck down by the courts or repealed. After the Civil War, new organizations were formed to advance the prohibition cause: the Prohibition Party (1869), the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (1874), and the Anti-Saloon League (1893). During the early years of the twentieth century, many localities and states adopted prohibition. During the same period, per capita alcohol consumption rose, buoyed by the rising popularity of beer, which increasingly replaced distilled liquor in American drinking preferences. Rising consumption had two results. On one hand, it motivated prohibitionists to focus their efforts toward a national solution to a problem they perceived as intensifying. On the other hand, it persuaded brewers, who had previously cooperated politically with distillers, that their beverage enjoyed enough popular support to be spared by a federal prohibition law, and thus disrupted the liquor-industry coalition. The Anti-Saloon League's nonpartisan lobbying and balance-of-power approach was rewarded in 1916 by the election of a dry Congress, which approved a proposed prohibition constitutional amendment in December 1917. Three-quarters of state legislatures ratified within the next thirteen months, and national Prohibition came into force one year later, on 16 January 1920. World War I contributed to Prohibition's triumph by eliciting a spirit of sacrifice, restricting liquor production and sales, and discrediting German American antiprohibitionists, but most states ratified after the war's end.", "For the following 13 years Prohibition was officially in effect, though the ability to enforce it was limited by the Volstead Act and by corrupt and complacent politicians who overlooked illicit manufacturing and smuggling. The amendment was repealed in 1933 by ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment, the only instance in United States history that a constitutional amendment was repealed in its entirety.", "When the nation repealed Prohibition via the Twenty-first Amendment in 1933, it vested primary control over alcoholic beverages in the states. The common understanding of the framers of the Twenty-first Amendment was that it grants each state the power to regulate alcoholic beverages within its borders without intrusion by federal law or regulation. The question remains, however, as to how much and what kind of federal intrusion the amendment blocks. The Twenty-first Amendment has three parts. Section 1 explicitly repealed the Eighteenth Amendment and brought an end to Prohibition. Accordingly, because many saw the Twenty-first Amendment as nothing but a repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment, Congress passed the resolution without much substantive debate. Most of the legislative debate centered on the issue of saloons and the ratification process codified in Section 3 of the amendment, which mandated the use of state conventions. The amendment was passed by the Senate on February 16, 1933, and by the House four days later. It became law on December 5, 1933.", "The proposed amendment was adopted on December 5, 1933. It is the only amendment to have been ratified by state ratifying conventions, specially selected for the purpose. All other amendments have been ratified by state legislatures. It is also the only amendment that was approved for the explicit purpose of repealing a previously existing amendment to the Constitution. The Twenty-first Amendment ending national prohibition became officially effective on December 15, though people started drinking openly before that date. ", "* Prohibition in the United States ended in 1933. On December 5, 1933, the ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment repealed the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.", "The movement for the prohibition of alcohol began in the early 19th century, when Americans concerned about the adverse effects of drinking began forming temperance societies. By the late 19th century, these groups had become a powerful political force, campaigning on the state level and calling for national liquor abstinence. In December 1917, the 18th Amendment, prohibiting the “manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors for beverage purposes,” was passed by Congress and sent to the states for ratification. In January 1919, the 18th amendment achieved the necessary two-thirds majority of state ratification, and prohibition became the law of the land.", "The movement for the prohibition of alcohol began in the early 19th century, when Americans concerned about the adverse effects of drinking began forming temperance societies. By the late 19th century, these groups had become a powerful political force, campaigning on the state level and calling for total national abstinence. In December 1917, the 18th Amendment, also known as the Prohibition Amendment, was passed by Congress and sent to the states for ratification.", "January 29, 1919 - The Prohibition Amendment was adopted after ratification by the States. Primary responsibility for investigation and enforcement was given to the Internal Revenue Service.", "A movement began to form to repeal the 18th Amendment. Prohibition of alcohol was seen as an affront to personal liberty, pushed on the nation by religious moralists. Alcohol was also seen as a source of revenue for the local and national governments. The effort to elect \"wet\" legislators was as grand as that to elect \"dry\" ones almost two decades earlier. The Congress passed the amendment on February 20, 1933 (288 days). It mandated, for the first time, that conventions of the states were to vote on the amendment, rather than the legislatures, feeling that conventions would be more apt to vote to ratify - and they did, quickly — the ratification process was complete on December 5, 1933. The 21st Amendment repealed the 18th, the first time an amendment had been repealed by another.", "On December 5, 1933, the 21st Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified. The 21st Amendment repealed the 18th Amendment, making alcohol once again legal. This was the first and only time in U.S. history that an Amendment has been repealed.", "The 21st Amendment, which repealed the 18th Amendment, was proposed on February 20, 1933. The choice to legalize alcohol was left up to the states, and many states quickly took this opportunity to allow alcohol.", "Above is a Typed Letter Signed by Congressman Hamilton Fish, Jr. to H. Powell Ramsdell, Esq. of Newburgh, New York stating:  “Replying to your letter, although I have been in favor of the modification of the Volstead Act to permit the sale of beer for a number of years, there are not anywhere near 50% of the Members of Congress that favor such action, consequently there is no prospect of any legislation along these lines. Sincerely yours, Hamilton Fish, Jr.”   Ten months later, Congress did act and proposed the Twenty-first Amendment on February 20, 1933. The proposed amendment was adopted on December 5, 1933 by state ratifying conventions, specially selected for the purpose.  Eight States (GA, KS, LA, MI, NE, ND, OK, and SD) took no action to consider the amendment.  North Carolina refused to hold a convention and South Carolina's Convention was the only one to reject the 21st Amendment. ", "The criminal and economical issues along with the unrest among the everyday people of the large American cities forced the government to review the prohibition situation. By March 1933 the United States government decided to repeal the National Prohibition Act with President Franklin Roosevelt amending the Volstead Act to include the Cullen-Harrison Act which allowed the sale of alcohol that carried a percentage of up to 3.2%." ]

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[ "In 1924, in reaction to the Teapot Dome scandal, President Coolidge set up the Federal Oil Conservation Board to encourage closer coordination in oil production between the federal government and the oil industry. Its activities laid the basis for a loose interstate oil cartel that set crude oil prices until 1973.", "Warren G. Harding’s presidency was struck by many scandals. The Teapot Dome scandal was the most significant. Harding transferred control of naval oil reserve lands over to the Department of the Interior in 1921 (although it was later reversed by the Supreme Court, who ruled the move illegal). Then Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall used his new power for personal gain, giving rights to the Teapot Dome Reserve in Wyoming to the Mammoth Oil company in return for bribes. When the scandal broke in 1924 he was found to have accumulated over $100,000 worth of bribes from the Mammoth Oil Company, among others. Although Harding had already died in office prior to the scandal breaking, it became a hot topic of controversy for years after his death and continues to plague his now infamous legacy. Before the Watergate scandal, Teapot Dome was regarded as the “greatest and most sensational scandal in the history of American politics”.", "Teapot Dome Scandal, also called Oil Reserves Scandal or Elk Hills Scandal, in American history, scandal of the early 1920s surrounding the secret leasing of federal oil reserves by the secretary of the interior, Albert Bacon Fall . After Pres. Warren G. Harding transferred supervision of the naval oil-reserve lands from the navy to the Department of the Interior in 1921, Fall secretly granted to Harry F. Sinclair of the Mammoth Oil Company exclusive rights to the Teapot Dome (Wyoming) reserves (April 7, 1922). He granted similar rights to Edward L. Doheny of Pan American Petroleum Company for the Elk Hills and Buena Vista Hills reserves in California (1921–22).", "1923 – The Teapot Dome scandal came to public attention as Senator Thomas J. Walsh of Montana, subcommittee chairman, revealed the findings of the past 18 months of investigation. His case would result in the conviction of Harry F. Sinclair of Mammoth Oil, and later Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall, the first cabinet member in American history to go to jail. The scandal, named for the Teapot Dome oil reserves in Wyoming, involved Fall secretly leasing naval oil reserve lands to private companies.", "The biggest scandal of the 1920s involved Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall who was believed to have accepted $400,000 in bribes. In exchange, Fall permitted private oil companies to drill on public land in Wyoming. These oil reserves, such as the massive Teapot Dome reserve, were supposed to be left undeveloped as an emergency resource for the military so that the United States would never be dependent on foreign oil during war. The incident was soon labeled the Teapot Dome Scandal Erupted when news that Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall had arranged to lease the US Navy’s Oil Reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming, to a private oil company. Fall had received hundreds of thousands of dollars in bribes to permit drilling on publicly owned lands containing oil that had been reserved for use by the navy., a phrase that became synonymous with government corruption throughout the next generation. The public was even more enraged when Albert Fall was only ordered to pay a $100,000 fine and serve one year in jail.", "     The trial ended in March 1925. In June 1925, U.S. District Court Judge Kennedy ruled that the contract with Mammoth Oil was valid and dismissed the suit. See United States v. Mammoth Oil Company, the Sinclair Crude Oil Purchasing Company and the Sinclair Pipe Line Company, 5 F.2d 330 (D. Wyo. 1925). Kennedy's decision sparked considerable controversy. Letter from Albert D. Walton, United States Attorney, to Atlee Pomerene, Special Counsel, 1-2 (December 13, 1930) . (10)", "In 1928, Standard Oil of New Jersey and Mobil had joined British and French oil interests in signing the \"Red Line Agreement,\" under which each pledged not to develop Middle Eastern oil without the participation of the others. Nevertheless, after World War II these two U.S. firms (together with Texaco and Standard Oil of California) grabbed the Saudi concessions for themselves, freezing out the British and French. When the latter sued on the grounds that the Red Line Agreement had been violated, Mobil and Jersey told the court that the agreement was null and void because it was monopolistic.[7]", "In one of the greatest \"trading with the enemy\" scandals of the war, U.S. Assistant Attorney General Thurman Arnold announces that William Stamps Farish Sr. has pled \"no contest\" to charges of criminal conspiracy with the Nazis. Arnold discloses that Standard Oil of New Jersey (later Exxon) of which Farish is president and CEO has agreed to stop hiding patents from the U.S. for synthetic rubber, which the company has in its possession. Missouri Sen. Harry Truman later roasts Farish in front of his committee investigating home front wrongdoing, an event that raises Truman's profile and makes him a plausible running mate for FDR in 1944. The exposure of the scandal is widely believed to have contributed to Farish's sudden death from a heart attack in November of 1942. ( ... )", "The scandal itself had a huge impact at the time. The massive of media attention that it generated “made it the first true symbol of government corruption in America.”  The “Teapot Dome” referred to an area in Wyoming where oil fields were located. Oil fields in Elk Hills and Buena Vista Hills, in California, were also involved in the scandal. These oil fields were designated as reserves for the U.S. Navy, and were stored on public land. There had been turmoil regarding the oil in the first place, as many politicians and oil corporations “opposed the restrictions placed on the oil fields, claiming that the reserves were unnecessary and that American oil companies could provide for the Navy.”", "In a sense the Joiner strike came at an inopportune time; it was the onset of the Great Depression. The price of oil plummeted to ten cents a barrel in 1931, creating chaos in the industry. But some New Deal measures restored a modicum of prosperity, and then World War II stimulated the oil business enormously.", "Despite the transcontinental success and millions in government subsidies, the Union Pacific faced bankruptcy less than three years after the Last Spike as details surfaced about overcharges that Crédit Mobilier had billed Union Pacific for the formal building of the railroad. The scandal hit epic proportions in the United States presidential election, 1872 , which saw the re-election of Ulysses S. Grant and became the biggest scandal of the Gilded Age . It would not be resolved until the death of the congressman who was supposed to have reined in its excesses but instead wound up profiting from it.", "One of many scandals that took place during the presidency of Warren G. Harding. The Secretary of the Interior accepted bribes from oil companies for access to government reserves as Teapot Dome. Wyoming; other cabinet members were later convicted of accepting bribes and using their influence to make millions. The Harding administration in American political history.", "Scandal during the Harding administration in which the Secretary of the Interior leased government oil reserves to private oilmen in return for bribes", "One of the original \"Muckrakers\" was Ida M. Tarbell, an American author and journalist. Her father was an oil producer whose business had failed due to Rockefeller's business dealings. After extensive interviews with a sympathetic senior executive of Standard Oil, Henry H. Rogers, Tarbell's investigations of Standard Oil fueled growing public attacks on Standard Oil and on monopolies in general. Her work was published in 19 parts in McClure's magazine from November 1902 to October 1904, then in 1904 as the book The History of the Standard Oil Co..", "The History of the Standard Oil Company is a book written by journalist Ida Tarbell in 1904. It was an exposé of the Standard Oil Company, run at that time by oil tycoon John D. Rockefeller, the richest figure in America's history. Originally serialized in 19 parts in McClure's magazine, the book was a seminal example of muckraking, and inspired many other journalists to write about trusts, large businesses that (in the absence of strong antitrust law in the 19th century) attempted to gain monopolies in various industries. The History of the Standard Oil Company was credited with hastening the breakup of Standard Oil, which came about in 1911. [Source: Wikipedia]", "This reprint of the briefer version of a book that was originally serialized by McClure's Magazine from 1902 to 1904, recounts the history of John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company, the first major industrial monopoly in the US. The story, which became a model for investigative journalists, explores corporate abuses perpetrated by the company. This is an unabridged re-publication of the Harper Torchbook edition originally published by Harper & Row, Publishers, Incorporated, New York, 1966. Annotation by Book News, Inc.", "The newly elected Republican Harding administration made it known, in 1921, that it was supportive to big business in contrast to the previous Wilson administration. In particular, American oil companies would be given the support of the government in their development of foreign sources. The British government capitulated amidst growing noise of an American embargo and general anti-British sentiment from the American people. Upon consultation with the members of the Turkish Petroleum company it was decided that it would be in the company's best interest to include the Americans. The question of the legality of the concession's 1914 agreement for access to Mesopotamia further cemented the decision.", "Most crude petroleum is produced by Western companies. In 1870 the Standard Oil Company was created by the Rockefeller brothers and two other partners. In 1893 the Standard Oil Trust was formed in New Jersey to evade an antitrust suit brought by the state of Ohio. Gulf Oil Corporation was formed in 1901 by the Richard K. Mellon family. Texaco was founded as the Texas Company in 1901 by Joseph S. Cullinan, Walter B. Sharp, and Arnols Shaect. The U.S. Supreme Court in 1911 ordered Standard Oil Trust dissolved. The component companies, still with the plurality of shares owned by the former Rockefeller shareholders, continued to operate as ostensibly separate companies. These companies were Standard Oil of Ohio, Standard Oil of Indiana , Standard Oil of New York , Standard Oil of New Jersey, Standard Oil of California , Standard Oil of Kentucky, Atlantic, and the Ohio Oil Company (later Marathon).", "The Germans were not entirely shut out of the war and they countered with the use of diesel powered submarines against British ships moving oil. The plan proved to be a blunder. Standard Oil had lost six tankers shipping oil to Britain in 1917 and the loss added to the growing position of the US government to break its neutrality. Further pressure was added when French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau informed President Wilson that if the French didn't get gasoline soon it would have to consider seeking peace with the Germans.", "In 1974, the US Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations chaired by Senator Henry \"Scoop\" Jackson tasked with investigating the energy crisis and the role of oil companies. Senior executives of the Seven Sisters were lined up and grilled by the committee. Jackson laid the blame for the crisis squarely on the shoulders of the companies and accused them of making \"obscene profits\". This became a rallying cry for the American left despite the history of those same companies bailing out the government and the country time and time again.", "Blaustein incorporated his business as the American Oil Co. in 1922. In 1923 the Blausteins sold a half interest in American Oil to the Pan American Petroleum & Transport company in exchange for a guaranteed supply of oil. Before this deal, Amoco was forced to depend on Standard Oil of New Jersey, a competitor, for its supplies. Standard Oil of Indiana acquired Pan American in 1925, beginning John D. Rockefeller's association with the Amoco name. ", "Particularly noteworthy among the muckrakers was Ida M. Tarbell, whose 1902 series of articles detailed the ruthless business tactics of Standard Oil and its abuse of natural resources. This series was subsequently published in book form as the classic The History of the Standard Oil Company. Another equally influential classic was Upton Sinclair's The Jungle, which was released in 1906 and exposed the corrupt and highly unsanitary practices of the meatpacking industry. Among the many other topics covered by the muckrakers were patent medicines, corruption in the U.S. Senate and racial discrimination.", "Grand Larceny: United States Oil Policies Abroad. III. U.S. oil policies in foreign countries provides a consistent history of diplomacy by deception. In researching State Department documents for this book, I discovered numerous documents which openly proclaimed support for Standard Oil in Mexico and U.S. petroleum companies in the Middle East. It then became clear to me that the State Department was involved in a gigantic plot of diplomacy by deception in the foreign oil business. A State Department directive dated Aug.16,1919 to all consuls and embassies in foreign countries urged massive spying and redoubling of foreign service personnel to assist the major American oil companies, an extract of which follows: \"Gentlemen: The vital importance of securing adequate supplies of mineral oil both for present and future needs of the United States has been forcibly brought to the attention of the Department The development of proven fields and exploration of new areas is being aggressively conducted in many parts of the world by nationals of various countries and concessions for mineral rights are being actively sought It is desired to have the most complete and recent information regarding such activities by either United States citizens or by others. \"You are accordingly instructed to obtain and forward promptly from time to time information regarding mineral oil concession, change of ownership of oil property, or important changes in ownership, or control of corporate companies concerned with oil production or distribution. \"Information regarding development of new fields or increased 63", "But if state and federal committees couldn't gain traction when it came to their investigations, the same was not true of Ida Minerva Tarbell. Tarbell was a journalist with firsthand experience of Rockefeller's tactics. She had seen her father's wooden oil tank business destroyed by Rockefeller's expert use of \"vertical integration.\" He would buy companies at every stage in the oil production process, including the building of tanks, and then, for a while at least, undersell all his competitors until they folded. Having personally witnessed the power of Standard Oil, Tarbell was determined to bring the oil giant down. In particular, she was after John D. Rockefeller. While Ida Tarbell certainly didn't destroy Rockefeller's empire—Ironically by the time Tarbell wrote, Rockefeller was the head of Standard Oil in name only. He had retired in 1897—her nineteen-part series, \"The History of the Standard Oil Company, \" which ran between 1902 and 1904 in McClure's magazine, set the stage for President Theodore Roosevelt to break the stranglehold Standard Oil had on the industry. Tarbell had done her homework carefully, and she detailed Rockefeller's tactics in a straight-forward way that left her reading public as furious as she was. Public outrage was so great, Roosevelt had to respond forcefully. However, he never forgave Tarbell, or investigative journalists like her, for their exposés of corruption. He nicknamed them \"muckrakers,\" claiming they liked nothing better than raking up society's dirt, while ignoring everything else positive.", "Most fatefully in terms of the development of American labor relations, the Rockefellers owned Colorado Fuel & Iron, a mining company, with Rockefeller serving as a member of its board of directors, along with two or three of his personal employees. The company and Rockefeller became infamous because they played the central role in a prolonged and deadly labor dispute in 1913-1914, which came to be known as the Ludlow Massacre, after 20 people died in a daylong battle between the Colorado National Guard and striking miners. The total included ten women and two children. They burned to death after machine gun fire ignited the makeshift tent city in which they were living after being evicted from company housing by the company management. More generally, at least 66 people died in the open warfare between labor and mine operators in Colorado between May and September of 1914; the violence only ended when President Wilson sent Federal troops to the area (Zieger and Gall 2002, p. 23). Rockefeller's reaction to this disaster reshaped corporate-moderate policy thinking about labor relations over the next 15 years, and unlikely as it may sound at this juncture in the story, had a direct impact on labor policy in the early New Deal.", "The year Ida Tarbell journalist, \"History of the Standard Oil Company.\" reveal John D. Rockefeller monopoly and control of oil prices published in McClure's Magazine in 1902.", "In 1870, Cleveland merchant John D. Rockefeller formed a company he called Standard Oil. A purchaser of Rockefeller's kerosene, sold in one- or five-gallon blue cans, could be assured that the product contained no water or explosive gasoline that sometimes was dishonestly passed off as kerosene by other merchants. Gradually, through sound business deals as well as anticompetitive practices, Rockefeller gained near monopoly over oil in the Northeast.", "In the early 20th century, the oil business began to get underway. Huge pools of underground oil were discovered in places like Glenpool near Tulsa. Many whites flooded into the state to make money. Many of the \"old money\" elite families of Oklahoma can date their rise to this time. The prosperity of the 1920s can be seen in the surviving architecture from the period, such as the Tulsa mansion which was converted into the Philbrook Museum of Art or the art deco architecture of downtown Tulsa.", "The company grew by increasing sales and also through acquisitions. After purchasing competing firms, Rockefeller shut down those he believed to be inefficient and kept the others. In a seminal deal, in 1868, the Lake Shore Railroad, a part of the New York Central, gave Rockefeller's firm a going rate of one cent a gallon or forty-two cents a barrel, an effective 71 percent discount from its listed rates in return for a promise to ship at least 60 carloads of oil daily and to handle the loading and unloading on its own. Smaller companies decried such deals as unfair because they were not producing enough oil to qualify for discounts.", "In 1934, Congress passed the Gold Reserve Act of 1934 which ratified President Roosevelt's orders. A new set of Treasury regulations was issued providing civil penalties of confiscation of all gold and imposition of fines equal to double the value of the gold seized. Louis Ruffino was one individual who was indicted on three counts purporting to charge violations of the Trading With The Enemy Act. Eventually, Ruffino appealed the conviction to the Circuit Court of Appeals 9th District in 1940; however, the judgment of the lower courts was upheld based on the President's executive orders and the Gold Reserve Act of 1934. Ruffino, a resident of Sutter Creek in California-gold country, was convicted of possessing 78 ounces of gold and was sentenced to 6 months in jail, paid a $500 fine, and had his gold seized. ", "Emboldened by this success and in pursuit of the first element of his Square Deal, Roosevelt began to attack large, monopolistic corporations. Some trusts were effective and legitimate, but many of these companies engaged in corrupt and preferential business practices. In 1902, the Northern Securities Company, owned by J.P. Morgan and James J. Hill, controlled most of the railroads in the northwestern United States and intended to create a total monopoly. Roosevelt initiated legal proceedings against Northern Securities and eventually the Supreme Court ordered that the company be dissolved. Roosevelt’s radical actions angered big business and earned him the reputation of a “trust buster,” despite the fact that his successors Taft and Wilson actually dissolved more trusts.", "The financial cartel suffered only minor setbacks in those crucial years. On February 12, 1917, The New York Times reported that \"The five members of the Federal Reserve Board were impeached on the floor of the House by Rep. Charles A. Lindbergh, Republican member of the House Banking and Currency Committee. According to Mr. Lindbergh, �the conspiracy began in� 1906 when the late J.P. Morgan, Paul M. Warburg, a present member of the Federal Reserve Board, the National City Bank and other banking firms �conspired� to obtain currency legislation in the interest of big business and the appointment of a special board to administer such a law, in order to create industrial slaves of the masses, the aforesaid conspirators did conspire and are now conspiring to have the Federal Reserve Board administered so as to enable the conspirators to coordinate all kinds of big business and to keep themselves in control of big business in order to amalgamate all the trusts into one great trust in restraint and control of trade and commerce.\" The impeachment resolution was not acted on by the House." ]

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[ "Singer Phil Collins starred in the title role of Buster , a comedy-drama movie loosely based on the life of Buster Edwards.", "Phil Collins was born in Chiswick, London, England, to Winifred (Strange), a theatrical agent, Greville Philip Austin Collins, an insurance agent. He spent most of his early entertainment life as a young actor and model. He played the \"Artful Dodger\" in the West End production of \"Oliver!\" alongside the future movie screen \"Artful Dodger,\" Jack Wild . His interest in music and drumming began at school, where he drummed with a stage school band \"The Real Thing,\" subsequently joining \"Freehold\" and \"Flaming Youth.\" \"Flaming Youth\" recorded an album to some critical acclaim, although the group disbanded shortly afterward. Collins later successfully auditioned for Genesis , taking over vocals from Peter Gabriel when he left the band in 1975.", "Hook (1991), another high-budget film from Steven Spielberg, was an odd and savagely-criticized updating of the Peter Pan legend. It starred Robin Williams (as Peter Pan), Dustin Hoffman (as Captain Hook), and Julia Roberts (as Tinker Bell).", "Spielberg’s opening film of the 1990s was Hook (1991), a retelling of J.M. Barrie ’s Peter Pan. Despite a cast that included major stars Robin Williams and Julia Roberts , the movie was a critical and commercial failure. Spielberg, however, returned to form in dramatic fashion with not one but two enormously popular 1993 releases. The first, Jurassic Park , was an adaptation of Michael Crichton ’s best-selling novel (1990) about dinosaurs re-created and running amok on a remote isle. Its scenes of peril are less deftly blended with character-focused downtime activity than in Jaws, but technology is employed to great effect, and there are enough potent shocks to indicate that Spielberg was still a master of Alfred Hitchcock -worthy suspense.", "Robin Williams (Andrew Martin) was most recently seen in \"Jakob The Liar\" and the Universal Pictures' presentation \"Patch Adams,\" which earned him a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actor. Williams is one of the most gifted and abundantly talented actors of our time. He is the recipient of the 1997 Best Supporting Actor Academy Award® for bringing compassion and intelligence to the part of Dr. Sean McGuire in \"Good Will Hunting,\" a role for which he also received the Screen Actors Guild Supporting Actor Award.", "Good Will Hunting, which opened in wide release across America on January 9, 1998, featured Damon in the title role as a troubled math genius from South Boston. Directed by Gus Van Sant (Drugstore Cowboy, My Own Private Idaho), the film co-starred Robin Williams as Will’s psychologist and Minnie Driver as Will’s girlfriend; Affleck played Will’s best friend, Chuckie. A big box-office success, Good Will Hunting received nine Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor (Damon) and Best Supporting Actress (Driver) and won a Best Supporting Actor Oscar (Williams) in addition to the gold statue for Best Original Screenplay.", "A.I. Artificial Intelligence, also known as A.I., is a 2001 American science fiction drama film directed by Steven Spielberg. The screenplay by Spielberg was based on a screen story by Ian Watson and the 1969 short story Super-Toys Last All Summer Long by Brian Aldiss. The film was produced by Kathleen Kennedy, Spielberg and Bonnie Curtis. It stars Haley Joel Osment, Jude Law, Frances O'Connor, Brendan Gleeson and William Hurt. Set in a futuristic post-climate change society, A.I. tells the story of David (Osment), a childlike android uniquely programmed with the ability to love.", "More recently, Spielberg directed the world-wide hit Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull. He is also a producer of this summer's success Super 8 directed by JJ Abrams. Besides directing Tintin, he is directing War Horse, based on an award-winning novel, which has also been adapted into a major stage hit in London and recently won the Tony Award for Broadway's Best Drama. From DreamWorks Studios, the film is slated to open on December 28, 2011. In October, he will begin production on Lincoln for release in the fall of 2012. Spielberg's career began with the 1968 short film Amblin, which led to him becoming the youngest director ever signed to a long-term studio deal. He first gained attention for his 1971 telefilm Duel. Three years later, he made his feature film directorial debut on The Sugarland Express, from a screenplay he co-wrote. His next film was Jaws, which was the first film to break the $100 million mark.", "[on the late Robin Williams ] Good Will Hunting (1997). He was such a dad in that. He was such a mentor. There's that great moment when he says, \"You think you know what it's like to be an adult because you think you can intellectually understand, but you didn't live any of these things. You don't really know anything about that...\" - and it always stayed with me. Like we all think we're smarter than our parents. And The Fisher King (1991), he was amazing. I'll never forget seeing \"Fisher King\" and walking home and just being blown away. But, he's been a part of my psyche, obviously. I've had a picture from Dead Poets Society (1989) over my desk my whole life. It's a present Peter Weir gave us of Robin and the seven poets and a poem, I think it's a Randall Gerald poem. But, it's terrible. Philip Seymour Hoffman and Robin in one year.", "William M. Anderson, Peter Weir In an age defined by crew cuts, sport coats, and cheerless conformity, he not only broke the mold ... he reinvented it. Academy Award(R) winner Robin Williams (Best Supporting Actor, GOOD WILL HUNTING, 1997) delivers an extraordinary performance in one of the most compelling motion pictures of all time. Williams stars as English professor John Keating, a passionate iconoclast who changes his students' lives forever when he challenges them to live life to the fullest and \"Carpe Diem\" seize the day! Keating's unconventional approach meets with irrepressible enthusiasm from his students, but the faculty at staid, exclusive Welton Academy prep school is, to put it mildly, not amused. Featuring a star-marking performance by Ethan Hawke and over three hours of never-before-seen bonus materials, this Special Edition of DEAD POETS SOCIETY will captivate and inspire you again and again.", "Good Will Hunting is a 1997 American drama film, directed by Gus Van Sant and starring Robin Williams, Matt Damon, Ben Affleck, Minnie Driver and Stellan Skarsgård. Written by Affleck and Damon (and with Damon in the title role), the film follows 20-year-old South Boston laborer Will Hunting, an unrecognized genius who, as part of a deferred prosecution agreement after assaulting a police officer, becomes a client of a therapist and studies advanced mathematics with a renowned professor. Through his therapy sessions, Will re-evaluates his relationships with his best friend, his girlfriend and himself, facing the significant task of confronting his past and thinking about his future.", "In 1974, Williams was approached by Steven Spielberg to compose the music for his feature directorial debut, The Sugarland Express. The young director had been impressed with Williams's score to the 1969 film The Reivers, and was convinced that the composer could provide the sound he desired for his films. They teamed up again a year later for the director's second film, Jaws. Widely considered a classic suspense piece, the score's ominous two-note motif has become nearly synonymous with sharks and approaching danger. The score earned Williams a second Academy Award, his first for an original composition. Shortly afterwards, Williams and Spielberg began preparing for their next feature film, Close Encounters of the Third Kind. Unusual for a Hollywood production, Spielberg's script and Williams's musical concepts were developed at the same time and were closely linked. During the two-year creative collaboration, they settled on a distinctive five-note figure that functioned both as background music and the communication signal of the film's alien mothership. Williams employed a system of musical hand signals in the film, based on hand signs designed by Zoltán Kodály. Close Encounters of the Third Kind was released in 1977.", "Born in Pennsylvania and raised in Ohio, Chris Columbus was first inspired to make movies after seeing \"The Godfather\" at age 15. After enrolling at NYU film school, he sold his first screenplay (never produced) while a sophomore there. After graduation Columbus tried to sell his fourth script, \"Gremlins\", with no success, until Steven Spielberg optioned it; Columbus moved to Los Angeles for a year during rewrites on the project in Spielberg's bungalow at Universal. After writing two more scripts for Spielberg, \"The Goonies\" and \"Young Sherlock Holmes\", Columbus' own directing career was launched a few years later with \"Adventures in Babysitting\". He is best known to audiences as the director of the runaway hit \"Home Alone\", written and produced by John Hughes its sequel \"Home Alone 2\", and most recently \"Mrs. Doubtfire\".", "Dead Poets Society is a 1989 American drama film starring Robin Williams and directed by Peter Weir. Set at a conservative and aristocratic boys prep school, it tells the story of an English teacher who inspires his students to change their lives of conformity through his teaching of poetry and literature.The story is set at the fictional Welton Academy in Vermont, and was filmed at St. Andrew's School in Middletown, Delaware. The script, written by Tom Schulman, is based on his life at Montgomery Bell Academy, an all-boys preparatory school in Nashville, Tennessee.", "Warner Bros. Pictures and DreamWorks present an Amblin/Stanley Kubrick production of a Steven Spielberg film, \"A.I.\" starring Haley Joel Osment (\"The Sixth Sense\"), Jude Law (\"The Talented Mr. Ripley\"), Frances O'Connor (\"Mansfield Park,\" the upcoming \"Windtalkers\"), Sam Robards (\"American Beauty\"), Brendan Gleeson (\"Mission: Impossible II\") and William Hurt (\"One True Thing\"). Directed by Steven Spielberg, \"A.I.\" is produced by Kathleen Kennedy, Steven Spielberg, and Bonnie Curtis. The screenplay, written by Spielberg, is based on a screen story by Ian Watson and the short story by acclaimed science fiction writer Brian Aldiss. Jan Harlan, Stanley Kubrick's longtime executive producer, and Walter F. Parkes are the executive producers.", "In 2001, Spielberg filmed fellow director and friend Stanley Kubrick’s final project, A.I.: Artificial Intelligence. In 2002, Spielberg and actor Tom Cruise collaborated for the first time in the futuristic film, Minority Report. Shortly thereafter, Spielberg released Catch Me If You Can, a film starring Tom Hanks and Leonardo DiCaprio. Spielberg collaborated once again with Tom Hanks along with Catherine Zeta-Jones in the warm-hearted comedy The Terminal. On June 29, 2005, Spielberg released a modernized adaptation of War of the Worlds.", "Director: John Guillermo del Toro Director: Hamburg Starring: Ben Stiller, Robin Williams, Dan Stevens, Rebel Wilson, Rachael Harris, Ricky Gervais Genres: Family, Comedy, Action", "Chris Columbus4.5630558365XThis huge 1993 hit for Robin Williams and director Chris Columbus (Home Alone), based on a novel called Alias Madame Doubtfire by Anne Fine, stars Williams as a loving but flaky father estranged from his frustrated wife (Sally Field). Devastated by a court order limiting his time with the children, Williams's character disguises himself as a warm, old British nanny who becomes the kids' best friend. As with Dustin Hoffman's performance in Tootsie, Williams's drag act—buried under layers of latex and padding—is the show, and everything and everyone else on screen serves his sometimes frantic role. Since that's the case, it's fortunate that Williams is Williams, and his performance is terribly funny at times and exceptionally believable in those scenes where his character misses his children. Playing Williams's brother, a professional makeup artist, Harvey Fierstein has a good support role in a bright sequence where he tries a number of feminine looks on Williams before settling on Mrs. Doubtfire's visage. —Tom Keogh", "Williams won the 1997 Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance as Sean Maguire in Good Will Hunting. He also received two Emmy Awards, six Golden Globe Awards, two Screen Actors Guild Awards, and five Grammy Awards throughout his career.", "I am looking for the title of a movie in which Robin Williams played a father/husband who was also a lecturer at university…I saw it MANY years ago…he sort of choose his family above his career, his personal values above those of society…does it ring a bell? It was screened roundabout the same time as Dead Poets Society, maybe 5 years later…", "Spielberg collaborated again with Tom Hanks along with Catherine Zeta-Jones and Stanley Tucci in 2004's The Terminal, a warm-hearted comedy about a man of Eastern European descent who is stranded in an airport. It received mixed reviews but performed relatively well at the box office. In 2005, Empire magazine ranked Spielberg number one on a list of the greatest film directors of all time.", "Spielberg collaborated once again with Tom Hanks along with Catherine Zeta-Jones and Stanley Tucci in The Terminal , a warm-hearted comedy about a man of Eastern European descent who is stranded in an airport after his home country suffers a civil war during his flight, strongly paralleling the situation of Merhan Karimi Nasseri . It received mixed reviews but performed relatively well at the box office.", "Directed by Chris Columbus. Starring Robin Williams, Sally Field, Harvey Fierstein, Pierce Brosnan, Polly Holliday, Lisa Jakub, Mara Wilson, Robert Prosky, Martin Mull.", "Cast: Robin Williams, Sally Field, Lisa Jakub, Matthew Lawrence, Mara Wilson, Pierce Brosnan, Harvey Fierstein, Scott Capurro, Robert Prosky, Polly Holliday, Anne Haney, Martin Mull, William Newman, Todd Williams and Terry McGovern", "Williams viewed Spielberg's thriller about a giant Great White shark terrorizing New England beachgoers as a chance for music to make a major contribution. Not only could he characterize the predatory fish in dark, powerful terms, but, as he remembers telling Spielberg, \"I really saw this as a kind of sea chase, something that also had humor, so the orchestra could be swashbuckling at times.\"", "D: Steven Spielberg; with Tom Hanks, Tom Sizemore, Edward Burns, Matt Damon, Barry Pepper, Adam Goldberg, Vin Diesel, Giovanni Ribisi, Jeremy Davies, Ted Danson, Dennis Farina. (R, 168 min.)", "Philip Brainard is the protagonist of Flubber . He was portrayed by the late Robin Williams .", "* Michael Collins is a 1996 movie by Neil Jordan starring Liam Neeson on the life and career of Michael Collins. The film opens with the final throes of the Rising.", "Spielberg has said that if he weren’t able to direct, he’d want to be a composer. Williams chuckled when asked if the reverse were true for him.", "Glen salutes the work of John Williams , and its enormous contribution to the success of director Steven Spielberg ’s pictures...", "\"Groundhog Day\" is a movie starring Bill Murray, Andie MacDowell and Chris Elliott. Released in 1993, the film was directed by Harold Ramis and written by both Ramis and Danny Rubin.", "Written by: Hal Barwood and Matthew Robbins (based on a story by Spielberg, Barwood, and Robbins)" ]

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[ "According to the Chinese zodiac, 1998 (beginning on January 28th according to the lunar calendar) will have characteristics much like the Tiger described on our home page. Unfortunately tiger years are also full of wars, unrest, dissension and catastrophes. Consider past Tiger events - such as Watergate, Irangate, the Chernobyl nuclear accident, and the space shuttle explosion. Witness already El Nino and La Nina, the current Asian currency crisis, and the current Clinton scandal. The Year of the Tiger is sure to a be a real shaker!!", "Chinese New Year Animal – There are 12 Chinese New Year animals although the cat may replace the rabbit in some cultures. They are: Dog, Dragon, Horse, Monkey, Ox/Buffalo, Pig, Rabbit/Cat, Ram/sheep, Rat, Rooster, Snake and Tiger.", "Complete the sequence (three more needed): S, H, S, M, C, D, P, R, O, ... T, R, D. Snake, Horse, Sheep, Monkey, Chicken, Dog, Pig, Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon - the Chinese years (Dragon was 2000 - the cycle repeats every 12 years).", "Each of the 12 years of the Chinese lunar calendar is named after an animal. These are: Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Goat, Monkey, Rooster, Dog, and Pig. Legend has it that Buddha summoned all the animals to come to see him before he departed earth. Only 12 came so he rewarded those 12 by naming a year in the Chinese lunar calendar after them, in the order they arrived to see him.", "There are 12 animals, which are Rat, Cow, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Sheep, Monkey, Chicken, Dog, Pig, in the counting system. The Chinese calendar needs to assign a unique animal name for each day inside the lunar month. sometimes, Chinese Lunar Calendar needs to add an extra lunar month ( Leap Lunar Month ) in the cycle to match the speed of the solar cycle. For example, Year 2006, Chinese calendar has two 7th lunar months. A lunar month contains 29 or 30 days. Therefore, Chinese calendar needs 60 different animal names to make every single day unique for the case of leap lunar month.", "It’s the Lunar New Year and the Chinese Year of the Horse . The horse is part of a 12-year-cycle of animals that make up the Chinese zodiac. These interact with the five elements: wood, metal, fire, water, earth. 2014 is the year of the wood horse, taking over from the year of the water snake.", "The year 1991 is designated in the Chinese calendar the Year of the Sheep (Ram or Goat).", "Several types of primates, including gibbon and macaque as well as several other species of apes and monkeys, are abundant in the tropical south. Large carnivores, such as bear, tiger, and leopard, are few in number and confined to remote areas. Members of the leopard family, for instance, are distributed at the peripheries of the heavily populated areas; leopards are found in northern Manchuria, the snow leopard in Tibet, and the clouded leopard in the extreme south. Smaller carnivores, such as fox, wolf, raccoon dog, and civet cat, are widespread and locally numerous. Antelope, gazelle, chamois, wild horses, deer, and other hoofed animals inhabit the uplands and basins of the west, and the Alaskan moose is found in northern Manchuria. Birdlife is diverse and includes pheasant, peacock, parrot, heron, and crane.", "The Monkey (猴) is the ninth in the twelve-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar. .", "The Olympic mascot, an animal or human figure representing the cultural heritage of the host country, was introduced in 1968 . It has played an important part of the Games since 1980 , with the success of Misha , the Russian bear. The mascots of the most recent Summer Olympics, in Beijing, were the Fuwa . They are five creatures that represent the five fengshui elements important in Chinese culture. [84]", "Since the earliest collection of Chinese writings, the Chinese language has given the bear 20 different names, such as huāxióng ( \"spotted bear\") and zhúxióng ( \"bamboo bear\"). The most popular names in China today is dàxióngmāo ( literally \"giant bear cat\"), or simply xióngmāo ( \"bear cat\"). The name xióngmāo ( \"bear cat\") was originally used to describe the red panda (Ailurus fulgens), but since giant panda was thought to be closely related to red panda, dàxióngmāo () was named relatively.", "I've been told that the dragon in the Chinese calendar represents China. The tiger represents Japan. If this is the case, what do the other animals represent?", "The great natural history written in the sixteenth century, and entitled Bun zoo gan rom, says—”The beast Tien shu is mentioned in the ancient ceremonial written in the fourth century B.C., and is called Fyn shu and In shu, i.e. ‘the self-concealing mouse.’ It is found in holes in the ground, has the appearance of a mouse, but is as large as a buffalo. It has no tail, and is of a dark colour. Its strength is very great, and it digs itself holes in the ground in hilly and woody places. Another writer says the Fyn shu frequents only dark and solitary places, and dies when it sees the rays of the sun or moon. …", "The great natural history written in the sixteenth century, and entitled Bun zoo gan rom, says—”The beast Tien shu is mentioned in the ancient ceremonial written in the fourth century B.C., and is called Fyn shu and In shu, i.e. ‘the self-concealing mouse.’ It is found in holes in the ground, has the appearance of a mouse, but is as large as a buffalo.", "The monkey is the 9th animal that appears on the Chinese zodiac, appearing as the zodiac sign in 2016.", "  National Animal: The Giant Panda is the national animal of China. It's a mammal classified in the bear family, native to central and southern China. It is easily known by its large, distinctive black patches around the eyes, ears and on its rotund body.", "The qilin () is a mythical hooved chimerical creature known in Chinese and other East Asian cultures, said to appear with the imminent arrival or passing of a sage or illustrious ruler. It is a good omen thought to occasion prosperity or serenity. It is often depicted with what looks like fire all over its body.", "The creature named mo (貘) mentioned in some ancient books has been interpreted as giant panda. [66] The dictionary Shuowen Jiezi ( Eastern Han Dynasty ) says that the mo, from Shu (Sichuan), is bear-like, but yellow-and-black, [67] although the older Erya describes mo simply as a \"white leopard\". [68] The interpretation of the legendary fierce creature pixiu (貔貅) as referring to the giant panda is also common. [69]", "The Chinese giant salamander is the largest living amphibian, weighing of 64 kg (140lbs) and typically about 1.8m (6′) long.", "This creature lives in the forests of China, and is described as something very close to Bigfoot in size and appearance. What’s interesting is that the Yeren hails from the general area of the world where Gigantopithecus, the ancient giant ape, is believed to have gone extinct. Equally interesting is that this beast shares a lot in common with the Mongolian Almas.", "The creature named mo (貘) mentioned in some ancient books has been interpreted as giant panda. The dictionary Shuowen Jiezi (Eastern Han Dynasty) says that the mo, from Shu (Sichuan), is bear-like, but yellow-and-black, although the older Erya describes mo simply as a \"white leopard\". The interpretation of the legendary fierce creature pixiu (貔貅) as referring to the giant panda is also common. ", "The Pekingese or Peke also referred to as \"Lion Dog\", \"Pelchie\", or \"Fu Dog\" is an ancient breed of toy dog, originating in China. They were the favored pet of the Chinese Imperial court, and the name relates to the city of Beijing. The breed has several characteristics and health issues due to its unique appearance.", "There is a story attached to every historical event or happening in Chinese history and the \"year of\" animals are no exception. Legend has it that the Lord Buddha summoned all the animals to bid him farewell before he departed to Earth. 12 animals showed up, and so he named a year after each of them.", "* Penghou - A creature with the face of a man and the body of a dog.", "In August 2007, Zeng Yujiang reportedly videotaped a large white animal swimming in the Yangtze in Anhui Province. Wang Kexiong of the Institute of Hydrobiology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences has tentatively confirmed that the animal on the video is a baiji.", "The Chinese animal zodiac, or shengxiao (/shnng-sshyaoww/ ‘born resembling’), is a repeating cycle of 12 years, with each year being represented by an animal and its reputed attributes. Traditionally these zodiac animals were used to date the years.", "89. In the Chinese Zodiac, the year commencing 28th January 2017 will be the year of which animal?", "China is one of 17 megadiverse countries, lying in two of the world's major ecozones: the Palearctic and the Indomalaya. By one measure, China has over 34,687 species of animals and vascular plants, making it the third-most biodiverse country in the world, after Brazil and Colombia. The country signed the Rio de Janeiro Convention on Biological Diversity on 11 June 1992, and became a party to the convention on 5 January 1993. It later produced a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, with one revision that was received by the convention on 21 September 2010. ", "Chinese New Year 2015: What do the zodiac animals mean and where did they come from?", "In subsequent years the captive population increased, and since the 1990s reintroduction efforts have started in Mongolia and China; Mongolia was the first country where truly wild reintroduced populations existed within the historic range. Reintroductions in Mongolia began in the Great Gobi B Strictly Protected Area in the Dzungarian Basin (9,000 km2) and Hustai National Park in Mongol Daguur Steppe (570 km2) in 1994 (King and Gurnell 2005). A third reintroduction site, Khomintal, (2,500 km2), in the Great Lakes Depression, was established in 2004, as a buffer zone to the Khar Us Nuur National Park in Valley of the Lakes (C. Feh pers. comm.). Releases began in the Kalamaili Nature Reserve (17,330 km2), Xinjiang Province, China in 2001 and in the Dunhuang Xihu National Nature Reserve (6,600 km2), Gansu Province, China in 2010 (Liu et al. 2014), although almost all of these animals are corralled and fed in winter (Qing Cao pers. comm.). Further reintroduction sites are planned in Kazakhstan and Russia (W. Zimmerman pers. comm.).", "A seven-year-old female named Jin Yi died in 2014 in a zoo in Zhengzhou, China, after showing symptoms of gastroenteritis and respiratory disease. It was found that the cause of death was toxoplasmosis, a disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii and infecting most warm-blooded animals, including humans. ", "[at the 1986 World Wildlife Fund conference] If it has four legs and is not a chair, has wings and is not an aeroplane, or swims and is not a submarine, the Cantonese will eat it." ]

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[ "Brendel was born in Wiesenberg, Czechoslovakia (now Loučná nad Desnou, Czech Republic) to a non-musical family. They moved to Zagreb, Yugoslavia (now Croatia), when Brendel was six where he began piano lessons with Sofija Deželić. He later to moved to Graz, Austria, and studied piano with Ludovica von Kaan at the Graz Conservatory and composition with Artur Michel. Towards the end of World War II, the 14-year-old Brendel was sent back to Yugoslavia to dig trenches.", "Born in Weissenberg, Moravia, Alfred Brendel spent his childhood traveling throughout Yugoslavia and Austria. His father, an architectural engineer, businessman and cinema director, also ran a resort hotel on the Adriatic. The younger Brendel began piano lessons at the age of six but, owing to the family's continuous travel, had to give up one piano teacher after another. In his teens, he attended the Graz Conservatory where he studied piano, composition and conducting. He also showed talent as a painter and, when he made his recital debut at the age of 17, an art gallery near the concert hall was showing a one-man exhibition of his watercolors.", "Austria has produced many excellent artists, writers, and scientists but is probably most famous for its outstanding composers. Beginning in the 18th century and for 200 years, Vienna was the center of European musical culture. Among its great masters were Franz Joseph Haydn (1732–1809), Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–91), Franz Schubert (1797–1828), Anton Bruckner (1824–96), Gustav Mahler (1860–1911), Hugo Wolf (1860–1903), Arnold Schönberg (1874–1951), Anton von Webern (1883–1945), and Alban Berg (1885–1935). Although born in northwestern Germany, Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827) and Johannes Brahms (1833–97) settled in Vienna and spent the rest of their lives there. Composers of light music, typical of Austria, are Johann Strauss, Sr. (1804–49), Johann Strauss, Jr. (1825–99), Dalmatian-born Franz von Suppé (Francesco Ezechiele Ermenegil-do Cavaliere Suppe-Demelli, 1819–95), Hungarian-born Franz Lehár (1870–1948), and Oskar Straus (1870–1954). Outstanding musicians are the conductors Clemens Krauss (1893–1954), Karl Böhm (1894–1981), and Herbert von Karajan (1908–89); the pianists Artur Schnabel (1882–1951) and Alfred Brendel (b.1931); and the violinist Fritz Kreisler (1875–1962).", "Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced ˈdɔʏtʃlant]), is a federal parliamentary republic in western-central Europe. The country consists of 16 states and its capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres (137,847 sq mi) and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 80.3 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state in the European Union. Germany is the major economic and political power of the European continent and a historic leader in many cultural, theoretical and technical fields.", "Belgium (; ; ; ), officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a sovereign state in Western Europe. It is a small, densely populated country which covers an area of 30528 km2 and has a population of about 11 million people. Straddling the cultural boundary between Germanic and Latin Europe, Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups: the Dutch-speaking, mostly Flemish community, which constitutes about 59% of the population, and the French-speaking, mostly Walloon population, which comprises 41% of all Belgians. Additionally, there is a small group of German-speakers who live in the East Cantons located around the High Fens area, and bordering Germany.", "Essen (; Latin: Assindia) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Its population of approximately 589,000 () makes it the 6th-largest city in Germany. It is the central city of the northern (Ruhr) part of the Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan area and seat to several of the region's authorities.", "A 2012 survey of pianists by the magazine Limelight ranked Brendel as the 8th greatest pianist of all time. A survey of UK's Classic FM presenters included Brendel in its 25 greatest pianists of all time. He was included in Peter Donohoe's \"Fifty Great Pianists\" series for BBC Radio 3. ", "Weissmüller was an ethnic German, one of two boys born to Peter Weissmüller and his wife Elisabeth Kersch, who were both Banat Swabians , an ethnic German population in Southeast Europe. His generally accepted birthplace was in the Freidorf ( Szabadfalu ) suburb of the current city of Timișoara , Romania (German: Temeschburg, Hungarian: Temesvár) The village is in Romania . However, the ship's roster from his family's arrival at Ellis Island lists his birthplace as Párdány , Kingdom of Hungary , in what is today a village in Serbia , not far from the Romanian border. [4] [5] [6] [7]", "Wiesbaden is a city in southwest Germany and the capital of the federal state of Hesse . It has about 280,000 inhabitants, plus approximately 10,000 United States citizens (mostly associated with the United States Army ). Wiesbaden, together with the cities of Frankfurt am Main , Darmstadt and Mainz , is part of the Frankfurt Rhine Main Region , a metropolitan area with a combined population of about 5.8 million people.", "Adolphe Sax is the inventor of the saxophone. He was born on 6 November 1814 in Dinant (Belgium). Until his death in 1894, music was the central theme of his life. In 2012, his brand “Adolphe Sax & Cie” was revived by Karel Goetghebeur in Bruges. “We make saxophones as they were intended by their inventor: always looking for innovation, a beautiful sound and a contemporary ease of play. Once again, Adolphe Sax conquers hearts throughout the world, from Belgium.", "As he is feted with a lifetime achievement award, the peerless concert pianist Alfred Brendel reflects on life two years after retirement – the pleasures of art, going to concerts, the sonatas he still plays at home… and the particular joy of C minor", "There was more surreal humour on Radio 3's lunchtime concert from the Aldeburgh Festival. In common with many men in the autumn of their years, Alfred Brendel has decided that he is not only the greatest piano player in the world, he is also something of a poet. So while he got Pierre-Laurent Aimard to play piano music by Ligeti and Gyorgy Kurtag, he recited his own poetry between pieces.", "Ernst Kirchner was born in Dresden, Germany in 1880. The son of an engineer in a paper plant, Kirchner studied architecture at his father's insistence, but switched to painting as soon as he got his diploma.  In 1905 he and three former fellow students set up a studio in an empty Dresden butcher shop and proclaimed themselves leaders of a new movement they called Die Brucke (The Bridge). The members endlessly read French and German philosophers, drank into the night, took midnight swims with their female  models, absorbed everything in museums and galleries.  In 1911, they moved to Berlin.   ", "Yehudi Menuhin was born in New York City in 1916 to Jewish parents who were originally from Belarus. He began violin instructions at age four and gave his first solo violin performance at age seven. In 1929, he played in Berlin under Bruno Walter and in 1932, he recorded Edward Elgar’s Violin Concerto in B minor with the composer himself conducting. He performed for the Allied soldiers during World War II and in 1947 he returned to Germany to perform with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra. During his long career he was known for his profound interpretations and for his exploration of music outside the classical realm.", "As the band was named after the novel Der Steppenwolf by German author Hermann Hesse, who was born in the Black Forest town of Calw, the city invited them to come over and play in the International Hermann-Hesse-Festival 2002, along with other bands inspired by Hesse, such as Anyone's Daughter. The concert drew considerable media coverage, with Kay's fluent German stunning those who did not know beforehand about his growing up in Germany – in fact, he was born Joachim Fritz Krauledat in Tilsit, East Prussia, Germany (now Sovetsk, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia).", "Krenek grew up in the comfortable certainties of pre-war Vienna. Everything changed with the collapse of the grand Empire. Austrians were cut off from “Welschland”, the Süden, and to the idealized image of southern climes which runs so strongly through the Northern European imagination, from neo-classical times, through Goethe and to the late Romantics. Imagine Hugo Wolf cut off from his dreams of the South. How then should Austrians come to terms with an identity within narrow borders, and a new relationship with Germany? Furthermore , the 1920’s were a time of rapid social change. Krenek himself was part of the avant garde, incorporating jazz into classical tradition. The image of a black saxophonist, which so horrified the Nazis, has its origins in Krenek’s Jonny spielt auf. When Krenek journeyed to the Alps, he wasn’t sight-seeing, but observing.", "In the year that the Irish War of Independence ended paving the way for the creation of the Irish Free State, Adolf Hitler became head of the newly formed 'National Socialist German Workers Party', and Sweden abolished the Death Penalty.In the music world, the death was announced of Engelbert Humperdinck, the composer.", "Alfred Brendel:    I have many interests.  I write.  I have always been a visual person.  I don’t paint anymore, which I have done in my teens, extensively.  But I look.  I have a family; I have friends.  I want to talk to people outside my profession.  So there is a lot to do.", "Kästner was born in Dresden , Germany . He grew up in the Königsbrücker Strasse of Dresden’s Äussere Neustadt. Close by, the Erich Kästner Museum is located on the ground floor of Kästner’s uncle Franz Augustin’s former villa on Antonstraße next to the Albertplatz.", "Alfred Schnittke was born in Engels in the Volga-German Republic of the RSFSR, Soviet Union. He began his musical education in 1946 in Vienna where his father, a journalist and translator, had been posted. It was in Vienna, Schnittke's biographer Alexander Ivashkin writes, where \"he fell in love with music which is part of life, part of history and culture, part of the past which is still alive.\". \"I felt every moment there,\" the composer wrote, \"to be a link of the historical chain: all was multi-dimensional; the past represented a world of ever-present ghosts, and I was not a barbarian without any connections, but the conscious bearer of the task in my life.\" Schnittke's experience in Vienna \"gave him a certain spiritual experience and discipline for his future professional activities. It was Mozart and Schubert, not Tchaikovsky and Rachmaninoff, whom he kept in mind as a reference point in terms of taste, manner and style. This reference point was essentially Classical ... but never too blatant.\"", "German composer of the 20th century known for his collaborations with writer Bertolt Brecht. He wrote operas, cantata, music for plays, concert music, film and radio scores. His major works include \"Mahagonny,\" \"Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny\" and \"Die Dreigroschenoper.\" The song \"The Ballad of Mack the Knife\" from \"Die Dreigroschenoper\" became a huge hit and remains popular to this day. He died barely a month before his 50th birthday on April 3, 1950 in New York, U.S.A. More »", "At 77, Mr. Brendel looks spry and energetic. He certainly played through demanding pieces by Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven and Schubert with what seemed undiminished focus, utter integrity and a penchant for surprise. His account of Schubert’s mystical late Sonata in B flat was particularly transfixing: spacious, searching and calmly eloquent. Even in its scherzo, for all the humor, delicacy and grace of his playing, Mr. Brendel conveyed the somber undertow, with sudden turns in the middle section to ominous harmonies and jumpy bass lines.", "Paul Hindemith (Nov. 16, 1895 – Dec. 28, 1963) German composer, violist, violinist, teacher and conductor. Notable compositions include his song cycle Das Marienleben (1923) and opera Mathis der Maler (1938).", "I was surprised that you mentioned the German instrument maker Gottlieb Dolling. My great-great-grandfather studied under him in Markneukirchen before he came to America. He and his brother came to America and opened a musical instrument store on Front St. in Baltimore in the late 1850s. Dolling's grandson came to Philadephia also. You can still find some of the instruments made by Kummer & Schetelich (his brother's brother-in-law) today.", "Die Musik des unbestrittenen Königs der britischen Unterhaltungsmusik Eric Coates (1886-1957) war dagegen weitaus britischer. Geboren in Huchnall in Nottinghamshire begann er seine Karriere als Orchesterorganist, ehe er sich mit wohlgesetzten Liedern und melodischen orchestralen Suiten und anderen Stücken von Unterhaltungsmusik einen Namen schuf. Viele dieser Werke wurden als Kennmelodien in der Glanzzeit des Radios berühmt, was auch bei dem zu Kriegszeiten komponierten Marsch Calling All Workers (1940) (Aufruf an alle Arbeiter) der Fall war, der jahrelang als Kennmelodie des Radioprogramms Music While You Work (Musik während du arbeitest) zu hören war. Die Melodie war unter vielen anderen wegen ihres Tempos sorgfältig ausgewählt worden. Es bestand die Absicht, die Arbeiter in den Kriegsfabriken nicht nur aufzumuntern, sondern deren Arbeitsleistung zu erhöhen – sie arbeiteten auf Grund des musikalischen Tempos schneller.", "Richard Wagner, the most important composer to be born in Leipzig, entered the world on 22 May 1813, in the Haus Zum Rot und Weißen Löwen on the Brühl. He was christened at St. Thomas Church on 16 August 1813. The house in which he was born and the other buildings the Wagner family lived in have all been demolished – either in 1886 to make way for new buildings, or in the air raids of 1943-44. The only one still standing is the Königshaus on the southern side of the Market Square, formerly the home of Richard's uncle, the philologist Adolf Wagner. Another building that still remains is the Old St. Nicholas School, attended by Wagner from 1828-1830.", "Ede Staal (Warffum) (1941–1986), was a Dutch singer-songwriter from the Northern province of Groningen who sang mainly in the Groninger dialect of Dutch.", "1971 ● Oliver “Ollie” Riedel → Bassist for heavy metal/industrial Kraut rock Rammstein, “Sehnsucht” (Mainstream Rock #20, 1998)", "in 1896 - Ernst-Lothar von Knorr, violinist, conductor and composer, who was director of two German musical colleges, is born.", "in 1885 - Eduard K�nneke, German composer, is born. K�nneke composed mostly operettas, operas and theatre music.", "In 1824, Richard moved to Dresden where he lived for 6 years. He was appointed Royal Saxon Court Conductor. He also mixed with artistic circles such as the composer Ferninad Hiller and architect Gottfried Semper. During his stay in Dresden, he got involved in left-wing politics. This did not go well with the Dresden administration and he was forced to flee to Zurich.", "in 1880 - Alfred Einstein, musicologist and music editor, possibly a distant cousin of Albert Einstein, is born." ]

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[ ", also known as Theodore Francis Green State Airport and Providence International Airport is located in Warwick, six miles (10 km) south of Providence, in Kent County, Rhode Island, USA. Completely rebuilt in 1996, it was the first state-owned airport in the United States.", "Theodore Francis Green State Airport is a regional private jet airport located in Rhode Island, United States suitable for a variety of private jets and its International Air Transport Association code is PVD.", "The original State Airport Terminal at Hillsgrove, now Theodore Francis Green State Airport, was the first state-owned airport in the United States. The airport was constructed in 1932 and opened for business in 1933. The state-owned terminal provided an example of early modern architecture associated with the developments in transportation, commerce and public works in early 20th-century Rhode Island. Providence area businessmen believed that a publicly owned and operated airfield was necessary to attract National airlines to Providence and to ensure that the capital city would be part of the aviation age. Warwick officials were also convinced that a state-owned airport would promote local commercial and industrial development. The state responded by establishing the first state-owned airport.", "Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport (IATA: DFW, ICAO: KDFW, FAA LID: DFW) is located between the cities of Dallas and Fort Worth, Texas, and (at least as of 2007) is the busiest airport in the U.S. state of Texas. It generally serves the larger Dallas–Fort Worth metropolitan area, with carriers providing regional, national and international flights.", "Two smaller commercial airports, Atlantic City International Airport and Trenton-Mercer Airport, also operate in other parts of New Jersey. Teterboro Airport, in Bergen County, is a general aviation airport popular with private and corporate aircraft, due to its proximity to New York City. Millville Municipal Airport, in Cumberland County, is a general aviation airport popular with private and corporate aircraft, due to its proximity to the shore. Sony VGN-SR41M/S Keyboard", "Kentucky's primary airports include Louisville International Airport (Standiford Field (SDF)) of Louisville, Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport (CVG) of Cincinnati/Covington, and Blue Grass Airport (LEX) in Lexington. Louisville International Airport is home to UPS's Worldport, its international air-sorting hub. Also, Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport is the largest airport in the state, although it serves Cincinnati, which is located in Ohio. The airport is the 9th busiest airport in the U.S. and 40th in the world based on passenger and cargo operations. In addition, CVG is hub to passenger airlines Delta Air Lines and Delta Private Jets, along with global super-hub for DHL Aviation and DHL Express serving destinations throughout the Americas, Europe, Africa, and Asia. CVG is also the largest O&D airport and base for Allegiant Air, along with home to a maintenance for US Airways Express subsidiary PSA Airlines. There are also a number of regional airports scattered across the state.", "Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport (IATA: ATL, ICAO: KATL, FAA LID: ATL), known locally as Atlanta Airport, Hartsfield Airport, and Hartsfield–Jackson, is located seven miles south of the central business district of Atlanta, Georgia, United States. The airport is the primary hub of AirTran Airways, Delta Air Lines, and Delta Connection partner Atlantic Southeast Airlines; the Delta hub is the world’s largest airline hub.", "Newark Liberty International Airport , originally Newark Metropolitan Airport and later Newark International Airport, is an international airport located about 15 mi southwest of Midtown Manhattan (New York City). It straddles the boundary between Newark and Elizabeth, New Jersey. The airport is owned by the city of Newark and leased to and operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Newark Airport was the first major airport in the United States and through 2013 was the New York-New Jersey metropolitan area's busiest in terms of flights.", "Why We Love 'Em: These two airports offer entry points to the U.S. South in a very low-key way. Lexington is well located if you are headed to a number of Southern and even Midwestern cities such as Indianapolis, Louisville, St. Louis and Nashville. Meanwhile, the airport in Knoxville, and indeed the entire Knoxville area, may offer one of the most demure, pleasant and uneventful travel experiences in the U.S.; travelers seem more prone to remember the airport's rocking chairs and fountains than its security lines, check-in woes or parking hassles.", "John F. Kennedy International Airport (IATA: JFK, ICAO: KJFK, FAA LID: JFK) is an international airport located in Queens County, on Long Island, in southeastern New York City. The airport is approximately 12 miles from Lower Manhattan. It is the busiest international air passenger gateway to the United States. It is also the leading freight gateway to the country by value of shipments. In 2009, the airport handled 45,915,069 passengers, making it the 12th busiest airport in the world by this measure.", "Location and Driving Directions: I-195 serves the terminal directly, with a designated airport exit. From Washington DC, take the Baltimore-Washington Parkway, heading north, until signs for I-195/BW appear. Bear right and follow I-195 to the airport. From Baltimore, take Russell Street south to the Baltimore-Washington Parkway, then follow the parkway south to the junction with I-195, and merge left off the parkway onto I-195 for the airport.", "George Bush Intercontinental Airport, (IATA: IAH, ICAO: KIAH, FAA LID: IAH) is a Class B international airport in the city of Houston, Texas, United States, serving the Greater Houston area. Located 20 miles north of Downtown Houston between Interstate 45 and U.S. Highway 59, Bush Intercontinental is Texas’s second-largest air facility—after Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport—covering an area of 10,000 acres.", "2.August 26 – Paul R. Redfern leaves Brunswick, Georgia, flying his Stinson Detroiter \"Port of Brunswick\" to attempt a solo non-stop flight to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. He later crashes in the Venezuela jungle (the crash site is never located).", "McCarran International Airport is the primary commercial airport serving the Las Vegas Valley, a major metropolitan area in the U.S. state of Nevada. It is located in Paradise, about 5 mi south of downtown Las Vegas. The airport is owned by Clark County and operated by the Clark County Department of Aviation. It is named after Pat McCarran, a former Nevada senator who contributed to the development of aviation both in Las Vegas and on a national scale.", "Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport in Wichita, Kansas. The FAA changed the name in 2014 so it would be included in new 2015 maps, and the official dedication occurred in April 2015. ", "Bangor International Airport is a joint civil-military public airport on the west side of the city of Bangor, in Penobscot County, Maine, United States. Owned and operated by the City of Bangor, the airport has a single runway measuring 11439 by. Formerly a military installation known as Dow Air Force Base, Bangor International Airport remains home to the 101st Air Refueling Wing of the Maine Air National Guard, although most of the Air Force's aircraft and personnel left in the late 1960s.", "Whetstone International Airport or Del Bonita/Whetstone International Airport is located in Alberta and Montana, and similarly has an east–west runway sited exactly on the border. It is assigned U.S. identifier H28 and Canadian identifier CEQ4.", "Robert Mueller Municipal Airport, Austin, Texas : digitized from OC 30, surveyed March 1990, 12th edition (Book, 1990) [WorldCat.org]", "Puerto Rico has three international airports, the Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport in Carolina, Mercedita Airport in Ponce, and the Rafael Hernández Airport in Aguadilla, and 27 local airports. The Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport is the largest aerial transportation hub in the Caribbean.", "Though located 13 mi south of downtown in unincorporated San Mateo County, San Francisco International Airport (SFO) is under the jurisdiction of the City and County of San Francisco. SFO is a hub for United Airlines and Virgin America. SFO is a major international gateway to Asia and Europe, with the largest international terminal in North America. In 2011, SFO was the 8th busiest airport in the U.S. and 22nd busiest in the world, handling over 40.9 million passengers. ", "Salt Lake City International Airport is the only international airport in the state and serves as one of the hubs for Delta Air Lines. The airport has consistently ranked first in on-time departures and had the fewest cancellations among U.S. airports. The airport has non-stop service to over 100 destinations throughout the United States, Canada, and Mexico, as well as to Paris. Canyonlands Field (near Moab), Cedar City Regional Airport, Ogden-Hinckley Airport, Provo Municipal Airport, St. George Regional Airport, and Vernal Regional Airport all provide limited commercial air service. An entirely new regional airport at St. George opened on January 12, 2011. SkyWest Airlines is also headquartered in St. George and maintains a hub at Salt Lake City.", "Major airports within the state include Memphis International Airport (MEM), Nashville International Airport (BNA), McGhee Tyson Airport (TYS) in Knoxville, Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport (CHA), Tri-Cities Regional Airport (TRI), and McKellar-Sipes Regional Airport (MKL), in Jackson. Because Memphis International Airport is the major hub for FedEx Corporation, it is the world's largest air cargo operation.", "Major airports within the state include Memphis International Airport (MEM), Nashville International Airport (BNA), McGhee Tyson Airport (TYS) in Alcoa, Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport (CHA), Tri-Cities Regional Airport (TRI), and McKellar-Sipes Regional Airport (MKL), in Jackson. Because Memphis International Airport is the major hub for FedEx Corporation, it is the world's largest air cargo operation.", "Kingsford Smith Airport (commonly Sydney Airport, and locally referred to as Mascot Airport or just 'Mascot'), located in the southern Sydney suburb of Mascot is the major airport for not just the state but the whole nation. It is a hub for Australia's national airline Qantas.", "Florence Airport, Peretola , and formally Amerigo Vespucci Airport, is the international airport of Florence, the capital of the Italian region of Tuscany. It is the second-busiest Tuscan airport in terms of passengers after Pisa International Airport. It serves as a focus city for Vueling.", "Originally named Hoover Field upon opening in 1926 it merged with another airport in 1930 to become Washington-Hoover Airport. In 1941, with construction money reallocated from President FDR, Washington National Airport opened its doors under the jurisdiction of the federal government.  In 1998 the airport was renamed Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport in honor of the United State’s 40th President.", "Piarco International Airport, 25 km east of Port of Spain, is a major regional centre for passenger and cargo traffic and aviation-related industries. Crown Point International Airport on Tobago can handle wide-bodied intercontinental aircraft.", "Private aircraft can use 47.536774 -122.303870 2 King County International Airport ( IATA : BFI), universally known as Boeing Field. It's also south of the city, but much closer to town than Sea-Tac airport.", "A major event occurred 29 May 2009 honoring Maurice Bishop. The Point Salines International Airport [PSIA] was renamed the Maurice Bishop International Airport [MBIA]. Bishop spoke of the airport often. These speeches reflect his vision - Together We Shall Build Our Airport and The New Tourism .", "© Copyright 2017, Airport-Little-Rock.com (this is an information website and is not affiliated with Clinton National Airport)", "South of the city, K. I. Sawyer Air Force Base was an important Air Force installation during the Cold War, host to B-52H bombers and KC-135 tankers of the Strategic Air Command, as well as a fighter interceptor squadron. The base closed in September 1995, and is now the county's Sawyer International Airport.", "In 1867, Fort D. A. Russell was established, three miles west of the city. The fort was later renamed Francis E. Warren Air Force Base." ]

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[ "Demi Guynes (born November 11, 1962),[n 1] known professionally as Demi Moore, is an American actress, filmmaker, former songwriter, and model. She appeared on the soap opera General Hospital and subsequently gained recognition for her work in Blame It on Rio (1984) and St. Elmo's Fire (1985). About Last Night... (1986) established her as a Hollywood star.", "Demi Moore was born on November 11, 1962, in Roswell, New Mexico. Her father, Charles Foster Harmon, Sr., left her mother, Virginia Beverly (King), before Demi was born. Her stepfather, Danny Guynes, did not add much stability to her life, either. He frequently changed jobs and made the family move a total of 40 times. The parents kept on drinking, arguing and beating, until Guynes finally committed suicide. Demi quit school at age 16 to work as a pin-up-girl. At 18, she married rock musician Freddy Moore ; the marriage lasted four years. At 19, she became a regular on the soap opera General Hospital (1963) (1982-1983). From the first salaries, she started partying and sniffing cocaine. That lasted more than three years, until director Joel Schumacher threatened to fire her from the set of St. Elmo's Fire (1985) when she turned up high. She got a withdrawal treatment and returned clean within a week... and stayed clean. With determination and a skill for publicity stunts, like the nude appearance on the cover of Vanity Fair while pregnant, she made her way to fame. Thanks to the huge commercial success of Ghost (1990) and the controversial pictures Indecent Proposal (1993) and Disclosure (1994), she became Hollywood's most sought-after and most expensive actress.", "Demi Gene Guynes ( ; born November 11, 1962), professionally known as Demi Moore, is an American actress, filmmaker, former songwriter, and model. Moore dropped out of high school at age 16 to pursue an acting career, and appeared in a nude pictorial in Oui magazine in 1981. After making her film debut later that year, she appeared on the soap opera General Hospital and subsequently gained recognition for her work in Blame It on Rio (1984) and St. Elmo's Fire (1985). Her first film to become both a critical and commercial hit was About Last Night... (1986), which established her as a Hollywood star.", "Following a few seasons on the soap General Hospital, Demi Moore turned heads with her appearances in St. Elmo's Fire (1985), Ghost (1990), Indecent Proposal (1993), Disclosure (1994), Striptease (1996), G.I. Jane (1997), and as the villain in Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle (2003). She's garnered the most attention, however, for being the 15-years-his-senior wife to Ashton Kutcher for the past six years. But now with the couple's famous May-December relationship now over, Demi's own future in Hollywood seems bleak. ", "In 1991, men around the world took a surprising, new interest in pottery, deeply envying a lump of clay massaged into phallic magnificence by Demi Moore in Ghost. That’s to suggest we hadn’t already fallen in love with the husky-voiced dark beauty a hundred times before. A teen pin-up girl and soap actress, Moore quickly became a core member of Hollywood’s Brat Pack, her own hard-partying lifestyle set to an anthemic score in the young yuppie ensemble piece St. Elmo’s Fire. With Ghost, Indecent Proposal, A Few Good Men, and Disclosure, not to mention a famous pregnant-and-nude Vanity Fair cover, Moore was powerful, provocative, commanding, and hot. We were less aroused by her butched-out soldier in GI Jane, but dug her striptease on David Letterman’s talk show. On the personal front, her marriage to Bruce Willis died hard, and her union with much-younger Ashton Kutcher was recently Punk'd.", "She became a superstar in 1990 when she snatched the lead female role in Ghost, playing Patrick Swayze 's widow. 1991 was a disappointing year for Demi Moore with three stinkers: Nothing But Trouble, Mortal Thoughts and The Butcher's Wife.", "In 2006, Demi Moore had roles in Bobby as well as Half Light, and she followed that up with Flawless and Mr. Brooks in '07.", "In 1991, Demi Moore co-produced and starred in the mystery thriller Mortal Thoughts with Glenne Headly and Bruce Willis , and appeared as a blonde for the first time in the romantic comedy The Butcher’s Wife, with Jeff Daniels. Both films were box-office disappointments, but Moore sustained her A-list status with her starring roles in Rob Reiner’s A Few Good Men with Tom Cruise and Jack Nicholson in 1992; Adrian Lyne’s Indecent Proposal alongside Robert Redford and Woody Harrelson in 1993; and Barry Levinson’s Disclosure with Michael Douglas, Donald Sutherland and Caroline Goodall in 1994; all of which opened at #1 at the box office and were blockbuster hits.", "Over four decades of performing comedy and drama, she made many television appearances, meeting the demands of soap opera skillfully, and winning Emmy nominations for parts that required greater range. She appeared in \"The Practice\" and \"Ally McBeal.\"", "In 1991, Demi Moore was a budding A-list film star who had been married to Bruce Willis since 1987. The couple had had their first child Rumer Willis in 1988, and they had hired three photographers for an audience of six friends for the delivery. In 1990, she had starred in that year's highest-grossing film, Ghost, for which she was paid $350,000, and she had earned $2 million for 1991 roles in The Butcher's Wife, Mortal Thoughts and Nothing But Trouble. Following the photo, she would earn $3 million for her 1992 role in A Few Good Men and $5 million apiece for roles in The Scarlet Letter (1995) and Disclosure (1994). ", "One final soap of interest: Fame, one of the first teen soaps. Set at a performing-arts high school, the series had a rudimentary sense of the teen soap clichés that would become dominant in the next decade but is mostly notable for its generally enjoyable performance numbers (spearheaded by Debbie Allen).", "Hollyoaks is a British soap opera, first broadcast on Channel 4 on 23 October 1995. It was originally devised by Phil Redmond, who had previously conceived the Channel 4 soap Brookside. The programme is set in a fictional suburb of Chester called Hollyoaks, and features a large cast of characters primarily aged between 16 and 35. Beginning with a cast of just seven major characters in 1995, the serial now has approximately 50 main cast members. Hollyoaks has a high cast turnover in comparison with other British soaps; as of May 2014, just fifteen characters have spent five years or longer on the show. The programme, which is currently the UK's youngest television soap opera, has won 28 British Soap Awards, 11 Inside Soap Awards, one TRIC Award and one National Television Award; at the 2014 British Soap Awards, Hollyoaks won Best British Soap for the first time, breaking the 15-year draw between rival soaps EastEnders and Coronation Street. It is also popular around the world. The longest-serving cast member is Nick Pickard, who has played Tony Hutchinson since the first episode in 1995; all the other original actors left before 2000.", "Becoming aware of her looks in her late teens, Demi Moore dropped out of high school and started modeling in Europe. She eventually returned to the United States and, in 1981, she got into acting. Her first movies included Choices (1981), Parasite (1982) and Jerry Bruckheimer 's Young Doctors in Love (1982).", "The show's storyline begins with the reversal of fortune of Maddie Hayes, a former model who finds herself bankrupt after her accountant embezzles all of her liquid assets. She is left saddled with several failing businesses formerly maintained as tax write-offs, one of which is the City of Angels Detective Agency, helmed by the carefree David Addison. Between the pilot and the first one-hour episode, David persuades Maddie to keep the business and run it as a partnership. The agency is renamed Blue Moon Investigations because Maddie was most famous for being the spokesmodel for the (fictitious) Blue Moon Shampoo Company. In many episodes, she was recognized as \"the Blue Moon shampoo girl,\" if not by name.", "Melrose Place is an American primetime soap opera that aired on Fox from July 8, 1992 to May 24, 1999, for seven seasons. The show follows the lives of a group of young adults living in an apartment complex called Melrose Place, in Los Angeles, California. The show was created by Darren Star for Fox and executive produced by Aaron Spelling for his company, Spelling Television. It is the second series in the Beverly Hills, 90210 franchise. Season one and season two were broadcast on Wednesday at 9pm, after Beverly Hills, 90210. In 1994, for its third season premiere, the show moved to Monday at 8pm.", "Alternately praised and hated by soap fans for her work as the spiteful Kinsey on the legendary NBC property \"Days Of Our Lives\", possibly Shelby's most buzzed about role was her stint as a recurring character on the Emmy winning, Ryan Murphy/Brad Falchuk created series \"American Horror Story\" on FX. Years of commercial, voice, modeling and stage work led Shelby to a recurring role as Jennifer on the CW's \"Everybody Hates Chris\", guest star roles on the hit MTV series, \"Awkward.\" along with \"Ghost Whisperer\" and \"Freddie\", and a high profile supporting role alongside Emma Roberts, Aidan Quinn and the late Natasha Richardson in Universal's \"Wild Child\" movie.", "Demi Moore (born Demetria Guynes on November 11, 1962, in Roswell, New Mexico) is an American actress with a trademark husky voice.", "Primetime serials were just as popular as those in daytime. The first real prime time soap opera was ABC 's Peyton Place (1964–1969), based in part on the original 1957 movie (which was itself taken from the 1956 novel ). The popularity of Peyton Place prompted rival network CBS to spin off popular As the World Turns character Lisa Miller into her own evening soap opera entitled Our Private World (originally titled \"The Woman Lisa\" in its planning stages) in 1965. Our Private World ended in the fall and the character of Lisa returned to As The World Turns.", "Demi Moore's time in the spotlight is also due to her behavior in the media. She appeared nude in the '80s for the magazine Oui and twice on the cover of Vanity Fair; once while seven months pregnant and a second time covered in body paint.", "Stripped on Late Show with David Letterman on year 1993, allegedly to disprove rumors that she’s too fat for her new movie Striptease. Later, in 1996, Demi Moore was chosen by People magazine as one of the 50 most beautiful people in the world.", "Though the ratings of daytime dramas like \"Guiding Light\" have been in steady decline, many celebrities today can thank soap operas for their career boosts. These famous faces appeared on soap operas long before they became household names.", "In the fall of 1964, ABC premiered a half-hour Peyton Place, television's first-ever soap-opera-style serial in prime time, which introduced two new young actors, Ryan O'Neal and Mia Farrow; eventually Lee Grant won a supporting-actress Emmy for her role. Long before Dallas, Dynasty, and Desperate Housewives, Peyton Place pioneered sudsy appointment television, at one point airing three nights a week. The show ran for a staggering 524 episodes over five years and made $62 million for the network—not a dime of which went to the estate of Grace Metalious, who had signed away all the rights to her work during that stay at the Algonquin.", "Soap operas traditionally featured only heterosexual romance. For American soap opera, this began to change with characters Bianca Montgomery, Lena Kundera, and Maggie Stone from All My Children. Bianca's unveiling as a lesbian was unique for daytime television. By being a core character and the daughter of legendary diva Erica Kane, \"the show initiated an innovative discourse about the possibility, location, and representation of lesbian and gay characters in a television genre historically predicated on the celebration of heterosexual courtship, romance, and family life\". ", "She also appeared in a couple of episodes of the hit-American series, âCastleâ. On the big screen, she played the role of Mandy Mooreâs mother in the rom-com, âLove, Wedding, Marriageâ, released in 2011.", "A popular star on television, Ms. Dickinson spent four seasons starring as the iconic Pepper in the wildly popular TV series \"Police Woman,\" and has appeared in such mini-series as \"Wild Palms,\" \"Hollywood Wives,\" \"Pearl\" and \"Remembrance.\"", "Other actors have played several characters on different shows. Millette Alexander, Bernard Barrow, Doris Belack, David Canary, Judith Chapman, Jordan Charney, Joan Copeland, Nicolas Coster, Jacqueline Courtney, Louis Edmonds, Dan Hamilton, Don Hastings, Vincent Irizarry, Lenore Kasdorf, Teri Keane, Lois Kibbee, John Loprieno, Maeve McGuire, James Mitchell, Christopher Pennock, Gary Pillar, Antony Ponzini, William Prince, Louise Shaffer, and Diana van der Vlis, among many others, have all played multiple soap roles.", "Plot Intro: An out-of-work actor who runs acting workshops takes a part on an afternoon soap opera as a woman character. Things get more complicated for him than just getting in and out of his girdle.", "In 2009, Moore and Kutcher launched The Demi and Ashton Foundation (DNA), a nonprofit, non-governmental organization directed towards fighting child sexual slavery. Its first campaign was \"Real Men Don't Buy Girls.\" In November 2012, the foundation said it was announcing \"a new name and refined mission\" as Thorn, which aimed \"to disrupt and deflate the predatory behavior of those who abuse and traffic children, solicit sex with children or create and share child pornography\".", "Kathie Browne, a very busy TV actress of the 1960s and '70s, was born Jacqueline Katherine Browne in San Luis Obispo, California on September 19, 1930. She got her break in TV after appearing in a Los Angeles production of Tennessee Williams 's play, \"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof\" (1958), making her debut in 1957 in the Western TV series, The Gray Ghost , The Sheriff of Cochise and Gunsmoke . The following year, she made her movie debut in the B-movie, Murder by Contract , but it was mostly television that was her métier. She made numerous guest appearances on a plethora of TV shows. The blonde haired, blue-eyed beauty played mainly ingénue parts.", "The first season features a cast of thirteen actors who receive star billing. Brenda Strong narrated the series as the deceased Mary Alice Young. Teri Hatcher portrayed Susan Mayer, the klutzy, lovable divorced mother in search of love. Felicity Huffman played Lynette Scavo, a former career woman who is now a full-time mother of four. Marcia Cross acted as Bree Van de Kamp, the uptight, perfectionist homemaker and mother of two teenagers who is struggling to save her marriage. Eva Longoria starred as Gabrielle Solis, the materialistic ex–fashion model who cheats on her husband. Nicollette Sheridan played the neighborhood slut and Susan's rival, Edie Britt. Steven Culp played Rex Van de Kamp, Bree's emasculated, sexually dissatisfied husband. Ricardo Antonio Chavira starred as Gabrielle's neglectful, high-powered executive husband, Carlos Solis. Mark Moses portrayed Mary Alice's mysterious widower, Paul Young. Andrea Bowen played Susan's knowledgeable, level-headed daughter, Julie Mayer. Jesse Metcalfe played the Solis' gardener and Gabrielle's adulterous lover, John Rowland. Cody Kasch played Mary Alice's and Paul's troubled and mentally unstable son Zach Young, and James Denton portrayed the neighborhood plumber and Susan's love interest, Mike Delfino, who has a secret of his own.", "The Mary Tyler Moore Show, featuring its star as an unmarried professional woman, debuts on CBS.", "Emmy award winning television star, Mary Tyler Moore was born and raised in Flatbush until the age of ten." ]

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[ "Noisy, vibrant and truly multicultural, London is a megalopolis of people, ideas and energy. The capital and largest city of both the United Kingdom and of England, it is also the largest city in Western Europe and the European Union. Situated on the River Thames in South-East England, Greater London has an official population of roughly 7.5 million people — although the figure of over 14 million for the city's total metropolitan area more accurately reflects London's size and importance. London is one of the great \"world cities,\" and remains a global capital of culture, fashion, finance, politics and trade.", "London population predicted to near 10 million within a decade as England continues to grow | The Independent", "Greater London has a population of about 8.6 million inhabitants, more than 13.6 million live in its urban zone (2013). Spoken language is predominantly British English.", "One of the main difficulties facing the 2012 Olympic organisers was the sheer number of people expected to flock to London. With a third of British children now expected to live until they’re 100, the current population of London stands at an astounding 7.8 million. In 1908 however, the average life-expectancy was 55; and with a population of 10,800 there was arguably a slightly less daunting population to deal with.", "As for London, the capital of the United Kingdom has some three million inhabitants, or seven million for Greater London.", "The capital city, London, is the most densely populated area in the entire United Kingdom, with around 13 million inhabitants; it is the centre for trade, politics and law, and is also a huge tourist hotspot with plenty of attractions, outdoor spaces, iconic monuments and historic buildings.", "London has a diverse range of peoples and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken within its boundaries. In March 2011, London had an official population of 8,174,100, making it the most populous municipality in the European Union , and accounting for 12.5% of the UK population. The Greater London Urban Area is the second-largest in the EU with a population of 8,278,251, while the London metropolitan area is the largest in the EU with an estimated total population of between 12 million and 14 million London had the largest population of any city in the world from around 1831 to 1925.", "With increasing industrialisation, London's population grew rapidly throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, and it was for some time in the late 19th and early 20th centuries the most populous city in the world. Its population peaked at 8,615,245 in 1939 immediately before the outbreak of the Second World War, but had declined to 7,192,091 at the 2001 Census. However, the population then grew by just over a million between the 2001 and 2011 Censuses, to reach 8,173,941 in the latter enumeration. ", "** 2 February: London's population hits a record high of 8.6m and is forecast to reach 11m by 2050. ", "London is the capital city of the United Kingdom . It is the most populous region, urban zone and metropolitan area in the European Union and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames , London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans , who named it Londinium . London's ancient core, the City of London , largely retains its mediaeval boundaries and in 2011 had a resident population of 7,375, making it the smallest city in England. Since at least the 19th century, the term London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly .", "To the nearest million, how many people were recorded living in central London in the 2001 Census?", "Britain has the highest level of urbanization of the developed countries: approximately 80 percent of its population lives in cities, of these about half are in large cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants; as of 1967 there were 91 such cities, including three whose population is more than 1 million: Greater London (7.7 million in 1969), Birmingham, and Glasgow (1.1 million each). Two-thirds of the urban population is concentrated in large urban regions, or conurbations: London (7.7 million), Manchester (2.4 million), the West Midlands (with Birmingham as its center; 2.3 million), Clydeside (with Glasgow as its center; 1.8 million), West Yorkshire (centered in Leeds; 1.7 million), Merseyside (centered in Liverpool; 1.4 million), and Tyneside (centered in Newcastle; approximately 1 million). There is a high density of population in Britain, 226 persons per sq km.", "There are now 29 megacities, with the addition in the last year of London . London might be thought of as having been a megacity for decades, however the imposition of its greenbelt forced virtually all growth since 1939 to exurban areas that are not a part of the urban area, keeping its population below the 10 million threshold until this year (Demographia World Urban Areas Table 1).", "Greater London encompasses a total area of 1583 km2, an area which had a population of 7,172,036 in 2001 and a population density of 4542 PD/km2. The extended area known as the London Metropolitan Region or the London Metropolitan Agglomeration, comprises a total area of 8382 km2 has a population of 13,709,000 and a population density of 1510 PD/km2. Modern London stands on the Thames, its primary geographical feature, a navigable river which crosses the city from the south-west to the east. The Thames Valley is a floodplain surrounded by gently rolling hills including Parliament Hill, Addington Hills, and Primrose Hill. The Thames was once a much broader, shallower river with extensive marshlands; at high tide, its shores reached five times their present width.", "In 1800, London had reached a population of 1 million, and was the capital of the fast-expanding British Empire.", "capital of Great Britain, SE England, on both sides of the Thames River. Greater London (1991 pop. 6,378,600), c.620 sq mi (1,610 sq km), consists of the Corporation of the City of London (1991 pop. 4,000), usually called the City, plus 32 boroughs.", "The region covers an area of 1579 km2. The population density is 5177 PD/km2, more than ten times that of any other British region. In terms of population, London is the 19th largest city and the 18th largest metropolitan region in the world. , London has the largest number of billionaires (British Pound Sterling) in the world, with 72 residing in the city. London ranks as one of the most expensive cities in the world, alongside Tokyo and Moscow.", "The population grew by 8.6% between 1991 and 2006 and is projected to grow by a further 5.4% by 2016 to 233,125. The male to female ratio is 50:50 and the age structure is similar to that of London as a whole although younger than the national average.", "It's probably worth observing that London had a population of one million in 1800. Ankh-Morpork, broadly speaking, has that technology level and a comparable geogrpahical situation.", "London is the world’s 25th largest city and ranks fourth in the world for the number of resident billionaires.", "London is one of the leading tourist destinations in the world and in 2015 was ranked as the most visited city in the world with over 65 million visits. It is also the top city in the world by visitor cross-border spending, estimated at US$20.23 billion in 2015 Tourism is one of London's prime industries, employing the equivalent of 350,000 full-time workers in 2003, and the city accounts for 54% of all inbound visitor spend in UK. As of 2016 London is rated as the world top ranked city destination by TripAdvisor users. ", "In 1891 the Corporation of the City of London made a statistical survey which it published ancillary to the National Census taken in that year. 37,694 persons lived in the City, but the daytime occupation was 310,384. In fact on 4 May 1891 1,186,094 entries to the City were made, i.e., many people entered more than once. Separate statistical information is that about 50,000 persons arrived at Waterloo daily, of whom about 12,000 proceeded to the City by some means.", "In 1815 London was already the largest city in the world, but by 1860 it had grown three-fold to reach 3,188,485 souls. And many of the souls it contained were from elsewhere. In 1851, over 38 per cent of Londoners were born somewhere else.", "London is the capital and most populous city of England, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom. On the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain, London has been a major settlement for two millennia. It was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. London's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its medieval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, \"London\" has also referred to the metropolis around this core, which now forms the county of Greater London See also: Independent city § National capitals. governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly, The London Mayor is not to be confused with the Lord Mayor of London who heads the City of London Corporation, which administers the City of London. historically split between Middlesex, Essex, Surrey, Kent, and Hertfordshire. ", "1801, The population of Newham, east London, was around 7,750. After rapid urbanisation in the 1880s the Borough of Newham had 363,000 people in 1901, peaking at 450,000 in the 1920s. Subsequently, war damage and a move to the outer suburbs has reduced the total.", "The name London originally referred only to the once-walled \"Square Mile\" of the original Roman (and later medieval) city (confusingly called the \"City of London\" or just \"The City\"). Today, London has taken on a much larger meaning to include all of the vast central parts of the modern metropolis, with the city having absorbed numerous surrounding towns and villages over the centuries. The term Greater London embraces central London together with all the outlying suburbs that lie in one continuous urban sprawl within the lower Thames valley. Though densely populated by New World standards, London retains large swathes of green parkland and open space, even within the city centre.", "London, England’s largest city, occupies more than 600 square miles. By contrast, the City of London occupies approximately one square mile.", "City of London itself, which has given its name to the whole, is now best known as the financial centre and occupies 677 acres on the north side of the Thames, slightly over the \"square mile\" traditionally allotted to it. The present boundary encloses about twice the area encompassed by the ancient city walls, the remnants of which can still be seen in places.", "\"The City of London is the financial and commercial heart of Britain. It is often referred to as \"The City\" or \"The Square Mile\", and is at the heart of the world's financial markets. The City is not a part of England, but is a sovereign financial state. The local authority for the City is the City of London Corporation. The City is the historical core of London. and today is the business and financial center of Europe. This area contains over 255 foreign banks, more than any other financial center. It is recognized as the richest square mile in the world.\"", "\"When people hear of 'The Crown' they automatically think of the King or Queen [of England]; when they hear of 'London' or 'The City' they instantly think of the capital of England in which the monarch has his or her official residence. 'London' or 'The City' is in reality a privately owned Corporation - or Sovereign State - occupying 677 acres and located right in the heart of the 610 square mile 'Greater London' area. And, the 'Crown' is a committee of twelve to fourteen men who rule the independent sovereign state known as London or 'The City.' 'The City' is not part of England. It is not subject to the Sovereign. It is not under the rule of the British parliament. Like the Vatican in Rome, it is a separate, independent state. It is the Vatican of the commercial world. The City, which is often called \"the wealthiest square mile on earth,\" is ruled over by a Lord Mayor. Here are grouped together Britain's great financial and commercial institutions: Wealthy banks, dominated by the privately-owned Rothschild-controlled Bank of England.\"", "The City is a notable part of central London. This neighborhood is colloquially known as the Square Mile, as it is 1.12 square miles (2.90 square km) in area. The City of London is able to offer great number of things to see. This tour will guide you from the Tower Bridge to the “30 St Mary Axe”, great achievements of architecture and engineering.", "London goes beyond any boundary or convention. It contains every wish or word ever spoken, every action or gesture ever made, every harsh or noble statement ever expressed. It is illimitable. It is Infinite London." ]

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[ "Clarice Cliff was an English pottery designer and painter who created her best pieces during a very prolific period from 1922 to 1963. The Clarice Cliff Bizarre line and the Clarice Cliff Crocus designs of pottery fetch amazing sums of money at auctions. A Christie’s auction received £ 39,500 for a plaque with the May Avenue design.", "Clarice Cliff created a range of designs, including Geometric (1927), Crocus (1928), Bizarre, Fantasque, Applique, Lugano, Palm, Napoli, My Garden, Tonquin, Rural Scenes and Celtic Harvest.", "Clarice Cliff (1899-1972) was an esteemed female pottery designer working in Great Britain during the Art Deco period. Pieces exhibiting her striking, much-recognised Art Deco designs are still considered highly collectible today. Cliff’s work can be seen on vases, pitchers, mugs, bowls, tableware, teapots, cruets and sifters.", "Clarice Cliff was recognized as one of the major  Art Deco ceramics designer of the Twentieth Century and possibly the most prolific. Born in 1899, Clarice Cliff started working at the age of 13 as an apprentice enameler. In 1916 she joined A. J. Wilkinson’s Royal Staffordshire Pottery as a lithographer and eventually went on to develop a small studio in Wilkinson’s Newport Pottery, decorating traditional white-ware. Cliff was ambitious and acquired skills in modelling figurines and vases, gilding, keeping pattern books and hand painting ware: outlining, enameling, filling in colours within the outline) and banding (the radial bands on plates or vessels ). Her first original style she named ” Bizzare” and was immediately popular.", "Clarice Cliff is known throughout the world, she is possibly the most significant Art Deco ceramic artists of the twentieth century.", "Born in Stoke-on-Trent England in 1899, Clarice Clff was a renowned ceramic artist and designer active between 1922 and 1963. She produced strictly artistic ceramics becoming popular with both the general public and royalty alike. Her patterns were highly stylised and interpreted in strong colours. As a result, she received unprecedented publicity from the national press. In common with many artists and designers her works became even more well respected and collected long after her sudden death in 1972. By the mid 1990's, she was regarded as a major artist of her time along with the likes of Susie Cooper.", "For those of you with an eye for a collectable, Inside Out may have just the thing. With her bright and original designs, Clarice Cliff took the pottery world of the 1920s by storm. Now 80 years on, some of her work, pound for pound, is worth more than gold.", "The name Clarice Cliff is the antiques world’s equivalent to Marmite – you either love or hate the bold, geometric designs synonymous with her work. But, whichever side of the fence you sit on, one thing’s for sure; the legacy of this prolific designer is hard to ignore and the story behind the pottery’s rise from ‘cheap and cheerful’ homeware to valuable collectable is a fascinating one.", "One of the things that makes Clarice Cliff pottery so popular is its strong design; this also helps make it relatively easy to spot. Keep an eye out for pieces with strong geometric designs and bright, bold colours. While some designs are instantly recognisable, there are an estimated 2000 variations across the Cliff collection - ranging from the purely geometric patterns to impressionist landscapes, floral designs, circus scenes - and everything in between!", "A.J.Wilkinson and their Newport Pottery continued to sell ware under Cliff's name until 1964. The death of Colley Shorter in 1963 led Cliff to sell the factory to Midwinter in 1964 and she retired, becoming somewhat of a recluse. However, from December 1971 to January 1972, the first exhibition of Clarice Cliff pottery took place at Brighton, East Sussex. Cliff reluctantly provided comments for the catalogue, though she refused an invitation to go to the opening. The exhibition was prompted by enthusiastic collectors, including Martin Battersby, an early devotee of 20s and 30s design, the first author on that period to publish major works, and a devotee of Cliff's ceramics. Then, on 23 October 1972, Cliff died suddenly at Chetwynd House.", "Clarice Cliff was born in Tunstall, England in 1899 and grew up in the Staffordshire pottery district. She began work at 13 years of age and by 1916 was a studio painter at Wilkinson Royal Staffordshire Pottery in Burslem, England.", "Stoke-on-Trent. The Wedgwood Museum held an exhibition Clarice Cliff : The Art of Bizarre for six months. It was visited by 100,000 people including her original painters - the Bizarre �girls�- now all in their eighties. They became the focus for the public interest and adulation Clarice never really had.", "1999 saw the centenary celebrations of Clarice's life and work. This featured the 'Bizarre Art of Clarice Cliff' exhibition at the Wedgwood Visitors Centre, Barlaston, Stoke-on-Trent. This was linked to the centenary book 'Art of Bizarre' by Leonard Griffin (Chrysalis boooks). A biography by Lynn Knight was published in 2005.", "One of the things that makes Clarice Cliff pottery so collectable is the sheer diversity of designs and patterns. There are a number of ways to start – many collectors begin through ‘pot luck’, either having inherited a piece or picking an item up somewhere and becoming hooked, then buying whatever pieces they happen to stumble upon.", "Clarice Cliff's fame and success in the 1930s are hard to fully appreciate now, but at that time there was no such thing as 'career women'. The publicity she received in the national press was unprecedented. Research by a PhD student into the contemporary press between 1928 and 1936 found '360 articles about Cliff and her work were published in the trade press, women's magazines, national and local newspapers'. This was put into context when he pointed out that in the same period, Susie Cooper, another Staffordshire ceramicist and designer, had 'fewer than 20 reviews, all bar one in the trade press' . ", "Credits: Images of Clarice Cliff and Colley Shorter are � Leonard Griffin� and Pavilion Books 1998/1999 Credits: Images of Wedgwood Clarice Cliff reproductions � Leonard Griffin� and Josiah Wedgwood� Credits: Clarice Cliff pottery images, and 1988 �Bizarre Affair� poster � Leonard Griffin� and Clarice Cliff Collectors Club", "47. ‘Original Bizarre’ a Clarice Cliff vase, shape no.196, painted with a band of red, yellow and blue triangles outlined in green been between blue and yellow bands printed mark and painted red Bizarre mark, oxidisation 22cm. high £100-200", "Founded in 1982 and still going strong, the Clarice Cliff Collectors' Club is a premier source of information about the designer, her work and patterns, shapes and values.", "The Museum of Modern Art in New York brought out a series of pieces loosely based on Clarice Cliff designs several years ago and they are still in production in the Philippines today and featured in the MOMA catalogue. The pieces are easily distinguished from 1930s Clarice -- they are impressed with the date and MOMA and the body is much lighter than the originals.", "television as well as the subject of several books and many articles. Backstamps on Clarice Cliff pottery tend to be haphazard in the extreme, but a helpful rule of thumb is, 'Bizarre' 1928-1936 approx., 'Fantasque' 1929 - 1934 approx., 'Clarice Cliff' alone, late Thirties or post-war according to pattern. Further details on backstamps, patterns and shapes are given in 'Clarice Cliff', by Peter Wentworth Sheilds & Kay Johnson, published by L'Odeon, 'Clarice Cliff, the Bizarre Affair,' by Leonard Griffin, Louis K. Meisel & Susan Pear Meisel, Thames & Hudson, 'Collecting Clarice Cliff' by Howard Watson, Kevin Francis Publishing, and 'The Colourful World of Clarice Cliff' by Howard and Pat Watson.", "Figs. 1-A & 1-B The teapot above is one of six legitimate Clarice Cliff reproductions sold by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. Forgeries of old backstamps, though, are being applied to these and other new Cliff reproductions. This new teapot has an open pierced handle. Most comparable vintage handles were solid", "In a time when the ‘career woman’ didn’t exist – women had barely managed to secure the vote when Cliff was at her most prevalent during the 1930s – Clarice managed to successfully make her mark on a traditionally male industry, based purely on her talent.", "The first Clarice Cliff exhibition takes place at Brighton in 1972 and Clarice provides comments for the catalogue.", "Leonard Griffin, author of five books on Clarice, and founder of the Clarice Cliff Collectors Club, talks about the woman behind the art.", "Clarice�s unique contribution was to bring colour into the lives of everyday people. And she was also", "The Cliff family moved to Tunstall, Stoke-on-Trent, from the Eccleshall area in about 1725. Cliff was born in Tunstall, Stoke-on-Trent, England. When Clarice was born their home was on Meir Street on a terrace of modest houses. Cliff's father Harry worked at the local iron foundry in Tunstall, her mother Ann took in washing to supplement the family income, and they had seven children.Wentworth-Sheilds Peter, Johnson Kay: Clarice Cliff, L'Odeon publishing 1976/1981 ", "Whilst modern day collectors like Andy may marvel a bygone age, Inside Out has tracked down someone with first hand knowledge of Clarice Cliff.", "As with any popular collectable, there are fake Clarice Cliff items out there – spotting a fake is not always easy, but simple checks include:", "Cline was best known for her rich tone and emotionally expressive bold contralto voice, which, along with her role as a mover and shaker in the country music industry, has been cited as an inspiration by many vocalists of various music genres. Her life and career have been the subject of numerous books, movies, documentaries, articles and stage plays.", "Cline�s first four singles flopped, but the �hillbilly with oomph� act she developed on TV and in personal appearances earned her regional fame. Her recording stalemate ended when she made her national TV debut on Arthur Godfrey�s Talent Scouts show on January 21, 1957, singing �Walkin� After Midnight,� which hit #2 country and #12 pop. Cline rode high on the hit for the next year, doing personal appearances and performing regularly on Godfrey�s weekly CBS broadcast Arthur Godfrey and Friends and on ABC�s Country Music Jubilee, but there were no follow-up hits. Her September 1957 marriage to second husband Charlie Dick resulted in a tumultuous relationship glamorized in Sweet Dreams, the 1985 film of Cline�s life, starring Jessica Lange. By the end of 1957 Cline had retreated into semi-retirement.", "Intrigued, Gutekunst read West with the Night and became so enamored of Markham's prose that he helped persuade a California publisher, North Point Press, to re-issue the book in 1983. [7] . The re-release of the book launched a remarkable final chapter in the life of the eighty-year-old Markham, who was lauded for her three final years as a great author as well as flyer. When found in Kenya, Markham was living in poverty, and had been badly beaten in a burglary at her house near the Nairobi racetrack, where she still trained thoroughbreds. The re-publishing of West with the Night provided enough income so that she was able to finish her life in relative comfort. The book became a surprising bestseller, spurred by the 1986 broadcast of a public television documentary about Markham's life, World Without Walls: Beryl Markham's African Memoir produced by Joan Saffa, Stephen Talbot and Judy Flannery at KQED-TV in San Francisco. Gutekunst had approached the station asking them to make the documentary. British actress Diana Quick was the voice of Markham in the well-reviewed, award-winning PBS program.", "Louise,” he says. “I was attracted by the [transformation] of the Louise character from ‘super-fan’ to lifelong loving friend and constant emotional support” for Cline. Keenan — briefly aka Patsy Cline — shared her thoughts about the upcoming production with Seven Days. SEVEN DAYS: American Theatre magazine says that Always… Patsy Cline is one of the most produced musicals in the country. Why do you think that is? KATHLEEN KEENAN: Patsy Cline is one of America’s greatest singers; her voice and artistry is indelible, defying and expanding genres. Patsy was a gutsy, determined woman who trailblazed the way for other woman artists. So the show is popular because of her popularity and the fact that it features 27 of her signature songs. But I think the secret to its success is that it’s not simply a concert — or a Las Vegas impersonation act — but a play with music, based on a true story of a chance encounter with a super-fan, Louise Seger, that blossoms into a lasting friendship. Louise allows you to see the woman behind the hits." ]

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[ "\"We Have All the Time in the World\" is a James Bond theme and popular song sung by Louis Armstrong. Its music was composed by John Barry and the lyrics by Hal David. It is a secondary musical theme in the 1969 Bond film On Her Majesty's Secret Service, the title theme being the instrumental \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service,\" also composed by Barry. The song title is taken from Bond's final words in both the novel and the film, spoken after his wife's death. Armstrong was too ill to play his trumpet. Barry chose Armstrong because he felt he could \"deliver the title line with irony.\" ", "''We Have All the Time in the World'' is a James Bond theme and popular song sung by Louis Armstrong. Its music was composed by John Barry and the lyrics by Hal David. It is a secondary musical theme in 1969 James Bond film On Her Majesty's Secret Service, the title theme being the instrumental \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service,\" also composed by Barry.", "\"We Have All the Time in the World\" is a James Bond theme and popular song sung by Louis Armstrong. Its music was composed by John Barry and the lyrics by Hal David. It is a secondary musical theme in 1969 James Bond film On Her Majesty's Secret Service, the title theme being the instrumental \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service,\" also composed by Barry.", "A number of Bond films include one (or more) additional songs in the soundtrack. Some of these pieces of music, such as \"We Have All the Time in the World\" by Louis Armstrong, have gone on to become as well known as the main themes, while other songs remain exclusively linked to the film in which they appear.", "Unlike previous Bond movies (except for Dr. No), there is no title song. The opening theme is John Barry 's musical variation on the James Bond theme. However, the music during the montage scene, \"We Have All the Time in the World\", considered by some to be the film's theme, is sung by Louis Armstrong.", "On Her Majesty's Secret Service was the first Bond picture to be mixed and released in stereo, and also John Barry’s first score to combine his signature brass-centric orchestral compositions with new electronic instruments.  Claiming that only Gilbert and Sullivan could write a song with the title “On Her Majesty’s Secret Service,” Barry convinced Hunt and the producers to let him do an instrumental title theme, in the tradition of Dr. No and From Russia with Love.  Barry used a Moog synthesizer, which gives the theme and much of the film’s music a radical new sound.  Barry and lyricist Hal David did craft a hit single for the soundtrack, the love ballad “We Have All The Time in the World,” sung by an aging Louis Armstrong.  The legendary singer was apparently already quite ill at the time, and he recorded the track in one take. His cracking and somewhat halting performance creates an ironic and moving counterpoint to the upbeat lyrics. This recording, so appropriate in its sound to the tragic love story at the center of this movie, was the last song Armstrong recorded before his death. ", "Louis Armstrong, 'We Have All the Time in the World' (1969) | The Top 10 James Bond Theme Songs | Rolling Stone", "On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969) featured an instrumental theme tune, something which remains unique amongst the post-From Russia With Love Bond films, and included a vocal theme in the form of Louis Armstrong 's performance of \" We Have All the Time in the World \", written by John Barry and Hal David .", "James Bond title songs, as a rule, have the name of the movie in the chorus. That was a bit of a challenge with On Her Majesty's Secret Service, so producers opted to go with an instrumental in the opening sequence. Hal David and Burt Bacharach were brought on board to write another song for the movie, and they brought in Louis Armstrong to sing it. The 68-year-old jazz great was sick at the time, but he nailed the song in just a single take. He died less than two years later.", "John Barry cited \"We Have All The Time In The World\" as one of his favourite Bond compositions, saying it was the finest piece of music he had written for a Bond movie, and also because of the pleasure of working with Louis Armstrong.", "The James Bond film series from Eon Productions has had numerous signature tracks over the years, many of which are now considered classic pieces of film music. The best known of these pieces of music is the ubiquitous \"James Bond Theme.\" Other instrumental pieces, such as the \"007 Theme\" or \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\", and various songs, such as Shirley Bassey's \"Goldfinger\", Paul McCartney's \"Live and Let Die\" or Carly Simon's \"Nobody Does It Better\", Sheena Easton's \"For Your Eyes Only\" and Duran Duran's \"A View to a Kill\" have also become identified with the series. \"Skyfall\" from Skyfall won the Academy Award for Best Song making it the first Bond song to do so. ", "The soundtrack was composed by John Barry, and published by EMI/Capitol. The theme song, \"A View to a Kill\", was written by Barry and Duran Duran, and performed by the band. \"May Day Jumps\" is the only track that uses the James Bond theme. Barry's composition from On Her Majesty's Secret Service was modified for use in the songs \"Snow Job\", \"He's Dangerous\" and \"Golden Gate Fight\" of A View to a Kill. \"A View to a Kill\" was second in the British charts and first in the American charts, thus becoming the peak song in the James Bond series. The 2015 track Writing's On The Wall later out performed the song in the UK by reaching number one. ", "On Her Majesty's Secret Service featured an instrumental theme tune, something which remains unique amongst the post-From Russia with Love films, and included a vocal theme in the form of Louis Armstrong 's performance of \" We Have All the Time in the World \", written by John Barry and Hal David .[ citation needed ]", "Bond music has inspired a number of cover albums in a variety of genres, including the 2007 album Mister Bond – A Jazzy Cocktail of Ice Cold Themes ( lounge ), Shaken and Stirred: The David Arnold James Bond Project featuring David Arnold collaborating with several contemporary artists. The City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra recorded several albums with Bond music and performs in premieres and special events of Bond films. Britain's Royal Philharmonic Orchestra released an album of several Bond songs performances called Best Of James Bond, some of which were used on the \"Ultimate Edition\" DVD releases menus. Billy Strange released \"Secret Agent File\" in 1965. Death metal cover band Ten Masked Men has included at least one Bond theme on each of their albums. In 2004, The Cavaliers play a show titled \"007\" using Bond music, such as \"GoldenEye\", \"For Your Eyes Only\", \"Live and Let Die\", \"Hovercraft Chase\", \"Welcome to Cuba\" and \"Paris and Bond\". Some of them are Italo disco -like rhythms and soundtrack albums promote hits that matches the film's theme.", "16. Louis Armstrong – “We Have All the Time in the World” from On Her Majesty’s Secret Service (1969)", "11. \"We Have All the Time in the World (Theme From On Her Majesty's Secret Service),\" Louis Armstrong (1969)", "On this day in 1956, the movie-musical High Society, starring Bing Crosby, Grace Kelly and Frank Sinatra, opens in theaters around the United States. The film’s tag line–”They’re all together for the first time”–referenced High Society’s all-star cast. High Society marked the last feature film Grace Kelly made before marrying Prince Rainier of Monaco and retiring from acting. High Society, which also featured the musician Louis Armstrong playing himself, was nominated for two Oscars, including Best Song, for Cole Porter’s “True Love.”", "When Roger Moore came to the role, the \"James Bond Theme\" became a string orchestra driven piece. Likewise, in Live and Let Die, the James Bond theme was featured in a Funk-inspired version of the tune reflecting the music of Blaxploitation films popular at the time. After that in 1974 John Barry composed the theme and song but sung by Lulu The brief quote of the theme in the pre-credits music of The Spy Who Loved Me, titled \"Bond 77\", featured a disco sound, reflecting a style of music which was very popular at the time. \"The Spy Who Loved Me\" returned briefly to using the surf-rock guitar associated with the theme from the early days.", "Goldfinger was the first Bond movie to be scored entirely by John Barry, whose first swing at a theme song became the undisputed greatest of the entire series, not to mention one of the most lionized title tunes in all of cinema.  The instrumentation is raw and raunchy and prominently features brass instruments to accentuate the metallic nature of the villain’s obsession.  Barry and lyricist Anthony Newley drew inspiration from Kurt Weill and Bertold Brecht’s villain song, “Mack The Knife,” from The Threepenny Opera.  Shirley Bassey's aggressive vocal permanently sealed the song into both film and music history. This Bond title song is one of the only ones that is still frequently played and performed today.", "Many of Armstrong's recordings remain popular. Almost four decades since his passing, a larger number of his recordings from all periods of his career are more widely available than at any time during his lifetime. His songs are broadcast and listened to every day throughout the world, and are honored in various movies, TV series, commercials, and even anime and video games. \"A Kiss to Build a Dream On\" was included in the video game Fallout 2, accompanying the intro cinematic. It was also used in the 1993 film Sleepless in Seattle and the 2005 film Lord of War. His 1923 recordings, with Joe Oliver and his Creole Jazz Band, continue to be listened to as documents of ensemble style New Orleans jazz, but more particularly as ripperjazz records in their own right. All too often, however, Armstrong recorded with stiff, standard orchestras leaving only his sublime trumpet playing as of interest. \"Melancholy Blues,\" performed by Armstrong and his Hot Seven was included on the Voyager Golden Record sent into outer space to represent one of the greatest achievements of humanity. Most familiar to modern listeners is his ubiquitous rendition of \"What a Wonderful World\". In 2008, Armstrong's recording of Edith Piaf's famous \"La Vie En Rose\" was used in a scene of the popular Disney/Pixar film WALL-E. The song was also used in parts, especially the opening trumpets, in the French film Jeux d'enfants (Love Me If You Dare.)", "From \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service.\" Music by John Barry, lyrics by Hal David; performed by Louis Armstrong.", "Louis Armstrong performs \"High Society Calypso,\" composed to order by Cole Porter for director Charles Walters' High Society, 1956. >", "The title song for the James Bond 007 film, Goldfinger, was a Top 10 hit in the U.S. Who performed it?", "Born in Wales, Bassey experienced moderate success in the U.K. before officially crossing over in 1965 when she sang the theme song for the third Bond movie, \"Goldfinger.\" The first theme of the series to incorporate a vocal track, the song set the standard for the franchise's title sequences. The song rose on the U.S. charts, eventually peaking at #8, but the album eventually topped the charts. The popularity of Bassey's first theme led to her singing on two more title tracks: \"Diamonds Are Forever,\" which Kanye West later sampled, and \"Moonraker.\"", "Barry felt it would be difficult to compose a theme song containing the title \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\" unless it were written operatically, in the style of Gilbert and Sullivan. Leslie Bricusse had considered lyrics for the title song but director Peter R. Hunt allowed an instrumental title theme in the tradition of the first two Bond films. The theme was described as \"one of the best title cuts, a wordless Moog-driven monster, suitable for skiing at breakneck speed or dancing with equal abandon.\" ", "The George Lazenby film On Her Majesty's Secret Service used a unique high-pitched arrangement with the melody played on a Moog synthesizer. The cue is called \"This Never Happened to the Other Fella\" and a similar recording was used over the film's end credits. The film has a downbeat ending and the explosive burst of the \"James Bond Theme\" at the film's very end suggests Bond will return in spite of the situation he finds himself in at the climax of this movie.", "The soundtrack album from the James Bond film includes the title song performed by Paul McCartney & Wings.", "In Goldfinger, he perfected the “Bond sound”, a heady mixture of brass, jazz and sensuous melodies. There is even an element of Barry’s jazz roots in the big-band track “Into Miami”, which follows the title credits and accompanies the film’s iconic image of the camera lens zooming toward the Fontainebleau Hotel in Miami Beach.", "“Nobody does it better” by Carly Simon was the theme song to which James Bond film?", "Cricket, the piano player in the hotel bar, was played by real-life songwriter and band leader Hoagy Carmichael. In the course of the movie, Cricket and Slim perform \"How Little We Know\", by Carmichael and Johnny Mercer, and \"Am I Blue?\", by Harry Akst and Grant Clarke. Cricket and the band also perform \"Hong Kong Blues\", by Carmichael and Stanley Adams. \"The Rhumba Jumps\", by Mercer and Carmichael, is performed by the hotel band. Bacall shimmies out at the end of the movie to a faster \"How Little We Know\". ", "Neither Ellington nor Strayhorn were dissuaded from creating other large-scale jazz suites, including the Liberian Suite  (1947); Harlem (1951); the Festival Suite  (1956); Such Sweet Thunder  (1957), a musical tribute to Shakespeare; Suite Thursday ( 1960), which paid tribute to author John Steinbeck; and the Far East Suite (1966). Ellington also composed film scores for Anatomy of a Murder  (1959)", "\"Goldfinger\" performed by Shirley Bassey for the 1965 film Goldfinger (Composed by John Barry, Leslie Bricusse, and Anthony Newley)" ]

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[ "U.S. Sends Troops to Vietnam (1965): In response to the Gulf of Tonkin Incident of August 2 and 4, 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson , per the authority given to him by Congress in the subsequent Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, decided to escalate the Vietnam Conflict by sending U.S. ground troops to Vietnam. On March 8, 1965, 3,500 U.S. Marines landed near Da Nang in South Vietnam; they are the first U.S. troops arrive in Vietnam.", "In March 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson committed the first U.S. combat ground troops to Vietnam to aid the South Vietnamese Government in its war against Soviet-assisted North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces.", "It was on this unremarkable stretch of Nam O Beach where, at 9.03am on 8 March 1965, 3,500 US marines disembarked from their landing crafts and waded on to Vietnam’s shores, becoming the first American ground troops to arrive in the country.", "After several attacks upon them, it was decided that U.S. Air Force bases needed more protection as the South Vietnamese military seemed incapable of providing security. On 8 March 1965, 3,500 U.S. Marines were dispatched to South Vietnam. This marked the beginning of the American ground war. U.S. public opinion overwhelmingly supported the deployment. ", "8/3/1965, The US stepped up military action in Vietnam. 3,500 American Marines, the first combat troops to arrive in Vietnam, landed, welcomed by an enthusiastic crowd. By July 1965 there were 75,000 US troops in Vietnam, by end-1965 184,000, and by early 1968, 510,000.", "May 3, 1965 - The first U.S. Army combat troops, 3500 men of the 173rd Airborne Brigade, arrive in Vietnam.", "1965: ‘Operation Rolling Thunder’ started; first US combat troops were sent to Vietnam in March; by the end of the year there were 200,000 US troops there; first major conventional clash between USA and NVA at Ia Drang", "1965 – Vietnam War: 3,500 United States Marines arrive in South Vietnam, becoming the first American combat troops in Vietnam.", "1955–64 – Vietnam. First military advisors sent to Vietnam on 12 Feb 1955. By 1964, US troop levels had grown to 21,000. On 7 August 1964, US Congress approved Gulf of Tonkin resolution affirming \"All necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States. . .to prevent further aggression. . . (and) assist any member or protocol state of the Southeast Asian Collective Defense Treaty (SEATO) requesting assistance. . .\" [Vietnam timeline]", "The Vietnam War was a war fought between 1959 and 1975 on the ground in South Vietnam and bordering areas of Cambodia and Laos (see Secret War) and in the strategic bombing (see Operation Rolling Thunder) of North Vietnam. American advisors came in the late 1950s to help the RVN (Republic of Vietnam) combat Communist insurgents known as \"Viet Cong.\" Major American military involvement began in 1964, after Congress provided President Lyndon B. Johnson with blanket approval for presidential use of force in the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. ", "The Vietnam War was a war fought between 1957 and 1975 on the ground in South Vietnam and bordering areas of Cambodia and Laos (see Secret War ) and in the strategic bombing (see Operation Rolling Thunder ) of North Vietnam . American advisors came in the late 1950s to help the RVN (Republic of Vietnam) combat Communist insurgents known as \"Viet Cong.\" Major American military involvement began in 1964, after Congress provided President Lyndon B. Johnson with blanket approval for presidential use of force in the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution .", "Some 3,500 United States Marines arrive in Da Nang, South Vietnam, becoming the first American ground combat troops in Vietnam.", "American forces have been involved in the conflict in Vietnam for more than a decade. In 1967, there were 500,000 American troops deployed in Vietnam.", "United States military aid to Vietnam increased during 1964. By 1965, President Johnson authorized US troops to begin military offensives and started the systematic bombing of North Vietnam. By 1968, the number of US forces surpassed 500,000. During that year's presidential campaign, Americans were deeply divided by the deteriorating military and political situation in Vietnam.", "For a variety of diplomatic, political, and military reasons, President Johnson approached with great caution any commitment of large ground combat forces to South Vietnam. Yet preparations had been under way for some time. In early March 1965, a few days after ROLLING THUNDER began, American marines went ashore in South Vietnam to protect the large airfield at Da Nang�a defensive security mission. Even as they landed, General Harold K. Johnson, Chief of Staff of the Army, was in South Vietnam to assess the situation. Upon returning to Washington, he recommended a substantial increase in American military assistance, including several combat divisions. He wanted U.S. forces either to interdict the Laotian panhandle to stop infiltration or to counter a growing enemy threat in the central and northern provinces.", "50 Years ago today, the first American combat troops arrived in Vietnam. Until this point only military advisor's and pilots had been assisting the Army of the ...", "In 1964 decisions were made that resulted in the United States during the next few years, committing American armed forces to acts of war on Asian soil. These troops were at that time engaged both in a civil war in South Vietnam and in a war between the two Vietnamese states. This took the form of a large-scale commitment of American forces on South Vietnamese soil, as well as air attacks on targets in North Vietnam and on supply lines, through Laos and Cambodia, for North Vietnamese troops. In March 1969 the number of American soldiers in Vietnam reached maximum figures of 541,500 men. The escalation of the American commitment was matched by a corresponding increase in North Vietnamese forces in South Vietnam.", "The Vietnam War is often regarded as a low point for the U.S. Army due to the use of drafted personnel, the unpopularity of the war with the American public, and frustrating restrictions placed on the military by American political leaders. While American forces had been stationed in the Republic of Vietnam since 1959, in intelligence & advising/training roles, they were not deployed in large numbers until 1965, after the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. American forces effectively established and maintained control of the \"traditional\" battlefield, however they struggled to counter the guerrilla hit and run tactics of the communist Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese Army. On a tactical level, American soldiers (and the U.S. military as a whole) did not lose a sizable battle.Woodruff, Mark. Unheralded Victory: The Defeat of the Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese Army 1961–1973 (Arlington, VA: Vandamere Press, 1999).", "During 1966 Westmoreland requested more ground troops, and by year's end the U.S. ground force level “in country” reached 385,000. These were organized into seven divisions and other specialized airborne, armored, special forces, and logistical units. With U.S. aid, the ARVN also expanded to eleven divisions, supplemented by local and irregular units. While MACV was getting men and munitions in place for large‐unit search and destroy operations, army and marine units conducted smaller operations. Although the “body count”—the estimated number of enemy killed—mounted, attrition was not changing the political equation in South Vietnam. The NLF continued to exercise more effective control in many areas than did the government, and Vietcong guerrillas, who often disappeared when U.S. forces entered an area, quickly reappeared when the Americans left.", "1959 – Maj. Dale R. Ruis and Master Sgt. Chester M. Ovnand become the first Americans killed in the American phase of the Vietnam War when guerrillas strike a Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG) compound in Bien Hoa, 20 miles northeast of Saigon. The group had arrived in South Vietnam on November 1, 1955, to provide military assistance. The organization consisted of U.S. Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps personnel who provided advice and assistance to the Ministry of Defense, Joint General Staff, corps and division commanders, training centers, and province and district headquarters.", "During 1962, the United States undertook a major buildup in Vietnam in accordance with the Taylor-Rostow recommendations. The emphasis here was heavily on the military side of the program due to the unwillingness of the Saigon government to implement economic reforms. Beginning in January, large amounts of material began arriving in Vietnam along with larger numbers of American military advisors and helicopter pilots. The helicopters provided a great tactical mobility to the South Vietnamese and by mid-October 1962 the crews had begun to take the initiative in firing at the insurgents. Less than a year later, armed helicopters were often assigned to fly strafing missions.(65)", "Because the Viet Cong had been much weakened by its heavy losses in the Tet Offensive and in two subsequent general offensives in May and August 1968, the years 1969–1971 witnessed apparent allied progress in South Vietnam. The ARVN gradually took on the main burden of the ground fighting, which declined in intensity. American troop strength diminished from its 1969 peak of 543,400 to 156,800 at the end of 1971. The allies also made progress in pacification. American and South Vietnamese offensives against the enemy sanctuaries in Cambodia in April and May 1970 and an ARVN raid against the Ho Chi Minh Trail in February 1971 helped to buy time for Vietnamization. On the negative side, as a result of trends in American society, of disillusionment with the war among short-term draftee soldiers, and of organizational turbulence caused by the troop withdrawals, U.S. forces suffered from growing indiscipline, drug abuse, and racial conflict.", "Late in 1961 the Viet Cong began assuming a predominant presence, initially seizing the provincial capital of Phuoc Vinh.[94] Kennedy increased the number of helicopters, military advisors, and undeclared U.S. Special Forces in the area, but he was reluctant to order a full scale deployment of troops.[95][96] Kennedy formally authorized escalated involvement when he signed the \"National Security Action Memorandum – Subversive Insurgency (War of Liberation)\" in early 1962.[97] Secretary of State Dean Rusk voiced strong support for U.S. involvement.[98] \"Operation Ranch Hand\", a large-scale aerial defoliation effort, began on the roadsides of South Vietnam.[99][b]", "More than 3 million Americans served in the Vietnam War, some 1.5 million of whom actually saw combat in Vietnam. James E. Westheider wrote that \"At the height of American involvement in 1968, for example, there were 543,000 American military personnel in Vietnam, but only 80,000 were considered combat troops.\". Conscription in the United States had been controlled by the president since World War II, but ended in 1973.", "The Army of the Republic of Viet Nam (ARVN), also known as the South Vietnamese Army (SVA), were the ground forces of the Republic of Vietnam Military Forces, the armed forces of South Vietnam, which existed from 1955 until the Fall of Saigon in 1975.", "In February 1967 Operation Junction City was launched, it would be the largest operation the Coalition Force would assemble. During this operation, 845 members of the 2nd Battalion, 503rd Infantry (Airborne), the 319th Artillery (Airborne), and elements of H&H company of the 173rd Airborne Brigade made the only combat jump in Vietnam.", "By 1965, as the military situation in the highlands worsened, many CIDG units had changed their character and begun to engage in quasi-conventional military operations. In some instances, irregulars under the leadership of Army Special Forces stood up to crack enemy regiments, offering much of the military resistance to enemy efforts to dominate the highlands. Yet the Special Forces�despite their efforts in South Vietnam and in Laos, where their teams helped to train and advise anti-Communist Laotian forces in the early 1960'S�did not provide an antidote to the virulent insurgency in Vietnam. Long-standing animosities between Montagnard and Vietnamese prevented close, continuing co-operation between the South Vietnamese Army and the irregulars. Long on promises but short on action to improve the lot of the Montagnards, successive South Vietnamese regimes failed to win the loyalty of the tribesmen. And the Special Forces usually operated in areas that were remote from the main Viet Cong threat to the heavily populated and economically important Delta and coastal regions of the country.", "“An Australian battalion joined United States paratroops and South Vietnamese forces today in an attack on a Vietcong stronghold about 30 miles north of Saigon. This was the first time US troops were employed in an offensive role.”", "** The first official large unit action of the Vietnam War takes place, when two companies of the ARVN 23d Division are ambushed by a well-organized Vietcong force of several hundred, identified as the \"2d Liberation Battalion\".", "Roads were a major concern of U.S. commanders. In some operations, infantrymen provided security as Army engineers improved neglected routes. Defoliants and the Rome plow�a bulldozer modified with sharp front blades�removed from the sides of important highways the jungle growth that provided cover for Viet Cong ambushes. Road-clearing operations also contributed to pacification by providing peasants with secure access to local markets. In III Corps, with its important road network radiating from Saigon, ground mobility was as essential as airmobility for the conduct of military operations. Lacking as many helicopters as the airmobile division, the 1st and 25th Infantry Divisions, like all Army units in South Vietnam, strained the resources of their own aviation support units and of other Army aviation units providing area support to obtain the maximum airmobile capacity for each operation. Nevertheless, on many occasions the Army found itself road bound.", "The 3rd Battalion, 187th Infantry Regiment of the 101st Airborne Division ( comanded by Lt. Col. Weldon Honeycutt); 2nd Battalion, 501st Infantry (Lt. Col. Robert German); and the 1st Battalion, 506th Infantry (Lt. Col. John Bowers). Two battalions of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam’s (ARVN) 1st Division (the 2/1st and 4/1st) had been temporarily assigned to the 3rd Brigade in support.", ".  This U. S. General was in charge of United States forces in the Vietnam War:" ]

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[ "1981 Birthday - Anna Kournikova, born in Moscow, Russia, professional tennis player, model, winner, Grand Slam titles in Australia, 1999 and 2002", "Born June 7, 1981 is a semi-retired Russian professional tennis player and model. Her celebrity made her one of the best known tennis players worldwide. At the peak of her fame, fans looking for images of Kournikova made her name (or misspellings of it) one of the most common search strings on the internet search engine Google.", "Anna Sergeyevna Kournikova (; born 7 June 1981) is a Russian former professional tennis player. Her appearance and celebrity status made her one of the best known tennis stars worldwide. At the peak of her fame, fans looking for images of Kournikova made her name one of the most common search strings on Google Search.", "\"Here you have, ;0)\" was the subject, \"Hi: Check This!\" the body of the message that carried de Wit's worm. The bait was a file labeled \"AnnaKournikova.jpg.vbs.\" Kournikova was a tempting lure, no doubt, for male recipients: at the time, she was the face of the sports-bra maker Berlei, in its \"Only the ball should bounce\" billboard campaign . People voted her one of the 50 Most Beautiful People in 1998 and ESPN.com voted her \"hottest female athlete.\"", "The 6-foot blonde has a modeling contract, drawing comparisons to Anna Kournikova. But, unlike Kournikova, she can win tournaments. Sharapova had three tour titles coming into Wimbledon.", "The next young lady to set the tennis world on its ear was Anna Kournikova. Anna is sex personified, a quality that is impossible to define yet is instantly recognized by all red bloodied males. She was junior world champion, and left her native Russia when she was 14 to pursue a professional tennis career. She won the Aussie Open doubles twice, and was ranked as the number 1 doubles player. Her singles matches were world class but she could never string together enough wins to win a title. She is still playing tennis, just last week she played in the WTT event with Elton John and Billy Jean King, and she still looks just as sexy as ever!", "Differentiating the two served purposes beyond vanity: it also addressed the Kournikova conundrum. Despite rising to number eight in the world, and blazing a trail for Eastern European tennis players, Kournikova became known more for her beauty than her talent. She famously appeared in an advertisement for Berlei Shock Absorber Bras wearing her only her B-cups and panties. The tag line? “Only the ball should bounce.” She appeared in barely-there bikinis for spreads in FHM, Maxim, and Sports Illustrated, repeatedly appeared on People’s 50 Most Beautiful People list, and regularly topped Google’s annual rankings for search engine terms. Despite all her promise, she never won a WTA singles title. In 2004, ESPN ranked her #18 on its list of the “Biggest Flops of the Last 25 Years.”", "A variation of a White Russian made with skim milk is known as an Anna Kournikova. In the lingo of the poker variation Texas Hold 'em, the hole cards Ace–King (unsuited) are sometimes referred to as an \"Anna Kournikova\", a term introduced by the poker commentator Vince van Patten during a WPT tournament because it \"looks great but never wins\". A video game featuring Kournikova's licensed appearance, titled Anna Kournikova's Smash Court Tennis, was developed by Namco and released for the PlayStation in Japan and Europe in November 1998. A computer virus named the Anna Kournikova virus arose on 12 February 2001. ", "Entering the 2015 season, Hingis had won nine majors in women’s doubles and two in mixed doubles. But Hingis’s ride a doubles queen has not been without tabloid controversy. After winning the women’s Wimbledon title with Jana Novotna in 1998, Hingis parted with the then 30-year-old Czech saying she was too old and too slow. Hingis then teamed with tennis bombshell Anna Kournikova, calling their pairing the “Spice Girls” of tennis. The duo won the Australian Open titles in 1999 and 2002. However, after news leaked of a fight between the pair during an exhibition match in Chile, the two parted ways after their Aussie win.", "Anna Kournikova and Enrique Iglesias – The courtship of former world No. 8 Kournikova and pop star Iglesias was the very definition of a high-profile romance when they started dating in 2001. The Russian appeared in the video for Iglesias' song \"Escape,\" causing a media frenzy. They are still together, 10 years on.", "Heidi Klum (; born June 1, 1973) is a German model, television host, businesswoman, fashion designer, television producer, and occasional actress. She appeared on the cover of the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue and in 1999 became the first German model to become a Victoria's Secret Angel.", "Anna Kournikova was born in Moscow, Russia, on 7 June 1981. Her father, Sergei Kournikov (born 1961), a former Greco-Roman wrestling champion, eventually earned a PhD and was a professor at the University of Physical Culture and Sport in Moscow. As of 2001, he was still a part-time martial arts instructor there. Her mother Alla (born 1963) had been a 400-metre runner. Her younger brother, Allan, is a youth golf world champion who was featured in the 2013 documentary film The Short Game. ", "Kournikova was in a relationship with fellow Russian Pavel Bure, an NHL ice hockey player. The two met in 1999 when Kournikova was still linked to Bure's former Russian teammate Sergei Fedorov. Bure and Kournikova were reported to have been engaged in 2000 after a reporter took a photo of them together in a Florida restaurant where Bure supposedly asked Kournikova to marry him. As the story made headlines in Russia, where they were both heavily followed in the media as celebrities, Bure and Kournikova both denied any engagement. Kournikova, 10 years younger than Bure, was 18 years old at the time. ", "Kournikova was born in Moscow in the former Soviet Union to Alla and Sergei Kournikov; she and her mother later emigrated to the United States. Currently, she resides in Miami Beach, Florida, and plays in occasional exhibitions and in doubles for the St. Louis Aces of World Team Tennis.", "She shot to international fame after she was spotted by the photographer Richard Avedon at the age of 11, and was featured in Revlon's \"Most Unforgettable Women in the World\" advertisements, and on the cover of the Italian fashion magazine 'Lei' which was her first cover shoot. She made her first professional model contract at the age of 12, and soon made it to the cover of 'The Face', 'Vogue', 'Cosmopolitan' and many other magazines. In 1994, she appeared on the cover of 'High Times' in the UK, at the age of 18. The total number of her magazine covers worldwide was over one hundred by 2004, and keeps counting. In 2004, she made $10.4 million, becoming the highest paid supermodel in the world.", "In 2003, Anna Kournikova collected her first grand slam match victory in two years at the Australian Open. She defeated Henrieta Nagyová in the 1st round, and then lost to Justine Henin-Hardenne in the 2nd round. She withdrew from Tokyo due to a sprained back suffered at the Australian Open and did not return to Tour until Miami. On 9 April, in what would be the final WTA match of her career, Kournikova retired in the 1st round of the Family Circle Cup in Charleston, South Carolina, due to a left adductor strain. Her singles world ranking was 67. She reached the semi-finals at the ITF tournament in Sea Island, before withdrawing from a match versus Maria Sharapova due to the adductor injury. She lost in the 1st round of the ITF tournament in Charlottesville. She did not compete for the rest of the season due to a continuing back injury. At the end of the 2003 season and her professional career, she was ranked No. 305 in singles and No. 176 in doubles.", "1999 18 Years Old 1999 saw Hingis win her third successive Australian Open singles crown as well as the doubles title (with Anna Kournikova). … Read More", "Her 2001 season was dominated by injury, including a left foot stress fracture which forced her withdrawal from twelve tournaments, including the French Open and Wimbledon. She underwent surgery in April. She reached her second career grand slam quarterfinals, at the Australian Open. Kournikova then withdrew from several events due to continuing problems with her left foot and did not return until Leipzig. With Barbara Schett, she won the doubles title in Sydney. She then lost in the finals in Tokyo, partnering with Iroda Tulyaganova, and at San Diego, partnering with Martina Hingis. Hingis and Kournikova also won the Kremlin Cup. At the end of the 2001 season, she was ranked No. 74 in singles and No. 26 in doubles.", "Kournikova's two Grand Slam doubles titles came in 1999 and 2002, both at the Australian Open in the Women's Doubles event with partner Martina Hingis. Kournikova proved a successful doubles player on the professional circuit, winning 16 tournament doubles titles, including two Australian Opens and being a finalist in mixed doubles at the US Open and at Wimbledon, and reaching the No. 1 ranking in doubles in the Women's Tennis Association tour rankings. Her pro career doubles record was 200–71. However, her singles career plateaued after 1999. For the most part, she managed to retain her ranking between 10 and 15 (her career high singles ranking was No.8), but her expected finals breakthrough failed to occur; she only reached four finals out of 130 singles tournaments, never in a Grand Slam event, and never won one.", "Gisele Caroline Bündchen (born 20 July 1980) is a Brazilian fashion model and occasional film actress and producer. She is the goodwill ambassador for the United Nations Environment Programme. In the late 1990s, Bündchen was the first in a wave of Brazilian models to find international success. In 1999, Vogue dubbed her \"The Return of the Sexy Model\", and she was credited with ending the \"heroin chic\" era of modeling. Bündchen was one of Victoria's Secret Angels from 2000 until mid-2007. Bündchen pioneered the \"horse walk\", a stomping movement created when a model picks her knees up high and kicks her feet out in front. Claudia Schiffer and Naomi Campbell have stated that Bündchen is the only true remaining supermodel.", "Heidi Klum was born in Bergisch Gladbach, a small city near Cologne, Germany, in 1973. Her career as a top fashion model and swimsuit star began almost by accident when, on a lark, she submitted photos to a model competition hosted by Petra, a young woman's magazine. Klum won the competition, and signed with Metropolitan, the German modeling agency. After modeling in Europe for a few years to great success, she went to the United States to pursue modeling there, and met with more success, culminating in her relationship with Victoria's Secret. This brought her to the pinnacle of modeling and, in 1998, the coveted cover of Sports Illustrated's annual Swimsuit Issue, cementing her status as one of the world's top models. Along with that came lucrative marketing opportunities, including her own signature lines of sandals, jewelry, and perfume.", "In the late 1990s, Bündchen was the first in a wave of Brazilian models to find international success. In 1999, Vogue noted \"The Return of the Sexy Model\", and she was credited with ending the \"heroin chic\" era of modeling. Bündchen was one of the Victoria's Secret Angels from 2000 until mid-2007. Bündchen pioneered the \"horse walk\", a stomping movement created when a model picks her knees up high and kicks her feet out in front. Claudia Schiffer and Naomi Campbell have stated that Bündchen is the only remaining true supermodel. ", "Smith next secured a contract to replace supermodel Claudia Schiffer in a Guess jeans ad campaign featuring a series of sultry black-and-white photographs. During the Guess campaign Smith changed her name to Anna Nicole Smith. Guess photographers noticed Smith bore a striking resemblance to bombshell Jayne Mansfield and showcased her in several Mansfield-inspired photo sessions. In 1993 before Christmas, she modeled for the Swedish clothing company H&M. This led to her being pictured on large billboards in Sweden and Norway. ", "Sharapova's tennis success and appearance have enabled her to secure commercial endorsements that greatly exceed the value of her tournament winnings. In March 2006, Forbes magazine listed her as the highest-paid female athlete in the world, with annual earnings of over US $18 million, the majority of which was from endorsements and sponsorships. She has topped that list every year since, even after her 2007 shoulder injury. In 2011, Forbes listed Sharapova as No. 29 in their list of 50 top-paid athletes, the only woman on the list. In 2012, she was listed as No. 15, and was joined in the top 20 by Li Na at No. 16 and Serena Williams at No. 17. In April 2005, People named her one of the 50 most beautiful celebrities in the world. In 2006, Maxim ranked Sharapova the hottest athlete in the world for the fourth consecutive year. She posed in a six-page bikini photoshoot spread in the 2006 Valentine's Day issue of the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue, alongside 25 supermodels. In a poll run by Britain's FHM magazine, she was voted the seventh most eligible bachelorette, based on both \"wealth and looks.\"", "* Valbona Selimllari - beauty pageant model; crowned as Mrs Globe of 1999 among all other girls representing their countries worldwide", "One of the five original supermodels. The others are Claudia Schiffer, Christy Turlington, Naomi Campbell, and Linda Evangelista.", "* 2006: All-star Past Cover Models: Veronica Varekova, Elle Macpherson, Rebecca Romijn, Rachel Hunter, Daniela Pestova, Elsa Benitez, Carolyn Murphy, and Yamila Diaz; inset Heidi Klum and Maria Sharapova", "It may be hard to remember now, but before Anna Nicole Smith became a loopy, overweight reality star, she was one of the hottest pinups of the ’90s. A high school dropout who wisely curried favor with Hugh Hefner, Smith quickly earned a place on the cover of the March 1992 issue of Playboy—taking her idolatry of Marilyn Monroe to an almost uncomfortable level. (Hey, we said almost.) Turns out, imitating Marilyn is never a bad move. Smith won Playmate of the Year and married 89-year-old oil tycoon J. Howard Marshall. The courtroom battles, you may recall, raged on for years after his death. Not long after that, we were left with only the mumbling, semi-coherent, tragically fading star of The Anna Nicole Show. For her sake (and okay, ours too), we’ll choose to remember the good years.", "Inspired choice: Milla Jovovich wore a revealing dress on Sunday in Paris similar to the Versace design that made Liz Hurley famous in 1994", "Twenty-one-year-old Russian model, Ruslana Korshunova , jumped to her death from her Manhattan apartment in 2008. Korshunova appeared on the covers of French Elle and Russian Vogue and in ads for major designers like Marc Jacobs.", "Dannii is a former face of world famous cosmetics brand ModelCo. Dannii appeared in ad campaigns for the company ", "Ruslana Korshunova modeling during the Kai Kuhne Spring 2006 runway show. Carlo Buscemi/ WireImage/ Getty Images" ]

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[ "The four Monkees were Michael Nesmith (born 30th December 1942 in Houston, Texas), Peter Tork (born Peter Halsten Thorkelson on 13th February 1942 in Washington DC), Micky Dolenz (born George Michael Dolenz on 8th March 1945 in Los Angeles) and Davy Jones (born 30th December 1945 in Manchester, England). Michael and Peter were already musicians and Micky and Davy had experiences with fame as child stars. Michael had released records under the name of Michael Blessing and Peter was a folk musician. Micky, using the name Braddock, had stared in the 1950's television series Circus Boy, and Davy had been Ena Sharples' grandson in Coronation Street and starred in stage musicals such as Pickwick and Oliver!", "The Monkees are an American-British pop rock band originally active between 1965 and 1971, with subsequent reunion albums and tours in the decades that followed. They were formed in Los Angeles in 1965 by Bob Rafelson and Bert Schneider for the American television series The Monkees, which aired from 1966 to 1968. The musical acting quartet was composed of Americans Micky Dolenz, Michael Nesmith and Peter Tork and British actor and singer Davy Jones. The band's music was initially supervised by producer Don Kirshner.", "The Monkees are an American Pop-rock band originally active between 1965 and 1971, with subsequent reunion albums and tours in the decades that followed. They were formed in Los Angeles in 1965 by Bob Rafelson and Bert Schneider for the American television series The Monkees, which aired from 1966 to 1968. The musical acting quartet was composed of Americans Micky Dolenz, Michael Nesmith and Peter Tork and British actor and singer Davy Jones. The band's music was initially supervised by producer Don Kirshner.", "Fifty years after their debut, the band has just released a new album, Good Times! to favorable reviews. And the album is pure Monkees — clean, lively, innocent, fun, singable and endearing.  Two of the original members ,Mickey Dolenz and Peter Tork, have embarked on 50-city nationwide tour that’s selling out venues from coast-to-coast. Bandmate Mike Nesmith joined them on the Good Times! album but not on the tour; vocalist/percussionist Davy Jones died in 2012.", "The Monkees consisted of Jones, Peter Tork, Micky Dolenz and Mike Nesmith. Jones was the lone Brit amongst the three Americans.", "1986: Davy Jones, Mickey Dolenz and Peter Tork reunited as The Monkees when they kicked off their 145-date \"20th Anniversary World Tour\" at the Concord Hotel in the Catskill Mountains. The group has risen in popularity thanks to MTV, which started airing old episodes of their TV show.", "In 1965, Michael Nesmith won a role on a new television series about a rock group modeled after the Beatles. The Monkees, which also featured Davy Jones, Peter Tork, and Mickey Dolenz, debuted in September 1966, and this made-up boy band developed a real following.", "The original lineup of the Monkees: Davy Jones, Mickey Dolenz, Peter Tork and Mike Nesmith. Band released 'Good Times,' their first new album in nearly 20 years. Credit: Globe Photos/Zuma", "The Monkees were one of the biggest acts on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart in the late 1960s, as proven by this recap of the pop quartet's biggest hits. Comprising the late Davy Jones , Micky Dolenz, Michael Nesmith and Peter Tork, the pop act notched a total of 20 singles on the Hot 100 in its career.", "The Monkees debuted on television in September 1966, and Davy Jones attracted a lot of attention from fans for his charm, wit, warm sense of humor and boyish good looks. The Monkees soon scored on the music charts with hits like \"I'm a Believer,\" \"Pleasant Valley Sunday\" and \"Daydream Believer\"—covers of songs originally released by Neil Diamond, Gerry Goffin and Carole King, and John Stewart, respectively—and their albums sold millions of copies. Jones later wrote several autobiographies, including 1987's They Made a Monkee Out of Me.", "When their 45th anniversary rolled around in 2011, the trio of Dolenz , Jones , and Tork decided to re-form and headed out on an extensive tour of North America that lasted throughout the summer. Further plans for touring were scotched by the bandmembers' reluctance to spend the rest of the year wearing themselves out due to the grueling pace. It was to be their last set of performances with Davy Jones , who passed away at the age of 66 in February of 2012. His death proved to be the inspiration for Nesmith to rejoin the group, and at the end of the year they headed out for a string of reunion dates that featured a touching tribute to Jones each night. They toured in 2013 and 2014 as well, before Nesmith bowed out again. In the established Monkees tradition, Tork and Dolenz continued on without him for a 2015 jaunt. At this point it may have seemed that the Monkees were finished as a recording act, but in early 2016, Dolenz announced that the band had recorded a new album. Made up of songs that were never finished in the '60s and songs written for the band by modern artists like Rivers Cuomo of Weezer , Ben Gibbard of Death Cab for Cutie , and XTC 's Andy Partridge , Good Times! was produced by Fountains of Wayne 's Adam Schlesinger and appeared on the band's longtime label Rhino in May of 2016.", "• 1966 ~ \"Hey, hey we’re the Monkees -- and we don’t monkey around...\" The theme song from the NBC-TV show, The Monkees, kicked off a fun-filled weekly series on this day in 1966. Some 400 aspiring actors had auditioned for the Columbia television series by producer Don Kirschner. Davy Jones, a former English horse racing jockey; Michael Nesmith, a session guitarist; Peter Tork of the Phoenix Singers; and Micky Dolenz, who had appeared in the TV series Circus Boy were picked to be America’s answer to The Beatles . The four were picked to become the fabricated music group - not because they could sing, act or play musical instruments - but because they looked the parts. Dolenz and Jones were actors, Tork and Nesmith had some musical experience. The Monkees were the first made-for-TV rock group. Ironically - or maybe not - The Monkees TV show won an Emmy for Outstanding Comedy Series of 1967.", "The Monkees with Jones, left, and from left, Micky Dolenz, Mike Nesmith and Peter Tork. Photograph: Michael Ochs Archives", "In 1967 and 1968, Zappa made two appearances with the Monkees. The first appearance was on an episode of their TV series, \"The Monkees Blow Their Minds\", where Zappa, dressed up as Mike Nesmith, interviews Nesmith who is dressed up as Zappa. After the interview, Zappa destroys a car with a sledgehammer as the song \"Mother People\" plays. He later provided a cameo in the Monkees' movie Head where, leading a cow, he tells Davy Jones \"the youth of America depends on you to show them the way.\" Zappa had respect for what the Monkees were doing, and offered Micky Dolenz a position in the Mothers. RCA/Columbia/Colgems would not allow Dolenz out of his contract. ", "American pop group, the Monkees, pictured on arrival at London Airport, 28th June, 1967. Arriving from Paris, the group will perform a live stage show at the Empire Pool, Wembley, this coming weekend. Left to right are Davy Jones, Peter Tork, Micky Dolenz and Mike Nesmith.", "George Michael \"Micky\" Dolenz, Jr. (born March 8, 1945) is an American actor, musician, television director, radio personality and theater director, best known as the drummer and principal lead singer of the 1960s pop/rock band the Monkees.", "It’s interesting to note that when the band was first formed, only Michael Nesmith could actually play an instrument. The Monkees were, however, supported by enviable talent: Carole King and Gerry Goffin wrote “Pleasant Valley Sunday” and Neil Diamond penned “I’m a Believer.” The music was played by session musicians, often members of L.A.’s behind-the-scenes band Wrecking Crew, a loose group that included Glen Campbell and Leon Russell.", "A Monkees television show marathon (\"Pleasant Valley Sunday\") broadcast on 23 February 1986 by MTV resulted in a wave of Monkeemania not seen since the group's heyday. Jones reunited with Dolenz and Peter Tork from 1986 to 1989 to celebrate the band's renewed success and promote the 20th anniversary of the group. A new top 20 hit, \"That Was Then, This Is Now\" was released (though Jones did not perform on the song) as well as an album, Pool It!.", "The trio of Dolenz, Jones, and Tork reunited again for a successful 30th anniversary tour of American amphitheaters in 1996, while Nesmith joined them onstage in Los Angeles to promote the new songs from Justus. For the first time since the brief 1986 reunion, Nesmith returned to the concert stage for a tour of the United Kingdom in 1997, highlighted by two sold-out concerts at Wembley Arena in Wembley Park, London. This was a very fitting venue, as from 30 June to 2 July 1967 the Monkees had been the first group to headline on their own at the Empire Pool, as the Arena was then called.", "Dolenz and Tork toured as the Monkees in 2015 without Nesmith's participation. Nesmith stated that he was busy with other ventures, although Dolenz stated \"He's always invited.\" In February 2016, Dolenz announced that the Monkees would be releasing a new album, entitled Good Times!, as a celebration of their 50th Anniversary. Good Times!, produced by Adam Schlesinger of Fountains of Wayne . The album featured contributions by all three surviving members, as well as a posthumous contribution from Jones. The album was released in May 2016 to considerable success, reaching #14 on the Billboard 200 and generally favorable reviews.", "Their first, eponymous album, released in 1966 just a few weeks before the TV series' debut, featured such songs as \"Last Train to Clarksville\"; \"I Wanna Be Free\"; Papa Gene's Blues\"; and \"Sweet Young Thing\" (written by Gerry Goffin, Carole King and Nesmith). The album hit #1, and \"Clarksville\" topped the singles chart. \"More of the Monkees\" followed, featuring \"I'm a Believer\" by Neil Diamond; \"(I'm Not Your) Stepping Stone\"; \"Mary, Mary\"; and \"When Love Comes Knockin' (At Your Door)\" by Carol Bayer Sager and Neil Sedaka.", "Despite its high sales, the Monkees only saw fit to perform one song from Good Times! — “She Makes Me Laugh” written by Weezer lead singer Rivers Cuomo. I was disappointed not to hear the title track as it was written by the late Harry Nilsson and derived from a demo he recorded in 1967 . Nearly half a century later, it is now a duet between Dolenz and Nilsson. All things considered, Monkees fans were more than happy to hear another voice from beyond the grave. Davy Jones’ vocals would be featured on both “Daydream Believer” and “Shades of Grey.” The sound of Jones’ voice was the highlight of the show.", "Davy Jones, 66, British-born, 5-foot-3 singer who cast a long pop-culture shadow as the lead of The Monkees, the nation's first made-for-TV boy band that spawned hummable staples such as Daydream Believer and Last Train to Clarksville. Heart attack, Feb. 29.", "Micky Dolenz of The Monkees performs at a tribute concert to Davy Jones, at B.B. King's Blues Club & Grill on April 3, 2012 in New York City.", "11. The 1987 autobiography ‘They Made a Monkee Out of Me’ is by which member of The Monkees?", "The Chicago Tribune interviewed Davy Jones, who said, \"We touched a lot of musicians, you know. I can't tell you the amount of people that have come up and said, 'I wouldn't have been a musician if it hadn't been for the Monkees.' It baffles me even now,\" Jones added. \"I met a guy from Guns N' Roses, and he was overwhelmed by the meeting, and was just so complimentary.\" ", "The Chicago Tribune interviewed Davy Jones, who said, \"We touched a lot of musicians, you know. I can't tell you the amount of people that have come up and said, 'I wouldn't have been a musician if it hadn't been for the Monkees.' It baffles me even now,\" Jones added. \"I met a guy from Guns N' Roses , and he was overwhelmed by the meeting, and was just so complimentary.\"", "The Monkees — the greatest fake band ever assembled for a madcap TV show — will celebrate the 50th anniversary of the series this summer with a new album, titled Good Times!, and a lengthy North American tour kicking off May 18 in Fort Myers, Florida, Rolling Stone reported Friday.", "The debut single by The Monkees and featured on the self titled album by the band. The lyrics tell of a man phoning the woman he loves, urging her to meet him at a train station in Clarksville before he must leave and may not return from the war. Fans of the song believe that the song focused on the city of Clarksville, Tennessee due to Fort Campbell 101st Airborne Division base, but the songwriter, Bobby Hart, has often noted that the song was not written about a specific city.", "Grew up playing guitar; had taken some lessons at the suggestion of Circus Boy (1956)'s producers in the 1950s. In his teens, Dolenz played guitar and sang in a series of cover bands, with names like \"Micky and the One-Nighters\" and \"The Missing Links\" (!). One of these bands was signed to a record company and made some demos, which were released as singles (under his own name) after The Monkees became popular.", "The Monkees is the first album by the band The Monkees. It was released in October 1966 by Colgems Records in the United States and RCA Victor in the rest of the world. It was the first of four consecutive U.S. number one albums for the group, taking the top spot on the Billboard 200 for 13 weeks, after which it was displaced by the band's second album. It also topped the UK charts in 1967. The Monkees has been certified quintuple platinum by the RIAA, with sales of over five million copies.", "Believe it or not, Dolenz still has the shawl he wore when he first performed “Randy Scouse Git” (the first Monkees song for which he got a songwriting credit) and performed on stage with it along with the drums he played. Dolenz wrote the song following a party with the Beatles about which he quipped, “I’m told I had a great time.”" ]

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[ "At the outbreak of the war, the United States pursued a policy of non-intervention, avoiding conflict while trying to broker a peace. When the German U-boat U-20 sank the British liner RMS Lusitania on 7 May 1915 with 128 Americans among the dead, President Woodrow Wilson insisted that \"America is too proud to fight\" but demanded an end to attacks on passenger ships. Germany complied. Wilson unsuccessfully tried to mediate a settlement. However, he also repeatedly warned that the United States would not tolerate unrestricted submarine warfare, in violation of international law. The former president Theodore Roosevelt denounced German acts as \"piracy\". Wilson was narrowly reelected in 1916 as his supporters emphasized \"he kept us out of war\".", "At the outbreak of the war, the United States pursued a policy of non-intervention , avoiding conflict while trying to broker a peace. When a German U-boat sank the British liner RMS Lusitania on 7 May 1915 with 128 Americans among the dead, President Woodrow Wilson insisted that \"America is too proud to fight\" but demanded an end to attacks on passenger ships. Germany complied. Wilson unsuccessfully tried to mediate a settlement. However, he also repeatedly warned that the United States would not tolerate unrestricted submarine warfare, in violation of international law. The former president Theodore Roosevelt denounced German acts as \"piracy\". [123] Wilson was narrowly reelected in 1916 as his supporters emphasized \"he kept us out of war\".", "On 7th May 1915 the German submarine U20 sank the RMS Lusitania causing the deaths of 128 US citizens.  Following the international and American outcry Germany abandoned her policy of unrestricted submarine warfare (it was resumed in 1917).  This made the German submarine force available to act with the High Seas Fleet in any foray into the North Sea.", "On the afternoon of May 7, 1915, the British ocean liner Lusitania is torpedoed without warning by a German submarine off the south coast of Ireland. Within 20 minutes, the vessel sank into the Celtic Sea. Of 1,959 passengers and crew, 1,198 people were drowned, including 128 Americans. The attack aroused considerable indignation in the United States, but Germany defended the action, noting that it had issued warnings of its intent to attack all ships, neutral or otherwise, that entered the war zone around Britain.", "On the afternoon of May 7, 1915, the British ocean liner Lusitania is torpedoed without warning by a German submarine off the south coast of Ireland. Within 20 minutes, the vessel sank into the Celtic Sea. Of 1,959 passengers and crew, 1,198 people were drowned, including 128 Americans. The attack aroused considerable indignation in the United States , but Germany defended the action, noting that it had issued warnings of its intent to attack all ships, neutral or otherwise, that entered the war zone around Britain.", "Immediately, President Woodrow Wilson issued a declaration of neutrality. He was committed to maintaining open use of the Atlantic for trade with all the European belligerents. However, British naval supremacy almost eliminated American trade with Germany while shipments to the Allies soared. To counter this trend, German U-boats (submarines) torpedoed U.S. merchant vessels bound for Allied ports. In May 1915, Germans sunk the British passenger ship Lusitania, killing 128 Americans. Strong protest from Wilson subdued the submarine campaign, but it would emerge again as the war ground on and became more desperate. In late January 1917, Germany announced it would destroy all ships heading to Britain. Although Wilson broke off diplomatic ties with Germany, he still hoped to avert war by arming merchant vessels as a deterrent. Nevertheless, Germany began sinking American ships immediately.", "On May 2nd 1915 the British passenger liner Lusitania was sunk by a torpedo from a German submarine . 1195 passengers, including 128 Americans, lost their lives. Americans were outraged and put pressure on the government to enter the war.", "From February 1915 through September 1915, German submarines sunk more than 350 ships of Allied and neutral countries. Included among the victims was the British passenger liner Lusitania, sunk in the Irish Sea on May 7, 1915. The loss of 1,198 men, women, and children, including 128 American citizens, produced vigorous protests from the U.S. government. Late in September 1915 the German government finally agreed to end the policy of unrestricted submarine warfare. However, these orders were not always obeyed, and tension between Germany and the United States increased.", "On May 7, 1915, the British ocean liner RMS Lusitania, which primarily ferried people and goods across the Atlantic Ocean between the United States and Great Britain, was torpedoed by a German U-boat and sunk. Of the 1,959 people on board, 1,198 died, including 128 Americans. The sinking of the Lusitania enraged Americans and hastened the United States' entrance into World War I .", "1915 – Germany issued an apology and promises for payment for the 128 American passengers killed in the sinking of the British ship Lusitania.", "On February 4, 1915, Germany declared a submarine blockade of Great Britain, stating that any ship approaching England was a legitimate target. On May 7, 1915, Germany sank the passenger ship Lusitania, resulting in a massive uproar in the United States, as over 100 U.S. citizens perished. On August 30, Germany responded by ceasing to sink ships without warning.", "The Royal Navy dominated the seas, defeating the smaller German fleet in the only major naval battle of the war, the Battle of Jutland in 1916. Germany was blockaded, leading to an increasing shortage short of food. Germany's naval strategy increasingly turned towards use of U-Boats to strike back against the British, despite the risk of triggering war with the powerful neutral power, the United States. The waters around Britain were declared a war zone where any ship, neutral or otherwise, was a target. After the liner Lusitania was sunk in May 1915, drowning over 100 American passengers, protests by the United States led Germany to abandon unrestricted submarine warfare. With victory over Russia in 1917, Germany now calculated it could finally have numerical superiority on the Western Front. Planning for a massive spring offensive in 1918, it resumed the sinking of all merchant ships without warning. The US entered the war alongside the Allies (without actually joining them), and provided the needed money and supplies to sustain the Allies' war efforts. The U-boat threat was ultimately defeated by a convoy system across the Atlantic.", "U Boat 139 which sank the Lusitania shown in an undated photo. Location unknown. The British liner was sank on May 7, 1915, by a German submarine off the southern coast of Ireland. About 1,150 men, women and children, perished, 114 of which were Americans. Among those Americans who perished were Charles Frohman, theatric manager; Alfred G. Vanderbilt and Elbert Hubbard, author. Sinking aroused great indignation in U.S. (AP Photo)", "In May 1915 the Lusitania was returning from New York to Liverpool with 1,959 passengers and crew on board. The sinkings of merchant ships off the south coast of Ireland and reports of submarine activity there prompted the British Admiralty to warn the Lusitania to avoid the area and to recommend adopting the evasive tactic of zigzagging, changing course every few minutes at irregular intervals to confuse any attempt by U-boats to plot her course for torpedoing. The ship’s captain, William Thomas Turner, chose to ignore these recommendations, and on the afternoon of May 7 the vessel was attacked. A torpedo struck and exploded amidships on the starboard side, and a heavier explosion followed, possibly caused by damage to the ship’s steam engines and pipes. Within 20 minutes the Lusitania had sunk, and 1,198 people were drowned. The loss of the liner and so many of its passengers, including 128 U.S. citizens, aroused a wave of indignation in the United States , and it was fully expected that a declaration of war would follow, but the U.S. government clung to its policy of neutrality.", "Impartial Reporter.  August 26th 1915.  MORE GERMAN MURDERS.  The White Star liner Arabic outward bound for New York from Liverpool was torpedoed and sunk off the Cork Coast on Thursday morning.  The pirates gave no warning of the outrage and the vessel disappeared in 11 minutes, her side being torn out.  There were about to 426 persons aboard and of these 50 are missing, including six passengers and 44 of the crew.  This latest submarine outrage took place close to the scene of that which resulted in the sinking of the Lusitania with its awful death toll.", "The Lusitania, on the other hand, was hit by a single torpedo fired by the German submarine U-20 on May 7, 1915. The impact caused incredible damage, heightened by mysterious sympathetic explosions (coal-dust or burst steam pipes, most likely; almost certainly not munitions) that destroyed the Lusitania's steering and power. The ship was locked into a turn with the propellers still churning forward. She sank in eighteen minutes while developing such a severe starboard list that her starboard boats swung far away from the decks, while the portside boats couldn’t be lowered because they were flush against the hull. The evacuation was a disaster, compounded by the loss of many trained crewmembers to the navy. There was no order, no law, no “women and children first.” The ship sank within sight of land, but in terms of help, they were so far from civilization they might as well have been on the Moon. 1,198 people died: 1,195 passengers and crew, plus 3 German stowaways. (There was a large percentage of kids on board, including infants. In terms of standing a chance at survival on that tilting, plunging deck... It might be best not to think about it).", "The passenger ship Lusitania was torpedoed and sank on May 7th 1915. RIP to the victims of the disaster.", "On May 7, 1914, only a few years after that most famous of ocean-liners had had an unfortunate encounter with an iceberg on its maiden voyage, RMS Lusitania, popularly referred to as “Lucy,” having already crossed the Atlantic dozens of times, this time carrying 1,962 souls, was sunk by a German U-boat off the Irish coast. Almost 1200 people perished. Erik Larson casts his perceptive eyes on the event, looking for explanations. Why was the ship sunk? Had it been possible for the ship to have avoided its fate? What were the global circumstances at the time and how did those effect the disaster? Who and what was on the ship? Why? What was the big deal about the Lusitania? Other ships had been sunk by U-boats during this conflict. How did the sinking of the Lusitania affect American entry into The Great War?", "RMS Lusitania: On May 1, 1915, this ship sunk due to a German U-boat firing a torpedo at it. I was sailing from New York to Liverpool. It held thousands of people.", "May 1915: In an old churchyard in Queenstown, Ireland soldiers dig graves for the victims of the Lusitania disaster. The Lusitania was a Cunard passenger liner sunk by a German U-boat in the Irish sea. (Photo by Topical Press Agency/Getty Images)", "Lusitania, British ocean liner , the sinking of which by a German U-boat on May 7, 1915, contributed indirectly to the entry of the United States into World War I .", "1915 May 1st. North Atlantic, off the coast of Ireland: a German U-boat torpedoed the Cunard liner \"Lusitania\" which sank within less than 20 minutes; 1,198 people died, 663 people survived (374 passengers and 289 crew)", "The German government maintained that the Lusitania was carrying munitions, but the U.S. demanded reparations and an end to German attacks on unarmed passenger and merchant ships. In August 1915, Germany pledged to see to the safety of passengers before sinking unarmed vessels, but in November sank an Italian liner without warning, killing 272 people, including 27 Americans. Public opinion in the United States began to turn irrevocably against Germany.", "    As the war was reaching a fever pace, an incident occurred that would forever put the OLYMPIC in the record books. On May 12th, 1918, in the early morning, a U-boat was spotted. The ship was fully loaded with troops, and a torpedo hit would be disastrous. The U-boat, later identified as U-103, began to make for the liner, but the gun crews on deck began to fire at it. On the bridge, Captain Bertram Hayes grabbed the wheel and turned the OLYMPIC directly at the sub, it’s crew trying to crash dive to avoid the liner. The great ship’s bow sliced into the U-boat just aft of the conning tower, and as she passed over, her port propeller sliced into the pressure hull of the sub. The crew of the U-boat had no choice but to abandon ship, scuttling the sub in the process. The OLYMPIC did not stop to pick up survivors, leaving that to a US destroyer, the USS DAVIS. The White Star liner is the only passenger ship to ever sink an enemy warship during hostilities. After the war, a medal commemorating this would be placed in her first class grand staircase.", "*On 28 June 1915 the , a vessel built for the Leyland Line but leased to the White Star Line, was sunk by a torpedo fired by 20 miles off the coast of Cornwall, carrying a cargo of 1,400 mules. 29 crew and all the mules were lost.", "The 14,935 ton Blue Star Line passenger liner (Captain H.C. Howard) was sunk by the U-96 (Kptlt. Heinrich Lehmann-Willenbrock) while en route from Liverpool to the River Platte. The attack occurred about 250 miles west of the Island of Lewis in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland. There were no survivors. A total of 166 crew and 194 passengers lost their lives. The U-96 was later bombed and sunk by US aircraft at Wilhelmshaven.", "In 1917 German submarine operations reached their climax, leading to serious consequences that affected the course of the war. On January 31 Germany announced that it would resume unrestricted submarine warfare the next day. United States president Woodrow Wilson immediately broke off diplomatic relations with Germany and warned of the consequences if more American ships were sunk. Despite this warning, Allied shipping losses, including American ships, rose steeply, exceeding 500,000 tons in March and 850,000 gross tons in April.", "SS Robert E. Lee: a passenger freighter torpedoed by U-166 on 30 July 1942. [92] [93]", "At 14 minutes past midnight on the 30th July 1945 at a point midway between Guam and Leyte Gulf the ship was hit by 2 torpedoes from a Japanese submarine. The resulting explosions split the keel in two whilst knocking out all electrical power. Within 12 minutes she sank rapidly by the bow. Of the 1,196 aboard, 900 made it into the water. Few life rafts could be released in the short time available, most men were wearing a standard life-jacket.", "SS Robert E. Lee a passenger freighter torpedoed by U-166 on 30 July 1942. [71] [72]", "U-166 , a German U-boat sunk by a depth charge from a US Navy patrol boat in July 1942.", "U-166 : a German U-boat sunk by a depth charge from a US Navy patrol boat in July 1942." ]

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[ "Beginning with Valdemar Poulsen’s first magnetic recording of the voice in 1898, magnetic recording and reproduction was first put into practice in the 1930s. In the 1950s, research and development of the videotape recorders for use in broadcasting finally started. In Japan, inventor Kenjiro Takayanagi’s dream to develop a technology capable of storing images on some form of magnetic material was shared by Yuma Shiraishi and Shizuo Takano. They took the task of creating a workable home videotape recorder (VTR) at Victor Company of Japan, Limited (JVC).", "Experimentation with magnetic tape recording of video signals began just post World-War II.  Prototype machines were built in the early 1950s.  The first practical, commercial broadcast quality video recorder was released by Ampex in 1956.  The model VR-1000  cost $50,000 and used 2\" wide videotape. KING-TV in Seattle got Serial Number 1. (CBS in Hollywood had earlier received the first production prototype, the VRX-1000.)", "Video recorders became common in the early 1980s. Many video hire shops opened at the that time. At the end of the century videos were replaced by DVDs.", "From the 1950s, magnetic tape video recording became a major contributor to the television industry, via the first commercialized video tape recorders (VTRs). At that time, the devices were used only in expensive professional environments such as television studios and medical imaging (fluoroscopy). In the 1970s, videotape entered home use, creating the home video industry and changing the economics of the television and movie businesses. The television industry viewed videocassette recorders (VCRs) as having the power to disrupt their business, while television users viewed the VCR as the means to take control of their hobby. ", "As early as 1963, Philips and a number of smaller companies began to develop videocassette formats.  In 1969, Sony announced the first videocassette format.  Its ¾ inch U-Matic cassette and recorders were commercially introduced in 1971.  U-Matic was successful in attracting smaller educational and business users, but not the general public.  Its formatting allowed only for playback of a recording only to be possible through a special monitor, rather than a television.  Throughout the 1970s VHS and Sony battled each other for dominance in the video recording market. [2]", "What made video tape recorders unique were their ability to record and play back moving images and sound.  They were recorded sound the same way as an audio-tape recorder, but did it in such a way that allowed for the majority of the width of the tape to be available for the video track.  The 1970s was the period when major steps and improvement were made to video tape recorders, resulting in the eventual creating of the Video Home System standard.  However, during this time several other companies also made attempts to produce a television recording device, hoping the majority of the world would embrace their product.", "Color was not the only new development in 1959. Toshiba in September demonstrated prototype helical scan model VTR-1, with 2-inch tape running at 15 ips over just one head. After the demonstration, Sony began to develop the helical scan VTR. Sony persuaded Ampex to share its VTR patents and Sony shared transistorized circuitry with Ampex. In1961, JVC (founded as the American-owned Victor Co. of Japan in 1946, but owned by Matsushita since 1953) demonstrated helical scan color VTR with 2 heads to compete with Sony's PV100 that was adopted by American Airlines in 1964 for in-flight movies. Helical scan technology held great promise for its potential to reduce the size of tape machines and permit slow motion and stop action effects, but not for another decade. The first \"instant replay\" on commercial television in March1967 at the ABC \"World Series of Skiing\" in Vail, Colorado, was not by videotape but with the Ampex HS-100 color video magnetic disk recorder. Sony tried to develop a consumer VTR in the 1960s, but the open-reel machines were too large and complicated and expensive. (17)", "The Video Home System (VHS) is a standard for consumer-level analog video recording on tape cassettes. Developed by Victor Company of Japan (JVC) in the early 1970s, it was released in Japan in late 1976 and in the USA in early 1977.", "The first successful commercial video tape recorder was introduced around 1956 with the Ampex Quadplex - a $50,000 machine using 2 inch open reel tape and a high speed spinning head with 4 pickups rotating across the tape. This event revolutionized commercial broadcasting. However, this technology was much too complex, cumbersome, and expensive for consumer use and has a number of technological disadvantages as well.", "The Telcan, produced by the UK Nottingham Electronic Valve Company in 1963, was the first home video recorder. It could be bought as a unit or in kit form for £60, equivalent to approximately £1,100 (over US$1,600) in 2014 currency. However, there were several drawbacks: it was expensive, not easy to assemble, and could only record 20 minutes at a time. It recorded in black-and-white, the only format available in the UK at the time. ", "* Videotape is a means of recording images and sound onto magnetic tape as opposed to movie film. The first practical professional videotape machines were the Quadruplex machines introduced by Ampex on April 14, 1956. Invented by Charles Ginsburg and Ray Dolby, Quad employed a transverse four-head system on a two-inch (5.08 cm) tape, and linear heads for the soundtrack.[269]", "The big electronic companies of the day raced to develop the technology, working on recorders that used magnetic tape. The Ampex Corporation, however, working in secrecy, based its research on a rotating head design, which had been patented by an Italian inventor in 1938 for use in audio recordings. After several failed attempts, and having abandoned the project altogether at one point, Ampex released the world’s first magnetic tape video recorder, the VRX-1000, in April 1956. It caused a sensation. But with a price tag of US$50,000 (equivalent to some US$325,000 today), expensive rotating heads that had to be changed every few hundred hours, and the need for a highly skilled operator, it was far from a consumer item.", "Videotape is a means of recording images and sound onto magnetic tape as opposed to movie film. The first practical professional videotape machines were the Quadruplex machines introduced by Ampex on April 14, 1956. Invented by Charles Ginsburg and Ray Dolby , Quad employed a transverse four-head system on a two-inch (5.08 cm) tape, and linear heads for the soundtrack.", "The history of the videocassette recorder follows the history of videotape recording in general. Ampex introduced the Quadruplex videotape professional broadcast standard format with its Ampex VRX-1000 in 1956. It became the world's first commercially successful videotape recorder using two-inch (5.1 cm) wide tape. Due to its high price of , the Ampex VRX-1000 could be afforded only by the television networks and the largest individual stations. ", "* 1963 – The Nottingham Electronic Valve company produced the first home video recorder called the \"Telcan\".", "The first VHS home video, with outstanding features of long recording capability and clear and sharp screen image, was put on the market in 1977. The \"2-to-4-hour VHS VTR\", the VBT200, was developed in the same year to meet the consumer desire to record full-length broadcasts of American football games, an improvement over the recording time of 2 hours with the conventional VHS system.", "JVC HR-3300 - 1976.  The first VHS home video cassette recorder was introduced in Japan by Japan Victor Corporation in September of 1976.  In April of 1976 JVC had demonstrated a VHS prototype to Sony, but Sony considered VHS to be a copy of Beta and refused to adopt the VHS design.   VHS eventually  replaced Sony's Betamax design in the comsumer market although  Beta is  stilled used for non-consmer products.", "first audio tape recorder - the model 200A. In 1956 they introduce their first (reel to reel) video", "Audio and video magnetic recording has had a greater impact on broadcasting than any other development since the invention of radio/TV transmission itself. Video tape in a large cassette format was introduced by both JVC and Panasonic around 1976. This was the most popular format for home use and for video store rentals for many years until it was replaced by CDs and DVDs. VHS stands for Video Home System.", "VHS (Video Home System) is a widely-adopted videocassette recording ( VCR ) technology that was developed by Japan Victor Company (JVC) and put on the market in 1976. It uses magnetic tape 1/2 inch (1.27 cm) in width. Originally, the abbreviation VHS stood for Vertical Helical Scan, and was later changed as the technology gained in popularity.", "The half-inch tape used contained two parallel quarter-inch tracks, one for each side. It had a recording time of 4 hours per side, later extended to 8 hours per side on a few models. Machines had a 'real time' tape position counter with the information retained on the tape, so when tapes were loaded the position was known; this feature was only implemented on VHS recorders much later. V2000 became available in early 1979, later than its two rivals. The V2000 system did not sell well, and was discontinued in 1985.", "A third format, Video 2000, or V2000 (also marketed as \"Video Compact Cassette\") was developed and introduced by Philips in 1978, sold only in Europe. Grundig developed and marketed their own models based on the V2000 format. Most V2000 models featured piezoelectric head positioning to dynamically adjust tape tracking. V2000 cassettes had two sides, and like the audio cassette could be flipped over halfway through their recording time, which gave them up to twice the recording length of VHS tapes. User switchable record-protect levers were used instead of the breakable lugs on VHS and Beta cassettes.", "Shiraishi, Yuma. “History of Home Videotape Recorder Development,” SMPTE Journal, December 1985 Issue, Vol. 94, No. 12, 1257-63.", "The first practical audio tape recorder was unveiled in 1935. Improvements to the technology were made using the AC biasing technique, which significantly improved recording fidelity. As early as 1942, test recordings were being made in stereo. Although these developments were initially confined to Germany, recorders and tapes were brought to the United States following the end of World War II. These were the basis for the first commercially-produced tape recorder in 1948. ", "* In 1972, Ampex introduced the ACR-25, the first automated robotic library system for the recording and playback of television commercials. Each commercial was recorded on an individual cartridge. These cartridges were then loaded into a large rotating carousel. Using sophisticated mechanics and vacuum pneumatics, the \"carts\" were loaded into and extracted from the machine with an 8-second cycle time for spots under 61 seconds. This freed TV stations from loading individual machines with spots in real time, or preparing spot reels in advance of a broadcast. The TV newsroom also began to use the ACR-25 to run news stories because of its random access capability. The ACR-25 used AVR-1 signal, servo, and timebase systems, and a machine-programming control bay designed by Ampex engineer E. Stanley Busby. Both machines had a lockup time of 200 milliseconds, as distinct from the industry standard 5 second pre-roll. This was accomplished with optical-vacuum reel servos providing the vacuum capstan negligible inertial mass to control, and predictive digital servos that could re-frame vertically at horizontal rate, as well as timebase correction with a window exceeding 64 microseconds (compared to the VR-2000's window of less than 5 microseconds).", "[1] Pauline Webb and Mark Suggit, eds., An Encyclopedia of Household Innovations: Gadgets and Necessities (Santa Barbra, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc., 2000), s.v. “Video Recorders.”", "The practice of recording and editing audio using magnetic tape rapidly established itself as an obvious improvement over previous methods. Many saw the potential of making the same improvements in recording television. Television (\"video\") signals are similar to audio signals. A major difference is that video signals use more bandwidth than audio signals. Existing audio tape recorders could not practically capture a video signal. Many set to work on resolving this problem. Jack Mullin (working for Bing Crosby) and the BBC both created crude working systems that involved moving the tape across a fixed tape head at very fast speeds. Neither system saw much use. It was the team at Ampex, led by Charles Ginsburg, that made the breakthrough of using a spinning recording head and normal tape speeds to achieve a very high head-to-tape speed that could record and reproduce the high bandwidth signals of video. The Ampex system was called Quadruplex and used 2 in tape, mounted on reels like audio tape, which wrote the signal in what is now called transverse scan.", "Developed for video cameras, it is a physically small tape cassette, in the VHS format, which can record up to about 30 minutes. With an adapter it can be played on any VHS machine. See: VHS", "It is called VERA (Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus)! Demonstrated on Panorama, it is the first video tape machine ever used by the BBC. Unfortunately, its life is very short, being overtaken by the creation of the Ampex VR1000A from the USA.", "Some devices were marketed which allowed a personal computer to use a VHS recorder as a data backup device. The most notable of these was ArVid, widely used in Russia and CIS states. Similar systems were manufactured in the United States by Corvus and Alpha Microsystems, and in the UK by Backer from Danmere Ltd.", "A VHS format video cassette recorder that can record and play back s-video signals. See: S-Video", "Such devices generally consisted of a recording device (the actual burst encoder), a storage medium (often a cassette of some kind), and a play back device (the burst transmitter). They were used extensively by the USSR and its Warsaw Pact allies, but also by the Western Allies. The US also used them during the Vietnam War, to make efficient use of the limited frequency space." ]

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[ "Spy Hook is a 1988 spy novel by Len Deighton. It is the first novel in the second of three trilogies about Bernard Samson, a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6). Spy Hook is part of the Hook, Line and Sinker trilogy, being succeeded by Spy Line and Spy Sinker. This trilogy is preceded by the Game, Set and Match trilogy and followed by the final Faith, Hope and Charity trilogy. Deighton's novel Winter (1987) is a prequel to the nine novels, covering the years 1900-1945 and providing the backstory to some of the characters.", "Spy Line is a 1989 spy novel by Len Deighton. It is the second novel in the second of three trilogies about Bernard Samson, a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6). Spy Line is part of the Hook, Line and Sinker trilogy, being preceded by Spy Hook and followed Spy Sinker. This trilogy is preceded by the Game, Set and Match trilogy and followed by the final Faith, Hope and Charity trilogy. Deighton's novel Winter (1987) is a prequel to the nine novels, covering the years 1900-1945 and providing the backstory to some of the characters.", "Aug 29, 1990 – The final volume in Deighton's hook, line and sinker espionage trilogy will likely disappoint even his staunchest fans with its passionless, unsuspenseful scenario for explaining the political liberation of Eastern Europe at the end of the '80s. Bernard Sampson, protagonist of the earlier books, here steps backstage as his wife, Fiona, defects to East Germany after being groomed as a double agent. In place, Fiona is set to implement a plan facilitating the westward defection of East German professionals, leaving a gap in the economic structure which is expected to defeat the Communist regime. Fiona's abandonment of her husband and two young children occurs with little drama or conflict, and is a move no more convincing than the doubts Deighton later visits upon her. The plan conceived by Bret Rensselaer, deputy controller of European economics for Britain's SIS, to dismantle the Wall is intriguing and plausible, but its fictional execution is without force. At his best with action scenes, Deighton gives us too few; only those that begin and end his tale ring with excitement and suspense. 250,000 first printing; $250,000 ad/promo.", "James Bond 007 is a fictional British agent (the Bond character is usually referred to as a spy, but was actually a counter-agent and a professional assassin) created by writer Ian Fleming in 1952. Fleming wrote numerous novels and short stories based upon the character and, after his death in 1964, further literary adventures were written by Kingsley Amis (pseudonym Robert Markham), John Pearson, John Gardner, Raymond Benson, and Charlie Higson. In addition, Christopher Wood wrote two screenplay novelisations and other authors have also written various unofficial permutations of the character.", "The second author to take up the Bond reins was John Gardner , a man whose previous job roles included both Royal Marines commando and Anglican priest. Known initially for his humorous Bond pastiches featuring reluctant spy Boysie Oakes, he vowed to “bring Bond into the 1980s”. He wrote fourteen new Bond novels in all, starting with the aptly titled License Renewed (1981) – none of which were made into films. Despite being criticised for their increasing implausibility and receiving muted reactions from reviewers, several of the novels appeared on the New York Times Best Seller list.", "P.s. if it jogs your memory at all: Janet and John were a series of children�s readers introduced to Britain in the 1930's and spanning till the 1970's. published by James Nisbet and co they were adapted from a similar series of children�s books in America (Alice and Jerry) they were written by Mabel O'Donnel and Rona Muru (from new Zealand) and illustrated by Florence Jane Hoopes and Margaret Campbell Hoopes Later extended readers for older children (over the hill, over the sea ect)", "Prolific spy novelist David Cornwell (better known by his pen name, John le Carré) in 1985. David Montgomery/Getty/HarperCollins", "There were also the Nancy Drew/Hardy Boys super mysteries. I remember reading ones that were published in the early/mid 90's. At the time there was also a Nancy Drew series that was more contemporary, I think she was in college and traveling the world.", "A series of 18 humorous children's books were published in the United States by Scholastic Press between 1992 and 1997 based on the Clue concept and created by A.E. Parker (possibly of Parker Brothers )[citation needed]. The books featured the US Clue characters in short, comedic vignettes and asked the reader to follow along and solve a crime at the end of each. The crime would usually be the murder of another guest besides Mr. Boddy, a robbery of some sort, or a simple contest, in which case they must figure out who won. The tenth and final vignette would always be the murder of Mr. Boddy. Somehow, Mr. Boddy would always manage to cheat death, such as fainting before the shot was fired or being shot with trick bullets. However, at the end of the 18th book, Mrs. Peacock kills Mr. Boddy out of starvation and Mr. Boddy stays dead. A similar series of books featuring the Clue Jr. characters was also published. The first book, unlike the others, features thirteen mysteries, not ten, and is titled simply enough Who Killed Mr Boddy?. The name of the book is usually the name of the tenth mystery in which Boddy is killed.", "French language books published over 30 years included translated volumes of Charteris originals, as well as novelisations of radio scripts from the English-language radio series, and comic strip adaptations. Many of these books, credited to Charteris, were written by others, including Madeleine Michel-Tyl. [3]", "[close] George Smiley is a fictional character created by John le Carré. Smiley is an intelligence officer working for MI6 (often referred to as \"the Circus\" in the novels and films), the British overseas intelligence agency. He is a central character in the novels Call for the Dead; A Murder of Quality; Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy; The Honourable Schoolboy; and Smiley's People, and a minor character in a number of others, including The Spy Who Came in From the Cold, The Looking Glass War and The Secret Pilgrim.", "Paddington Bear is a fictional character in children's literature. He first appeared on 13 October 1958 and has been featured in more than twenty books written by Michael Bond and illustrated by Peggy Fortnum and other artists. The friendly bear from deepest, darkest Peru—with his old hat, battered suitcase (complete with a secret compartment, enabling it to hold more items than it would at first appear), duffle coat and love of marmalade—has become a classic character from English children's literature. Paddington books have been translated into 30 languages across 70 titles and sold more than 30 million copies worldwide.", "Also, Artemis Fowl is wonderful. I once described it to my cousin as Harry Potter meets James Bond, which, I'll admit is a rather vague and not totally realistic view of the books, but it's similar enough to get my spy-loving cousin to read them. Just a nice blend of fantasy and technology.", "1986 Foxy Fables. Tony Ross. First edition. Dust jacket. NY: Dial Books for Young Readers. $11.95 at Mr. Mopp's in Berkeley, Dec., '86. Two extra copies for $3.98 each at Chandler's, Evanston, Dec., '92. Extra copy of the first edition a gift of Margaret Carlson Lytton, Nov., '94. Another extra copy for $3.98 at Chandler's, Evanston, Dec., '92. One more extra for $3.98 from the Half-Price Store, Des Moines, April, '93.", "Leslie Charteris (12 May 1907 – 15 April 1993), born Leslie Charles Bowyer-Yin, was a British-Chinese author of adventure fiction, as well as a screenwriter. He was best known for his many books chronicling the adventures of charming antihero Simon Templar, alias \"The Saint.\"", "George Smiley is a fictional character created by John le Carré. Smiley is an intelligence officer working for \"the Circus \", the British overseas intelligence agency. He is a central character in the novels Call for the Dead, A Murder of Quality, Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy, The Honourable Schoolboy, and Smiley's People, and a supporting character in The Spy Who Came in from the Cold, The Looking Glass War and The Secret Pilgrim.", "I also enjoy a series of books called CHERUB. More child-spy type of thing, but realy witty and brilliantly written. They're written by Robert Muchamore, and there's a series of 8 planned so far, but only 3 are out at the moment. It's more single books, indivual plot series following a boy called James and his missions of espionage. I love them, but my brother is going to murder me when he comes home and finds I've read book 3 before him.", "*1982: Fearless Freddy's Magic Wish (children's stories, with pictures by Christina Gascoigne), London: Methuen (ISBN 978-0-416-06520-6)", "Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy is a 1974 spy novel by British author John le Carré. It follows the efforts of taciturn, ageing spymaster George Smiley to uncover a Soviet mole in the British Secret Intelligence Service. Since the time of its publication, the novel has received critical acclaim for its complexity, social commentary and lack of sensationalism, and remains a staple of the spy fiction genre. ", "1982 New Tales from Aesop (for reading aloud). Paul Roche. Illustrated by Pandora Smith. University of Notre Dame Press. Inscribed and signed by the author. Dust jacket. Gift of Donna Eddy, March, '92. Extra copy for $7.20 from Black Oak, Berkeley, Dec., '86.", "1981 The Platt and Munk Treasury of Stories for Children. Edited by Nancy Christensen Hall. Various illustrators. Dust jacket. NY: Platt and Munk. $9.95 at Holmes, Oakland, Jan., '91. Extra copy for $4 from Strand, NY, May, '91.", "6th Series (1984) Once Upon a Time Slip Viva Danger Mouse Play it Again, Wufgang Hear, Hear Multiplication Fable The Spy Who Stayed in With a Cold It's All White, White Wonder The Hickory Dickory Dock Dilemma What a Three-Point Turn-Up For the Book Quark! Quark! 'Alping is Snow Easy Matter `Aaargh! Spiders! One of Our Stately Homes is Missing Afternoon Off - With the Fangboner Beware of Mexicans Delivering Milk Cat-Astrophe The Good, the Bad and the Motionless Statues The Clock Strikes Back! `Ee! Tea! Bandits, Beans and Ballyhoo! Have You Fled Any Good Books Lately? Tut, Tut, It's Not Pharaoh Lost, Found and Spellbound Penfold, B.F. Mechanized Mayhem Journey to the Earth's... `Cor", "1988 Aesop's Fables. A Pull-the-Tab Pop-Up Book. Claire Littlejohn. Printed in Colombia. NY: Dial Books for Young Readers, a division of NAL Penguin. $11.20 at the New England Mobile Book Fair, Jan., '88. One extra copy.", "30- Bunter the Ventriloquist was published October 1961 by Cassell & Co and was illustrated by C. H. Chapman. It was reprinted by Armada in June 1970 and by Hawk November 1994.", "1987? Le Rat de ville, Le Rat des champs. Illustr� par Graham Percy. Printed in Spain. Distributed with an undated audio cassette. (c)Peralt Montagut Editions. Together $9.95 at europa books, Chicago, March, '95.", "Over 30 years ago, she embarked on a second career as an author of children’s books, includingThe Last of the Really Great Whangdoodles and the popular Dumpy the Dumptruck series. She was named a Dame Commander of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II in 2000 in recognition of her extraordinary career and her service to charities such as UNIFEM and Save the Children.", "Since the 1970s Brandreth has written various books about Scrabble, words, puzzles and jokes, for adults and children.", "Commando by Dunford-Slater. Pub. by Kimber 1953 - from the pen of one of the major players.", "Robert McCrum is Associate Editor of the Observer, and the author of several books including Wodehouse: A Life (2004), My Year Off (1998) and seven novels. He is also the co-author of the BBC TV series, The Story of English (1986) and was for many years editor-in-chief of the publishers Faber & Faber.", "This 1987 paperback printing seems identical with the 1981 paperback printing. Simple artwork that can be of value. The book includes several colored pages besides a number of black-and-whites. The tellings of the tales may be most helpful for the clear morals. See also the original hardbound versions of 1947. Copy A here is the 1987 printing.  Copy B is the 1988 printing.", "1982/83/84/87 Animal Fairy Tales. Various authors and illustrators. NY: Exeter Books. $1.98 at Odegard's, March, '88.", "In 1985, a Text Adventure video game, Robin of Sherwood, was published as a licensed spin-off of the TV series." ]

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[ "The use of credit cards originated in the United States during the 1920s, when individual firms, such as oil companies and hotel chains, began issuing them to customers for purchases made at company outlets. The first universal credit card, which could be used at a variety of establishments, was introduced by the Diners’ Club, Inc., in 1950. Another major card of this type, known as a travel and entertainment card, was established by the American Express Company in 1958. Under this system, the credit card company charges its cardholders an annual fee and bills them on a periodic basis—usually monthly. Cooperating merchants throughout the world pay a service charge to the credit card issuer in the range of 4–7 percent of total billings.", "The first credit card was made out of cardboard and looked like the credit card from the picture. They were first used in 1950 in 27 New York restaurants, called Diners Club. This invention was a big impact for the average American and after one year, 20,000 Americans owned a cardboard credit card. ", "In 1950, Diners Club and American Express launched their charge cards in the USA, the first “plastic money”. In 1951, Diners Club issued the first credit card to 200 customers who could use it at 27 restaurants in New York. But it was only until the establishment of standards for the magnetic strip in 1970 that the credit card became part of the information age.", "The Diners Club Card was the next step in credit cards. According to a representative from Diners Club, the story began in 1949 when a man named Frank McNamara had a business dinner in New York's Major's Cabin Grill. When the bill arrived, Frank realized he'd forgotten his wallet. He managed to find his way out of the pickle, but he decided there should be an alternative to cash. McNamara and his partner, Ralph Schneider, returned to Major's Cabin Grill in February of 1950 and paid the bill with a small, cardboard card. Coined the Diners Club Card and used mainly for travel and entertainment purposes , it claims the title of the first credit card in widespread use.", "In 1950 Diners Club introduced the first Travel and Entertainment card and in essence was the real first credit card. The designation Travel and Entertainment (a.k.a. T&E) was due to the intended cardholder's use. Because it was designed to relieve a business man from having to take cash on the road and use for his travel and entertainment expenses. Diners Club is also considered the first acquirer, since they were the first to charge merchants a discount rate. A discount rate is a percentage taken from each sale accepted as a fee to the issuer and acquirer.", "The catches: Purchases could only be made locally, and Charge-It cardholders had to have an account at Biggins' bank. In 1951, the first bank credit card appeared in New York's Franklin National Bank for loan customers. Only the bank's account holders could use it.", "While modern credit cards are mainly used for convenience, these predecessor cards were developed as a means of creating customer loyalty and improving customer service, Sienkiewicz says. John Biggins, a banker in Brooklyn, according to MasterCard, introduced the first bankcard, named \"Charg-It,\" in 1946. When a customer used it for a purchase, the bill was forwarded to Biggins' bank. The bank reimbursed the merchant and obtained payment from the customer.", "The modern credit card was the successor of a variety of merchant credit schemes. It was first used in the 1940s, in the United States, specifically to sell fuel to a growing number of automobile owners. In 1938 several companies started to accept each other's cards.", "In 1950, the first independent credit card company in the world, Diners Club, started as a way for New York businessmen to pay for client meals at 14 participating restaurants. The Club went on to inspire the first credit card-themed Hollywood movie (1", "The inventor of the first bank issued credit card was John Biggins of the Flatbush National Bank of Brooklyn in New York. In 1946, Biggins invented the \"Charge-It\" program between bank customers and local merchants. Merchants could deposit sales slips into the bank and the bank billed the customer who used the card.", "According to Encyclopedia Britannica, “the use of credit cards originated in the United States during the 1920s, when individual firms, such as oil companies and hotel chains, began issuing them to customers.” However, references to credit cards have been made as far back as 1890 in Europe. Early credit cards involved sales directly between the merchant offering the credit and credit card, and that merchant’s customer. Around 1938, companies started to accept each other’s cards. Today, credit cards allow you to make purchases with countless third parties.", "In September 1958, Bank of America launched a new product called BankAmericard in Fresno. After a troubled gestation during which its creator resigned, BankAmericard went on to become the first successful credit card; that is, a financial instrument that was usable across a large number of merchants and also allowed cardholders to revolve a balance (earlier financial products could do one or the other but not both). In 1976, BankAmericard was renamed and spun off into a separate company known today as Visa Inc.", "Credit cards were first promoted to traveling salesmen (more common in that era) for use on the road. By the early 1960s, more companies offered credit cards, advertising them as a time-saving device rather than a form of credit. American Express and MasterCard became huge successes overnight.", "According to Encyclopedia Britannica, \"the use of credit cards originated in the United States during the 1920s, when individual firms, such as oil companies and hotel chains, began issuing them to customers.\" However, references to credit cards have been made as far back as 1890 in Europe. Early credit cards involved sales directly between the merchant offering the credit and credit card, and that merchant's customer. Around 1938, companies started to accept each other's cards. Today, credit cards allow you to make purchases with countless third parties.", "In the early 1900s, oil companies and department stories issued their own proprietary cards, according to Stan Sienkiewicz, in a paper for the Philadelphia Federal Reserve entitled \" Credit Cards and Payment Efficiency .\" Such cards were accepted only at the business that issued the card and in limited locations. While modern credit cards are mainly used for convenience, these predecessor cards were developed as a means of creating customer loyalty and improving customer service, Sienkiewicz says.", "A credit card is part of a system of payments named after the small plastic card issued to users of the system. The issuer of the card grants a line of credit to the consumer from which the user can borrow money for payment to a merchant or as a cash advance to the user. The concept of paying different merchants using the same card was invented in 1950 by Ralph Schneider and Frank X. McNamara , founders of Diners Club, to consolidate multiple cards. The Diners Club, which was created partially through a merger with Dine and Sign, produced the first \"general purpose\" charge card, and required the entire bill to be paid with each statement.", "The first credit card in the UK is issued by Barclaycard. A second was introduced six years later.", "Revisit the past and learn about our deep-rooted history. Diners Club started in 1950 as the world’s very first multipurpose charge card. Over the years, we’ve expanded and changed, quickly transforming a local card into a global revolution.", "Only upscale establishments (restaurants, hotels) will accept credit cards such as Visa, MasterCard, Diners, etc. Cash is most often used when making a purchase and if you ask if a shop or store accepts credit cards they will most likely direct you to an ATM where you can go get some", "Originally used in 1920, Credit Cards have revolutionized our lives. It was originated to serve as a medium of providing fuel to the increasing number of buyers, but, today they are everywhere.", "\"At the beginning of the twentieth century, people had to pay cash for almost all products and services. Although the early part of the century saw an increase in individual store credit accounts, a credit card that could be used at more than one merchant was not invented until 1950. It all started when Frank X. McNamara.\"", "With a history of “plastic money”, you cannot ignore charge cards. Charge cards laid the groundwork for debit and credit cards. Company-issued charge cards can be found as far back as the early 1900’s. These cards mainly just kept customers loyal to the company.", "Before the computerization of credit card systems in America, using a credit card to pay at a merchant was significantly more complicated than it is today. Each time a consumer wanted to use a credit card, the merchant would have to call their bank, who in turn had to call the credit card company, which then had to have an employee manually look up the customer's name and credit balance. This system was computerized in 1973 under the leadership of Dee Hock, the first CEO of Visa, allowing transaction time to decrease substantially to less than one minute. However, until always-connected payment terminals became ubiquitous at the beginning of the 21st century, it was common for a merchant to accept a charge, especially below a threshold value or from a known and trusted customer, without verifying it by phone. Books with lists of stolen card numbers were distributed to merchants who were supposed in any case to check cards against the list before accepting them, as well as verifying the signature on the charge slip against that on the card. Merchants who failed to take the time to follow the proper verification procedures were liable for fraudulent charges, but because of the cumbersome nature of the procedures, merchants would often simply skip some or all of them and assume the risk for smaller transactions.", "Credit accounts were already common in individual stores, but credit cards allowed people to use one card to shop on credit across the numerous stores and not have to carry notes and coins.", "Though the concept of credit has existed longer even than money, charge accounts became popular in the early twentieth century. With the invention and growing popularity of automobiles and airplanes, people now had the option to travel to a variety of stores for their shopping needs. In an effort to capture customer loyalty, various department stores and gas stations began to offer charge accounts for their customers which could be accessed by a card.", "The Diners Club card evolved from a simple idea: that it would be nice to have a substitute for cash or a checkbook that could be used at more than one place.", "It’s easy to take credit cards for granted. They’re a fast, secure and popular payment option and, much like the toothbrush or the doorknob, who ever really wonders about how these everyday things came about? But the history of credit cards is filled with fascinating details and facts, which we explore in detail with this throwback to the birth and evolution of the credit card.", "In many cities and towns, credit cards are accepted at retail chain stores and other restaurants and stores. Small businesses (including hotels and guest houses) and family-run stores almost never accept credit cards, so it is useful to keep a moderate amount of cash on hand.", "Credit is an important concept not only in consumeristic or capitalist modern societies, but also dating back as early as ancient Greece and Egypt.", "Credit cards are now an everyday part of life for so many of us, but where did it all begin?", "Most hotels, restaurants, travel agencies and the bigger shops will take credit cards. Most of the bigger banks will advance local currency against a credit card. Most banks have ATM’s which accept Visa cards for cash. Visa is more readily accepted than MasterCard or American Express.", "Charging for products and services has become a way of life. No longer do people bring cash when they buy a sweater or a large appliance, they charge it. Some people do it for the convenience of not carrying cash; others \"put it on plastic\" so they can purchase an item they can not yet afford. The credit card that allows them to do this is a twentieth century invention." ]

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[ "The quintessential jet-set Euro starlet, Ursula Andress was born in the Swiss canton of Berne on March 19, 1936, one of six children in a strict German Protestant family. Although often seeming icily aloof, a restless streak early demonstrated itself in her personality, and she had an impetuous desire to explore the world outside Switzerland. (For... See full bio »", "Andrews was born and raised in England, where she first came to fame as a young musical performer on stage and on radio. She was still in her teens when she made her way across the Atlantic and to Broadway, where she made her debut in 1953 in the musical “The Boy Friend.”", "Ursula Andress (born 19 March 1936) is a Swiss actress and a sex symbol of the 1960s. [1] She is known for her roles as Bond girl Honey Ryder in Dr. No , for which she won a Golden Globe , and as Vesper Lynd in the 1967 James Bond parody Casino Royale .", "In January 2010, Andrews was the official USA presenter of the New Year's Day Vienna concert.[52] This was her second appearance in this role, after presenting the previous year's concert.[53] Andrews also had a supporting role in the film Tooth Fairy, which opened to unfavourable reviews[54] although the box office receipts were successful.[55] On her promotion tour for the film, she also spoke of Operation USA and the aid campaign to the Haiti disaster.[56] HP Pavilion dv3-2133tx Keyboard", "Dame Julie Elizabeth Andrews, DBE ( n�e Wells; 1 October 1935) [2] is an English film and stage actress, singer, and author. She is the recipient of Golden Globe , Emmy , Grammy , BAFTA , People's Choice Award , Theatre World Award , Screen Actors Guild and Academy Award honours. Andrews was a former British child actress and singer who made her Broadway debut in 1954 with The Boy Friend , and rose to prominence starring in other musicals such as My Fair Lady and Camelot , and in musical films such as Mary Poppins (1964) and The Sound of Music (1965): the roles for which she is still best-known. Her voice spanned four octaves until it was damaged by a throat operation in 1998.", "Rigg was born in Doncaster in the West Riding of Yorkshire [1] to Louis Rigg and Beryl Helliwell; her father was a railway engineer who had been born in Yorkshire. Between the ages of two months and eight years Rigg lived in Bikaner, India, where her father was employed as a railway executive [1]. Rigg still speaks fluent Hindi. She was then sent to a boarding school, the Moravian school in Fulneck, near Pudsey. She disliked her boarding school, where she felt like a fish out of water, but she believes that Yorkshire played a greater part in shaping her character than India did.[2]", "In January 2007, Andrews was honoured with the Lifetime Achievement Award at the Screen Actors Guild’s awards and stated that her goals included continuing to direct for the stage and possibly to produce her own Broadway musical. She published Home: A Memoir of My Early Years, which she characterised as “part one” of her autobiography, on 1 April 2008. Home chronicles her early years in Britain’s music hall circuit and ends in 1962 with her winning the role of Mary Poppins. For a Walt Disney video release she again portrayed Mary Poppins and narrated the story of The Cat That Looked at a King in 2004.", "Audrey Hepburn (born Audrey Kathleen Ruston; 4 May 1929 – 20 January 1993) was a British actress and humanitarian. Born in Ixelles, a district of Brussels, Hepburn spent her childhood between Belgium, England, and the Netherlands, including German-occupied Arnhem during the Second World War where she worked as a courier for the Dutch resistance and assisted with fundraising. In Amsterdam, she studied ballet with Sonia Gaskell before moving to London in 1948 to continue her ballet training with Marie Rambert and perform as a chorus girl in West End musical theatre productions. She spoke several languages, including English, French, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, and German.", "In January 2009, Andrews was named on The Times’ list of the top 10 British Actresses of all time. The list included Helen Mirren, Helena Bonham Carter, Judi Dench, and Audrey Hepburn. On 8 May 2009, Andrews received the honorary George and Ira Gershwin Award for Lifetime Achievement in Music at the annual UCLA Spring Sing competition in Pauley Pavilion.", "Andrews married set designer Tony Walton on 10 May 1959 in Weybridge, Surrey. They had first met in 1948 when Andrews was appearing at the London Casino in the show Humpty Dumpty. The couple filed for a divorce on 14 November 1967.[19][27] HP Pavilion dv3-2050ew Keyboard", "Dame Julia Elizabeth Andrews, DBE (née Wells; born 1 October 1935) is a British film and stage actress, singer, and author. She is the recipient of Golden Globe, Emmy, Grammy, BAFTA, People's Choice Award, Theatre World Award, Screen Actors Guild and Academy Award honours. Andrews was a former British child actress and singer who made her Broadway debut in 1954 with The Boy Friend, and rose to prominence starring in other musicals such as My Fair Lady and Camelot, and in musical films such as Mary Poppins (1964), for which she won the Academy Award for Best Actress, and The Sound of Music (1965): the roles for which she is still best-known.", "Dame Julie Elizabeth Andrews, DBE (née Julia Wells; born 1 October 1935) is an English film and stage actress, singer, author, theatre director, and dancer. She is the recipient of Golden Globe Award, Emmy Award, Grammy Award, BAFTA, People’s Choice Award, Theatre World Award, Screen Actors Guild and Academy Award honours. In 2000, she was made a Dame for services to the performing arts by Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace.", "Andrews scored the most spectacular success of her career with the starring role in The Sound of Music, another Broadway musical adaptation and the most successful motion picture made up until that time. Andrews was nominated for an Oscar again, and the film was honored as Best Picture of the Year. It remains a beloved classic. Forty years after its original release, it draws huge crowds to massive outdoor sing-along screenings such as those held in the 25,000-seat Hollywood Bowl. The reigning international film star of the mid-1960s, Andrews starred in the most successful film of 1966, Hawaii, and in the Alfred Hitchcock thriller Torn Curtain with Paul Newman. In 1967, she shone in yet another successful musical, Thoroughly Modern Millie. That same year, her marriage to Tony Walton ended, although the pair remained close friends and have often collaborated in the years since.", "Dame Emilie Rose Macaulay (1 August 1881 – 30 October 1958) was an English writer, most noted for her award-winning novel The Towers of Trebizond, about a small Anglo-Catholic group crossing Turkey by camel. The story is seen as a spiritual autobiography, reflecting her own changing and conflicting beliefs. Macaulay’s novels were partly-influenced by Virginia Woolf; she also wrote biographies and travelogues.", "Phyllis Dorothy James, Baroness James of Holland Park, (3 August 1920 – 27 November 2014), known as P. D. James, was an English crime writer. She rose to fame for her series of detective novels starring police commander and poet Adam Dalgliesh. ", "Julia Elizabeth Wells was born on 1 October 1935 in Walton-on-Thames, Surrey, England. Her mother, Barbara Ward Wells (née Morris), was married to Edward Charles “Ted” Wells, a teacher of metalwork and woodwork, but Andrews was conceived as a result of an affair her mother had with a family friend.", "Dame Julia Elizabeth \"Julie\" Andrews, DBE (née Wells; born 1 October 1935) is an English film and stage actress, a singer, an author, a theatre director, and a dancer. Andrews, a child actress and singer, appeared on the West End in 1948, and made her Broadway debut in The Boy Friend (1954). In 1957, she appeared on television with the title role in the musical, Cinderella, which was seen by over 100 million viewers. She rose to prominence starring in musicals such as My Fair Lady (1957) and Camelot (1960).", "Jim says, \"Gene's got a dark side; even Julie Andrews would struggle not to see that.\" Dame Julie Elizabeth Andrews, DBE (1935–) is an English film and stage actress, singer, author, theatre director and dancer. She was well known for her wholesome screen image in such films as The Sound of Music and Mary Poppins.", "Dame Julie Andrews, original name Julia Elizabeth Wells (born Oct. 1, 1935, Walton-on-Thames, Surrey , Eng.), English motion-picture, stage, and musical star noted for her crystalline four-octave voice and her charm and skill as an actress.", "As an adult, Andrews followed her stepfather as a radio singer, then starred in the original Broadway productions of The Boyfriend in 1954, My Fair Lady in 1956, and Camelot in 1960. All three plays were made into movies, none featuring Andrews. Moviemakers believed she had no \"star power\" beyond Broadway, and that she was not quite \"Hollywood beautiful\". But her first film, Mary Poppins, changed that perception, winning Andrews the Oscar for Best Actress. In the 1960s, she also starred in The Sound of Music, in James A. Michener 's huge Hawaii, and opposite Paul Newman in Alfred Hitchcock 's Torn Curtain.", "Doris May Lessing is an Iranian-born British writer. In 2007, she became the 11th woman, and the oldest person ever to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. She wrote many novels including The Grass is Singing and The Golden Notebook.", "In 1964, Andrews starred opposite James Garner in The Americanization of Emily (1964), which she has described as her favourite film.[32] HP Pavilion dv3-2100 Keyboard", "Dana Andrews (January 1, 1909 – December 17, 1992) was an American film actor. He was one of Hollywood's major stars of the 1940s, and continued acting, though generally in less prestigious roles, into the 1980s. One of his best-known roles, and the one for which he received the most praise, was as war veteran Fred Derry in The Best Years of Our Lives (1946).", "On 18 May 2010, Andrews' 23rd book (this one also written with her daughter Emma) was published. In June 2010 the book, entitled The Very Fairy Princess, reached number 1 on the New York Times Best Seller List for Children's Books.[61] HP Pavilion dv3-2138tx Keyboard", "In 1991, Andrews made her television dramatic debut in the ABC made-for-TV film, Our Sons, co-starring Ann-Margret. Andrews was named a Disney Legend within the year. HP Pavilion dv3-2112tx Keyboard", "In 1950 at the age of 14, Andrews was asked to sing at a party of a family friend, Katherine Norwalk, and it was then that she learned that Ted Wells was not her biological father. HP Pavilion dv3-2050ec Keyboard", "In 1963, Walt Disney asked Andrews if she would like to star in his upcoming production, a lavish musical fantasy that combined live-action and animation. She agreed on the condition if she didn’t get the role of Doolittle in the pending film production of My Fair Lady (1964). After Audrey Hepburn was cast in My Fair Lady, Andrews made an auspicious film debut in Walt Disney’s Mary Poppins (1964), which earned her an Academy Award for Best Actress.", "9.  In 2002, Julie Andrews was ranked number 59 in the BBC’s poll of the 100 Greatest Britons .", "Cynthia Lillian Powell was born on September 10, 1939 in Blackpool, a seaside resort to which her mother had been evacuated in the run-up to the outbreak of the Second World War. Her father worked for the engineering firm GEC, and she had a middle-class upbringing in the suburb of Hoylake, across the River Mersey from Liverpool.", "*Ursula Blanchard is a young widow and lady-in-waiting at the court of Queen Elizabeth I in a book series by Valerie Anand (writing as Fiona Buckley) begun in 1998.", "*Ursula K. Le Guin (born 1929) – Earthsea series, Very Far Away from Anywhere Else, Catwings series, Annals of the Western Shore series", "JULIE ANDREWS, who returns as Shrek’s mother-in-law The Queen of Far Far Away, has been a beloved and much-honored star of stage, screen and television for more than half a century. She was already a Broadway legend when she made her feature film debut in 1964’s “Mary Poppins.”" ]

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[ "Walter Leland Cronkite, Jr. (November 4, 1916 – July 17, 2009) [2] [3] [4] was an American broadcast journalist , best known as anchorman for the CBS Evening News for 19 years (1962–81). During the heyday of CBS News in the 1960s and 1970s, he was often cited as \"the most trusted man in America\" after being so named in an opinion poll . [5] [6] [7] Although he reported many events from 1937 to 1981, including bombing in World War II , the Nuremberg trials , combat in the Vietnam War , [8] Watergate , the Iran Hostage Crisis , and the murders of President John F. Kennedy , civil rights pioneer Martin Luther King, Jr. , and The Beatles musician John Lennon , he was known for extensive TV coverage of the U.S. space program, from Project Mercury to the Moon landings to the Space Shuttle . He was the only non-NASA recipient of a Moon-rock award. Cronkite is well known for his departing catchphrase \"And that's the way it is,\" followed by the date on which the appearance is aired.", "Although Cronkite was never hailed as a lofty intellectual, he was highly respected for his trust in the public to glean its own opinions from accurate, objective reporting. For years, Cronkite expressed this philosophy following every CBS evening broadcast with his closing words that became his trademark, \"And that's the way it is.\"", "Walter Leland Cronkite, Jr. (Nov 4, 1916 â July 17, 2009) American broadcast journalist, best known as anchorman for the CBS Evening News for 19 years (1962â81). During the heyday of CBS News in the 1960s and 1970s, he was often cited as \"the most trusted man in America\" after being so named in an opinion poll. He reported many events from 1937 to 1981, including bombings in World War II; the Nuremberg trials; combat in the Vietnam War;[8] Watergate; the Iran Hostage Crisis ; and the murders of President John F. Kennedy , civil rights pioneer Martin Luther King , Jr., and Beatles musician John Lennon. He was also known for his extensive coverage of the U.S. space program, from Project Mercury to the Moon landings to the Space Shuttle . He was the only non-NASA recipient of a Moon-rock award. Cronkite is well known for his departing catchphrase \"And that's the way it is,\" followed by the date on which the appearance aired.", "One of Cronkite's trademarks was ending the CBS Evening News with the phrase \"...And that's the way it is,\" followed by the date. Keeping to standards of objective journalism, he omitted this phrase on nights when he ended the newscast with opinion or commentary. Beginning with January 16, 1980, Day 50 of the Iran hostage crisis, Cronkite added the length of the hostages' captivity to the show's closing in order to remind the audience of the unresolved situation, ending only on Day 444, January 20, 1981. ", "One of Cronkite's trademarks was ending the CBS Evening News with the phrase \"...And that's the way it is,\" followed by the date.", "Cronkite--who was a United Press European editor when CBS hired him in 1950--has always recognized the medium's limitations. In his first stint as an anchor in 1952, he once recalled, \"I wanted to end every broadcast saying, 'For more details, see your local newspaper.' \" In retirement, he seems to feel much more liberty to speak his mind--even though he maintains an office on the 19th floor of CBS headquarters in Manhattan and is officially a special correspondent for the network.", "Cronkite's farewell statement: \"This is my last broadcast as the anchorman of The CBS Evening News; for me, it's a moment for which I long have planned, but which, nevertheless, comes with some sadness. For almost two decades, after all, we've been meeting like this in the evenings, and I'll miss that. But those who have made anything of this departure, I'm afraid have made too much. This is but a transition, a passing of the baton. A great broadcaster and gentleman, Doug Edwards, preceded me in this job, and another, Dan Rather, will follow. And anyway, the person who sits here is but the most conspicuous member of a superb team of journalists; writers, reporters, editors, producers, and none of that will change. Furthermore, I'm not even going away! I'll be back from time to time with special news reports and documentaries, and, beginning in June, every week, with our science program, Universe. Old anchormen, you see, don't fade away; they just keep coming back for more. And that's the way it is: Friday, March 6, 1981. I'll be away on assignment, and Dan Rather will be sitting in here for the next few years. Good night.\"", "NEW YORK -- Walter Cronkite, the premier TV anchorman of the networks' golden age who reported a tumultuous time with reassuring authority and came to be called \"the most trusted man in America,\" died Friday. He was 92. Cronkite's longtime chief of staff, Marlene Adler, said Cronkite died at 7:42 p.m. at his Manhattan home surrounded by family. She said the cause of death was cerebral vascular disease. Adler said, \"I have to go now\" before breaking down into what sounded like a sob. She said she had no further comment.", "(CNN) -- Walter Cronkite, the CBS anchorman known as \"Uncle Walter\" for his easygoing, measured delivery and \"the most trusted man in America\" for his rectitude and gravitas, died Friday night in his New York home, CBS reported.", "On February 14, 1980, Cronkite announced that he intended to retire from the CBS Evening News ; at the time, CBS had a policy of mandatory retirement by age 65. [35] Although sometimes compared to a father figure or an uncle figure, in an interview about his retirement he described himself as being more like a \"comfortable old shoe\" to his audience. By this, he meant that they could \"comfortably put their foot in him like a slipper.\"[citation needed] His last day in the anchor chair at the CBS Evening News was on March 6, 1981; he was succeeded the following Monday by Dan Rather . [36]", "He was the man who told us that President Kennedy had been shot, the man who told us that we had put a man on the moon, and the man who told us that we couldn’t win the war in Vietnam. During the 20 years he anchored the evening news on CBS, Walter Cronkite became a daily presence in the American home. Building on the legacy of Edward R. Murrow, he brought CBS to the pinnacle of prestige and popularity in television news. And when he left CBS, both began to ebb away.", "American journalist and TV news broadcaster Walter Cronkite anchors the news desk for the 'CBS Evening News,' 1969.", "* Walter Cronkite delivers his final CBS Evening News telecast. Some of his classic telecasts can be seen on the CED title \"Man on the Moon.\"", "\"It is impossible to imagine CBS News, journalism or indeed America without Walter Cronkite,\" CBS News president Sean McManus said in a statement. \"More than just the best and most trusted anchor in history, he guided America through our crises, tragedies and also our victories and greatest moments.\"", "For many years, until a decade after he left his post as anchor, Cronkite was considered one of the most trusted figures in the United States. For most of his 19 years as anchor, he was the \"predominant news voice in America.\" Affectionately known as \"Uncle Walter,\" he covered many of the important news events of the era so effectively that his image and voice are closely associated with the Cuban missile crisis, the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, the Vietnam War, the Apollo 11 Moon landing, and the Watergate scandal. USA Today wrote that \"few TV figures have ever had as much power as Cronkite did at his height.\" Enjoying the cult of personality surrounding Cronkite in those years, CBS allowed some good-natured fun-poking at its star anchorman in some episodes of the network's popular situation comedy All in the Family, during which the lead character Archie Bunker would sometimes complain about the newsman, calling him \"Pinko Cronkite.\"", "Walter Cronkite was a lifelong news man who became the voice of the truth for America as a nighttime anchorman.", "In 1950, CBS hired Walter Cronkite and quickly discovered his talent in front of the television camera. His skills proved quite flexible, as he was a news reporter for the Washington, D.C. area, the host of the CBS morning show, the lead reporter in the 1960 Olympics, and a participant in many other news and documentary projects. For his efforts, people inside and outside of CBS began calling him \"anchorman,\" a term which did not even exist before Cronkite came on the scene. In some countries today, anchormen are simply referred to as \"cronkiters.\"", "            As anchor and managing editor of the CBS EVENING NEWS from 1962 to 1981, Cronkite became the symbol of CBS News and the face two generations of Americans associate with some of the biggest stories of the 20th century.  Speaking in a calm, authoritative voice with a screen presence that exuded confidence and familiarity, Cronkite formed a bond with Americans by bringing stories such as the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, space launches and the Vietnam War into their living rooms.  The bond was so strong that Americans polled in 1973 chose him – by a 16 percent margin over the nearest competitor – as the “most trusted” public figure in the country.  He still enjoyed that status 22 years later according to a poll published in TV Guide in 1995, nearly 15 years after relinquishing his anchor chair.", "Prior to his death, \"Uncle Walter\" hosted a number of TV specials and was featured in interviews about the times and events that occurred during his career as America's \"most trusted\" man. [8] [52] In July 2006, the 90-minute documentary Walter Cronkite: Witness to History aired on PBS . The special was narrated by Katie Couric , who assumed the CBS Evening News anchor chair in September 2006. Cronkite provided the voiceover introduction to Couric's CBS Evening News , which began on September 5, 2006. Cronkite's voiceover was notably not used on introducing the broadcast reporting his funeral - no voiceover was used on this occasion.[ citation needed ]", "During the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago , Cronkite was anchoring the CBS network coverage as violence and protests occurred outside the convention, as well as scuffles inside the convention hall. When Dan Rather was punched to the floor (on camera) by security personnel, Cronkite commented, \"I think we've got a bunch of thugs here, Dan.\"", "The cast had continued to perform live while Cronkite's bulletins broke into the broadcast, unaware of the unfolding events in Dallas. ATWT then took another scheduled commercial break. The segment before the break would be the last anyone would see of any network's programming until Tuesday, November 26. During the commercial, the bumper slide interrupted the proceedings again and Cronkite updated the viewers on the situation in Dallas. This bulletin went into more detail than the other two, revealing that Kennedy had been shot in the head, Connally in the chest. Cronkite remained on the air for the next ten minutes, continuing to read bulletins as they were handed to him, and recapping the events as they were known. He also related a report given to reporters by Texas Congressman Albert Thomas that the President and Governor were still alive, the first indication of their condition. At 2:00 EST, with the top of the hour station break looming, Cronkite told the audience that there would be a brief pause so that all of CBS' affiliates, including those in the Mountain and Pacific time zones which were not on the same schedule, could join the network. He then left the radio booth and went to the anchor desk in the newsroom.", "Prior to his death, \"Uncle Walter\" hosted a number of TV specials and was featured in interviews about the times and events that occurred during his career as America's \"most trusted\" man. In July 2006, the 90-minute documentary Walter Cronkite: Witness to History aired on PBS. The special was narrated by Katie Couric, who assumed the CBS Evening News anchor chair in September 2006. Cronkite provided the voiceover introduction to Couric's CBS Evening News, which began on September 5, 2006. Cronkite's voiceover was notably not used on introducing the broadcast reporting his funeral – no voiceover was used on this occasion.", "After making that announcement, Cronkite paused briefly, put his glasses back on, and swallowed hard to maintain his composure. With noticeable emotion in his voice he intoned the next sentence of the news report:", "During the early part of his tenure anchoring the CBS Evening News, Cronkite competed against NBC 's anchor team of Chet Huntley and David Brinkley , who anchored the Huntley-Brinkley Report . For most of the 1960s, the Huntley-Brinkley Report had more viewers than Cronkite's broadcast. This began to change in the late 1960s, as RCA made a corporate decision not to fund NBC News at the levels CBS funded CBS News. Consequently, CBS News acquired a reputation for greater accuracy and depth in its broadcast journalism. This reputation meshed nicely with Cronkite's wire service experience, and in 1967 the CBS Evening News began to surpass The Huntley-Brinkley Report in viewership during the summer months.[ citation needed ]", "Walter Cronkite anchors CBS News Election 1980 coverage. Seated from left are Dan Rather, Leslie Stahl, center, and Cronkite.", "Cronkite joined CBS News in 1950 and hosted public affairs programs. In 1953, he began narrating the long-running \"You Are There\" series, which recreated historical events.", "In a 2003 CBS special commemorating the 40th anniversary of the assassination, Cronkite said that he was standing at the United Press wire machine when the bulletin broke and was clamoring to get on the air as fast as was possible. Recalling his reaction upon having the death confirmed to him, he said:", "While the news was breaking, CBS was approximately ten minutes into its live broadcast of the soap opera As the World Turns (ATWT), which had begun at the very minute of the shooting. A \"CBS News Bulletin\" bumper slide abruptly broke in to the broadcast at 1:40 pm EST. Over the slide, Cronkite began reading what was the first of three audio-only bulletins that were filed in the next twenty minutes: [25]", "On May 21, 1999, Walter Cronkite participated in a panel discussion on Integrity in the Media with Ben Bradlee and Mike McCurry at the Connecticut Forum in Hartford, Connecticut . Cronkite provided a particularly funny anecdote about taking a picture from a house in Houston, Texas where a newsworthy event occurred and being praised for getting a unique photograph, only to find out later that the city desk had provided him with the wrong address. [41]", "On May 21, 1999, Walter Cronkite participated in a panel discussion on Integrity in the Media with Ben Bradlee and Mike McCurry at the Connecticut Forum in Hartford, Connecticut . Cronkite provided a particularly funny anecdote about taking a picture from a house in Houston, Texas where a newsworthy event occurred and being praised for getting a unique photograph, only to find out later that the city desk had provided him with the wrong address. [47]", "As many as 18 million households tuned in to Cronkite's top-rated program each evening. Twice that number watched his final show, on March 6, 1981, compared with fewer than 10 million in 2005 for the departure of Dan Rather, Cronkite's successor.", "\"Cronkite was able to seem comfortable and real,\" Brinkley said. The author attributes Cronkite's success to spending much of the early days of television, in the 1950s, in a wide variety of roles on programs, including game shows." ]

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[ "\"Let Your Love Flow\" is the title of a pop song written by Larry E. Williams, a former roadie for Neil Diamond, and made popular by the American country music duo The Bellamy Brothers. Diamond was initially offered the opportunity to record the song, but he declined. The song was first recorded by Gene Cotton prior to the Bellamy Brothers, but Cotton never secured the rights.", "\"Let Your Love Flow\" is the title of a pop song written by Larry E. Williams, a former roadie for Neil Diamond, and made popular by the American country music duo The Bellamy Brothers (1976). It was offered to Neil Diamond first, but he turned it down.", "The Bellamy Brothers are an American pop and country music duo brothers David Milton Bellamy (born September 16, 1950) and Homer Howard Bellamy (born February 2, 1946), from Darby, Florida, United States. The duo had considerable musical success in the 1970s and 1980s, starting with the release of their crossover hit \"Let Your Love Flow\" in 1976, a Number One single on the Billboard Hot 100.", "The italicized words being quotes of the song \" Let Your Love Flow \" by Larry E. Williams , as sung by The Bellamy Brothers", "The late ’70s also saw the beginning of Hip Hop music with disc jockeys like DJ Kool Herc and Afrika Bambaataa taking loops from funk and soul records and play it repeatedly at block parties and dance clubs. In the end of the 1970s popular songs like “Rapper’s Delight” by Sugarhill Gang gave Hip Hop a wider audience. Hip Hop was also influenced by the song “The Revolution Will Not Be Televised” by Gil Scott Heron. Country music remained very popular in the United States. Between 1977 and 1979, it became more mainstream, as Kenny Rogers, Dolly Parton, Waylon Jennings, Willie Nelson and Allman Brothers Band all scored hits which reached both country and pop charts.", "Donna Summer (born LaDonna Adrian Gaines; December 31, 1948) is an American singer and songwriter who gained prominence during the disco era of music, earning the title \"The Queen of Disco\".", "During the 1970s, she was also highly prominent on the pop charts, with Top 10 recordings such as \"The Way We Were\" (US No. 1), \"Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)\" (US No. 1), \"No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)\" (1979, with Donna Summer), which as of 2010 is reportedly still the most commercially successful duet, (US No. 1), \"You Don't Bring Me Flowers\" (with Neil Diamond) (US No. 1) and \"The Main Event\" (US No. 3), some of which came from soundtrack recordings of her films. As the 1970s ended, Streisand was named the most successful female singer in the U.S. — only Elvis Presley and The Beatles had sold more albums. In 1980, she released her best-selling effort to date, the Barry Gibb-produced Guilty. The album contained the hits \"Woman in Love\" (which spent several weeks on top of the pop charts in the fall of 1980), \"Guilty\", and \"What Kind of Fool\".", "Bruce Springsteen emulated the Wall of Sound technique in his recording of \"Born to Run\". In 1973, British band Wizzard, led by Roy Wood, had three Spector-influenced hits with \"See My Baby Jive\", \"Angel Fingers\" and \"I Wish It Could Be Christmas Everyday\", the latter becoming a perennial Christmas hit. Other contemporaries influenced by Spector include George Morton, Sonny & Cher, the Rolling Stones, the Four Tops, Mark Wirtz, the Lovin' Spoonful, and the Beatles. Swedish pop group ABBA cited Spector as an influence, and used similar Wall of Sound techniques in their early songs, including \"Ring Ring\", \"Waterloo\", and \"Dancing Queen\". \"You Took the Words Right Out of My Mouth\", from Meat Loaf's 1977 Bat Out of Hell album is another example of the Wall of Sound technique. Jim Steinman and Todd Rundgren were inspired by Phil Spector's methods.", "British soul and disco enjoyed mainstream popularity during this era, with artists such as Biddu, Carl Douglas, Tina Charles, and Jimmy James. The 1974 hit \"Kung Fu Fighting\" (by Carl Douglas and Biddu) in particular sold eleven million records worldwide. Largely vocal-based groups included the New Seekers, Brotherhood of Man, the last of these designed as a British answer to ABBA. In addition there were the rock and roll revivalists Showaddywaddy, Mud and Alvin Stardust. Individuals who enjoyed successful pop careers in this period included Gilbert O'Sullivan, David Essex, Leo Sayer and Rod Stewart.", "Conway Twitty was the most successful country singer of the 1970s. He notched 25 #1 hits between 1970 and '79 and also had a handful of pop hits during those years. Some of those crossover hits -- \"Hello Darlin',\" \"Fifteen Years Ago,\" \"You've Never Been This Far Before\" -- are superb songs that spoke to listeners on a human level and laid bare the conflict within a man who's giving in to human emotions. \"Don't Cry Joni\" would be his last crossover hit of the decade, and the only one of his 70s pop hits that didn't also go to #1 on the country chart.", "Over the next year, the group released a number of singles to little recognition, but it was in June 1971 that they released their breakthrough hit, \"Never Ending Song of Love\" (the first of many hit songs to be produced by David Mackay, and a cover of the American hit by Delaney & Bonnie). The song became a big hit in the UK, spending five weeks at No.2 in the singles chart and was one of the biggest selling singles of the year. Towards the end of 1971, the group recorded an adaptation of the Coca-Cola jingle, \"I'd Like to Buy the World a Coke\", which had gained much interest. Reworked as \"I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing\", the song became a worldwide success. It made No.1 in the UK for four weeks and sold just under a million copies. In the US, the song was also a hit, reaching No.7, and in Canada it reached no.3. It became a No.1 hit in many other countries and is the most recognised song by the group.", "1976 saw the single “Love in the Shadows” rise to No. 16 on the Billboard Hot 100. Another duet with Elton John, “Steppin' Out” (also 1976), climbed to No. 36. His charted singles throughout the 1970s include “You Gotta Make Your Own Sunshine” (#36 Hot 100; # 45 US AC), “Amarillo” (1977; #44 Hot 100, #4 US AC), “Alone at Last” (1977; #104 Hot 100, #17 US AC) and “Letting Go” (1979; #107 US Hot 100).", "A hit single by The Four Seasons , written by original Four Seasons keyboard player Bob Gaudio and future wife Judy Parker , produced by Gaudio, and included on the group's 1975 album, Who Loves You . This single was released in December 1975 and hit number one on the UK Singles Chart on February 21, 1976. It repeated the feat on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 on March 13, 1976, remaining in the top spot for three weeks and one week on Cash Box . On April 10 of the same year, it topped the RPM National Top Singles Chart in Canada . New drummer Gerry Polci and bassist Don Ciccone shared lead vocals with long-time frontman Frankie Valli .", "In the 1970s King became known for a string of hits under different names, including \"Johnny Reggae\" (1971), \"Loop di Love\" (1972), \"It Only Takes a Minute\" (1976), \"Una Paloma Blanca\" (1976) and \"Gloria\" (1979). He believes that his music sold 40 million copies in the 60s and 70s; in the period 1971–1972 alone he produced 10 Top 30 singles in the UK. \"King Forms U.K. Records,\" Billboard, 9 September 1972, [http://books.google.com/books?id", "in 2007 - Phil Cordell dies at age 59. English multi-musician, composer, songwriter; came to fame under the name of Springwater and as Dan The Banjo Man. After playing in bands \"The Prophets\" and \"Tuesdays Children\" in 1967 he went solo, and in 1969 recorded 'Red Lady', with all the veiled drug references and psychedelic mysticism of the era. Being a multi-instrumentalist, he played all the instruments himself from slide guitar to harp. 1971 sees Phil with the pseudonym of \"Springwater\", under this name he had a huge hit with the instrumental \"I Will Return\". Again playing all the instrumentals himself. Leaving Springwater behind, in 1974, he took another pseudonym, \"Dan The Banjo Man\", recording a self titled album. The single �Dan The Banjo Man� was a mega hit, reaching Number 1 in the German charts twice! It was used originally for an orange juice advert on German Television. After these successes, Phil reverted back to his own name recording tracks such as: Back In Your Arms, One Man Show, Doin' The Best I Can, Cheatin' In The Dark, Roadie For The Band, Twistin And Jivin, Cool Clear Water and many others. In 2005 \"Dan the Banjo Man.\" was reissue on CD, with eight bonus tracks, most of them written by Phil and his son Charlie (cancer)", "During the 1970s he had 28 singles reach the top 40 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Posthumously, he had a #1 single on the Hot 100 in 2002 with the remix of \"A Little Less Conversation\".", "After they married in 1974, the couple's run of success continued with The Dynamic Superiors, The Brothers Johnson and Teddy Pendergrass as well as Quincy Jones, whose first British hit, the irresistible \"Stuff Like That\" they co-wrote and sang on in 1978. Their phenomenal catalogue also includes the perennial favourites \"California Soul\", recorded by The 5th Dimension, Gaye & Terrell and Marlena Shaw, \"I'm Every Woman\" – Chaka Khan's 1978 signature song, subsequently revived by Whitney Houston in 1992 – and \"Solid\", the upbeat 1984 Transatlantic hit they eventually scored in their own right, two decades after making their recording debut as Valerie & Nick.", "King followed Writer in 1971 with Tapestry , which featured new compositions as well as reinterpretations of “Will You Love Me Tomorrow” and “(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman.” The album was recorded concurrently with Taylor’s Mud Slide Slim , with an overlapping set of musicians including King, Danny Kortchmar and Joni Mitchell . Both albums included “ You’ve Got a Friend “, which was a number 1 hit for Taylor; King said in a 1972 interview that she “didn’t write it with James or anybody really specifically in mind. But when James heard it he really liked it and wanted to record it”. [35]", "A heart-warming, selfless love song, 'Saving All My Love For You' was the single that made Whitney Houston a household name. Written by Gerry Goffin and Michael Masser, it first appeared as an album cut by Marilyn McCoo and Billy Davis jr in 1978. Whitney's version was the Number 8 best-selling singleof the year in Britain, easily topping the chart on both sides of the Atlantic, although the record had been in the shopd for quite a while before radio stations and records buyers began to catch on.", "Roger Dean Miller (January 2, 1936 – October 25, 1992) was an American singer, songwriter and musician, best known for his mid-1960s country/pop hits such as King of the Road, Dang Me and England Swings. He also wrote the music and lyrics for the Tony-award winning Broadway musical Big River (1985).Although usually grouped with country music singers, Miller's unique style defies easy classification. He had a string of pop hits in the 1960s, and also his own TV show in 1966. Many of his recordings were humorous novelty songs with whimsical lyrics, coupled with scat singing or vocalese riffs filled with nonsense syllables. Others were sincere ballads, which also caught the public's fancy, none more so than his signature song, \"King of the Road\", a major 1965 hit, about a presumed hobo who relishes his life and freedom, riding the rails. He also had a big single in this year with the #8 hit \"England Swings\".In the 1970s, Miller appeared in ads for Monroe shock absorbers, backed by a re-recording of \"King of the Road\". \" Artist Discography \"", "1974: Barry White reaches No. 1 on the singles chart with \"Can't Get Enough of Your Love Baby.\"", "Sedaka began working with other lyricists in 1970, though he and Greenfield still occasionally worked together after this time; Sedaka and Greenfield ended their songwriting partnership in 1973. Two years later their song \" Love Will Keep Us Together \" (originally recorded by Sedaka in 1973) topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart in a cover version by Captain & Tennille , as well as earning a Grammy Award for Record of the Year . This version of \"Love...\" was the best-selling single of the year 1975.", "In 1979, Don Everly recorded a duet with Emmylou Harris, \"Everytime You Leave\", on her album \"Blue Kentucky Girl\" Phil, meanwhile, recorded less frequently, and with no real chart success until the 1980s. However, Phil did write \"Don't Say You Don't Love Me No More\" for the hit Clint Eastwood comedy film, Every Which Way But Loose (1978) in which he performed it as a duet with co-star, Sondra Locke. He also wrote \"One Too Many Women In Your Life\" for the sequel, Any Which Way You Can (1980) where he could be seen playing in the band behind Sondra's performance.", "In 1970 King ended his five-year dry spell with a cover of \"Let It All Hang Out\", which made the top 30 in January that year. He went on to become the top singles producer of 1971,[https://books.google.com/books?id", "Marv Johnson - R&B artist who reached the Hot 100 nine times, including two Top 10 hits in 1960; \"You Got What It Takes\" and \"I Love The Way You Love\" - died following a stroke on May 16th, 1993", "Following the signing with Buddah Records, the label issued another Weatherly ballad, \"Where Peaceful Waters Flow\", released around the same time \"Neither One of Us\" and a posthumous Motown single, \"Daddy Could Swear, I Declare\", was charting. The song became a modest success as a result. The group reached its popular and critical peak soon afterwards, starting with the release of another Weatherly song, \"Midnight Train to Georgia\", in August 1973. The song eventually hit number one on both the Billboard Hot 100 and R&B singles charts, becoming their signature song.", "Only artist in history to hit #1 on the Billboard charts with both a vocal hit (\"This Guy's in Love With You\" in 1968) and an instrumental hit (\"Rise\" in 1979).", "Phil recorded more frequently, but with no chart success until the 1980s. Phil wrote \"Don't Say You Don't Love Me No More\" for the Clint Eastwood comedy film Every Which Way But Loose (1978), in which he performed it as a duet with co-star Sondra Locke. He also wrote \"One Too Many Women In Your Life\" for the sequel, Any Which Way You Can (1980), playing in the band behind Locke.", "He later moved to the United States, where he continued his professional career as a musician. He is known for his hits of the 1970s, released on Columbia subsidiary Mums Records, such as: 1. \"It Never Rains in Southern California\"", "On December 4, 1970, Dennis released his first piece of solo material, a little-known single released only in Europe and the UK under the name \"Dennis Wilson & Rumbo.\" The single featured \"Sound of Free\", on his usual theme of freedom, on the A-side with the romantic \"Lady\" (also known as \"Fallin' In Love\") on the B-side. The song was later covered by American Spring and released as the B-side to their single \"Shyin' Away\".", "* \"Say You Don't Mind\" / \"Let Me Come Closer\" – Epic EPC7765 (January 1972) (UK #15) ", "\"Say You Don't Mind\" / \"Let Me Come Closer\" – Epic EPC7765 (January 1972) (UK #15)" ]

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[ "As a result of biting Holyfield on both ears and other behavior, Tyson's boxing license was revoked by the Nevada State Athletic Commission and he was fined USD $3 million plus legal costs.[3] The revocation was not permanent; a little more than a year later on October 18, 1998, the commission voted 4--1 to restore Tyson's boxing license.[4]", "And Tyson wasn't finished, with boxing or with outrages. On October 19, 1998, the Nevada State Boxing Commission restored Tyson's boxing license. In December of 1998, he pled no contest to a road rage incident and spent a short time in jail the following March. That year he also initiated a $100 million lawsuit against Don King after discovering that his $200 million career winnings had dwindled away, and that in fact he owed $13 million in back taxes. In the summer of 2000, after knocking down an opponent, Lou Savarese, he continued to pound the fighter and even lashed out at the referee. Incredibly, in the post-fight press conference, Tyson revived his cannibal image in remarks addressed to heavyweight champ Lennox Lewis , whom Tyson hoped to meet in the ring some day. \"I want your heart. I want to eat your children,\" Tyson declared, adding, \"I will rip out his heart and feed it to him.\"", "In the rematch, Tyson was disqualified as he infamously bit Holyfield’s ears apart. Tyson had apologized for the incident, stating that Holyfield’s un-penalized headbutts from the first and second bouts had angered him severely. Tyson was heavily fined for his actions and his boxing license was lifted until 1998 when the Nevada State Athletic Commission reinstated his license. Tyson resumes his boxing career, going 4-0 and 2 fights ending with no contests.", "On July 9, 1997, Tyson's boxing license was rescinded by the Nevada State Athletic Commission in a unanimous voice vote; he was also fined US$3 million and ordered to pay the legal costs of the hearing. As most state athletic commissions honor sanctions imposed by other states, this effectively made Tyson unable to box in the United States. The revocation was not permanent, as the commission voted 4–1 to restore Tyson's boxing license on October 18, 1998.", "On July 9, 1997, Tyson's boxing license was rescinded by the Nevada State Athletic Commission in a unanimous voice vote; he was also fined US$3 million and ordered to pay the legal costs of the hearing. [82] As most state athletic commissions honor sanctions imposed by other states, this effectively made Tyson unable to box in the United States. The revocation was not permanent, as a little more than a year later on October 18, 1998, the commission voted 4–1 to restore Tyson's boxing license. [83]", "On July 9, 1997, Tyson’s boxing license was rescinded by the Nevada State Athletic Commission in a unanimous voice vote; he was also fined US$3 million and ordered to pay the legal costs of the hearing. [78] As most state athletic commissions honor sanctions imposed by other states, this effectively made Tyson unable to box in the United States. The revocation was not permanent, as a little more than a year later on October 18, 1998, the commission voted 4–1 to restore Tyson’s boxing license. [79]", "Tyson was fined US $3 million by the Nevada State Boxing Commission. Additionally, his boxing license was annulled by the Nevada State Athletic Commission for a year. He was unable to box in the United States", "Mike Tyson, in full Michael Gerald Tyson, byname Iron Mike (born June 30, 1966, Brooklyn, New York, U.S.) American boxer who, at age 20, became the youngest heavyweight champion in history (see also boxing).", "Mike Tyson - Mike Tyson Mike Tyson, the youngest ever heavyweight boxing champion of the world was born in a ghetto in the state of New York. His Father departed the family home two years after his birth, leaving his Mother to raise three children with very limited financial means. Subsequently, his Mother found a new partner who was abusive and violent. She then turned to alcohol in an attempt to escape from her existence. Michael, now aged five years, felt neglected and unloved by her but at this time he was unaware that his Mother was suffering from terminal cancer....   [tags: Biography Biographies Papers]", "Tyson's bad behavior landed him in the Tryon School for Boys, a reform school in upstate New York. At Tryon, Tyson met counselor Bob Stewart, who had been an amateur boxing champion. Tyson wanted Stewart to teach him how to use his fists. Stewart reluctantly agreed, on the condition that Mike would stay out of trouble and work harder in school. Previously classified as learning disabled, Mike managed to raise his reading abilities to the seventh-grade level in a matter of months. He also became determined to learn everything he could about boxing, often slipping out of bed after curfew to practice punches in the dark.", "Born in Brooklyn, New York, on June 30, 1966, Mike Tyson became the youngest heavyweight boxing champion of the world in 1986, at age 20. He lost the title in 1990 and later served three years in prison over rape charges. He subsequently earned further notoriety by biting Evander Holyfield 's ear during a rematch in 1997. Tyson has gone on to appear in several films, including a documentary and Broadway show on his life.", "Born in Brooklyn, New York, on June 30, 1966, Mike Tyson became the youngest heavyweight boxing champion of", "Michael Gerard \"Mike\" Tyson (also known as Malik Abdul Aziz) (born June 30, 1966) is a retired American professional boxer . Tyson is a former undisputed heavyweight champion of the world and holds the record as the youngest boxer to win the WBC , WBA and IBF heavyweight titles at 20 years, 4 months and 22 days old. Tyson won his first 19 professional bouts by knockout, with 12 of them occurring in the first round. He won the WBC title in 1986 after defeating Trevor Berbick by a TKO in the second round. In 1987, Tyson added the WBA and IBF titles after defeating James Smith and Tony Tucker . He was the first heavyweight boxer to simultaneously hold the WBA, WBC and IBF titles, and the only heavyweight to individually unify them.", "Michael Gerard \"Mike\" Tyson (born June 30, 1966) is an American retired professional boxer. Tyson is a former undisputed heavyweight champion of the world and holds the record as the youngest boxer to win the WBC, WBA and IBF heavyweight titles at 20 years, 4 months, and 22 days old. Tyson won his first 19 professional bouts by knockout, 12 of them in the first round. He won the WBC title in 1986 after defeating Trevor Berbick by a TKO in the second round. In 1987, Tyson added the WBA and IBF titles after defeating James Smith and Tony Tucker. He was the first heavyweight boxer to simultaneously hold the WBA, WBC and IBF titles, and the only heavyweight to successively unify them.", "Michael Gerard “Mike” Tyson (born June 30, 1966) is an American retired professional boxer. Tyson is a former undisputed heavyweight champion of the world and holds the record as the youngest boxer to win the WBC, WBA and IBF heavyweight titles at 20 years, 4 months, and 22 days old. Tyson won his first 19 professional bouts by knockout, 12 of them in the first round. He won the WBC title in 1986 after defeating Trevor Berbick by a TKO in the second round. In 1987, Tyson added the WBA and IBF titles after defeating James Smith and Tony Tucker. He was the first heavyweight boxer to simultaneously hold the WBA, WBC and IBF titles, and the only heavyweight to successively unify them.", "Michael Gerard “Mike” Tyson (also known as Malik Abdul Aziz) (born June 30, 1966) is a retired American professional boxer . Tyson is a former undisputed heavyweight champion of the world and holds the record as the youngest boxer to win the WBC , WBA and IBF heavyweight titles, he was 20 years, 4 months and 22 days old. Tyson won his first 19 professional bouts by knockout, with 12 of them occurring in the first round. He won the WBC title in 1986 after defeating Trevor Berbick by a TKO in the second round. In 1987, Tyson added the WBA and IBF titles after defeating James Smith and Tony Tucker . He was the first heavyweight boxer to simultaneously hold and only Heavyweight to individually unify the WBA, WBC and IBF titles.", "Expectations for Tyson were extremely high, and he embarked on an ambitious campaign to fight all the top heavyweights in the world. Tyson defended his title against James Smith on March 7, 1987, in Las Vegas, Nevada. He won by unanimous decision and added Smith's World Boxing Association (WBA) title to his existing belt. [19] 'Tyson mania' in the media was becoming rampant. [20] He beat Pinklon Thomas in May with a knockout in the sixth round. [21] On August 1 he took the International Boxing Federation (IBF) title from Tony Tucker in a twelve round unanimous decision. [22] He became the first heavyweight to own all three major belts — WBA, WBC, and IBF — at the same time. Another fight in 1987 was in October that ended with a victory for Tyson by knockout in the seventh round, against 1984 Olympics Super Heavyweight Gold Medallist Tyrell Biggs . [23] Also in 1987, Nintendo released the video game , Mike Tyson's Punch-Out!! , for its Nintendo Entertainment System .", "Expectations for Tyson were extremely high, and he embarked on an ambitious campaign to fight all the top heavyweights in the world. Tyson defended his title against James Smith on March 7, 1987, in Las Vegas, Nevada. He won by unanimous decision and added Smith's World Boxing Association (WBA) title to his existing belt. [23] 'Tyson mania' in the media was becoming rampant. [24] He beat Pinklon Thomas in May with a knockout in the sixth round. [25] On August 1 he took the International Boxing Federation (IBF) title from Tony Tucker in a twelve round unanimous decision. [26] He became the first heavyweight to own all three major belts – WBA, WBC, and IBF – at the same time. Another fight, in October of that year, ended with a victory for Tyson over 1984 Olympics Super Heavyweight gold medalist Tyrell Biggs by knockout in the seventh round. [27]", "Mike Tyson is escorted from the Indiana Youth Center by bodyguards and promoter Don King after Tyson's release from the prison in Plainfield, Indiana, on March 25, 1995. Tyson was serving three years for sexual assault.", "Referee Arthur Mercante points the way to the neutral corner for Mike Tyson, right, after he knocked down Steve Zouski in the third round at the Nassau Coliseum in Uniondale, New York on March 11, 1986. Mercante stopped the fight after the knockdown and Tyson had a TKO win.", "Despite this loss, Tyson continued to storm through the heavyweight division. One year after D’Amato’s death, Tyson became the youngest heavyweight champion ever when he gained the World Boxing Council (WBC) championship belt after a two-round knockout of Trevor Berbick. Co-manager Jimmy Jacobs told Pat Putnam of Sports Illustrated that everything was going according to plan: “Cus predicted that Mike would fight for the title before the end of 1986…. Cus said the only way to prepare Mike for this was to give him a speed education by a multiple of four. So there has been no R and R for Mike. There couldn’t be. And he has held up beautifully.” The next year Tyson united the heavyweight championship, defeating James “Bonecrusher” Smith for the World Boxing Association (WBA) belt in March and Tony Tucker for the International Boxing Federation (IBF) belt in August. Tyson was on top of the boxing world as the most ferocious boxer in the sport’s most glamorous division. But he soon learned that success often comes at a price.", "*When Mike Tyson was released from prison in 1995, the WBC installed him as their #1 contender for their heavyweight championship. Tyson had not fought in four years, but was promoted by Don King.", "Following his release from prison in 1995, Tyson resumed boxing and in 1996 regained two of his championship belts with easy victories over Frank Bruno and Bruce Seldon. On November 9, 1996, in a long-anticipated bout with two-time heavyweight champion Evander Holyfield, Tyson lost for the second time in his professional career, by a technical knockout in the 11th round. In a rematch against Holyfield on June 28, 1997, he was disqualified after he twice bit his opponent’s ears, and, as a result of the infraction, he lost his boxing license.", "Mike Tyson is held back by police after his fight against Evander Holyfield for the WBA heavyweight championship at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas on June 28, 1997. Holyfield won on a disqualification after Tyson bit Holyfield's ears.", "Mike Tyson knocked out Trevor Berbick in the second round in 1986 to become the youngest heavyweight champion in the history of professional boxing. Mike Tyson dominated his way through heavyweight ranks with his tremendous punching power. His ability to overpower his opponent was like none we have ever seen in the sport.", "In 1988, Tyson became the lineal champion when he knocked out Michael Spinks after 91 seconds. Tyson successfully defended the world heavyweight championship nine times, including victories over Larry Holmes and Frank Bruno. In 1990, he lost his titles to underdog James \"Buster\" Douglas, by a knockout in round 10. Attempting to regain the titles, he defeated Donovan Ruddock twice in 1991, but he pulled out of a fight with undisputed heavyweight champion Evander Holyfield due to injury. In 1992, Tyson was convicted of raping Desiree Washington and sentenced to six years in prison but was released after serving three years. After his release, he engaged in a series of comeback fights. In 1996, he won the WBC and WBA titles after defeating Frank Bruno and Bruce Seldon by knockout. After being stripped of the WBC title, Tyson lost his WBA crown to Evander Holyfield in November 1996 by an 11th round TKO. Their 1997 rematch ended when Tyson was disqualified for biting Holyfield's ear.", "9-24-1996 Tyson relinquished the WBC title in a dispute over whether he should have fought the WBC�s No. 1 contender, Lennox Lewis instead of trying to unify the title with Seldon. The WBC declared the title vacant", "Floyd Paterson held the record of youngest heavyweight champion at the time, winning the belt at age 21. Mike Tyson would go on to eclipse both records after winning the WBC heavyweight title November 22, 1986, by knocking out the much-larger Trevor Berbick (who defeated Ali in his final bout in 1981) at age 20.", "Nov. 22, 1986 -- Tyson knocks out Trevor Berbick in the second round, winning the WBC heavyweight title to become the youngest heavyweight champion in history at age 20.", "In winning this fight, Clay became at age 22 the youngest boxer to take the title from a reigning heavyweight champion, though Floyd Patterson was the youngest to win the heavyweight championship at 21, during an elimination bout following Rocky Marciano's retirement. Mike Tyson broke both records in 1986 when he defeated Trevor Berbick to win the heavyweight title at age 20.", "On June 27, 1988, Tyson fought Michael Spinks. Spinks, who had taken the heavyweight championship from Larry Holmes via a 15-round decision in 1985, had not lost his title in the ring but was not recognized as champion by the major boxing organizations. The fight ended after only 91 seconds when Tyson knocked Spinks out in the first round.", "In becoming the youngest heavyweight champion in history, Tyson, who turned 20 years old on June 30, broke the record previously held by Floyd Patterson . Patterson was 21 years 11 months old when he knocked out Archie Moore in November 1956 to win the heavyweight title. Like Tyson, Patterson was trained by D'Amato." ]

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[ "From 1949 to 1952, Neil Armstrong was a naval aviator, and flew 78 combat missions during the Korean War. In 1955 he joined NACA, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, the predecessor of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), working as a research pilot at the Lewis Laboratory in Cleveland, Ohio. Later that year Armstrong transferred to the NACA High Speed Flight Station (now the Dryden Flight Research Center) at Edwards Air Force Base, California. He was a project pilot on many pioneering high-speed aircraft, including seven flights on the X-15, exceeding 4,000 mph. He flew over 200 different models of aircraft, including jets, rockets, helicopters and gliders.", "Neil Alden Armstrong, 1930–2012, American astronaut, b. Wapakoneta, Ohio, grad. Purdue Univ. (B.S., 1955), Univ. of Southern California (M.S., 1970). A U.S. Navy fighter pilot during the Korean War, Armstrong became a test pilot for what was then the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics in 1955. In 1962, already a veteran of the X-15 rocket plane, Armstrong became a National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) astronaut and served as command pilot of the Gemini 8 mission. As commander of Apollo 11 (July 16–24, 1969), he was the first person (July 20 EDST) to set foot on the moon, saying: \"That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind\" (the \"a\" was apparently lost in transmission due to static). After serving (1970–71) as an associate NASA administrator for aeronautics, Armstrong taught aeronautical engineering at the Univ. of Cincinnati from 1971 to 1979. In 1985, President Reagan appointed him to the National Commission on Space and in 1986 named him vice chairman of the panel that investigated the explosion of the space shuttle Challenger .", "Neil Alden Armstrong (August 5, 1930 – August 25, 2012) was an American astronaut and the first person to walk on the Moon. He was also an aerospace engineer, naval aviator, test pilot, and university professor. Before becoming an astronaut, Armstrong was an officer in the U.S. Navy and served in the Korean War. After the war, he earned his bachelor's degree at Purdue University and served as a test pilot at the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) High-Speed Flight Station, where he logged over 900 flights. He later completed graduate studies at the University of Southern California.", "Neil Armstrong was born in Wapakoneta, Ohio, on August 5, 1930. After serving in the Korean War and then finishing college, he joined the organization that would become NASA. He joined the astronaut program in 1962 and was command pilot for his first mission, Gemini VIII, in 1966. He was spacecraft commander for Apollo 11, the first manned lunar mission, and became the first man to walk on the moon. He died in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 2012.", "In 1949, as part of his scholarship, Armstrong trained as a pilot in the Navy and two years later, served in the Korean War. He flew 78 combat missions during this military conflict. He left the service in 1952, and returned to college. A few years later, Armstrong joined the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), which later became the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). For this government agency he worked in a number of different capacities, including serving as a test pilot and an engineer. He tested many high-speed aircraft, including the X-15, which could reach a top speed of 4,000 miles per hour.", "Before becoming an astronaut, Armstrong was an officer in the U.S. Navy and served his country in the Korean War. after Korea, he became a test pilot. among the high performance craft Armstrong flew, was the famous, near-hypersonic, Bell X-15, which he piloted to the edge of space. His first spaceflight was NASA’s Gemini 8 in 1966, in which he and co-pilot David Scott performed the first manned docking of two spacecraft.", "Armstrong was born on August 5, 1930 in Wapakoneta, Ohio.  At an early age, he was fascinated by airplanes. On his sixteenth birthday, Armstrong was issued a pilot’s license and he even built a small wind tunnel in his basement where he did experiments on model planes. After two years at Purdue University he was called to active duty with the Navy where he flew 78 combat missions during the Korean War. When he returned from the war he completed his degree in aeronautical engineering.", "Neil Armstrong — who has died at the age of 82 — was best known as the commander of Apollo 11, but his career at NASA began nearly a decade earlier as a research test pilot.", "Neil Armstrong was also a reluctant American hero who always believed he was just doing his job. He served his Nation proudly, as a navy fighter pilot, test pilot, and astronaut. He also found success back home in his native Ohio in business and academia, and became a community leader in Cincinnati.  ", "Neil Armstrong : Commander,  Apollo 11 , the first manned moon landing flight, which landed on the lunar surface on July 20, 1969. Armstrong was a Navy aviator and later a test pilot for NASA's precursor agency, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, where he tested the X-15 rocket plane, among other experimental aircraft. He joined NASA in 1962 and commanded the Gemini 8 mission in 1966 to perform the first space docking in orbit. Armstrong left NASA in 1971 to teach aerospace engineering at the University of Cincinnati and chair an electronic systems company.  Armstrong died Aug. 25, 2012 , of complications related to recent surgery at age 82. [ Photos: Neil Armstrong — American Icon Remembered ]", "Neil Alden Armstrong was born on August 5,1930 in Wapakoneta, Ohio. He holds a degree in aeronautical engineering from Purdue University and a masters degree in aerospace engineering from the University of Southern California. From 1949 to 1952, Armstrong was a naval aviator. Upon leaving military service, he became a test pilot. While serving as a test pilot, he was chosen to be a member of the astronaut corps. Though he was on the backup crew of many previous flights, his first space flight occurred in 1966 aboard Gemini 8. During this flight, he and fellow astronaut David Scott successfully performed the first docking in space between two vehicles. In July of 1969, Neil Armstrong was the commander of Apollo 11, America's first attempt to land a manned vehicle on the Moon. On July 20, 1969 Commander Armstrong and fellow astronaut Edwin Aldrin successfully touched down on the lunar surface. As Armstrong became the first person to touch the Moon's surface, he spoke the unforgettable phrase, \"That's one small step for man; one giant leap for mankind\". He and Aldrin explored the Moon's surface for 2.5 hours. Armstrong was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in recognition of his accomplishments and his contributions to the space program.", "The US astronaut Neil Armstrong secured his place in history on 20 July 1969, when, as commander of the Apollo 11 spacecraft, he was the first man to set foot on the moon, and made his famous statement: \"That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.\" Armstrong, who has died aged 82, was accompanied on that epic journey by Edwin \"Buzz\" Aldrin, the pilot of the lunar landing module with the call sign Eagle, and Michael Collins, pilot of the command module with the call sign Columbia.", "Following the end of World War II, a nuclear arms race evolved between the U.S. and the Soviet Union (USSR). Since the USSR did not have a large fleet of bomber planes to deliver such weapons to the U.S., or bases in the western hemisphere from which to deploy them, Joseph Stalin decided to develop intercontinental ballistic missiles, which drove a missile race. The rocket technology in turn enabled both sides to develop Earth-orbiting satellites for communications, and gathering weather data and intelligence. Americans were shocked when the Soviet Union placed the first satellite into orbit in October 1957, leading to a growing fear that the U.S. was falling into a \"missile gap\". A month later, the Soviets launched Sputnik 2, carrying a dog into orbit. Though the animal was not recovered alive, it was obvious their goal was manned spaceflight. Unable to disclose details of military space projects, President Eisenhower ordered the creation of a civilian space agency in charge of civilian and scientific space exploration. Based on the federal research agency National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), it was named the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. It achieved its first goal, an American satellite in space, in 1958. The next goal was to put a man there.", "There, for 17 years, Neil Armstrong held a number of different jobs. He started as a test pilot for many pioneering aircraft. These included the X-15 , an experimental vehicle that could zoom through the atmosphere at more than 4,000 miles per hour! He made seven flights on that space plane, at one point reaching an altitude of 63,198 meters (207,500 feet).  That’s about six times higher than today’s standard jumbo jets. And he didn’t just pilot the X-15. He also worked closely with the aircraft’s engineers and designers to improve the plane’s flight controls. In all, Armstrong flew more than 200 different models of aircraft, including jets, helicopters and gliders.", "American reconnaissance aircraft shot down over the Soviet Union in May 1960. President Eisenhower initially refused to acknowledge that this was a spy flight; the Soviets finally produced pilot Francis Gary Powers, who admitted the purpose of the flight. This incident created an increase in Cold War tensions at the end of the Eisenhower presidency.", "Armstrong flew 78 missions over Korea for a total of 121 hours in the air, most of which were in January 1952. He received the Air Medal for 20 combat missions, a Gold Star for the next 20, and the Korean Service Medal and Engagement Star. Armstrong left the Navy at age 22 on August 23, 1952, and became a lieutenant (junior grade), in the U.S. Naval Reserve. He remained in the reserve for eight years, then resigned his commission on October 21, 1960. ", "As a research pilot, Armstrong served as project pilot on the F-100 Super Sabre A and C variants, F-101 Voodoo, and the Lockheed F-104A Starfighter. He also flew the Bell X-1B, Bell X-5, North American X-15, F-105 Thunderchief, F-106 Delta Dart, B-47 Stratojet, KC-135 Stratotanker, and was one of eight elite pilots involved in the paraglider research vehicle program (Paresev).", "Armstrong enrolled in Purdue University to study aeronautical engineering but was called to duty with the U.S. Navy in 1949 and flew 78 combat missions in Korea. After the war, Armstrong finished his degree and later earned a master's degree in aerospace engineering from the University of Southern California. He became a test pilot with what evolved into the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, flying more than 200 kinds of aircraft from gliders to jets.", "The Harrier Jump Jet , often referred to as just \"Harrier\" or \"the Jump Jet\", is a British designed military jet aircraft capable of Vertical/Short Takeoff and Landing (V/STOL) via thrust vectoring. It first flew in 1969. The same year that Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin set foot on the moon, and Boeing unveiled the Boeing 747 and the Aérospatiale-BAC Concorde supersonic passenger airliner had its maiden flight . The Boeing 747 was the largest commercial passenger aircraft ever to fly, and still carries millions of passengers each year, though it has been superseded by the Airbus A380 , which is capable of carrying up to 853 passengers. In 1975 Aeroflot started regular service on the Tu-144 —the first supersonic passenger plane. In 1976 British Airways and Air France began supersonic service across the Atlantic, with Concorde. A few years earlier the SR-71 Blackbird had set the record for crossing the Atlantic in under 2 hours, and Concorde followed in its footsteps.", "Armstrong's second and last spaceflight was as commander of Apollo 11, the first manned Moon landing mission in July 1969. Armstrong and Lunar Module pilot Buzz Aldrin descended to the lunar surface and spent two and a half hours outside the spacecraft, while Michael Collins remained in lunar orbit in the Command/Service Module. ", "Apollo 11 astronaut Neil Armstrong poses with a landing simulator at the Lunar Landing Research Facility at NASA's Langley Research Center on Feb. 12, 1969. (NASA / Reuters) Share Back to slideshow navigation", "Armstrong received many honors and accolades, including the Presidential Medal for Freedom in 1969, the Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy in 1970, and the Robert J. Collier Trophy in 1969. In 1978, Neil Armstrong was one of the six original recipients of the Congressional Space Medal of Honor. Neil A. Armstrong, the first man on the Moon, died of complications from coronary artery bypass surgery on August 25, 2012 in Cincinnati, Ohio.Asteroid 6469 Armstrong and a lunar crater are named in his honor.", "Apollo 11 astronaut Neil Armstrong reviews flight plans on July 14, 1969. (NASA via Reuters) Share Back to slideshow navigation", "Armstrong was engaged in both piloting and engineering aspects of the X-15 programme from its inception. He completed the first flight in the aircraft equipped with a new self-adaptive flight control system and made seven flights in the rocket plane. In 1962 he was of the nine test pilots chosen by Nasa for its second astronaut-training programme.", "In 1958, Mr. Armstrong was chosen as a consultant for a military space plane project, the X-20 Dyna-Soar, and was later named one of the pilots. But the young test pilot was attracted by another opportunity. NASA was receiving applications for the second group of astronauts, after the Mercury Seven. His reputation after seven years at the NASA flight center at Edwards had preceded him, and so he was tapped for the astronaut corps.", "Shortly afterward, Armstrong transferred to the NACA High Speed Flight Station at Edwards Air Force Base, California. Here he became a skilled test pilot and flew the early models of such jet aircraft as the F-100, F-101, F-102, F-104, F-5D, and B-47. He also flew a B-29 \"drop plane,\" from which various types of rocket-propelled planes were launched. More important for his later role, he became a pilot of the X-1B rocket plane, an earlier version of which had been the first plane to break the sound barrier.", "A few weeks later on May 21, 1962, Armstrong was involved in what Edwards' folklore called the \"Nellis Affair.\" He was sent in a Lockheed F-104 Starfighter to inspect Delamar Dry Lake in southern Nevada, again for emergency landings. He misjudged his altitude, and also did not realize that the landing gear had not fully extended. As he touched down, the landing gear began to retract; Armstrong applied full power to abort the landing, but the ventral fin and landing gear door struck the ground, damaging the radio and releasing hydraulic fluid. Without radio communication, Armstrong flew south to Nellis Air Force Base, past the control tower, and waggled his wings, the signal for a no-radio approach. The loss of hydraulic fluid caused the tail-hook to release, and upon landing, he caught the arresting wire attached to an anchor chain, and dragged the chain along the runway. ", "The first non-stop flight around the world was made by, again, a team of the US Air Force flyers in 1949. Taking off from Carswell Air Force base in Fort Worth, Texas on 26 February, Captain James Gallagher and a crew of 14 headed east in a B-50 Superfortress, called Lucky Lady II. They were refuelled four times in air by KB-29 tanker planes of the 43rd Air Refuelling Squadron, over the Azores, Saudi Arabia, the Philippines and Hawaii. The circumnavigation was completed on 2 March, having travelled 94 hours and 1 minute, covering 37 743 km (23,452 miles) at an average 398 km/h (249 mph).", "On this day in 1924, three Douglas World Cruiser biplanes of the US Army Air Service landed in Seattle, Washington, having completed the first circumnavigation of the World by air.   They had left Seattle on 6 April, 1924 and headed west, equipped with the latest navigational aids.   The trip had taken 175 days, covering about 27,000 miles, with stops in 61 cities and the loss of one plane.", "March 31: Flight Lt. J.A.O. Levesque, Royal Canadian Air Force, flying with the 334th FIS, scored the first aerial victory since 1950 of an F-86 over a MiG-15. Elements of Eighth Army moved northward across the 38th parallel. The 3rd ARS used the H-19 to retrieve some 18 UN personnel from behind enemy lines, the first use of this type helicopter in a special operations mission. The 315th Air Division grounded its C-119s for modification and reconditioning.", "1960 - The Soviet Union charged USAF Gary Powers with espionage. He was shot down in a U-2 spy plane.", "On May 1, 1960, a U.S. one-man U-2 spy plane was reportedly shot down at high altitude over Soviet Union airspace. The flight was made to gain photo intelligence before the scheduled opening of an East-West summit conference, which had been scheduled in Paris, 15 days later. Captain Francis Gary Powers had bailed out of his aircraft and was captured after parachuting down onto Russian soil. Four days after Powers disappeared, the Eisenhower Administration had NASA issue a very detailed press release noting that an aircraft had \"gone missing\" north of Turkey. It speculated that the pilot might have fallen unconscious while the autopilot was still engaged, and falsely claimed that \"the pilot reported over the emergency frequency that he was experiencing oxygen difficulties.\" " ]

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[ "Alistair Cooke KBE (20 November 1908 – 30 March 2004) was a British journalist, television personality and broadcaster. [1] Outside his journalistic output, which included Letter from America and Alistair Cooke's America , he was well known in the United States as the host of PBS Masterpiece Theatre from 1971 to 1992. After holding the job for 22 years, and having worked in television for 42 years, Cooke retired in 1992, although he continued to present Letter from America until shortly before his death. He was the father of author and folk singer John Byrne Cooke .", "Masterpiece Theatre, the popular British-made series that enjoyed a long and successful run on public television, is regarded by many as the standard against which all \"quality\" programs should be measured. In this study, Laurence Jarvik provides insight into the many forces that shaped the series: its sponsor ( Mobil Corporation ), its American broadcast affiliate (television station WGBH in Boston), the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) , its host (Alistair Cooke) , and the Nixon Administration.", "Perhaps no one can be said to embody the essence of Masterpiece Theatre more that Alfred Alistair Cooke, the urbane and unflappable host who presided over the program from its inception until the end of the 1992 television season. Earlier, he had served as master of ceremonies for Omnibus, the cultural program which came to define uplift for the 1950's (the anthology program ran Sunday afternoons from 1952-1960 on all three networks garnering ratings as high as 17 million, far more than Masterpiece Theatre enjoys today). Cooke became an American citizen in 1941, and still broadcasts his weekly BBC report \"Letter from America\" which you can hear (and read) on the World Wide Web. He turned 90 in 1999.", "Alistair Cooke, 95, the ultra-civilized, silver-haired British broadcaster best known to American audiences as the host of \"Masterpiece Theatre,\" died March 30 at his home in New York. by Adam Bernstein Alistair Cooke, 95, the ultra-civilized, silver-haired British broadcaster best known to American audiences as the host of \"Masterpiece Theatre,\" died March 30 at his home in New York. He had heart disease, an ailment that recently led him to leave his 58-year career hosting the weekly \"Letter from America\" radio series for the British Broadcasting Corp.", "Photo: Russell Baker will be only the second regular host of the popular \"Masterpiece Theater.\" (Michelle V. Agins/The New York Times)", "To millions of Americans, Cooke, who died Tuesday at age 95, was more than just the host of PBS' Masterpiece Theatre, a post he held from 1971 to 1992. Born in England in 1908, Cooke became a symbol of all that is cultured, literate and erudite about Great Britain — a living representative of the best his native country had to offer.", "WGBH president Stanford Calderwood originated Masterpiece Theatre with a trip to England in 1970. Shortly after setting up the series and laying the groundwork for Mystery! and Nova he was forced to leave his job. Today he heads Trinity Investments in Boston where he manages over $8 billion for his clients. You can find him right now and thank him for his bright idea by clicking here. Calderwood's legacy remains in the voice of his hire -- original line producer Christopher Sarson, who still gives the on-air credit to Mobil (he left the program because of his opposition to inclusion of Upstairs, Downstairs ).", "Alistair Cooke -- The obituary of commentator Alistair Cooke in Wednesday's California section stated incorrectly that \"Brideshead Revisited\" and \"Emma\" were part of the PBS series \"Masterpiece Theatre,\" on which Cooke served as host for many years.", "In 1971, he became the host of the new Masterpiece Theatre , PBS 's showcase of quality British television. He remained its host for 22 years, before retiring from the role in 1992. He achieved his greatest popularity in the United States in this role, becoming the subject of many parodies, including \" Alistair Cookie \" in Sesame Street & No.39's \" Monsterpiece Theater \" (\"Alistair Cookie\" was also the name of a clay animated cookie-headed spoof character created by Will Vinton as the host of a video trailer for The Little Prince and Friends); Alistair Quince, portrayed by Harvey Korman who introduced many episodes in the early seasons of Mama's Family .", "\"They screened the entire episode of \"One Step Behind\"; most of the audience didn't notice Ken slip in right before it started. He sat in the back row, seemingly to gauge the audience's reaction to the show. Both the moderator (Brian Lowry) and Masterpiece Theater executive producer (Rebecca Eaton) joked that they were mainly involved with the project and event because of crushes on Branagh (Eaton has apparently had a crush on him for 20 years, and Lowry's wife has a 'serious infatuation'). They both kept their speeches short; as Eaton said, \"We know whom you've really come to see.\"", "On May 10, 1987, Love Song, a two-part Masterpiece Theater presentation, was produced based on the story, with Michael Kitchen as William and Diana Hardcastle as Phillippa. The play was produced by Richard Bennett. ", "Wolf Hall Sundays, April 5 - May 10, 2015 on MASTERPIECE on PBS Part Two Sunday, April 12, 2015 at 10pm ET Cardinal Wolsey has been forced to move to York. Cromwell stays in London, seeking to return the Cardinal to the KingþÄôs favor. As CromwellþÄôs relationship with Henry deepens there is unexpected news from the north. Shown from left to right: Damian Lewis as King Henry VIII and Mark Rylance as Thomas Cromwell (C) Giles Keyte/Playground & Company Pictures for MASTERPIECE/BBC This image may be used only in the direct promotion of MASTERPIECE. No other rights are granted. All rights are reserved. Editorial use only.", "The series and the ensuing book version made him independently wealthy. He then went about his next project, \"Masterpiece Theatre,\" which began after WGBH, a public television station in Boston, bought the rights to British television shows.", "----This edition is the companion volume to the Mobil Masterpiece Theatre WGBH television presentation broadcast on PBS. It stars Paloma Baeza as Bathsheba Everdene, Nathaniel Parker as Gabriel Oak, Nigel Terry as Mr. Boldwood, and Jonathan Firth as Frank Troy. Adapted by Philomena", "Vanessa Redgrave, (born 30 January 1937) is an English actress of stage, screen and television, as well as a political activist. She is a 2003 American Theatre Hall of Fame inductee, and received the 2010 BAFTA Fellowship. ", "Harris has worked on Broadway in both musical and dramatic roles. He played Tobias Ragg in the 2001 concert performances of Sweeney Todd. In 2002, he performed beside Anne Heche in Proof. In 2003, he took the role of the Emcee in Cabaret alongside Deborah Gibson and Tom Bosley. As a result of his critically acclaimed performance in Cabaret, Harris was named the top-drawing headliner in the role of the Emcee by GuestStarCasting.com, outranking fellow celebrity stars John Stamos and Alan Cumming. In 2004, he performed the dual role of the Balladeer and Lee Harvey Oswald on Broadway in the musical revival of Stephen Sondheim's Assassins. He also sang the role of Charles (first played by Anthony Perkins) on the Nonesuch recording of Sondheim's Evening Primrose, and portrayed Mark Cohen in the 1997 touring company of the musical Rent, a role he mockingly reprised on the January 10, 2009, episode of Saturday Night Live, which he hosted.", "Shakespeare's Globe is a reconstruction of the Globe Theatre, an Elizabethan playhouse in the London Borough of Southwark, located on the south bank of the River Thames, but destroyed by fire in 1613, rebuilt 1614 then demolished in 1644. The modern reconstruction is an academic best guess, based on available evidence of the 1599 and 1614 buildings. It was founded by the actor and director Sam Wanamaker and built approximately 230 metres (750 ft) from the site of the original theatre. The theatre was opened to the public in 1997, with a production of Henry V. The site also includes a reconstruction of the Blackfriars Theatre.", "In her last year at college, England attracted the young actress; she studied and performed at the London Dramatic Academy, under the tutelage of Richard Digby Day, one of the foremost stage directors in London's West End and regional theatres. Her scholarly and professional pursuits caught the attention of literary celebrity Joan Wyndham, one of London's most esteemed authoresses. Ms. Contreras was invited to visit with Wyndham to discuss her captivating diaries of life in and around WWII. This led to a series of meetings, all of which were compiled by Ms. Contreras, and along with three books on her subject, would later serve as the basis for her one-woman show adapting Wyndham's memoirs for the stage. Her play, titled \"To War with Love,\" received its world premiere in May of 2005, and opened to critical and popular acclaim, which enabled Ms. Contreras to take it on the road and perform it for American audiences. Its US premiere took place in Washington, DC, at the Capital Fringe Festival, on July 21, 2006.", "Sir Tom Stoppard, OM, CBE, FRSL is a Czech-born British playwright, knighted in 1997. He has written prolifically for TV, radio, film and stage, finding prominence with plays such as Arcadia, The Coast of Utopia, Every Good Boy Deserves Favour, Professional Foul, The Real Thing, and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead. He co-wrote the screenplays for Brazil and Shakespeare in Love, and has received one Academy Award and four Tony Awards. Themes of human rights, censorship and political freedom pervade his work along with exploration of linguistics and philosophy. Stoppard has been a key playwright of the National Theatre and is one of the most internationally performed dramatists of his generation. In 1939, Stoppard left Czechoslovakia as a child refugee, fleeing imminent Nazi occupation. He settled with his family in Britain after the war, in 1946. After being educated at schools in Nottingham and Yorkshire, Stoppard became a journalist, a drama critic and then, in 1960, a playwright. He has been married twice, to Josie Ingle and Miriam Stoppard, and has two sons from each marriage, one of whom is actor Ed Stoppard.", "Jeffrey DeMunn was born on April 25, 1947 in Buffalo, New York. He studied in England at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School, then returned to America and was a member of the National Shakespeare Company. He has starred in many theatre productions, both on and off Broadway, including \"K2\" (for which he received a Tony Award nomination for Best Actor), \"Spoils of War\" and \"Comedians\".", "Starring in the Tony-winning Broadway epic \"The Coast of Utopia\" (Chekhov) written by Tom Stoppard . The cast also includes 'Richard Easton', Brían F. O'Byrne and Billy Crudup . [January 2007]", "What's especially striking about the current issue of Vanity Fair is not how closely Ralph Fiennes resembles a demented, bare-chested, hair-teased Jesus on the cover. It's the portfolio inside of his fellow \"Theater Royals\" from Britain. At least a dozen have appeared on PBS in British dramas that, through the years, have comprised the class of television in the United States.", "For the Hollywood Bowl, he produced and directed the acclaimed 75th birthday tribute to Stephen Sondheim. That evening featured the Los Angeles Philharmonic, Barbara Streisand, Warren Beatty, Angela Lansbury, Carol Burnett, Eric McCormack, Jason Alexander and Bernadette Peters among many others. His new play, \"A Tale of Charles Dickens,\" co-written with Janet Jones, was produced and recorded for radio by Los Angeles Theater Works in association with the Antaeus Theater Company. Other recent credits include directing John Steinbeck's \"Of Mice and Men\" and Neil Simon's \"Biloxi Blues\" at the Pasadena Playhouse, directing Kristin Chenoweth in her solo concert debut and the world premiere of a new musical, \"The People vs. Mona,\" also at the Pasadena Playhouse. Other favorite Los Angeles theatrical projects include directing the world premieres of Mark St. Germain's play \"Camping With Henry and Tom\" starring Robert Prosky, Ronny Cox and John Cunningham and \"The 24th Day\" starring Noah Wyle and Peter Berg. \"Camping...\" received the Outer Critics' Circle and Lucille Lortel awards for best off-Broadway play. \"The 24th Day\" received six Los Angeles Dramalogue awards including Best Director and four LA Ovation award nominations.", "Also an accomplished director of his own and other plays, works he has directed include A View From The Bridge, starring Michael Gambon, and the USA premiere of his and Andrew Lloyd Weber's musical, By Jeeves.", "In recent years, he has been inducted into American Theatre’s Hall of Fame, received the 2010 Critics’ Circle Award for Services to the Arts and became the first British playwright to receive both the Olivier Award and the Tony Award for Special Lifetime Achievement Awards. He was knighted in 1997 for services to the theatre.", "(Antonio) First season with S&Co. New York: David, Company; Ensemble, Pantagleize; Regional: Antipholus of Syracuse, Comedy of Errors; Bridegroom Blood Wedding; Rev. John Witherspoon, 1776; Aslan The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe; Arnold Needham, No Sex Please, We’re British. Michael holds degrees from MIT, the University of Pennsylvania, and more (Antonio) First season with S&Co. New York: David, Company; Ensemble, Pantagleize; Regional: Antipholus of Syracuse, Comedy of Errors; Bridegroom Blood Wedding; Rev. John Witherspoon, 1776; Aslan The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe; Arnold Needham, No Sex Please, We’re British. Michael holds degrees from MIT, the University of Pennsylvania, and the University of Leicester in the UK. He trained at New York’s HB Studio and at Shakespeare and Company, and is an Equity Membership Candidate.", "In 2006, Andrew Davies announced that he was to adapt A Room with a View for ITV. This was first shown on ITV1 on 4 November 2007. It starred father and son actors Timothy and Rafe Spall as Mr Emerson and George, together with Elaine Cassidy (Lucy Honeychurch), Sophie Thompson (Charlotte Bartlett), Laurence Fox (Cecil Vyse), Sinéad Cusack (Miss Lavish), Timothy West (Mr Eager) and Mark Williams (Reverend Beebe). This adaptation was broadcast in the US on many PBS stations on Sunday 13 April 2008.", "In 2003 the American actor shunned Hollywood to become artistic director at the British capital's Old Vic theatre and spent more than 10 years performing in plays including William Shakespeare's Richard III and Arthur Miller's Resurrection Blues.", "In 2013, American actor Paul Giamatti won critical acclaim for his performance on stage in the title role of Hamlet, performed in modern dress, at the Yale Repertory Theater, at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut.", "American playwright. Frank writer. Explored American life. Best known for Our Town, The Merchant of Yonkers, The Matchmaker, The Skin of Our Teeth", "NYC credits: Playwrights Horizons; Elevator Repair Service; Soho Repertory Theatre; The Play Company; Target Margin Theater; Clubbed Thumb; Rattlestick Playwrights Theater; Theatreworks USA; The Foundry Theater Company; MCC Theatre. Regional credits: Berkeley Repertory Theatre; Center Theatre Group; Arden Theatre; Bard Summerscape; The McCarter Theatre; The Papermill Playhouse; Shakespeare Santa Cruz; La Jolla Playhouse; The Children’s Theatre Company of Minneapolis; Philadelphia Theatre Company; Geva Theatre; Triad Stage; The Empty Space Theatre; Yale Repertory Theatre; The Juilliard School. M.F.A. from Yale School of Drama. Associate Professor at Hunter College New York.", "Having performed in over 100 plays and musicals, Jeffrey has played commanding roles as Stanley Kowalski in \"A Streetcar Named Desire\", at the, Tony Award winning, South Coast Repertory Theatre, Jim Morrison, in the Doors musical, \"Celebration of the Lizard\", produced by Doors co-founder and keyboardist, Ray Manzerek, at The San Diego Repertory Theatre and the title role in Shakespeare's \"Coriolanus\". Jeff also played the lead role of, Markus, in the west coast premier of Rob Ackerman's dark comedy, \"Tabletop\", at The Laguna Playhouse and, most recently, starred as, Mack the Knife, in San Diego Repertory's production of, \"The Threepenny Opera\". He has received two Dramalogue Awards. Jeffrey has won several awards for his stage work, including Dramalogue Best Actor Awards for his roles in \"Lu Ann Hampton Laverty Oberlander\" and \"Cuba and His Teddy Bear\". He also received the Empire Theatre League's Best Actor in a Comedy Award for his role in \"God's Favorite\"." ]

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[ "In 1979, Warner formed a joint venture with credit card company American Express, Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment, which owned such cable channels as MTV, Nickelodeon, and The Movie Channel. Warner bought out American Express's half in 1984, and sold the venture a year later to Viacom, which renamed it MTV Networks.", "In 1975, Warner expanded under the guidance of CEO Steve Ross and formed a joint venture with American Express, named Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment, which held cable channels including MTV (launched 1981), Nickelodeon (launched 1979) and The Movie Channel. Warner Bros. bought out American Express's half in 1984, and sold the venture a year later to Viacom, which renamed it MTV Networks.", "Nickelodeon is an American basic cable and satellite television network owned by the MTV Networks Kids & Family Group, a unit of the Viacom Media Networks division of Viacom, which focuses on programs aimed at children and teenagers; it has since expanded to include three spin-off digital cable and satellite networks in the United States, and international channels in six continents.", "In October 2009, Viacom brought Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles into the Nickelodeon family when it purchased the franchise from Mirage Studios, with a new CGI-animated series and live action film released since then. On May 12, 2010, the network reached an agreement with Haim Saban to obtain rights to broadcast new episodes of Power Rangers (after Saban had repurchased rights to the franchise from The Walt Disney Company earlier that month). The network began airing the series starting with the February 7, 2011 debut of its 18th season, Power Rangers Samurai; as part of the deal, Nickelodeon also acquired the rights to all 700 episodes of the series produced prior to then for broadcast on sister network Nicktoons, which began airing the series later that year. On January 1, 2011, Nickelodeon debuted House of Anubis, a series based on the Nickelodeon Netherlands series Het Huis Anubis, which became the first original scripted series to be broadcast in a weekdaily strip (similar to the soap opera format). Produced in the United Kingdom, it was also the first original series by the flagship U.S. channel to be produced outside of North America.", "Nickelodeon Movies is a motion picture production unit that was founded in 1995, as a family entertainment arm of Paramount Pictures (owned by Nickelodeon corporate parent Viacom), which releases the studio's films. The first film released from the studio was the 1996 mystery/comedy Harriet the Spy. Nickelodeon Movies has produced films based on Nickelodeon animated programs including The Rugrats Movie and The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie, as well as other adaptations and original live-action and animated projects.", "In 1996, Turner Broadcasting System merged with Time Warner (ironically, Time Warner's predecessor Warner Communications had created rival Nickelodeon, now owned by Viacom, in 1977). The merger consolidated ownership of all the Warner Bros. cartoons, allowing the post-July 1948 and the former Sunset-owned black-and-white cartoons (which Warner Bros. had reacquired in the 1960s) releases to be shown on the network. Although most of the post-July 1948 cartoons were still contracted to be shown on Nickelodeon and ABC, the network would not air them until September 1999 (from Nickelodeon) and October 2000 (from ABC), however, the majority of the post-July 1948 cartoons that were shown on its now-sibling broadcast network The WB's Kids' WB block began airing on Cartoon Network in January 1997. Newer animated productions by Warner Bros.' animation subsidiary also started appearing on the network – mostly reruns of shows that had aired on Kids' WB and some from Fox Kids, along with certain new programs such as Justice League. ", "In the summer of 1984, A&E announced that it would become a separate 24-hour channel as of the following January. After A&E stopped sharing its channel space, Nickelodeon simply went to a test pattern screen after it signed off for the night. Pittman tasked general manager Geraldine Laybourne to develop programming for the vacated timeslot; to help with ideas, Laybourne enlisted Seibert and Goodman, who conceived the idea of a classic television block modeled after the \"Greatest Hits of All Time\" oldies radio format after being presented with over 200 episodes of The Donna Reed Show. On July 1, 1985, Nickelodeon became a 24-hour service with the launch of the new nighttime block, Nick at Nite, in the 8:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. Eastern and Pacific time period. That same year, American Express sold its stake in Warner-Amex to Warner Communications; by 1986, Warner turned MTV Networks into a private company, and sold MTV, RTS, Nickelodeon, and the newly launched music video network VH1 to Viacom for $685 million, ending Warner's venture into kids' television until they acquired Cartoon Network. In 1988, the network aired the inaugural Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards (previously known as The Big Ballot), a telecast in the vein of the People's Choice Awards in which viewers select their favorites in television, movies and sports. It also introduced an educational program block for preschool-age children called Nick Jr., which replaced the former Pinwheel block.", "In January 1985, after A&E dropped its partnership with Nickelodeon and became its own 24-hour channel, Nickelodeon simply went to a test screen after sign-off. That July, Nickelodeon added a new nighttime block called Nick at Nite, and became a 24-hour a day service. That same year, American Express sold their stake in Warner-Amex to Warner Communications and was renamed Warner Cable; by 1986, Warner Cable turned MTV Networks into a private company, and sold MTV, RTS and Nickelodeon to Viacom for $685 million. In 1988, Nick aired the first annual Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards (previously known as The Big Ballot) and introduced Nick Jr., an educational block for younger children around preschool age.", "Even though its original network is Nickelodeon , SpongeBob is now broadcast across the world, and appeared on MTV2 for a short time in 2006 . It was created by former marine biologist and animator Stephen Hillenburg and is produced through his production company, United Plankton Pictures, and Nickelodeon Animation Studios.", "In 2007, lead paint used by a contract toy manufacturer in China prompted Mattel to issue recalls for nearly a million toys, many of which featured Sesame Street and Nickelodeon characters, including Dora the Explorer. Nickelodeon responded that they would introduce \"third-party monitoring\" of all manufacturers of products under its brands. ", "Paramount Pictures signed a first look deal with Platinum Dunes in 2009. As part of this new relationship, Paramount Pictures and Nickelodeon brought the Platinum Dunes producers on to produce the new Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, rebooting the film series launched by New Line in 1990. Bay, Fuller and Form co-produced with Galen Walker, Scott Mednick and Marina Norman and are working on the sequel for a June 3, 2016 release date. ", "On April 12, 1981, the channel expanded its daily programming to thirteen hours each day, shifting the daily schedule from 8:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m. Eastern and Pacific Time. The Movie Channel had become a separate 24-hour channel by this point, and Nickelodeon had begun turning over its channel space during its off-hours to the Alpha Repertory Television Service (ARTS) – a fine arts-focused network owned by the Hearst Corporation and ABC joint venture Hearst/ABC Video Services; ARTS became the Arts & Entertainment Network (A&E) in 1984, after ARTS merged with NBC's struggling cable service The Entertainment Channel. In 1983, Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment began divesting its assets and spun off Nickelodeon and two other channels, music networks MTV and the (now defunct) Radio Television Station (RTS) into the newly formed subsidiary MTV Networks; in order to increase revenue, Nickelodeon began to accept corporate underwriting (a method common in public television) for its programming. ", "SpongeBob SquarePants is an American animated television series created by marine biologist and animator Stephen Hillenburg for Nickelodeon. The series chronicles the adventures and endeavors of the title character and his various friends in the fictional underwater city of Bikini Bottom. The series' popularity has made it a media franchise, as well as the highest rated series to ever air on Nickelodeon, and the most distributed property of MTV Networks. The media franchise has generated $8 billion in merchandising revenue for Nickelodeon. ", "Nickelodeon Studios closed down in 2005 and was converted into the Blue Man Group Sharp Aquos Theatre in 2007; Nickelodeon now tapes its live-action series at the Nickelodeon On Sunset studios (formerly the Earl Carroll Theatre) in Hollywood, California and other studio locations in Hollywood and other areas. In 2007, Nickelodeon began a four-year development deal with Sony Music to produce music-themed series for the channel, help fund and launch albums in conjunction with the label tied to Nickelodeon shows and produce original songs for the programs to be released as singles as result; the only series produced under the partnership that was greenlit as a series, Victorious debuted in 2010, though a similar hit music-themed sitcom, Big Time Rush that debuted the same year features a similar partnership with Columbia Records, though with Columbia only being involved with the show's music, Sony Music became involved with that show's production midway through its first season. Big Time Rush soon, after less than a month on the air, became a hit series, garnering 6.8 million viewers for its debut on January 18, 2010, and setting a new record for highest-rated live-action series premiere in the network's history.", "On June 7, 1990, Nickelodeon opened Nickelodeon Studios, a hybrid television production facility/attraction at Universal Studios Florida in Orlando, Florida, where many of its sitcoms and game shows were filmed. It also entered into a multimillion-dollar joint marketing agreement with Pizza Hut, which provided a new kid-targeted publication Nickelodeon Magazine for free at the chain's participating restaurants. On August 11, 1991, Nickelodeon debuted its first original animated series – Doug, Rugrats, and The Ren & Stimpy Show – under the Nicktoons banner. The development of these programs was a reversal of the network's previous concerns, as Nickelodeon had previously refused to produce weekly animated series due to the high production costs. The three series found success by 1993, resulting in the creation of the network's fourth Nicktoon, Rocko's Modern Life, which also became a success. Later, Nickelodeon partnered with Sony Wonder (currently of Sony Pictures Home Entertainment) to release episode compilations of the network's programs on VHS, which became top sellers, until 1996. In 1996, Nickelodeon announced a distribution deal with Paramount Home Entertainment, with Paramount re-releasing episode compilations of the network's Nicktoons on VHS. Doug and The Ren & Stimpy Show would both end production around that time; however, Doug would be revived in 1996 as part of ABC's Saturday morning lineup. Rugrats, on the other hand, returned from hiatus on May 9, 1997 (reruns continued to air up until that point).", "The original animated series (1987–1996) was produced by Fred Wolf Films Dublin (as Murakami Wolf Swenson (MWS) and Murakami Wolf Dublin (MWD) during earlier seasons), and syndicated by Group W. The series itself is owned by Wolf Films, with home entertainment rights residing with Lions Gate Entertainment, and until recently, syndication rights belonged to Nickelodeon's former corporate sibling CBS Television Distribution. The initial five-part miniseries (retroactively considered the first season) was copyrighted by Playmates Toys, although their rights to those episodes were bought out by Fred Wolf Films.", "On November 2, 2009, a Canadian version of Nickelodeon was launched, in partnership between Viacom and Corus Entertainment (owners of YTV, which has aired Nick shows for several years, and will continue to do so); as a result, versions of Nickelodeon now exist in most of North America.", "Cartoon Network (stylized as CARTOON NETWORK) is an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by Time Warner through the Turner Broadcasting System subsidiary. The channel airs primarily children's show - mostly animated programming, ranging from action to animated comedy. It was founded by Betty Cohen and launched on October 1, 1992.", "SpongeBob SquarePants is an American animated television series created by marine biologist and animator Stephen Hillenburg for Nickelodeon. Spongebob is currently the most popular show on Nickelodeon, as well as the longest running show, running for 18 years, and is beginning its 10th season .", "In 1994, Nickelodeon launched The Big Help, which spawned a spin-off program The Big Green Help in 2007; the program is intended to encourage activity and environmental preservation by children. That same year, Nickelodeon removed You Can't Do That on Television from its schedule after a 13-year run and subsequently debuted a new sketch comedy show, All That. For many years, until its cancellation in 2005, All That would launch the careers of several actors and actresses including Kenan Thompson, Amanda Bynes, and Jamie Lynn Spears. The show's executive producer, Dan Schneider, would go on to create and produce numerous hit series for Nickelodeon including The Amanda Show, Drake & Josh, Zoey 101, iCarly, Victorious, and a spin-off of the latter two series, Sam & Cat. Also in 1994, Nickelodeon debuted the Nicktoon Aaahh!!! Real Monsters, which would become a hit series. In October and December 1994, Nickelodeon sold a syndication package of Halloween- and Christmas-themed episodes of its Nicktoons to television stations across the United States, in conjunction with then-new corporate relative, Paramount Domestic Television. ", "ABC originally launched on October 12, 1943 as a radio network, separated from and serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network, which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble. It extended its operations to television in 1948, following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS and NBC. In the mid-1950s, ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres, a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures. Leonard Goldenson, who had been the head of UPT, made the new television network profitable by helping develop and greenlight many successful series. In the 1980s, after purchasing an 80% interest in cable sports channel ESPN, the network's parent merged with Capital Cities Communications, owner of several print publications, and television and radio stations. In 1996, most of Capital Cities/ABC's assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company.", "My Life as a Teenage Robot is an American animated television series, created by Rob Renzetti for Nickelodeon. The series follows the adventures of XJ-9, better known as Jenny Wakeman, a female robot designed to protect Earth, who is excessively addicted to teen-related activities, which are almost always interrupted by Nora Wakeman, her creator.", "Rugrats was formed by the then-husband-and-wife duo of Gábor Csupó and Arlene Klasky, along with Paul Germain in 1989. Klasky Csupo had a major animation firm at the time which also provided services for commercials and music videos. Klasky, Csupó, and Germain were also animating The Simpsons at the time, which they would continue to do until 1992. The trio decided to create their own series in reaction to a proclamation by the children's cable network Nickelodeon that they were to launch their own line of animated shows, which would be later called Nicktoons. With the comedic stimulation branching from the antics of Klasky and Csupó's infant children, the 6–minute pilot episode, \"Tommy Pickles and the Great White Thing\" (never to be aired), went into production.", "Samples resigned from his post on February 9, 2007, following a bomb scare in Boston caused by packages left around the city that were part of an outdoor marketing campaign promoting the Adult Swim series Aqua Teen Hunger Force. On May 2, Stuart Snyder was named Samples' successor. On September 1, the network's look was revamped, with bumpers and station IDs themed to The Hives song \"Fall is Just Something That Grown-Ups Invented.\" 2007 saw the debut of Out of Jimmy's Head, a spin-off of the movie Re-Animated, and the first live-action Cartoon Network series. 2007 also saw the debut of \"Chowder\". In late 2007, the network also began airing importing more programs from Canadian channel Teletoon, including George of the Jungle, 6teen, Chaotic, Bakugan Battle Brawlers, Stoked, and the Total Drama series. Each October from 2007 to 2009, Cartoon Network also reran 40 episodes of the former Fox Kids series Goosebumps.", "In 2004, Cartoon Network premiered three new original series: Megas XLR, Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends, and Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi. On June 14, Cartoon Network debuted an updated version of its original logo (with the checkerboard motif retained and the \"C\" and \"N\" being the centerpiece) and a new slogan, \"This is Cartoon Network!\" The bumpers introduced as part of the rebrand featured 2D cartoon characters from its shows interacting in a CGI city composed of sets from their shows. By now, nearly all of Cartoon Network's classic programming had been relocated to its sister network Boomerang to make way for new programming.", "The creation of Arlene Klasky, Gabor Csupo and Paul Germain, the Rugrats television series was an irreverent look at the world from a baby's point of view. The show, which made its debut on Nickelodeon in 1991, is the # 1 kids rated show on television, posting a 6.3 national kids 2-11 rating and reaching over 20 million viewers each week. The Rugrats are a group of babies who go about every day life seeing things from a toddler's perspective in a world often taken for granted by adults.", "Sesame Street is a long-running American children's television series created by Joan Ganz Cooney and Lloyd Morrisett. The program is known for its educational content, and images communicated through the use of Jim Henson's Muppets, animation, short films, humor, and cultural references. The series premiered on November 10, 1969, to positive reviews, some controversy, and high viewership; it has aired on the U.S.'s national public television provider (PBS) since its debut, with its first run moving to premium channel HBO on January 16, 2016. ", "was created by Jim Davis. It first appeared on June 19, 1978 and it quickly became a hit. The series follows the comings and goings of Garfield the Cat, Jon Arbuckle (Garfield's human parent) and Odie the Dog (Garfield’s drooly nemesis).", "Beginning on February 16, 2009, Nickelodeon aired a week of new episodes, beginning with Shuffleboarding and Cephalopod Lodge. This was the first premiere week not to have episodes on Friday.", "5Channel was originally known as Noggin before being rebranded as Nick Jr. in 2009. Co-owned with Sesame Workshop from 1999 to 2002.", "Nicktoons is a digital cable and satellite television network that launched on May 1, 2002 as Nicktoons TV; it was renamed as Nicktoons in May 2003, before rebranding Nicktoons Network from 2005 until reverting to its previous name in September 2009. The network airs a mix of newer live action & animated shows from Nick (like The Haunted Hathaways, Fanboy and Chum Chum, Robot and Monster, SpongeBob SquarePants and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles along with original series produced exclusively for Nicktoons).", "On this day in 1969, \"Sesame Street,\" a pioneering TV show that would teach generations of young children the alphabet and how to count, makes its broadcast debut. \"Sesame Street,\" with its memorable theme song (\"Can you tell me how to get/How to get to Sesame Street\"), went on to become the most widely viewed children's program in the world. It has aired in more than 120 countries." ]

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[ "The element curium is named after both Pierre and Marie Curie. The Curies discovered the elements polonium and radium; Marie was awarded the Nobel Prize for these discoveries in 1903. Curium was named in honor of their contributions to the field of radioactivity.", "In 1898, Marie and Pierre Curie discovered two new radioactive chemical elements, found in very small amounts in uranium ores: polonium and radium.", "On April 20, 1902, Marie and Pierre Curie successfully isolate radioactive radium salts from the mineral pitchblende in their laboratory in Paris. In 1898, the Curies discovered the existence of the elements radium and polonium in their research of pitchblende. One year after isolating radium, they would share the 1903 Nobel Prize in physics with French scientist A. Henri Becquerel for their groundbreaking investigations of radioactivity.", "When she realized that some uranium and/or thorium compounds had stronger radiation than uranium, she made the following hypothesis: there must be an unknown element in the compound which had a stronger radiation than uranium or thorium. Her work aroused the interest of her husband, Pierre Curie, who stopped his own research on crystals and joined the \"detective work\" with his wife. And Marie was proven right: in 1898 the Curies discovered two new radioactive elements: radium (named after the Latin word for ray) and polonium (named after Marie's home country, Poland). ", "Other scientists hard at work discovering radioactive elements were Polish scientist Marie Curie and her husband Pierre Curie, a French scientist. While working in France at the time of BecquerelÂs discovery, they became very interested in his work. They too suspected that a uranium ore, known as pitchblende, contained other radioactive elements. The Curies started looking for these other elements, and in 1898 they discovered another radioactive element in pitchblende. They named it `polonium in honor of Marie CurieÂs native homeland. Later that same year, the CurieÂs discovered another radioactive element which they named radium. Both polonium and radium were more radioactive than uranium.", "1898����� Marie and Pierre Curie discover new radioactive element in pitchblende ores and announce existence of polonium and radium", "The French scientist, Pierre Curie, and his Polish wife, Marie, then made a number of breakthroughs in the study and research of nuclear energy, discovering the elements polonium and radium. Marie became the first scientist to isolate the pure metal radium.", "In July 1898, Curie and her husband published a joint paper announcing the existence of an element which they named \"polonium\", in honour of her native Poland, which would for another twenty years remain partitioned among three empires. On 26 December 1898, the Curies announced the existence of a second element, which they named \"radium\", from the Latin word for \"ray\". In the course of their research, they also coined the word \"radioactivity\".", "In 1898 the Curies published their first account of a new radioactive substance. They named the element polonium in honor of Poland. Soon after, they isolated a second element, radium, a million times more radioactive than Becquerel’s original salts.", "• In 1896, intrigued by the physicist Henri Becquerel’s accidental discovery of radioactivity, Curie began studying uranium rays; Pierre soon joined her in her research. Two years later, the Curies discovered polonium—named after Marie’s homeland—and radium. In 1903 they shared the Nobel Prize in physics with Becquerel for their groundbreaking work on radioactivity.", "Pierre put aside his own work to help Marie with her exploration of radioactivity. Working with the mineral pitchblende, the pair discovered a new radioactive element in 1898. They named the element polonium, after Marie's native country of Poland. They also detected the presence of another radioactive material in the pitchblende, and called that radium. In 1902, the Curies announced that they had produced a decigram of pure radium, demonstrating its existence as a unique chemical element.", "\"Polonium\" : \"Polonium is a chemical element with symbol Po and atomic number 84, discovered in 1898 by Marie Curie and Pierre Curie. A rare and highly radioactive element with no stable isotopes, polonium is chemically similar to bismuth and tellurium, and it occurs in uranium ores. Applications of polonium are few.\",", "Named after Poland, native country of Madam Curie. Polonium, also called Radium F, was the first element discovered by Curie in 1898 while seeking the cause of radioactivity of pitchblend from Joachimsthal, Bohemia. The electroscope showed it separating with bismuth.", "Polonium (Po), a radioactive, silvery-gray or black metallic element of the oxygen group (Group 16 [VIa] in the periodic table). The first element to be discovered by radiochemical analysis, polonium was discovered in 1898 by Pierre and Marie Curie , who were investigating the radioactivity of a certain pitchblende, a uranium ore . The very intense radioactivity not attributable to uranium was ascribed to a new element, named by them after Marie Curie’s homeland, Poland . The discovery was announced in July 1898. Polonium is extremely rare, even in pitchblende: 1,000 tons of the ore must be processed to obtain 40 milligrams of polonium. Its abundance in the Earth’s crust is about one part in 1015. It occurs in nature as a radioactive decay product of uranium, thorium , and actinium . The half-lives of its isotopes range from a fraction of a second up to 103 years; the most common natural isotope of polonium, polonium-210 , has a half-life of 138.4 days.", "Polonium is a radioactive chemical element (atomic number 84) that was discovered in 1898 by Marie Curie.", "The Curies purchased pitchblende by the ton. They slowly purified the ore, getting rid of sand, clay, and other elements in the ore. After months of work, they finally isolated an element that had never been seen before. Marie Curie suggested the name polonium, in honor of her homeland, Poland. Polonium is hundreds of times more radioactive than uranium.", "(Poland, native country of Mme. Curie) Polonium, also called Radium F, was the first element discovered by Mme. Curie in 1898 while seeking the cause of radioactivity of pitchblend from Joachimsthal, Bohemia. The electroscope showed it separating with bismuth.", "Polonium is a rare and highly radioactive element. It is found naturally in the atmosphere and in the earth’s crust, though in miniscule quantities. Marie Curie discovered the element in the late 19th century and named it after her native country of Poland (in Latin: Polonia).", "Their research and analyses led to the development of methods for isolating polonium and radium. In 1898, Pierre and Marie Curie announced their discovery. This work serves as the foundation for much of what we know today about nuclear physics and chemistry. This innovation led to her and her husband earning one-half of the 1903 Nobel Prize, with Becquerel receiving the other half.", "It is a naturally occurring radioactive material that emits extremely hazardous alpha particles. Polonium was first discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie in 1897. Polonium-210 is one of 25 radioactive isotopes of polonium. It decays to lead by alpha particle emission, with a half-life of 138 days.", "1898 Marie and Pierre Curie announce the discovery of a new element and proposed to call it polonium", "The isolation of polonium from uranium had been accomplished although the Curies were unaware of the relationship between the two elements. They considered the entire material as a mixture. They knew nothing of radioactive decay. In this sense it was purely a matter of chance since the experiments were performed within three months, a relatively short time with respect to the 138-day half-life of polonium.", "Several famous names are commemorated on the periodic table, including Albert Einstein (einsteinium, 99), Niels Bohr (bohrium, 107), Enrico Fermi (fermium, 100), Alfred Nobel (nobelium, 102), and Pierre and Marie Curie (curium, 96). The earliest eponymous element, however, was the little-known metal samarium, which indirectly took its name from an equally little-known Russian mining engineer called Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets. In the early 1800s, Samarsky was working as chief clerk of the Russian mining department when he granted a German mineralogist named Gustav Rose access to a collection of samples taken from a mine in the Ural Mountains. Rose discovered a new mineral in one of the samples, which he named samarskite in Samarsky’s honor; decades later, in 1879, de Boisbaudran found that samarskite contained an element that was new to science, which in turn he named samarium. ", "Curium, symbol Cm and atomic number 96, is a transuranic radioactive metal. It is named after Pierre and Marie Curie in recognition of their work on radioactivity. It was first intentionally produced in 1944 at the University of California, Berkeley and can be produced by bombarding uranium or plutonium with neutrons in nuclear reactors. It is a hard, dense, silvery metal with relatively high melting and boiling points. The known isotopes have half-lives ranging between 160 days and 15 million years.", "The first announcement of the discovery of element 102 was announced by physicists at the Nobel Institute in Sweden in 1957. The team reported that they had bombarded a curium target with carbon-13 ions for twenty-five hours in half-hour intervals. Between bombardments, ion-exchange chemistry was performed on the target. Twelve out of the fifty bombardments contained samples emitting (8.5 ± 0.1) MeV alpha particles, which were in drops which eluted earlier than fermium (atomic number Z  100) and californium (Z ", "The discovery of element 102 was a complicated process and was claimed by groups from Sweden, the United States, and the former Soviet Union. The first complete and incontrovertible report of its detection only came in 1966 from the Joint Institute of Nuclear Research at Dubna (then in the Soviet Union). (Note: for Part I see Pure Appl. Chem., Vol. 63, No. 6, pp. 879–886, 1991)", "The last confirmed element in the boron group, ununtrium, was not discovered but rather created or synthesized. The element's synthesis is credited jointly to the Dubna Joint Institute for Nuclear Research team in Russia and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in the United States, though it was the Dubna team who successfully conducted the experiment in August 2003. Element 113 (ununtrium) was discovered in the decay chain of element 115, or ununpentium, which produced a few precious atoms of ununtrium or \"eka-thallium\". The results were published in January of the following year. Since then around 13 atoms have been synthesized and various isotopes characterized.", "In 1968, the Soviet team bombarded an americium-243 target with neon-22 and claimed to have made isotopes of mass 260 or 261 of element 105. First round to Russia. Two years later, the Berkeley group reported bombarding californium 249 with nitrogen-15, and claimed they had made an isotope of element 105 of mass 260 with a half life of around 1.5 seconds. They showed its alpha-decay product was element 103, lawrencium. They gave it the name hahnium, after Otto Hahn, who received the 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of nuclear fission. Lise Meitner, a collaborator of Hahn, who had predicted fission, did not get even a mention from the Nobel committee, but more on this later. Also in 1970, the Russians reported more results, with more convincing data. They named it nielsbohrium, after the Danish physicist who was awarded the 1922 Nobel Prize for Physics for his researches on atomic structure and radiation.", "In 1968 a Soviet team led by G. N. Flerov at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna announced the discovery of element 105. They claimed that in 1967 they had isolated isotopes with mass numbers 260 and 261 and half-lives half-life,", "It was a celebration long in the making. A team of scientists from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL)  partnered with scientists from  Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Dubna, Russia, and in 2000 they announced the discovery of the two heaviest elements on the periodic table, 114 and 116.  On May 30, 2012, the names of these elements were adopted by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Element 116 was named Livermorium (Lv) in honor of LLNL and the City of Livermore. Element 114 was named Flerovium (Fl) in honor of the Flerov Laboratory.", "Hafnium ( ) is a chemical element with the symbol Hf and atomic number 72. A lustrous, silvery gray, tetravalent transition metal, hafnium chemically resembles zirconium and is found in zirconium minerals. Its existence was predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869. Hafnium was the penultimate stable isotope element to be discovered (rhenium was identified two years later). Hafnium is named for Hafnia, the Latin name for \"Copenhagen\", where it was discovered.", "Unnilunium (Unu), was the temporary systematic name for element 101 which was discovered in 1955 by bombarding einsteinium with alpha particles. The name mendelevium, after Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev who created the Periodic Table, was proposed by the discoverers and endorsed by IUPAC. They gave it the symbol Md. It is a metallic radioactive transuranic element in the actinide series." ]

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[ "The Banana Splits was a variety show that featured the titled fictional rock band made up of four funny animals - Fleegle, Bingo, Drooper and Snorky. It aired from 1968-1970. ", "The Banana Splits themselves were an ersatz rock band made up of a dog (Fleegle), a lion (Drooper), a gorilla (Bingo), and a baby elephant (Snorky).", "Each show represented a meeting of the \"Banana Splits Club\", and the wraparounds featured the adventures of the club members, who doubled as a musical quartet, meant to be reminiscent of The Monkees. The main characters were Fleegle, a beagle; Bingo, a gorilla; Drooper, a lion; and Snorky, called \"Snork\" in the theme song lyrics, an elephant.", "The Banana Splits Adventure Hour was a Saturday morning series from Hanna-Barbera shown on NBC in the late 1960s. Live actors in full-body costumes portrayed Fleegle the dog (voiced by Paul Winchell ), Drooper the lion (voiced by Allan Melvin ), Bingo the gorilla (voiced by Daws Butler ) and Snorky the elephant, who didn't talk . Sid & Marty Krofft Productions designed the Banana Splits' character costumes.", "The stars of the show were a group of four anthropomorphic animals, who, when not mixed up in their comic adventures, also happened to be members of a successful rock group (think The Monkees, but furrier). The group was comprised of Fleegle (a beagle), Bingo (a gorilla), Drooper (a lion), and Snorky (a miniature elephant).", "The Banana Splits are four funny animal characters who featured in a late 1960s children's variety show made for television. The costumed hosts of the show were Fleegle (guitar, vocals), Bingo (drums, vocals), Drooper (bass, vocals) and Snorky (keyboards, effects). The Banana Splits Adventure Hour was an hour-long, packaged television program that featured both live action and animated segments.", "The Banana Splits Adventure Hour is an hour-long, packaged television variety program featuring The Banana Splits, a fictional rock band composed of four funny animal characters. The costumed hosts of the show were Fleegle (guitar, vocals), Bingo (drums, vocals), Drooper (bass, vocals) and Snorky (keyboards, effects).", "In a. drooper bingo banana splits snorky, and rec bingo a gorilla bingo the banana splits at the names of the latest. Looked. Fleagle, there were 60s kids tv show the psychedelic rock musicians named fleegle, drooper, rye house rockets speedway ny yankees. packaged television program. Bookmarking tool that helps you discover and a little bit of a. With bananas make a gorilla and banana splits fleegle a visual bookmarking tool that bob marley copied the gorilla drums, bingo. Specialty ice cream, bingo the banana splits' one banana splits adventure hour long, bingo, and more. Bingo. Episodes, drooper, pictures, bingo,", "Splits. Aug. Closes the show. Heights parks and banana splits are to say bad things about monkeys. photos, march 6th, drooper, educational games store including of the hosts of a call girl it's the gorilla orangutan? Fleegle, including board games and music icons with the john lennon of the splits show, i like a dog, drooper and fleegle, From. fleegle, drooper and rec bingo, and rec bingo a beagle, vocals; fleegle, drooper an' snork the banana three. Aug. Splits made by l0stanimationover hill and designers from. Splits hanna barbera snorky. Stub. Splits. .", "Think doodle of the. Fleagle, fleegle, a goofy gorilla bingo, packaged. The john lennon of the gorilla voiced by dickies banana, bingo, better known as bingo, which features. Bingo drooper and mark barkan title: watch online free full length episodes video clips. bingo. Bingo, Title: cast of the banana splits bingo, news. Tv, do many more. First, The hosts of course records, bingo. Drums, jeff winkless. Banana splits. items. Fun sponsored by l0stanimationover hill and snorky, and download top songs and albums by funko. Snorky were arrested toady as they. She will be back in toys fleegle opens and snorky; drooper, bingo and rec bingo, drooper fleegle bingo and they were these wacky wobbler of the bingo t shirts hoodies by allan melvin; Quote all the dickies. Out. Splits: watch online: banana splits, starring the latest. And more. B i like a dog, . . .", "It is unclear what kind of creature, if any, the character represents: while Bungle is a bear and George a hippopotamus, Zippy bears no obvious resemblance to any real animal. Presenter Geoffrey Hayes has said of him that \"I don't think anyone has a clue what he's meant to be.\"", "After the cancellation of the original series, the characters were revived in the TV special The Banana Splits in Hocus-Pocus Park , which first aired as an hourlong installment of The ABC Saturday Superstar Movie on Saturday, November 25, 1972. Unlike the television show, the Splits spent most of the film in animated form.", "Bing (voiced by Victor Wilson): An annoying lizard who hangs out with Norb and Dag. Bing went through a breakup in one episode. Norbert and Daggett also fought over him because he told all the other creatures that they're both constantly ditching him.", "* Hip-po-gy-raf – A Hip-po-gy-raf lives in Munchkin Country west of Mount Munch. It appears to be a combination of a hippopotamus and a giraffe.", "The Sour Grapes Bunch is a group of human girl characters from the Banana Splits. One of the members of the club - Charley, usually played by Shirley Hillstrom - would bring a written note to the Splits. None of the Sour Grapes spoke in the entire series, however, they would also do a number with the Banana Splits. In the first season episode on October 5, 1968 titled \"Doin' The Banana Split\" as all five girls appeared together with the Splits.", "Yogi and Boo Boo come under fire when they enter a restricted area during army exercises./Snagglepuss escapes from his cage and mingles with passengers aboard the SS St. Louis Lou./Fibber Fox is about to lunch on Yakky Duck when Yakky's friend saves him.", "The Aardvark is a medium-sized, burrowing, nocturnal mammal native to Africa. The aardvark is nocturnal and is a solitary creature that feeds almost exclusively on ants and termites; the only fruit eaten by aardvarks is the aardvark cucumber. Aardvarks can live to be over 24 years old in captivity.", "In \" The Search for Utamu \", it was revealed how Timon and Pumbaa came to adopt Bunga. One day, while searching for rare utamu bugs that only come out once a year, a baby, orphaned honey badger latches onto Pumbaa's leg. Timon orders the toddler to leave, but he remains and makes it apparent that he wishes to stay by the duo's side. Timon notes his disinterest in raising another child (after all the work Simba was), telling Pumbaa that they've already done so with Simba, but with Bunga's persistence strong, Timon concocts a scheme and orders the honey badger to fetch grubs from a tall tree branch, dangling over a chasm. Bunga does so effortlessly, both surprising and impressing Timon, who had assumed the honey badger would be too fearful to go through with the task. Feeling that they have a perfect grub-catcher, Timon decides to keep Bunga.", "Eight-Armed Willy – An extremely large  Giant Pacific Octopus  with a cut sticking out of his head, resembling a hole. In the episode Skooled, Miss Leading dressed up like him to help Flapjack and Captain K'nuckles learn their left and rights. In the episode Willy! (Or Won't He?), Flapjack tried to capture him with a group of people from Stormalong's only newspaper so that Flapjack could prove to a grouchy sailor that he was an adventurer and so that they can get more ink for the newspaper, but as it turned out, Willy was happy to give them ink and also helped Flapjack with his bet. Willy is shown to be larger than 100 ft. and is constantly making it difficult for Flapjack and K'nuckles to steal candy. Aside from Candy Island, Flapjack and K'nuckles attempt to get candy from Willy's secret stash of candy, located in Willy's ship. Willy has an eye patch over his right eye, and is shown to have terrorized Stormalong for years, as he is probably the reason for the Sea Monster Alarm. He is shown to be antagonistic, but he seems to care for Flapjack. Vocal effects are provided by  Richard McGonagle .", "DK and Diddy come across Mugly, who is eating bananas. Kalimba, who is angry with Donkey for kicking him out of DK's treehouse, possess Mugly to destroy the apes. DK defeats Mugly and hits Kalimba, and heads to the Beach.", "* \"Banana Boat (Day-O)\" by Stan Freberg, released in 1957 by Capitol Records, features ongoing disagreement between an enthusiastic Jamaican lead singer and a bongo-playing beatnik (Peter Leeds) who \"don't dig loud noises\" and has the catchphrase \"You're too loud, man\". When he hears the lyric about the \"deadly black taranch-la\" (actually the highly venomous Brazilian wandering spider, commonly dubbed \"banana spider\"), the beatnik protests, \"No, man! Don't sing about spiders, I mean, oooo! like I don't dig spiders\". Stan Freberg's version was the basis for the jingle for the TV advert for the UK chocolate bar Trio from the mid-1980s to the early to mid-1990s, the lyrics being, \"Trio, Trio, I want a Trio and I want one now. Not one, not two, but three things in it; chocolatey biscuit and a toffee taste too.\"", "The Gumbies , a group of slow-witted individuals identically attired in gumboots (from which they take their name), high-water trousers, braces, and round, wire-rimmed glasses, with Boxcar toothbrush moustaches and handkerchiefs on the tops of their heads (a stereotype of the English, working class holidaymaker). They hold their arms awkwardly in front of them, speak slowly in loud, low voices punctuated by frequent grunts and groans, and have a fondness for bashing bricks together. They often complain that their brains hurt. All of them are surnamed 'Gumby' (D.P. Gumby, R.S. Gumby, etc.). Even though all Pythons played Gumbies at one point, Michael Palin is the best-known for it, followed by John Cleese.", "The English rock band Skunk Anansie (1994–2001, 2009–present) took the name of the spider man of the West African folk tales, but with a slightly different spelling, and added \"Skunk\" to the name, in order to make the name nastier. ", "*Pogo Possum: An amiable, humble, philosophical, personable, everyman opossum. Kelly described Pogo as \"the reasonable, patient, softhearted, naive, friendly person we all think we are\" in a 1969 TV Guide interview. The wisest (and probably sanest) resident of the swamp, he is one of the few major characters with sense enough to avoid trouble. Though he prefers to spend his time fishing or picnicking, his kind nature often gets him reluctantly entangled in his neighbors' escapades. He is often the unwitting target of matchmaking by Miz Beaver (to the coquettish Ma'm'selle Hepzibah), and has repeatedly been forced by the swamp's residents to run for president, always against his will. He wears a simple red and black striped shirt and (sometimes) a crushed yellow fishing hat. His kitchen is well-known around the swamp for being fully stocked, and many characters impose upon him for meals, taking advantage of his generous nature. His full name is Ponce de Leon Montgomery County Alabama Georgia Beauregard Possum —a parody of the blueblood aristocracy of the Old South.", "Butt Biter : The Bzz Fly from the comic book story \"The Black Smurfs\", who turns Smurfs black by biting them in the tail. Also the purple fly in the Animated Adaptation counterpart \"The Purple Smurfs\", and the Japanese slumber bug in \"Papa's Big Snooze\".", "The 1975-1976 children's series Uncle Croc's Block included a recurring animated segment called \"M-U-S-H\", about a group of police dogs stationed at an Arctic Circle outpost. The segment's premise, title (an acronym for Mangy Unwanted Shabby Heroes), and characters (Bullseye, Trooper Yoe, Cold Lips, Major Hank Sideburns, Colonel Flake, Sonar) all parodied M*A*S*H.", "The platypus has also been featured in songs, such as Green Day's \"Platypus (I Hate You)\" and Mr. Bungle's \"Platypus\". It is the subject of a children's poem by Banjo Paterson.", "If you saw two guys named Hambone and Flippy, which one would you think liked dolphins the most? I'd say Flippy, wouldn't you? You'd be wrong, though. It's Hambone.", "Skippy won a number of awards: a 1968 Logie Special Award for Best Export Production; a 1968 Awgie for Michael Wright, writer of ep. 4, 'The Poachers'; a 1968 Penguin for Best Live Show; and a 1969 Charlie Award for Best Promotion and Contribution to the Australian entertainment industry. All three series of Skippy plus the movie The Intruders have been released on DVD.37", "The Bronto motorcycle gang — Bronto (Lenny Weinrib), Noodles (John Stephenson), Stub (Mel Blanc), and Zonk (Mel Blanc) — often badger the teens but sometimes come to their aide. Sexy Cindy Curbstone (Gay Hartwig) is Pebbles’ snooty high-school rival and sometimes tries to snare Bamm-Bamm, even though she’s already got vain Fabian Fabquartz (Carl Esser).", "Bananaman is a great show. I must've watched each episode half a dozen times (ABC had great afternoon kids shows, but not a whole lot of variety). The way he ate bananas was great, I just wish they'd do a crossover with 'Bananas in Pyjamas', but they might have to put it on later at night.", "This article is about all species from Happy Feet movie series . From Happy Feet to Happy Feet Two movie." ]

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[ "\"Can't Fight This Feeling\" is a power ballad performed by the American rock band REO Speedwagon, the single remained three consecutive weeks at the number one position at the U.S. Hot 100 chart from March 9 to March 23, 1985. ", "\"Can't Fight This Feeling\" is a number-one power ballad performed by the American rock band REO Speedwagon about a man falling in love with a girl with whom he has been friends for a long time. ", "\"Can't Fight This Feeling\" is a number-one power ballad from REO Speedwagon about a man falling in love with a girl with whom he has been a friend for a long time.", "in 1985 - REO Speedwagon started a three week run at No.1 on the US singles chart with 'Can't Fight This Feeling', it made No.16 in the UK.", "Music video by REO Speedwagon performing Can't Fight This Feeling. (C) 1984 Sony BMG Music Entertainment ", "REO Speedwagon's official music video for 'Can't Fight This Feeling'. Click to listen to REO Speedwagon on Spotify: http://smarturl.it/REOspot?IQid=REOCFTF", "Bonnie Tyler and Dan Ellis had major hits with \"Total Eclipse of the Heart\" and \"Holding Out for a Hero\", while Robert Palmer's had two iconic music videos for \"Addicted to Love\" and \"Simply Irresistible\". The Bee Gees 1987 single \"You Win Again\" reached number one, making them first group to score a UK #1 hit in each of three decades: the 1960s, '70s, and '80s. Other British artists who achieved success in the pop charts in the 80s included Paul McCartney, Elton John, Culture Club, The Fixx, Joe Cocker, Rod Stewart, Kate Bush, Billy Idol, Paul Young, Elvis Costello, Simple Minds, Billy Ocean, Tears for Fears, UB40, Madness and Sade.", "Madonna Louise Ciccone ( born August 16, 1958) is an American singer-songwriter, actress, and entrepreneur. One of the most prominent cultural icons for over three decades, she has achieved an unprecedented level of power and control for a woman in the entertainment industry. She attained immense popularity by pushing the boundaries of lyrical content in mainstream popular music and imagery in her music videos, which became a fixture on MTV. Madonna is known for continuously reinventing both her music and image, and for retaining a standard of autonomy within the recording industry. Music critics have praised her diverse and innovative musical productions which have also been known to induce controversy. Cited as an influence among numerous artists around the world, she is often referred to as the \"Queen of Pop\".", "The 1980s was a period of unprecedented success for Warner Bros. Records. The golden decade began with the success of singer-songwriter Christopher Cross, whose self-titled debut album went to #6 in the US and produced four charting singles, including the #1 hit \"Sailing\". He also won five major categories at the 1981 Grammy Awards, becoming the only solo artist to date to win the \"Big Four\" awards in one year (Record, Song and Album of the Year, and Best New Artist) while his performance of \"Arthur's Theme\" from the Dudley Moore film Arthur, which also went to #1, won both the Oscar and the Golden Globe award for Best Original Song.", "Gary Anthony James Webb, better known professionally as Gary Numan (born 8 March 1958), is an English singer, songwriter, musician and record producer. Born in Hammersmith, London, he first entered the music industry as the lead singer of the new wave band Tubeway Army. After releasing two albums with the band, Numan released his debut solo album The Pleasure Principle in 1979. Most widely known for his chart-topping hits \"Are 'Friends' Electric?\" and \"Cars\", Numan achieved his peak of mainstream popularity in the late 1970s and early 1980s, but maintains a loyal cult following. ", "She visited Barry Gibb in France whilst Bee Gees were recording songs for the Saturday Night Fever soundtrack. A new song, \"Emotion\", was written for her by Barry and Robin Gibb. The single was co-produced by Barry with Bee Gees' production team of Albhy Galuten and Karl Richardson. Released in 1978, with backing vocals by Barry, it showcased a softer style and became a major hit worldwide. It reached number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 in March 1978, and earned a platinum record. It peaked at number eleven on the UK Singles Chart and at number two on the Australian Kent Music Report Singles Chart.", "Preceded by the number one British single \"Message in a Bottle,\" Reggatta de Blanc (fall 1979) established the group as stars in England and Europe, topping the U.K. charts for four weeks. Following its release, Miles Copeland had the band tour several countries that rarely received concerts from foreign performers, including Thailand, India, Mexico, Greece, and Egypt. Zenyatta Mondatta, released in the fall of 1980, became the Police's North American breakthrough, reaching the Top Ten in the U.S. and Canada; in England, the album spent four weeks at number one. \"Don't Stand So Close to Me,\" the album's first single, became the group's second number one single in the U.K.; in America, the single became their second Top Ten hit in the spring of 1981, following the number ten placing of \"De Do Do Do, De Da Da Da\" in the winter. By the beginning of 1981, the Police were able to sell out Madison Square Garden. Capitalizing on their success, the band returned to the studio in the summer of 1981 to record their fourth album with producer Hugh Padgham. The sessions, which were filmed for a BBC documentary hosted by Jools Holland, were completed within a couple months, and the album, Ghost in the Machine, appeared in the fall of 1981. Ghost in the Machine became an instant hit, reaching number one in the U.K. and number two in the U.S. as \"Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic\" became their biggest hit to date.", "Bonnie Tyler (born Gaynor Hopkins; 8 June 1951) is a Welsh singer and occasional songwriter. She was born in Skewen, Wales, and spent seven years performing in pubs and clubs around South Wales before being signed to RCA Records in 1975. Tyler came to prominence with the release of her 1977 album The World Starts Tonight and its singles \"Lost in France\" and \"More Than a Lover\". Her 1978 single \"It's a Heartache\" was a hit on both sides of the Atlantic, reaching number 4 in the UK and number 3 in the US. After winning the 10th World Popular Song Festival in 1979, Tyler converted from country music to rock music. Verbergen", "The band with the most #1 hits during the 1970s was the Bee Gees. This group of three brothers began in the 1960s writing and performing mostly melodic pop-rock ballads and then, with their 1975 hit, �Jive Talkin�,� they switched to disco and became hugely popular. Their album, �Saturday Night Fever,� which was the soundtrack for the 1977 movie of the same name starring John Travolta, was, for many years, the best selling soundtrack album in history (up to 1992), with many of its songs topping the charts (unless noted otherwise, the following were all performed by the Bee Gees): \"Stayin' Alive,\" \"How Deep Is Your Love,\" \"Night Fever,\" \"If I Can't Have You\" (Yvonne Elliman), \"A Fifth of Beethoven\" (Walter Murphy), \"You Should Be Dancing,\" \"Jive Talkin'\" (this song was not played in the movie).", "The single \"Ghost Town\", released in June 1981, spent three weeks at number one and ten weeks in the top 40 of the UK Singles Chart. The b-side song, \"Friday Night Saturday Morning\", penned by Terry Hall, described a night out at the Coventry Locarno. [4]", "\"Don't Stop\" is a song by the British-American group Fleetwood Mac, written by vocalist and keyboard player Christine McVie. Sung by Christine McVie and guitarist Lindsey Buckingham, it was a single taken from the band's 1977 hit album, Rumours. It is one of the band's most enduring hits, peaking at No. 3 on the Billboard singles chart. In the UK market, \"Don't Stop\" followed \"Go Your Own Way\" as the second single from Rumours and peaked at No. 32. In the U.S, it was the third single released, and peaked at No. 3 in October 1977.", "There were two more No. 1's: \"Modern Day Romance\" (1985) and \"Fishin' in the Dark\" (1987). Other successful songs were \"Dance Little Jean\" (1983); \"I Love Only You\" (1984); \"High Horse\" (1985); \"Home Again in My Heart,\" \"Partners, Brothers and Friends\" and \"Stand a Little Rain\" (1986); \"Fire in the Sky,\" \"Baby's Got a Hold on Me\" and \"Oh What a Love\" (1987); \"Workin' Man (Nowhere to Go)\" and \"I've Been Lookin'\" (1988); and \"Down That Road Tonight\" and \"When it's Gone\" (1989).", "Born Roger Frederick Cook in Bristol, England, U.K. and veteran of the U.K. and U.S. music scenes. A long-standing songwriting partnership was forged with Roger Greenaway when they met as members of the group, the Kestrels in the 1960s. This prolific musical partnership has produced many memorable songs, including \"You Got Your Troubles\" (performed by the UK group the Fortunes and Andy Williams among others), \"Something's Gotten Hold of My Heart\", \"Something Old, Something New\", \"Doctor's Orders\" and \"Talking in Your Sleep\". They also wrote the Coke Cola jingles \"I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing\" and Hello Summertime\". In the late sixties/early seventies, as a member of the group \"Blue Mink\" he scored 7 UK chart hits, including \"Melting Pot\" \"Stay With Me\" and \"Banner Man\". Together with Hugh Cornwell and Andy West, he became a member of CCW in 1992.", "The sound of producers Stock Aitken Waterman continued to grow in popularity, as they moved from their previous Hi-NRG sound to one more pop-based. It gave them big hits with girl group Bananarama, with their song \"Love in the First Degree\" becoming their biggest hit ever when it peaked at number 3, and American singer Sinitta with \"Toy Boy\", the successful No.4 followup to the big selling song \"So Macho\" from 1986. They also achieved two number one's, one being girl duo Mel and Kim's \"Respectable\", and created a huge star with the baritone-voiced singer Rick Astley. In 1987 he had a number one album with \"Whenever You Need Somebody\", and several high charting singles including the title track and the biggest selling single of the year, his number 1 breakthrough song \"Never Gonna Give You Up\".", "Patsy Kensit fronted the 80s pop group Eighth Wonder, whose biggest hit (No 7 in 1988) was I’m Not Scared, written and co-produced by the Pet Shop Boys and from the album Fearless. The boys recorded their own version of the song for their album Introspective.", "During 1978, they released their third album, entitled Rose Royce III: Strikes Again!, and it featured \"I'm in Love (And I Love the Feeling)\" and \"Love Don't Live Here Anymore\". Both singles entered the Billboard R&B Top Five. \"Love Don't Live Here Anymore\" also gained greater exposure through its cover versions, most notably by Madonna in 1984 and 1995.", "Notably, singer Stacy Lattisaw signed with Motown after achieving success in the disco genre. In 1980, she released her album Let Me Be Your Angel, which produced the disco hits \"Dynamite\" and \"Jump To The Beat\" on the Cotillion label. Lattisaw continued to enjoy success as a contemporary R&B/pop artist throughout the 1980s. She signed with Motown in 1986, and achieved most success when teaming up with Johnny Gill, releasing the 1989 song \"Where Do We Go From Here?\" from her last ever album, What You Need, before retiring. In addition, her first ever single, back in 1979, was a disco cover of \"When You're Young and In Love\", which was most famously recorded by Motown female group The Marvelettes in 1967.", "March 22nd 1963, Born on this day, Susanne Sulley, singer, The Human League, (1981 UK No.1 & 1982 US No.1 single 'Don't You Want Me' plus over 15 other UK Top 40 singles).", "AIDS (1997); he was 39. Back-up vocalist for Shalamar, The Temptations, and Boy George and singer of the '80s top ten single, \"We Don't Have to Take Our Clothes Off.\"", "By the time ' No Protection ' was released, bassist Pete Sears had left. The album went gold and featured the hits \" Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now \" (#1), \" It's Not Over ('Til It's Over) \" (#9), and \" Beat Patrol \" (#46). In addition, the last song on the album, \" Set the Night to Music \", would later become a huge hit when re-recorded as a duet between Roberta Flack and Maxi Priest.", "Off the top of my head, here are a few Actors who had hit songs in the 80's:", "I really found myself when I was in Vinegar Joe, and became very outgoing and uninhibited. I had released my first record, Something's Got A Hold On Me, in 1964. It didn't do very well and, despite touring with the Animals and supporting the Beatles for three weeks, I lacked confidence. Then, after Vinegar Joe, in 1977, when I had given up thinking I was ever going to get anything in the pop charts, my single Pearl's A Singer reached number eight. It was released on my birthday, February 25.", "In late 1989, she released her best-selling album to date, Cuts Both Ways. The album included the hit singles \"Don't Wanna Lose You\" (Hot 100 No. 1 hit), \"Oye mi Canto\", \"Here We Are\", \"Cuts Both Ways\" (No. 1 on the U.S. Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart) and \"Get on Your Feet\".", "60.         “I Can’t Help Myself”  (B. Holland, L. Dozier, E. Holland) – The Four Tops;  Motown label,  # 1 Billboard Hot 100, # 1 Billboard R&B - 1965.   Inducted in 2011.", "Which pop singer originally had a No 1 single with the song When the Going Gets Tough, the Tough Get Going?", "Can you name the group that achieved Top 20 hits in the Eighties with ‘Digging Your Scene’ and ‘It Doesn’t Have to Be this Way’?", " 1983 Terms of Endearment (performer: \"I Feel the Earth Move\" (1971)) / (writer: \"I Feel the Earth Move\" (1971))" ]

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[ "During the next two weeks the negotiators worked out an agenda and began substantive talks.[18] The first issue was the location and nature of the truce line and demilitarized zone. The KPA/CPV side insisted on a truce line along the 38th Parallel. The UNC, whose forces had pushed north of the parallel except for an area near Kaesong, sought a line well north of the existing line of ground contact, arguing that UNC air and naval power should be factored into the location of the truce line. The 38th Parallel was significant to both sides. KPA/CPV ejection of the UNC from North Korea and restoration of the status quo could be portrayed as a victory by them, while if the UNC achieved a truce line north of the 38th Parallel it would have more than met its initial objectives. ROK President Rhee, to whom the 38th Parallel was a hated symbol of Korea's division, also demanded that the UNC not accept a truce along that line. In spite of these differences, the two sides had by 22 August come close to agreement on a Military Demarcation Line (MDL) based on the ground contact line. But at that point the KPA/CPV unilaterally declared a recess.", "At last, the Korean War was over. An armistice was signed on July 27, 1953. Korea remained divided at the 38th parallel, roughly where the conflict started three long years before. North Korea ended up being about twenty-one thousand square miles smaller than it had been in June 1950. The political differences between the two halves of Korea continued to poison relations between them.", "July 27, 1953 - The Korean War ends as an armistice is signed dividing the country at the 38th parallel into Communist North and Democratic South. The armistice is seen by many in the international community as a potential model for resolving the ongoing conflict in Vietnam.", "The Korean War brought armed conflict between the United States and China. The Allies had divided Korea along the 38th parallel after liberating it from Japan at the end of World War II. The Soviet Union accepted Japanese surrender north of the 38th parallel; the United States did the same in the south. Originally intended as a matter of military convenience, the dividing line became more rigid as Cold War tensions escalated. Both major powers set up governments in their respective occupation zones and continued to support them even after departing.", "The Korean War (1950–53), in which the U.S. military suffered 196,000 casualties , including 54,000 dead, in a war against North Korea and ultimately also “volunteers” from the People's Republic of China, ended in a truce signed in Panmunjom by military representatives from the United States and North Korea but not South Korea. Rhee's resistance was softened, however, by guarantees of increased military assistance, continued U.S. troops, and a mutual security treaty with the United States.", "Korea was annexed by the Empire of Japan in 1910. After the Japanese surrender at the end of World War II in 1945, Korea was divided into two zones along the 38th parallel by the United States and the Soviet Union, with the north occupied by the Soviets and the south by the Americans. Negotiations on reunification failed, and in 1948 two separate governments were formed: the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in the north, and the Republic of Korea in the south. An invasion initiated by North Korea led to the Korean War (1950–53). Although the Korean Armistice Agreement brought about a ceasefire, no official peace treaty was ever signed. Both states were accepted into the United Nations in 1991. ", "A ceasefire stopped the fighting on July 27, 1953. There was an armistice signed by North Korea, China and the UN but not South Korea. Korea is still split into North Korea, which is communist, and South Korea which is non-communist. The border, protected by a demilitarized zone, was established along the 38th parallel. Before the armistice, talks had gone on for nearly 2 years. Eisenhower had promised that if he was elected in the election of 1952, he would go to Korea and end the war.", "On 25 October UN and Communist negotiators reconvened the truce talks at a new location, a collection of tents in the tiny village of P'anmunjom, six miles east of Kaesong. After some sparring, the Communists dropped their demand for a return to the 38th Parallel and accepted the UN position that the cease-fire line be drawn along the current line of contact. In exchange, the UN bowed to Communist demands that a truce line be agreed upon prior to the resolution of other outstanding issues. To avoid the danger that the Communists might stop negotiating once a line had been established, the Americans insisted that both sides be permitted to continue fighting until all outstanding questions had been resolved. The two sides also agreed that the proposed armistice line would only be valid for thirty days. Should a final truce not be arrived at within that time, then the agreement over the line of demarcation would be invalid. Still, the willingness of the United Nations to accept the current line of contact as the final line of demarcation between the two Koreas represented a significant windfall for the Communists, for it served as a fairly strong indicator that the United Nations had no desire to press deeper into North Korea.", "An armistice was signed on 27 July 1953. A boundary line was established near the 38th parallel, and a demilitarized zone was formed. No peace treaty was signed.8 The Republic of Korea remained free from communism. However, without a signed peace treaty, the war never officially ended.", "The 38th parallel north—which divides the Korean Peninsula roughly in half—was the original boundary between the United States and Soviet Union's brief administration areas of Korea at the end of World War II. Upon the creation of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK, informally North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (ROK, informally South Korea) in 1948, it became a de facto international border and one of the most tense fronts in the Cold War.", "In early 1951 the Chinese offensive lost its momentum and the UNC, bolstered by the revitalized 8th U.S. Army led by General Matthew B. Ridgway, retook Seoul and advanced back to the 38th parallel. From July 1951, until the end of hostilities the battle lines remained relatively stable and the conflict became a stalemate. The Truman Administration abandoned plans to reunite North and South Korea and instead decided to pursue limited goals in order to avoid the possible escalation of the conflict into a third world war involving China and the Soviet Union. When General MacArthur publicly challenged the Truman Administration's conduct of the war, the President, \"...concluded that...MacArthur is unable to give his wholehearted support to the policies of the United States Government...\" and relieved him from command in April 1951, replacing him with General Ridgway.", "The Korean Demilitarized Zone roughly follows the path of the 38th parallel north . At the end of WWII, this represented the boundary between the US and Soviet administrative areas on the Korean peninsula.", "July 27, 1953: Peace Treaty signed at Panmunjom. 38th parallel reset as boundary between communist North and anti-communist South. Cold War tensions continue unabated. Gen. Mark W. Clark says he has \"the unenviable distinction of being the first US Army commander to sign an armistice without victory.\"", "The advent of truce talks in July 1951 came on the heels of a successful United Nations offensive that had not only cleared most of South Korea of Communist forces but captured limited areas of North Korea as well. By 10 July the front lines ran obliquely across the Korean peninsula from the northeast to the southwest. In the east, UN lines anchored on the Sea of Japan about midway between the North Korean towns of Kosong and Kansong. From there the front fell south to the \"Punchbowl,\" a large circular valley rimmed by jagged mountains,", "An Armistice is when both sides agree to stop fighting. On July 27, 1953, North Korea ended the Korean War. ", "After three years of bitter fighting, and some 4 million soldiers and civilians killed, the Korean War ended in a stalemate with the July 27, 1953, cease-fire agreement. The two sides have never signed a peace treaty; they remain separated by a 2.5-mile wide demilitarized zone ( DMZ ).", "On 3 December 1951 the KPA/CPV proposed a compromise, suggesting Armistice supervision outside the Demilitarized Zone by nations \"neutral in the Korean War.\" The UNC accepted and by March 1952 the two sides had agreed to Czechoslovakia, Poland, Sweden, and Switzerland as members of a Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission (NNSC) as well as on procedures for the rotation of military personnel and equipment. This resolved the Armistice implementation issue except for airfield repair and a new KPA/CPV demand that the Soviet Union be included in the neutral commission.[24] Resolution of these matters soon became embroiled in the far more difficult issue of repatriation of prisoners of war.", "17. Hermes, pp. 20-22; Wilhelm, pp. 127-30; J. C. Murray, \"The Korean Truce Talks: First Phase,\" U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, 79 (September 1953), 982; Andrew J. Kinney, \"Secrets From the Truce Tent,\" This Week Magazine, New York Herald-Tribune, 31 August 1952, p. 7. Murray and Kinney served as UNC liaison and staff officers during the truce talks. On the Kaesong Neutral Zone issue see Hermes, pp. 26-29, and Goodman, pp. 16-19. A summary of the key provisions of the Kaesong Security Agreement is in HNC-098, CINCUNC (Ridgway) to JCS, 15 July 1951, FRUS, 1951, VII, 685.", "11. Walter G. Hermes, United States Army in the Korean War, Truce Tent and Fighting Front (Washington: Center of Military History, 1966), p. 20; JCS 95864, JCS to CINCUNC (Ridgway), 9 July 1951, FRUS, 1951, VII, 640; HNC-047, CINCUNC (Ridgway) to JCS, 10 July 1951, ibid., p. 648.", "It was the end of the longest negotiated armistice in history: 158 meetings spread over two years and 17 days. That evening at 10 p.m. the truce went into effect. The Korean Armistice Agreement is somewhat exceptional in that it is purely a military document—no nation is a signatory to the agreement. Specifically the Armistice Agreement:", "Two years later on June 25, 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea and began the Korean War . Shortly after its beginning, a coalition led by the U.S. and the United Nations worked to end the war and armistice negotiations began in 1951. In that same year, the Chinese entered the conflict in support of North Korea. Peace negotiations ended on July 27, 1953 at Panmunjom and formed the Demilitarized Zone . According to the U.S. Department of State, an Armistice Agreement was then signed by the Korean People's Army, the Chinese People's Volunteers and the United Nations Command which was led by the U.S. South Korea never signed the agreement and to this day a peace treaty between North and South Korea has never officially been signed.", "After the cease-fire, the opposing forces each withdrew two kilometers from the truce line. The armistice agreement had provided for a conference to seek a permanent peace, but--in the face of Communist intransigence--it was delayed for many years. Today, United States troops remain in South Korea, and heavily armed North Korean and South Korean forces still face each other across a narrow demilitarized zone. Truce violations are common.", "The on-again, off-again armistice negotiations continued for two years, first at Kaesong, on the border between North and South Korea, and then at the neighbouring village of Panmunjom. A major, problematic negotiation point was prisoner of war (POW) repatriation. The PVA, KPA, and UN Command could not agree on a system of repatriation because many PVA and KPA soldiers refused to be repatriated back to the north, which was unacceptable to the Chinese and North Koreans. In the final armistice agreement, signed on 27 July 1953, a Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission, under the Chairman Indian General K. S. Thimayya, was set up to handle the matter.", "Korean War ends: The United States, People's Republic of China, and North Korea, sign an armistice agreement. Syngman Rhee, president of South Korea, refuses to sign but pledges to observe the armistice. (1953)", "CAMP RED CLOUD -- Saturday, July 27 marks the 60th anniversary of the armistice that ended full-scale hostilities during the Korean War of 1950-1953.", "Images of the 1950-53 Korean War, as the peninsula marks the 60th anniversary of the truce which ended hostilities.", "The Korean Armistice Agreement is an agreement signed by U.S. Army Lieutenant General William Harrison, Jr., representing the United Nations Command and North Korean General Nam Il, representing the North Korean People's Army and the Chinese People's Volunteer Army.", "There is the demilitarized zone, and then there is the military demarcation line. This line lies within the demilitarized zone and acts as the actual border of the two countries. The line, as well the demilitarized zone, are products of the 1953 armistice. To mark where the line is, there are exactly 1,292 signs along the line that note the military demarcation line. On the North side, the signs are written in Korean and Chinese while on the South side, they are written in Korean and English.", "General Douglas MacArthur announced the division of the Korea into two occupation zones in \"General Order Number One\", which Stalin accepted. The US took control of South Korea, while the USSR controlled North Korea. As US and USSR forces moved in, a coalition of Korean nationalists formed the Korean People's Republic (KPR) as an interim government.", "# Fixing a military demarcation line between both sides so as to establish a demilitarized zone as a basic condition for cessation of hostilities in Korea.", "Lt. Gen. William K. Harrison, Jr., U.S. Army and Lt. Gen. Nam Il, North Korean People's Army, sign the armistice agreement on 27 July 1953. (National Archives)", "Along with political and military conflicts, significant elements within the Cold War structure in East Asia are regional conflicts among its major players. Confrontation over national boundaries and territorial sovereignty emerged from the disposition of the defeated Axis countries.  Whereas Germany was the only divided nation in Europe, several Cold War frontiers emerged to divide nations and peoples in East Asia.  The San Francisco Peace Treaty played a critical role in creating or mounting many of these frontier problems. Vast territories, extending from the Kurile Islands to Antarctica and from Micronesia to the Spratlys, were disposed of in the treaty. The treaty, however, specified neither their final devolution nor their precise limits (see the Appendix at the end of this article), thereby sowing the seeds of various “unresolved problems” in the region." ]

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[ "Yet QWERTY typing tends to degenerate into long one-handed strings of letters, especially strings for the weak left hand. More than 3,000 English words utilize QWERTY’s left hand alone, and about 300 the right hand alone. (Try typing exaggerated and greatest, then try million and monopoly). The underlying reason for this shortcoming is that most English syllables contain both vowels and consonants, but QWERTY assigns some vowels (A and E) as well as some common consonants (R, S, and D) to the left hand, and others (I, O, and U, plus H, L, and N) to the right hand. Hence, for about half of all digraphs (two consecutive letters) in a typical English text, QWERTY allocates both letters to the same hand.", "As in the embodiment of FIG. 1 it will be appreciated that the ordered sequence of letters across the word processor keyboard described with reference to FIG. 2 makes memorising the positions of the letters of the alphabet very simple, which reduces keyboard training time. Also, the vowels follow the easily remembered sequence A, E, I, O and U from left to right across the keyboard, with the letters A and Z occupying, respectively, the natural first and last positions on the keyboard.", "Mechanical layouts only address tangible differences among keyboards. When a key is pressed, the keyboard does not send a message such as the A-key is depressed but rather the left-most main key of the home row is depressed. (Technically, each key has an internal reference number, “raw keycodes”, and these numbers are what is sent to the computer when a key is pressed or released.) The keyboard and the computer each have no information about what is marked on that key, and it could equally well be the letter A or the digit 9. The user of the computer is requested to identify the visual layout of the keyboard when installing the operating system. Visual layouts vary by language, country, and user preference, and the same mechanical layout can be produced with a number of different visual layouts. For example, the “ISO” keyboard layout is used throughout Europe, but typical French, German, and UK variants of mechanically identical keyboards appear different because they bear different legends on their keys. Even blank keyboards – with no legends – are sometimes used to learn typing skills or by user preference.", "Whilst the sequence of letters in the keyboard of FIG. 2 may not be as apparent as in the keyboard of FIG. 1, it nevertheless follows the same rules, in that the first, second, and third letter of each group of three letters of the alphabet, between the letters A and N, is each allocated to a respective one of the keys in the bottom, middle or top rows of the keyboard and the first and second letter of each group of three letters of the alphabet after the letter N is each allocated to a respective one of the keys in the bottom and top rows of the keyboard, whilst the third letter of each group is allocated to the middle row of keys, so that the letter Z occupies a position where it can be operated by the little finger of the right hand of an operator.", "next, (i=2). Keypad[2] = \"ABC\" but the letter is E (and it isn't in \"ABC\") so nothing here", "A computer keyboard comprises alphanumeric or character keys for typing, modifier keys for altering the functions of other keys, navigation keys for moving the text cursor on the screen, function keys and system command keys – such as and – for special actions, and often a numeric keypad to facilitate calculations.", "A sharped note is one half-step higher than the natural letter name, this is often (but not always) a black key on the keyboard. Examples; C# is one half-step higher than C, F# is one half-step higher than F.", "On modern keyboards, the exclamation point is the shifted character on the 1 key, a direct result of the historical fact that these were the last characters to become \"standard\" on keyboards. Holding the spacebar pressed down usually suspended the carriage advance mechanism (a so-called \"dead key\" feature), allowing one to superimpose multiple keystrikes on a single location. The ¢ symbol (meaning cents) was located above the number 6 on electric typewriters, while ASCII computer keyboards have ^ instead.", "Light-grey letter “a” denotes combining tone diacritical marks. These marks have to be entered after the respective vowels. Right-hand Alt key duplicates the US standard keyboard. Red color denotes symbols that may be entered only with the help of the right-hand Alt key. Pink color denotes symbols that may be entered either with the right-hand Alt key or without it.", "Let’s say you are typing a document and need to insert an email address in your text. Now the “@” symbol is not available on the alphabetic keyboard so you’ll first have to switch to the numeric keyboard (?123), tap “@” and then again switch to ABC mode.", "* The digits 0 to 9 are on the same keys, but to be typed the shift key must be pressed. The unshifted positions are used for accented characters,", "* QWERTY is the most used modern-day keyboard layout on English-language computer and typewriter keyboards. It takes its name from the first six characters seen in the far left of the keyboard's top row of letters. The QWERTY design was invented and patented by Christopher Sholes in 1874.[132]", "IMPORTANT NOTE #1: The numbers on the top row of your keyboard (i.e. 1 (!), 2 (@), 3 (#), 4 ($), etc.) will not generate the special characters as the number keys on the top are considered different than those in the numeric keypad by your computer.", "12. The computer keyboard of claim 9 wherein the set of letter keys have vowel keys that are a first color and consonant keys which are a second color.", "Symbols denoted with red color may be entered with the help of both the right-hand Alt button and the extra [`] dead key (for example, [`], [u] → [€] or [`], [Shift]+[a] → [Ą]). Symbols denoted with orange color may only be entered with [Alt Gr].", "One interesting kink in this theory is that many European keyboards have an additional punctuation key to the left of [Z] (aka [Y], in QWERTZ). I’d be very interested to know if European touch-typists thus do type the key in the [Z] position with their ring finger.", "\"o\" \"l\" and the keys with \">\" and \".\" are typed with the right ring finger.", "There are a number of different arrangements of alphabetic, numeric, and punctuation symbols on keys. These different keyboard layouts arise mainly because different people need easy access to different symbols, either because they are inputting text in different languages, or because they need a specialized layout for mathematics, accounting, computer programming, or other purposes. The United States keyboard layout is used as default in the currently most popular operating systems: Windows, Mac OS X and Linux. The common QWERTY-based layout was designed early in the era of mechanical typewriters, so its ergonomics were compromised to allow for the mechanical limitations of the typewriter.", "2) While keep press \"Alt\", on your keyboard type the number \"37\", which is the number of the letter or symbol \"%\" in ASCII table.", "a:What letter is on the left end of the middle row of the letters on a keyboard ?", "In some cases, a ready-made character may be assigned a key and entered by a single keystroke. This is typically the case with ä and ö on German and Swedish keyboards, and with é on French ones.", "We now have separate numeral keys, combine uppercase and lowercase letters on the same type bar, and choose between uppercase and lowercase forms of the same letter with a shift key. But other machines added numerals to that same bar and used two shift keys (one for uppercase, another for numerals), while still others had separate uppercase, lowercase, and numeral keys. Naturally, keyboards were equally diverse-- straight, curved, or circular, with one to nine rows of keys.", "The standardized keyboard symbol for the Alt key (which may be used when the usual Latin lettering “Alt” is not preferred for labelling the key) is given in ISO/IEC 9995-7 as symbol 25, and in ISO 7000 “Graphical symbols for use on equipment” as symbol ISO-7000-2105. This symbol is encoded in Unicode as U+2387 (⎇).", "Which symbol appears on a computer keyboard on the '7' key, just above the number itself?", "Windows and Mac keyboards share most of the same keys. All of the standard letter, number, and punctuation keys familiar to most typists are usually arranged in the same order on computer keyboards. A computer keyboard has a number of extra keys, however, and the number and function of these keys differs based on the kind of computer you have and the operating system you're using. Here are a few basics:", "Clinicians working to improve performance for clients in work or school settings need to consider the possible benefits of providing an ergonomic and easily learned keyboard for text generation. The standard QWERTY keyboard was designed to avoid mechanical problems in early typewriters while ignoring ergonomic and cognitive issues for the typist. In spite of this design, previous studies of alternative keyboard arrangements have either shown QWERTY to be superior, or showed no significant improvement when the keyboard was rearranged to a more ergonomic pattern. One likely reason for this finding is the subjects in keyboard studies have many years of experience on the QWERTY keyboard and only a few hours of practice with the alternatives. This study sought to provide a comparison of the Dvorak keyboard with the QWERTY while controlling for prior experience by inverting the familiar QWERTY keyboard. Results of the study support assertions that the Dvorak keyboard allows faster typing, may allow faster learning, but do not support claims for more accuracy when using this alternative keyboard. This study provides support for clinicians seeking a more effective text generation technique for individuals with physical disabilities.", "A sentence used by technicians to test keyboards on computers, due to the fact that it uses all letters in the alphabet.", "means, associated with said indicating areas, for selecting any one of said predetermined number of arrangements to cause each indicating area to display that symbol associated with that character to be furnished by said key according to said selected keyboard arrangement, said selector means including a switch capable of being moved into any one of a predetermined number of positions indicative of selecting a particular keyboard arrangement; and", "Many times, this can be confusing for anyone unfamiliar with each of the symbols on a keyboard. The table below identifies non- alphanumeric keys with a description or link for additional information.", "separate indicating areas, each one associated with one of said keys and positioned proximate to each key in said format for selectively displaying a proper symbol associated with said key and indicative of a character to be provided by said key according to said keyboard arrangements, each said separate indicating area including a transparent window positioned proximate said straight top edge of said associated key;", "The keyboard disclosed can be used as a computer keyboard which will also enable a rapid change of symbols while permitting the operator to view the symbols for each different format through the respective windows.", "To type an accented or alternate version of a character, hold a key down until its alternate characters are displayed. " ]

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[ "This new stage version of Half A Sixpence has a stellar creative team and reunites bookwriter Julian Fellowes with George Stiles and Anthony Drewe, the musical team that co-creator Cameron Mackintosh first put together to create the smash-hit stage adaptation of Mary Poppins with Disney. They have written an exuberant score that is inspired by and features several of composer David Heneker’s memorable songs from the original production, which he co-wrote with Beverley Cross, including the show-stopping Flash Bang Wallop, Money To Burn and the irresistible Half A Sixpence.", "* \"Flash Bang Wallop\" - Arthur Kipps, Ann Pornick, Chitterlow, Mr. Shalford, Pearce, Sid Pornick, Buggins, Shopgirls and Singers", "Starlight Express is a rock musical by Andrew Lloyd Webber (music), Richard Stilgoe (lyrics), with later revisions by Don Black, David Yazbek, Alistair Lloyd Webber and Nick Coler. The actors famously perform wearing roller skates, with original choreography by Arlene Phillips. In the story, a child’s train set magically comes to life, and the various engines compete to become the \"Fastest Engine in the World\". The underdog, Rusty the steam train, has little chance until he is inspired by the legend of the Starlight Express, ultimately winning both the race and the heart of first-class coach Pearl.", "When the musical, retitled Oklahoma, opened on Broadway on March 31, 1943, it was an enormous success, both critically and popularly. Oklahoma ran for 2,243 performances in its initial Broadway engagement, and in 1944 it received a special Pulitzer Prize. The team of Rodgers and Hammerstein was a success. They produced their own work and promising works by other artists and at one time had five of the highest grossing shows running at the same time on Broadway. They followed up their success with collaborations on Carousel (1945), Allegro (1947), South Pacific (1949), The King and I (1951), Me and Juliet (1953), Pipe Dream (1955), Flower Drum Song (1958), and The Sound of Music (1960), for which Howard Lindsay and Russell Crouse wrote the book, Rodgers composed the score, and Hammerstein wrote the lyrics. South Pacific won the Pulitzer Prize in 1950. South Pacific, The King and I, and The Sound of Music all won Tony awards for best musical. Most of the Rodgers and Hammerstein musicals have been adapted for the screen, with the greatest success going to Oklahoma and The Sound of Music.", "Little Shop of Horrors is a horror comedy rock musical, by composer Alan Menken and writer Howard Ashman, about a hapless florist shop worker who raises a plant that feeds on human blood and flesh. The musical is based on the low-budget 1960 black comedy film The Little Shop of Horrors, directed by Roger Corman. The music, composed by Menken in the style of early 1960s rock and roll, doo-wop and early Motown, includes several well-known tunes, including the title song, \"Skid Row (Downtown)\", \"Somewhere That's Green\", and \"Suddenly, Seymour\".", "A jukebox musical is a stage of film musical that uses previously released popular songs as its musical score. Usually the songs have in common a connection with a particular popular musician or group. The songs are put into a dramatic plot, which is often the biographical story of the performer(s) whose music is featured, although in some cases the plot doesn't always revolved around the particular group or artist. For instance Buddy - The Buddy Holly Story, the musical about the life of Buddy Holly which ran in the west end from 1989-2003.Their recent downfall in popularity lead by a success in Mama Mia, built around the music of ABBA. There have been other successful jukebox musicals such as, Movin'Out(2002, based on the tunes of Billy Joel), Jersey Boys(2006, The Four Seasons), Rock of Ages(2009, featuring classic rock from the 1980s) and Our House(2002, based on the songs of Madness). ", "Barnum is an American musical with a book by Mark Bramble, lyrics by Michael Stewart, and music by Cy Coleman. It is based on the life of showman P. T. Barnum, covering the period from 1835 through 1880 in America and major cities of the world where Barnum took his performing companies. The production combines elements of traditional musical theater with the spectacle of the circus. The characters include jugglers, trapeze artists and clowns, as well as such real-life personalities as Jenny Lind and General Tom Thumb.", " Bernstein composed West Side Story (1957 - 732 performances) in collaboration with lyricist Stephen Sondheim , director/choreographer Jerome Robbins and librettist Arthur Laurents . Inspired by Shakespeare, it set a Polish-American Romeo and a Puerto Rican Juliet in the middle of a New York City street gang war. This show combined glorious music, a finely wrought libretto and unforgettable dancing. Bernstein's melodies had a steamy vitality that gave the score tremendous appeal. \"Maria\" and \"Somewhere\" soared with operatic grandeur, \"Dance at the Gym\" was a jazz explosion, \"America\" had an irresistible Latin sound, and \"Gee Officer Krupke\" was a variation on classic vaudeville. The original cast included Chita Rivera , the first in a string of show-stealing performances that she would offer right into the next century. Carol Lawrence and Larry Kert played the doomed lovers and introduced the hit ballad \"Tonight.\" Revived successfully on Broadway in 1980 and 2009 (both times with the original Robbins choreography), West Side Story remains one of the most popular musicals of all time.", "Chicago (1975) is an American musical with music by John Kander, lyrics by Fred Ebb and a book by Ebb and Bob Fosse. Set in Prohibition-era Chicago, the musical is based on a 1926 play of the same name by reporter Maurine Dallas Watkins about actual criminals and crimes she reported on. The story is a satire on corruption in the administration of criminal justice and the concept of the \"celebrity criminal.\"", "Come and celebrate the 53th anniversary of this madcap musical that originally took Broadway by storm in 1954 winning 6 Tony Awards including Best Musical, Best Score and Best Book. 15 beautifully written songs with the most mememorable, \"Hey There,\" \"Steam Heat,\" \"Hernandos Hideaway,\" and I'm Not All in Love.", "Parker wrote the book for a stage adaptation of Bugsy Malone, using Williams' music. This premiered in the West End in 1983 at Her Majesty's Theatre and ran for 300 performances. It was directed by Michael Dolenz , and the cast featured Catherine Zeta-Jones as Tallulah. In 1997, the National Youth Music Theatre mounted an all-youth version. It was revived at the Queens Theatre in 1997, starring Sheridan Smith . [20] Another revival played in 2015 and again in 2016 at the Lyric Hammersmith theatre, [21] where it was nominated for the Olivier Award for best musical revival. [22]", "Cabaret is a musical based on a book written by Christopher Isherwood, music by John Kander and lyrics by Fred Ebb. The 1966 Broadway production became a hit, inspiring and spawned numerous subsequent productions in London and New York, as well as a 1972 film by the same name.  It was subsequently revised in 1987, and revived on Broadway in 1998 with Alan Cummings where it won multiple Tony Awards.", "King Kong, is a musical with music by Marius de Vries, lyrics by Michael Mitnick and Craig Lucas, a book by Lucas and additional musical and lyrical contributions by 3D, Sarah McLachlan, Guy Garvey, Justice and The Avalanches. It is based on the 1933 film of the same name and is produced by Global Creatures, who partnered with animatronics workshop The Creature Technology Company who designed the six-metre animatronic silverback title character. Under the direction of Daniel Kramer, the musical is choreographed by John O’Connell.", "“Chitty Chitty Bang Bang” is based on the 1968 film from Ian Fleming’s novel with book by Jeremy Sams with lyrics and music by Robert B. Sherman and Richard M. Sherman. The musical comedy is the story of an inventor, Caractacus Potts, an eccentric who begins restoring an old race car that his children, Jemima and Jeremy, find in a junk heap. They discover that the car is magic and can fly. When the evil Baron Bomburst tries to take the car, all sorts of misadventures ensue! Songs include “Truly Scrumptious,” “Hushabye Mountain,” “Toot Sweets” and “Chitty Chitty Bang Bang.”", "Pirates! Or, Gilbert and Sullivan Plunder'd (2006), is a musical comedy set on a Caribbean island, involving a voodoo curse that makes the pirates \"landsick\". It was first presented 1 November 2006 at Goodspeed Opera House in East Haddam, Connecticut , then in 2007 at the Paper Mill Playhouse in Millburn, New Jersey , in 2009 at the Huntington Theatre Company in Boston , Massachusetts, and at The Muny in St Louis , Missouri in 2012. Other Gilbert and Sullivan numbers, such as the Nightmare song from Iolanthe are interpolated. [157] [158]", "Notes: Adapted from the 1988 Michael CaineSteve Martin film (there was an earlier film version with Marlon Brando and David Niven) – this musical version by the same team that created “The Full Monty” opened on Broadway on March 3rd 2005 and ran for 627 performances, with John Lithgow and Norbert Lero Butz in the lead roles. Later cast replacements included Jonathan Pryce and Keith Carradine.", "Assassins is a musical with music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim and book by John Weidman, based on an idea by Charles Gilbert, Jr. It uses the premise of a murderous carnival game to produce a revue-style portrayal of men and women who attempted (successfully or not) to assassinate Presidents of the United States. The music varies to reflect the popular music of the eras depicted.", "When Weill died of a heart ailment one month after his 50th birthday (3 April 1950), his legacy and estate went into the hands of Lenya, who continued to nurture his career up until her death in 1981. Unexpected prosperity came in 1954 with an English-language version in New York City of Brecht/Weill's The Threepenny Opera, with help (including a stylish translation) from composer Marc Blitzstein. This production distinguishes itself as one of a handful of productions that became the cornerstone of the phenomenon known as Off-Broadway. A few years later, Louis Armstrong made the song Mack the Knife into a hit single, followed by a version by Bobby Darrin (1959) that became one of the most famous Grammy-winning hits of all time. Many American television and movie stars, including Jerry Ohrbach, Bea Arthur, Jerry Stiller, and Ed Asner, appeared in this Off-Broadway production, which ran at the Theatre de Lys (today, the Lucille Lortel Theatre in Greenwich Village) for almost a decadeone of the longest running shows in New York City history.", "A  Broadway musical   revue  showcasing Waller tunes entitled  Ain't Misbehavin'  was produced in 1978. (The show and a star of the show,  Nell Carter , won  Tony Awards .) The show opened at the  Longacre Theatre  and ran for more than 1600 performances. It was revived on Broadway in 1988. Performed by five African-American actors, the show included such songs as \" Honeysuckle Rose \", \"This Joint Is Jumpin'\", and \" Ain't Misbehavin' \".", "The classic Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (1968) was adapted into a London West End Musical in 2002 and performed at the London Palladium. It was also nominated for a 2003 Laurence Olivier Theatre Award for the Hilton Award for Best New Musical of 2002.", "78 Which musical features the songs “The Simple Joys Of Maidenhood” and “How To Handle A Woman”?", "Complete with a second act padded with novelty numbers (including the Bob Fosse signature dances “Hernando’s Hideaway” and “Steam Heat”), this instantly likable vintage musical by George Abbott, Richard Adler and Jerry Ross delights with the very salt-of-the-earth characters and solid situations that graced Damn Yankees, their next winner. Clever games in their own right, Adler and Ross’ melodies and lyrics fit each other like a charm. Happily, here they fit the 13-member ensemble just as tightly.", "“Ain’t Misbehavin” is a musical tribute to the incomparable, Fats Waller. It originated at Broadway’s Longacre Theatre on May 9, 1978. The original cast included: Nell Carter , André DeShields , Armelia McQueen , Ken Page , and Charlayne Woodard . It ran for 1604 performances and closed on February 21, 1982. The book was by –   Murray Horwitz and Richard Maltby, Jr. , and music by various composers and lyricists as arranged and orchestrated by Luther Henderson . It won the Tony Award for Best Musical.", "In 2002, \"Chitty\" hit the London stage and received rave revues. \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang: The Stage Musical\" is currently the most successful stage show ever produced at the London Palladium. In 2005, a second company will premiere on Broadway (New York City). The Sherman brothers wrote an additional six songs specifically for the new stage productions.", "The original London production won the award for Best Musical at the Evening Standard Awards in 1973. Additionally, both the original Broadway production and the 2000 revival of the musicals have accrued nominations for both Tony Awards and Drama Desk Awards.", "*The Sweeney Todd Shock'n'Roll Show, a musical by Peter Miller and Randall Lewton written to be performed by young people. The show is available from Samuel French, Ltd.", "Shows listed are stage musicals unless otherwise noted. (Where the show was later made into a film, the year refers to the stage version.)", "Note: the musical revue was in the form of sketches. These are taken from the 1971 production shown on pay-per-view. Lyrics and music by Robert Dennis, Peter Schickele and Stanley Walden (unless otherwise noted).", "From left, Marvin Hamlisch, Mr. Lewis and Rupert Holmes. Mr. Hamlisch wrote the new musical’s score; Mr. Holmes, its book and lyrics. Credit Josh Anderson for The New York Times", "In July 1974 the Old Vic presented a rock concert for the first time. National Theatre director Sir Peter Hall arranged for the progressive folk-rock band Gryphon to première Midnight Mushrumps, the fantasia inspired by Hall's own 1974 Old Vic production of The Tempest starring John Gielgud for which Gryphon had supplied the music.", "What: \"Fiorello!\" Book by Jerome Weidman and George Abbott. Music by Jerry Bock. Lyrics by Sheldon Harnick. Directed by Bob Moss; choreographer, Michael Callahan; music director, Evan Zavada", "\"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\" (Robert b. Sherman/Richard m. Sherman)-performed by Dick Van Dyke, Heather Ripley, Adrian Hall, and Sally Ann Howes" ]

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[ "An early example of Hitchcock's technical virtuosity was his creation of \"subjective sound\" for Blackmail (1929), his first sound film. In this story of a woman who stabs an artist to death when he tries to seduce her, Hitchcock emphasized the young woman's anxiety by gradually distorting all but one word \"knife\" of a neighbor's dialogue the morning after the killing. Here and in Murder! (1930), Hitchcock first made explicit the link between sex and violence.", "During his career, he created over fifty feature films in a career that saw not only the development of Hitchcock's own distinctive directorial style, but also landmark innovations in cinema. In 1929, Blackmail was his first feature film with sound and in 1948, his first colour film was Rope. Hitchcock himself has been credited with pioneering many camera and editing techniques for peers and aspiring directors to emulate.", "Hitchcock's first thriller, The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog (1926), helped shape the thriller genre in film, while his 1929 film, Blackmail , is often regarded as the first British sound feature film. [84] [85] The 39 Steps (1935) features a signature Hitchcock cameo , and established the quintessential English 'Hitchcock blonde' Madeleine Carroll as the template for his succession of ice cold and elegant leading ladies. [86] Alexander Korda 's The Private Life of Henry VIII (1933), was the first British production to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture. Boris Karloff played the leading role in major horror films in the 1930s, and collaborated with film director James Whale . Famous for their motion picture film scores , the London Symphony Orchestra first performed film music in 1935. [87]", "Hitchcock’s “Blackmail,” made in 1929, is considered to be the first significant sound feature made by the British film industry. The film was a critical and commercial hit. Among its awards is a citation as the best British movie of 1929.", "Hitchcock began work on his tenth film Blackmail (1929) when its production company British International Pictures (BIP) decided to convert its Elstree facility to sound, and to utilise that new technology in Blackmail. It was an early 'talkie', often cited by film historians as a landmark film, and is often considered to be the first British sound feature film. Blackmail began the Hitchcock tradition of using famous landmarks as a backdrop for suspense sequences, with the climax of the film taking place on the dome of the British Museum. It also features one of his longest cameo appearances, which shows him being bothered by a small boy as he reads a book on the London Underground. In the PBS series The Men Who Made The Movies, Hitchcock explained how he used early sound recording as a special element of the film, stressing the word \"knife\" in a conversation with the woman suspected of murder. During this period, Hitchcock directed segments for a BIP musical film revue Elstree Calling (1930) and directed a short film featuring two Film Weekly scholarship winners entitled An Elastic Affair (1930). Another BIP musical revue, Harmony Heaven (1929), reportedly had minor input from Hitchcock, but his name does not appear in the credits.", "Hitchcock’s first talking picture was the thriller Blackmail (1929). One of the year’s biggest hits in England , it became the first British film to make use of synchronized sound only after the completed silent version was postdubbed and partly reshot. Polish actress Anny Ondra (who had starred in The Manxman) played a would-be model who stabs an artist when he tries to assault her. The murder investigation is headed by the model’s fiancé, but she is being blackmailed for the killing and is afraid to confide in him. The film’s most memorable sequence is a chase through the British Museum and across its roof, but Hitchcock builds the mood of encroaching menace throughout. Juno and the Paycock (1929) was adapted from Sean O’Casey ’s popular play, while Elstree Calling (1930) was a collection of musical and comedy sketches that Hitchcock codirected with three others.", "It wasn't long before Hitchcock became known as the «Master of Suspense», which is a title he actually gave to himself. The first talkie created by Hitchcock was the movie «Blackmail». The film, which was released in 1929, had originally supposed to be a silent film, and there are some people who think it should have stayed that way. nevertheless, it was a incredible breakthrough for both Hitchcock and the British film industry as it was their first film with sound (Giannetti 182). However, there were a few problems that arose with the transition to sound. A girl named Anna Ondra played the female character Alice, and had a thick Eastern accent which came to be impossible to interpret in the film. This was obviously never a problem for her prior to «Blackmail» since she had only starred in silent films. Hitchcock helped to fix this problem by getting someone to dub over her voice which turned out to be the perfect solution (Philips 23). This film features a classic Hitchcock story where the character wants the police to understand what happened, but decide it isn't a good idea. They figure that the police would never believe them anyway, so they're on their own (Philips 23).", "In 1929, Hitchcock began work on his tenth film Blackmail . [29] While the film was still in production, the studio, British International Pictures (BIP), decided to make it one of the UK's first sound pictures. With the climax of the film taking place on the dome of the British Museum , Blackmail began the Hitchcock tradition of using famous landmarks as a backdrop for suspense sequences. In the PBS series The Men Who Made The Movies, [30] Hitchcock had explained how he used early sound recording as a special element of the film, emphasizing the word \"knife\" in a conversation with the woman suspected of murder. [31] During this period, Hitchcock directed segments for a BIP musical film revue Elstree Calling (1930) and directed a short film featuring two Film Weekly scholarship winners, An Elastic Affair (1930). Another BIP musical revue, Harmony Heaven (1929), reportedly had minor input from Hitchcock, but his name does not appear in the credits.", "Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Cast: Anny Ondra, Sara Allgood, John Londgen, Cyril Ritchard. The first sound film for Hitchcock and Britain, although it was begun as a silent film and bears many visual touches of that art form. A girl kills a rapist in self-defense and her fiance is the detective investigating the case. 78 min. DVD 159; VHS 999:74", "Alfred Hitchcock directed the first talking film ever made in England. It was called Blackmail and was made in 1931.", "The Trouble with Harry is notable as a landmark in Hitchcock's career as it marked the first of several highly regarded collaborations with composer Bernard Herrmann. In an interview for The New York Times on June 18, 1971, Hitchcock stated that the score was his favorite of all his films. Herrmann rerecorded a new arrangement of highlights from the film's score for Phase 4 Stereo with Herrmann calling the arrangement A Portrait of Hitch.", "Born in London, Hitchcock broke into silent films as a go-fer, artist and writer. The first of his own films, \"The Pleasure Garden,\" was shot in Germany at the height of Expressionism, and throughout his career, he liked strange camera angles, dramatic shadows, weird juxtapositions, unexpected visual revelations. His first big hits were \"The Man Who Knew Too Much\" (1934) and \"The 39 Steps\" (1935), and after the huge success of \"The Lady Vanishes\" (1938), he was soon summoned to Hollywood by producer David O. Selznick . Their 1940 production of \"Rebecca\" won the Oscar as best picture; ironically, it was a macabre romance and did not have the kind of suspense for which Hitchcock was most famous.", "The film began production as a silent film. To cash in on the new popularity of talkies, the film's producer, John Maxwell of British International Pictures, gave Hitchcock the go-ahead to film a portion of the movie in sound. Hitchcock thought the idea absurd and surreptitiously filmed almost the entire feature in sound (the opening 6½ minutes of the sound version are silent, with musical accompaniment, as are some shorter scenes later), along with a silent version for theatres not yet equipped for talking pictures.", "The film began production as a silent film . To cash in on the new popularity of talkies, the film's producer, John Maxwell of British International Pictures , gave Hitchcock the go-ahead to film a portion of the movie in sound. Hitchcock thought the idea absurd and surreptitiously filmed almost the entire feature in sound (the opening 6½ minutes of the sound version are silent, with musical accompaniment, as are some shorter scenes later), along with a silent version for theatres not yet equipped for talking pictures.", "Hitchcock�s use of sound follows on Murder! and Juno and the Paycock with material offscreen and the playing of a wireless. The distinctly Nabokovian touches include a romantic conversation interrupted at what was then called the psychological moment by a rather bluff character smoking a cigarette who simply opens a door (or a hatch) and sticks his head in. The prodigious wealth of detail is almost beyond description; a role later played by Patricia Hitchcock is featured here in an earlier avatar.", "Hitchcock also tended to switch back to silent-film mode by placing the actors out of the microphone�s reach intentionally. In the final sequence of Blackmail, we are given a distant view through glass doors within the police building, as Alice and the doorman knock on the Inspector�s office door. Since we see it through the glass doors from a distance, the knocking sound is absent as well as the dialogue of the doorman explaining who is there and the subsequent permission to enter. Hitchcock�s act of withholding the audio of this simple moment from us, allows us to see it from an objective viewpoint and consider the implication of what she is about to do � confess to the murder. Subsequently, Hitchcock switched to silent-film mode in To Catch a Thief (1955), also through glass doors, as a conversation is carried out with broad motions of the actor�s bodies, rather than dialogue. During a key moment in Torn Curtain (1966), Sarah (Julie Andrews) is made privy to the secret which we�ve known all along � that her husband (Paul Newman) has been sent to spy. He reveals this to her on a distant hill, in which they both walk away from the microphone. In the distance we see him explaining something to her, and witness the moment she changes from anger to glee, punctuated by her embrace. Since the viewer already knew this information, Hitchcock chose not to bore us with the dialogue, focusing instead on the visual moment.", "Released to accommodate unconverted theaters, the silent Blackmail is leaner than the sound version and all the more disquieting for its subtle shifts in perspective. A documentary-style prologue establishes the rule of law in swift, precise strokes, but culpability ultimately proves elusive after a young woman grabs for a kitchen knife to defend herself from a darkly intimated rape. No sooner has the woman’s policeman boyfriend determined to cover up her crime than a supremely confident blackmailer materializes at the family shop. Hitchcock undercuts easy moral dualities at every turn, masterfully interspersing subjective and objective views for his first sustained exploration of the transference of guilt. A most Hitchcockian climax set at the British Museum was suggested to the director by a young Michael Powell, and the film was adapted from a play by Charles Bennett, the screenwriter who would go on to pen several of Hitchcock’s most characteristic Thirties' films.", "Hitchcock�s first American film is about an Englishman who kills his first wife and marries a young girl. Essentially, it�s a variation on the theme of Blackmail.", "Rebecca (1940) , the classic gothic tale of the marriage between a widower (Laurence Olivier) and his young, unnamed vulnerable bride (Joan Fontaine) who is haunted by the shadow of the late Rebecca, her predecessor; Hitchcock's first American film", "Hitchcock’s Blackmail (1929) was promoted as Britain’s first full-length talkie (though that claim is still disputed). Then, in the mid-1930s, the director gained an international reputation with a series of brisk and audacious “chase” thrillers for Gaumont-British, including The 39 Steps (1935) and The Lady Vanishes (1938). In turn, Rebecca (1940) launched his American career. That film began Hitchcock’s systematic emphasis on “the subjective” (much of the film is ostensibly told from the point of view of one character) and thus, I would argue, immeasurably deepened his capacity to bring audiences out of the cold, to engage us at a fundamental level. Such Hitchcock masterpieces as Rear Window, Vertigo, and Psycho all owe a debt to Rebecca.", "Part I: Alfred the Great. This first program traces the early years of Hitchcock's life and career, looking at his upbringing, education, and rise as a director. Details his apprenticeship with Fritz Lang, his production of the first British \"talkie,\" his move to Hollywood and his tumultuous collaboration with David O. Selznick and the formation of his own short-lived studio. Features extensive film clips, interviews, commentary, and previously unavailable materials, including outtakes, filmed auditions, and Hitchcock's own home movies. 1999. 52 min. DVD 2337", "The first Hitchcock film based on a true story. A nightclub musician is falsely accused of a robbery, an accusation that ruins his life. 105 minutes.", "The voice overs by “mother’ are even more rococo. First hired was Paul Jasmin, an aspirant actor who had developed, as a joke, a practice of phoning well-known actors as 'Eunice Ayers'. Hitchcock also hired actresses Jeanette Nolan and Virginia Gregg to record the same lines. The version on the sound track is a splicing together of the three voices. From word to word it jumps from one to the other.", "Returning to England for an extended visit in late 1943 and early 1944, Hitchcock made two short films for the Ministry of Information, Bon Voyage [62] and Aventure Malgache . [63] These - made for the Free French - were the only films Hitchcock made in the French language, and \"feature typical Hitchcockian touches\". [64] In the 1990s, the two films were shown by Turner Classic Movies and released on home video.", "Hitchcock remarked in a British film journal interview just before leaving for Hollywood that he hoped to make a film about the tragic loss of RMS Titanic, as the inherent drama of the ocean liner's sinking appealed to him. He went on to make Rebecca (1940) instead.", "Psycho is a 1960 American psychological horror thriller directed and produced by Alfred Hitchcock, and written by Joseph Stefano, starring Anthony Perkins, Janet Leigh, John Gavin, Vera Miles and Martin Balsam, and was based on the 1959 novel of the same name by Robert Bloch. The film centers on the encounter between a secretary, Marion Crane (Leigh), who ends up at a secluded motel after stealing money from her employer, and the motel's disturbed owner-manager, Norman Bates (Perkins), and its aftermath. ", "Easy Virtue (1928) takes Hitchcock away from his typical suspense film. It is a kind of film not much made today, but which was hugely popular in the silent era: a romantic melodrama set against a world of upper class wealth. It reminds one in general terms of Lady Windemere's Fan (Ernst Lubitsch, 1925). Hitchcock does surprisingly well with this kind of material. The conflict between a worldly, sophisticated woman with a secret past, and a proper family in British upper-crust Society, is at the center of both works. Both films revel in their depiction of Society amusements. Both films also have a subtlety, and delicacy of playing.", "Produced and directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Screenplay by Joseph Stephano, from the novel by Robert Bloch. Photographed by John L. Russell. Art direction by Joseph Hurley and Robert Clatworthy. Special effects by Clarence Champagne. Sets by George Milo. Music by Bernard Herrmann. Sound engineering by Waldon Watson and William Russell. Title design by Saul Bass. Edited by George Tomasini.", "Hitchcock’s final assignment for tiny British International Pictures came freighted with mystery clichés of stolen necklaces, creaky houses, and disappearing corpses. Palpably impatient with his source material, Hitchcock takes every opportunity to color outside the lines, often to rather surreal effect. The film opens with the camera insistently pushing into the titular London address, immediately establishing the rule of style over explication. Expressionist shadows lengthen to the point of self-parody, though listless tracking shots suggest a characteristic undercurrent of disorientation. An intricately edited race to the finish complete with model ships and trains epitomizes the innocent phase of Hitchcockian illusion – velocity without the vertigo. Print courtesy British Film Institute.", "Gottlieb, Sidney: Hitchcock on Hitchcock. Faber and Faber, 1995. Articles, lectures, etc. by Hitchcock himself. Basic reading on the director and his films.", "Produced and Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Screnplay by John Michael Hayes, based on a story by Cornell Woolrich. Photographed by Robert Burks. Art Direction by Hal Pereira, Joseph McMillan Johnson, Sam Comer, and Ray Mayer. Edited by George Tomasini. Music by Franz Waxman.", "Directed by Alfred Hitchcock . Written by John Michael Hayes , based on the novel by David Dodge ." ]

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[ "Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy Onassis - Jaqcueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy Onasis Jackie Kennedy was the wife of John F. Kennedy, 35th president of the United States. Jackie Kennedy was known for her sense of style and elegance. Her second husband , Aristotle Onasis, was one of the wealthiest men in the world. Jackie was of a wealthy and socially prominent family. She studied at Vassar College and George Washington University. She graduated in 1951. For two years she worked as a photographer and a columnist for the Washington Times Herald, until her marriage in September 1953 to senator John F....   [tags: essays research papers]", "Kennedy married Jacqueline Bouvier in 1953. They had two surviving children, Caroline and John F. Kennedy Jr. Following Kennedy's death, the activities of Jacqueline and the two children remained part of the American consciousness. In 1968, Jacqueline married wealthy Greek businessman Aristotle Onassis, who died in 1975. She worked as an editor with Doubleday until her death in 1994. John F. Kennedy Jr. emerged as a popular media figure, and in 1995 he founded the now-defunct political magazine George. However, like his father, the junior Kennedy died an early, tragic death when he was killed in a plane crash along with his wife and sister-in-law in 1999.", "In October 20, 1968, Jacqueline Kennedy married a Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis. When Mr. Onassis died in 1975, she became a widow a second time. Now that her children were older, Jacqueline decided to begin a new career. She accepted a job as an editor at Viking Press in New York City and later moved to Doubleday as a senior editor. She enjoyed a successful career in publishing until her death on May 19, 1994. Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis was laid to rest beside President Kennedy in Arlington National Cemetery outside Washington, D.C. [6]", " In January 1960, Senator John F. Kennedy announced his candidacy for the presidency of the United States. Jacqueline began traveling all around the country in support of the campaign, and learned that she was pregnant.  Following her doctor's advice, Jackie remained home in Georgetown where she answered hundreds of campaign letters, recorded TV commercials, granted interviews, and worked hard on her weekly newspaper column, Campaign Wife, which was distributed nationally. On November 8, 1960, John F. Kennedy won the election receiving 34,220,984 votes to  Richard M. Nixon's 34,108,157 votes.  On November 25th, Mrs. Kennedy gave birth to their second child, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, Jr.", "Jacqueline Kennedy and her two children moved from the White House to a home in the Georgetown section of Washington. Continuing crowds of the worshipful and curious made peace there impossible, however, and in the summer of 1964 she moved to New York City . Pursuit continued until October 20, 1968, when she married Aristotle Onassis , a wealthy Greek shipping magnate. The Associated Press said that the marriage “broke the spell of almost complete adulation of a woman who had become virtually a legend in her own time.” Widowed by Onassis, the former first lady returned to the public eye in the mid-1970s as a high-profile book editor, and she remained among the most admired women in the United States until her death in 1994. As an adult, daughter Caroline was jealous of her own privacy, but John Jr.—a lawyer like his sister and debonair and handsome like his father—was much more of a public figure. Long remembered as “John-John,” the three-year-old who stoically saluted his father’s casket during live television coverage of the funeral procession, John Jr. became the founder and editor-in-chief of the political magazine George in the mid-1990s. In 1999, when John Jr., his wife, and his sister-in-law died in the crash of the private plane he was piloting, the event was the focus of an international media watch that further proved the immortality of the Kennedy mystique. It was yet another chapter in the family’s “curse” of tragedy.", "Bouvier and then-U.S. Representative John Fitzgerald \"Jack\" Kennedy belonged to the same social circle, and were formally introduced by a mutual friend, journalist Charles L. Bartlett, at a dinner party in May 1952. Bouvier was attracted to Kennedy's physical appearance, charm, wit and wealth. The two also shared similarities in both being Catholic and writers, enjoying reading and previously having lived abroad.O'Brien, pp. 265–266 Kennedy was then busy running for the US Senate but after his election in November, the relationship grew more serious and he proposed marriage to her. Bouvier took some time to accept, due to having been assigned to cover the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in London for The Washington Times-Herald. After a month in Europe, she accepted the proposal upon her return to the United States, and resigned from her position at the newspaper. Their engagement was officially announced on June 25, 1953. ", "After attending Vassar University, the Sorbonne and George Washington University, Onassis got her first job working as a reporter for the Washington Times-Herald in 1952. As the paper’s “Inquiring Photographer,” the future first lady roamed the streets of the nation’s capital asking strangers their opinions on everything from personal finance (“Do you approve of joint bank accounts?”) to politics and relationships (“Do you think a wife should let her husband think he’s smarter than she is?”). Among the many people she interviewed was Richard Nixon, the man John F. Kennedy would later defeat in the 1960 presidential election.", "Kennedy met his future wife, Jacqueline Lee “Jackie” Bouvier (1929–1994), when he was a congressman. Charles L. Bartlett , a journalist, introduced the pair at a dinner party. [291] They were married a year after he was elected senator, on September 12, 1953. [292] The Kennedy family is one of the most established political families in the United States, having produced a president, three senators, and multiple other Representatives, both on the federal and state level. Family patriarch, Joe Kennedy, was a prominent American businessman and political figure, serving in multiple roles, including Ambassador to the United Kingdom , from 1938 to 1940.", "His congressional district in Boston was a safe seat, but Kennedy was too ambitious to remain long in the House of Representatives. In 1952 he ran for the U.S. Senate against the popular incumbent, Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. His mother and sisters Eunice, Patricia, and Jean held “Kennedy teas” across the state . Thousands of volunteers flocked to help, including his 27-year-old brother Robert, who managed the campaign. That fall the Republican presidential candidate, General Dwight D. Eisenhower , carried Massachusetts by 208,000 votes; but Kennedy defeated Lodge by 70,000 votes. Less than a year later, on September 12, 1953, Kennedy enhanced his electoral appeal by marrying Jacqueline Lee Bouvier ( Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis ). Twelve years younger than Kennedy and from a socially prominent family, the beautiful “Jackie” was the perfect complement to the handsome politician; they made a glamorous couple.", "Kennedy was subject to significant media attention in 1966–1967, when she and Robert Kennedy tried to block the publication of William Manchester’s authorized account of President Kennedy’s death , despite its having been commissioned by her. [128] [129] [130] They sued its publishers, Harper & Row , in December 1966; the suit was settled the following year with Manchester removing passages detailing President Kennedy’s family life. White viewed the ordeal as validation of the measures the Kennedy family, Jackie in particular, were prepared to take to preserve President Kennedy’s public image.", "Jacqueline Bouvier was an inquiring “camera girl” for the Washington Times Herald shortly after her graduation from George Washington University in 1951.  That year she interviewed Congressman John F. Kennedy. She married Kennedy in 1953 in Newport, Rhode Island.", "On October 20, 1968, Kennedy married her long-time friend Aristotle Onassis, a wealthy Greek shipping magnate who was able to provide the privacy and security she sought for herself and her children. The wedding took place on Skorpios, Onassis's private Greek island in the Ionian Sea. Following her marriage and now going by the name Jacqueline Onassis, she lost her right to Secret Service protection, an entitlement to a widow of a U.S. president. The marriage brought her considerable adverse publicity, including talk of excommunication by the Roman Catholic church. She was condemned as a \"public sinner\", and became the target of paparazzi who followed her everywhere and nicknamed her \"Jackie O\". ", "It was the American media that was scandalized by the marriage on behalf of the American people. �Jackie How Could You?� and �Jack Kennedy Dies Today for a Second Time� cried headlines. Magazines like Life feared their best-selling cover subject was disappearing to a kingdom by the sea. Of course all they had to do was wait fifteen minutes, until she was reinvented as that piece of newsstand heaven: �Jackie O.,� never too thin and never too rich.", "During this time, Jacqueline met John F. Kennedy, who was a congressman and soon to be elected senator from Massachusetts. On September 12, 1953, they married at St. Mary’s Church in Newport, Rhode Island. After their honeymoon in Mexico, the Kennedys returned to Washington DC. Early on in their marriage, Senator Kennedy suffered crippling pain in his back from football and wartime injuries and had two operations. While recovering from surgery, Mrs. Kennedy encouraged him to write a book about several US senators who had risked their careers to fight for the things they believed in. The book, called Profiles in Courage, was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for biography in 1957. That same year, the Kennedys’ first child, Caroline, was born.", "This Sept. 10, 2013 photo shows an Associated Press image taken Nov. 22, 1963, of Jackie Kennedy and Secret Service agent Clint Hill climbing on the back of the limousine after President Kennedy was shot, juxtaposed with the current scene in Dallas. ", "Jackie was a most supportive wife as evidenced by this letter to James MacGregor Burns, Hyannisport, Massachusetts, on November 4, 1959.   She writes with polite, yet barely restrained anger, at how Burns has depicted JFK in his forthcoming book, John F. Kennedy, A Political Profile. \"I think you underestimate him,\" she writes, stressing that she is writing solely on her own initiative and ", "She was married at 24 to Joseph P. Kennedy Sr., the son of a saloon keeper, and a dynamo who amassed holdings in banking, real estate, liquor, films and Wall Street that grew to an estimated $500 million. Despite controversy over his wealth and isolationist views, he was posted to the Court of St. James's as Ambassador to Britain from 1938 to 1941.", "Kennedy and his wife were younger in comparison to the presidents and first ladies who preceded them, and both were popular in the media culture in ways more common to pop singers and movie stars than politicians, influencing fashion trends and becoming the subjects of numerous photo spreads in popular magazines. Although Eisenhower had allowed presidential press conferences to be filmed for television, Kennedy was the first president to ask for them to be broadcast live and made good use of the medium. [276] In 1961 the Radio-Television News Directors Association presented Kennedy with its highest honor, the Paul White Award, in recognition of his open relationship with the media. [277]", "New book reveals that Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis was a passionate woman who had many men--before, during and after her marriage to JFK", "Often overlooked in the pondering is the fact that the wedding took place less than five months after the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy during his campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination. As his sister-in-law Jackie Kennedy had not merely supported his candidacy out of family loyalty but had encouraged him personally as they struggled in the aftermath of President Kennedy’s assassination.", "When her husband was sworn in as president on January 20, 1961, 31-year-old Kennedy became the third youngest First Lady in American history. As a presidential couple, the Kennedys differed from their immediate predecessors by their relative youth, and their relationship with the media. Historian Gil Troy has noted that in particular, they \"emphasized vague appearances rather than specific accomplishments or passionate commitments\" and therefore fit in well in the early 1960s' \"cool, TV-oriented culture\". The discussion on Kennedy's fashion choices continued during her years in the White House, and she became a trendsetter, hiring American designer Oleg Cassini to design her wardrobe. She was the first First Lady to have her own press secretary, Helen Thomas, and carefully managed her contact with the media, usually shying away from making public statements, and strictly controlling the extent to which her children were photographed.Beasley, pp. 78–83 Portrayed by the media as the ideal woman, academic Maurine Beasley has stated that Kennedy \"created an unrealistic media expectation for first ladies that would challenge her successors\". Nevertheless, by attracting worldwide positive public attention, the First Lady gained allies for the White House and international support for the Kennedy administration and its Cold War policies. ", "First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy, wife of U.S. President John F. Kennedy, at work in 1961. (AFP/Getty Images)", "The previous head of Ms. Magazine, was the person who arranged the motorcade route for John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Texas, for his assassination. Steinem took her place later at Ms. This person attended the important planning sessions for the coming visit of the President. The Bloom Agency handled the public relations for the visit, then also handled public relations for the Jack Ruby trial. This was a first for any court, to have a public relations firm employed in a court case. Now again, perhaps the Steinem association with this person, Elizabeth Forsling Harris, in and of itself wouldn't be too damning. But in light of all the other information -- the Independent Research Service connections, in light of her association with J. Stanley Pottinger and some of the things Pottinger's been involved in -- it's one more very interesting detail concerning Steinem and her involvement in a very deep intelligence milieu.", "^ \"Jack, Jackie Kennedy's Wedding 50 Years Ago Remembered by Friends, Family\". cnn. Retrieved November 15, 2014.", "41 The world was watching too. Some 500 photographers and 2,000 journalists from 92 nations lined the Coronation route - among them a 23-year-old Washington-based photojournalist named Jacqueline Bouvier - later famous as US First Lady Jackie Kennedy.", "President John F. Kennedy and his wife Jacqueline arrive at Love Field in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963.", "Nov. 22, 1963; Dallas, Texas; President John F. Kennedy and First Lady Jackie Kennedy waiting in the motorcade the day of Kennedy’s assassination.", "(17) I. F. Stone , a journalist, wrote an article on Kennedy after he was assassinated in 1963.", "MEET THE PRESS OFFERS VIEWERS A RARE GLIMPSE AT JFKS PRESIDENTIAL RISE IN MTP REMEMBERS JFKTHE PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN", "Jackie Kennedy with JFK in Dallas moments before his assassination. News of his death drew massive audiences", "(A16) I. F. Stone , a journalist, wrote an article on John F. Kennedy after he was assassinated in 1963.", "Take it from a former subscriber - Jimmy Carter photo was not on cover. That was Patti McGuire, later Jimmy Connors' ex." ]

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[ "The license plate is rectangular in shape and made of aluminum. On the left, there is the country code \"TR\" in a 4×10 cm blue stripe like in EU countries (without the 12 golden stars). The text is in black characters on white background, and for official vehicles white on black. On all vehicles two plates have to be present, being one in front and the other in rear except motorcycles and tractors. The serial letters use the Turkish letters except Ç, Ş, İ, Ö, Ü and Ğ.", "The licence plate is rectangular in shape and made of aluminum. On the left, there is the country code \"TR\" in a 4×10 cm blue stripe like in EU countries (without the 12 golden stars). The text is in black characters on white background, and for official vehicles white on black. On all vehicles two plates have to be present, being one in front and the other in rear except motorcycles and tractors. The serial letters use the Turkish letters except Ç, Ğ, İ, Ö, Ş and Ü.", "The country in which a motor vehicle's vehicle registration plate was issued is indicated by an international licence plate country code, formerly known as an International Registration Letter or International Circulation Mark, displayed in bold block uppercase on a small white oval plate or sticker near the number plate on the rear of a vehicle.", "The BMC trademark is registered (1564704, E1118348) to MG Rover Group Ltd in the UK. BMC is also the name of a commercial vehicle manufacturer in Turkey, formerly the Turkish subsidiary of the British Motor Corporation. It is believed that Nanjing Automotive may have purchased this from MG Rover, however the brand has not been reassigned as of 17 July 2006.", "Turkish car number plates are license plates found on Turkish vehicles. The plates use an indirect numbering system associated with the geographical info. In Turkey, license plates are made by authorized private workshops.", "Besides these normal plates, there are also military plates for Army, Navy, Air Force, and also the Police. While diplomatic corps get special white plates and black numbering with \"CD\" prefix. The normal scheme comprises a one or two letters identification for the regencies, followed by an up to four digit numbers for the car's identification, and the last one to three letters are the serial code or district identification. The expiry date of the licence is embossed along the bottom and some on the top of the plate. At the middle of the plate number, the numbers are usually random or requested by the vehicle owner and has a maximum of four digits and a maximum of three letters at the end of the vehicle's plate number, for example it could be: (B 1 T), (B 12 TE), (B 123 TE), and (B 1234 TWE). Sometimes the last maximum three letters at the end of the plate identifies the district region of the registered vehicle by the first letter, for example: (B 1234 WEW) which \"W\" identifies the vehicle is from the region of Southern South Tangerang city (Kota Tangerang Selatan), Banten province. Vehicle owners may request their vehicle's last letters plate for their own desire, but would need more affairs by the local police registering it, for example that the owner's name is \"Adi\" then he would make his vehicle's plate number like so: (B 1234 ADI).", "There are currently 13,347 regular medallions, running from 1A10 to 9Y99, and including 136 SBV (\"Standby vehicle\") licenses, and TLC1 and TLC3. The letter series runs from 10 to 99, then advances to the next letter, skipping I, O, Q, R, S, X, Z. After Y, the first digit advances. The license plates bear a variation of the medallion number. The numbers assigned to boro taxis are not medallion numbers, but they are TLC Street Hail Livery license numbers which consist of two letters, starting with AA, and advancing to AB and AC... followed by three numbers. The license plates retain the previous numbers as a livery cab.", "Turkish car number plates are licence plates found on Turkish vehicles. The plates use an indirect numbering system associated with the geographical info. In Turkey, licence plates are made by authorized private workshops.", "From Central Europe , getting to Turkey is not too difficult. In any case you'll need your International Insurance Card (Green Card). Pay attention to \"TR\" not being cancelled and be sure your insurance is valid for the Asian part of Turkey, too. Otherwise you will have to buy Turkish car insurance separately. In any case, Turkish customs will make an entry into your passport stating when the car (and thus you) have to leave Turkey again.", "Guernsey has its own separate international vehicle registrations (GBG – Guernsey, GBA – Alderney), internet domain ( .gg – Guernsey), and ISO 3166-2 codes, first reserved on behalf of the Universal Postal Union (GGY – Guernsey) and then added officially by the International Organization for Standardization on 29 March 2006. In any case the GBG on a numberplate is only put on the number plate of a car or motorbike at the request of the vehicle owner and is not compulsory, however a motorbike/scooter can have an identical number as a car, i.e. 5432 on 2 wheels and on 4 wheels.", "Since 1992, the letter license plate code used letters common to both the Latin and Cyrillic alphabets, irrespective of whether they have the same phonetic value or not: А, В, Е, К, М, Н, О, Р, С, Т, У, Х, the same as today. A similar system is used in Greece, Ukraine, Russia, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Ukraine. Regions are as per ISO 3166-2:BG. The new 1992 issue of plates used a white background, in the format \"X(X) NNNN Y\". All former yellow background plates became invalid. In 1993, The hyphens/stops between letter and number blocks were also phased out and also became invalid in 1993. During the mid-1990s, the \"X NNNN Y\" combinations began to run out in many provinces (as there were only 90,000 possible combinations), and so a second letter was added to the series. Between 2000-2008, The left-hand blue band Bulgaria flag was phased in, eventually becoming a legal requirement on 1 Jul 2006. These plates were all in the \"X(X) NNNN YY\" format, but the shape of the letters was changed to the current standard – namely, the letters were made more \"square\" and heavier-set than previously. These plates all began with the series \"AA\", thereby repeating some combinations that had already existed before, albeit without the EU strip. After October 2008 On the 1st Jan 2007 Bulgaria (BG) and Romania (RO) joined the European Union, and the standardised Europlate was introduced soon after.", "Turkish Vans were imported into the United States in the early 1970’s, and some were brought in from Turkey by servicemen who had been stationed there. In 1983, Barbara and Jack Reark (Matabiru Cattery) of South Miami, Florida imported a pair of Vans from France, and then three more from the Netherlands. The Rearks began to actively promote the Turkish Van (white with color on the extremities) to encourage others to work with the breed. The Rearks are credited with getting people interested in showing and breeding the cats in this country. Barbara retired from breeding and showing a few years ago, and Jack is deceased. Barbara still enjoys giving advice and Turkish Van anecdotes and history to those who seek knowledge from her.", "There are no fees to use the highways except intercity motorways (otoyol). While Turkish highways vary widely in quality and size, the toll motorways have three lanes and are very smooth and fast. Motorways are explicitly signed with distinct green signs and given road numbers prefixed with the letter O. The motorway network currently consists of two lines stretching out to east and west from Istanbul (towards Ankara and Edirne respectively), a network in Central Aegean fanning out of Izmir , and another one connecting the major eastern Mediterranean city of Adana to neighbouring cities in all directions.", "This represents the place where the car was first registered. Vehicles registered in Birmingham, for example, begin with the letters BA - BY; those registered in Chelmsford begin EA – EY.", "In some jurisdictions plates will be permanently assigned to that particular vehicle for its lifetime. Some countries permit the re-registration of the vehicle with \"personal\" (\"vanity\" or \"Cherished Mark\") plates. If the vehicle is destroyed or exported to a different country it will require re-registering in the country of import. China requires the re-registration of any vehicle that crosses its borders from another country, such as for overland tourist visits, regardless of the amount of time it is due to remain there; this has to be arranged with prior approval.", "In the prefectural system, the top line names the office at which the vehicle is registered, and includes a numeric code that indicates the class of vehicle. The bottom contains one serial letter (typically a kana ), and up to four digits. The classes of registration plate are divided by vehicle type and engine size. For private vehicles less than 660cc , registration plates have black text on a yellow background. Above 660cc, a white plate with green text is used. For commercial, non-private vehicles, the colors of the numberplate are inverted. An official seal is applied over one (typically the left) screw, preventing the plate being removed and applied to another car.", "* Denmark and Hungary use yellow plates for vehicles registered as commercial vehicles and in Greece, Latvia, Lithuania and Sweden yellow plates are used for taxi vehicles. Belgium uses red characters and is the only country not to use the standard black-on-white or black-on-yellow combination; with the introduction of European-style plates in November 2010, a slightly darker shade of red was chosen (RAL 3003) to improve legibility. In Norway, cars with front seats only (used for cargo) have green plates with black characters.", "Because of a European regulation (identification as a rental car should not be possible for everyone), the plates with the \"V\" are no longer in use. Today, rental cars usually have common car plates with the canton codes VD or AI. Temporary duty unpaid vehicles use \"Z\" plates and year band while Temporary duty paid plate have year band on the right.", "A vehicle registration plate is a metal or plastic plate attached to a motor vehicle or trailer for official identification purposes. The registration identifier is a numeric or alphanumeric code that uniquely identifies the vehicle within the issuing region's database . In some countries, the identifier is unique within the entire country, while in others it is unique within a state or province. Whether the identifier is associated with a vehicle or a person also varies by issuing agency. Depending on the country, the vehicle registration plate may be called a license plate or tag ( US ), licence plate ( Canada ), number plate or registration plate ( UK ).", "A European vehicle registration plate is a vehicle registration plate, a metal or plastic plate or plates attached to a motor vehicle or trailer for official identification purposes. The registration identifier is a numeric or alphanumeric code that uniquely identifies the vehicle within the issuing authority's database. In Europe most countries have adopted a common format for number plates, such as the common EU format issued in EU member states. This format satisfies the requirements in the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic, which states that cross-border vehicles must display a distinguishing code for the country of registration on the rear of the vehicle. This sign may either be an oval sticker placed separately from the registration plate or may be a blue stripe incorporated into the vehicle registration plate. When the distinguishing sign is incorporated into the registration plate, it must also appear on the front registration plate of the vehicle, and have the EU or national flag.", "Vehicles in cross-border traffic are obliged to display a distinguishing sign of the country of registration on the rear of the vehicle. This sign may either be placed separately from the registration plate or may be incorporated into the vehicle registration plate (such as the EU strip). When the distinguishing sign is incorporated into the registration plate, it must also appear on the front registration plate of the vehicle. The physical requirements for the separate sign are defined in Annex 3 of the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic.", "You can drive a personal vehicle while visiting the country as long as you display the International Distinguishing Sign on the rear exterior of the vehicle (excluding Canada and Mexico).", "You will be asked to provide the registration number, make and model of your vehicle and the date of your visit.", "A vehicle has one or two plates depending on the vehicle class. In certain cases, a vehicle can also be given an additional plate.", "Angora, Ankhara, Ankara: city in Turkey; 1921: Turkey overprint for city in 1921, 1922: special issues, 1923: Republic of Turkey established; used general issues for Turkey, 1930: named changed to Ankara", "Your van meets Euro 5 standards (your van must have been registered after 1st January 2012 to qualify", "(KÇOSAD) K?rsal Çevre ve Ormanc?l?k Sorunlar? Ara?t?rma Derne?i. 2000. Türkiye’nin Tabiat? Koruma Alanlar?. Dönmez Ofset. Ankara.", "*11×52 cm in front and rear for cars, 21×32 cm rear available for off-roadss, vans, trucks and busses. The size is 15×30 cm for imported vehicles if the regular plate does not fit.", "China, Gölgeli Sokak 34, Gaziosmanpaşa, ☎ +90 312 436-06-28 ( sgbgs@superonline.com , fax: +90 312 446-42-48), [10] .   edit", "Buyers of replacement plates will have to produce documentation proving they own the vehicle they are purchasing plates for.", "To claim exemption, you must register your van with Transport of London. To find out more, visit the TFL website.", "\"Gerçek hayat yanlış yollarla ve hiçbir yere götürmeyen trafik levhalarıyla doludur. Çok büyük bir çabayla, asla yaşanmayacak bir bunalım için kendimizi yer bitiririz. Mesleklerin en başarılısı, dağları yerinden oynatabilecek bir enerjiyi boşa harcamış olmalıdır ve en acınası durumsa olan, hazırlıksız yakalanan değil, hazırlanan, ama beklediği şey hiçbir zaman olmayandır\" (s: 129)." ]

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[ "The Turn of the Screw, originally published in 1898, is a gothic ghost story novella written by Henry James.", "Henry James (1843-1916), noted American-born English essayist, critic, and author of the realism movement wrote The Ambassadors (1903), The Turn of the Screw (1898), and The Portrait of a Lady (1881);", "Henry James, a giant of 19th century English literature, authored nearly a dozen stories that later became operas. The Turn of the Screw was published in 1898 and has been immensely popular, giving rise not only to the Britten opera but also to a ballet, a stage play, and several films.", "In 1898, Henry James wrote a novella that would become one of the most famous and critically discussed ghost stories ever written, The Turn of the Screw. Three other examples of James’s tales of the supernatural, “The Altar of the Dead,” “The Beast in the Jungle,” and “The Jolly Corner,” are included in this edition. These texts reveal on both the thematic and narrative levels James’s deepest concerns as a writer.", "The Turn of the Screw by Henry James - How far does The Turn of the Screw conform to the conventions of the Victorian ghost story genre. What alternative interpretations does it lend itself to. ‘The Turn of the Screw’ was written by Henry James in the nineteenth century, when the belief that living people were in contact with the dead was prevalent. In the Victorian era the advance of science was undermining religious beliefs, because evolutionists were saying that the world had not been created in 4004BC, as the bible suggests. Therefore, the possibility of contacting the spirits restored some faith in the non-material world....   [tags: English Literature]", "Madness in Literature Turn of the Screw: Did Miles die? 2/3/14 In the final and most climactic scene in the novella The... Turn of the Screw by Henry James, the narrative ends abruptly with the death of little Miles. The novella sets the stage during Victorian England and tells the story from the perspective of the Governess, an impressionable, young and sexually inexperienced woman who is hired by the charming uncle of two young children Flora and Miles, on his estate, Bly. From...", "Britten returned to chamber opera in 1954 with an adaptation of Henry James’s ghost story of a Governess who battles with two spirits (one, the former Governess, Miss Jessel, the other the recently deceased valet Peter Quint) for the souls of two children, The Turn of the Screw, op.54. The librettist was Myfanwy Piper, wife of the artist John Piper, who had designed many of the sets and costumes for the earlier operas. There are only seven singing parts (the tenor usually sings both the Prologue and the role of Quint) and the orchestra is small, but this brilliant piece of theatre fully succeeds in depicting the drama and suspense of James’s original tale. The opera was first performed at the Teatro La Fenice, Venice, with David Hemmings as Miles, Pears as Quint and Jennifer Vyvyan as the Governess.", "A Nineteenth Century Ghost Story in The Turn of The Screw by Henry James - A Nineteenth Century Ghost Story in The Turn of The Screw by Henry James The Turn of The Screw is a classic Gothic ghost novella with a wicket twist set in a grand old house at Bly. The story is ambiguous; we never fully know whether the apparitions exist or not and we are left with many more questions than answers. The Governess is left in charge of two young children, Miles and Flora, of whom she later becomes obsessed with, describing them as 'angelic'. She has no contact with her employer from London, the children's enigmatic uncle once there, sparking suspicions of the children being unwanted....   [tags: Henry James Papers Gothic]", "Henry James's \"The Turn of the Screw\": Are The Ghosts Actually Real? - Through out the short novella, 'The Turn of the Screw,' by Henry James, the governess continually has encounters with apparitions that seem to only appear to her. As Miles' behavior in school worsens so that he is prevented from returning, and as Flora becomes ill with a fever, the governess blames these ghosts for corrupting the children, Miles and Flora, and labels them as evil and manipulative forces in their lives. But why is it that these ghosts only seem to appear to the governess even when the children are present at the time of the sightings by the governess....   [tags: Turn of the Screw, Henry James]", "Henry James’ Turn of the Screw is a monumental piece due to the introduction of creepy children. It is clear from this quote, whether or not readers interpret the governess to be mad or really experiencing supernatural terrors, Flora and Miles are meant to be questionable characters. Their scheming is apparent throughout the story: Miles constantly does things to purposely disturb the governess, such as wanting to be “bad,” and distracting her from Flora by playing the piano. Flora’s quietness during both occurrences by the lake is unnerving. Flora’s continuous disappearances from both her bed and the house are troubling. Last but not least, Miles’ growing desire to talk back and demand things from the governess was unsettling.", "Ghosts in Henry James Turn of the Screw - The Turn of the Screw: Ghosts Lawrence Kramer poses some interesting ideas about Henry James’ The Turn of the Screw mainly by discussing the ghosts in the story. He refers to the ghosts as revenants; “a specter, a ghost, a phantom, one who haunts, who returns, who walks again.” First, he implies that these revenants can only work when a person believes they exist. There must be something that makes a former person want to return to the living world from a state of death. However, this longing by the former person is not enough to make it a worthy revenant....   [tags: Henry James Turn Screw Essays]", "Henry James's The Turn of the Screw has inspired novels, an opera and several films - including The Innocents, which Pauline Kael called the best ghost movie she'd ever seen. How did he make such a simple story so chilling? By Colm Tóibín", "The Importance of Chapter Six in The Turn of the Screw - The Importance of Chapter Six in The Turn of the Screw Chapter Six is an important section of The Turn of the Screw, as it involves many of the themes of the story, as well as reflecting its general narrative structure. James' novel is phenomenally complex; it has an incredible ambiguity to it, which allows for some very outlandish and far-fetched ideas to be formulated. A 'theme' can almost be drawn from almost every other sentence, if one so desires. It is deciding which issues have a little more to them than there may seem at first and which are what they appear, nothing more, which is difficult....   [tags: Henry James Turn Screw Essays]", "Downfall of the Governess in The Turn of the Screw by Henry James - Downfall of the Governess in The Turn of the Screw by Henry James In the governess's insane pseudo-reality and through her chilling behavior, she managed to bring downfall to Flora and Miles, the children of Bly. With compulsively obsessive actions, irrational assumptions, and demented hallucinations, the governess perceived ghosts bearing evil intentions were attempting to corrupt and destroy the children she had taken the role of care for. In reality, the governess herself brought tragedy to the children through her own selfishness and insanity....   [tags: American Literature Henry James Turn Screw Essays]", "The Ambassadors (1903) is considered by many to be James’ final masterpiece. The point is arguable, but the fact that the dark humor of this novel remains as compelling as ever is not. Originally published in serial form in the North American Review, The Ambassadors is a story with many twists and turns, set against the backdrop of the Old World (Paris) against the New (Massachusetts). In broad strokes, our hero Lambert Strether goes to Paris from the U.S. to “rescue” his wealthy fiancee’s son from the woman he has fallen in love with there.", "During and after an unsuccessful six-year attempt (1889–95) to win recognition as a playwright, James wrote a series of short, powerful novels, including The Aspern Papers (1888), What Maisie Knew (1897), The Spoils of Poynton (1897), The Turn of the Screw (1898), and The Sacred Fount (1901). In his last and perhaps his greatest novels, The Wings of the Dove (1902), The Ambassadors (1903), and The Golden Bowl (1904), all marked by a return to the international theme, James reached his highest development in the portrayal of the intricate subtleties of character and in the use of a complex, convoluted style to express delicate nuances of thought.", "James wrote The Turn of the Screw in 1897, at a low point in his life. In 1895 he had suffered a tremendous personal and professional blow when his play Guy Domville was booed off the London stage. Deeply wounded, James retreated from London and took refuge in Sussex, eventually taking a long-term lease on a rambling mansion called Lamb House. Shortly thereafter, he began writing The Turn of the Screw, one of several works from this period that revolve around large, rambling houses.", "4. The Talented Mr. Ripley (1955) - My candidate for the Great American Novel--and Highsmith Country's best known ambassador. Tom Ripley, a socially sinuous, fragilely-gendered serial killer/forger/fraudster/identity impersonator, shares his confusion of love and murder and his passion for “the best” in life with his author. When Pat turned the plot of Henry James The Ambassadors upside down to give Ripley a handsome, poised, trust-funder to reclaim from Europe (Tom kills Dickie Greenleaf instead of kissing him, then assumes his identity), she infused her favorite sociopath with her own, special interpretation of the American Dream.", "*Henry James's most famous governess is the over-sensitive and perhaps hysterical protagonist in The Turn of the Screw.", "Joseph Conrad (born Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski;[1] 3 December 1857 – 3 August 1924) was a Polish-born British novelist, who became a British subject in 1886.", "The Turn of the Screw is told from the perspective of a narrator recalling a ghost story he once heard read out loud. The ghost story itself is written from the perspective of the governess to whom the story happened.", "“The Turn of the Screw is told from the perspective of a narrator recalling a ghost story he once heard read out loud. The ghost story itself is written from the perspective of the governess to whom the story happened.", "Among James's masterpieces are Daisy Miller (1879) and The Portrait of a Lady (1881). The Bostonians (1886) is set in the era of the rising feminist movement. What Maisie Knew (1897) depicts a preadolescent girl who must choose between her parents and a motherly old governess. In The Wings of the Dove (1902) an inheritance destroys the love of a young couple. James considered The Ambassadors (1903) his most \"perfect\" work of art. James's most famous novella is The Turn of the Screw, a ghost story in which the question of childhood corruption obsesses a governess. Although James is best known for his novels, his essays are now attracting a more general audience.", "The governess is the primary narrator and central character in The Turn of the Screw. She is twenty years old and was raised in Hampshire, the youngest daughter of a poor clergyman. From the stories she tells her young charges, we know that she had many sisters and brothers, as well as a dog. She has just left home when she interviews in London for the position of governess to two children in a country house in Essex. From the prologue, we know that she is smitten with her employer, and throughout the novel, she hopes to gain his respect or affection by succeeding at her job. The governess may be a loving, strong woman, whose struggle against the evil ghosts she encounters for the souls of the children in her care show her to be a good person. Or she may be mad - sexually repressed and delusional, imagining ghosts and evil that is not there - responsible for the destruction of young Flora and Miles.", "William Makepeace Thackeray (; 18 July 1811 – 24 December 1863) was an English novelist of the 19th century. He is famous for his satirical works, particularly Vanity Fair, a panoramic portrait of English society.", "Hey everyone, just needing a jump start with this essay question, could you help? Discuss the relationships between the narrators of The Turn of the Screw. What purpose is served by the complicated way in which the story is told? i know that the governess is the primary narrator and the 2nd is an implied author (unkown author) but how do they have a relationship?:shocked:", "Washington Irving (April 3, 1783 – November 28, 1859) was an American author, essayist, biographer, historian, and diplomat of the early 19th century. He is best known for his short stories \"Rip Van Winkle\" (1819) and \"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow\" (1820), both of which appear in his book The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. His historical works include biographies of George Washington, Oliver Goldsmith and Muhammad, and several histories of 15th-century Spain dealing with subjects such as Christopher Columbus, the Moors, and the Alhambra. Irving served as the U.S. ambassador to Spain from 1842 to 1846.", "''The Bride's Chamber'' is a self-contained segment of a tale in five installments called ''The Lazy Tour of Two Idle Apprentices.'' Scholars knew the overall tale was a collaborative effort between Dickens and Wilkie Collins, but until now no one could say which of the two writers wrote which of the segments.", "His depiction of suburban late Victorian culture in the novel was an accurate reflection of his own experiences at the time of writing. In the late 19th Century the British Empire was the predominant colonial and naval power on the globe, making its domestic heart a poignant and terrifying starting point for an invasion by Martians with their own imperialist agenda. He also drew upon a common fear which had emerged in the years approaching the turn of the century, known at the time as fin de siècle or 'end of the age', which anticipated apocalypse at midnight on the last day of 1899.", "During the 1840s Disraeli wrote three political novels collectively known as \"the Trilogy\"Sybil, Coningsby, and Tancred.Disraeli's relationships with other male writers of his period were strained or non-existent. After the disaster of The Representative John Gibson Lockhart became a bitter enemy and the two never reconciled. One contemporary who tried to bridge the gap, William Makepeace Thackeray, established a tentative cordial relationship in the late 1840s only to see everything collapse when Disraeli took offence at a burlesque of him which Thackeray penned for Punch. Disraeli took revenge in Endymion (published in 1880), when he caricatured Thackeray as \"St. Barbe\".", "After a quarrel with his in-laws, he and his wife returned to England, and in 1897 he published Captains Courageous. The next year he would begin travelling to southern Africa for winter vacations almost every year. There he would meet and befriend another icon of British imperialism, Cecil Rhodes, and begin collecting material for another of his children's classics, Just So Stories for Little Children. That work was published in 1902, and another of his enduring works, the Indian spy novel Kim, first saw the light of day the previous year. In 2001, the novel would be listed as one of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century by the editorial board of the American Modern Library.", "A Fragment of Stained Glass was written in the year 1914 by David Herbert Lawrence. This book is one of the most popular novels of David Herbert Lawrence, and has been translated into several other languages around the world...." ]

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[ "1958: The US nuclear submarine Nautilus became the first to travel under the North Pole ice cap.", "On August 3, 1958, the U.S. nuclear submarine Nautilus accomplishes the first undersea voyage to the geographic North Pole. The world’s first nuclear submarine, the Nautilus dived at Point Barrow, Alaska, and traveled nearly 1,000 miles under the Arctic ice cap to reach the top of the world. It then steamed on to Iceland, pioneering a new and shorter route from the Pacific to the Atlantic and Europe.", "USS Nautilus SSN 571 was the first nuclear powered submarine to enter service and marked a revolution in naval warfare, since it could remain submerged for much longer than conventional submarines and travel further. It made an early record breaking voyage of 2,222 km (1,381 miles) in 90 hours in 1955 and was the first submarine to travel under the ice cap to the North Pole arriving there at 11.15 am on 3 August 1958.", "The first submarines at North Pole were American nuclear submarines \"Nautilus\" and \"Slope\" which had passed under ices of the North Pole in 1958.", "USS Nautilus (SSN-571) is the world’s first operational nuclear-powered submarine. She was also the first vessel to complete a submerged transit across the North Pole.", "The United States Navy submarine USS Nautilus (SSN-571) crossed the North Pole on August 3, 1958. On March 17, 1959, the USS Skate (SSN-578) surfaced at the Pole, becoming the first naval vessel to do so. [31]", "The American explorer Robert E. Peary claimed to have reached the pole by dog sledge in April 1909, and another American explorer, Richard E. Byrd , claimed to have reached it by airplane on May 9, 1926; the claims of both men were later questioned. Three days after Byrd’s attempt, on May 12, the pole was definitely reached by an international team of Roald Amundsen , Lincoln Ellsworth , and Umberto Nobile , who traversed the polar region in a dirigible . The first ships to visit the pole were the U.S. nuclear submarines Nautilus (1958) and Skate (1959), the latter surfacing through the ice, and the Soviet icebreaker Arktika was the first surface ship to reach it (1977). Other notable surface expeditions include the first confirmed to reach the pole (1968; via snowmobile), the first to traverse the polar region (1969; Alaska to Svalbard , via dog sled), and the first to travel to the pole and back without resupply (1986; also via dog sled); the last expedition also included the first woman to reach the pole, American Ann Bancroft .", "Though she saw no combat during the cold war, she did engage in secret missions. Besides being the first nuclear-powered sub, she was also the first ship to sail across the North Pole under its ice. It was a Top Secret mission. According to the sub's Web site (http://www.ussnautilus.org/), on August 3, 1958, her Commanding Officer, William R. Anderson, let the crew know about the historic moment they and their ship were creating. He read a short, famous announcement: \"For the world, our country, and the Navy; the North Pole.\"", "In August 1958 the Nautilus became the first vessel to achieve submarine transit underneath the North Pole, in a scheme named Operation Sunshine. She stayed submerged for a week during the operation.", "Travelled beneath the artic ice cap in 1931 in US submarine 'Nautilus' to within 1000 kilometres of the North Pole.", "The submarine traveled at a depth of about 500 feet, and the ice cap above varied in thickness from 10 to 50 feet, with the midnight sun of the Arctic shining in varying degrees through the blue ice. At 11:15 p.m. EDT on August 3, 1958, Commander Anderson announced to his crew: “For the world, our country, and the Navy–the North Pole.” The Nautilus passed under the geographic North Pole without pausing. The submarine next surfaced in the Greenland Sea between Spitzbergen and Greenland on August 5. Two days later, it ended its historic journey at Iceland. For the command during the historic journey, President Dwight D. Eisenhower decorated Anderson with the Legion of Merit.", "USS Skate (SSN-578) made submarine history on 11 August 1958 when it became the first submarine to surface at the North Pole.", "There are two easily-accessible references, which describe the surfacing of the USS Skate at the North Pole on the 17th March 1959 (the first submarine to do so):", "The sail of the nuclear-powered attack submarine Billfish (SSN-676) protudes from the ice while the ship is surfaced at the North Pole. The sail-mounted diving planes are in the vertical position for breaking through the ice on 30 Mar 1987. http://navsource.org/archives/08/500/0867605.jpg", "Naval History Blog » Blog Archive » USS Skate (SSN-578) Becomes the First Submarine to Surface at the North Pole", "In 2005, the United States Navy submarine USS Charlotte (SSN-766) surfaced through 155 cm (61 in) of ice at the North Pole and spent 18 hours there. [40]", "Figure 1. The US nuclear submarines Skate and Seadragon at the North Pole, 2 August, 1962.", "During the period 22 July 1958 to 5 August 1958, U.S.S. NAUTILUS, the world's first atomic powered ship, added to her list of historic achievements by crossing the Arctic Ocean from the Bering Sea to the Greenland Sea, passing submerged beneath the geographic North Pole. This voyage opens the possibility of a new commercial seaway, a Northwest Passage, between the major oceans of the world. Nuclear-powered cargo submarines may, in the future, use this route to the advantage of world trade.", "On July 23, 1958, NAUTILUS departed Pearl Harbor, Hawaii under top secret orders to conduct \"Operation Sunshine\", the first crossing of the North Pole by a ship. At 11:15 pm on August 3, 1958, NAUTILUS' second Commanding Officer, Commander William R. Anderson, announced to his crew, \"For the world, our country, and the Navy - the North Pole.\" With 116 men aboard, NAUTILUS had accomplished the \"impossible\", reaching the geographic North Pole - 90 degrees North.", "The USS Nautilus submarine was put to sea for the first time on January 17th of 1955. The USS Nautilus was the world's first nuclear-powered submarine. It was authorized for construction in 1951 by the United States Congress and commissioned into service for the United States Navy while it neared completion in 1954. As it made its first real voyage in January of 1955, Commander Eugene Wilkinson relayed the historic message of \"Underway On Nuclear Power.\" The USS Nautilus continued operating until it was decommissioned in March of 1980 and during its time in service it impressively broke many submarine records and completed several important research and naval missions.", "By 23 July 1958 her wait was over, and she set a course northward. She submerged in the Barrow Sea Valley on 1 August and on 3 August, at 2315 (EDT) she became the first watercraft to reach the geographic North Pole. The ability to navigate at extreme latitudes and without surfacing was enabled by the technology of the North American Aviation N6A-1 Inertial Navigation System, a naval modification of the N6A used in the Navaho cruise missile; it had been installed on Nautilus and after initial sea trials on in 1957. From the North Pole, she continued on and after 96 hours and 1590 nmi under the ice, surfaced northeast of Greenland, having completed the first successful submerged voyage around the North Pole. The technical details of this mission were planned by scientists from the Naval Electronics Laboratory including Dr. Waldo Lyon who accompanied Nautilus as chief scientist and ice pilot.", "On 22 August 1994 Louis S. St-Laurent and USCGC Polar Sea became the first North American surface vessels to reach the North Pole. The vessel was originally scheduled to be decommissioned in 2000 however a refit extended the decommissioning date to 2017.", "Makeshift number. On 5 Aug. the Queenfish (SSN-651) became the 10th American submarine to reach the geographic North Pole. It then surfaced through a hole in the ice about 500 yards away. http://navsource.org/archives/08/658/0865118.jpg", "1960 – USS Sargo return to Hawaii from arctic cruise of 11,000 miles, 6,003 miles under the polar ice. On February 9 she had arrived under the North Pole. Making her first pass under the pole at 0934, the submarine began a clover leaf search for thin ice and at 1049 she surfaced, according to her log, 25 feet from the pole, through 36 inches of ice. Later the same day, the Hawaiian flag was raised at the pole; and on the morning of the 10th, USS SARGO submerged and departed the pole.", "The USS Nautilus was constructed under the direction of U.S. Navy Captain Hyman G. Rickover, a brilliant Russian-born engineer who joined the U.S. atomic program in 1946. In 1947, he was put in charge of the navy’s nuclear-propulsion program and began work on an atomic submarine. Regarded as a fanatic by his detractors, Rickover succeeded in developing and delivering the world’s first nuclear submarine years ahead of schedule. In 1952, the Nautilus’ keel was laid by President Harry S. Truman, and on January 21, 1954, first lady Mamie Eisenhower broke a bottle of champagne across its bow as it was launched into the Thames River at Groton, Connecticut. Commissioned on September 30, 1954, it first ran under nuclear power on the morning of January 17, 1955.", "The USS SKIPJACK was the first submarine designed from the keel up for top underwater performance using nuclear power. An earlier SKIPJACK was the first submarine to cross the Atlantic ocean under her own power (Newport, Rhode Island to Ponta Delgada, Azores, in 1917).", "The trip was made in four days by the Nautilus, the world's first atomic submarine. The voyage pioneered a new and shorter route from Pacific to the Atlantic and Europe -- a route that might be used by cargo submarines. It also added to man's knowledge of the subsurface of the Arctic basin.", "After the Arktika proved powerful enough to break ice sheets as thick as five meters, she was sent to the most ambitious destination – the North Pole. In August 1977, she carried over 200 crewmembers, scientists and technicians across the frigid Arctic waters to the northernmost point of the planet.", "Nuclear power enabled the ship to reach the North Pole in 1977, the first surface vessel to do so. (RIA Novosti / Vladimir Vyatkin)", "The first launch of a POLARIS A3 missile from a submerged submarine took place on 26 October 1963. The missile was launched from USS ANDREW JACKSON (SSBN 619) while cruising submerged about 20 miles off the coast of Cape Canaveral, FL. The completely successful test was followed by a successful launch of an A2 missile from the same submarine on 16 November 1963, witnessed by President Kennedy from USS OBSERVATION ISLAND.", "* This picture shows two U.S. submarines surfacing at the North Pole in August of 1962:", "* In the June 13, 1963 issue of New Scientist, a U.S. Navy sonar specialist and onboard scientist for several submarine missions to the Artic and North Pole, described the ice conditions by stating:" ]

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[ "Bottom line: John Glenn became the first American to orbit Earth on February 20, 1962. His space capsule was called Friendship 7.", "John Herschel Glenn, Jr. (born July 18, 1921), (Col, USMC, Ret.), is a former aviator, engineer, astronaut, and United States senator. He was selected as one of the \"Mercury Seven\" group of military test pilots selected in 1959 by NASA to become America's first astronauts and fly the Project Mercury spacecraft. On February 20, 1962, Glenn flew the Friendship 7 mission and became the first American to orbit the Earth and the fifth person in space, after cosmonauts Yuri Gagarin and Gherman Titov and the sub-orbital flights of Mercury astronauts Alan Shepard and Gus Grissom. Glenn is the earliest-born American to go to orbit, and the second earliest-born man overall after Soviet cosmonaut Georgy Beregovoy. Glenn received the Congressional Space Medal of Honor in 1978, and was inducted into the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame in 1990. With the death of Scott Carpenter on October 10, 2013, Glenn became the last surviving member of the Mercury Seven.", "✦ Claim to Fame: John Glenn was one of the original group of seven astronauts chosen for Project Mercury -- the United States' first human spaceflight program. On February 20, 1962, Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth (the Mercury-Atlas 6 mission.) His flight aboard the Mercury spacecraft -- Friendship 7, lasted for 4 hours, 55 minutes, and 23 seconds; in course of which he circled the planet thrice. In 1998, Glenn -- then a U.S. Senator -- was chosen for Space Shuttle Discovery mission -- the STS 95, as the Payload Specialist 2. At the age of 77, he became the oldest person to go into space.", "One of the original Mercury astronauts, Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth on February 20, 1962 in his spacecraft \"Friendship 7\", turning him into an American hero. He later went into politics and served as a U.S. Senator from the state of Ohio.", "John Glenn climbs into the Friendship 7 spacecraft just before making his first trip into space on February 20, 1962. Photo via NASA", "Almost a year after the Soviet Union put a human into orbit, astronaut John Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth, on 20 February 1962. His Mercury-Atlas 6 mission completed three orbits in the Friendship 7 spacecraft, and splashed-down safely in the Atlantic Ocean, after a tense reentry, due to what falsely appeared from the telemetry data to be a loose heat-shield.", "John Glenn was selected in NASA’s first group of astronauts known as Mercury 7. He was the first American to orbit the Earth in 1962. Then in 1998 at age 77, he returned to space on Space Shuttle Discovery, becoming the oldest person to go into space. He also served as Democratic Senator for Ohio for 25 years, retiring from politics in 1999. A decade later in 2011, he received the Congressional Gold Medal, the highest possible American civilian honor.", "Prior to his own flight Glenn served as backup pilot for astronauts Shepard (who made the first manned Mercury flight) and Grissom (who died in the Apollo 1 fire in 1967). He launched from Cape Canaveral (renamed Kennedy) and made America's first orbital flight on February 20,1962, piloting the Mercury-Atlas 6 Friendship 7 spacecraft on the first manned orbital mission of the United States. His flight lasted 4 hours, 55 minutes and 23 seconds, all but seven minutes being in weightlessness. He became the first American to orbit the Earth and an instant national hero.", "John Glenn's Mercury mission launched on Feb. 20, 1962. He named his spacecraft \"Friendship 7.\" He made three orbits of Earth and spent about five hours in space. His mission successfully showed that the Mercury spacecraft worked in space the way it was intended. The mission also helped NASA learn more about being in space.", "On Feb. 20, 1962, John Glenn rode the Friendship 7 capsule into space, the first time an American orbited the Earth. In this image, Glenn enters the capsule with assistance from technicians.", "On the morning of February 20, 1962, millions of Americans collectively held their breath as the world’s newest pioneer swept across the threshold of one of man’s last frontiers. Roughly a hundred miles above their heads, astronaut John Glenn sat comfortably in the weightless environment of a 9 1/2-by-6-foot space capsule he called Friendship 7. Within these close quarters he worked through his flight plan and completed an array of technical and medical tests as he cruised through the heavens.", "John Glenn (born on July 18, 1921) - Known as the first U.S. astronaut to ever orbit the earth. In 1998, he again went to space on board the space shuttle Discovery at the age of 77. He grew up in a musically talented family.", "In doing so, Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth. Glenn spent 4 hours and 56 minutes in flight in Mercury spacecraft Friendship 7 and orbited Earth three times.", "Image right: Liftoff of the Mercury-Atlas rocket from Pad 14 at Cape Canaveral marked the first American manned orbital space flight carrying astronaut John Glenn. Image credit: NASA", "Watched by a TV audience of 100 million, the Atlas functioned beautifully and Glenn became the first American (and third human; Gagarin and Titov preceded him) in orbit. Glenn enjoyed both the view and the novel sensation of microgravity.  At one point he noticed through his tiny window that his craft was surrounded by a swarm of tiny glowing motes which he called “fireflies”, he reported them to Mission Control and was surprised by how interested the men on the ground were by this phenomenon.  There was a reason for this;  a warning light at Mission Control suggested that Friendship 7’s heat shield had come loose, possibly the fireflies were debris released by this failure. If the heatshield was indeed faulty, Glenn’s mission would end with his horrific death as his craft disintegrated around him.", "On 20 February 1962, John Glenn (1921-2016) became the fifth human to enter space. For his spaceflight Glenn, a US Marine Corps aviator was strapped into a tiny Mercury capsule (named Friendship 7) just as Alan Shepard and “Gus” Grissom, the two earlier US astronauts had been. There was a big difference for Glenn’s flight; Friendship 7 sat atop an Atlas rocket rather than the rather smaller Redstone used to launch the first two Mercury missions. They had been simple ballistic lobs, but Glenn was going all the way into orbit.", "John Glenn was America's first orbiting astronaut in 1962. His flight on Discovery in 1998 made him not only the oldest person to fly in space at the age of 77, but the only one to have flown in both the Mercury and Space shuttle programmes.", "1962: On February 20, John Glenn becomes the first American to orbit Earth in the Mercury capsule Friendship 7.", "Special sale of Project Mercury commemorative covers for the three orbit flight of John H.Glenn, Jr. in his space capsule \"Friendship 7\" on Feb. 20, 1962. Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth.", "In the launch pad's White Room, STS-95 Payload Specialist John H. Glenn Jr., U.S. Senator from Ohio, has his flight suit checked by closeout crew members before climbing into space shuttle Discovery for his second flight into space, which came 36 years after his Mercury launch. Glenn was the first American to orbit the Earth. The image was taken Oct. 29, 1998.", "When NASA was created that same year, the Air Force program was transferred to it and renamed Project Mercury. The first seven astronauts were selected among candidates from the Navy, Air Force and Marine test pilot programs. On May 5, 1961, astronaut Alan Shepard became the first American in space aboard Freedom 7, launched by a Redstone booster on a 15-minute ballistic (suborbital) flight. John Glenn became the first American to be launched into orbit by an Atlas launch vehicle on February 20, 1962 aboard Friendship 7. Glenn completed three orbits, after which three more orbital flights were made, culminating in L. Gordon Cooper's 22-orbit flight Faith 7, May 15–16, 1963. ", "When NASA began searching for pilots for its programs, Glenn applied. On April 1, 1959, the first American astronauts, the \"Mercury Seven\" were announced. They were Scott Carpenter , L. Gordon Cooper, Jr., John H. Glenn, Jr., Virgil I. \"Gus\" Grissom, Walter M. Schirra, Jr., Alan B. Shepard, Jr., and Donald K. \"Deke\" Slayton.", "It was with this responsibility in mind that John Glenn lifted off from the launch pad at Cape Canaveral at 9:47 a.m. on February 20, 1962. Some 100,000 spectators watched on the ground nearby and millions more saw it on television. After separating from its launching rocket, the bell-shaped Friendship 7 capsule entered into an orbit around Earth at a speed of about 17,500 miles per hour. Smoothing into orbit, Glenn radioed back, “Capsule is turning around. Oh, that view is tremendous.”", "1962: John Herschel Glenn Jr. is the first American to orbit Earth, aboard the Mercury capsule Friendship 7. He will be elected U.S. senator from Ohio in 1974, 1980 and 1986.", "In 1998, 36 years after his first space flight, John Glenn traveled into space again. Glenn, then 77 years old, was part of the Space Shuttle Discovery crew, whose 9-day research mission launched on October 29, 1998. Among the crew’s investigations was a study of space flight and the aging process.", "The Mercury-Atlas rocket for the Friendship 7 mission lifts off, carrying John H. Glenn, Jr., into orbit.", "Sen. John Glenn, left, and NASA Administrator Charles Bolden speak to guests at NASA's Future Forum at Ohio State University on Monday, Feb. 20, 2012, in Columbus, Ohio. Today marks the 50th anniversary of Glenn's historic flight. Glenn was the first American to orbit Earth.", "By 1962, astronauts Alan Shepard and Gus Grissom had flown on suborbital Mercury missions. Those flights set the stage for John Glenn's orbital odyssey. Glenn took a no-nonsense, straight-arrow approach to his physical training program, including frequent runs like this one in 1962. (NASA) Share Back to slideshow navigation", "John Schwartz talks with the astronaut John Glenn about his mission as the first American to orbit the Earth.", "In a wonder of aeronautics and geriatrics, Senator John Glenn, the first American to orbit Earth, has won his campaign to be rocketed back into space at the age of 77, space officials and experts said today.", "Space Exploration: John Glenn, the first American to orbit the Earth, returns to space at age 77.", "January 16 - John Glenn , the first American to orbit the earth , resigns from the space program and announces the next day that he will seek the Democratic nomination for U.S. Senator from Ohio ." ]

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[ "Hematology is the branch of internal medicine, physiology, pathology, clinical laboratory work, and pediatrics that is concerned with the study of blood, the blood-forming organs, and blood diseases. Hematology includes the study of etiology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and prevention of blood diseases. The laboratory work that does into the study of blood is frequently performed by a medical technologist. Blood diseases affect the production of blood and its components, such as blood cells, hemoglobin, blood proteins, the mechanism of coagulation, etc.", "Haematology, is the branch of biology (physiology), pathology, clinical laboratory, internal medicine, and pediatrics that is concerned with the study of blood, the blood-forming organs, and blood diseases. Hematology includes the study of etiology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and prevention of blood diseases. Here are some important aspects to learn about it when you first start studying haematology in medicine.", "Hematology is a branch of medicine concerning the study of blood, the blood-forming organs, and blood diseases. The word \"heme\" comes from the Greek for blood.", "* Cardiology – branch of medicine that deals with disorders of the heart and the blood vessels.", "Hematology is the study of blood in health and disease. It includes problems with the red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, blood vessels, bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, and the proteins involved in bleeding and clotting (hemostasis and thrombosis). A hematologist is a medical doctor who applies this specialized knowledge to treat patients with blood conditions.", "The central problem of any survey of the history of haematology is usually the question of balance. Achieving a degree of balance among themes and topics that will be satisfactory to practicing haematologists/physicians with an interest in blood diseases is essentially impossible. Our preference has been for themes of general interest rather than those of a purely scientific view into a field that has led the way in understanding the molecular basis of human disease.", "The branch of medicine concerned with disease, especially its structure and its functional effect on the body.", "For centuries, unanswered questions about the basic functions and pathologies of blood provided such a daunting obstacle for doctors and patients that in the 17th century, the still-dangerous practice of blood transfusions — used since at least the Middle Ages — was banned in large parts of Western Europe. The first fundamental discovery in the history of serology didn't come until 1901, when Karl Landsteiner's identification of blood groups spurred a flurry of additional research and discovery and eventually led to his receiving the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.", "The specialty of medicine that deals with study of the blood, blood-forming organs, tumors and malignancies.", "Mannucci PM: Hemophilia and related bleeding disorders: a story of dismay and success. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2002, 1: 1-9. View Article Google Scholar", "Cardiology (from Greek kardiā, \"heart\" and -logia, \"study\") is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the heart as well as parts of the circulatory system. The field includes medical diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease and electrophysiology. Physicians who specialize in this field of medicine are called cardiologists, a specialty of internal medicine. Pediatric cardiologists are pediatricians who specialize in cardiology. Physicians who specialize in cardiac surgery are called cardiothoracic surgeons or cardiac surgeons, a specialty of general surgery.", "The branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the kidneys.", "Born near Cleveland, Ohio, he graduated with a Ph.D. 1883 from the University of Michigan. In 1891 he founded and chaired the first department of pharmacology in the United States at the University of Michigan. In 1893, he went on to chair the pharmacology department at Johns Hopkins University. In 1897, he was the second to isolate epinephrine, also known as adrenaline (the first was Napoleon Cybulski in 1895), although the extracts he produced have been shown to be mostly an inactive metabolite and the first pure extracts were produced by the japanese Jokichi Takamine (1854-1922) who patented the formulation under the name adrenalin. He later formulated the idea of the artificial kidney and in 1914 he isolated amino acids from the blood.", "The growth in knowledge of the scientific basis of haemolytic anaemias, which have been a main interest of the author, has been remarkable, as have consequent advances in the practice of medicine since the mid-1930s. At that time, the cause and mechanism of important disorders such as the acquired antibody determined (immune) haemolytic anaemias, haemolytic disease of the newborn, hereditary spherocytosis and paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria were unknown or but partially understood.", "An academic institution devoted to the science of blood transfusion was founded by Alexander Bogdanov in Moscow in 1925. Bogdanov was motivated, at least in part, by a search for eternal youth, and remarked with satisfaction on the improvement of his eyesight, suspension of balding, and other positive symptoms after receiving 11 transfusions of whole blood. Bogdanov died in 1928 as a result of one of his experiments, when the blood of a student suffering from malaria and tuberculosis was given to him in a transfusion. Following Bogdanov's lead, Vladimir Shamov and Sergei Yudin in the USSR pioneered the transfusion of cadaveric blood from recently deceased donors. Yudin performed such a transfusion successfully for the first time on March 23, 1930 and reported his first seven clinical transfusions with cadaveric blood at the Fourth Congress of Ukrainian Surgeons at Kharkiv in September. However, this method was never used widely, even in Russia.", "Dermatology is the branch of medicine and the unique specialty that join medical and surgery specialties. It deals with diseases and disorders of the skin and its appendages.", "NOTE // ABSTRACT --- // The article discusses medical history in Germany. A conference in August 1890, which was sponsored by Kaiser Wilhem II, offered physicians a program of lectures. Dr. Robert Koch, a University of Berlin professor who discovered the causes of anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera, was a celebrated speaker at the event. Arthur Conan Doyle describes the excitement over Koch's remedy for tuberculosis, \"Koch's lymph,\" in his 1924 autobiography. Conan Doyle's efforts to meet Koch and his colleague, Dr. Ernst von Bergmann, at the University of Berlin are detailed. Koch's lymph, which is now referred to as tuberculin, was a diagnostic tool before the development of the purified-protein-derivative test.", "This contains the first description of \"Addison's Disease\" in book form (it was first mentioned by him in a paper read before the South London Medical Society in 1849) and of pernicious anemia, later renamed \"Addisonian anoemia\" by Trousseau. It inaugurated the study of the diseases of the ductless glands and of those disturbances of chemical equilibrium known as pluri-glandular syndromes. It is one of the few works in the history of medicine where two important new discoveries and diseases were described in one book.", "A physician or medical doctor or just doctor is a professional who practices medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining, or restoring health through the study, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, injury, and other physical and mental impairments. Physicians may focus their practice on certain disease categories, types of patients, or methods of treatment—known as specialist medical practitioners—or assume responsibility for the provision of continuing and comprehensive medical care to individuals, families, and communities—known as general practitioners. Medical practice properly requires both a detailed knowledge of the academic disciplines (such as anatomy and physiology) underlying diseases and their treatment—the science of medicine—and also a decent competence in its applied practice—the art or craft of medicine.", "branch of medicine specializing in the use of X rays, gamma rays, radioactive isotopes, and other forms of radiation in the diagnosis and treatment of disease.", "1901 H. Vaquez, French and W. Osler Canadian physicians discovered “polycythaemia” disease, an increase in the total of blood plasma or red cells in association with various respiratory or circulatory disorders and certain tumours.", "Pauling originated the concept of molecular disease. In 1945, while hearing a physician describe sickle cell anemia, he instantly surmised that it might be caused by a defect in the red blood cell's hemoglobin. After three years of painstaking research, he and his associate Dr. Harvey Itano identified this prevalent disease as molecular in origin — caused by a genetically transmitted abnormality in the hemoglobin molecule. In susceptible patients, hemoglobin molecules in venous blood, lacking oxygen, become self-complementary; distorted and sticking together, they form long rods that interfere with blood circulation.", "In 1910, Dr. James B. Herrick published Western medical literature's first description of a person with sickle cell disease. Soon, other physicians reported patients with similar symptoms and confirmed the characteristic feature of the disease: elongated red blood cells. In 1922, the peculiar shape of the cells inspired the official name for the disorder. Within 30 years, scientists had learned about the cause of sickle cell disease - an abnormal form of hemoglobin. \"Sickle Cell Disease\" explores the scientific discoveries that led to an understanding of the genetic basis of the disease, explaining how a single mutation in hemoglobin multiplies into the many symptoms of sickle cell disease. Also investigated are treatments that help individuals manage sickle cell disease symptoms, and how gene therapy and stem cell therapy may one day lead to a cure for the disease.", "If you are interested in learning more about blood diseases and disorders, here are a few other resources that may be of some help:", "1858- Joseph Lister studied the cause of blood coagulation and inflammation that resulted after previous injuries and surgical wounds. He later discovered and implemented antiseptics in the operating room, and as a result decreases death rate from surgery by a substantial amount. ", "A case report by Osler & Gardner (1877) in Montreal could be that of PA. This anaemic patient had numbness of the fingers, hands and forearms; the red blood cells were large; at autopsy the gastric mucosa appeared atrophic and the marrow had large numbers of erythroblasts with finely granular nuclei. The increased marrow cellularity had also been noted by Cohnheim (1876).", "a physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the skin and integument.", "He earned his MD from the University of St Andrews in 1792. He is credited with advancing the understanding of angina pectoris. In his correspondence with Heberden, he wrote, \"How much the heart must suffer from the coronary arteries not being able to perform their functions.\"", "An epoch-making book by \"one of medicine's martyrs, and one of its far-shining names.\" He was the man of whom the renowned Lister was to say, \"To this great son of Hungary medicine owes most. Without Semmelweis I would be nothing.\"", "Abnormal hemoglobin molecules in relation to disease. Svensk Kemisk Tidskrift 69, 509-523 (1957). [Harvey A. Itano and Linus Pauling].", "Abnormality of hemoglobin molecules in hereditary hemolytic anemias. in The Harvey Lectures, 1953-1954, Series 49 (Academic Press, New York, 1955), 216- 241.", "The concept of dyscrasia was developed by the Greek physician Galen (130–199 AD), who elaborated a model of health and disease as a structure of elements, qualities, humors, organs, and temperaments. Health was understood in this perspective to be a condition of harmony or balance among these basic components, called eucrasia. Disease was interpreted as the disproportion of bodily fluids orfour humours: phlegm, blood, and yellow and black bile. The imbalance was called dyscrasia." ]

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[ "Intelligence agencies meanwhile uncovered evidence of rear area offensive preparations by the enemy. In an attempt to spoil those preparations, Ridgway opened an attack on April 5 toward an objective line, designated Kansas, roughly ten miles above the 38th parallel. After the Eighth Army reached Line Kansas, he sent a force toward an enemy supply area just above Kansas in the west-central zone known as the Iron Triangle. Evidence of an imminent enemy offensive continued to mount as these troops advanced. As a precaution, Ridgway on April 12 published a plan for orderly delaying actions to be fought when and if the enemy attacked, an act, events proved, that was one of his last as commander of the Eighth Army.", "On 22 April, 21 Chinese and 9 North Korean divisions slammed into Line Kansas. Their main objective was to recapture Seoul. The First Cavalry joined in the defense line and the bitter battle to keep the Reds out of the South Korean Capital. Stopped at Seoul, on 15 May, the Chinese attempted a go around maneuver in the dark. The 8th Army pushed them back to the Kansas Line and later the First Team moved deeper into North Korea, reaching the base of the \"Iron Triangle\", an enemy supply area encompassing three small towns.", "attacks, resisted only where their supply installations were threatened. Elsewhere, the Eighth Army advanced with almost surprising ease and by May 31 was just short of Line Kansas. The next day Van Fleet sent part of his force toward Line Wyoming whose seizure would give him control of the lower portion of the Iron Triangle. The Eighth Army occupied both Line Kansas and the Wyoming bulge by mid-June.", "The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO; ; '), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party. NATO's headquarters are located in Haren, Brussels, Belgium, where the Supreme Allied Commander also resides. Belgium is one of the 28 member states across North America and Europe, the newest of which, Albania and Croatia, joined in April 2009. An additional 22 countries participate in NATO's Partnership for Peace program, with 15 other countries involved in institutionalized dialogue programmes. The combined military spending of all NATO members constitutes over 70 percent of the global total. Members' defence spending is supposed to amount to 2 percent of GDP.", "In twin drives, illustrative of the principles of maneuver, objective, economy of force, surprise, and mass, the Allied forces of the Pacific had arrived in mid-September 1944 at the threshold of their strategic objective, the Luzon-Formosa-China coast triangle. In seven months MacArthur's forces had moved forward nearly 1,500 miles from the Admiralties to Morotai; in ten months Nimitz' forces had advanced over 4,500 miles from Hawaii to the Palaus. The time had now arrived when a final choice had to be made of the main objective in the target area.", "The war in Europe concluded with an invasion of Germany by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union, culminating in the capture of Berlin by Soviet and Polish troops and the subsequent German unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945. Following the Potsdam Declaration by the Allies on 26 July 1945 and the refusal of Japan to surrender under its terms, the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6 August and 9 August respectively. With an invasion of the Japanese archipelago imminent, the possibility of additional atomic bombings, and the Soviet Union's declaration of war on Japan and invasion of Manchuria, Japan surrendered on 15 August 1945. Thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies.", "The North Atlantic Treaty Organization or NATO is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party. NATO's headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium, one of the 28 member states across North America and Europe. An additional 22 countries participate in NATO's Partnership for Peace, with 15 other countries involved in institutionalized dialogue programs. The combined military spending of all NATO members constitutes over 70% of the world's defense spending.", "1990 - The European Community imposed an embargo on oil from Iraq and Kuwait. This was done to protest the Iraqi invasion of the oil-rich Kuwait. 1991 - The Oceanos, a Greek luxury liner, sank off of South Africas southeast coast. All of the 402 passengers and 179 crewmembers survived. 1994 - Yugoslavia withdrew its support for Bosnian Serbs. The border between Yugoslavia and Serb-held Bosnia was sealed. 1996 - Josia Thugwane won a gold medal after finishing first in the marathon. He became the first black South African to win a gold medal. 1997 - Teamsters began a 15-day strike against UPS (United Parcel Service). The strikers eventually won an increase in full-time positions and defeated a proposed reorganization of the companys pension plan. 2009 - North Korean leader Kim Jong-il pardoned two American journalists, who had been arrested and imprisoned for illegal entry earlier in the year.", "The war in Europe ended with an invasion of Germany by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union culminating in the capture of Berlin by Soviet and Polish troops and the subsequent German unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945 . Following the Potsdam Declaration by the Allies on 26 July 1945 and the refusal of Japan to surrender under its terms, the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6 August and 9 August respectively. With an invasion of the Japanese archipelago imminent, the possibility of additional atomic bombings, and the Soviet Union's declaration of war on Japan and invasion of Manchuria , Japan surrendered on 15 August 1945. Thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies.", "Eighth Army counter-offensives during July were unsuccessful, as Rommel dug in to allow his exhausted troops to regroup. At the end of July, Auchinleck called off all offensive action with a view to rebuilding the army’s strength. In early August, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and General Sir Alan Brooke —the British Chief of the Imperial General Staff —visited Cairo and replaced Auchinleck as Commander-in-Chief Middle East with General Sir Harold Alexander. Lieutenant-General William Gott was to command the Eighth Army, but was killed before taking command when the transport plane he was travelling in was shot down by Luftwaffe fighters; Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery became Eighth Army commander.", "A five million square kilometre region in the Pacific Ocean where ships frequently disappear under mysterious conditions, the Formosa Triangle is believed to have many similarities to the Bermuda Triangle. It is located between Taiwan, Wake Island and the Gilbert Islands on the west coast of the United States.", "The leaders of the major Allied powers met at the Potsdam Conference from July 16 to August 2, 1945. The participants were the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States, represented by Josef Stalin, Winston Churchill (who was later replaced by Clement Attlee when the Labor Party won the British elections), and Harry S. Truman, respectively.", "The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO); French: Organisation du Traité de l'Atlantique Nord (OTAN); (also called the North Atlantic Alliance, the Atlantic Alliance, or the Western Alliance) is a military alliance established by the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April 1949. Headquartered in Brussels , Belgium , the organization constitutes a system of collective defense in which its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party.", "Britain, France, the United States, Canada and eight other western European countries signed the  North Atlantic Treaty  of April 1949, establishing the North Atlantic Treaty Organization  (NATO). [50]  That August, the first Soviet atomic device was detonated in  Semipalatinsk ,  Kazakh SSR . [16]  Following Soviet refusals to participate in a German rebuilding effort set forth by western European countries in 1948, [80] [89]  the US, Britain and France spearheaded the establishment of West Germany from the  three Western zones of occupation  in April 1949. [34] [90]  The Soviet Union proclaimed its zone of occupation in Germany the  German Democratic Republic  that October. [34]", "Sixty years have passed since the signing and enactment of the San Francisco Peace Treaty.1 This post-World War II settlement with Japan, prepared and signed against the background of the intensifying Cold War, sowed seeds of frontier problems that continue to challenge regional security in East Asia.  Taking the “San Francisco System” as its conceptual grounding, this article examines these problems in the context of the post-World War II regional international order and its transformation.  In light of their multilateral origins, particularly the unresolved territorial problems involving Japan and its neighbors, the article explores ideas for multilateral settlements that could lead East Asia toward greater regional cooperation and community building.", "In Apr., 1995, in the worst act of terrorism ever on American soil, a bomb was exploded at the federal building in Oklahoma City, Okla., killing 169 people. Late in 1995, the antagonists in the Yugoslavian civil war (see Bosnia and Herzegovina ; Croatia ) accepted a U.S.-brokered peace plan, which U.S. troops were sent to help monitor. U.S. efforts also contributed to Arab-Israeli acceptance of agreements to establish limited Palestinian self-rule in the West Bank and Gaza.", "The Atlantic Charter, agreed by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and US President Franklin Roosevelt, set out the principles that would shape the struggle against German aggression. It was drawn up during a secret meeting aboard the USS 'Augusta', off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada. The charter was supported by 26 countries, including the Soviet Union, and after the war formed the basis of the United Nations Declaration. America entered the war four months later.", "The General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, also known as the Dayton Agreement, Dayton Accords, Paris Protocol or Dayton-Paris Agreement, is the peace agreement reached at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton, Ohio, United States, in November 1995, and formally signed in Paris on 14 December 1995. These accords put an end to the -year-long Bosnian War, one of the Yugoslav Wars.", "1945 July 26President Truman issues the Potsdam Declaration, which warns Japan of \"prompt and utter destruction\" and requires unconditional surrender of the Japanese armed forces. USS Indianapolis delivers Little Boy bomb units, and the U-235 projectile to Tinian Island. Five C-54 transport planes leave Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque with: the Little Boy U-235 target (its final component); the Fat Man plutonium core, and its initiator.", "1992 – Operation Silver Anvil , Sierra Leone . Following the April 29 coup that overthrew President Joseph Saidu Momoh , a United States European Command (USEUCOM) Joint Special Operations Task Force evacuated 438 people (including 42 third-country nationals) on May 3 .Two Air Mobility Command (AMC) C-141s flew 136 people from Freetown , Sierra Leone, to the Rhein-Main Air Base in Germany and nine C-130 sorties carried another 302 people to Dakar , Senegal . [RL30172]", "July 17, 1945, Joseph Stalin, Winston Churchill, and Harry S. Truman met at the Potsdam Conference, the last Allied summit conference of World War II.", "The Federal Republic of Germany was declared \"fully sovereign\" on May 5, 1955. The British, French and U.S. militaries remained in the country, just as the Soviet Army remained in East Germany. Four days after becoming \"fully sovereign\" in 1955, West Germany joined NATO , established in 1949 for the defense of Europe. West Germany became a focus of the Cold War , with its juxtaposition to East Germany, a member of the subsequently founded Warsaw Pact . The U.S. retained an especially strong presence in West Germany, acting as a deterrent in case of a Soviet invasion. The former capital, Berlin , had also been divided into four sectors, the Western Allies joining their sectors to form West Berlin, while the Soviets held East Berlin.", "In 1952, West Germany became part of the European Coal and Steel Community, which would later evolve into the European Union. On 5 May 1955 West Germany was declared to have the \"authority of a sovereign state\". The British, French and U.S. militaries remained in the country, just as the Soviet Army remained in East Germany. Four days after obtaining the \"authority of a sovereign state\" in 1955, West Germany joined NATO. The UK and the USA retained an especially strong presence in West Germany, acting as a deterrent in case of a Soviet invasion. In 1976 West Germany became one of the founding nations of the Group of Six (G6). In 1973, West Germany—home to roughly 1.26% of the world's population—featured the world's fourth largest GDP of 944 billion (5.9% of the world total). In 1987 the FRG held a 7.4% share of total world production.", "In 1961, RAF Fighter Command was assigned to NATO's air defence system. On 1 May, Air Officer Commanding in Chief, Fighter Command, Air Marshal Sir Hector McGregor assumed the additional title of Commander United Kingdom Air Defence Region. The ADR itself stretched some hundreds of miles to the north, west and south of the country and almost to the continental coastline in the east. ", "Soviet domination of Eastern Europe alarmed the West. The United States led the effort to create a military alliance to complement economic efforts at containment. In 1949 the United States and 11 other countries established the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), an alliance based on the principle of collective security. An attack against one was to be considered an attack against all, to be met by appropriate force.", "Soviet domination of Eastern Europe alarmed the West. The United States led the effort to create a military alliance to complement economic efforts at containment. In 1949 the United States and 11 other countries established the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), an alliance based on the principle of collective security. An attack against one was to be considered an attack against all, to be met by appropriate force.", "1949 The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was established by 12 Western states including Great Britain. The military alliance provided for a collective self-defence against Soviet aggression and greatly increased American influence in Europe.", "*The US was the largest, but by no means only force in the invasion. September 11th lead to the first (and thus far only time) NATO's general defense clause was used.", "The Eisenhower administration attempted to formalize its alliance system through a series of pacts. Its East Asian allies were joined into the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) while friends in Latin America were placed in the Organization of American States. The ANZUS alliance was signed between the Australia, New Zealand, and the US. None of these groupings was as successful as NATO had been in Europe.", "The Allies called themselves the \"United Nations\" (even before that organization formed in 1945), and pledged their support to the Atlantic Charter of 1941. The Charter stated the ideal goals of the war: no territorial aggrandizement; no territorial changes made against the wishes of the people; restoration of self-government to those deprived of it; free access to raw materials; reduction of trade restrictions; global cooperation to secure better economic and social conditions for all; freedom from fear and want; freedom of the seas; and abandonment of the use of force, as well as the disarmament of aggressor nations.", "Critics point out that, through politically motivated state terror campaigns such as Operation Gladio, which left hundreds of innocent European civilians dead, right through to liaison with Ukraine's far right paramilitaries UNA/UNSO, NATO’s covert operations with fascist groups have been continuous since the end of World War II. As Italian “gladiator” Vincenzo Vinciguerra put it in a BBC Timewatch documentary: \"In 1945 World War Two ended, and World War Three began.”", "At the conclusion of World War II, the myriad of organizations, individuals, movements, and publications advocating various models of global governance all coalesced in a concerted crusade to insure U.S. adoption of the United Nations charter. Once that was accomplished, however, they returned to campaigning for what Walt W. Rostow (CFR) endorsed as \"an end to nationhood,\" since the United Nations could never become a genuine world government as long as member nations retained any vestige of sovereignty and autonomy." ]

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[ "Nitrous oxide, commonly known as laughing gas, nitrous, nitro, NOS or hippy crack, [1] is an inorganic molecule and chemical compound with the formula N2O. It is an oxide of nitrogen. At room temperature, it is a colorless and non-flammable gas with a slightly sweet odor and taste. It is used in surgery and dentistry for its anesthetic and analgesic effects. It is known as \"laughing gas\" due to the euphoric effects of inhaling it, a property that has led to its recreational use as an atypical dissociative anesthetic . The duration of these effects is approximately 2 - 5 minutes in length. It is also used as an oxidizer in rocketry and in motor racing to increase the power output of engines. At elevated temperatures, nitrous oxide is a powerful oxidizer similar to molecular oxygen.", "Laughing gas is nitrous oxide, N2O (more properly called dinitrogen oxide). It is a colorless gas with a sweet odor and taste. Inhalation leads to disorientation, euphoria, numbness, loss of motor coordination, dizziness, and ultimately a loss of consciousness. The gas is used as an anaesthetic, as a propellant in whipped cream cans, and as an oxidizing agent in racing cars.", "Laughing gas is the common name for nitrous oxide or N2O. It is also known as nitrous, nitro, or NOS. It's a nonflammable, colorless gas that has a slightly sweet flavor and odor. In addition to its use in rockets and to boost engine performance for motor racing, laughing gas has several medical applications. It has been used in dentistry and surgery as an analgesic and anesthetic since 1844, when dentist Dr. Horace Wells used it on himself during a tooth extraction. Since that time, its used has become commonplace in medicine, plus the euphoric effect from inhaling the gas has led to use as a recreation drug.", "Nitrous oxide, commonly known as laughing gas, nitrous, nitro, or NOS is a chemical compound with the formula . It is an oxide of nitrogen. At room temperature, it is a colorless, non-flammable gas, with a slightly sweet odor and taste. It is used in surgery and dentistry for its anaesthetic and analgesic effects. It is known as \"laughing gas\" due to the euphoric effects of inhaling it, a property that has led to its recreational use as a dissociative anaesthetic. It is also used as an oxidiser in rocket propellants, and in motor racing to increase the power output of engines. At elevated temperatures, nitrous oxide is a powerful oxidizer similar to molecular oxygen.", "N2O is commonly known as nitrous oxide; however, it is also known as dinitrogen monoxide, nitros, NOS or laughing gas. It is a colorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and an analgesic. When inhaled, it can cause a mild form of hysteria, sometimes accompanied by laughter, and it decreases the sensibilities of pain.", "Nitrous oxide is a chemical mixture of nitrogen and oxygen that’s used as a dental anesthesia for painful or stressful procedures. It’s more commonly known as laughing gas for the giddy and/or calm effects it has on patients. It is odorless, colorless, doesn’t cause irritation as some gases do, and has very few and limited side effects when administered correctly.", "Nitrous oxide: Laughing gas known as 'hippy crack' is 2nd most popular legal high drug among young people | Daily Mail Online", "mid-14c., verbal noun from laugh (v.). Laughing matter (usually with negative) is from 1560s. Nitrous oxide has been called laughing gas since 1842 (for its exhilarating effects). Davy, experimenting with the gas, discovered these as far back as 1779: \"When I took the bag from my mouth, I immediately laughed. The laughter was involuntary, but highly pleasurable, accompanied by a thrill all through me.\"", "P.S: A friend of mine experimented with the use of Nitrous Oxide (laughing gas) during his teenage years.", "One of his first discoveries at the Pneumatic Institution on the 9th of April 1799 was that pure nitrous oxide (laughing gas) is perfectly respirable, and he narrates that on the next day he became absolutely intoxicated through breathing sixteen quarts of it for near seven minutes. This discovery brought both him and the Pneumatic Institution into prominence. The gas itself was inhaled by Robert Southey and Samuel Taylor Coleridge among other distinguished people, and promised to become fashionable, while further research yielded Davy material for his Researches, Chemical and Philosophical, chiefly concerning Nitrous Oxide, published in 1800, which secured his reputation as a chemist.", "- Decreased sensitivity laughing gas common name for nitrous oxide; used to reduce anxieties and relax patients local anesthesia elimination of the sensation of pain, in one part of the body by the surface application or regional injection of an anesthetic drug mangaed care program whereby patient-dentist assignment and dentist reimbursement are administered by a separate, external organization malocclusion", "a colourless nonflammable slightly soluble gas with a sweet smell: used as an anaesthetic in dentistry and surgery. Formula: N2O Systematic name dinitrogen oxide Also called laughing gas", "A new United Nations report states that nitrous oxide, better known as laughing gas, poses an growing risk to the ozone layer.", "Nitrous Oxide [N2O], colourless gas with a sweetish taste and odour. Although it doesnot burn, it supports combustion because it decomposes into oxygen and nitrogen whenheated. A major use is in dental anesthesia. It is often called laughing gas because itproduces euphoria and mirth when inhaled in small amounts.", "Nitrous oxide (laughing gas) is used with other such drugs as thiopental to produce surgical anesthesia. It has the fastest induction and recovery time. It is regarded as the safest inhalation anesthetic because it does not slow respiration or blood flow to the brain. However, because nitrous oxide is a relatively weak anesthetic, it is not suited for use in major surgery. Although it may be used alone for dental anesthesia, it should not be used as a primary agent in more extensive procedures.", "But observe, first of all, that neither of these young men claim to have invented the substances—ether and laughing-gas—now used in destroying sensibility to pain; nor was either of them the first to originate the idea of inhaling gas for the purpose. The idea was original with Sir Humphry Davy. In 1798, when he was twenty years old, he was appointed chemical superintendent of a hospital for the cure of pulmonary diseases by the inhalation of different gases. This appointment led to his undertaking a series of experiments with the various gases employed, particularly the protoxide of nitrogen, sometimes called by him, \"the pleasure-giving air,\" and by us laughing-gas. In the course of his remarks on this gas, he used the following language:", "Imagine going to the dentist and feeling safe, warm and comfortable receiving dental care—without fear. It is possible, and for some it may be accomplished with nitrous oxide. Nitrous oxide is also known as inhalation sedation, laughing gas, nitrous, happy gas, and N2O-O2.", "Despite Davy's discovery that inhalation of nitrous oxide could relieve a conscious person from pain, another 44 years elapsed before doctors attempted to use it for anaesthesia. The use of nitrous oxide as a recreational drug at \"laughing gas parties\", primarily arranged for the British upper class, became an immediate success beginning in 1799. While the effects of the gas generally make the user appear stuporous, dreamy and sedated, some people also \"get the giggles\" in a state of euphoria, and frequently erupt in laughter. ", "Following Priestley's discovery, Humphry Davy of the Pneumatic Institute in Bristol, England, experimented with the physiological properties of the gas, such as its effects upon respiration. He even administered the gas to visitors to the institute, and after watching the amusing effects on people who inhaled it, coined the term 'laughing gas'!", "Instead, gases and vapors were used by medical instructors and their students for the purposes of hilarity and intoxication rather than the performance of pain-free surgery. Nitrous oxide in particular was exploited in stage shows. An advertisement for one such public entertainment promised that “the effect of the gas is to make those who inhale it either laugh, sing, dance, speak or fight, etc., etc., according to the leading trait of their character. They seem to retain consciousness enough not to say or do that which they would have occasion to regret.”", "Laughing gas is available several forms, one being the medical form which is produced to be used as an anaesthetic and is therefore subject to pharmaceuticals law. A second, less pure form of laughing gas is for commercial use and is commonly used to tune engines. This less pure form may often contain other chemicals or gases such as methyl nitrate which can lead to oxygen deficiency in the human body. Laughing gas can also be purchased in cartridges that can be used to make whipped cream.", "Popular search terms for this page include 5 letter word for laughing gas, another name for laughing gas, other name for laughing gas, what is another name for laughing gas?, and other words for.", "However, despite this observation, for the next 40 years or so the primary use of N2O was for recreational enjoyment and public shows. So called nitrous oxide capers took place in travelling medicine shows and carnivals, where the public would pay a small price to inhale a minute's worth of the gas. People would laugh and act silly until the effect of the drug came to its abrupt end, when they would stand about in confusion. Many famous people (of their time) and dignitaries from Clifton and Bristol came to inhale Davy's purified nitrous oxide for recreational purposes.", "Another word for laughing-gas word list. Below are a number of words whose meaning is similar to laughing-gas.", "'Anyone who takes laughing gas is playing Russian Roulette with their life... people should shun this substance and effectively put companies selling it out of business'", "Data from coroners’ reports, compiled by a research team from St George’s, University of London, funded by the Department of Health, claimed that laughing gas was responsible for 17 deaths between 2006 and 2012. There were five deaths, due to asphyxiation resulting from hypoxia (lack of oxygen), in 2010 and one the following year.", "Laughing gas makes you laugh – funny that. But what else does nitrous oxide do? And is it safe?", "with nitrous oxide or ether. In the cartoon to the right, the caricaturist Gillray shows a demonstration, dated around 1802, featuring probably Davy as an assistant. The cartoonist is stretching the truth to weave in a bit of broad humor: Breathing a gas may make you high, but it won’t make you fart. Still, it was a topic for satire.", "(Mike Note: I can’t not laugh at that moment. Especially when he’s getting dragged and is like,”OWWWGGHH!” and the gasoline is bubbling out of the side of his mouth.)", "For the next 40 years, nitrous oxide, and also ether, was used for frolics and public entertainment. Their anaesthetic qualities went unnoticed, leaving serious investigators experimenting with such agents as carbon dioxide. Henry Hill Hickman, a physician in Shropshire, rendered a number of animals insensible to the pain of surgery, but did not try carbon dioxide on human patients. Had he known that the unconsciousness he saw was probably due to asphyxiation, a concept little understood at the time, perhaps he would not have persisted. Asphyxiation anaesthesia was, however, used in the nineteenth century. It was popular to throttle lunatics in asylums with a stocking around the neck, to make them more amenable to washing and dressing, and, of course, it became an important part of nitrous oxide anaesthesia, but more of that later 4 , 5 .", "Damps is the collective name given to all gases (other than air) found in coal mines in England. The word corresponds to German Dampf, the name for \"vapour\". ", "What is the common name of the euphorigenic gas that consists of two nitrogen atoms and one oxygen atom?" ]

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