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[ "14 Q $200 B answer What is the distance between bases on a little league baseball field?", "These three bases are square white bags that are secured to the ground. They are safe havens for offensive players trying to make the difficult journey from home and back to home. The distance between bases is 60 feet in most softball leagues and for Little League baseball. By the time players reach high school, they find the same field dimensions as Major Leaguers: 90 feet between bases.", "The distance between the bases is 70 feet and the distance from the pitcher's mound to home plate is 50 feet. The recommended distance between home plate and the outfield fence ranges from 200 to 275 feet; unlike regular Little League, the distances can vary within fair territory. As in regular Little League, the bases and pitching rubber are also slightly smaller than in standard baseball.", "It's always a good idea to double check with your little league baseball coach or call the league office to make sure you're practicing and pitching from the right baseball pitching distance, but the official little league baseball pitching distance between the point of home plate and the front (near) side of the pitcher's rubber is 46 feet.", "All the bases, including home plate, lie entirely within fair territory. Thus, any batted ball that touches those bases must necessarily be in fair territory. While the first and third base bags are placed so that they lie inside the 90 foot square formed by the bases, the second base bag is placed so that its center (unlike first, third and home) coincides exactly with the \"point\" of the ninety-foot infield square. Thus, although the \"points\" of the bases are 90 feet apart, the physical distance between each successive pair of base markers is closer to 88 feet. ", "\"The Big League Baseball Division is for boys and girls ages 16–18, using a conventional 90 ft diamond with a pitching distance of 60 ft. The local league has an option to choose a Tournament Team (or \"All Stars\") of 16–18-year-olds from within this division (and/or from within the Senior League Division), and the team may enter the International Tournament. The culmination of the International Tournament is the Big League Baseball World Series, featuring teams from around the globe. All expenses for the teams advancing to the World Series (travel, meals, and housing) are paid by Little League Baseball.\"", "4. The next step is to locate second base. Measure from the back tip of home plate to a distance of 127 feet and 3 3/8 inches (see Table 2 for distance between bases for other leagues). Mark with a wooden stake. When installing base pads, this will be the center of second base.", "Unlike the infield, there's no strict rule regarding the size of a baseball outfield. American professional baseball fields have home plate-to-center field fence distances ranging from 390 feet (118.9 m) to 435 feet (132.6 m).", "The main reason for this is that there is no designation for the authorized size of an outfield. In the official rules for Major League Baseball, it is stated that the outfield fence should be at least 250 feet from home plate. A distance of 325 feet or more along the foul lines and 400 feet or more to center field has since become mandatory for any new stadiums. As such, professional fields are all a little different. Even more significant is the fact that those rules only apply to MLB; a field designed for youth baseball or even college baseball is likely to have somewhat (or substantially) shorter fences.", "To prevent \"cheap\" home runs, baseball leagues may specify a minimum distance from home plate to the outfield fences. Generally, the higher the skill level, the deeper the minimum dimensions must be, to prevent an excess of home runs. In the major leagues, a rule was passed in 1958 that compelled any new fields built after that point to have a minimum distance of 325 ft from home plate to the fences in left and right field, and 400 ft to center. (Rule 1.04, Note(a)). This rule was passed to avoid situations like the Los Angeles Coliseum, which was 251 ft. down the left field line.", "In Major League Baseball, a regulation mound is 18 feet (5.5 m) in diameter, with the center 59 feet (18.0 m) from the rear point of home plate, on the line between home plate and second base. The front edge of the pitcher's plate or rubber is 18 inches (45.7 cm) behind the center of the mound, making the front edge's midpoint 60 feet 6 inches (18.4 m) from the rear point of home plate. Six inches (15.2 cm) in front of the pitcher's rubber the mound begins to slope downward. The top of the rubber is to be no higher than ten inches (25.4 cm) above home plate. From 1903 through 1968, this height limit was set at 15 inches, but was often slightly higher, sometimes as high as 20 inches (50.8 cm), especially for teams that emphasized pitching, such as the Los Angeles Dodgers, who were reputed to have the highest mound in the majors.", "'Home Plate' is one corner of a diamond with 'bases' at each corner. The bases other than home plate are 15 in (38 cm) square, of canvas or a similar material, and not more than 5 in (13 cm) thick. The bases are usually securely fastened to the ground. The bases are numbered counter clockwise as first base, second base, and third base. Often, but not always, outside first base (that is, in foul territory) and adjacent and connected to it there is a contrast-colored \"double base\" or \"safety base\". It is intended to prevent collisions between the first baseman and the runner. The runner runs for the foul portion of the double base after hitting the ball while the fielding team tries to throw the ball to the regular first base before the runner reaches the safety base. However, not all softball diamonds have these safety bases and they are much more common in women's softball than in men's. The double base is required in ISF championships.", "The infield consists of a square-shaped plot called the diamond, which measures 90 ft (27 m) on each side. One corner of the diamond is marked by a five-sided piece of rubber called home plate. Batters hit the ball from a position on either side of home plate, depending on their preference. At the three other corners of the infieldmoving counterclockwise from home plateare first base, second base, and third base. Each base is marked with a canvas bag.", "attach the bases to the playing field. A stanchion is similar in appearance to a spike and is inserted into a corresponding hole on the playing field. Some cheaper bases have a hard plastic waffled bottom that grips the playing field to keep it in place. According to Eric Miklich at the website 19th Century Baseball, the oldest known baseball base specifications were written in 1857. Bases were to be canvas bags filled with sand or sawdust. The bags would be painted white, attached to the field at the corners, and their dimensions were required to be one square foot. The overall size of a baseball base hasmorphed over time. It is now 15 inches square and between three to five inches thick. These three bases combine with home plate to form the ouline of the baseball diamond, where the majority of the action occurs. The pitcher’s mound rests directly in the middle of the diamond.", "\"The 9–10 Year Old Baseball Division for boys and girls was established as a tournament program in 1994. It gives children of this age the opportunity to experience tournament competition, up to state level. Players on these teams can be chosen from among Major Division and/or Minor Division teams. The diamond used is a 60-foot diamond and the pitching distance is 46 feet.\"", "Set up: The outfielders start at their positions (approximately 25' beyond the Mini Diamond).  The coach stands somewhere within the infield, or slightly into foul ground (balls get thrown to bases from foul ground on occasion; also this positioning of the coach creates a greater variety of angles for the outfielders). The left fielder backs up third base, the center fielder backs up second base, the right fielder backs up first base. ", "Tuesday, February 11, 2014 - Why is the pitcher's mound 60 feet, six inches from home plate?  It wasn't a baseball error, but a blunder of a different kind.  Until 1893, the pitcher's mound was 50 feet from home plate.  Pitchers were having a relatively easy time tossing fast balls and strikes, and the game was becoming a bore.  Thus officials decided to move the mound back 10 feet.  A diagram showing a distance of 60'0\" was presented to a surveyor, who was supposed to map out new fields.  Unfortunately, the surveyor misread the diagram as showing 60'6\", and designed the new field accordingly.  The blueprints and several new mounds were finished before the error was noticed, so the measurement remained.", "Base lines run from home plate to first base and from home plate to third base. Extensions of these lines, called foul lines, run along the outer edges of the outfield. These lines divide foul and fair territory. Base lines also extend from first to second to third base, marking the path of a runner. The region of the outfield behind first base is called right field, the region behind second base is called center field, and the region behind third base is called left field. A fence runs along the farthest limits of the outfield.", "As would be expected, baseball is one of the more important amateur sports in the United States. The first national amateur baseball program was the American Legion Junior League, founded in 1926 and later called the American Legion Baseball League, with an upper age limit of 19 years for players. The American Amateur Baseball Congress (founded 1935) conducts programs for youths age 8 to 19 and adults in seven divisions. By the late 1990s Little League (founded 1939), originally for boys 8 to 12 years old, had about 2,500,000 players in its baseball program and 400,000 in its softball program in 102 countries. Little League has added leagues for children as young as age 5 ( Tee Ball, in which the ball is batted from a stationary pedestal) and for youths as old as age 18 (Big League). In 1974 girls were admitted into Little League play; boys and girls play together in the baseball program, but the softball program is divided by gender. Other programs for young players include the Babe Ruth League (1952) and PONY (Protect Our Nation’s Youth) Baseball, Inc. (1951).", "Two covered shelters called dugouts are located in foul territory along each base line. Players occupy the dugouts when they are not on the field. The baseball field is also designed with a number of markings that indicate the use of certain regions. Boxes outlined in chalk on each side of home plate indicate where a batter may stand. Chalk boxes in foul territory near first and third base define the position of team coaches. Similar regions limit where pitchers may warm up during the game and where players may prepare before batting.", "The first baseman, second baseman, and third baseman are each stationed at or near a base. The shortstop stands between second and third base. These players are responsible for fielding, or handling, the ball when it is hit to the infield and for putting out runners as they attempt to advance around the diamond. Three outfielders are stationed individually in right field, center field, and left field. They are responsible for fielding balls hit to the outfield.", "Near the center of the diamond is the pitching plate. In fastpitch, a skinned circle 16 feet (4.88 meters) in diameter known as the pitching circle is around the pitching plate.", "Since January 2014, Little League has celebrated its 75th Anniversary around the world. The 7,000 local Little Leagues have marked the occasion, and there have been wonderful moments throughout the year honoring the Anniversary. The 2014 Little League Baseball World Series, though, served as the exclamation point on an exciting year. During the 10-day tournament in South Williamsport, Pa., just miles from where the first Little League game was played on June 6, 1939, special occasions were held to mark the Anniversary. Read More", "At the 2013 Little League Baseball® World Series, Little League® unofficially kicked off its 75th Anniversary celebrations. Now, a year later, the Little League International Tournament will serve as the exclamation point on the end of a year of Diamond Anniversary commemorations.At Little League tournaments around the world, local leagues have been celebrating our Anniversary. With 75th Anniversary “rocker” patches being worn by All-Star teams and special 75th Anniversary banners, the Diamond Anniversary has made it to fields on six continents. Read More", "2010: The World Series tournament is reorganized, eliminating pool play and adopting double-elimination until the bracket winners are determined. Little League announces plans to add a pilot division in baseball for ages 12–13 to help baseball Little Leaguers make the transition to regulation-size fields in Junior League Baseball. Bartlett, Illinois, becomes biggest little league. ", "baseball game played with a bat, a ball, and gloves between two teams of nine players each on a field with four white bases laid out in a diamond (i.e., a square oriented so that its diagonal line is vertical). Teams alternate positions as batters (offense) and...", "The straight up the middle positions from home plate straight across the pitchers mound and right on through to the center field wall. By the way the center field fence or straight away wall from home plate is the longest distance of the ballpark.", "When the pitcher is ready to pitch, a baserunner may not leave the bag until the pitch reaches the batter in Minor League and standard Little League. In the upper levels, including Intermediate Little League, the runner can leave the bag at any time while the ball is in play.", "This comparison was made a few years back in 1997. Junior League and Senior League rules differ from Little League rules. The comparisons made here are differences between Little League and the official baseball rules proposed by various official leagues, associations, and clubs.", "1992: Carl Stotz, the founder of Little League, dies. Lights are installed at Lamade Stadium allowing for the first night games to be played. The series is expanded from single elimination to round-robin format. Long Beach, California, managed by former Major Leaguer Jeff Burroughs and led by his son, future Major Leaguer Sean Burroughs, is named series champion after Zamboanga City, Philippines, is forced to forfeit for playing with ineligible players.", "The Kid�s Zone behind the first base grandstand has a wiffle ball infield that's one-third the size of a Major League diamond. Additionally, there's an inflatable �Home Run Derby� that lets kids practice their hitting, while \"kids\" of all ages can get their fastball clocked at the speed pitch station.", "a game closely resembling baseball that is played on a smaller diamond and with a ball that is larger and softer" ]

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[ "How many home runs did baseball great Ty Cobb hit in the three world series in which he played?", "16 Q $200 C answer How many home runs did baseball great Ty Cobb hit in the three world series in which he played?", "The Tigers won the AL pennant again in 1909. During that World Series, Cobb's last, he stole home in the second game, igniting a three-run rally, but that was the high point for him, finishing with a lowly .231, as the Tigers lost to Honus Wagner and the powerful Pirates in seven games. Although he performed poorly in the postseason, he won the Triple Crown by hitting .377 with 107 RBI and nine home runs, all inside the park, thus becoming the only player of the modern era to lead his league in home runs in a season without hitting a ball over the fence. ", "He played in three World Series, in 1980 with the Royals and in 1982 and 1985 with the St. Louis Cardinals, winning the World Series MVP Award in 1982.", "1927 - Ty Cobb set a major-league baseball record by getting his 4,000th career hit. Cobb recorded 4,191 hits before his career came to an end the following year -- after 23 years in the big leagues.", "Ty Cobb and Honus Wagner The 1909 World Series between Pittsburgh and Detroit was, at the time, thought by many to settle the argument of greatest ballplayer, a contest between two ballplayers named Tyrus Cobb and John Peter Wagner, known today as Ty Cobb and Honus Wagner. In the series, Wagner outhit Cobb, in addition to compiling more stolen bases and winning the title. Many of their contemporaries later said Wagner was the best they'd ever seen, better than Cobb; Ty's drawback was his personality and playing style - one of the most hated men on or off the field in baseball history, Cobb was regularly referred to as \"the dirtiest player in baseball.\" Historical stats, however, back up Cobb: the Detroit outfielder still holds the record for highest career batting average, hitting .367 lifetime. He's second all-time in runs, hits and triples, and fourth in stolen bases and doubles. Wagner's only top-five finish in the major hitting categories all-time is fourth in triples.", "In 1963, Aaron had his best overall season, leading the National League with 44 home runs and 130 runs batted in (RBIs). He finished third in batting, with a .319 average, narrowly missing the coveted Triple Crown (in which a batter leads the league in home runs, RBIs, and batting average). Aaron, however, stole 30 bases that year, becoming only the third player ever to have 30 home runs and 30 stolen bases in a season. The Braves relocated to Atlanta for the 1966 season, and in 1974, Aaron became the all-time baseball home-run king when he hit number 715, which occurred April 8, 1974.", "1921: After several turbulent years, which included the dismissal of two players for throwing games and the death of Eddie Grant (the first major leaguer killed in World War I); the Giants capture the pennant with a 94-59 record, and face the Yankees in the first Subway Series. In the World Series, the Yanks jumped out to a two-games-to-none lead after posting consecutive 3-0 victories. The Giants roared back from an early 2-0 deficit in Game 3 to post a 13-5 victory. John McGraw's club knotted the Fall Classic at two games apiece when it logged a 4-2 triumph in the fourth game, despite Babe Ruth's first World Series home run. Ruth, hobbled by knee and arm aliments, spirited the Yankees to a 3-1 victory in Game 5 when he started the go-ahead rally with a bunt base hit.  However, the Bambino couldn't continue and the Giants took advantage of the situation to run off three straight victories to give the franchise its first World Championship since 1905. Art Nehrf got the National Leaguers over the top with his four-hit, 1-0 victory in Game 8. Following the Series, John McGraw had the Yankees evicted from the Polo Grounds, leading to the construction of Yankee Stadium, which opened two years later.", "Despite this, there were also several superstar hitters, the most famous being Honus Wagner , held to be one of the greatest shortstops to ever play the game, and Detroit's Ty Cobb , the \"Georgia Peach\". Cobb was a mean-spirited man, fiercely competitive and loathed by many of his fellow professionals, but his career batting average of .366 has yet to be bested.", "In 1957, the Braves celebrated their first pennant in nine years spearheaded by Aaron's MVP season, as he led the National League in home runs and RBI. Perhaps the most memorable of his 44 round-trippers that season came on September 23, a two-run walk-off home run that gave the Braves a 4–2 victory over the St. Louis Cardinals and clinched the League championship. The team then went on to its first World Series win in over 40 years, defeating the powerful New York Yankees of Berra, Mantle, and Ford in seven games. One-time Yankee Burdette, the Series MVP, threw three complete game victories against his former team, giving up only two earned runs.", "Berra appeared in fourteen World Series , winning ten championships, both of which are records. Partly because Berra's playing career coincided with the Yankees' most consistent period of World Series participation, he established World Series records for the most games (75), at-bats (259), hits (71), doubles (10), singles (49), games caught (63), and catcher putouts (457). In Game 3 of the 1947 World Series, Berra hit the first pinch-hit home run in World Series history, off Brooklyn Dodgers pitcher Ralph Branca (who later served up Bobby Thomson 's famous home run in 1951).", "1961 - Ty Cobb died of cancer at age 74. Cobb was considered by many to be the greatest baseball player of all time.", "The Yankees won their third straight pennant, finishing 16 games ahead of the Tigers. And for the third straight year, the World Series was an all-New York affair. This time, it was the Yankees, after losing two of the first three games, who prevailed. Ruth went 7-for-19 in the series, with three home runs. However, all three came at the Polo Grounds. Giants’ outfielder Casey Stengel hit the first World Series home run at Yankee Stadium.", "*October 24 – Pablo Sandoval of the San Francisco Giants becomes the fourth player in major league history to hit three home runs in a World Series game, hitting two of them off Justin Verlander of the Detroit Tigers. The Giants go on to defeat the Tigers 8-3 at AT&T Park in Game 1.", "�Diamond Jim�: baseball: Brooklyn Dodgers, LA Dodgers, Baltimore Orioles [2 grand slams in same game: 1961/record shared with 8 others], KC Athletics, Houston Astros, Cleveland Indians", "1975: The sixth game of the World Series will eventually belong to Carlton Fisk, but even before his at-bat in the 12th inning, there's plenty of drama. The Cincinnati Reds rally from a 3-0 deficit and are four outs away from the world championship when Boston's Bernie Carbo pinch-hits a three-run homer into Fenway Park's centerfield bleachers to tie the game 6-6 in the eighth inning.", "Brooklyn Dodgers from left, Pee Wee Reese, Jackie Robinson, and Preacher Roe are a happy trio in the clubhouse after the Dodgers beat the Yankees 5-3 in the third game of the World Series at Yankee Stadium in New York, Oct. 3, 1952.", "In 1975 , the Red Sox won the pennant and met the dynastic Cincinnati Reds in the World Series . The Red Sox won Game 6 on a famous walk-off home run by catcher Carlton Fisk , setting the stage for the deciding Game 7. Boston took a quick 3-0 lead, but the Reds tied the game. In the top of the ninth, the Reds brought in the go-ahead run on a Joe Morgan single that scored Ken Griffey, Sr. , winning what is regarded as one of the greatest World Series ever played.", "1967 - St Louis Cards beat Boston Red Sox, 4 games to 3 in 64th World Series as Lou Brock steals a record 7 bases in 1 World Series", "Over its 138 seasons, the Braves franchise has won a total of three World Series Championships, one in each of the three cities they have played in.", "* October 21 – The Cincinnati Reds sweep the New York Yankees in four games to win the 1976 World Series.", "1982 - St Louis Cards beat Milwaukee Brewers, 4 games to 3 in 79th World Series", "Possibly the most famous example is the 1960 World Series, which was the first World Series to end with a true Down To The Last Play home run. Bill Mazeroski's homer on the second pitch in the bottom of the 9th gave the Pittsburgh Pirates a victory over the New York Yankees.", "After some uneven seasons, the Giants inaugurated the new Polo Grounds with three consecutive pennants (1911-13). But the American League got a measure of revenge against McGraw for his 1904 slight by winning all three World Series.", "Oct. 28 : The Atlanta Braves defeat the Cleveland Indians, four games to two, to win baseball’s World Series.", "Gehrig accumulated 493 home runs and 1,995 RBI in 17 seasons with a lifetime average of .340, a lifetime OBP of .447, and a lifetime slugging of .632. He was a Triple Crown winner in 1934.", "In something of a franchise rematch of 1948, the Braves become the first team to win a World Series in three different cities (Boston in 1914, Milwaukee in 1957, and Atlanta in 1995).", "�Shotgun�: baseball: NY Giants, Baltimore Orioles, Washington Senators, Minnesota Twins, NY Yankees [World Series: 1961], Boston Red Sox; manager: California Angeles, Minnesota Twins", "1975 - Carlton Fisk (Boston Red Sox) hit a home run in the 12th inning in a 7-6 win over the Cincinnati Reds in Game Six of the World Series.", "6-2 Sons of Sam Horn: The Boston Red Sox Three Home Run Club : The Boston Red Sox is a historic franchise that is filled with Hall of Famers and world champions. So when Mookie Betts did something ...", "1990 - Reds Eric Davis is 22nd player to homer in his 1st World Series at bat", "** October 3: New York Giants won the NL Pennant, with a famous walk-off home run by Bobby Thomson, which was called the hit the Shot Heard 'Round the World (baseball)." ]

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[ "The first organized BMX Races were held in the Netherlands. BMX riding was invented in Holland by kids who tried to emulate their motorcross heroes using their bicycles. One of the first ever Bicycle Motocross riders was Ton van Heugten. Ton went on to became a world champion in sidehack racing. (BMX stands for Bicycle Motocross.)", "BMX - An abbreviation for bicycle motocross, BMX was originally used as a gateway to get kids into motocross but blew up into its own sport. BMX bikes are highly specialized, compact (designed around 20-inch wheels), and used for dirt track racing and/or freestyle tricks.", "In BMX – short for Bicycle Moto Cross – it was France’s Anne-Caroline Chausson who became the first Olympic champion. For the men, this honour went to Latvia’s Maris Strombergs.", "Bicycle Motocross or BMX is a name of a cycling sport in which the main goal is extreme racing on bicycles in Motocross style on tracks BMX started in the early 1970s when children began racing their bicycles on dirt tracks in southern California, drawing inspiration from the motocross superstars of the time. The size and availability of the Schwinn Sting-Ray made it the natural bike of choice, since they were easily customized for better handling and performance. BMX racing was a phenomenon by the mid-1970s. [1] Children were racing standard road bikes off-road, around purpose-built tracks in [California]. [2] The 1972 motorcycle racing documentary On Any Sunday is generally credited with inspiring the movement nationally in the US; its opening scene shows kids riding their Schwinn Stingrays off-road. By the middle of that decade the sport achieved critical mass , and manufacturers began creating bicycles designed especially for the sport.", "Track racing events include the sprint , the pursuit , the one-kilometre time trial, the points race, and the keirin, or motor-paced race . Keirin is especially popular in Japan because betting on the outcome is legal there, much like a horse or dog race. Some European track stars ride on the keirin circuit in Japan, both for the experience and for the salary. Cyclo-cross , or cross-country racing, established in the mid-1920s, covers rough terrain that may require racers to dismount and walk or run with their bicycles. Mountain biking, over rough terrain, but usually downhill rather than on the flat, is increasingly popular. One difference between cyclo-cross and mountain-bike racing is that cyclo-cross riders are allowed to ride up to three bicycles during a race, whereas in mountain-bike competition the cyclist must carry all the tools necessary to fix the bicycle, as only one bicycle may be used during a race. One other recent form of racing is bicycle motocross (BMX) racing, which can be traced to motocross racing. Racers (children and adults) ride on dirt tracks which feature a large number of jumps and turns. BMX racing is very popular in the United States, Europe, and Australia. In 2008 BMX racing made its Olympic debut at the Beijing Games in the form of a men’s individual race and a women’s individual race.", "2008 - Bicycle Moto Cross (BMX) debuts as an Olympic event, for both men and women.", "The Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) or in English the International Cycling Union, is a Switzerland-based international sanctioning body created in 1900 which has had its own international BMX racing program since 1982 (through FIAC) and have been holding World Championships for BMX racing since 1996. The UCI also supports Mountain Bike, Track, Road Race Cycling, and Cyclo-Cross. The UCI through its amateur division FIAC, held championships were separate and distinct from the International Bicycle Motocross Federation (IBMXF) World Championships until they started to hold the World Championships jointly starting in 1991 (see above). The American sanctioning body the National Bicycle League (NBL) was affiliated with the UCI via the old IBMXF which the NBL was a part of. With the merger of the IBMXF with FIAC, they in turn being folded into the UCI, and the NBL joining the USA Cycling directly, the NBL was affiliated with the UCI from 1996 to 2008. Beginning with the 2009 season, the ABA took over as the USA affiliate of UCI.", "The first BMX proto sanctioning body was the Bicycle United Motocross Society (BUMS) founded by Scot Breithaupt in Long Beach, California on November 14, 1970, when he was fourteen years old. On that day he put on his first ad hoc BMX race. At first BUMS simply referred to the transients that congregated in the field around 7th and Bellflower Streets where the track was located, but later Scot turned it into the acronym BUMS. The first race had 35 participants, who paid Scot a quarter (US25 cents) each for the privilege. At the next race 150 kids showed up.", "The International Bicycle Motocross Federation (IBMXF) was founded on April 3, 1981 by Gerrit Does, a former motocross racer and Dutch citizen. He introduced BMX to the Netherlands in 1974 after seeing it in the United States. He also started the first European BMX sanctioning body the Stichting Fietscross Nederland (SFN) (the Dutch Bicycle Motocross Foundation (DBMXF) in English) in the Netherlands in 1978. George Esser, the same man who founded the American-based National Bicycle League (NBL) in 1974 was the co-founder of the IBMXF, after Mr. Does approached the NBL to begin preparations for the new body in December 1980 with the representatives of sanctioning bodies from Canada, Colombia, Japan, Panama, and Venezuela as well as representing his native the Netherlands. The IBMXF was a Waalre, the Netherlands-based body that conducted international events including its own World Championship event until its formal merger with the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) amateur cycling division the Fédération Internationale Amateur de Cyclisme (FIAC) in 1996 to form the largest international sanctioning body. The UCI championships have since superseded the old IBMXF championships and unlike the old FIAC BMX championships it has a pro class. The NBL was affiliated with the UCI through its previous ties with the IBMXF and its merger with the FIAC. ", "Race bikes are very light BMX bikes with certain special features. Because the BMX race bike is made to go as fast as possible, it usually comes with a padded seat for added comfort, padded bars to protect the rider in case of an accident, and a super sturdy, long frame for safety and stability. All accessories are usually removed as kickstands, chain guards and the like are not needed in racing. Tires are usually double or triple walled for extra strength.", "Some tracks and Provinces have chosen BMX Canada over the Provincial UCI representative. Here are the different choices that are available in Canada,", "    Cross country - A mountain bike discipline where racers ride up as well as down hills. Climbing ability, endurance and aerobic fitness are important. As opposed to gravity events.", "06-23-2016 - * USOC + Team USA:- Brooke Crain, Connor Fields Complete U.S. Olympic BMX Team.", "The sport of BMX racing is facilitated by a number of regional and international sanctioning bodies. They provide rules for sanctioning the conduct of the flying, specify age group and skill-level classifications among the racers, and maintain some kind of points-accumulation system over the racing season. The sport is very family oriented and largely participant-driven, with riders ranging in age from 2 to 70, and over. Professional ranks exist for both men and women, where the age ranges from 18 to 40 years old.", "Cross Country Mountain Biking Cross country mountain biking is the form of race that covers 30 miles and can be perform on several rough and rugged land surfaces. The cross-country mountain biking racers start off together just as the participants of marathons race do.", "Bicycle Moto Cross. A popular type of racing, trick riding and jumping usually done on 20-inch-wheel one-speed bikes.", "Street BMX is the art of riding a BMX bike through, and on, manmade obstacles. They include poles, handrails, steps, ledges, curved walls and architectural oddities.", "Nothing was quite as rad as the SE Racing Quadangle.  The bike originated in 1979 as the STR-1 for star BMX’er Stu Thompson.  Stu and his SE were on countless magazine covers and at the front of many races.", "that stands out is the turns are green. Other than that, its a BMX track and it will be what", "A BMX race can provide quite the rush for even the most seasoned of cyclists. It's really a big kind", "In this guide, the history of the BMX bike was explored, from its origins as a modified regular bike in the 1920s, through the introduction of the first BMX model in the 1960s, and the upgrades in subsequent decades. Accessories were discussed, including helmets, knee and elbow pads as well as cycling shoes, all of which provide protection while riding. BMX enthusiasts, and their parents, will find a large selection of different types of BMX bikes and related accessories on eBay.", "The 1980's saw the creation of the Freestyle or Trick bicycle style of BMX riding. It allegedly originated in San Diego with teenager BMX riders Bob Haro, Kyle Miller, John Swanguen and William Crazy Lacy Furmage. There were five separate discipline created. They were street, park, vert, trails or dirt jumping, and flatland.", "The Best Of The Best In BMX Racing In The World:- A Good Luck To Everyone!", "There are all types of BMX jumps, ranging from small rollers to massive step-up doubles. There are pro straights which are for junior and elite men. They are all doubles which range from about 6 m to 12 m, while \"Class\" straights have more flow and have many more range of jumps.", "BMX riders can show flair off the bike, too. - Riders in the Olympics can't wear helmets that display logos or", "cyclo-cross: 1. a type of off-raod racing, similar to steeplechase, with a short multi-lap course combining cycling and running. 2. a cyclo-cross bicycle, designed for cyclo-racing and touring.", "In 2005, a flag-to-flag rule for MotoGP was introduced. Previously, if a race started dry and rain fell, officials could red-flag (stop) the race and either restart or resume on 'wet' tyres. Now, when rain falls, a white flag is shown, indicating that riders can pit to swap the motorcycle on which they started the race for an identical one, as long as the tyres are different (that is, intermediates or slicks instead of wets)[http://world.honda.com/WGP/2005/02portugal/race/]. Besides different tyres, the wet-weather bikes have steel brake rotors and different brake pads instead of the carbon discs and pads used on the 'dry' bikes. This is because the carbon brakes need to be very hot to function properly, and the water cools them too much. The suspension is also 'softened' up somewhat for the wet weather.", "In single-seater (open-wheel) the wheels are not covered, and the cars often have aerofoil wings front and rear to produce downforce and enhance adhesion to the track. In Europe and Asia, open wheeled racing is commonly referred to as \"Formula\", with appropriate hierarchical suffixes. In North America, the \"Formula\" terminology is not followed (with the exception of F1). The sport is usually arranged to follow an \"international\" format (such as F1), a \"regional\" format (such as the Formula 3 Euro Series), or a \"domestic\", or country-specific format (such as the German Formula 3 championship, or the British Formula Ford).", "    4-Cross - A mountain bike gravity event where four riders start at the same time and race on a course with banked turns, jumps and other obstacles. See mountain cross.", "In single-seater (open-wheel), the wheels are not covered, and the cars often have aerofoil wings front and rear to produce downforce and enhance adhesion to the track. In Europe and Asia, open-wheeled racing is commonly referred to as \"Formula\", with appropriate hierarchical suffixes. In North America, the \"Formula\" terminology is not followed (with the exception of F1). The sport is usually arranged to follow an international format (such as F1), a regional format (such as the Formula 3 Euro Series), and/or a domestic, or country-specific, format (such as the German Formula 3 championship, or the British Formula Ford).", "Jersey: A bicycling shirt often with team and sponsors' logos, also usually with pockets in the back. Colored jerseys in races, such as the Tour de France, denote the leader in a certain category.", "Racerunning — a track and field racing sport for disabled athletes, in which they use a specially designed tricycle." ]

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[ "After retiring as a player, with which team did baseball great Babe Ruth spend one year as a coach?", "George Herman Ruth, Jr. (February 6, 1895 – August 16, 1948), best known as \"Babe\" Ruth and nicknamed \"the Bambino\" and \"the Sultan of Swat\", was an American Major League baseball player from 1914–1935. Ruth originally broke into the major leagues with the Boston Red Sox as a starting pitcher, but after he was sold to the New York Yankees in 1919, he converted to a full-time right fielder and subsequently became one of the league's most prolific hitters. Ruth was a mainstay in the Yankees' lineup that won seven pennants and four World Series titles during his tenure with the team. After a short stint with the Boston Braves in 1935, Ruth retired. In 1936, Ruth became one of the first five players elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame.", "George Herman Ruth, Jr., best known as \"Babe\" Ruth and nicknamed \"the Bambino\" and \"the Sultan of Swat\", was an American Major League baseball player from 1914–1935. Ruth originally broke into the major leagues with the Boston Red Sox as a starting pitcher, but after he was sold to the New York Yankees in 1919, he converted to a full-time right fielder and subsequently became one of the league's most prolific hitters. Ruth was a mainstay in the Yankees' lineup that won seven pennants and four World Series titles during his tenure with the team. After a short stint with the Boston Braves in 1935, Ruth retired. In 1936, Ruth became one of the first five players elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame.", "Babe Ruth is the most celebrated player in American baseball history. A home run king and fan favorite, Ruth was the first in a line of iconic New York Yankee stars which included Lou Gehrig , Joe DiMaggio and Mickey Mantle . Ruth began his career as a pitcher but moved to the outfield, where he gained fame as a slugger. After the Boston Red Sox sold him to the Yankees in 1920, Ruth became the most famous athlete in America. Ruth's larger-than-life personality (including a prodigious fondness for food and drink) was a hit with fans, and Ruth is often credited with making baseball the dominant American sport of its time. Ruth retired in 1935; he held the single-season record for home runs (60) until fellow Yankee Roger Maris hit 61 in 1961, and the career record (714) until Hank Aaron passed him in 1974. In 1948, like Gehrig before him, Ruth had an emotional farewell at Yankee Stadium, with the Yankees retiring his uniform number 3. He died of throat cancer two months later.", "Ruth originally entered the major leagues with the Boston Red Sox as a starting pitcher, but after he was sold to the New York Yankees in 1919, he converted to a full-time right fielder. He subsequently became one of the league's most prolific hitters and with his home run hitting prowess, he helped the Yankees win seven pennants and four World Series titles. Ruth retired in 1935 after a short stint with the Boston Braves, and the following year, he became one of the first five players to be elected into the National Baseball Hall of Fame.", "September 24th – Babe Ruth’s last appearance as a New York Yankee. He’d play baseball part time for one more year as part of the Boston Braves, and then, unable to secure a managerial job in baseball, he drifted into retirement", "Babe Ruth is a former Major League Baseball player, widely considered to be the greatest baseball player of all-time, starting his career as a pitcher with the Boston Red Sox. In a controversial deal with the New York Yankees, Ruth was sold for $100,00 in a trade that would later be known as \"The Curse of the Bambino.\" With the Yankees, Ruth moved to the outfield and transformed into one of the greatest hitters of all time. He was the first player to hit 60 home runs in a season. Ruth ended his career with a .342 batting average and 714 home runs, which was a record until Hank Aaron surpassed him in 1974. Ruth was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1936.", "Looking for a way to get more fans and more money, Fuchs worked out a deal with the New York Yankees to acquire Babe Ruth, who had started his career with the Red Sox. Fuchs made Ruth team vice president, and promised him a share of the profits. He was also granted the title of assistant manager, and was to be consulted on all of the Braves' deals. Fuchs even suggested that Ruth, who had long had his heart set on managing, could take over as manager once McKechnie stepped down—perhaps as early as 1936. ", "Ruth was let go by the Yankees after the 1934 season, and played 28 games with the Boston Braves before retiring. He held many of baseball’s hitting records, including most home runs in a season (60) and in a career (714). He died of throat cancer on Aug. 16, 1948, at the age of 53.", "In 1933, Ruths once great talent began to erode. Realizing that his playing days were numbered, he threatened the Yankees that he would quit if not given the opportunity to become a manager. After they denied his request, he left the Yankees in 1934. Two years later, the Boston Braves offered to take on Ruth as a part-time player, baiting him with an eventual assistant-manager position. He accepted, and his decision met with mixed feelings among New York fans. Some thought that he was deserving of the opportunity, and others felt that he was selling out.", "Babe Ruth performed great where ever he played. ... In 1920 Ruth was traded to the New York Yankees for $125,000. ... As expected Ruth played great baseball for the Yankees. ... Beside putting up incredible statistics, Babe Ruth helped lead the Yankees to World Series championships as well. ... Babe Ruth finished his career with the Boston Braves in 1935, after being released by the Yankees. ...", "The Yankees released Ruth after the 1934 season, and he ended his playing career in 1935 with the Boston Braves of the National League. In the final game that he started in the outfield for Boston, Ruth hit three home runs. In 1936, he became one of the first five players elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame. Ruth died of throat cancer on Aug. 16, 1948, at the age of 53.", "BABE RUTH (1895-1948): Babe Ruth? Babe Ruth was a Brooklyn Dodger? Yes folks, he sure was. Hired in 1938 by Larry MacPhail, Babe Ruth was a Dodger First Base coach, not a player. Although he had been tapped as a potential manager, even the legendarily alcoholic MacPhail grimaced at The Babe's drinking habits, but even more so at his lack of dependability. The Babe came and went as he pleased, and sometimes never showed up for work at all. Ruth lasted only a single season in True Dodger Blue. But The Babe was a draw. Fans came to EbbetsField early for batting practice, hoping to see the Sultan of Swat do his thing. And he did. None of his Ebbets Field homers counted toward his record, but I've heard from those who were there that the rockets he sent over the wall toward Bedford Avenue always brought the fans to their feet cheering, and, even sometimes, gaping openmouthed.", "To management, however, Ruth was a headache. His continued inability—or outright refusal—to adhere to the team’s curfew earned him several suspensions and his non-stop salary demands infuriated Frazee. The Red Sox owner had spoken publicly about possibly trading Ruth before the 1919 season, when Babe was holding out for double his existing salary and threatening to become a boxer. However, Ruth and Frazee came to terms and the Babe’s hitting made headlines across the country all season long. He played 111 games in left field, belted a record 29 home runs, and led the major leagues in slugging percentage (.657), on-base percentage (.456), runs scored (103), RBIs (114), and total bases (284). He also drove in or scored one-third of Boston’s runs. But while Ruth also won nine games on the mound, the rest of the staff fell victim to injuries and the defending champs finished in the second division with a 66-71 record.", "Babe Ruth married Boston waitress Helen Woodford after the 1914 season - a sign that he had already started hanging around watering holes and enjoying the good life during his short stay in the city over the summer. He found a permanent spot with the team for the 1915 season and had a very solid year, running a 13-1 span between June 1 and September 2 and ending the year at 18-8 with a 2.44 ERA. The Red Sox were the class of the American League that season, thanks to a great five-man starting rotation. As a result, he was not used as a pitcher in that fall's World Series against the Philadelphia Phillies which the Red Sox won 4 games to 1; his only appearance was as an unsuccessful pinch-hitter in Game 1. Even at this early stage of his career, Ruth's managers realized that he was a much better hitter than the average pitcher, and would occasionally use him to pinch hit, but it would take a few years until this secondary strength was fully exploited.", "At age seven, Ruth was sent to St. Mary's Industrial School for Boys, a reformatory where he learned life lessons and baseball skills from Brother Matthias Boutlier of the Christian Brothers, the school's disciplinarian and a capable baseball player. In 1914, Ruth was signed to play minor-league baseball for the Baltimore Orioles but was soon sold to the Red Sox. By 1916, he had built a reputation as an outstanding pitcher who sometimes hit long home runs, a feat unusual for any player in the pre-1920 dead-ball era. Although Ruth twice won 23 games in a season as a pitcher and was a member of three World Series championship teams with Boston, he wanted to play every day and was allowed to convert to an outfielder. With regular playing time, he broke the MLB single-season home run record in 1919.", "When Ruth retired in 1935, he held the single-season record for home runs (60) until fellow Yankee Roger Maris hit 61 in 1961, and the career record of 714 until Hank Aaron passed him in 1974. In 1948 Ruth had an emotional farewell at Yankee Stadium and the Yankees retired the famous number 3 uniform.", "8-12 Radical Baseball: Alex Rodriguez: greatest Yankee since Mickey Mantle. : The New York Yankees have an unparalleled big four: Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig, Joe DiMaggio, Mickey Mantle. Mantle retired after ...", "While the barnstorming tour was under way, Ruppert began negotiating with Boston Braves owner Judge Emil Fuchs, who wanted Ruth as a gate attraction. Although the Braves had enjoyed modest recent success, finishing fourth in the National League in both 1933 and 1934, the team performed poorly at the box office. Unable to afford the rent at Braves Field, Fuchs had considered holding dog races there when the Braves were not at home, only to be turned down by Landis. After a series of phone calls, letters, and meetings, the Yankees traded Ruth to the Braves on February 26, 1935. Ruppert had stated that he would not release Ruth to go to another team as a full-time player. For this reason, it was announced that Ruth would become a team vice president and would be consulted on all club transactions, in addition to playing. He was also made assistant manager to Braves skipper Bill McKechnie. In a long letter to Ruth a few days before the press conference, Fuchs promised Ruth a share in the Braves' profits, with the possibility of becoming co-owner of the team. Fuchs also raised the possibility of Ruth succeeding McKechnie as manager, perhaps as early as 1936. Ruppert called the deal \"the greatest opportunity Ruth ever had\". ", "Off the field Ruth reveled in his celebrity status, enjoying a wild and extravagant life. However, his high living and headstrong behavior eventually began to take a toll on his performance. He was still baseballs premier player but fellow teammate and newcomer Lou Gehrig started to show signs of greatness as well. The year 1931 was the start of Ruths 12th season with the Yankees, and it also marked the great days of Lou Gehrigs career. Ruth was still a force, but Gehrig was closing the gap. At the end of the season the two players were tied in home runs.", "Ruth hit .322 with 29 home runs and 114 RBI in 1919, which turned out to be his final season with the Red Sox. The 29 home runs was a single-season record at the time. In his last season as a starting pitcher, Ruth went 9-5 with a 2.97 ERA.", "Ruth joined the Grays on August 18, 1914. What was left of the Baltimore Orioles after Dunn's deals had managed to hold on to first place until August 15, after which they continued to fade, leaving the pennant race between Providence and Rochester. Ruth was deeply impressed by Providence manager \"Wild Bill\" Donovan, previously a star pitcher with a 25–4 win–loss record for Detroit in 1907; in later years, he credited Donovan with teaching him much about pitching. Ruth was called upon often to pitch, in one stretch starting (and winning) four games in eight days. On September 5 in Toronto, Ruth pitched a one-hit 9–0 victory, and hit his first professional home run, his only one as a minor leaguer, off Ellis Johnson. Recalled to Boston after Providence finished the season in first place, he pitched and won a game for the Red Sox against the New York Yankees on October 2, getting his first major league hit, a double. Ruth finished the season with a record of 2–1 as a major leaguer and 23–8 in the International League (for Baltimore and Providence). Once the season concluded, Ruth married Helen in Ellicott City, Maryland. Creamer speculated that they did not marry in Baltimore, where the newlyweds boarded with George Ruth, Sr., to avoid possible interference from those at St. Mary's—both bride and groom were not yet of age and Ruth remained on parole from that institution until his 21st birthday. ", "There was considerable attention as Ruth reported for spring training. He did not hit his first home run of the spring until after the team had left Florida, and was beginning the road north in Savannah. He hit two in an exhibition against the Bears. Amid much press attention, Ruth played his first home game in Boston in over 16 years. Before an opening-day crowd of over 25,000, including five of New England's six state governors, Ruth accounted for all of the Braves' runs in a 4–2 defeat of the New York Giants, hitting a two-run home run, singling to drive in a third run and later in the inning scoring the fourth. Although age and weight had slowed him, he made a running catch in left field that sportswriters deemed the defensive highlight of the game. ", "Ruth was the first player to hit 60 home runs in one season (1927), setting the season record which stood until broken by Roger Maris in 1961. Ruth's lifetime total of 714 home runs at his retirement in 1935 was a record, until first surpassed by Hank Aaron in 1974. Unlike many power hitters, Ruth also hit for average: his .342 lifetime batting is tenth highest in baseball history, and in one season (1923) he hit .393, a Yankee record. His .690 career slugging percentage and 1.164 career on-base plus slugging (OPS) remain the Major League records. Ruth dominated the era in which he played. He led the league in home runs during a season twelve times, slugging percentage and OPS thirteen times each, runs scored eight times, and runs batted in (RBIs) six times. Each of those totals represents a modern record (as well as the all-time record, except for RBIs).", "Under owner George Steinbrenner, the New York Yankees baseball team had a strict dress code that prohibited long hair and facial hair below the lip; the regulation was continued under Hank and Hal Steinbrenner when control of the Yankees was transferred to them after the . Willie Randolph and Joe Girardi, both former Yankee assistant coaches, adopted a similar clean-shaven policy for their ballclubs: the New York Mets and New York Yankees, respectively. Fredi Gonzalez, who replaced Girardi as the manager of the Florida Marlins, dropped that policy when he took over after the 2006 season, only to be restored by Don Mattingly ten seasons later.", "Once the season ended, there was an overhaul at the top. Terry Francona parted ways with the club after eight highly successful seasons as manager. He was replaced by Bobby Valentine. Theo Epstein's nine-year tenure as general manager ended when he moved to the Cubs to become president of baseball operations. Ben Cherington was promoted into the GM spot for Boston.", "August 10, 1934 - Babe Ruth announces this is his final season as full time player", "While Ruth remains one of the most recognizable names in American sports, it's easy to forget just how many eras have passed since his retirement. So here's some context.", "Ruth was aided in his exploits, in 1920 and afterwards, by the fact that the A.J. Reach Company, maker of baseballs used in the major leagues, was using a more efficient machine to wind the yarn found within the baseball. When these went into play in 1920, the start of the live-ball era, the number of home runs increased by 184 over the previous year across the major leagues. Baseball statistician Bill James points out that while Ruth was likely aided by the change in the baseball, there were other factors at work, including the gradual abolition of the spitball (accelerated after the death of Ray Chapman, struck by a pitched ball thrown by Mays in August 1920) and the more frequent use of new baseballs (also a response to Chapman's death). Nevertheless, James theorizes that Ruth's 1920 explosion might have happened in 1919, had a full season of 154 games been played rather than 140, had Ruth refrained from pitching 133 innings that season, and if he were playing with any other home field but Fenway Park, where he hit only 9 of 29 home runs. ", "But Ruth was more than a home run hitter; he was a tremendous athlete. He stole 123 bases in his career, 93 more than Joe DiMaggio. He hit 136 triples, more than any active player at the time and 130 more than Mark McGwire had in his career.", "Italian Americans were active in professional sports as players, coaches and commissioners. Well-known professional baseball coaches in the post-war decades included: Yogi Berra, Billy Martin, Tony La Russa, Tommy Lasorda and Joe Torre. In professional football, Vince Lombardi set the standard of excellence for all coaches to follow. A. Bartlett Giamatti became president of the National Baseball League in 1986, and Commissioner of Baseball in 1989. Paul Tagliabue was Commissioner of the National Football League from 1989 to 2006.", "In 1913 to 1922, American MLB stars visited Japan and played against university teams. They also held clinics on technique. Herb Hunter, a retired major league player, made eight trips to Japan, from 1922 to 1932 to organize games and coaching clinics." ]

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[ "30 Q $300 E answer What is the maximum weight permitted for calves in rodeo calf-roping competition?", "Though the riders are allowed to abuse their own bodies in any way they see fit, the Adventurists take extra precautions to ensure the safety of the horses. Before the competition begins, the riders are weighed wearing their riding clothes, an empty pack, and an empty water container, while holding their Mongolian saddle and bridle; in total they cannot weigh more than 187 pounds (85 kilograms). They are allowed an additional 11 pounds (5 kilograms) in their packs after being weighed.", "*Calf Roping, also called Tie-down roping, is based on ranch work in which calves are roped for branding, medical treatment, or other purposes. It is the oldest of rodeo's timed events. The cowboy ropes a running calf around the neck with a lariat, and his horse stops and sets back on the rope while the cowboy dismounts, runs to the calf, throws it to the ground and ties three feet together. (If the calf falls when roped, the cowboy must lose time waiting for the calf to get back to its feet so that the cowboy can do the work.) The job of the horse is to hold the calf steady on the rope. A well-trained calf-roping horse will slowly back up while the cowboy ties the calf, to help keep the lariat snug.", "The gestation period for a cow is nine months. A newborn calf weighs 25 to 45 kilograms (55 to 99 lb). The world record for the heaviest bull was 1,740 kilograms (3,840 lb), a Chianina named Donetto, when he was exhibited at the Arezzo show in 1955. [29 ] The heaviest steer was eight year old ‘Old Ben’, a Shorthorn / Hereford cross weighing in at 2,140 kilograms (4,720 lb) in 1910. [30 ] Steers are generally killed before reaching 750 kilograms (1,650 lb). Breeding stock usually live to about 15 years (occasionally as much as 25 years). The oldest recorded cow, Big Bertha , died at the age of 48 in 1993.", "For registered horses foaled in 2008 or 2009. Approx. height of fences in first round: 7 year olds, 1.35m; 8 year olds, 1.40m. Points will be awarded as follows in each qualifier: 1st - 20 points, 2nd - 19 points, 3rd - 18 points, etc. down to 20th place - 1 point. The ten 7 year old horses and the ten 8 year old horses with the highest number of points after the two qualifiers will qualify for Class 166. For point allocation and qualification purposes, faults and time will decide. Boot rule will apply. To be ridden by Adult, Associate or Junior Members.", "* Breakaway roping - a form of calf roping where a very short lariat is used, tied lightly to the saddle horn with string and a flag. When the calf is roped about the neck, the horse stops, the flagged rope breaks free of the saddle, and the calf runs on without being thrown or tied. In most of the United States, this event is primarily for women of all ages and boys under 12. In places where traditional \"tie-down\" calf roping is not allowed, riders of both genders compete.", "Horse and rider jump six fences set in a straight line. In most places, fences are placed at equal distances apart, the first fence is the lowest and each subsequent fence is higher than the one before. Horses are either penalized or eliminated from competition if they knock down a rail. After each round where more than one competitor goes \"clear,\" or is tied for fewest faults, the six fences are raised in height for each subsequent round until there is a winner. Occasionally, if there are multiple jump-offs, the final fences can be raised to well over 6 feet.", "Rodeo is a competitive sport in which riders display their skill in activities related directly or indirectly to livestock raising, such as riding and roping cattle and horses. The term \"rodeo\" comes from the Spanish word rodear (to surround) and originally meant \"roundup.\" A rodeo usually comprises five standard events and may also include up to three nonstandard events, as well as a number of informal contests. Cash prizes are awarded. The sport is especially popular in the United States and Canada, and about 2,000 rodeos are held annually in those countries. Most major rodeos are under the jurisdiction of Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association, located in Colorado Springs, Colorado. The leading rodeos include Frontier Days, in Cheyenne, Wyoming; National Finals Rodeo, in Las Vegas, Nevada; National Western, in Denver, Colorado; Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo, in Houston, Texas; and Calgary Exhibition and Stampede, in Calgary, Alberta.", "����������� The formal competition consists of nine suertes or riding and roping competitive events for men.� The nine suertes include: (1) cala or a reining competition displaying horse control; (2) piales en el lienzo or roping a running horse by the hind legs while on horseback; (3) colas or bull tailing; (4) jinete de novillos or bull riding; (5) jinete de yeguas or wild mare riding; (6) terna or team bull roping; (7) manganas a pie or roping the front legs of a horse while on foot; (8) manganas a caballo or roping the front legs of a horse from horseback; and (9) paso de muerte or jumping from a bareback running horse to a running wild mare.� Since 1992, the escaramuza, a female precision riding team that displays horse riding skills through the execution of choreographed patterns in the arena, has become formally instituted as an official competitive event.�", "Grand Prix: the highest level of show jumping. Run under International Federation for Equestrian Sports (FEI) rules, the horse jumps a course of 10 to 16 obstacles, with heights up to 1.6 meters (5 feet 3 inches) and spreads of up to 2.0 metres (6 ft 7 in). Grand Prix-level show jumping competitions include the Olympics, the World Equestrian Games, and other series of internationally ranked events. Grand Prix show jumping is normally referred to collectively as five-star Concours de Saut International (CSI) rules.", "The riding discipline involves show jumping over a 350–450 m course with 12 to 15 obstacles. Competitors are paired with horses in a draw 20 minutes before the start of the event.", "These organizations have particular criticism for piales and mangana, the heeling and two forefooting events that involve roping of horses, where they claim that the horses used will often sustain injuries, including broken bones and teeth, dislocated joints, and lacerations. The distinction claimed between Manganas, or horse-tripping, and events that rope cattle, such as calf roping, is that the high center of gravity of a horse, the longer legs and faster speed of a horse creates greater potential for injury, whereas cattle are smaller, have a low center of gravity, are slower and have sturdier limbs. There are additional concerns that horses are underfed and overused, repeatedly roped until lame, with rope burns down to the bone.", "bull riding rodeo event in which the contestant attempts to ride a bucking bull for eight seconds while holding with one hand a braided rope made of nylon or Manila that is wrapped around the animal’s chest. A weighted cow bell attached to the rope pulls it free...", "There are also high-school rodeos, sponsored by the National High School Rodeo Association (NHSRA). Many colleges, particularly land grant colleges in the west, have rodeo teams. The National Intercollegiate Rodeo Association (NIRA) is responsible for the College National Finals Rodeo (CNFR) held each June in Casper, WY. Other rodeo governing bodies in the United States include American Junior Rodeo Association (AJRA) for contestants under twenty years of age; National Little Britches Rodeo Association (NLBRA), for youths ages five to eighteen; Senior Pro Rodeo (SPR), for people forty years old or over; and the International Gay Rodeo Association. Each organization has its own regulations and its own method of determining champions. Athletes participate in rodeos sanctioned by their own governing body or one that has a mutual agreement with theirs and their points count for qualification to their Association Finals. Rodeo committees must pay sanctioning fees to the appropriate governing bodies, and employ the needed stock contractors, judges, announcers, bull fighters, and barrel men from their approved lists. Other nations have similar sanctioning organizations.", "Discussion of Team Rodeo format, employed at Rodeo Royal, in Stampede Corral. Views of bareback, calf-roping, bull riding, barrel racing. -- March 21, 1979. -- 3 min.", "In order to find young calves for branding, and to sort out mature animals intended for sale, ranchers would hold a roundup, usually in the spring. A roundup required a number of specialized skills on the part of both cowboys and horses. Individuals who separated cattle from the herd required the highest level of skill and rode specially trained \"cutting\" horses, trained to follow the movements of cattle, capable of stopping and turning faster than other horses. Once cattle were sorted, most cowboys were required to rope young calves and restrain them to be branded and (in the case of most bull calves) castrated. Occasionally it was also necessary to restrain older cattle for branding or other treatment.", "Over the years, conditions for animals in rodeo and many other sporting events improved. Today, the PRCA and other rodeo sanctioning organizations have stringent regulations to ensure rodeo animals' welfare. For example, these rules require, among other things, provisions for injured animals, a veterinarian's presence at all rodeos (a similar requirement exists for other equine events), padded flank straps, horn protection for steers, and spurs with dulled, free-spinning rowels. Rodeo competitors in general value and provide excellent care to the animals with which they work. Animals must also be protected with fleece-lined flank straps for bucking stock and horn wraps for roping steers.", "The cow is typically guided by the use of a long rope attached to its horns, so that it runs directly at the performers and is restrained from trampling or goring them should they miss a trick. Although there is little to no risk to the cow in this form of contest, it is a highly dangerous sport for the human participants; a prominent Montois, Jean-Pierre Rachou, was killed in 2001 when he fell on his head after being hit by a cow.", "Maiden, novice and limit: Jumping classes limited to horses with fewer than one, three or six wins. Fences are usually lower and time limits more generous.", "Maiden, Novice and Limit: Jumping classes limited to horses with fewer than one, three or six wins. Fences are usually lower and time limits more generous.", "Two other conditions that may be observed from the side of the horse are calf knees (back at the knee) and buck knees (\"knee sprung\" or over at the knees). If the line does not bisect the knee but instead is to the front of the knee (i.e., the knee looks as if it is bending the wrong way), the horse is considered calf kneed. This is typically considered to be the more problematic of the two faults since it causes excessive strain on the back ligaments and tendons of the leg as well as pressure on the front of the carpal joint, making the horse more prone to carpal arthrosis. If the line is in back of the knee (i.e., the knee looks like it is bent even when the horse is fully bearing weight on the leg), the horse is considered \"over at the knees\" or \"buck kneed,\" a condition that also distributes pressure unequally over the leg.", "Animals also did their share in the show through rodeo entertainment, an audience favorite. In rodeo events, cowboys like Lee Martin would try to rope and ride broncos. Broncos are unbroken horses that tend to throw or buck their riders. Other wild animals they would attempt to ride or deal with were mules, buffalo, Texas steers, elk, deer, bears, and moose. Some notable cowboys who participated in the events were Buck Taylor (dubbed “The First Cowboy King”), Bronco Bill, James Lawson (\"The Roper\"), Bill Bullock, Tim Clayton, Coyote Bill, and Bridle Bill.", "[on learning to ride and calf rope for The Big Valley (1965)] I hustled up about a hundred dollars and went out and bought a horse. I became friends with a great calf roper, just a little bitty guy. He was the world champion trick roper. I used to go out to his place all the time, and he taught me how to trick-rope calves.", "Gene is a roper, bareback rider and bull rider from San Antonio. He is a member of the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA), National Intercollegiate Rodeo Association (NIRA), and Texas Youth Rodeo Association (TYRA). Gene was state and national high school bull riding champion (1966), NIRA Southwest Region Champion (1968); runner-up, NIRA World Champion Bull Rider (1968); and National Finals Rodeo (NFR) runner-up (1969). Gene represents Texas in rodeo at its best.", "Rodeo Royale at Stampede Corral. Bull-riding. 3 cowboys ride. -- March 22, 1980. -- 1 min.", "the calf of the leg. It is formed by the bellies of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles.", "* Steer wrestling – Also known as \"Bulldogging,\" this is a rodeo event where the rider jumps off his horse onto a steer and 'wrestles' it to the ground by grabbing it by the horns. This is probably the single most physically dangerous event in rodeo for the cowboy, who runs a high risk of jumping off a running horse head first and missing the steer, or of having the thrown steer land on top of him, sometimes horns first.", "* Steer wrestling - Also known as \"Bulldogging,\" is a rodeo event where the rider jumps off his horse onto a Corriente steer and 'wrestles' it to the ground by grabbing it by the horns. This is probably the single most physically dangerous event in rodeo for the cowboy, who runs a high risk of jumping off a running horse head first and missing the steer, or of having the thrown steer land on top of him, sometimes horns first.", "In showjumping, what name is given to a competition that tests a horse�s ability to jump large fences?", "For competition work, we suggest that you place a second bridle over the top of The Bitless Bridle. This way you do not have to raise the noseband of The Bitless Bridle in order to hang a bit from the Bitless Bridle itself and so you retain full bitless control. The second bridle should have the least offensive bit possible. You don't need to purchase anything special. The bridoon component of a standard double bridle will be fine. Obviously, you will not be using the bridoon and so the bridoon rein is kept slack throughout the test.", "The first “Roping and Ranch Skills” getaway at Red Reflet will be held Sept. 23-28. All-inclusive rates start at $2,700 per person. For more information, visit www.red-reflet-ranch.net . ", "This AKC program offers test, pre-trial and trial classes. Titles are earned with two passing runs for the test (HT) and pre-trial (PT) levels. For the trial level, three qualifying scores under different judges must be earned for each of the three classes Started (HS), Intermediate (HI) and advanced (HX (Herding Excellent)). Once the HX title has been completed, a herding trial championship (HCh.) can be earned." ]

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[ "What baseball player hit the only home run of his 212-year major league career off his own brother?", "The only father and son to hit back-to-back home runs in a major league baseball game: Ken Griffey, Jr., and his father, Ken Griffey, Sr., both of the Seattle Mariners in a game against the California Angels on September 14th, 1990.", "The only father and son to hit back-to-back home runs in a major league baseball game: Ken Griffey, Jr., and his father, Ken Griffey, Sr., both of the ", "Twice in MLB history have two brothers hit back-to-back home runs. On April 23, 2013, brothers Melvin Upton, Jr. (formerly B.J. Upton) and Justin Upton hit back-to-back home runs. The first time was on September 15, 1938, when Lloyd Waner and Paul Waner performed the feat. ", "Hank Aaron (\"Hammerin' Hank\") broke Babe Ruth's career home run record. Being African-American, he quite naturally had to deal with a little bit of intolerance as he approached the record (it didn't help that the team he played for moved from Milwaukee to Atlanta during his career). However, Aaron holds many records such as total bases earned, a record he is particularly proud of since he considers it more indicative of how much he contributed for his team. He also holds the career RBI record with 2,297, and had 3,771 total hits. (Anyone who gets close to 3,000 is considered a shoe-in for the Hall of Fame.) Aaron was a model of consistency; he never hit 50 homers in a season, but he hit 40 or more eight times, 30 or more 15 times, and had a streak of 19 straight years in which he hit at least 24 homers. He is one of the leading candidates for the title of best baseball player ever.", "Bonds was noted for his outstanding combination of power hitting and speed, he was the first player to have more than two seasons of 30 home runs and 30 stolen bases, doing so a record five times (the record was matched only by his son Barry Bonds), and was the first to accomplish the feat in both major leagues; he became the second player to hit 300 career home runs and steal 300 bases, joining Willie Mays. Together with Barry, he is part of baseball's most accomplished father-son combination, holding the record for combined home runs, RBIs, and stolen bases.", "Babe Ruth is a former Major League Baseball player, widely considered to be the greatest baseball player of all-time, starting his career as a pitcher with the Boston Red Sox. In a controversial deal with the New York Yankees, Ruth was sold for $100,00 in a trade that would later be known as \"The Curse of the Bambino.\" With the Yankees, Ruth moved to the outfield and transformed into one of the greatest hitters of all time. He was the first player to hit 60 home runs in a season. Ruth ended his career with a .342 batting average and 714 home runs, which was a record until Hank Aaron surpassed him in 1974. Ruth was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1936.", "Baseball icon Henry \"Hank\" Aaron (1934- ) first honed the skills that ultimately led him to a spot in the Baseball Hall of Fame while growing up in Alabama . He is best known for breaking Babe Ruth's record of 714 home runs, ultimately hitting 755, a record that stood from 1974 to 2007, and he achieved other baseball milestones that still stand, including most runs batted in and most extra base hits. Aaron was known as \"Hammerin' Hank\" and \"Bad Henry\" during his playing career because of his considerable skills as a batter.", "By now considered the heir apparent to Hank Aaron’s all-time career home run mark, Griffey—with a year left on his contract—made it well known that he wanted to play for the Reds, where his father performed and where many family and friends resided. (He reportedly also made grumblings about Safeco Field’s cool, heavy marine air and worried that he wouldn’t be able to catch Aaron playing half his games there.) Rather than lose Griffey outright to free agency, the Mariners traded him to the Reds a year before his current pact expired. Seattle’s loss would ultimately become Griffey’s as well; in eight-plus years in Cincinnati, his play gradually began to regress and he missed 460 games mostly due to a long line of injuries that cost him his shot at reaching Aaron.", "*June 23 – Jim Thome continues to make history. This time, Thome belted a solo, pinch-hit home run in the bottom of the ninth inning off Jake McGee to help the Philadelphia Phillies defeat the Tampa Bay Rays, 7–6, at Citizens Bank Park. It was Thome's 609th career home run, tying him with Sammy Sosa for seventh on the all-time list. In addition, Thome became the first big leaguer to hit 13 career walk-off home runs, breaking the previous record of 12 he had been sharing with Babe Ruth, Jimmie Foxx, Stan Musial, Mickey Mantle and Frank Robinson. ", "Simple back-to-back home runs are a relatively frequent occurrence. If a pitcher gives up a homer, he might have his concentration broken and might alter his normal approach in an attempt to \"make up for it\" by striking out the next batter with some fastballs. Sometimes the next batter will be expecting that and will capitalize on it. A notable back-to-back home run of that type in World Series play involved \"Babe Ruth's called shot\" in 1932, which was accompanied by various Ruthian theatrics, yet the pitcher, Charlie Root, was allowed to stay in the game. He delivered just one more pitch, which Lou Gehrig drilled out of the park for a back-to-back shot, after which Root was removed from the game.", "In 1996, Bonds became the first National League player and second (of the current list of four) major league player(s) to hit 40 home runs and steal 40 bases in the same season. The other members of the 40–40 club are José Canseco–1988, Alex Rodriguez–1998, and Alfonso Soriano–2006; his father Bobby Bonds was one home run short in 1973 when he hit 39 home runs and stole 43 bases. ", "Numbers-wise, perhaps the Bonds family should've taken the top spot on our list. However, the Griffey clan is the clear sentimental favorite. Ken Griffey Jr. is the more accomplished of the two, being one of the most feared hitters throughout the 1990s. In fact, before being traded to his hometown Reds, Griffey was seen to perhaps challenge the all-time home run record. Griffey Jr. was also a hobby star with his 1989 Upper Deck Baseball rookie card ranking as one of the most iconic cards of the modern hobby era. Ken Griffey rose to fame as part of the Big Red Machine in Cincinnati during the 1970s. Although a star in his own right, Griffey Sr. became a superstar after signing with the Seattle Mariners mid-way through the 1990 season to play with his son. Not long after came one of the most sentimental moments in both of their careers when the pair hit back-to-back home runs during the final month of the season.", "In 1998, St. Louis Cardinals first baseman Mark McGwire and Chicago Cubs outfielder Sammy Sosa engaged in a home run race for the ages. With both rapidly approaching Roger Maris's record of 61 home runs (set in 1961), seemingly the entire nation watched as the two power hitters raced to be the first to break the record. McGwire reached 62 first on September 8, 1998, with Sosa also eclipsing it later. Sosa finished with 66 home runs, just behind McGwire's unheard-of 70. However, recent steroid allegations have marred the season in the minds of many fans.", "The Bells are the first three-generation family on the list. The Bell major league bloodline began with Gus Bell. He was an excellent hitter throughout the 1950s, reaching the 100 RBI plateau four times. Gus was a four-time All-Star. Buddy Bell was a solid player during his playing career, winning six consecutive Gold Glove Awards at third base between 1979 and 1984. Bell went on to manage for the Tigers, Rockies and Royals, but failed to lead a team above a third-place finish in their division. David Bell played for seven teams in 12 seasons. His best year was with the Mariners in 1999 where he hit .268 and set career highs in home runs (21) and runs batted in (78). Mike Bell is the youngest of the Bell clan to make the majors. A first-round pick by the Rangers in 1993, Mike spent the next seven years toiling in the minors. He finally reached the majors mid-way through the 2000 season with the Reds. Mike Bell played 19 games and finished with a .222 average.", "Nineteen sixty-one was one of the most memorable years in Yankee history. Throughout the summer Mantle and Maris, the reigning MVP, hit home runs at a record pace as both chased Babe Ruth's single season home run record of 60. The duo's home run prowess led the media and fans to christen them the \"M & M Boys\". Ultimately, Mantle was forced to bow out in mid-September with 54 home runs when a severe hip infection forced him from the lineup. On October 1 , the final day of the season, Maris broke the record when he sent a pitch from Boston's Tracy Stallard into the right field stands at Yankee Stadium for his 61st home run. However, by decree of Commissioner Ford Frick , separate single-season home run records were maintained to reflect the fact that Ruth hit his 60 home runs during a 154-game season, while Maris hit his 61 in the first year of the new 162-game season. Some 30 years later, on September 4 , 1991 , an eight-member Committee for Historical Accuracy appointed by Major League Baseball did away with the dual records, giving Maris sole possession of the single-season home run record until it was broken by Mark McGwire on September 8 , 1998 . (McGwire's record was later broken by Barry Bonds , whose 73 home runs in 2001 remains the major league record. Maris still holds the American League record.)", "November 25, 1914: Born in Martinez, California, the eighth of nine children of Sicilian immigrants. Two brothers also became major leaguers: Dom with the Boston Red Sox and Vince with the Pittsburgh Pirates.", "4-8 SoDo Mojo: Ken Griffey Jr Was Supposed To Pass Hank Aaron : Forty years ago tonight, Hank Aaron belted career home run number 715, passing Babe Ruth on the all-time list. The record stood ...", "Babe Ruth died of cancer 50 years ago this week, on Aug. 16, 1948. More than 63 years have passed since he made his last appearance as a player, in a Boston Braves uniform, yet he remains the purest original ever to have played big league baseball. For all that he did in his 22 seasons in the majors, surely nothing left a deeper imprint on the game than the force and flair he brought to bear in striking the ball.", "Aaron hit his 500th home run on July 14 , 1968 off Mike McCormick of the San Francisco Giants at Fulton County Stadium. Aaron was just the eighth player to reach the milestone and he did it exactly one year after his former teammate Eddie Mathews did it with the Houston Astros ]. At the time, Aaron was the second youngest player to ever do so at 34 years, five months and nine days, a year and a half older than the youngest player to do so, Jimmie Foxx .", "Was the first Major League player to hit 60 home runs (1927). Started out his career as a pitcher for the Boston Red Sox. He had back-to-back 20 win seasons and won a total of 94 career games. Sold to New York for $100,000. Hit his famous \"Called Shot\" in the 1932 World Series in Chicago, off Chicago pitcher, Charlie Root. He had two strikes on him when he allegedly pointed to center field and, on the very next pitch, smacked the ball in center field for a home run. Led American League in home runs 12 times, runs eight times, RBIs six times and batting once. Hit 714 career home runs. His number 3 was retired by the New York Yankees. Among the original members, that were first admitted to the baseball Hall of Fame. Honored with a monument in Yankee Stadium.", "* With his father Bobby (332, 461), leads all father-son combinations in combined home runs (1,094) and stolen bases (975), respectively through September 26, 2007.", "On May 17, 1970, Aaron hit a single off Cincinnati Reds pitcher Wayne Simpson to collect his 3,000th career hit. He became the first player with 500 career home runs to have 3,000 career hits.", "* Tied with his father, Bobby, for most seasons with 30 home runs and 30 stolen bases (5) and are the only father-son members of the 30–30 club", "Ripken played in 2,632 consecutive MLB games from May 1982 to September 1998. He went 17 seasons without missing a game. Next closest is Lou Gehrig with 2,130 appearances.", "from a sports-minded family, with his father and brothers all athletes. He was a. When an offensive team tries to make the opposing pitcher throw a lot of pitches", "First player in MLB history to hit 200, 300, 400, 500, 600 and 700 Home Runs", "11-17 The Sports Quotient: Baseball's Band Of Brothers : Baseball has more family ties than any other professional sport and has always been centered around the family dynamic. Whether ...", "Baseball Hall of Famer: NY Giants [World Series: 1924], Chicago Cubs [World Series: 1929/record: rbi in a season: 190 in 1930], Brooklyn Dodgers, Philadelphia Phillies; died Nov 23, 1948", "His accomplishments notwithstanding, Comiskey’s legacy would be forever linked to the Black Sox scandal in which eight White Sox players took gamblers’ money to throw the 1919 World Series. Other accounts have placed blame on Comiskey for being a cheap owner who drove his players to seek alternative sources of income. Author Tim Hornbaker is determined to present a different view. Ulteriori informazioni ›", "The dynamic hitting of this orphan who was raised in Baltimore, Maryland, brought him 714 home runs, a record unequalled in his lifetime. He was a giant of American sport in the 1920s, helping to shape baseball into a hugely popular spectacle.", "[Of note, one of Charles Schulz’s own favorite players  as a Minnesota native in the days before the Twins existed was Ollie Bejma . Bejma was a shortstop for the Double-A St. Paul Saints in 1938 who also played briefly for the White Sox ( source ). The family must have had a thing for shortstops.]" ]

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[ "Brooks Robinson and Carl Yastrzemski hold the major league baseball record for playing the greatest number of seasons with the same team. How many years did they play-- and with what teams?", "23 years. Third baseman Robinson played with the Baltimore Orioles from 1955 to 1977; Carl Yastrzemski, outfielder/first baseman, played with the Boston Red Sox from 1961 to 1983.", "It has been 43 years since any baseball player has won the Triple Crown of baseball (leading the league in batting average, home runs, and runs batted in). Carl Yastrzemski, of the 1967 “impossible dream” Boston Red Sox, was the last player to win the Triple Crown. It was the ninth time it had been done in the previous 41 years, for an average of about once every four and a half years. The times have changed, and the Triple Crown now seems like another impossible dream. ", "By the late 1960s, the balance between pitching and hitting had swung in favor of the pitchers. In 1968—later nicknamed \"the year of the pitcher\" —Boston Red Sox player Carl Yastrzemski won the American League batting title with an average of just .301, the lowest in the history of Major League Baseball. Detroit Tigers pitcher Denny McLain won 31 games, making him the only pitcher to win 30 games in a season since Dizzy Dean in 1934. St. Louis Cardinals starting pitcher Bob Gibson achieved an equally remarkable feat by allowing an ERA of just 1.12. ", "He started playing when Ty Cobb and Babe Ruth were still active and when he wrapped up his career with a three-inning stint for the Kansas City A's in 1965.  He was on the same staff as Catfish Hunter.  and one of the final batters he faced in his career was a young Carl Yastrzemski.", "The Red Sox won the AL pennant in . The 1975 Red Sox were as colorful as they were talented, with Yastrzemski and rookie outfielders Jim Rice and Fred Lynn, veteran outfielder Dwight Evans, catcher Carlton Fisk, and pitchers Luis Tiant and eccentric junkballer Bill \"The Spaceman\" Lee. Fred Lynn won both the American League Rookie of the Year award and the Most Valuable Player award, a feat which had never previously been accomplished, and was not duplicated until Ichiro Suzuki did it in . In the 1975 American League Championship Series, the Red Sox swept the Oakland A's.", "Life Magazine September 8, 1967 : Cover - Carl Yastrzemski, Boston's slugger, singles against Chicago - baseball.", "Well, it’s complicated. The short version is that Frank Robinson outplayed Yastrzemski for the decade, and thus earns the left field spot. Meanwhile, Yastrzemski outplayed the two men who might otherwise claim this spot— Willie McCovey and Harmon Killebrew —and since he played more than 500 games at first during his career, he is eligible for the spot. One wants to get the best talent out there, so here we are.", "Brooks Robinson deserves recognition for his masterful performance during the 1960s, famously for his defense as he swept the Gold Glove for the decade. Santo was no slouch with the glove, though—winning five Gold Gloves himself—and was a far superior hitter.", "As one of the oldest baseball teams, they have won the most games of any team in the history of American baseball, and any North American professional sports team. [1] They have won 23 National League pennants and appeared in 20 World Series competitions – both records in the National League. The Giants 8 World Series Championships are second in the National League (the St. Louis Cardinals have won 11). The Giants have been invited to the World Series an NL record 21 times, but boycotted the event in 1904 . With their history, the Giants have the most Hall of Fame players in all of professional baseball. [2]", "During the 1970s, the Cubs saw many of their greats ride off into the sunset. Mr. Cub, Ernie Banks retires from the game in 1971 with 512 home runs. Three years later he and his familiar greeting of, \"Let's play two!\" are inducted into the Hall of Fame. Billy Williams, who in 1971 becomes the first player in NL history to play in 1,000 consecutive games, is traded to Oakland on October 23, 1974. Ron Santo, who personified the hot corner for the second half of the century-even long after he retired from the game-is traded to the White Sox in 1973. Fireballer Fergie Jenkins is shuttled off to the Texas Rangers. In return the Cubs received two infielders, one of which was Bill Madlock. Names synonymous with Cubs baseball-Charlie Root, Gabby Hartnett, Stan Hack and owner Philip Knight Wrigley all passed away in this decade, with the reins of the team being passed to Wrigley's only son, William.", "Jackie Robinson was the first African-American to play in baseball's major leagues in the modern era. Only white players were accepted in the major leagues until 1947, when Jackie Robinson was called up to play for the Brooklyn Dodgers. He made his first major league appearance on 15 April 1947. Robinson was named Rookie of the Year for 1947 and went on to appear in six World Series in ten seasons with the Dodgers (1947-56). Other major league teams soon followed Brooklyn's lead and hired black players of their own. Robinson's stellar play, and his role in breaking the color barrier, led to his 1962 induction as the first African-American in baseball's Hall of Fame. In 1997, on the 50th anniversary of Robinson's first year with the Dodgers, Major League Baseball permanently retired Robinson's uniform number, 42. He is the only baseball player ever to have been so honored. He was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Ronald Reagan in 1984.", "Willie Mays was a professional baseball player, spending most of his 22 seasons as a center fielder for the New York and San Francisco Giants. Mays ended his career with 660 home runs, making him the fifth all-time record-holder. Known as “The Say Hey Kid,” Mays was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1979 and landed on MLB’s All-Time team. In 1951, Mays became one of the first African-American players in Major League Baseball history and won the Rookie of the Year award. Mays also served his country in the United States Army. In his return to Major League Baseball, Mays won the MVP award, and in the 1954 World Series Mays led the Giants to a surprise victory, while making one of the most spectacular plays in sports history, later known simply as “The Catch.”   ", "The old New Englander in Jeff Bagwell just came out during his Hall of Fame conference call. He talked about how he grew up watching Carl Yastrzemski play.", "Back in the '50s and '60s, many baseball players spent their entire Major League careers with one team. Can you match these players with their teams?", "The Boston Red Sox were the last major league team to integrate, holding out until 1959. This was allegedly due to the steadfast resistance provided by team owner Tom Yawkey. In April 1945, the Red Sox refused to consider signing Jackie Robinson (and future Boston Braves outfielder Sam Jethroe) after giving him a brief tryout at Fenway Park. The tryout, however, was a farce chiefly designed to assuage the desegregationist sensibilities of powerful Boston City Councilman Isadore Muchnick. Even with the stands limited to management, Robinson was subjected to racial epithets. Robinson left the tryout humiliated.Bryant, p. 31. Robinson would later call Yawkey \"one of the most bigoted guys in baseball\". ", "*March 15 – Dave Philley, 91, outfielder and pinch-hitting specialist for eight different teams between 1941 and 1962, who still holds the major league records for most consecutive pinch-hits in a season (nine, 1958) and for most at-bats in an 18-inning double-header (13, 1951), while also holds an American League record for the most pinch-hits in a season (24, 1961). ", "After 23 years, Hall of Fame Manager Walter Alston retired and handed over the reins to Tommy Lasorda, who became only the second National League manager to win pennants in his first two seasons (1977 and 1978). The results were carbon copies as his teams in 1977 and 1978 defeated the Philadelphia Phillies in the League Championship Series in four games, only to lose to the New York Yankees in the World Series in six games.", "*August 17 – Fred Frankhouse, 85, National League All-Star pitcher for the St. Louis Cardinals, Boston Braves and Brooklyn Dodgers from 1927–1939, collecting a 106-97 record and a 3.92 ERA, who outpitched New York Giants ace and future Hall of Famer Carl Hubbell in 1937, snapping Hubbell's historical 24-game winning streak.", "* Greg Maddux (born 1966), Hall of Fame pitcher, primarily with the Chicago Cubs and Atlanta Braves", "In 1902, after a series of disastrous moves that left the Giants 53½ games behind, Freedman signed John McGraw as player-manager, convincing him to jump in mid-season from the Baltimore Orioles of the fledgling American League and bring with him several of his teammates. McGraw went on to manage the Giants for three decades until 1932, one of the longest and most successful tenures in professional sports. Hiring \"Mr. McGraw\", as his players referred to him, was one of Freedman's last significant moves as owner of the Giants, since after the 1902 season he was forced to sell his interest in the club to John T. Brush. McGraw went on to manage the Giants to nine National League pennants (in 1904-05, 1911–13, 1917, and 1921-24) and three World Series championships (in 1905 and 1921–22), with a tenth pennant and fourth world championship as owner in 1933 under his handpicked player-manager successor, Bill Terry.", "3-23 Tomahawk Take: Can the 2015 Braves replicate the 1991 Braves? : 1991 Braves vs. 2015 Braves After a busy offseason that saw such offensive stalwarts as Jason Heyward, Justin Upton, and Evan ...", "Lawrence Peter \"Yogi\" Berra is a former Major League Baseball player and manager. He played almost his entire career for the New York Yankees and was elected to the baseball Hall of Fame in 1972. Berra was one of only four players to be named the Most Valuable Player of the American League three times and one of only six managers to lead both American and National League teams to the World Series.", "1956 — Rookie Frank Robinson of the Cincinnati Redlegs gets a handshake from the next batter, Ted Kluszewski, after crossing home plate on a sixth inning home run against the New York Giants at the Polo Grounds in New York. It was Robinson's 38th homer of the season, equaling the major league record for a first year player set by Wally Berger of the 1930 Boston Braves. The Reds beat the Giants 11-5. (Harry Harris/AP)", "7-16 Radical Baseball: Career Home Run record by team progressive. : Hank Aaron hit the most career home runs for one team: 733 for the Braves, both in Milwaukee and Atlanta, but none in Boston where ...", "The all-time, verified professional baseball record for career home runs for one player, excluding the U. S. Negro Leagues during the era of segregation, is held by Sadaharu Oh. Oh spent his entire career playing for the Yomiuri Giants in Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball, later managing the Giants, the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks and the 2006 World Baseball Classic Japanese team. Oh holds the all-time home run world record, having hit 868 home runs in his career.", "The team wins their second NL Eastern Division championship in 1989. Led by manager Don Zimmer, the Cubs enjoyed All-Star seasons from Sandberg, Dawson, Sutcliffe along with relief pitcher Mitch Williams, and Rookie-of-the-Year performance by outfielder Jerome Walton. The San Francisco Giants defeated the Cubs in the 1989 NLCS, four games to one.", "Ryan Ludwick walks off the field with teammates Zack Cozart, Scott Rolen, and Jay Bruce after hitting a grand slam against the Washington Nationals at Nationals Park on April 15, 2012 in Washington, DC. In honor of Jackie Robinson Day, all players across Major League Baseball wore number 42. (Photo by Patrick McDermott/Getty Images)", "*April 27 – Ryan Cook of the Oakland Athletics becomes the 60th pitcher in MLB history to strike out four batters in an inning. J. J. Hardy, Nick Markakis, Adam Jones, and Matt Wieters of the Baltimore Orioles each strike out swinging in the bottom of the eighth inning, with Jones reaching first base as the result of a third-strike wild pitch.", "7-10 Call to the Pen: Giants Carl Hubbell Strikes Out Five Consecutive Hall of Famers : When one discusses the greatest moments in All Star Game history, Carl Hubbell's performance in the second Mid Summer Classic ...", "1993 - Greg Maddux (Atlanta Braves) became the first player to win back-to-back Cy Young Awards on different teams.", "2000 - Kenny Lofton tied a major league record when he scored in his 18th straight game." ]

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[ "Under the rules outlined in the charter of the International Olympic Committee, how much pure gold must there be in each gold medal awarded to first-place winners?", "The athletes or teams who place first, second, or third in each event receive medals. The winners receive gold medals, which were solid gold until 1912, then made of gilded silver and now gold-plated silver. Every gold medal however must contain at least six grams of pure gold. [165] The runners-up receive silver medals and the third-place athletes are awarded bronze medals. In events contested by a single-elimination tournament (most notably boxing), third place might not be determined and both semifinal losers receive bronze medals. At the 1896 Olympics only the first two received a medal; silver for first and bronze for second. The current three-medal format was introduced at the 1904 Olympics . [2] From 1948 onward athletes placing fourth, fifth, and sixth have received certificates, which became officially known as victory diplomas; in 1984 victory diplomas for seventh- and eighth-place finishers were added. At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, the gold, silver, and bronze medal winners were also given olive wreaths. [2] The IOC does not keep statistics of medals won, but National Olympic Committees and the media record medal statistics as a measure of success. [2]", "The athletes or teams who place first, second, or third in each event receive medals. The winners receive gold medals, which were solid gold until 1912, then made of gilded silver and now gold-plated silver. Every gold medal must contain at least six grams of pure gold. [149] The runners-up receive silver medals and the third-place athletes are awarded bronze medals. In events contested by a single-elimination tournament (most notably boxing), third place might not be determined and both semifinal losers receive bronze medals. At the 1896 Olympics only the first two received a medal; silver for first and bronze for second. The current three-medal format was introduced at the 1904 Olympics . [150] From 1948 onward athletes placing fourth, fifth, and sixth have received certificates, which became officially known as victory diplomas; in 1984 victory diplomas for seventh- and eighth-place finishers were added. At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, the gold, silver, and bronze medal winners were also given olive wreaths. [151] The IOC does not keep statistics of medals won, but National Olympic Committees and the media record medal statistics as a measure of success. [152]", "The athletes or teams who place first, second, or third in each event receive medals. The winners receive gold medals, which were solid gold until 1912, then made of gilded silver and now gold plated silver. Every gold medal must contain at least six grams of pure gold. The runners-up receive silver medals and the third-place athletes are awarded bronze medals. In events contested by a single-elimination tournament (most notably boxing), third place might not be determined and both semifinal losers receive bronze medals. At the 1896 Olympics only the first two received a medal; silver for first and bronze for second. The current three medal format was introduced at the 1904 Olympics From 1948 onward athletes placing fourth, fifth, and sixth have received certificates, which became officially known as victory diplomas; in 1984 victory diplomas for seventh and eighth-place finishers were added. At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, the gold, silver, and bronze medal winners were also given olive wreaths. National Olympic Committees and the media record medal statistics as a measure of success.", "Conversely, to count all medals equally is just as counter-intuitive. Gold does not equal silver and does not equal bronze. If it did, the medal podiums would be the same height, one flag would not wave above the others, and fans would hear the anthems of three countries, not just one. Hence, it's necessary to assign some sort of points scale to the medals to determine which country came out on top. Some in the blogosphere have suggested basing such a scale on the relative worth of the metal in the medals. We should discount this suggestion out of hand for two reasons. First, at current prices, gold is worth about 65 times more than silver, which is about 9 times more valuable than bronze. Josafa Idem's (ITA) silver medal in women's K1 500m., a canoe/kayak flat water event in which Inna Osypenko-Radomska (UKR) crossed the line four one-thousandths of a second ahead of Idem, is hardly 1/65th as valuable as the gold. In addition, there's very little gold in a gold medal - a minimum of only 6 grams by IOC rule. A gold medal is mostly silver.", "The US team won the 1st place in unofficial medal ranking  – 46 gold medals, 29 silver medals, 29 bronze medals (total 104 medals), China took the 2 nd place – 38 gold medals, 27 silver medals, 22 bronze medals (total 87 medals ). Athletes from  Great Britain took the 3-rd place – 29 gold medals, 17 silver medals, 19 bronze medals (total 65 medals). The Republic of Belarus took 26-th place having won 12 medals (2 gold medals, 5 silver medals, 5 bronze medals). In total 85 countries won medals.", "At the first Summer Olympics in Greece in 1896 only two medals were awarded – a silver medal to the winner and a bronze medal to the runner-up. In 1900 mainly cups or trophies were handed out, but the winners of some events were presented with a rectangular-shaped gilt-silver medal. In the next three Olympics in 1904, 1908 and 1912 the winners were awarded solid gold medals, smaller in size to the medals of today. However although larger, today’s medals are not made of solid gold. They are made of approximately 93% silver, 6% copper and just over 1% gold. The last Olympic medals that were made of solid gold were awarded at the 1912 Stockholm Games in Sweden. Each host city is responsible for minting the Olympic medals while the IOC makes the final decision about the finished design.", "So the question remains, what should be the relative worth of the various medals? The USOC has already answered the question. America's governing body for Olympics competition awards prize money to Olympic medal winners. U.S. gold medalists in Beijing will get $25,000, with silver and bronze resulting in prizes of $15,000 and $10,000 respectively. Using that ratio would put the point value of the various medals at 5, 3, and 2 points. Such a scale values the accomplishments of all medalists, while putting a decided premium on winning gold. Based on this scale, China had a slight lead heading into the final day of competition, 361 to 353 for the U.S. The Chinese started the day with a gold in boxing, which the U.S. matched in men's volleyball. The Chinese kept pace with a U.S. gold in men's basketball and a silver in men's water polo, with another gold and silver in boxing. Unless one chooses to stubbornly cling to total medal count as the indictor of a country's medal success, we must conclude that China outperformed the U.S. at the Beijing Olympics.", "The top three finishers in each Olympic event receive a medal and a diploma. The next five finishers receive a diploma. Each first place winner receives a ‘gold’ medal, second place a medal made of silver and third place a medal made of bronze.", "Rule 48.1 of the Olympic Charter requires that there be a minimum of 15 Olympic sports at each Summer Games. Following its 114th Session (Mexico 2002), the IOC also decided to limit the programme of the Summer Games to a maximum of 28 sports, 301 events, and 10,500 athletes. The Olympic sports are defined as those governed by the International Federations listed in Rule 46 of the Olympic Charter. A two-thirds vote of the IOC is required to amend the Charter to promote a Recognised Federation to Olympic status and therefore make the sports it governs eligible for inclusion on the Olympic programme. Rule 47 of the Charter requires that only Olympic sports may be included in the programme.", "An Olympic medal is awarded to successful competitors at one of the Olympic Games. There are three classes of medal: gold, awarded to the winner; silver, awarded to the 1st runner-up; and bronze, awarded to the 2nd runner-up. The granting of awards is laid out in detail in the Olympic protocols.", "Approximately 4,700 Olympic and Paralympic medals have been produced by the Royal Mint at Llantrisant. They were designed by David Watkins (Olympics) and Lin Cheung (Paralympics). 99% of the gold, silver and copper was donated by Rio Tinto from a mine in Salt Lake County, Utah in the U.S. The remaining 1% came from a Mongolian mine. Each medal weighs 375–400 g (13.2–14 oz), has a diameter of 85 mm (3.3 in) and is 7 mm (0.28 in) thick, with the sport and discipline engraved on the rim. The obverse, as is traditional, features Nike, the Greek goddess of victory, stepping from the Panathinaiko Stadium that hosted the first modern Olympic Games in 1896, with Parthenon in the background; the reverse features the Games logo, the River Thames and a series of lines representing \"the energy of athletes and a sense of pulling together\". The medals were transferred to the Tower of London vaults on 2 July 2012 for storage.", "The custom of the sequence of gold , silver , and bronze for the first three places dates from the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, Missouri in the United States . The International Olympic Committee (IOC) has retroactively assigned gold, silver and bronze medals to the three best placed athletes in each event of the 1896 and 1900 Games. [6] [7] If there is a tie for any of the top three places all competitors are entitled to receive the appropriate medal according to IOC rules. [8]", "       Baltic medals received more than just glory for their efforts, with Baltic government and Olympic officials paying out cash bonuses to victorious athletes. Before the Games started, Latvia said it was paying 165,000 dollars, 83,000 dollars and 50,000 dollars for gold, silver and bronze, while Lithuania said it will pay 100,000, 50,000 and 37,500 dollars. Estonia's prize money was put up by its national Olympic committee, which said it would hand over 65,000 dollars for gold, 45,000 for silver and 30,000 for bronze.", "Medals are not the only awards given to competitors; every athlete placed first to eighth receives an Olympic diploma . Also, at the main host stadium, the names of all medal winners are written onto a wall. [8]", "During these inaugural Olympics, winners were given a silver medal, an olive branch, and a diploma, while runners-up received a copper medal, laurel branch, and diploma. [47] [48] The IOC has retroactively assigned gold, silver and bronze medals to the three best placed athletes in each event to comport with more recent traditions. [44]", "We’ve listed the medal count by golds, total medals and per-capita rates . So how about medals per athlete in Sochi? Winning 10 medals with 100 athletes is more impressive than winning 12 medals with 200 athletes, right?", "The best part of the Olympics is getting to see some of the finest athletes compete. Whether you like the triathlon, weight-lifting, gymnastics , swimming, or some other sport, the fact is that everyone wants to see their country’s athletes succeed. Success is marked by a medal in the Olympics; winner gets gold, runner-up gets silver, and the second runner-up earns the bronze medal. Each athlete gets to keep them, and crazily enough some medals have been misplaced along the way. On the other hand, other athletes have lost their Olympic medals not due to misplacing or losing track of them, but for violating the rules set by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). This committee is responsible for investigating any infractions that may occur during the game.", "The modern Olympic Games or Olympics ( ) are the leading international sporting event featuring summer and winter sports competitions in which thousands of athletes from around the world participate in a variety of competitions. The Olympic Games are considered to be the world's foremost sports competition with more than 200 nations participating. The Olympic Games are held every four years, with the Summer and Winter Games alternating by occurring every four years but two years apart.", "Those who come top in an event get the gold medal. The second place gets silver and the third place gets bronze. If it is a team event then all members get the medal but this counts as one medal on the medal table. There is no official overall winner. There are different ways people like to calculate which country won. Is it by the most medals in total? Does a gold count for more than the rest? If so how much more does it count for?", "During these inaugural Olympics, winners were given a silver medal and an olive branch, while runners-up received a copper medal and a laurel branch. The IOC has retroactively assigned gold, silver and bronze medals to the three best placed athletes in each event to comport with more recent traditions.", "* Broadcast Revenue to OCOGs; the IOC contributes 49% of the Olympic broadcast revenue for each Games to the OCOG. During the 2001–2004 Olympic quadrennium, the Salt Lake 2002 Organizing Committee received US$443 million, €395 million in broadcast revenue from the IOC, and the Athens 2004 Organizing Committee received US$732 million, €690 million.", "The top 10 NPCs by number of gold medals are listed below. The host nation, Italy, is highlighted.", "The gold medals awarded now are actually silver, with gold plating. That probably doesn’t matter to the athletes who have dedicated their lives to winning one, as long as they aren’t planning on melting the medal down and pawning it off.", "Forty-six nations participated with a new record total of 1,583 athletes and 571 officials. As hosts, Australia headed the medal table leading the way ahead of England, Canada, Scotland and New Zealand respectively.", "Since 1896, nearly 100 000 athletes have competed in the Olympics. Mostly these competitors have sought to perform to their utmost ability and in so doing they have produced outstanding feats of endurance, strength, speed, grace and coordination. Great individual international champions who have excelled at their individual sports have included runners Paavo Nurmi, [17] Emil Zatopek [18] and Carl Lewis; [19] swimmers Mark Spitz [20] and Michael Phelps [21] and gymnasts, Nadia Comaneci, [22] Larissa Latynina [23] and Aleksandr Dityatin. [24] Legendary team performances include those of the Indian field hockey team, which won Olympic gold from 1928 to 1956. [25] Inspiring achievements by Paralympians complement these feats, with the performances of Australians Louise Sauvage, Bart Bunting, Kieran Modra and Michael Milton among them. [26]          ", "^ a b \"Two new National Olympic Committees on board!\". International Olympic Committee. July 6, 2007. Archived from the original on November 12, 2007. Retrieved July 8, 2007.", "A dinner jacketed Henry Kelly awards the eventual winner of Going for Gold with some tickets to the Olympic Games", "Athletes and the public often consider Olympic medals as more valuable than world championships and medals from other international tournaments. Many athletes have become heroes in their own country after becoming Olympic champions.", "Perhaps we should assign different weights to medals based on the sport. Should a gold in equestrian really count as much as the gold in decathlon? Maybe we should factor in a country's population.", "Irv: Derice, a gold medal is a wonderful thing, but if you're not enough without it, you'll never be enough with it.", "On 20 February 2014, in front of an enraptured crowd in Sochi’s Iceberg Skating Palace, Sotnikova finished ahead of Kim to secure gold. “It’s a dream, an absolute dream!” she exclaimed. “The Games are being held in my own country and I’ve won a gold medal – it’s a very special feeling that I’ll remember for the rest of my life.” " ]

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[ "Young was inducted into the NFL Hall of Fame on 7 August 2005… Young is a great-great-great-grandson of Mormon leader Brigham Young .", "Steve Young played quarterback for the San Francisco 49ers for 13 years, 1987-99, taking the starting job from highly popular quarterback Joe Montana in 1991. Young was named the NFL's most valuable player in 1992 and 1994, and in 1995 the 49ers won Super Bowl XXIX. At the start of his career Young played two seasons (1984-85) with the Los Angeles Express of the now-defunct United States Football League, then spent two seasons with the NFL's Tampa Bay Buccaneers before being traded to San Francisco. Young was left-handed, a rarity among pro quarterbacks. He retired after the 1999 season.", "1984 - The Los Angeles Express of the United States Football League signed quarterback, Steve Young, from Brigham Young University, to a �substantial� contract on this day. The football all-American inked a pact that would earn him $40 million dollars over a 43-year period, in one of the most complicated contracts ever -- lasting until 2027. The USFL folded not long after he signed the lucrative deal. Young became the back-up quarterback for football legend, Joe Montana, in San Francisco. In 1994, when Montana moved to the Kansas City Chiefs, Steve Young took over the reins to lead the 49ers.", "Similar to both Manning brothers, Steve Young of the 49ers finally escaped the shadow of predecessor Joe Montana and the choke artist label in spectacular style in Super Bowl XXIX, lighting up the San Diego Chargers for a record six touchdowns, even managing to pitch in as the game's leading rusher in the process.", "For his career with the 49ers, Montana completed 2,929 of 4,600 passes for 35,142 yards with 244 touchdowns and 123 interceptions. He had 35 300-yard passing games including 7 in which he threw for over 400 yards. His career totals: 3,409 completions on 5,391 attempts, 273 touchdowns, 139 interceptions, and 40,551 yards passing. He also rushed for 1,676 yards and 20 touchdowns. When Montana retired, his career passer rating was 92.3, second only to his 49er successor Steve Young (96.8). He has since been surpassed by five other players, which ranks his passer rating at 7th all-time. Montana also had won 100 games faster than any other quarterback until surpassed by Tom Brady in 2008. [33] His record as a starter was 117-47 . His number 16 was retired by the 49ers on December 15, 1997 during halftime of the team's game against the Denver Broncos on Monday Night Football . Montana also held the record for most passing yards on a Monday night game with 458 against the Los Angeles Rams in 1989 (surpassed by Tom Brady in 2011).", "As such, any list of the greatest American Football players will necessarily contain a proliferation of famous quarterbacks, from Joe Montana of the San Francisco 49ers to Dan Marino of the Miami Dolphins and, more recently, Tom Brady of the New England Patriots. It is also unsurprising that quarterbacks over history have won more Super Bowl Most Valuable Player (MVP) awards than any other position.", "According to Dan Moldea in his book, Interference, an exhaustive expose on the links between Professional Football and the Mafia, Youngstown native Edward DeBartolo, Sr., who in 1977 bought the San Francisco 49ers football team for his son Edward, Jr. DeBartolo, Sr.  had built his fortune in the Mob-influenced construction industry and his company facilities were bombed 6 times between 1952-1954. [17]", "On January 20th, 1985 Don Shula's Miami Dolphins played Bill Walsh's San Francisco 49ers in Super Bowl 19 at Stanford Stadium in Stanford, California. Two of the NFL's greatest quarterbacks of all time, Dan Marino and Joe Montana, led their respective teams into what promised to be an offensive explosion. But Walsh's Nickel Defense held Marino well below season averages while the Dolphins couldn't coral Super Bowl Nineteen MVP Joe Montana (361 yards, 4 total touchdowns), Roger Craig (3 scores), and Dwight Clark, as the Niners nailed Miami, 38-9. Manu Tuiasosopo, Ronnie Lott, and Eric C. Wright halted Mark Clayton, Mark Duper, Tony Nathan, and the Dolphins.", "From 1954 to 1957, the 49ers sported the famous “Million Dollar Backfield” which included QB Y.A. Tittle and running backs Joe Perry  and Hugh McElhenny as well as fullback John Henry Johnson  . All four have since been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame and are the only complete backfield enshrined.", "The most successful team of the 1980s was the San Francisco 49ers, which featured the West Coast offense of Hall of Fame head coach Bill Walsh. This offense was led by three-time Super Bowl MVP and Hall of Fame quarterback Joe Montana, Super Bowl MVP and Hall of Fame wide receiver Jerry Rice, and tight end Brent Jones. Under their leadership, the 49ers won four Super Bowls in the decade (XVI, XIX, XXIII, and XXIV) and made nine playoff appearances between 1981 and 1990, including eight division championships, becoming the second dynasty of the post-merger NFL.", "Henry’s maternal grandfather was Henry Silas Jaynes (the son of Henry Clinton Jaynes and Almira A./L. Jacobs). Henry’s great-grandfather Henry was the son of Nathan Janes and Celinda Dexter. Almira was the daughter of Silas Jacobs and Lydia Pike.", "There's only 1 person in NFL history who matches, and his name was also George, and he also had a \"father\" nickname: Papa Bear, George Halas. Co-founder of the NFL. Founder of the team that became the Chicago Bears. Quality player by the standards of his time. Coach who led them to 8 NFL Championships between 1921 and 1963. Owner of the team from 1920 to his death in 1983.", "During the 1950s, the National Football League had grown to rival Major League Baseball as one of the most popular professional sports leagues in the United States. One franchise that did not share in this newfound success of the league was the Chicago Cardinals, owned by the Bidwill family, who had become overshadowed by the more popular Chicago Bears. The Bidwills hoped to relocate their franchise, preferably to St. Louis but could not come to terms with the league on a relocation fee. Needing cash, the Bidwills began entertaining offers from would-be investors, and one of the men who approached the Bidwills was Lamar Hunt, son and heir of millionaire oilman H. L. Hunt. Hunt offered to buy the Cardinals and move them to Dallas, where he had grown up. However, these negotiations came to nothing, since the Bidwills insisted on retaining a controlling interest in the franchise and were unwilling to move their team to a city where a previous NFL franchise had failed in 1952. While Hunt negotiated with the Bidwills, similar offers were made by Bud Adams, Bob Howsam, and Max Winter. ", "Montana is an Americanized form of the surname Montani, which comes from northern Italy. Montana earned the nickname \"Joe Cool\" for his ability to stay calm at key moments, and \"Comeback Kid\" for his history of rallying his teams from late-game deficits. His teammates in San Francisco called him \"Bird Legs\" due to his very thin legs and small calves. He was called \"Golden Joe\" because he played in California (the Golden State), and also appeared on a poster superimposed in front of the Golden Gate Bridge with the wording \"The Golden Great.\" Two more names were provided by a San Francisco Chronicle nickname contest early in his NFL career: the winner was \"Big Sky\", but another contestant suggested that since \"Joe Montana\" already sounded like a nickname, Montana needed a real name, and christened him \"David W. Gibson.\" Montana liked the Gibson name so much that he had it stenciled above his locker. ", "When he was just four years old, Tom attended the 1981 NFC Championship Game with his father. He was in the stands at Candlestick Park when Joe Montana found Dwight Clark for \"The Catch\" that sent the 49ers to the Super Bowl.", "Sequoyah's great granddaughter Mary Guess (Gist) is Lisa's great, great, great grandmother. Mary married Charley Dirteater.... Their children are Willie (Gist) Guess; Belle Dirteater; Jim Wolfe; Henry Dirteater; Dick and Stan Dirteater. Maggie Sourjohn and Mrs. Sam Shadoin. Their daughter Belle, Cherokee Roll 18,498, field card 7886 on Cherokee Card 9093 shows she married George Dick on November 3, 1906. On that same day she became a citizen of the United States of America.", "Al Hill, Grandson of Billionaire H.L. Hunt (left) Al III Great Grandson of Billionaire H.L. Hunt and son of Al Hunt (right)  Photo: DANNY TURNER", "1950 - Jack (Herbert Jackson) Youngblood III (Pro Football Hall of Famer: LA Rams defensive end: Super Bowl XIV)", "Gregory’s maternal grandparents were John Daggett Ayers II (the son of William Henry Ayers and Elizabeth/Eliza Maria/Marie Daggett) and Kathryn/Katherine Elizabeth Forse/Force (the daughter of Albert Thomas Forse and Catherine Woodruff). William was the son of Isaac Ayers and Emily Woodruff. Gregory’s great-grandmother Elizabeth was the daughter of John Dickinson Daggett and Sarah B. Sparks. Albert was the son of Thomas Manning Forse and Nancy Elizabeth Ann Reiter.", "The 49ers, who began play in the All-America Football Conference in 1946, were named after the settlers who ventured to the San Francisco area during the gold rush of 1849.", "Football Hall Of Famer Joe Montana (Was a Quarterback for The San Francisco 49ers and The Kansas City Chiefs), 51", "College/Pro Football Hall of Famer: USC, New York Giants; broadcaster: Monday Night Football; husband of Kathie Lee Gifford", "Super Bowl XVI (1982) – San Francisco 49ers quarterback Joe Montana evades a tackle en route to winning MVP honors in Super Bowl XVI. Montana threw for one touchdown in the game and ran for another as the 49ers won 26-21.", "Founded: Originated in 1946 as a charter member of the All-American Football Conference (AAFC). Joined the NFL in December 1949 when the AAFC and NFL merged. The name “49ers” comes from the name given to the gold prospectors who arrived in Northern California around 1849 during the California Gold Rush. It is the only name the team has ever had. The 49ers are the oldest major professional sports team in California.", "For anyone further interested in learning about White's all-too brief 26 years on this earth, this writer highly recommends checking out The Ghost: In Search of My Father the Football Legend . Written by his son Rob and renowned football writer Julie Welch, it is an excellent biography of one of the sport's lost greats.", "Samuel G.C. Muñoz grew up on Chicago's south side. He is the grandson to Mexican bullfighter Juan Jose Muñoz Lozada, Irish/German chemist George R.Wells, and is of Spanish, French, and Dutch ancestry.", "In 1890, one of the great Neath characters made his bow. He was Bill Jones, originally a wing, who later moved into the pack allegedly due to failing eye-sight and captained the Club for some seven seasons before becoming its first Life Member. His brother Howel was capped by Wales but died at the tragically young age of 26 after leaving the field against Cardiff – Howel’s son Howie was also to be capped.", "(Approximate date) Jeff Stewart, is born. Jeff is the grandson of Don Estevan de la Cruz, and thus is Don Diego's 2nd cousin.", "Photo: Running back Roger Craig (33) of the San Francisco 49ers finds room to run in Super Bowl XIX against the Miami Dolphins at Stanford Stadium on January 20, 1985 in Stanford, California. The 49ers won 38-16.", "Heisman Trophy winner  Thomas Dudley \"Tom\" Harmon   University of Michigan halfback (1938-40); father of actor Mark Harmon", "* 1849: The first boatloads of gold prospectors arrive in California, giving them the nickname 49ers.", "      The Heisman Trophy goes to Chris Weinke, a quarterback for the Florida State University Seminoles; the 28-year-old is the oldest player ever to win the trophy." ]

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[ "How many of the four Grand Slam trophies in tennis are gold; how many are silver?", "The word Grand Slam is often used to describe the four biggest tournaments in tennis- the Australian Open, the French Open, Wimbledon and the US Open. ‘Grand Slam’ actually refers to a very rare and difficult accomplishment in tennis, viz. winning all these 4 titles in the same calendar year. Only 2 men have ever done it, and only one has had the audacity to do it twice. That man is Rodney George Laver! There is a reason why Laver has been ranked ahead of Borg (the one with the coolest game), McEnroe (The one with the amazing versatility) and Federer (the one with the mind-boggling numbers); and that reason is Laver’s unequalled achievement- the Slam. First of all, Laver won a phenomenal 200 professional titles in his career (42 of those in the ATP circuit). He won the Australian Open thrice (1960, 1962, 1969), the French Open twice (1962, 1969), Wimbledon four times (1961, 1962, 1968, 1969) and the US Open twice (1962, 1969). Astute readers will observe that both in 1962 and 1969, the man won all the four slams in the year (a feat no one has repeated since).", "Only the Wimbledon trophy is gold; the others--for the U.S. Open, the French Open and the Australian Open--are sliver.", "Her 27 Grand Slam titles places her ninth on the all-time list: 13 in singles, 12 in women’s doubles, and 2 in mixed doubles. She is the most recent player, male or female, to have held all four Grand Slam singles titles simultaneously and only the fifth woman in history to do so. She was also the first woman, along with sister Venus Williams , to hold all four Grand Slam doubles titles simultaneously since Martina Hingis did so in 1998. Her 13 Grand Slam singles titles is sixth on the all-time list. [3] Williams ranks fourth in Grand Slam women’s singles titles won during the open era , behind Steffi Graf (22 titles) and Chris Evert and Martina Navratilova (18 titles each). [3] She has won more Major titles in singles, doubles, and mixed doubles than any other active player, male or female.", "Already regarded as one of the greatest tennis players of all time, her 32 Grand Slam titles tie her for eighth on the all-time list: 17 in singles, 13 in women's doubles, and 2 in mixed doubles. Her total of 17 Grand Slam singles titles is sixth on the all-time list, and fourth in the open era, behind Steffi Graf (22 titles) and Chris Evert and Martina Navratilova (18 titles each). She won her 17th Grand Slam singles crown clinching the 2013 US Open title in September 2013. On August 4, 2012, she became the second player after Steffi Graf to win a career Golden Grand Slam after winning the Gold medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics, and the first player in history, male or female, to win the Golden Grand Slam in both singles and doubles. Only female player to have won over $50 million in prize money.", "6. ANDRE AGASSI: Surely the most successful pigeon-toed athlete of all-time. Undoubtedly the highest earner in tennis, with his and wife Steffi Graf’s wealth estimated to be near enough to a billion dollars. Known on tour as The Punisher for his brutal groundstrokes, Agassi was the first man (and one of only two along with Rafael Nadal) to achieve the career “golden slam” – winning all four majors plus an Olympic gold medal. The eight-times major champion and 15-times finalist swears his infamous mullet wig cost him at least one more slam – when he feared the shocking hairpiece would fall off in the 1990 French Open final against Andres Gomez – and one wonders how many more he missed out on while plunging to No.141 in the world while married to Brooke Shields and fraternising with Barbra Streisand in the mid-1990s. Amazingly, Agassi recovered to reach four straight grand slam finals in 1999-2000 – one of the rarest feats in tennis – and add four more majors to his collection to take his tally to 101 weeks atop the rankings. Oh, and can anyone else say they beat Pete Sampras 14 times, or boast of 30 grand slam singles trophies in the family household?", "Agassi is only one of three males players to win all four Grand Slam Tournaments to achieve a Career Grand Slam since the beginning of the Open Era. The other two are Roger Federer and Rod Laver. The Andre Agassi Biography includes eight Grand Slam Singles Tournaments in total (4 Australian Open, 1 French Open, 1 Wimbledon, 2 US Open). In addition to winning all four Grand Slam Tournaments Agassi also won the Olympic Gold Medal for singles giving him a Career Golden Slam. He is the only male player to achieve this unique feat.", "Of the many players who have managed to win a full set of four Majors, there is a small number who have gone on to win all four Majors a second or more times. The completion of “Multiple Career Grand Slams” or sometimes called “multiple slam sets” (MSS) has been achieved by only 22 unique players up to the end of the 2015 Wimbledon. MSS players can be found in each of the five tennis disciplines: men’s or women’s singles, men’s or women’s doubles, mixed doubles. It can also be found in women’s wheelchair doubles. Of these, five players have completed MSS in more than one discipline: Roy Emerson, Martina Navratilova, Frank Sedgman and Serena Williams have MSS in two disciplines, Margaret Court has MSS in three disciplines.", "The four Grand Slam tournaments are considered to be the most prestigious tennis tournaments in the world. They are held annually and include, in chronological order, the Australian Open , Roland Garros (French Open) , Wimbledon , and the US Open . Apart from Davis Cup , Fed Cup , and Hopman Cup , they are the only tournaments regulated by the International Tennis Federation (ITF). [34] The ITF's national associations, Tennis Australia (Australian Open), the French Tennis Federation (French Open), the United States Tennis Association (US Open), and the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club and Lawn Tennis Association (Wimbledon), are delegated the responsibility to organize these events.", "During the open era, first Rod Laver and then more recently Björn Borg and Pete Sampras were regarded by many of their contemporaries as among the greatest ever. Andre Agassi , the first of two male players in history to have achieved a Career Golden Slam in singles tennis (followed by Rafael Nadal ), has been called the best service returner in the history of the game. [85] [86] [87] [88] He is the first man to win slams on all modern surfaces (previous holders of all slams played in an era of grass and clay only), and is regarded by a number of critics and fellow players to be among the greatest players of all time. [85] [89] [90] Roger Federer is now considered by many observers to have the most \"complete\" game in modern tennis. He has won 16 grand slam titles, the most for any male player. Many experts of tennis, former tennis players and his own tennis peers believe Federer is the greatest player in the history of the game. [91] [92] [93] [94] [95] [96] [97] Federer's biggest rival Rafael Nadal is regarded as the greatest competitor in tennis history by former players and is regarded to have the potential to be the greatest of all time. [98] [99]", "Born in Switzerland in 1981 he is considered by many to be the greatest tennis player of all time. He has currently won 17 grand slam titles. 4 of them are from the Australian Open. 1 is from Rolland Garros. He has won Wimbledon 7 times, which means he has won the US Open 5 times. Roger Federer currently holds the most grand slam titles.", "The men’s game increasingly emphasized athleticism and power in the 1990s. Pete Sampras of the United States best epitomized this style of play, using devastating serves and ground strokes, along with exceptional agility, to claim a record-setting 14 Grand Slam titles; the record was later surpassed by Roger Federer of Switzerland. Players such as Patrick Rafter of Australia, Sweden’s Stefan Edberg, and Russian Yevgeny Kafelnikov also claimed their share of major titles during the decade, but Andre Agassi surfaced as Sampras’s primary rival. Agassi won singles titles at the Australian Open (1995, 2000–01, 2003), the French Open (1999), Wimbledon (1992), and the U.S. Open (1994, 1999) and finished the 1999 season as the top-ranked player on the tour. In the early 21st century, Federer emerged as one of the game’s dominant players. He won an unprecedented 17 men’s singles Grand Slam championships—seven Wimbledon titles (2003–07, 2009, and 2012), five U.S. Opens (2004–08), four Australian Opens (2004, 2006–07, and 2010), and one French Open (2009). One of Federer’s main rivals was Rafael Nadal of Spain. Although initially thought of as a clay-court specialist—he captured a record seven French Open titles (2005–08 and 2010–12)—Nadal also won at Wimbledon (2008 and 2010), the Australian Open (2009), and the U.S. Open (2010).", "From the 2003 Wimbledon to the 2013 US Open, Federer and Nadal have won an unprecedented 30 out of 39 Grand Slam titles (excluding 2003 US Open, 2004 French Open, 2005 Australian Open, 2008 Australian Open, 2009 US Open, 2011 Australian Open, 2011 Wimbledon, 2011 US Open, 2012 Australian Open, 2012 US Open, 2013 Australian Open, 2013 Wimbledon). They have been represented in all but 8 finals (2003 US Open, 2004 French Open, 2005 Australian Open, 2008 Australian Open and 2011 Australian Open, 2012 US Open, 2013 Australian Open, 2013 Wimbledon).", "This table shows each multiple occurrence of a complete MSS for each of the players who have accomplished multiple slams in a particular tennis discipline. The year shown for each of the four Majors is the year that particular Major win was repeated as part of that player's achievement of their second (all 22 players) and third (8 players) and fourth (4 players) and fifth through seventh (Martina Navratilova, in women’s doubles) complete slam set of Major wins.[ clarification needed ]", "The four Grand Slam tournaments are considered to be the most prestigious tennis tournaments in the world. They are held annually and include, in chronological order, the Australian Open , the French Open , Wimbledon , and the US Open . Apart from Davis Cup , Fed Cup , and Hopman Cup, they are the only tournaments regulated by the International Tennis Federation (ITF). The ITF's national associations, Tennis Australia (Australian Open), the French Tennis Federation (French Open), the United States Tennis Association (US Open), and the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club and Lawn Tennis Association (Wimbledon), are delegated the responsibility to organize these events.", "Tennis was an Olympic sport from the inaugural 1896 Summer Olympics through the 1924 Games , then was dropped for the next 64 years (except as a demonstration sport in 1968 and 1984 ) before returning in 1988 . As there were only three Major championships designated by the International Lawn Tennis Federation before 1925, none of the tennis players who participated in the Olympics between 1896 and 1924 had a chance to complete a Golden Grand Slam. However although it didn't occur, there was a possibility to complete a Career Golden Grand Slam by winning the 1920 Olympics or 1924 Olympics plus each of the four grand slams, all of which were present from 1925 onwards. The term Golden Slam (initially \"Golden Grand Slam\") was coined in 1988. [13]", "The four Grand Slam tournaments are considered to be the most prestigious tennis events in the world. They are held annually and comprise, in chronological order, the Australian Open, the French Open, Wimbledon, and the US Open. Apart from the Olympic Games, Davis Cup, Fed Cup, and Hopman Cup, they are the only tournaments regulated by the International Tennis Federation (ITF). The ITF's national associations, Tennis Australia (Australian Open), the Fédération Française de Tennis (French Open), the Lawn Tennis Association (Wimbledon) and the United States Tennis Association (US Open) are delegated the responsibility to organize these events.", "Agassi, Andre American professional tennis player who won eight Grand Slam titles, as well as the “career Grand Slam” for winning each of the four major tennis tournaments— Wimbledon, the Australian Open, the French Open, and the U.S. Open —at least once. By age 2...", "Most Grand Slam Tennis Titles Won By a Man - The most Grand Slam singles tennis titles won by a man is 14, by 'Pistol' Pete Sampras of the USA, between 1990 and 2000.", "The Grand Slam tournaments, also called majors, are the four most important annual tennis events. They offer the most ranking points,prize money, public and media attention, the greatest strength and size of field, and greater number of “best of” sets for men. The Grand Slam itinerary consists of the Australian Open in mid January, the French Open in May and June, Wimbledon in June and July, and the US Open in August and September. Each tournament is played over a period of two weeks. The Australian and United States tournaments are played on hard courts, the French on clay, and Wimbledon on grass. Wimbledon is the oldest, founded in 1877, followed by the US in 1881, the French in 1891, and the Australian in 1905. However, of these four, only Wimbledon was a major before 1924/25, the time when all four became designated Grand Slam tournaments.", "177: The aggregate number of Olympic tennis medals that have been won - 96 in men's events, 62 in women's and a further 19 in mixed doubles, which was an Olympic event between 1900 and 1924.", "Winner (23): 2016 - Wimbledon (w/V.Williams); 2012 - Wimbledon , Olympics (both w/V.Williams); 2010 - Australian Open , Madrid, Roland Garros (all w/V.Williams); 2009 - Australian Open , Wimbledon , Stanford, US Open (all w/V.Williams); 2008 - Wimbledon , Olympics (both w/V.Williams); 2003 - Australian Open (w/V.Williams); 2002 - Wimbledon (w/V.Williams), Leipzig (w/Stevenson); 2001 - Australian Open (w/V.Williams); 2000 - Wimbledon , Olympics (both w/V.Williams); 1999 - Hannover, Roland Garros , US Open (all w/V.Williams); 1998 - Oklahoma City, Zürich (both w/V.Williams).", "Winning the four majors in consecutive tournaments but not in the same year is known as a Non-Calendar Year Grand Slam, while winning all four majors at any point during the course of a career is known as a Career Grand Slam. Winning the gold medal at the Summer Olympic Games in addition to the four majors in a one calendar year is known as a “Golden Grand Slam” or more commonly the “Golden Slam”. Also, winning the Year-End Championship (known as ATP World Tour Finals for men’s singles and doubles disciplines, and WTA Tour Championships for both women’s disciplines) in the same period is known as a “Super Slam”. Together, all four Majors in all three disciplines (singles, doubles, and mixed doubles) are called a “boxed set” of Grand Slam titles. No male or female player has won all twelve events in one calendar year, although a “career boxed set” has been achieved by three female players during their careers.", "It returned as a demonstration sport in 1968 and again in 1984 and it then regained full Olympic status in 1988 when Steffi Graf (Germany) completed a unique Golden Slam of winning all four Grand Slam singles titles AND the Olympic title all in the same year. Serena Williams (USA), Andre Agassi (USA) and Rafael Nadal (Spain) are the only three other players to have won all five titles, but not in the same year.", "A list of the all-time Grand Slam winners in tennis, headed by Roger Federer and Margaret Court and including plenty of others, including the likes of Novak Djokovic, Rafael Nadal, Serena Williams, Steffi Graf and Andre Agassi", "In doubles tennis Serena has 13 career titles including 5 at Wimbledon, 2 US Opens, 2 French Opens, 4 Australian Opens, and 2 Olympic Gold medals.", "Grand Slam: Like the Grand Slam in golf or the Triple Crown in American thoroughbred racing, the Grand Slam means winning all four Major tournaments in a calendar year. Since it happens so rarely, “Grand Slam” is commonly misused to refer to any one of the four most prestigious tournaments (Majors): the Australian Open, the French Open (or Roland Garros), Wimbledon, and the U.S. Open. See also Career Grand Slam.", "The Golden Slam (Career or Calendar Year edition): Winning each of the four Slams plus an Olympic gold medal at least once. All victories must come in the same category.", "An international hall of fame exists at the . A Grand Slam is earned by a player who wins an Olympic Games gold medal , world championship title , and World Cup of Table Tennis gold medal.", "Most recently, German juggernaut Steffi Graf won all four majors in 1988 as well as winning an Olympic gold medal in singles. Graf was the last professional tennis player to win a Grand Slam.", "Winning a career Golden Slam means that you have won each of the Majors at least once in your career—the Australian Open, the French Open, Wimbledon and the U.S. Open. Plus, you must also have won an Olympic gold medal in singles—hence, the Golden Slam.", "“It is a massive privilege to handle a trophy with so much heritage,” says engraver Emmet Smith. And it is incredible to think that those same handles have been held by legendary champions such as Spencer Gore, William Renshaw, Jean Borotra, Fred Perry, Rene Lacoste, Rod Laver, John Newcombe, Bjorn Borg, John McEnroe, Boris Becker, Andre Agassi and Pete Sampras before the Federer/Djokovic era." ]

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[ "Breakfast - Defined as the first meal of the day and literally means, breaking the fast of the night.  It was during the 15th century that certain foods were created and served only at breakfast and this tradition continues even today.  Today the foods eaten at home for breakfast have a lot to do with convenience as people do not have the time to make and eat a leisurely breakfast.  Bread-like items are popular breakfast foods during the workweek: bagels, muffins, scones, cereal or mu�sli, with a cup of tea or coffee.  Weekends are when the so-called \"big breakfast\" or \"English breakfast\" is served where eggs take center stage as well as bacon, sausages, tomatoes, toast, jams and preserves.", "Variants of the word beugal are used in Yiddish and in Austrian German to refer to a somewhat similar form of sweet filled pastry (Mohnbeugel (with poppy seeds) and Nussbeugel (with ground nuts), or in southern German dialects (where beuge refers to a pile, e.g., holzbeuge \"woodpile\"). According to the Merriam-Webster's dictionary, 'bagel' derives from the transliteration of the Yiddish 'beygl', which came from the Middle High German 'böugel' or ring, which itself came from 'bouc' (ring) in Old High German, similar to the Old English bēag \"ring\" and būgan \"to bend, bow\". Similarly, another etymology in the Webster's New World College Dictionary says that the Middle High German form was derived from the Austrian German beugel, a kind of croissant, and was similar to the German bügel, a stirrup or ring. ", "The typical German breakfast consists of bread or bread rolls, butter, jam, ham, cheeses, meat spreads, cold cuts, hard- or soft-boiled eggs and coffee. Cereals have become popular, and regional variation is significant. Yogurt, granola and fruit (fresh or stewed) may appear, as well as eggs cooked to order (usually at smaller hotels or bed-and-breakfasts). A second breakfast is traditional in parts of Germany, notably Bavaria where it is called Brotzeit (literally \"bread time\").", "the first meal of the day, as literally derived from ending one's overnight fast with a morning meal; see CONTINENTAL BREAKFAST, SOLDIER'S BREAKFAST, ENGLISH BREAKFAST, EGGS BENEDICT, SCOTCH WOODCOCK, TOAD-IN-A-HOLE, SOS, FRENCH TOAST, HARDTACK, PANCAKE, DOUGHNUT, SINKER, GI JOE, RANGER COFFEE, BEANS, CHOW, RATIONS.", "Switzerland: Swiss breakfasts are often similar to those eaten in neighboring countries. A notable breakfast food of Swiss origin, now found throughout Europe, is muesli (Birchermüesli in Swiss German), introduced in 1900 by Maximilian Bircher-Benner for patients in his hospital.", "With today’s busy lifestyles there is a growing trend towards eating a more simple breakfast, so you are more likely to see young people eating cereal rather than tucking into a more hearty meal of bread, cheese and sausage. However, the traditional breakfast of fresh breads accompanied by a cheese or meat selection is still alive and well, particularly on the weekend when the family has more time. With a bakery (Bäckerei) on every street corner, it’s customary to buy freshly baked rolls on Saturday and Sunday for the whole family to enjoy over a leisurely breakfast. On weekends, some Germans also like to cook eggs, whether hartgekochtes Ei (hard-boiled egg), Spiegelei (fried egg) or Rührei (scrambled egg).", "In Germany, Northern and Eastern Europe, especially in Scandinavian countries , Poland, Russia, Belarus and Ukraine , newly harvested, early ripening varieties are considered a special delicacy. Boiled whole and served un-peeled with dill , these \"new potatoes\" are traditionally consumed with Baltic herring . Puddings made from grated potatoes ( kugel , kugelis , and potato babka ) are popular items of Ashkenazi , Lithuanian , and Belarusian cuisine. [114] German fries and various version of Potato salad are part of German cuisine . Bauernfrühstück (literally Farmer's breakfast) is a warm German dish made from fried potatoes, eggs , ham and vegetables.", "The term hamburger originally derives from Hamburg , [2] Germany 's second largest city, from which many people emigrated to the United States . In High German , Burg means fortified settlement or fortified refuge; and is a widespread component of place names. Hamburger can be a descriptive noun in German , referring to someone from Hamburg (compare London → Londoner) or an adjective describing something from Hamburg. Similarly, frankfurter and wiener, names for other meat-based foods, are also used in Germany and Austria as descriptive nouns for people and as adjectives for things from the cities of Frankfurt and Wien ( Vienna ), respectively. The term \"burger\" is associated with many different types of sandwiches similar to a (ground beef) hamburger, using different meats, such as a buffalo burger , venison , kangaroo , turkey , elk , lamb , salmon burger or veggie burger . [3]", "German-speaking countries readily adopt Anglicisms, and \"brunch\" is no exception, defining it as \"a combination of breakfast and lunch.\" ", "Havregrynsgröt, havregrød or kaurapuuro (Finnish) is a porridge made from rolled oats, water and/or milk and often added raisins. It is a traditional breakfast staple in Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Estonia, Latvia (auzu pārslu [biez]putra) and Lithuania (avižinių dribsnių košė). Porridge made from rye (vattgröt) or barley (bjuggröt) was more common during the Middle Ages. ", "German pancakes are known as Pfannkuchen (from the German Pfanne and Kuchen meaning \"pan\" and \"cake\") except in Berlin, Brandenburg and Saxony, where Pfannkuchen are Berliner pastries and pancakes are known as Eierkuchen. They are generally thicker than French-style crêpes and usually served with sweet or, occasionally, savoury fillings. Usage of leavening agent or yeast is uncommon. Fried apple rings covered by pancake dough and served with sugar and cinnamon are called Apfelküchle. Kaiserschmarrn, a thick but light caramelized pancake popular in Bavaria and regions of the former Austria-Hungary, is usually split into pieces, filled with fruits or nuts, sprinkled with powdered sugar and served with a fruit sauce. It is believed that it was first prepared for Kaiser Franz Joseph I of Austria.", "A traditional German fried dough pastry that is very popular in Old Bavaria , Franconia , Western Austria and Thuringia , typically made with yeast dough, but some recipes vary slightly; a common variation is the addition of raisins . The dough is then shaped in a way so it is very thin in the middle and thicker on the edges. They are then fried in boiling lard and dusted with confectioner's sugar . In Austria it is eaten with apricot marmalade . According to legend the name derives from the practice of baker women from Franconia that stretched the dough over their knees very thinly so they could read love letters through it.[ citation needed ]", "The name can also refer to klobasnek. The German Würstchen im Schlafrock (\"sausage in a dressing gown\") uses sausages wrapped in puff pastry or, more rarely, pancakes. Cheese and bacon are sometimes present.", "Say the word \"bratwurst\" to an American and most picture a chubby sausage done to perfection on the grill. But add the word \"Nuernberger\" in front of the word \"bratwurst and most Americans get a puzzled look. Germans or American who lived in Germany, however, get a gleam of sheer delight in their eyes and demand to know, Where?!", "Soup is a common form of starter. Particularly popular is Hochzeitssuppe (\"wedding soup\"), a meat broth. On the North Sea coast there a plant called arrowgrass, known locally as Stranddreizack or Röhrkohl, grows in salt meadows immediately by the coast and is prepared, like Grünkohl, as a thick stew. Other country dishes in the coastal region are Steckrübeneintopf and Birnen, Bohnen und Speck, both types of stew.", "The term hamburger originally derives from Hamburg, Germany's second largest city. In High German, Burg means \"fortified settlement\" or \"fortified refuge\" and is a widespread component of place names. Hamburger in German is the demonym of Hamburg, similar to frankfurter and wiener, names for other meat-based foods and demonyms of the cities of Frankfurt and Vienna (Wien), respectively.", "Hamburger: Another food popularly considered “American,\" even if does take its name directly from a German city.", "The nickname is said to derive from the name of the traditional dish 'lobscouse', a sort of stew, which was/is eaten round there. Compare this with the German 'Labskaus', and Welsh 'lobsgows', both approximately similar dishes.", "Known as Pfannkuchen in Berlin and large parts of Eastern Germany, Kreppel in Hessen, Krapfen in Southern Germany and Berliner in much of Western Germany, the jelly-filled donut is a pastry which enjoys great popularity. Especially during the carnival season, which is known as Fasching, Karneval or Fastnacht (again depending on the region), you’ll find bakeries on every street corner offering piles of various types of donuts, most filled with jam but also with vanilla cream and chocolate. Please see recipe here.", "Everywhere in Germany outside Berlin, jam doughnuts are known as Berliner, but in Berlin, they're called Pfannkuchen. This in turn means \"pancake\" everywhere else, so if you want a pancake in Berlin, you have to ask for Eierkuchen. Confused yet?", "Some of you noted that this is like chicken-fried steak. Chicken-fried steak is considered a Texas dish, BUT a lot of Germans emigrated to Texas. So chicken-fried steak is German Schnitzel, tra...", "considered the most popular fast food item in Germany, a Turkish dish made of meat cooked on a vertical rotisserie, normally lamb but also a mixture of veal or beef with these, or sometimes chicken, also widely known by the Arabic name \"shawarma\" or the Greek name \"gyros\"", "Another example of a seasonal speciality is \"Grünkohl\" (kale). You can find that mainly in Lower Saxony, particularly around Oldenburg and the \"Ammerland\", Bremen, as well as the southern and south-western parts such as the \"Emsland\" or around the \"Wiehengebirge\" and the \"Teutoburger Wald\", but also everywhere else there and in the eastern parts of North-Rhine-Westphalia. It is usually served with a boiled rough sort of sausage (called \"Pinkel\" around Oldenburg) and roasted potatoes. If you are travelling in Lower-Saxony in fall, you should get it in every \"Gasthaus\". Usually the first \"Grünkohl\" is harvested after the first frost in autumn and is on the menu from November until March.", "A generic German name for all sausages that are very finely ground like frankfurters, wieners and knackwurst", "In German-speaking Switzerland, raclette is also known as Bratchäs, pronounced with a hard ch like \"k.\" It means \"grilled cheese.\" It has been a Swiss specialty since at least 1291 AD when William Tell was purported to eat it.", "The name \"Bratwurst\" most often refers to a sausage made from pork in a natural casing and is grilled or fried in a pan. It is a favorite in Germany, with each region having its own specialty.", "Pohl hints that there had been other dishes in Austrian cuisine, before the Schnitzel, that were breaded and deep fried, such as the popular Backhendl, which was first mentioned in a cookbook from 1719. The Schnitzel was then mentioned in the 19th century as Wiener Schnitzel analogically to the Wiener Backhendl.", "Another name for frumenty a dish made from wheat meal boiled with water or milk and seasoned.", "It is often made with a combination of rye flour and whole rye berries. At one time it was traditional peasant fare, but largely during the 20th century various forms became popular through delicatessens and supermarkets.", "It is often made with a combination of rye flour and whole rye berries. At one time it was traditional peasant fare, but largely during the 20th century various forms have become popular items of delicatessen.", "What's that mean? In Slavic languages, including Russian, it means cereal. In Yiddish it usually refers to buckwheat groats specifically.", "*German cultural artifacts, especially foods, have spread to English-speaking nations and often are identified either by their original German names or by German-sounding English names" ]

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[ "(Q)  What popular drink did a Dutch medical professor produce in his laboratory while trying to come up with a blood cleanser that could be sold in drugstores?", "The Dutch physician Franciscus Sylvius is credited with the invention of gin. [5] [6] By the mid 17th century, numerous small Dutch distillers (some 400 in Amsterdam alone by 1663) had popularized the re-distillation of malt spirit or wine with juniper, anise, caraway, coriander, etc., [7] which were sold in pharmacies and used to treat such medical problems as kidney ailments, lumbago , stomach ailments, gallstones , and gout . It was found in Holland by English troops who were fighting against the Spanish in the Eighty Years War and where the term Dutch courage came from. Gin emerged in England in varying forms as of the early 17th century, and at the time of The Restoration enjoyed a brief resurgence. It was only when William of Orange , ruler of the Dutch Republic , occupied the British throne together with his wife Mary in what has become known as the Glorious Revolution that gin became vastly more popular, [8] particularly in crude, inferior forms, where it was more likely to be flavored with turpentine .", "Let’s start with the gin.  Although it is commonly known as the quintessential English spirit, the history of gin underlines the island’s connections to the outside world. The origin of gin – unlike the drink itself – is quite murky.  Sylvius de Bouve , a sixteenth-century Dutch physician, is the individual associated with the development of gin.  He created a highly-alcoholic medicinal concoction called Jenever.  It featured the essential oils of juniper berries, which the physician believed could improve circulation and cure other ailments.  The berry, deriving from a small coniferous plant, had long been treasured for its medicinal properties, including its use during the plague.", "In 1893, Caleb Bradham, a young pharmacist from New Bern, North Carolina, begins experimenting with many different soft drink concoctions.  Like many pharmacists at the turn of the century he had a soda fountain in his drugstore, where he served his customers refreshing drinks, that he created himself. His most popular beverage was something he called \"Brad's drink\" made of carbonated water, sugar, vanilla, rare oils, pepsin and cola nuts.", "Caleb Bradham of New Bern, North Carolina was a pharmacist. Like many pharmacists at the turn of the century he had a soda fountain in his drugstore, where he served his customers refreshing drinks that he created himself. His most popular beverage was something he called \"Brad's drink,\" a mix of sugar, water, caramel, lemon oil, kola nuts, nutmeg, and other additives. It became an overnight sensation.", "Working in the occupied Netherlands, and improvising with materials including beverage cans and a washing machine, the Dutch physician Willem Johan Kolff creates the first working dialyzer.", "The drink of millions worldwide, but it would not exist had it not been for Edinburgh-born George Cleghorn, an 18th-century doctor who discovered that quinine could cure malaria. The quinine was drunk in tonic water, but it was so bitter that gin was added to make it more palatable. Bottoms up!", "In the 17th century, gin was sold in the Netherlands to treat medical problems such as kidney ailments, lumbago, stomach ailments, gallstones, and gout. That's one treatment we can fully get behind.", "Advocaat or advocatenborrel is a traditional Dutch alcoholic beverage made from eggs, sugar and brandy. The rich and creamy drink has a smooth, custard-like flavor and is similar to eggnog. The typical alcohol content is generally somewhere between 14% and 20% ABV. Its contents may be a blend of egg yolks, aromatic spirits, sugar or honey, brandy, vanilla and sometimes cream (or evaporated milk). Notable makers of advocaat include Bols, DeKuyper and Verpoorten.", "The Campari story begins in the early 1860s, when a bartender-turned-caffe-proprietor named Gaspare Campari started inventing bottled cocktails in the cellar of his new establishment in Milan. He'd mix neutral alcohol with raspberry juice, vanilla, cocoa—whatever struck his fancy—and then sell his homemade libations upstairs. One day, he came up with something he called \"Bitter all'Uso d'Holanda\"—bitter [meaning a kind of bitter herbal drink] in the style of Holland—based on his notions about legendary Dutch cordials.", "In the late 18th century, scientists made important progress in replicating naturally carbonated mineral waters. In 1767, Englishman Joseph Priestley first discovered a method of infusing water with carbon dioxide to make carbonated water when he suspended a bowl of distilled water above a beer vat at a local brewery in Leeds, England. His invention of carbonated water (also known as soda water) is the major and defining component of most soft drinks. ", "This patient responds exceptionally well to Baker's Procedure, something cooked up by Charles H. Baker in his 1939 Gentleman's Companion. It requires you to muddle the squeezed-out lime shell in the bottom of the glass before adding the rest of the ingredients, in order to extract a little of the rind's bitter oil. Actually, though, this should be called Kappeler's Procedure, since it was George Kappeler who, in his 1895 Modern American Drinks, suggested it be employed to treat one Thomas Collins, then suffering from a slight case of the blahs.", "The “water of life” (aqua vitae; i.e., alcohol ) was probably discovered a little earlier than nitric acid, and some physicians and a few alchemists turned to the elixir of life as an objective. John of Rupescissa , a Catalonian monk who wrote c. 1350, prescribed virtually the same elixirs for metal ennoblement and for the preservation of health. His successors multiplied elixirs, which lost their uniqueness and finally simply became new medicines, often for specific ailments. Medical chemistry may have been conceived under Islam , but it was born in Europe. It only awaited christening by its great publicist, Paracelsus (1493–1541), who was the sworn enemy of the malpractices of 16th-century medicine and a vigorous advocate of “folk” and “chemical” remedies. By the end of the 16th century, medicine was divided into warring camps of Paracelsians and anti-Paracelsians, and the alchemists began to move en masse into pharmacy.", "This Day in History: May 8, 1886: Pharmacist first sells a carbonated beverage named \"Coca-Cola\" as medicine", "Alcohol is suitable to emulsify and preserve creamy ingredients. Advocaat, a Dutch speciality, is an alcoholic egg yolk emulsion. In Germany it is known as 'eierlikor' or 'eiercognac'. Dave Broom in 'Spirits & cocktails' says this about its origins: \"Its original incarnation was as a planter's drink in Holland's Brazilian enclaves, where the fruit of the abacate tree would be fermented and drunk. When the planters returned home they found that abacate trees were distinctly thin on the ground and, warping the original name to advocaat, decided to use eggs instead.\"", "During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the use of deprivation studies allowed scientists to isolate and identify a number of vitamins. Lipid from fish oil was used to cure rickets in rats, and the fat-soluble nutrient was called \"antirachitic A\". Thus, the first \"vitamin\" bioactivity ever isolated, which cured rickets, was initially called \"vitamin A\"; however, the bioactivity of this compound is now called vitamin D. In 1881, Russian surgeon Nikolai Lunin studied the effects of scurvy at the University of Tartu in present-day Estonia. He fed mice an artificial mixture of all the separate constituents of milk known at that time, namely the proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and salts. The mice that received only the individual constituents died, while the mice fed by milk itself developed normally. He made a conclusion that \"a natural food such as milk must therefore contain, besides these known principal ingredients, small quantities of unknown substances essential to life.\" However, his conclusions were rejected by his advisor, Gustav von Bunge, even after other students reproduced his results. A similar result by Cornelius Pekelharing appeared in a Dutch medical journal in 1905, but it was not widely reported.", "Coenraad Johannes van Houten (March 15, 1801, Amsterdam - 1887, Weesp) was a Dutch chemist and chocolate maker known for the treatment of cocoa mass with alkaline salts to remove the bitter taste and make cocoa solids more water-soluble; the resulting product is still called \"Dutch process\" chocolate. He is also, incorrectly, credited with introducing a method for pressing the fat (cocoa butter) from roasted cocoa beans, which was in fact his father's invention.[citation needed]", "Today we honor Coenraad Johannes van Houten (1801-1887) for his invention of cocoa powder. This powder (picture right) let people enjoy great things like Dutch Chocolate and chocolate milk. The trick was that van Houten found a cheap way to bring the fat content of simply ground cocoa beans to a point where it could be digested easily. The process is more complicated than I care to describe here. See the link below for more information. Other chocolate makers built upon this process to ultimately develop the chocolate we enjoy today.", "Everyone knows this squatty bottle with the D.O.M. label and the big seal of (what used to be) scarlet wax. The D.O.M. title, \"Deo Optimo Maximo\" is latin and translates as \"To God most good, most great.\"The original recipe of this famous elixir, created by a monk, Don Bernado Vincelli in 1510, was said to have revived fatigued brothers and even warned off epidemics.", "One of the college principals' claim to fame was 'inventing' bottled beer. Alexander Nowell would bottle his beer for fishing trips, and once buried a bottle to keep it cool - which was fizzy when he dug it up.", "On his return, Macleod was surprised and expressed doubt about the results. Banting took this as an attack on his integrity. They argued bitterly, but Banting finally accepted Macleod's instruction that further experiments were needed, and he even convinced Macleod to provide better working conditions and to give him and Best a salary. Further experiments were successful and the three started to present their work at meetings. Macleod was a far better orator, and Banting came to believe that he wanted to take all the credit. Their discovery was first published in the February 1922 issue of The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. Macleod declined co-authorship because he considered it Banting's and Best's work. Despite their success, there remained the issue of how to get enough pancreas extract to continue the experiments. Together, the three researchers developed alcohol extraction, which proved to be far more efficient than other methods. This convinced Macleod to divert the whole laboratory to insulin research and to bring in the biochemist James Collip to help with purifying the extract.", "The first clinical tests on a human patient were conducted on a severely diabetic 14-year-old boy. Although the injections of the extract failed to have resoundingly beneficial effects, the Toronto team continued to experiment. A short while later Collip made a breakthrough in purifying the extract, using alcohol in slightly over 90 percent concentration to precipitate out the active ingredient (insulin). At the same time, though, personal tension was mounting among the four scientists, as Banting became increasingly bitter toward Macleod and pitted himself and Best against Collip in the race to purify the extract. At the end of January, Collip came to Banting and Best’s lab and informed the two that although he had discovered a method to produce pure extract, he would share it only with Macleod. It was only Best’s quick restraint that stopped Banting from attacking Collip. Fortunately for the future of insulin an uneasy agreement made a few days later allowed them to continue to work together. On May 3, 1922, Macleod, representing the group, announced to the international medical community at a meeting of the Association of American Physicians that they had discovered “insulin”—the antidiabetic agent.", "A bittersweet liqueur produced in the Czech Republic from the recipe that pharmacist Josef Becher used to formulate his apothecary bitters in 1807.", "Suffering from persistent headaches, muscle cramps or stomach ulcers? Once upon a time, your local physician may have prescribed an elixir containing human flesh, blood or bone. So-called “corpse medicine” was a disturbingly common practice for hundreds of years. The Romans believed that the blood of fallen gladiators could cure epilepsy, and 12th century apothecaries were known for keeping a stock of “mummy powder”—a macabre extract made from ground up mummies looted from Egypt. Meanwhile, in 17th century England, King Charles II was known for enjoying a draught of “King’s Drops,” a restorative brew made from crumbled human skull and alcohol.", "The treatment for vitamin B12-deficient anemia was first devised by William Murphy, who bled dogs to make them anemic, and then fed them various substances to see what (if anything) would make them healthy again. He discovered that ingesting large amounts of liver seemed to cure the disease. George Minot and George Whipple then set about to isolate the curative substance chemically and ultimately were able to isolate the vitamin B12 from the liver. All three shared the 1934 Nobel Prize in Medicine.", "Cold-water cures were introduced in ancient Rome for the first time by Asclepiades, but they were soon forgotten. In sporadic cases cold water was employed therapeutically in later times, e.g. by Rhazes for smallpox, by Edward Baynard in 1555 against the plague by John Floyer (1649-1734) for mania, and by several others. Cold water was not used systematically until the eighteeth century. The brothers Johann Sigismund and Johann Gottfried, and their father Sigismund Hahn (1662-1742), who in 1737 made extensive experiments during an epidemic of petechial fever in Breslau , may be regarded as the founders of the cold water cure. The work of John Sigismund (Unterricht von der kraft und Wirkung des kalten Wassers) is the best known, and laid the foundation of modern hydrotherapeutics. Towards the end of the eighteeth century Johann Dietrich Brandis obtained good results in the treatment of febrile diseases by means of tepid lotions. The subsequent development of hydrotherapeutics was largely influenced by the results obtained by William Wright (1736-1819), and James Currie (1750-1805) in the epidemics of petechial fever in the years 1787-92.", "Patent still invented by Irish man Aeneas Coffee, a former Government Excise Official. His invention allows the continuous distillation of wash.", "In 1896, Eugen Baumann observed iodine in thyroid glands. In 1897, Christiaan Eijkman worked with natives of Java, who also suffered from beriberi. Eijkman observed that chickens fed the native diet of white rice developed the symptoms of beriberi but remained healthy when fed unprocessed brown rice with the outer bran intact. Eijkman cured the natives by feeding them brown rice, discovering that food can cure disease. Over two decades later, nutritionists learned that the outer rice bran contains vitamin B1, also known as thiamine.", "The liquid extracted from vanilla pods was once believed to have medical properties, helping with various stomach ailments. ", "Bottom line: Algehele, as jy op soek is na 'n energy drink vir weighlifting, dit is 'n goeie keuse. Deur die kombinasie van die bestanddele van 'n standaard energy drink met dié van 'n stikstofoksied te vul, het CytoSport 'n uitstekende produk vir diegene wat dit geniet spandeer tyd by die gym. Die enigste nadeel is dit slegs beskikbaar in twee weergawes, maar ten minste is hulle lekker smaak!", "Syrup of Squill, B.P. Used as an expectorant in acid eough mixtures. Dose: 1/2 1 fluid drachm.", "Mayu Yamamoto of the International Medical Center of Japan, received the Ig Nobel Chemistry Prize in 2007 for developing a way to extract vanillin (vanilla fragrance and flavoring) from cow dung. Yuck!" ]

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[ "The use of garlic in China dates back to 2000 BC. It was consumed by ancient Greek and Roman soldiers, sailors, and rural classes (Virgil, Ecologues ii. 11), and, according to Pliny the Elder (Natural History xix. 32), by the African peasantry. Galen eulogized it as the \"rustic's theriac\" (cure-all) (see F. Adams' Paulus Aegineta, p. 99), and Alexander Neckam, a writer of the 12th century (see Wright's edition of his works, p. 473, 1863), discussed it as a palliative for the heat of the sun in field labor. Garlic was placed by the ancient Greeks on the piles of stones at crossroads, as a supper for Hecate (Theophrastus, Characters, The Superstitious Man). According to Pliny, garlic and onions were invoked as deities by the Egyptians at the taking of oaths.", "Egyptian cuisine features vegetables, fruits, grains and pastas. Locally grown vegetables include potatoes, onions, garlic, lettuce, tomatoes, cucumbers, squash, celery, green beans, beets, carrots, green and red cabbage, spinach, okra, radishes, turnips, eggplant, parsley, dill and mint. Local fruits include bananas, apples, citrus, mangoes, melons, dates, figs, grapes, papayas, strawberries, pears, coconuts, persimmons and pomegranates.", "Fruits and vegetables made up a large part of the Egyptian diet. The abundant water of the Nile River allowed vegetables to be grown almost all year round except summer. Common vegetables included: cucumbers, onions, cabbage, garlic, radishes, leeks, and more. Green vegetables were often served with a dressing, usually made of vinegar and oil, not unlike the salad dressings we use today. The hot climate limited the variety of fruits that grew in Egypt, but figs, pomegranates, dates, melons, and grapes were readily available. Other fruits like coconuts, apples, and peaches were imported by wealthy people.", "Thousands of years ago, ancient Egyptians left evidence of their love for food. Well-preserved wall paintings and carvings have been discovered on tombs and temples, depicting large feasts and a variety of foods. Many of these ancient foods are still eaten in Egyptian households today. Peas, beans, cucumbers, dates, figs, and grapes were popular fruits and vegetables in ancient times. Wheat and barley, ancient staple crops, were used to make bread and beer. Fish and poultry were also popular. Dried fish was prepared by cleaning the fish, coating the pieces with salt, and placing them the sun to dry. Fasieekh (salted, dried fish) remained a popular meal in Egypt as of 2000.", "Bible commentators attribute the חציר specimen—acclaimed by the Israelites to be of abundance in Egypt—as the leek. Dried specimens from archaeological sites in ancient Egypt, as well as wall carvings and drawings, led Zohary and Hopf to conclude the leek was a part of the Egyptian diet from at least the second millennium BCE onwards. They also allude to surviving texts that show it had been also grown in Mesopotamia from the beginning of the second millennium BCE. The leek was the favorite vegetable of the Emperor Nero, who consumed it in soup or in oil, believing it beneficial to the quality of his voice. ", "In Ancient China, rice was the staple crop in the south and wheat in the north, the latter made into dumplings, noodles and pancakes. Vegetables used to accompany these included yams, soya beans, broad beans, turnips, spring onions and garlic. The diet of the ancient Egyptians was based on bread, often contaminated with sand which wore away their teeth. Meat was a luxury but fish was more plentiful. These were accompanied by a range of vegetables including marrows, broad beans, lentils, onions, leeks, garlic, radishes and lettuces.", "Lettuce was first cultivated in ancient Egypt for the production of oil from its seeds. This plant was probably selectively bred by the Egyptians into a plant grown for its edible leaves, [21] with evidence of its cultivation appearing as early as 2680 BC. [9] Lettuce was considered a sacred plant of the reproduction god Min , and it was carried during his festivals and placed near his images. The plant was thought to help the god \"perform the sexual act untiringly.\" [22] Its use in religious ceremonies resulted in the creation of many images in tombs and wall paintings. The cultivated variety appears to have been about 30 inches (76 cm) tall and resembled a large version of the modern romaine lettuce . These upright lettuces were developed by the Egyptians and passed to the Greeks, who in turn shared them with the Romans. Circa 50 AD, Roman agriculturalist Columella described several lettuce varieties – some of which may have been ancestors of today's lettuces. [9]", "Daniel Zohary and Maria Hopf note that celery leaves and inflorescences were part of the garlands found in the tomb of pharaoh Tutankhamun (died 1323 BC), and celery mericarps dated to the seventh century BC were recovered in the Heraion of Samos. However, they note \"since A. graveolens grows wild in these areas, it is hard to decide whether these remains represent wild or cultivated forms.\" Only by classical times is it certain that celery was cultivated.", "Onions were used extensively by the ancient Egyptians, as shown by drawings and inscriptions on their monuments. The Bible states how, during the wanderings of the Israelites in the wilderness, they longed for the onions, leeks, and garlic they had had in Egypt.", "1325 Many seed and other plant products were deposited in the Tutankhamen tomb, including watermelon, safflower, emmer wheat, barley, lentils, chickpeas, flax, fenugreek, olive (both leaves and oil), almond, date palm, garlic, cumin, and coriander. (Zohary & Hopf, 1994)", "Leviticus mentions the \"fruit of the tree hadar\" as being required for ritual use during the Feast of Tabernacles ([http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0323.htm Lev. 23:40]). According to Rabbinical tradition, the \"fruit of the tree hadar\" refers to the citron, which the Israelites brought to Israel from their exile in Egypt, where the Egyptologist and archaeologist Victor Loret claimed to have identified it depicted on the walls of the botanical garden at the Karnak Temple, which dates back to the time of Thutmosis III, approximately 3,000 years ago. ", "Socrates' last words as reported in Plato's Phaedo are a reminder to Crito to sacrifice a cock, a bird sacred to Asclepius.The original, ancient Hippocratic Oath begins with the invocation \"I swear | by Apollo the Physician and by Asclepius and by Hygieia and Panacea and by all the gods . . .\"The botanical genus Asclepias (known as milkweeds, is named after him, including the medicinal A. tuberosa or \"Pleurisy root\")", "29. Jacob sod pottage--made of lentils or small beans, which are common in Egypt and Syria. It is probable that it was made of Egyptian beans, which Jacob had procured as a dainty; for Esau was a stranger to it. It is very palatable; and to the weary hunter, faint with hunger, its odor must have been irresistibly tempting.", "Egyptians called their country the “Two Lands,” considering the Nile Valley as Upper (southern) Egypt and the delta as Lower (northern) Egypt. Each was symbolized by a plant native to their region: the lotus (water lily) in Upper Egypt and the papyrus in Lower Egypt.", "The Chinese use some sort of Mallow in their food, and Prosper Alpinus stated (in 1592) that a plant of the Mallow kind was eaten by the Egyptians. Many of the poorer inhabitants of Syria, especially the Fellahs, Greeks and Armenians, subsist for weeks on herbs, of which Marsh Mallow is one of the most common. When boiled first and fried with onions and butter, the roots are said to form a palatable dish, and in times of scarcity consequent upon the failure of the crops, this plant, which fortunately grows there in great abundance, is much collected for food.", "The 'Cucumber' of the Scriptures (Isaiah i. 8) is considered to have been Cucumis chate, the Hairy Cucumber, a kind of wild Melon, which produces a fruit, the flesh of which is almost of the same substance as the Common Melon, its taste being somewhat sweet and as cool as the Water Melon. It is common both in Arabia and in Egypt, where a dish is prepared from the ripe fruit. Peter Forskäl, a contemporary of Linnaeus, in his work on the plants of Egypt (Flora aegyptiaco-arabica, 1775), describes its preparation. The pulp is broken and stirred by means of a stick thrust through a hole cut at the umbilicus of the fruit: the hole is then closed with wax, and the fruit, without removing it from its stem, is buried in a little pit; after some days, the pulp is found to be converted into an agreeable liquor.", "[2182] i.e. having drunk mead with his companions, and thus having sworn oaths, for which task ceremonial drinking of mead or wine was often involved", "Sometimes they extended the right hand to heaven, and swore by earth, sea, and stars. Sometimes, as among the Romans in private contracts, the person swearing laid his hand upon the hand of the party to whom he swore. In all solemn covenants the oath was accompanied by a sacrifice; and some of the hair being cut from the victim's head, a part of it was given to all present that each one might take a share in the oath, and be subject to the imputation. Other ceremonies were practiced at various times and in different countries, for the purpose of throwing around the act of attestation an increased amount of awe and respect. The oath is equally obligatory without them; but they have their significance, and there can be no reason why the Freemasons should not be allowed to adopt the mode most pleasing to themselves of exacting their promises or confirming their covenants.", "Carob was eaten in Ancient Egypt. It was also a common sweetener and was used in the hieroglyph for \"sweet\" (nedjem):", "Carob was eaten in Ancient Egypt . It was also a common sweetener and was used in the hieroglyph for \"sweet\" ( nedjem ):", "The role of Amun in the passage from the Cannibal Hymn is not insignificant ! He is not eaten by Pharaoh and sits together with him when he judges himself without having need of the pantheon, for Pharaoh is the \"power of powers\" and the \"image of images\". The great falcon sitting upon an enclosure calls the \"serekh\" to mind. In this image, Pharaoh is identified with a falcon who sits upon the \"palace\" of the hidden god, suggestive of the special relationship between Pharaoh and the hidden god. In Unas again, we are told the unknown god is a great god.", "The oldest was the Horus name written inside a  serekh , which he assumed when acceding to power as the heir to Horus, ruler of the world (i.e. Egypt)", "Ptah is generally represented in the guise of a man with green skin, contained in a shroud sticking to the skin, wearing the divine beard, and holding a sceptre combining three powerful symbols of ancient Egyptian religion:", "MADE OF BEANS AND EGGS, FUL MEDAMES HAS BEEN EATEN IN THIS COUNTRY PERHAPS SINCE THE TIME OF THE PHAROAHS", "In the book, Plants of the Gods: Origin of Hallucinogenic Use by Richard E. Schultes and Albert Hofman, page 72, it is stated that the specimens of marijuana nearly 4,000 years old have turned up in an Egyptian site and that in ancient Thebes the plant was made into a drink.", "Upper and Lower Egypt: Before 3100 B.C., ancient Egypt consisted of two kingdoms-Lower Egypt in the area of the Nile Delta and Upper Egypt in the south. Egyptian civilization began about in 3100 B.C., when, according to tradition, King Menes of Upper Egypt conquered Lower Egypt. He then united the country and formed the world's first national government.", "bestowed with eternal life: A wish formula that often followed the written name of an ancient Egyptian king.", "Amongst Muslims , and in some societies including India , it is customary to use the left hand for cleaning oneself with water after defecating. The right hand is commonly known in contradistinction from the left, as the hand used for eating.", "That amulets and signs were in use among the ancient Hebrews is evident from Gen. iv. 15 (Cain's sign), I Kings xx. 41, and Ezek. ix. 4-6 (comp. Rev. vii. 3; xiii. 16; xiv. 1, 9; Psalms of Solomon, xv. 10). Originally, the \"sign\" was tattooed on the skin, the forehead (\"between the eyes\") and the hand naturally being chosen for the display. Later, some visible object worn between the eyes or bound on the hand was substituted for the writing on the skin.", "According to the ancient Greek text, in the last line the pharaoh orders (in the fol-", "One of the first people to present a serious scientific explanation for the deaths associated with King Tut's curse was Dr. Caroline Stenger-Phillip, who proposed in 1986 that ancient mold in the tomb could have caused potentially fatal allergic reactions. Since fruits and vegetables and other organic items were buried in tombs, and since the tombs were completely hermetically sealed, it is plausible that mold spores could have existed and remained viable through the millennia.", "* Stephan I, first Christian king of Hungary, allegedly had six fingers on each hand. The royal coat of arms of the Hungarian kings is decorated with a six-fingered hand in Stephan's honour." ]

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[ "What American city produces most of the egg rolls sold in grocery stores in the United States?", "5. What American city produces most of the egg rolls sold in grocery stores in the United States? (Houston Texas)", "Most U.S. Chinatown bakeries sell the basic Hong Kong Egg Roll version; it essentially looks and taste identical to the one sold in Hong Kong.", "Mammal offal is somewhat more popular in the American South , where some recipes include chitterlings , livers , brain , and hog maw . Scrapple , sometimes made from pork offal, is somewhat common in the Mid-Atlantic US, particularly in Philadelphia and areas with Amish communities. Fried-brain sandwiches are a specialty in the Ohio River Valley . Traditional recipes for turkey gravy typically include the bird's giblets . Rocky Mountain oysters or prairie oysters (beef testicles) are a delicacy eaten in some cattle-raising parts of the western US and Canada. Turkey Fries ( testicles ) are served in restaurants in Nebraska . Beef tongue is a common sandwich meat in American Jewish delicatessens .", "Whole Foods Market Inc. is an American supermarket chain exclusively featuring foods without artificial preservatives, colors, flavors, sweeteners, and hydrogenated fats. It is the United States' first certified organic grocer, which means it ensures, to National Organic Program standards, organic integrity of the heterogeneous products from the time they reach stores until they are placed in a shopping cart. It opened on September 20, 1980, in Austin, Texas, its current headquarters. As of September 2015, it has 91,000 employees and 431 supermarkets in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom, and has its main produce procurement office in Watsonville, California. ", "The state has many counties. Springfield County is were the city of Springfield is located. There is also Swartzwelder County which borders Springfield and the rural Spittle County , which claims to be the birthplace of the loogie. Other cities in the state include: Cypress Creek , founded by the Globex Corporation ; Ogdenville , famous for its outlet malls and monorail; Little Pwagmattasquarmsettport , known as America's scrod basket; and Capital City , the largest city and the state capital. Catfish Lake is known for its fishing and marriage retreats. There is also the unpopular community of Stenchburg , as well as towns such as Terror Lake , Cape Fear , New Horrorfield , Screamville , Frigid Falls , Mount Seldom and Lake Flaccid . [3]", "Mexican tortas are more common in Denver than Philly cheesesteaks or Louisiana po’boys, but the Mexico City specialty is only one of many sandwiches that rely on regional Mexican breads to make them unique. In the city of Puebla, the cemita rules as the king of sandwiches. The creation is named after the cemita roll on which it is built, made from egg-based dough and topped with sesame seeds.", "Today, agriculture continues as a major segment of the state's economy. For almost four decades soybeans occupied the most acreage, while cotton remained the largest cash crop. In 2001, however, more acres of cotton were planted than soybeans, and Mississippi jumped to second in the nation in cotton production (exceeded only by Texas). The state's farmlands also yield important harvests of corn, peanuts, pecans, rice, sugar cane, and sweet potatoes as well as poultry, eggs, meat animals, dairy products, feed crops, and horticultural crops. Mississippi remains the world's leading producer of pond-raised catfish.", "The story of this sandwich goes something like this: Chinese immigrants build railroads across the continent. Egg foo yung—which is not quite a Chinese dish but has become this iconically Chinese dish to Americans—travels with them as they settle. Somebody in St. Louis, Missouri, liberates an egg foo yung pancake from the brown sauce hell it was doomed to (EFY traditionally being these little egg pancakes ensconced in cornstarchy brown sauce like saber-toothed tigers in a tar pit) and sticks it in the sort of sandwich setup more often reserved for fried chicken cutlets or sliced ham. The results are inarguably good, and somehow get attributed to someone from St. Paul, Minnesota, where the sandwich is entirely foreign. Weird story, good sandwich!", "False. According to Crop Profile for Eggplant in New Jersey (PDF) from Rutgers University Cooperative Extension: \"New Jersey ranks either third (2001) or fourth (2000) in United States eggplant production.\"", "New York is the birthplace of potato chips (crisps), readymade mayonnaise, buffalo wings and Thousand Island dressing. The original ‘Uncle Sam’ was a meat packer from Troy, New York. Sam Wilson’s meats helped feed soldiers during the war of 1812. 60 guilders were paid to Native Americans for Manhattan (a little over $1000 in today’s money).", "1927 -- Polish baker Harry Lender opened the first bagel plant outside New York City in New Haven, Conn. The bagel's popularity began to spread in the United States.", "New York City has always been considered the bagel mecca of the United States, but plenty of decent bagel shops have popped up across the country. You can't go into one without finding the classic combo of bagel and lox and a schmear of cream cheese. Fresh lox offers a buttery, fishy flavor, and is right at home with its good friends, bagel and cream cheese.", "...Shibina Alexandra Russia, Moscow 2013-12-06 KFC SWOT Analysis Overview KFC Corporation, also known as Kentucky Fried Chicken, based in Louisville, Kentucky, is the world's most popular chicken restaurant chain. Every day, nearly 8 million customers are served around the world. KFC primarily sells Original Recipe chicken – made with the same great taste Colonel Harland Sanders, the founder of the company, created more than a half-century...", "Oklahoma City is on the I-35 Corridor and is one of the primary travel corridors into neighboring Texas and Mexico. Located in the Frontier Country region of the state, the city's northeast section lies in an ecological region known as the Cross Timbers. The city was founded during the Land Run of 1889, and grew to a population of over 10,000 within hours of its founding. The city was the scene of the April 19, 1995 bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, in which 168 people died. It was the deadliest terror attack in the history of the United States until the attacks of September 11, 2001, and remains the deadliest act of domestic terrorism in U.S. history.", "The muffuletta is a type of Sicilian bread , as well as a sandwich in New Orleans , Louisiana , which is made with that bread. Like many of the foreign-influenced names found in New Orleans, the pronunciation of \"muffuletta\" has evolved from its phonetic forebear. Some locals pronounce the word \"muff-uh-LOT-uh.\" The proprietors of Central Grocery pronounce it \"moo-foo-LET-ta.\"  The bread is a large, round, and somewhat flat loaf, around 10 inches (25 cm) across. It has a sturdy texture, and is described as being somewhat similar to focaccia .  Most sources state that the muffuletta sandwich had its American debut in 1906 in the New Orleans French Quarter at Central Grocery , although others have claimed to have invented it. At the time Central Grocery was operated by Salvatore Lupo, a Sicilian immigrant. The sandwich is popular with city natives and visitors, and has been described as \"one of the great sandwiches of the world.\" ", "The U.S. chocolate industry is centered in Hershey, Pennsylvania, with Mars, Godiva, and Wilbur Chocolate Company nearby, and smaller manufacturers such as Asher's in Souderton, and Gertrude Hawk Chocolates of Dunmore. Other notable companies include Just Born in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, makers of Hot Tamales, Mike and Ikes, the Easter favorite marshmallow Peeps, and Boyer Brothers of Altoona, Pennsylvania, which is well known for its Mallo Cups. Auntie Anne's Pretzels began as a market-stand in Downingtown, Pennsylvania, and now has corporate headquarters in Lancaster City. Traditional Pennsylvania Dutch foods include chicken potpie, ham potpie, schnitz un knepp (dried apples, ham, and dumplings), fasnachts (raised doughnuts), scrapple, pretzels, bologna, chow-chow, and Shoofly pie. Martin's Famous Pastry Shoppe, Inc., headquartered in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, specializes in potato bread, another traditional Pennsylvania Dutch food. D.G. Yuengling & Son, America's oldest brewery, has been brewing beer in Pottsville since 1829.", "Tyson Foods is a American multinational corporation based in Springdale, Arkansas, that operates in the food industry.", "In addition to featuring typical cuisine of the Southern United States such as barbecue, pimento cheese, and ham biscuits, Richmond has been recognized in recent years for being a \"foodie city\". The city also claims the invention of the sailor sandwich, which includes pastrami, knockwurst, Swiss cheese and mustard on rye bread. Richmond is also where, in 1935, canned beer was made commercially available for the first time. ", "Battle Creek, Michigan is considered the \"Cereal Capital of the World\" because it is the hometown of Kellogg and Post, two of the four largest cereal manufacturers in the world.", "* A Hangtown fry, containing bacon and breaded oysters, is an unusual omelette that originated in Placerville, California during the gold rush.", "Popeyes Chicken & Biscuits (sometimes named Popeyes Louisiana Kitchen or Popeyes Chicken & Seafood; often referred to as just Popeyes) is a chain of fried chicken fast food restaurants, owned since 1993 by the Sandy Springs, Georgia -based AFC Enterprises , which was originally America's Favorite Chicken Company.  According to a company press release dated June 29, 2007, Popeyes is the second-largest \"quick-service chicken restaurant group, measured by number of units,\" with more than 1,800 restaurants in more than 40 states, the District of Columbia , Puerto Rico and 20 countries worldwide including Turkey , China , Hong Kong , Iraq , Jordan , Kuwait , United Arab Emirates , Japan , Malaysia , Saudi Arabia , South Korea , Singapore , Canada , Jamaica , Mexico , Trinidad , Honduras , Vietnam and Panama . About thirty locations are company-owned, the rest franchised .", "A Hangtown fry, containing bacon and breaded oysters, is an unusual omelette which originated in Placerville, California during the gold rush .", "1927 was a landmark year in Easter egg roll history. That year, the White House hosted a young Nancy Reagan, who would go on to host eight of her own Easter egg rolls as First Lady from 1981-1988.", "Corner of East Oxford & Mount Vernon avenues Saturday 8 a.m. - Noon, year round The Del Ray Market is producer grown, with fresh vegetables and fruits in season. All year round, this market offers meats, eggs, fresh pasta and sauces, Amish cheese, yogurt, bakery goods, eggs, jams and jellies, fancy nuts and bakery goods.", "Sendik's is the name used by three separate local chains of grocery stores. They all feature a decent selection of local and imported fine foods. Check out the neighborhood store at 2643 N Downer Ave [123] .", "Tootsie Rolls-Tootsie Rolls are chewy chocolate-flavoured candies that have been manufactured in the United States since 1896. They are one of the best-selling candies in the world.", "This is America – a town of a few thousand, in a region of wheat and corn and dairies and little groves.", "Today, the state ranks second in total coal production, with about 12.5% of the U.S. total. It is also a leader in steel, glass, aluminum, and chemical manufactures. Major agricultural commodities are broilers, cattle and calves, chicken eggs, dairy products, and turkeys.", "What city boasts a Board of Trade that buy and sells half the world’s wheat and corn?", "In addition to food products, the state produces machinery and paper products. Factories in the southeastern region of the state make construction cranes, engines, machine tools, and other machinery. The state's paper mills are located in the northern portion of the state.", "In Japan, bread rolls called \"koppe pan\" are extremely popular and when you go to elementary schools in Japan, these bread rolls are frequently included in the lunch menus. They are basically the Japanese equivalent of hot dog buns but slightly larger and fluffier. In Morioka City in Iwate prefecture,..." ]

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[ "Italy leads the world in pasta consumption with 61.7 pounds eaten per person per year. What country is second?", "6. Italy leads the world in pasta consumption with 61.7 pounds eaten per person per year. What country is second? (Venezuela, where the annual pasta consumption is 27.9 pounds.)", "Italy produced 1,432,990 tons of spaghetti in 1955, of which 74,000 tons was exported, and had a production capacity of 3 million tons. By 2011, the three largest producers of dried pasta were Italy (3,247,322 tonnes), the United States (3,000,000 tonnes), and Brazil (1,300,000 tonnes). The largest per capita consumers of pasta in 2011 were Italy (26.0 kg/person), Venezuela (12.0 kg/person), Tunisia (11.7 kg/person), and Greece (10.4 kg/person).", "Greece is the world's largest ( per capita ) consumer of cheese, with 27.3 kg eaten by the average Greek. ( Feta accounts for three-quarters of this consumption.) France is the second biggest consumer of cheese, with 24 kg by inhabitant. Emmental (used mainly as a cooking ingredient) and Camembert are the most common cheeses in France [36] Italy is the third biggest consumer by person with 22.9 kg. In the U.S., the consumption of cheese is quickly increasing and has nearly tripled between 1970 and 2003. The consumption per person has reached, in 2003, 14.1 kg (31 pounds). Mozzarella is America's favorite cheese and accounts for nearly a third of its consumption, mainly because it is one of the main ingredients of pizza. [37]", "Greece is the world's largest ( per capita) consumer of cheese, with 27.3 kg eaten by the average Greek. ( Feta accounts for three-quarters of this consumption.) France is the second biggest consumer of cheese, with 24 kg by inhabitant. Emmental (used mainly as a cooking ingredient) and Camembert are the most common cheeses in France Italy is the third biggest consumer by person with 22.9 kg. In the U.S., the consumption of cheese is quickly increasing and has nearly tripled between 1970 and 2003. The consumption per person has reached, in 2003, 14.1 kg (31 pounds). Mozzarella is America's favorite cheese and accounts for nearly a third of its consumption.", "Pasta is one of the world’s most accessible foods. Nearly every country has its own unique version of this popular, inexpensive staple. In Germany and Hungary they have spaetzle. In Greeze, orzo. In Poland, they enjoy pocket-like pierogi. Ashkenazi Jewish families make kreplach dumplings. And in America, pasta is prepared and served similarly to the way it is found in Italy– with the exception of all-American spaghetti and meatballs. In fact, when many of us think of pasta we think of Italian food, and most people believe that it originated there. While pasta is traditionally Italian, it actually has a very ancient history that makes it almost impossible to know who came up with the dish first.", "Italy is one of the most crowded nations in Europe. Its population is estimated to reach 58,126,212 by July 2009. The population of United States is estimated to reach 307,212,123 by that same date.[1][2]", "Located in southern Europe, Italy is a peninsula extending into the Central Mediterranean Sea. It is shaped like a high-heeled boot kicking a \"triangle\"—the island of Sicily. Italy borders France to the west, Switzerland and Austria to the north, and Slovenia to the east. The country also shares a border with 2 tiny independent states, San Marino and the Vatican, both of which are entirely surrounded by Italian territory. Italy has an area of 301,230 square kilometers (116,304 square miles) and a coastline of 7,600 kilometers (4,722 miles), including the islands of Sicily and Sardinia. Comparatively, Italy is slightly larger than the state of Arizona. Rome, the capital city, is on the country's western coast at the heart of the peninsula. Other major cities include Milan, Naples, Genoa, Florence, Venice, Palermo, Bologna, and Bari.", "Italy, whose name comes from the word in the Oscan language Víteliú (land of young cattle), gained its independence in 1720 and has a population of 61,261,254. It is renowned for its olive oil, pasta, pizza, wine, and of course sunshine, and year-round great weather. Simply stated, Italy is \"la dolce vita\" (the sweet life), and many people that travel to this incredible country never want to leave.", "According to Guinness World Records, Turkey has the largest per capita consumption of bread in the world as of 2000, with 199.6 kg (440 lb) per person; Turkey is followed in bread consumption by Serbia and Montenegro with 135 kg (297 lb 9.9 oz), and Bulgaria with 133.1 kg (293 lb 6.9 oz). ", "There are not many nations that can say their national dish has become an international phenomenon. Italy has two such dishes, pasta and, of course, pizza. Both are famous all over the world, both have made the history of Italian food .", "Pasta is a staple food of traditional Italian cuisine, with the first reference dating to 1154 in Sicily. It is also commonly used to refer to the variety of pasta dishes. Typically, pasta is a noodle made from an unleavened dough of a durum wheat flour mixed with water or eggs and formed into sheets or various shapes, then cooked by boiling or baking. It can also be made with flour from other cereals or grains. Pastas may be divided into two broad categories, dried (pasta secca) and fresh (pasta fresca).", "    Italy has had many cultural influences that have made a difference in the world, especially pertaining to its food. Among classic Italian food such as  cannolis or pasta, there are several variations of these Italian dishes all over the world. ", "The development of the food processing industry in Italy has been similar to that of textiles. While its contribution to the GDP is far less substantial, it is nevertheless a significant economic sector. Fragmented and small-scale until the 1980s, the sector became more competitive by the 1990s through privatization and rationalization. Very powerful food manufacturing groups such as Barilla (makers of pasta) and Parmalat (dairy products) are dominant in their respective fields, not only in Italy but also abroad. Swiss-owned Nestlé acquired Buitoni pasta and Perugina chocolate in 1987 and thus has an important presence in Italy. As well as these main players, a wide range of small firms produce traditional Italian fare such as mozzarella cheese, Parma ham, and Calabrian sausages, without much recourse to modern technology. Most of the food products are destined for local consumption, but many are also exported. The widespread network of Italian restaurants abroad contributes to the increasing reputation and popularity of Italian foods throughout the world, and processed food exports represent a major element of numerous businesses in the sector.", "Esquire Magazine's food and wine critic, Mariani traces the history of Italian cuisine from its ancient origins in Greece, Rome and the Middle East to America, where it began as just \"spaghetti and meatballs.\" From Charles Dickens' journey through Italy in 1844, to 20th-century immigrants selling ice cream on the streets of New Orleans, he offers little-known culinary anecdotes about Italy, its people, and the culture that has made pasta and pizzas household names (and treats) around the world. [$25.00; hard-cover; 288 pages; Palgrave Macmillan.]", "Supermarket shelves groan under the weight of the enormous variety of pasta available. Pasta is usually eaten in most Italian households every day. Fresh pasta has a silkier texture.", "The third wave of Italian immigration, which began after World War II, sparked a proliferation of Italian products in Canada. Small shopkeepers imported the goods that the recent immigrants could not do without, while home-grown Canadian companies owned by Italian immigrants and their descendants produced the pasta, cheeses, salami and prosciutto (cured ham) so much in demand. Pizza and spaghetti started to be adopted in Canadian households around 1950.", "Italy is renowned for its delicious food and popular cuisine. There are many restaurants all over the Lakes, serving great food made with fresh ingredients. There are many regional variations and local specialities to try, as well as a great range of wine produced in the vineyards.", "Pasta is generally served with some type of sauce; the sauce and the type of pasta are usually matched based on consistency and ease of eating. Northern Italian cooking uses less tomato sauce, garlic and herbs. In Northern Italy white sauce is more common. However Italian cuisine is best identified by individual regions. Pasta dishes with lighter use of tomato are found in Trentino-Alto Adige and Emilia Romagna. In Bologna, the meat-based Bolognese sauce incorporates a small amount of tomato concentrate and a green sauce called pesto originates from Genoa. In Central Italy, there are sauces such as tomato sauce, amatriciana, arrabbiata and the egg-based carbonara.", "Traditionally, pasta dough prepared in Southern Italy used semolina and water and in the northern regions, where semolina was not available, flour and eggs. Today in Italy, since the only type of wheat allowed for commercially sold pasta is durum wheat, commercial lasagne are made of semolina (from durum wheat). ", "Italy’s rolling countryside and coastal towns , plates of pasta, and ancient sites are well documented (and well visited). But its more than 1,500 lakes? Not so much. From the country’s largest lake to its most star-studded, consider this your guide.", "Italy became a nation-state in 1861 when the regional states of the peninsula, along with Sardinia and Sicily, were united under King Victor EMMANUEL II. An era of parliamentary government came to a close in the early 1920s when Benito MUSSOLINI established a Fascist dictatorship. His alliance with Nazi Germany led to Italy's defeat in World War II. A democratic republic replaced the monarchy in 1946 and economic revival followed. Italy is a charter member of NATO and the European Economic Community (EEC). It has been at the forefront of European economic and political unification, joining the Economic and Monetary Union in 1999. Persistent problems include sluggish economic growth, high youth and female unemployment, organized crime, corruption, and economic disparities between southern Italy and the more prosperous north.", "Various accounts exist as to when and how the dish originated, but it likely dates to the mid-twentieth century. The earliest known mention of it is in Raffaele La Capria’s Ferito a Morte (Mortal Wound), a 1961 Italian novel which mentions \"spaghetti alla puttanesca come li fanno a Siracusa (spaghetti alla puttanesca as they make it in Syracuse)\". The sauce became popular in the 1960s, according to the Professional Union of Italian Pasta Makers. ", "1887 - Don Nicola De Cecco and brothers started pasta enterprise (molino, mill, later pastificio, pasta factory) in small village of Fara San Martino, located at foot of Mount Maiella (Italy); created new \"low temperature\" pasta (dried in 24 hours, vs. sun dried); 1908 - country girl from Abruzzo with wheat stacks became company's trademark; 1986 - established \"Olive Oil Company\", first step toward product diversification.", "Making the most of its island coasts, Sicily has one of the world's best cuisines to offer. Much of the island's food is made with creatures of the sea. Unlike in the northern parts of Italy, cream and butter are hardly used for typical dishes in Sicily. Instead, the natives usually substitute tomatoes, lard (rarely) or olive oil. The cuisine is very exotic and has many spices and unique flavors to offer. Sicilians cultivate a uniquely Sicilian type of olive tree, which they affectionately call the \"saracena\". The food is typically Mediterranean but there are strong hints of Arabic and Spanish flavor (Sicily was conquered by many peoples during its long history). Sicilians like spices and have particular affinity for almond, jasmine, rosemary, mint and basil.", "Sicily, the Mediterranean island in the sun, close to North Africa, enjoys strong Greek and Arab influences. Its cuisine, specifically its cooking style, has influenced the food culture of Italy and of other parts of the world. On the eastern side of the island, the cuisine is sober and mild, avoids sweet and sour tastes, and is less generous with sugar in sauces; whereas in the western part of Sicily, the influence is Saracen, with strong contrasts and flavors. It is thus not surprising that one of the specialties of Trapani, a seaport in northwestern Sicily, is cuscusu (couscous).", "Italian rice is the most predominantly consumed throughout Europe, with Italy as the EU's top producer. Two out of every three grains eaten on the continent are directly traceable to Italian production. There are 126 types of rice entered into the Italian national register, which makes it the ultimate in variation. It is also a symbol of quality and wholesomeness.", "In Italy today, the name \"Fettuccine Alfredo\" is largely unknown. The dish is simply known as \"Pasta al burro\".", "Palermo (, Sicilian: Palermu, , from , Panormos, , Balarm; Phoenician: זִיז, Ziz) is a city of Southern Italy, the capital of both the autonomous region of Sicily and the Metropolitan City of Palermo. The city is noted for its history, culture, architecture and gastronomy, playing an important role throughout much of its existence; it is over 2,700 years old. Palermo is located in the northwest of the island of Sicily, right by the Gulf of Palermo in the Tyrrhenian Sea.", "Italy has more UNESCO World Heritage Sites (51) than any other country in the world, and has rich collections of art, culture and literature from many different periods. The country has had a broad cultural influence worldwide, also because numerous Italians emigrated to other places during the Italian diaspora. Furthermore, the nation has, overall, an estimated 100,000 monuments of any sort (museums, palaces, buildings, statues, churches, art galleries, villas, fountains, historic houses and archaeological remains). ", "Sicilians notoriously have a sweet tooth and are among the best dessert-makers in Italy. Try 'cannoli' (tubular pastries filled with sweet ricotta cheese), 'granita' (ices mixed with real crushed fruit and juices), and their most famous export, 'cassata' (Arabic-inspired cake). Make sure not to pass up the pine-nut and almond biscuits, as they are always a crowd pleaser.", "Italy is home to many active volcanoes and is an active earthquake zone. The largest volcano in Europe is Etna in Sicily." ]

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[ "Company success didn't happen overnight. The first retail sale of frozen foods occurred on March 6, 1930, in Springfield, Massachusetts. Birdseye called it the \"Springfield Experiment Test Market.\" In his frozen food cases he included 26 different types of fish, meat, fruit, and vegetables. He posted a number of rather questionable signs on the frozen food display with words like \"50 Below Zero,\" but people bought the new items. They loved the idea that they could take home, thaw, and eat foods that were otherwise not available to them at a reasonable price.", "By far the most important acquisition of 1929 was of the frozen-food company owned by Clarence Birdseye, called General Foods Company. Birdseye (December 9, 1886 - October 7, 1956) was one of the most important entrepreneurs in the history of the food industry. Born in New York City, he became interested in the frozen preservation of food during the course of working as a fur trader in Labrador between 1912 and 1916. By 1923, he had developed a commercially viable process for quick-freezing foods using a belt mechanism, which he patented. In 1924, with backing from three investors, he formed the General Seafoods Company, in Gloucester, Massachusetts, to produce frozen haddock fillets packed in plain cardboard boxes.", "Two years later, The Goldman-Sachs Trading Corporation and the Postum Company (later the General Foods Corporation) bought Clarence Birdseye’s patents and trademarks in 1929 for $22 million. The first quick-frozen vegetables, fruits, seafoods, and meat were sold to the public for the first time in 1930 in Springfield, Massachusetts, under the trade name Birds Eye Frosted Foods®. ", "Clarence Birdseye produced the first frozen food to be made available to the public. It was fish.", "As a young scientist, Birdseye was making notes on his fascinating discovery and also realized that this could be highly profitable. Birdseye returned to the United States in 1917 to develop commercial techniques of rapidly freezing food. In 1923 he invested all of his savings into Birdseye Seafoods, marketing frozen fish. In 1924 he along with three partners founded General Seafoods in Gloucester, Massachusetts, becoming the first company to use the method of rapid dry freezing of foods in compact, packageable units.", "Birdseye was born on December 9, 1886, in New York, New York. After working as a field naturalist for the U.S. government, he went to Labrador in Canada as a fur trader in 1912 and again in 1916. While there he experimented with freezing foods to preserve them for later use. After returning to the United States, he perfected his freezing methods. He helped form General Seafoods Company in 1924. Five years later he began selling his quick-frozen foods, a successful line of products that made him wealthy. Birdseye's process consisted of rapid freezing of packaged food between two refrigerated metal plates. Though his were not the first frozen foods, Birdseye's freezing process was a highly efficient one that preserved the original taste of a variety of foods, including fish, fruits, and vegetables.", "Compared to conventional techniques, fast freezing causes smaller ice crystals to form, which is less likely to damage the food. So in 1923, with an investment of $7 for an electric fan , buckets of brine, and cakes of ice, Clarence Birdseye developed and later perfected a system of packing fresh food into waxed cardboard boxes and flash-freezing under high pressure. And by 1927, his company General Seafoods was applying the technology to preserve beef, poultry, fruit, and vegetables. ", "Birdseye didn’t keep the company but sold it to Goldman Sachs and Postum Company instead. Together with the patents, he got paid around $22 million which was a massive amount at that time. His company was eventually given the name General Foods Corp. and that founded the Birds Eye Frozen Food Company. Clarence Birdseye wasn’t completely out of the picture since he still worked for the company and never really stopped coming up with newer and better frozen food technology.", "Some three centuries later, Clarence Birdseye, an American businessman, developed Bacon's speculation into a process for freezing foods in small packages suitable for retailing.", "1930 – Clarence Birdseye recommends the use of the Hill “2000” model frozen food case to display the new Birdseye “frosted foods” then being introduced in the marketplace.", "Beginning in the 1830s, various systems of mechanical refrigeration were patented in the United States. Eventually both freight cars and trucks with mechanical refrigeration were developed. In the home the mechanical refrigerator began to replace the icebox in the 1920s. Mechanical refrigeration made possible another major advance in food preservation—freezing. This process decentralized storage and improved the taste and nutritive value of storable foods. In 1912 Clarence Birdseye, a graduate of Amherst College, was in Labrador and noticed that freshly caught fish pulled through the ice quickly froze solid. When thawed, the fish might revive because quick freezing prevented large ice crystals from forming and thus avoided the breakage of cell walls. The physical character of the tissue, and incidentally its taste, remained the same. After much experimentation, Birdseye invented a machine for quick-freezing food products. The machine froze by conduction—that is, by pressing the food directly between very cold metal plates. In 1923 Birdseye established a frozen seafood company that was eventually successful.", "The father of modern freezing techniques, Clarence Birdseye founded the Birds Eye frozen food giant, as well as discovering the technique itself. Birdseye began his career as a naturalist for the US government, and in 1912 he took on an assignment in the Arctic. Here, he saw how fishing in -40 degrees Celsius meant that fish froze almost as soon as the air hit it, yet tasted fresh when thawed. Birdseye saw a market for flashfrozen food in America, and experimented with techniques to achieve fresh frozen food in warmer climates. In 1925, he patented his new invention, and frozen food went on to revolutionise modern eating habits.", "Birthday - American industrialist Clarence Birdseye (1886-1956) was born in Brooklyn, New York. He developed a method of deep-freezing foods and was one of the founders of General Foods Corp.", "During flash freezing, vegetables are frozen so fast that only small ice crystals are able to form. The veggies' cell walls aren’t damaged, which protects their maximum flavor, texture and color. Back in the U.S., Birdseye formed the General Seafood Corporation with some wealthy partners who believed in his process. In 1926, the partners' financial support allowed Birdseye to unveil the “Quick Freeze Machine.\"", "Birdseye knew he had found the answer to safely preserving foods for an indefinite time, an answer that could make him a fortune. With this new technique safely patented, he decided to form another company. On July 3, 1924, he formed the General Seafood Corporation with some rich partners who believed in his process.", "birdseye: A spotlight with a reflector back invented by Clarence Birdseye (1886-1956), who is better known for developing methods for quick-freezing foods.", "Captain Birdseye, also known as Captain Iglo, is the advertising mascot for the Birds Eye (known as Iglo in parts of Europe) frozen food brand founded by Clarence Birdseye. Appearing in numerous television and billboard commercials, he has been played or modeled by various actors and is generally depicted as a clean living, older sailor with a white beard, dressed in merchant naval uniform and with a seafaring accent.", "Gerry Thomas is among hundreds of others in the Frozen Food Hall of Fame, which honors individuals who have substantial involvement with the frozen food industry or have contributed substantially to the advancement of the industry. According to National Frozen & Refrigerated Foods Association president and CEO Skip Shaw, the first class of the Hall-of-Famers included frozen food wonders from Clarence Birdseye, John Baugh from the Sysco Corporation, to C. James McNutt of the Campbell's company, among others.", "Though his process was not the first to freeze foods, distinction came to him for the quickness of his method for producing tasty, well-preserved fresh fish, fruits, and vegetables in retail-sized containers. The restaurant business profited greatly from his work. Birdseye held three hundred patents, in addition to a patent for a process of converting crushed sugarcane residue into paper pulp.", "Birdseye knew that he had discovered something very important, but he wasn't certain what. All he knew for sure was that he had the beginnings of what could be a very profitable business. A careful man, he continued to work in various federal departments from 1917 to 1925, while perfecting his freezing methods. All the time he knew that the public would clamor to pay for all the various types of foods they could enjoy if they didn't have to be obtained fresh. He knew that frozen foods would be in demand if he could figure out exactly how to accomplish the freezing.", "Birds Eye undertakes extensive market research, which reveals 9 out of 10 Australian mums understand that Birds Eye’s “Time Lock” snap freezing method retains much of the vegetables’ nutritional value.  Birds Eye also introduces the “Give ‘Em Your Best” tagline.  Australians will identify that tagline with Birds Eye for the next two decades.", "Birdseye obtained some 300 patents for various inventions. Besides his frozen food process, he developed infrared heat lamps, a recoilless harpoon gun for taking whales, and a method of removing water from foods. A few years before his death he perfected a method of converting bagasse (crushed sugarcane residue) into paper pulp. He died on October 7, 1956, in New York City.", "Premature thawing continued, however, to be a problem. Birdseye contacted the American Radiator Corporation. This company agreed to manufacture low-temperature retail display units that would hold the frozen food in markets. Markets agreed to display only Birds Eye products. In return, they were able to lease the units for about eight dollars per month. The new units would keep the foods solidly frozen until customers bought them.", "1906 - Perry Bernstein owned small New York delicatessen; created Bernstein's salad dressings for vegetables and salads; second generation took over, moved business to California; moved operations to Tacoma, WA; 1974 - acquired by Nalley's Fine Foods (division of W.R. Grace); July 1975 - acquired by Curtice-Burns; September 1997 - renamed Agrilink Foods, Inc.; 1998 - acquired Dean Foods Vegetable Company; February 10, 2003 - name changed to Birds Eye Foods Inc. to reflect company's largest brand.", "The Strange History of Frozen Food: From Clarence Birdseye to the Distinguished Order of Zerocrats - Eater", "1886: Birth of Clarence Birdseye, US inventor of a process to deep-freeze foodstuffs in small packages for retailing, who got the idea from his days as a fur trader in Alaska where he had seen the Inuit do exactly that.", "There really was a Clarence Birdseye (1886-1956).If he hadn't visited the Arctic, there may never have been frozen TV dinners. Now he is recognized as amajor innovator in the food industry.", "The increasing popularity of the electric refrigerator in Canadian restaurants and homes made it practical for manufacturers to make available various frozen foods. The first such offering, a frozen strawberry pack was produced in Montreal and Ottawa beginning in 1932 by Heeney Frosted Foods Ltd.", "Clarence Birdseye, the Man Behind Modern Frozen Food - Jesse Rhodes interviews author Mark Kurlansky about Clarence Birdseye and frozen food in the Smithsonian Magazine blog, May 16, 2012.", "Throughout his life, Birdseye was a skilled businessman. He did more than create the modern frozen food industry. He also obtained almost 300 patents for various inventions, many of them in the fields of incandescent lighting, wood pulping, and infrared heating.", "JR Simplot, on the other hand, did not open up grocery stores, rather he was an agricultural tycoon. Simplot specialized in growing potatoes and soon became one of the best and largest in the state. It was a feat he was proud of. However, he didn’t stop there; the Simplot Company was one of the first companies to sell pre-sliced and frozen potatoes. This product caught the attention of Ray Crock, former CEO of McDonalds, and the two soon became business partners. From that point on, Simplot became the largest supplier of frozen french-fries to McDonalds.", "He was a man of vision so he created other machines and took out patents on them as well. These new machines he patented cooled foods even more quickly so that only the smallest ice crystals formed in the food and cell membranes did not endure any damage. In 1927, he decided to extend the process past fish and started flash-freezing other food items as well. That year, they also froze vegetables, chicken, meat, and fruits." ]

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[ "The Suez Canal is the longest artificially constructed waterway in the world without locks; it links the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea via the Gulf of Suez. The approximate length of the canal is 100 miles (163 km) and at its narrowest, the canal measures 197 feet (300 m) across in width. [1] The canal is not one continuous stretch of water from sea to sea but consists of two different parts that flow into Bitter Lake as well as the waters of Lake Manzilah and Lake Timsah. At a cost of $100 million dollars, the canal took 10 years to build. [2]", "The Suez Canal is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. Opened in November 1869, it allows water transportation between Europe and Asia without navigating around Africa. The northern terminus is Port Said, and the southern terminus is Port Tawfik at the city of Suez. The canal is 192 km (119 mi) long with Ismailia, on the west bank, 3 km (1.9 mi) north of the half-way point[1]. It is single-lane with passing places in Ballah By-Pass and in the Great Bitter Lake. It contains no locks; seawater flows freely through the canal into the Great Bitter Lake from both the Mediterranean Sea in the north and the Red Sea in the south, replacing evaporation. The canal is owned and maintained by the Suez Canal Authority (SCA) of the Arab Republic of Egypt. The canal may be used in time of war as in time of peace, by every vessel of", "The SUEZ CANAL is an important waterway that connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea.", "The Suez Canal, mostly man made, connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Gulf of Suez.", "The Red Sea is a narrow, landlocked sea that separates Africa from the Arabian Peninsula. It links to the Mediterranean through the Gulf of Suez and the Suez Canal. In the south, the sea links to the Gulf of Aden and the Arabian Sea through the strait of Bab el Mandeb.", "Egypt has officially unveiled a major new expansion of the Suez Canal — the strategic maritime passage that connects the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea.", "The Suez Canal is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea. Opened 17 November 1869, after 10 years of construction, it allows ships to travel between Europe and South Asia without navigating around Africa thereby reducing the sea voyage distance between Europe and India by about 7,000 kilometres. A new stretch of the canal was just opened in 2015. The northern terminus is Port Said, where there are two outlets to the sea; the southern terminus is Port Tewfik at the city of Suez, where there is one outlet to the sea. Ismailia is on its west bank, 3 km from the half-way point. In 2012, 17,225 vessels traversed the canal (47 per day).", "The Suez Canal is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt considered the most important centre of the maritime transport in the Middle East, connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. Opened in November 1869 after 10 years of construction work, it allows ship transport between Europe and Asia without navigation around Africa. The northern terminus is Port Said and the southern terminus is Port Tawfiq at the city of Suez. Ismailia lies on its west bank, 3 km (1.9 mi) from the half-way point.", "The Suez Canal was opened to commercial shipping in 1869. The canal measures 100.82 miles, with a northern access channel 14 miles in length and a southern access channel 5.6 miles long. Its northern point on the Mediterranean sea is Port Said, while its southern point along the Red Sea is Port Tewfik. The canal reduces the sea voyage between Europe and Asia by about 4,300 miles.", "In this period, the Suez Canal was regarded as the navigational and trade route that connects two continents, Asia and Europe. It is an artificial (human-made) waterway system that cuts through the territories of Egypt and serves as the link between two seas—the Mediterranean Sea, from Port Said beside the Al Qabuti territory of Egypt adjacent to Port Fouad in Sinai (another Egyptian territory that was occupied by Israel from 1956 to 1982), and the Red Sea, from its city of Suez on the Gulf of Suez—as the starting point for delivering big shipments from international steam and commercial ships and mid-sized shipments from local ships.", "Completed in November of 1869, the Suez Canal was built as a passageway between the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. Located in Egypt, this passage was designed to eliminate the need for ships to travel the entire way around Africa in order to reach their destination. This manmade canal is just over one hundred and twenty miles long and only seventy-nine feet deep. The northern terminus is Port Said and the southern terminus is found at Port Tawfik, in the city of Suez.", "The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 created the first salt-water passage between the Mediterranean and Red Sea . The Red Sea is higher than the Eastern Mediterranean , so the canal serves as a tidal strait that pours Red Sea water into the Mediterranean. The Bitter Lakes , which are hyper-saline natural lakes that form part of the canal, blocked the migration of Red Sea species into the Mediterranean for many decades, but as the salinity of the lakes gradually equalized with that of the Red Sea, the barrier to migration was removed, and plants and animals from the Red Sea have begun to colonise the Eastern Mediterranean . The Red Sea is generally saltier and more nutrient-poor than the Atlantic, so the Red Sea species have advantages over Atlantic species in the salty and nutrient-poor Eastern Mediterranean . Accordingly, Red Sea species invade the Mediterranean biota, and not vice versa; this phenomenon is known as the Lessepsian migration (after Ferdinand de Lesseps , the French engineer) or Erythrean invasion . The construction of the Aswan High Dam across the Nile River in the 1960s reduced the inflow of freshwater and nutrient-rich silt from the Nile into the Eastern Mediterranean, making conditions there even more like the Red Sea and worsening the impact of the invasive species .", "Suez Canal, Arabic Qanāt al-Suways, sea-level waterway running north-south across the Isthmus of Suez in Egypt to connect the Mediterranean and the Red seas. The canal separates the African continent from Asia , and it provides the shortest maritime route between Europe and the lands lying around the Indian and western Pacific oceans. It is one of the world’s most heavily used shipping lanes. The canal extends 120 miles (193 km) between Port Said (Būr Saʿīd) in the north and Suez in the south, with dredged approach channels north of Port Said, into the Mediterranean, and south of Suez. The canal does not take the shortest route across the isthmus , which is only 75 miles (121 km). Instead, it utilizes several lakes: from north to south, Lake Manzala (Buḥayrat al-Manzilah), Lake Timsah (Buḥayrat al-Timsāḥ), and the Bitter Lakes—Great Bitter Lake (Al-Buḥayrah al-Murrah al-Kubrā) and Little Bitter Lake (Al-Buḥayrah al-Murrah al-Ṣughrā). The Suez Canal is an open cut, without locks , and, though extensive straight lengths occur, there are eight major bends. To the west of the canal is the low-lying delta of the Nile River , and to the east is the higher, rugged, and arid Sinai Peninsula . Prior to construction of the canal (completed in 1869), the only important settlement was Suez, which in 1859 had 3,000 to 4,000 inhabitants. The rest of the towns along its banks have grown up since, with the possible exception of Al-Qanṭarah.", "The 120-mile Suez Canal, which connects the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, took 10 years to construct and opened in 1869. The canal was developed by Frenchman Ferdinand de Lesseps, who in the 1880s made an unsuccessful attempt to develop the Panama Canal.", "Despite the proliferation of deserts within the region, the Middle East also has several seas, gulfs, and rivers. It shares the Mediterranean Sea with Africa and Europe and the Black and Caspian Seas with Eastern Europe. The famous Suez Canal and Gulf of Suez run between Egypt’s African territory and its Sinai region bordering Israel in Asia, while the equally renowned Nile River flows from the Mediterranean Sea through Egypt and well into the African continent. The Dead Sea borders Israel to the West and Jordan to the East and is among the saltiest lakes in the world and is also lowest point on the Earth’s land surface, while the Red Sea is shared by both the Western Middle East and parts of Eastern Africa. The massive Tigris and Euphrates rivers begin in the mountains of eastern Turkey, flowing through Syria and Iraq out into the Persian Gulf. The Persian Gulf, along with the Gulfs of Arden and Oman, connect the central and southern regions of the Middle East to the Arabian Sea and ultimately the India n Ocean.", "Artificial canals have been built on the Suez region, which connects the continents of Asia and Africa, since ancient times. Under the Ptolemaic rulers of Egypt, a channel connected the Bitter Lakes to the Red Sea, and a canal reached northward from Lake Timsah as far as the Nile River. These canals fell into disrepair or were intentionally destroyed for military reasons. As early as the 15th century, Europeans speculated about building a canal across the Suez, which would allow traders to sail from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean via the Red Sea, rather than having to sail the great distance around Africa’s Cape of Good Hope.", "The Suez Canal is an artificial waterway that transits through Egypt and opens out into the Mediterranean Sea near Port Said . The port of Suez with its extensive port facilities serves ships and vessels traveling to and from the canal.", "Into what body of water does the Nile River empty? a. Mediterranean Sea c. Suez Canal b. Red Sea d. Atlantic Ocean", "The original canal currently handles 7% of global sea-borne trade. The waterway connects the Mediterranean to the Red Sea, providing the shortest sea link between Asia and Europe.", "Northwestern extension of the Red Sea. It is located between Africa and the Sinai Peninsula and is roughly 195 mi (314 km) long and 12-20 mi (19-32 km) wide. Linked to the Mediterranean Sea by the Suez Canal, it is an important shipping route. In the 1970s and '80s, oil was discovered at numerous locations in the gulf", "In the north the sea is accessed from Middle Eastern countries via the Gulf of Aqaba (or Gulf of Eilat.) The Mediterranean Sea provides a conduit south through the Suez Canal and Gulf of Suez.", "View of the Suez Canal looking south from Qantara. The Suez Canal extends 105 mi (170 km) from Port Said on the Mediterranean Sea to Suez City at the northern end of the Gulf of Suez. From here, ships have direct access to the Pacific Ocean. The Canal, originally 26 ft (8 m) deep, 177 ft (54 m) wide across the top and 72 ft (22 m) wide at the bottom, is much deeper and wider today to accommodate modern ships. Completion of the Canal in 1869 permanently altered the ancient lake region north of the Gulf of Suez. Amazingly, canals cut in the same region by ancient Egyptians were of similar dimensions as the original Suez Canal. The area seen in the photo is where the northern end of the ancient Ballah Lake was formerly located. This is the most likely local for the sea crossing according to recent research.", "Northeastern arm of the Red Sea, between Saudi Arabia and the Sinai Peninsula. It varies in width from 12 to 17 miles (19 to 27 km) and is 100 miles (160 km) long. Its head touches Egypt, Israel, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia. Its only sheltered harbour is Dhahab (Dahab), Egypt; Jordan and Israel created the ports of Al-Aqabah and Elat, respectively, as outlets to the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean", "Stretching from the Strait of Gibraltar in the west to the entrances to the Dardanelles and the Suez Canal in the east, the Mediterranean Sea is bounded by the coasts of Europe, Africa and Asia, and is divided into two deep basins:", "Stretching from the Strait of Gibraltar in the West to the entrances to the Dardanelles and the Suez Canal in the East, the Mediterranean Sea is bounded by the coasts of Europe, Africa and Asia, and is divided into two deep basins:", "is of the most important waterways in the world. It runs north to south across the Isthmus of Suez in northeastern", "Suez Canal is the largest man-made artificial sea-level waterway found in Egypt. It was opened in the 1869 to allow water transportation between Europe and Asia to  avoid ships navigation around Africa. The canal original size was 164 km long and 8metre deep. However enlargements have been undertaken and it now has a length of 193.30 km and its 24 metres deep. It also has a northern access channel of 22 km and 9 km southern access. The canal has a northern terminus known as Port Said and a southern terminus called Port Tewfik.", "Suez Canal is the largest man-made artificial sea-level waterway found in Egypt. It was opened in the 1869 to allow water transportation between Europe and Asia to avoid ships navigation around Africa. The canal original size was 164 km long and 8metre deep. However enlargements have been undertaken and it now has a length of 193.30 km and its 24 metres deep. It also has a northern access channel of 22 km and 9 km southern access. The canal has a northern terminus known as Port Said and a southern terminus called Port Tewfik.", "The River Nile is nowadays regarded as the longest river in the world and it enters Egypt from the Sudan and flows north for about 1,545km (960 miles) until it exits into the Mediterranean Sea. From the Sudanese border to Cairo, the River Nile flows through a narrow cliff lined valley, which, south of Edfu, is hardly more than 3km (2 miles) wide. From Edfu to Cairo , it is about 23km (14 miles) in width, with most of the arable land lying on the western side. Just north of Cairo the valley merges with the Delta before the River Nile joins with the Mediterranean Sea.", "A line of water carved between the continents of Africa and Asia, the Red Sea has long been a hub of human activity, providing a route of commerce and source of fish for civilizations across millennia.", "The Nile is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa, generally regarded as the longest river in the world. It is 6650 km (4130 miles) long. The .", "Located between the Atlantic and the Bouregreg Valley, this magnificent river marina is paved with famous historical sites like the esplanade of the Hassan Tower and the picturesque Chellah necropolis which has witnessed many Mediterranean civilizations pass by." ]

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[ "The Aswan Dam is an embankment dam built across the Nile at Aswan, Egypt between 1898 and 1902. Since the 1960s, the name commonly refers to the Aswan High Dam. Construction of the High Dam became a key objective of the Egyptian Government following the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, as the ability to control floods, provide water for irrigation, and generate hydroelectricity were seen as pivotal to Egypt's industrialization. The High Dam was constructed between 1960 and 1970, and has had a significant effect on the economy and culture of Egypt.", "18 Aswan Dam The Aswan Dam is an embankment dam situated across the Nile River in Aswan, Egypt. Since the 1950s, the name commonly refers to the High Dam, which is larger and newer than the Aswan Low Dam, which was first completed in Following Egypt's independence from the United Kingdom, the High Dam was constructed between 1960 and It aimed to increase economic production by further regulating the annual river flooding and providing storage of water for agriculture, and later, to generate hydroelectricity. The dam has had a significant impact on the economy and culture of Egypt.", "After ten years of construction, the Aswan High Dam (known as Saad el Aali in Arabic) was completed on July 21, 1970 in Egypt . The Aswan High Dam, located on the Nile River just north of the border between Egypt and Sudan, is an embankment dam built of rock and clay.", "The High Dam of Aswan is one of the most important achievements of the in the last century in Egypt, even for many years it was a symbol of the New Era of the Revolution of 1952. It provided Egypt with water and electricity and secured the country of the risk of the destructive inundation.", "People often modify rivers to help distribute and store water in a desert. The Nile River ecosystem dominate s the eastern part of the Sahara Desert, for instance. The Nile provides the most reliable, plentiful source of freshwater in the region. Between 1958 and 1971, the government of Egypt constructed a massive dam on the Upper Nile (the southern part of the river, near Egypt’s border with Sudan). The Aswan Dam harnesses the power of the Nile for hydroelectricity used in industry. It also stores water in a manmade lake, Lake Nasser, to protect the country’s communities and agriculture against drought .", "The Aswan Dam benefits Egypt by controlling the annual floods on the Nile River and prevents the damage which used to occur along the floodplain. The Aswan High Dam provides about a half of Egypt's power supply and has improved navigation along the river by keeping the water flow consistent.", "There are two dams on the Nile River at Aswan, Egypt’s southernmost city. The first site developed, in 1843 by Albanian founder of modern-day Egypt, Mohammed Ali, was a barrage (an artificial obstruction to encourage irrigation) to improve agriculture. While the Nile is revered as a fountain of life, only 4% of Egypt’s soil was nourished by the river, leaving the rest of the country a desert. As the population of Egypt expanded, demands upon the Nile grew. From 1898 to 1902, the Egyptians and British collaborated to build what is now referred to as the Aswan Low Dam. Built with the dual purpose of irrigation and power generation, this Low Dam measures 7,000 feet (2,100 meters)long; after additional heightening in 1907-12 and again from 1929-34, it is now 125 feet (38 meters) high. In comparison, Itaipu is 55 meters high. The Low Dam has 180 sluices through which silt-laden water passes – the design proved to be a boon to the land near the riverbanks. The High Dam is located four miles (six kilometers) upstream. Made of earth and rock fill on a core of cement and clay, the dam is 3,000 feet (about 1,000 meters) thick at the base and 130 feet (40 meters) at the top. The reservoir is one of the world’s largest with capacity of 131 million acre feet or MAF (162 billion cubic meters) of water.", "In the middle of the arid Egyptian desert lies one of the largest embankment dams in the world. It is called the Aswan High Dam, or Saad el Aali in Arabic, and it captures the mighty Nile River in the world's third largest reservoir, Lake Nasser. Before the dam was built, the Nile River overflowed its banks once a year and deposited four million tons of nutrient-rich silt on the valley floor, making Egypt's otherwise dry land productive and fertile. But there were some years when the river did not rise at all, causing widespread drought and famine. In 1952, Egyptian president Gamal Abdal-Nasser pledged to control his country's annual flood with a giant new dam across the Nile River. His plan worked.", "1970 ~ The Aswan High Dam on the Nile in Egypt was completed after 11 years of construction.", "Aswan High Dam is a rock-fill dam located at the northern border between Egypt and Sudan. The dam is fed by the River Nile's waters, and the reservoir created by the dam forms Lake Nasser.", "The era of large dams was initiated with the construction of the Aswan Low Dam in Egypt in 1902, a gravity masonry buttress dam on the Nile River. Following their 1882 invasion and occupation of Egypt, the British began construction in 1898. The project was designed by Sir William Willcocks and involved several eminent engineers of the time, including Sir Benjamin Baker and Sir John Aird, whose firm, John Aird & Co., was the main contractor. Capital and financing were furnished by Ernest Cassel. When initially constructed between 1899 and 1902, nothing of its scale had ever been attempted; on completion, it was the largest masonry dam in the world. ", "20 One of the Hydroelectric Generators located at Aswan High Dam. Aswan High Dam holding back Lake Nasser on left, Aswan, Egypt", "In 1952, the interim Revolutionary Council government of Egypt decided to build a High Dam at Aswan, about four miles upstream of the old dam. In 1954, Egypt requested loans from the World Bank to help pay for the cost of the dam (which eventually added up to one billion dollars). Initially, the United States agreed to loan Egypt money but then withdrew their offer for unknown reasons. Some speculate that it may have been due to Egyptian and Israeli conflict. The United Kingdom , France, and Israel had invaded Egypt in 1956, soon after Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal to help pay for the dam.", "In the meantime, Egypt was developing the highly controversial plan to build the Aswan High Dam for over-year storage and regulation of flood waters. The construction of the dam would create a reservoir extending 150 km into the Sudan, submerging the old town of Halfa and displacing 50,000 people.(25)", "28 The Aswan High Dam Project in Egypt, which was completed in The dam is built on the River Nile and provides: Hydro-Electric Power (HEP) Irrigation water for surrounding farmland Water supply to the population Flood control. i.e. A MULTIPURPOSE SCHEME", "The earliest recorded attempt to build a dam near Aswan was in the 11th century, when the Arab polymath and engineer Ibn al-Haytham (known as Alhazen in the West) was summoned to Egypt by the Fatimid Caliph, Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, to regulate the flooding of the Nile, a task requiring an early attempt at an Aswan Dam. His field work convinced him of the impracticality of this scheme. ", "One of the new government's most ambitious domestic projects, construction of the Aswan High Dam across the Nile, soon had a tremendous impact on foreign affairs. Egypt initiated the project in order to increase cultivable land and generate hydroelectric power. Initially, the World Bank, Britain, and the United States offered to lend money for the project. However, in July 1956 the United States withdrew its offer, and Britain and the World Bank followed suit. The U.S. government claimed that Egypt would not be able to repay the loans, but it was widely believed that the Americans were punishing Nasser for recognizing the Communist-led People's Republic of China. Nasser responded a week later by nationalizing the Suez Canal Company, which operated the canal and was owned by the British and French governments. He also persuaded the Soviet government to help finance the dam project.", "\"Institute Hydroproject of Russia, in collaboration with various engineers from Egypt, designed the Aswan High rock-fill dam.\"", "Institute Hydroproject of Russia, in collaboration with various engineers from Egypt, designed the Aswan High rock-fill dam. Out of the 34,000 people involved during the construction process, 25,000 were Egyptian engineers. The construction project involved Osman Ahmed Osman.", "Aswan is located in southern Egypt on the right bank of the Nile, about 10 miles north of Lake Nasser. Its 2000 population was estimated at 219,000. Aswan is a popular winter health resort, an administrative and commercial center, and has a huge, fascinating bazaar. There are several industries in Aswan. These include a cement plant, a sugar refinery, a steel plant, and marble quarries.", "In ancient times, the city was called Syene or Seveneh, and described in the Bible as the southern limit of Egypt. It is the site of the ruins of a temple built by Ptolemy Euergetes. Aswan has become an important industrial center since production of hydroelectricity began here in 1960. A chemical fertilizer plant is the largest of the new industries.", "The construction of dams on the Nile, particularly the Aswan High Dam, transformed the mighty river into a large and predictable irrigation ditch. Lake Nasser, the world's largest artificial lake, has enabled planned use of the Nile regardless of the amount of rainfall in Central Africa and East Africa. The dams have also affected the Nile Valley's fertility, which was dependent for centuries not only on the water brought to the arable land but also on the materials left by the water. Researchers have estimated that beneficial silt deposits in the valley began about 10,000 years ago. The average annual deposit of arable soil through the course of the river valley was about nine meters. Analysis of the flow revealed that 10.7 million tons of solid matter passed Cairo each year. Today the Aswan High Dam obstructs most of this sediment, which is now retained in Lake Nasser. The reduction in annual silt deposits has contributed to rising water tables and increasing soil salinity in the Delta, the erosion of the river's banks in Upper Egypt, and the erosion of the alluvial fan along the shore of the Mediterranean Sea.", ". While most Egyptians still live in the Nile valley, the construction of the Aswan High Dam (completed in 1970) to provide hydroelectricity ended the summer floods and their renewal of the fertile soil. ^  ", "The Aswan High Dam on the Nile River is one of the world's largest dams. The dam system essentially regulates the flow of the Nile. Although it ended the annual floods of the river, it also prevented fertile silt from being carried further downstream. When the dam was completed in 1970, it created Lake Nasser.", "Egypt (Arabic: \"مصر\"; officially, the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: جمهورية مصر العربية) is in north-eastern Africa and the Middle East with its capital located in its largest city, Cairo . Egypt also extends into Asia by virtue of holding the Sinai Peninsula . Egypt is bordered by Israel and the Gaza Strip to the north-east, by Sudan to the south and by Libya to the west. The country is bounded by the Mediterranean and Red Seas (to the north and east respectively) and geographically dominated both by the Nile River and its fertile well-watered valley, and by the Eastern and Western deserts.", "This process began millions of years before Egyptian civilization began in the Nile River valley and continued until the first dam at Aswan was built in 1889. This dam was insufficient to hold back the water of the Nile and was subsequently raised in 1912 and 1933. In 1946, the true danger was revealed when the water in the reservoir peaked near the top of the dam.", "The Aswan High Dam is 3830 m long, wide at the base, wide at the crest and tall. It contains of material. At maximum, 11000 m3/s of water can pass through the dam. There are further emergency spillways for an extra 5000 m3/s, and the Toshka Canal links the reservoir to the Toshka Depression. The reservoir, named Lake Nasser, is long and at its widest, with a surface area of 5250 km2. It holds 132 km3 of water.", "There are several dams on the Blue and White Niles. Among them are the Sennar and Roseires Dams on the Blue Nile, and the Jebel Aulia Dam on the White Nile. There is also Lake Nubia on the Sudanese-Egyptian border.", "The dam, completed in 1968 at a distance of 7 km south of Aswan City, is a rockfill dam made of granite rocks and sands and provided with a vertical cutoff wall consisting of very impermeable clay. The structure is 2,325 m long, 111 m high over the original river bed, and 40 m and 980 m wide, respectively, at its crest and bottom. Nile flow is allowed to pass only through the open-cut channel at the eastern side of the dam, where six tunnel inlets provided with steel gates are constructed for discharge control and water supply to power plants. An escape is also provided at the western side of the dam to permit excess water discharge.", "Aswan High Dam measures 111m in height, 3,830m in length and has a base width of 980m. The spillway has a discharge capacity of 11,000 cubic meters a second.", "16 Aswan High Dam Begun in 1959 Goals: –Provide water for agriculture –Prevent release of floodwater to the Mediterranean –Prevent flooding and provide water during droughts –Produce power", "The proposal to build a single large dam at Aswan for multiple objectives including flood control, year-to-year water storage, and hydro-power generation was put forward by Adrein Danionson in 1949 as an alternative to a \"century storage\" scheme. Construction of the high dam started in 1960 and was completed in 1970. Before the dam was built and went into operation, the Nile floods brought silt containing potassium and phosphorous but also could leach away any accumulated salts. The fine-grained alluvial soils of the Nile valley do not drain easily and need artificial drainage. Due to the hot, arid climate, irrigation water evaporates quickly, leaving behind its salt, causing salinization." ]

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[ "Idi Amin Dada ( /ˈiːdi ɑːˈmiːn/ ; c. 1923–28 – 16 August 2003) was the third President of Uganda , ruling from 1971 to 1979. Amin joined the British colonial regiment the King's African Rifles in 1946, serving in Kenya and Uganda . Eventually, Amin held the rank of major general in the post-colonial Ugandan Army , and became its commander before seizing power in the military coup of January 1971 , deposing Milton Obote . He later promoted himself to field marshal while he was the head of state.", "Idi Amin Dada ( /ˈiːdi ɑːˈmiːn/ ; c. 1925 – 16 August 2003) was the third President of Uganda , ruling from 1971 to 1979. Amin joined the British colonial regiment, the King's African Rifles , in 1946, serving in Kenya and Uganda . Eventually, Amin held the rank of major general in the post-colonial Ugandan Army , and became its commander before seizing power in the military coup of January 1971 , deposing Milton Obote . He later promoted himself to field marshal while he was the head of state.", " (above) Idi Amin, also known as Idi Amin \"Dada\", was a military dictator and president of the African country of Uganda from 1971 to 1979.", "Idi Amin Dada (mid 1920s – 16 August 2003), commonly known as Idi Amin, was a Ugandan military dictator and the president of Uganda from 1971 to 1979. Amin join...ed the British colonial regiment, the King's African Rifles, in 1946, and advanced to the rank of Major General and Commander of the Ugandan Army. He took power in a military coup in January 1971, deposing Milton Obote. His rule was characterized by human rights abuses, political repression, ethnic persecution, extrajudicial killings and the expulsion of Asians from Uganda. The number of people killed as a result of his regime is unknown: estimates from human rights groups range from 100,000 to 500,000.", "Idi Amin Dada, who became known as the 'Butcher of Uganda' for his brutal, despotic rule whilst president of Uganda in the 1970s, is possibly the most notorious of all Africa's post-independence dictators. Amin seized power in a military coup in 1971 and ruled over Uganda for 8 years. Estimates for the number of his opponents who were either killed, tortured, or imprisoned vary from 100,000 to half a million.", "Born c. 1925, in Koboko, Uganda; died from multiple organ failure, August 16, 2003, in Jidda, Saudi Arabia. Dictator. Idi Amin ruled Uganda for eight years through terror and mayhem. He drove the once–prosperous nation over the brink of financial ruin and initiated a level of chaos from which Uganda has struggled to escape. A global pariah, Amin was sanctioned by countless nations and condemned by human rights organizations. His place in history was guaranteed by a combination of unfortunate timing and charismatic bullying.", "President of Uganda Idi Amin. He seized power after a coup in January 1971 and was driven from Uganda by Tanzanian forces in 1979.  Keystone / Staff/ Hulton Archive/ Getty Images", "A Ugandan dictator who seized power from the government in 1971, Idi Amin Dada was responsible for the deaths of up to 500,000 people. Born in 1925 in Koboko, Uganda, and raised by his mother, Idi joined the King’s African Rifles, a British colonial regiment, in 1946 where he gained a reputation for being a take-no-prisoners type. Soon appointed as Sergeant Major and rising through the ranks, Amin was appointed the First Lieutenant of Uganda’s army after the Uganda People’s Congress gained power in the country. While Amin was considered troublesome because of his extremely aggressive behaviour, it was President Apolo Obote who felt threatened by Amin’s growing power and demoted him. On January 25, 1971, a coup d’état organized by Amin while Obote was out of the country gave him the presidential powers he was after. Though Amin was initially viewed favourably, his desire for absolute control led to attacks on Tanzania to sniff out Obote and the creation of the “Public Safety Unit” which was responsible for enforcing order by way of torture and murder. In 1978, Amin’s brutal reign ended when Tanzania took control of Kampala, and respectively Uganda. While Amin escaped and eventually died in relative peace in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia in 2003, he was never brought to justice for his considerable crimes.", "The real-life Idi Amin swept to power in Uganda in 1971 on the heels of a military coup that displaced President Milton Obote. Amin’s ascension to power was initially endorsed by the British and Israelis.", "The colonial boundaries created by Britain to delimit Uganda grouped together a wide range of ethnic groups with different political systems and cultures. These differences complicated the establishment of a working political community after independence was achieved in 1962. The dictatorial regime of Idi AMIN (1971-79) was responsible for the deaths of some 300,000 opponents; guerrilla war and human rights abuses under Milton OBOTE (1980-85) claimed at least another 100,000 lives. The rule of Yoweri MUSEVENI since 1986 has brought relative stability and economic growth to Uganda. A constitutional referendum in 2005 cancelled a 19-year ban on multi-party politics and lifted presidential term limits.", "Dissent within Uganda, and Amin's attempt to annex the Kagera province of Tanzania in 1978, led to the Uganda-Tanzania War and the fall of his regime in 1979. Amin fled to Libya , before relocating to Saudi Arabia in 1981, where he died in 2003. Amin and his regime have been the subject of films and documentaries including General Idi Amin Dada: A Self Portrait (1974), Rise and Fall of Idi Amin (1980) and The Last King of Scotland (2006).", "In January 1979, Nyerere mobilised the Tanzania People's Defence Force and counterattacked, joined by several groups of Ugandan exiles who had united as the Uganda National Liberation Army (UNLA). Amin's army retreated steadily, and, despite military help from Libya's Muammar Gaddafi , he was forced to flee into exile by helicopter on 11 April 1979, when Kampala was captured . He escaped first to Libya, where he stayed until 1980, and ultimately settled in Saudi Arabia, where the Saudi royal family allowed him sanctuary and paid him a generous subsidy in return for his staying out of politics. [9] Amin lived for a number of years on the top two floors of the Novotel Hotel on Palestine Road in Jeddah. Brian Barron , who covered the Uganda–Tanzania war for the BBC as chief Africa correspondent, together with cameraman Mohamed Amin of Visnews in Nairobi, located Amin in 1980 and secured the first interview with him since his deposition. [44]", "Amin and Obote worked closely together for several years but eventually Obote began to harbor suspicions regarding Amin's intentions. The prime minister initiated an inquiry into the whereabouts of millions of dollars missing from the military budget. In January of 1971, while Obote was away at a conference in Singapore, Amin took control of Uganda. The power grab was initially looked upon favorably by other African nations as well as some in Britain and Israel who had lucrative business contracts with Uganda. Eventually this pleasure would turn to horror as Amin's death squads took their toll on the country's population and his bizarre public behavior dissolved international opinion, leading some to call him a buffoon, sociopath, and murderer.", "By 1978, Amin was facing increasing dissent from within Uganda, his circle of close associates having shrunk significantly. After the killings of Archbishop Luwum and ministers Oryema and Oboth Ofumbi in 1977, several of Amin's ministers defected or fled to exile. [36] Later that year, after Amin's Vice President, General Mustafa Adrisi was injured in a suspicious car accident, troops loyal to him mutinied. Amin sent troops against the mutineers, some of whom had fled across the Tanzanian border. [16] Amin then accused Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere of waging war against Uganda, ordered the invasion of Tanzanian territory, and formally annexed a section of the Kagera Region across the boundary. [16] [18]", "Uganda under Amin embarked on a large military build-up, which raised concerns in Kenya . Early in June 1975, Kenyan officials impounded a large convoy of Soviet -made arms en route to Uganda at the port of Mombasa. Tension between Uganda and Kenya reached its climax in February 1976 when Amin announced that he would investigate the possibility that parts of southern Sudan and western and central Kenya, up to within 32 km of Nairobi, were historically a part of colonial Uganda. The Politics of Kenya|Kenyan Government responded with a stern statement that Kenya would not part with \"a single inch of territory\". Amin finally backed down after the Kenyan army deployed troops and armoured personnel carriers along the Kenya-Uganda border. [28]", "As the years went on, Amin's eccentricities slowly descended into childlike madness. He began wearing so many medals his shirts would often tear from the weight. As his ego swelled, he granted himself a series of increasingly grand titles, including President for Life, \"Conqueror of the British Empire,\" and even \"King of Scotland.\" In 1975 he was elected president of the Organisation of African Unity. By the end of his reign, his full title was: \"His Excellency President for Life, Field Marshal Al Hadji Doctor Idi Amin, VC , DSO , MC , Lord of All the Beasts of the Earth and Fishes of the Sea, and Conqueror of the British Empire in Africa in General and Uganda in Particular.\"", "Idi Amin began to strengthen his position within the army, using the funds obtained from smuggling and from supplying arms to rebels in southern Sudan. He also developed ties with British and Israeli agents in the country. President Obote first responded by putting Amin under house arrest, and when this failed to work, Amin was sidelined to a non-executive position in the army. On 25 January 1971, whilst Obote attended a Commonwealth meeting in Singapore, Amin led a coup d'etat and took control of the country, declaring himself president. Popular history recalls Amin's declared title to be: \"His Excellency President for Life, Field Marshal Al Hadji Doctor Idi Amin , VC, DSO, MC, Lord of All the Beasts of the Earth and Fishes of the Sea, and Conqueror of the British Empire in Africa in General and Uganda in Particular.\"", "By 1978, the number of Amin's close associates had shrunk significantly, and he faced increasing dissent from within Uganda. After the killings of Luwum and ministers Oryema and Oboth Ofumbi in 1977, several of Amin's ministers defected or fled to exile. [49] Later that year, after Amin's vice president, General Mustafa Adrisi , was injured in a car accident, troops loyal to him mutinied . Amin sent troops against the mutineers, some of whom had fled across the Tanzanian border. [26] Amin accused Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere of waging war against Uganda, ordered the invasion of Tanzanian territory, and formally annexed a section of the Kagera Region across the boundary. [26] [28]", "Amin joined the British colonial regiment, the King’s African Rifles, in 1946, serving in Kenya and Uganda. Eventually, Amin held the rank of major general in the post-colonial Ugandan Army, and became its commander before seizing power in the military coup of January 1971, deposing Milton Obote. He later promoted himself to field marshal while he was the head of state. Amin’s rule was characterized by human rights abuses, political repression, ethnic persecution, extrajudicial killings, nepotism, corruption, and gross economic mismanagement. The number of people killed as a result of his regime is estimated by international observers and human rights groups to range from 100,000 to 500,000.", "The taunting of Nyerere was his biggest mistake. About 45,000 Tanzanian troops, assisted by armed Ugandan exiles, counter-invaded and put Amin’s ill-disciplined army to flight. The Tanzanians took Kampala, Uganda’s capital, on 11 April, 1979. Amin, a Moslem, fled to Libya and then, briefly, to Iraq before finally settling in the Red Sea port of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The Saudis provided him with a house, cars, drivers, cooks, maids and a monthly allowance. In return, the Saudis demanded that their infamous guest stay silent and enter political retirement.", "Dissent within Uganda and Amin's attempt to annex the Kagera province of Tanzania in 1978 led to the Uganda–Tanzania War and the demise of his regime. Amin fled first to Libya , then to Saudi Arabia , where he died in 2003.", "Uganda under Amin embarked on a large military build-up, which raised concerns in Kenya . Early in June 1975, Kenyan officials impounded a large convoy of Soviet -made arms en route to Uganda at the port of Mombasa . Tension between Uganda and Kenya reached its climax in February 1976, when Amin announced that he would investigate the possibility that parts of southern Sudan and western and central Kenya, up to within 32 kilometres (20 mi) of Nairobi , were historically a part of colonial Uganda. The Kenyan Government responded with a stern statement that Kenya would not part with \"a single inch of territory\". Amin backed down after the Kenyan army deployed troops and armored personnel carriers along the Kenya–Uganda border. [46]", "In 1971, an army general called Idi Amin overthrew the struggling government in a military coup. Under his brutal rule, the country suffered a moral and economic collapse.", "After more than 70 years under British rule, Uganda gained its independence on October 9, 1962, and Milton Obote became the nation’s first prime minister. By 1964, Obote had forged an alliance with Amin, who helped expand the size and power of the Ugandan Army. In February 1966, following accusations that the pair was responsible for smuggling gold and ivory from Congo that were subsequently traded for arms, Obote suspended the constitution and proclaimed himself executive president. Shortly thereafter, Obote sent Amin to dethrone King Mutesa II, also known as “King Freddie,” who ruled the powerful kingdom of Buganda in south-central Uganda.", "Idi Amin, the Ugandan president who had seized power in January 1971 by ousting Milton Obote in an army coup, had made a speech in which he had given Asians 90 days to leave the country. The idea seemed so bizarre that the British were not sure how seriously to treat Amin's threat. Over the subsequent months, it became all too apparent that Amin, who had been regarded as a welcome change after Obote, was deadly serious.", "Idi Amin was defeated in 1979 by Milton Obote, the leader Amin had originally ousted. Under Obote’s rule (1979-86), killings by the army continued.", "In 1978, Mr. Amin sent troops into Tanzania in an effort to annex the Kagera salient, a desolate spur to the west of Lake Victoria. By early 1979, they fled under the assault of Tanzanian forces and Ugandan exiles. Mr. Amin's army and its Libyan allies were unable to stop the counteroffensive, and on April 12 Kampala was taken. Mr. Amin fled, first to Tripoli in Libya and finally to Saudi Arabia.", "Many in Britain welcomed Amin when he seized power from another dictator, Milton Obote, in 1971 while the then president was abroad. \"Benevolent but tough,\" was the assessment from British intelligence.", "Thus, Amin’s accession brought an increased Israeli military and economic presence along with technical cooperation. In visits, both before and after his coup, to the training camps that Israeli set up for the Ugandan air force and infantry, Amin would commend the Israeli advisers’ work, and then praise them in the Ugandan media.7 The number of Israeli military advisers ranged from fifty to seventy.", "In 1962 Amin participated in stopping cattle rustling between neighboring ethnic groups in Karamoja (Uganda) and Turkana (Kenya). Because of atrocities he committed during these operations, British officials recommended to Apolo Milton Obote (Uganda's prime minister) that he be prosecuted. Obote instead reprimanded him, since it would have been unpolitical to prosecute one of the two African commissioned officers just before Uganda was to gain her independence from Britain on October 9, 1962. Thereafter Amin was promoted to captain in 1962 and major in 1963 and was selected to participate in the commanding officers' course at Wiltshire school of infantry in Britain in 1963.", "Surprisingly, at the time Amin took over power in the January 25, 1971 military coup, he was strongly supported by the United Kingdom, Israel and other powerful western states who described the 6ft 3-inch giant as an extremely likeable character. He was the right candidate to do business with.", "  Idi Amin, one time darling boy of the British Empire. Bob Astles with President Idi Amin in 1978. He was advisor and factotumto Amin Photo: CAMERA PRESS" ]

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[ "The rand (sign: R; code: ZAR) is the currency of South Africa. The rand has the symbol \"R\" and is subdivided into 100 cents, symbol \"c\". Unlike the dollar, the decimal separator between a rand and cent is expressed by a comma. The ISO 4217 code is ZAR, from Dutch Zuid-Afrikaanse Rand (South African rand). The rand is the currency of the Common Monetary Area between South Africa, Swaziland, Lesotho, and Namibia.", "Rand is the official unit of currency used as a legal tender in Republic of South Africa. The ISO 4217 currency code for the South African rand is ZAR and numeric code is 710. ZAR is an acronym for Zuid afrikaanse Rand, \"Zuid Afrika\" being a term used for the country�s name in the Dutch language. It was introduced as the national currency of South Africa with the independence of the country in 1961 and hence it replaced the South African pound. The rand is divided into 100 equal parts of its subunit, which is none other than \"cent\".", "The ZAR - South African Rand - is the official currency of the South Africa in Africa. There are 100 cents in each 1 Rand ( its sub-unit ). The symbol for ZAR is R. The rand was introduced in 1961 and takes its name from the Witwatersrand, the ridge upon which Johannesburg is built and where most of South Africa's gold deposits were found. The Rand circulates freely in Namibia, Swaziland and Lesotho.", "South Africa is part of the Southern African Common Monetary Area and the Rand can be used in Namibia (where it is an official currency along with the Namibian dollar), and in Lesotho and Swaziland (where it is widely accepted, but not an official currency). The currencies of each country are tied to the rand at the rate of 1:1.", "The South African Rand (ZAR) is used as the main currency in the following countries: South Africa", "One of the very few former colonies in Africa to use the dollar is Zimbabwe. Some years after unilaterally declaring independence from Britain, Rhodesia replaced the Rodesian pound by the Rhodesian dollar. After majority rule was introduced the country changed its name to Zimbabwe and changed the name of its currency accordingly. South Africa still uses the rand. Most other former British colonies have adopted African names for their currencies. Kenya and Uganda use the shilling.", "In 2013 the South African rand was ranked as the 18th most-traded currency in the world . Surprisingly, while South Africa accounts for only 0.3% of the world’s daily foreign exchange market turnover, the rand accounts for 1.1% of worlds daily currency trading .", "The Krugerrand derives its name from combining the names of Paul Kruger, a well-known Boer leader and local hero who went on to become the last president of the Republic of South Africa, and the \"rand\" -- the monetary unit of South Africa.", "The official currency is the loti (plural: maloti), but can be used interchangeably with the South African rand. Lesotho, Swaziland, Namibia, and South Africa also form a common currency and exchange control area known as the Common Monetary Area (CMA). The loti is at par with the rand. One hundred lisente (singular: sente) equal one loti.", "In 1961, the NP government under Prime Minister HF Verwoerd declared South Africa a republic, after winning a whites-only referendum on the issue. A new currency, the Rand, new flag, anthem and coat of arms were formally introduced. South Africa also withdrew from the British Commonwealth, and a figurehead president replaced the Queen (represented locally by the Governor-General) as Head of State.", "The South African rand has fallen and the economy is at the brink of total collapse. There’s no African country that is growing at 0.8% like South Africa, so that tells you a lot. The myth of South Africa being the best in the continent is what fuels xenophobia by black South Africans who after 21 years have forgotten how full they were in our countries. Corruption and education here are also among the worst in Africa. South Africans should just accept that the spotlight has passed to other countries.", "The country is facing electricity shortage that, their is an increase of load shedding, now after all your commenting regarding praising SA, are you aware that we are supplying you electricity. Zambia still stands with a strong currency to US dollar. Zambian kwacha today is buying $1 at K7 to 9. While rand is buying $1 at R14 to R16, now who is better?", "The currency is the rand, denoted by the symbol \"R\" (ISO code: ZAR). It is divided into 100 cents (c). Notes are in denominations of R200, R100, R50, R20 and R10. Higher value notes are slightly larger in physical size than small value notes. All notes have a metallic security strip and a watermark. A new series of banknotes was introduced in 2012, and at present both the old and the new series are circulating and legal tender.", "Historical users of the South African rand included South-West Africa and the nominally independent bantustans under the apartheid system: Bophuthatswana, Ciskei, Transkei and Venda.", "The Rand has had a lot of flack for its devaluation over the past couple of years. I already wrote about a few countries worse off than us , so now let’s take a look at the other end of the spectrum: African countries who’s currencies are stronger than ours. Now before you feel the urge to launch into a News24-comments-section-style-SA-self-loathing tirade, check out the reasons listed in the description of each, many of them have little merit to their strength.", "South Africa, the southernmost country of the continent, is bordered by Namibia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Swaziland, Lesotho, and Mozambique. The country has a mixed type of economy and has a relatively high GDP compared to other African countries. Despite this fact, South Africa has high rates of unemployment, poverty, and a wide gap between the rich and the poor. South Africa is enlisted among the top 10 countries in the world for income inequality. The economic disparity among South Africa’s population is primarily a result of the apartheid regime in the country which ended in 1994. Gradual improvements in the country’s economy have occurred since then. Tourism is one of the biggest revenue generating industries in South Africa. Germany, US, Japan, and China are the biggest trade partners of South Africa outside Africa.", "Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia ( Afrikaans Republiek van Namibië, German : Republik Namibia), is a country in Southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean . It shares land borders with Angola and Zambia to the north, Botswana and Zimbabwe to the east, and South Africa to the south and east. It gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990 following the Namibian War of Independence . Its capital and largest city is Windhoek ( German : Windhuk).", "The South African economy experienced a boom in the Fiscal Year ending in 1997. The GDP grew a record 7%, and a huge inflow of investment was experienced, particularly from the West. Being a regional powerhouse, South Africa initiated moves towards a regional trading bloc with neighboring countries, and preliminary negotiations were held in Harare, Zimbabwe in January 1997. South Africa, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Swaziland, Lesotho and Namibia were the participating countries. This resulted in a further round of talks where the formation of an agency to share experiences was agreed upon. However, the realization of a trading bloc was still a remote possibility as the countries could not break a stand-off over vital sectors such as Agriculture and Mining. South Africa saw the expanding African economies as prime markets for its overflowing manufacturing sector. However, the other countries were wary of South Africa�s domination, and an eventual economic control over them.", "There is a war of economic destabilization against the nine states of the Southern Africa Development Coordinating Conference—Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. South Africa supported a coup in Lesotho in 1986 and backed an unsuccessful mercenary intervention in the Seychelles in 1981. It was behind a coup attempt in Tanzania in 1983 and has provided continuous support for armed elements in Zimbabwe since independence. The South Africans have carried out raids on Maputo (Mozambique), Harare (Zimbabwe), and Gaberone (Botswana), and attacked refugees in Swaziland.", "Frederik Willem de Klerk, known as FW de Klerk, (born 18 March 1936), was the seventh and last State President of the apartheid-era South Africa, serving from September 1989 to May 1994. De Klerk was also leader of the National Party from February 1989 to September 1997.", "Meanwhile, major breakthroughs had been achieved in the progress towards the Southern Africa Trade Area (SATA). Trade in technological components, most manufactured goods, and medicines had been liberalized between South Africa, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Swaziland, Namibia, and Lesotho. Negotiations were also underway to reduce tariffs on Agricultural goods and minerals. This had fueled a trade boom amongst the countries. South Africa got cheap raw materials from neighboring countries, and they benefited from South Africa�s comparative advantage in many of the goods that they couldn�t produce, especially in the high technology and communications sectors. South Africa played a huge role in a campaign to eradicate River Blindness in all of Southern Africa by supplying extremely cheap drugs to the other countries.", "Major economic successes are Botswana and South Africa, which is developed to the extent that it has its own mature stock exchange. This is partly due to its wealth of natural resources, being the world's leading producer of both gold and diamonds, and partly due to its well-established legal system. South Africa also has access to financial capital, numerous markets and skilled labor. Other African countries are making comparable progress, such as Ghana, and some, like Egypt , have a longer history of commercial and economic success.", "That is still feeble compared to South Africa's $7,336 for its population of 48 million. South Africa, bedeviled by mining strikes, violent protests over services and a lackluster performance that has kept annual growth at around 3.5%, still has infrastructure unrivaled on the continent, most notably a power sector that generates 10 times more electricity than Nigeria.", "Lesotho, South Africa, Botswana, Namibia, and Swaziland are members of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU), which allows for the free exchange of goods between member countries. Payments were made to the member countries by South Africa beginning in 1969 as compensation for those countries’ lack of freedom to conduct economic policies that were completely independent of South Africa. Lesotho is also a member of the Southern African Development Community (SADC), a regional organization focused on economic cooperation and integration .", "1. The rand was the best performing currency against the US Dollar between 2002 and 2005", "“The Reserve Bank is proud to be able to honour South Africa’s struggle icon and first democratically elected president in this way,” she said, “and we thank all our stakeholders for their hard work in making this process possible.”", "With South Africa’s economy built on gold and diamond mining, the sector is an important foreign exchange earner, ...", "The largest and most important city is Johannesburg, the economic heartland of the country. Other important centres include Durban and Pietermaritzburg in KwaZulu- Natal, and Port Elizabeth in the Eastern Cape.", "This sudden depreciation in 2001 led to a formal investigation, which in turn led to a dramatic recovery. By the end of 2002, the currency was trading under R 9 to the dollar again, and by the end of 2004 was trading under R 5.70 to the dollar. The currency softened somewhat in 2005, and was trading around R 6.35 to the dollar at the end of the year. At the start of 2006, however, the currency resumed its rally, and as of 19 January 2006, was trading under R 6 to the dollar again. However, during the second and third quarters of 2006 (i.e. April through September), the rand weakened significantly.", "The apartheid government had declared a moratorium on foreign debt repayments in the mid 1980s when it declared a state of emergency in the face of escalating civil unrest. With the formal ending of apartheid in 1994, the newly democratic government was saddled with an onerous foreign debt amounting to 86.7 billion rands ($14 billion at then current exchange rates) accrued by the former apartheid regime. The cash-strapped post-apartheid government was obliged to repay this debt or else face a credit downgrading by foreign financial institutions. The debt was finally settled in September 2001. ", "Theoretically, the demand for a floating currency—and hence its value—changes continually based on a multitude of factors. In the case of the rand, its current weakness can be attributed to a myriad of structural problems facing the local economy.", "On 11 February 2012, President Jacob Zuma announced that the country would be issuing a complete set of banknotes bearing Nelson Mandela's image. They were entered into circulation on 6 November 2012. " ]

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[ "formerly part of the Soviet Union ( Russia ), today a breakaway state of Moldova also known as Transnistria, which claims territory between the Dniester river and the eastern border of Moldova with Ukraine . It declared independence in 1990 but is unrecognised by any United Nations member state.", "The Polish People's Republic (Polish: Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa, PRL) was the official name of Poland between 1952 and 1989. The name was given by the Constitution of 1952 which was based on the 1936 Soviet Constitution. Between 1947 and 1952, the name of the Polish state had been simply Rzeczpospolita Polska (the Republic of Poland) in accordance with the temporary Constitution of 1947. At the time of its founding during final stages of World War II, the new Soviet-controlled Poland was regarded as a puppet entity set up from outside the State concerned, and over time, it developed into a satellite state of the Soviet Union. ", "The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR or RSFSR; ) commonly referred to as Soviet Russia or simply as Russia, was a sovereign state in 1917–22, the largest, most populous, and most economically developed republic of the Soviet Union in 1922–91 and a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with its own legislation in 1990–91. The Republic comprised sixteen autonomous republics, five autonomous oblasts, ten autonomous okrugs, six krais, and forty oblasts. Russians formed the largest ethnic group. To the west it bordered Finland, Norway and Poland; and to the south, China, Mongolia and North Korea whilst bordering the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Pacific Ocean to the east and the Black sea and Caspian Sea to the south. Within the USSR, it bordered the Baltic republics (Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia), the Byelorussian SSR and the Ukrainian SSR to the west. To the south it bordered the Georgian, Azerbaijan and Kazakh SSRs.", "From 1921 until 1944, Tuva constituted a sovereign, independent nation, under the name of Tannu Tuva, officially, the Tuvan People's Republic, or the People's Republic of Tannu Tuva. The independence of Tannu Tuva, however, was recognized only by its neighbours: the Soviet Union and Mongolia. ", "On 29 November 1945, the second anniversary of the Second Session of the AVNOJ, the Constituent Assembly of Yugoslavia formally abolished the monarchy and declared the state a republic. The country's official name became the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (FPR Yugoslavia, FPRY), and the six \"Federal States\" became \"People's Republics\" Yugoslavia became a one-party state and was considered in its earliest years a model of communist orthodoxy. ", "The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics commonly known as the Soviet Union (Russian: Советский Союз, tr. Sovietsky Soyuz), was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991. A more informal name also used among its residents was the Union (Soyuz). The Soviet Union had a single-party political system dominated by the Communist Party until 1990. Although the USSR was nominally a union of Soviet republics (15 in all after 1956) with the capital in Moscow, it was actually a highly centralized state with a planned economy.", "In 1991, as the Soviet Union disintegrated, the Chechen-dominated parliament of the republic declared independence as the Republic of Ichkeria, soon better known as Chechnya. In June, 1992, Russia granted Ingush inhabitants their own republic (Ingushetia) in the western fifth of the territory; in subsequent years there have been disputes and tension between the two republics over territory.", "The Russian Republic was a short-lived state that controlled, de jure, the territory of the former Russian Empire after the abdication of Emperor Nicholas II on 15 March [O.S. 2 March] 1917. Less than eight months later, the Republic was dissolved after the October Revolution on 7 November [O.S. 25 October] 1917 and the establishment of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR). Officially, the Republic's government was the Provisional Government of Russia (Russian: Временное правительство России), although de facto control was split between the Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet.", "During the process of the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Moldavian and Ukrainian SSRs proclaimed their independence in 1991, becoming the modern states of Moldova and Ukraine, while preserving the existing partition of Bessarabia. Following a short war in the early 1990s, Transnistria proclaimed itself the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, separate from the government of the Republic of Moldova, extending its authority also over the municipality of Bender in Bessarabia. Part of the Gagauz-inhabited areas in the southern Bessarabia was organised in 1994 as an autonomous region within Moldova.", "Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov is believed to have taken his alias, Lenin, from the river Lena. It has been suggested that this was done after the events leading to the Lena Goldfields Massacre of workers by the tsarist Russian Army in April 1912, although the adoption of his pseudonym predates this event. Another suggestion is that the adoption comes about as a result of a personal feud with Georgi Plekhanov, who called himself Volgin after the Volga river. The Lena is much stronger than and flows in the opposite direction as the Volga, thus it was be an obvious choice; Ulyanov, however, had no disagreement with Plekhanov when he first began to use the name.", "The opportunity for increased autonomy created by the political struggle at the centre accelerated moves to assert local control. The drive for greater autonomy was led by the ethnic republics, particularly Tatarstan, with Bashkortostan and Sakha-Yakutia close behind. In summer/autumn 1990, following the Russian Declaration of Sovereignty, a number of the ethnic republics adopted declarations of sovereignty. The extent of powers claimed in these declarations varied considerably, with Karelia acknowledging that some powers would be delegated to the RSFSR and to the Soviet Union and Tatarstan adopting a declaration that failed to mention the RSFSR at all.", "In Chechnya , using tactics partly copied from the Baltics, Anti-Communist coalition forces led by former Soviet general Dzhokhar Dudayev staged a largely bloodless revolution, and ended up forcing the resignation of the Communist republican president. Dudayev was elected in a landslide in the following election and in November 1991 he proclaimed Checheno-Ingushetia 's independence as the Republic of Ichkeria. Ingushetia voted to leave the union with Chechnya, and was allowed to do so (thus it became the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria). Due to his desire to exclude Moscow from all oil deals, Yeltsin backed a failed coup against him in 1993. In 1994, Chechnya, with only marginal recognition (one country: Georgia, which was revoked soon after the coup landing Shevardnadze in power), was invaded by Russia, spurring the First Chechen War . The Chechens, with considerable assistance from the populations of both former-Soviet countries and from Sunni Muslim countries repelled this invasion and a peace treaty was signed in 1997. However, Chechnya became increasingly anarchic, largely due to the both political and physical destruction of the state during the invasion, and general Shamil Basaev, having evaded all control by the central government, conducted raids into neighboring Dagestan, which Russia used as pretext for reinvading Ichkeria. Ichkeria was then reincorporated into Russia as Chechnya again, though fighting continues.", "Politically the USSR was divided (from 1940 to 1991) into 15 constituent or union republics— Armenia , Azerbaijan , Belorussia (see Belarus ), Estonia , Georgia , Kazakhstan , Kirghizia (see Kyrgyzstan ), Latvia , Lithuania , Moldavia (see Moldova ), Russia, Tadzhikistan (see Tajikistan ), Turkmenistan , Ukraine , and Uzbekistan —ostensibly joined in a federal union, but until the final year or so of the USSR's existence the republics had little real power. Russia, officially the Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic (RSFSR), was only one of the constituent republics, but the terms \"Russia,\" the \"USSR,\" and the \"Soviet Union\" were often used interchangeably.", "Albania and Yugoslavia abandoned communism by 1991, the latter splitting into five successor states by 1992: Slovenia , Croatia , Republic of Macedonia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , and Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (comprising Serbia and Montenegro ). The Soviet Union was dissolved by the end of 1991 , resulting in Russia and 14 new nations that declared their independence from the Soviet Union: Armenia , Azerbaijan , Belarus , Estonia , Georgia , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Latvia , Lithuania , Moldova , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , Ukraine and Uzbekistan . The impact was felt in dozens of socialist countries . Socialism was abandoned in countries such as Cambodia , Ethiopia , and Mongolia . The collapse of communism led commentators to declare the end of Cold War .", "Since the dissolution of the USSR in late 1991, reverence for Lenin declined among the post-Soviet generations, yet remains an important historical figure for the Soviet-era generations. In Eastern Europe, most statues of Lenin were removed, yet some remain in Russia; however, given his importance as an historical figure, one such statue, from Poprad, Slovakia , was installed in Seattle, Washington, USA, as a kitsch reminder of the Cold War (1945–91). Another statue was placed in 1991 on the rooftop of \"Red Square\" apartment building, standing on the corner of Essex and Houston Street in Lower East Side, New York. In 1991, subsequent to a contested vote, between Communists and liberals, the Leningrad government reverted the city’s eponymous name to St. Petersburg, whilst the surrounding Leningrad Oblast remained so named; like-wise the city of Ulyanovsk (V. I. Lenin's birthplace) remains so named. Gyumri in Armenia was named Leninakan from 1924 to 1990, Khujand in Azerbaijan Leninabad from 1936 to 1991.", "In November 1991, Yeltsin dispatched Internal Troops to Grozny, but they were forced to withdraw when Dudayev's forces surrounded them at the airport. After Chechnya made its initial declaration of sovereignty, the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Republic split in two in June 1992 amidst the Ingush armed conflict against another Russian republic, North Ossetia. The newly created republic of Ingushetia then joined the Russian Federation, while Chechnya declared full independence from Moscow in 1993 as the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (ChRI).", "Kremlin (Russian: кремль; Russian for \"fortress\", \"citadel\" or \"castle\") A citadel or fortified enclosure within a Russian town of city, especially the Kremlin of Moscow; (the Kremlin) Metonym for the government of the former USSR, and to a lesser of extent of Russian post-Soviet government.", "On December 25, 1991, the Russian SFSR was renamed the Russian Federation. On December 26, 1991, the USSR was self-dissolved by the Soviet of Nationalities, which by that time was the only functioning house of the Supreme Soviet (the other house, Soviet of the Union, had already lost the quorum after recall of its members by the union republics). After dissolution of the USSR, Russia declared that it assumed the rights and obligations of the dissolved central Soviet government, including UN membership.", "In the mid-1980s, the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev , sought to further reform and liberalize the economy through his policies of glasnost and perestroika. The goal was to preserve the Communist Party while reversing economic stagnation . The Cold War ended during his tenure, and in 1989 Soviet satellite countries in Eastern Europe overthrew their respective communist regimes. This led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements inside the USSR as well. Central authorities initiated a referendum —boycotted by the Baltic republics, Armenia, Georgia, and Moldova—which resulted in the majority of participating citizens voting in favor of preserving the Union as a renewed federation . In August 1991, a coup d'état was attempted by Communist Party hardliners. It failed, with Russian President Boris Yeltsin playing a high-profile role in facing down the coup, resulting in the banning of the Communist Party. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the remaining twelve constituent republics emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as independent post-Soviet states . The Russian Federation (formerly the Russian SFSR) assumed the Soviet Union's rights and obligations and is recognized as its continued legal personality.", "In the mid-1980s, the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev , sought to further reform and liberalize the economy through his policies of glasnost and perestroika . The goal was to preserve the Communist Party while reversing economic stagnation . The Cold War ended during his tenure, and in 1989 Soviet satellite countries in Eastern Europe overthrew their respective communist regimes. This led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements inside the USSR as well. Central authorities initiated a referendum —boycotted by the Baltic republics, Armenia, Georgia, and Moldova—which resulted in the majority of participating citizens voting in favor of preserving the Union as a renewed federation . In August 1991, a coup d'état was attempted by Communist Party hardliners. It failed, with Russian President Boris Yeltsin playing a high-profile role in facing down the coup, resulting in the banning of the Communist Party. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the remaining twelve constituent republics emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as independent post-Soviet states . The Russian Federation (formerly the Russian SFSR) assumed the Soviet Union's rights and obligations and is recognized as its continued legal personality.", "            The present oblast (region) extends from below Volgograd to the Caspian along both banks of the Volga, except that there is one section where the autonomous republic of Kalmykia crosses to the left bank.  To the east lies Kazakhstan, so that the eastern border of the oblast, which in places touches the Volga delta and is never very far from the river, represents the boundary between Europe and Asia.   There is no topographical reason for so significant a boundary to be along this line.   ", "Tatarstan is a region around the Volga in Russia which considered itself a sovereign nation during the early 1990s after the fall of the Soviet Union. A 1992 referendum approved a constitution which saw the region declared as a sovereign state. However, after a 1994 treaty with Russia, and additions to the constitution in 2002, Tatarstan is now a state within Russia.", "The leader of Russia's Democratic Choice (Party), Yegor Gaydar, said in one of his speeches that all attempts made in the second half of the 20th century to resolve ethnic problems by force failed completely. In his opinion, the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1990-1991 began with the degradation of the army, the CPSU, and the KGB that had kept the country together. In 1991, he believes, the USSR actually fell into 16, not 15, parts because in autumn 1991 Chechnya became independent de facto. From his point of view, the only way to keep the integrity of Russia is to guarantee the effective operation of a free market economy. At the beginning of 1994, it became clear that the Russian market mechanism is working and producing results; at the same time the Chechen economy was falling apart. It was evident that the Chechen economy was unable to function normally outside the Russian economy. As a result, Chechnya became a scarecrow for regions thinking of breaking away from Russia. It was at this time that the crisis of the Dudayev regime began. Representatives of various opposition groups thronged to Moscow; it was evident, Gaydar believes, that the continuation of the policy of economic and political pressure combined with constructive talks would have been quite enough to peacefully, gradually, undramatically, but steadily, integrate Chechnya into Russia's constitutional space according to the pattern developed with Tatarstan.", "About the time that the party sanctioned partial decentralization of the economy, it also approved a quasi-federal structure for the state. During the Civil War, the non-Russian Soviet republics on the periphery of Russia were theoretically independent, but in fact they were controlled by the central government through the party and the Red Army. Some communists favored a centralized Soviet state, while nationalists wanted autonomy for the borderlands. A compromise between the two positions was reached in December 1922 with the formation of the USSR. The constituent republics of this \"Soviet Union\" (the Russian, Belorussian, Ukrainian, and Transcaucasian republics--the last combining Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia) exercised a degree of cultural and linguistic autonomy, while the communist, predominantly Russian, leadership in Moscow retained political authority over the entire country. The giant Central Asian territory was given republic status piecemeal, beginning with the inclusion of the Turkmen and Uzbek republics in 1924 and concluding with the separation of Kazakstan and Kyrgyzstan in 1936. By that year, the Soviet Union included eleven republics, all with government structures and ruling communist parties identical to the one in the Russian Republic.", "Angry hard-line Communists attempted to remove Gorbachev from power in August 1991 by staging a coup. The revolt failed due to the efforts of Boris Yeltsin (1931-2007), president of the Russian Republic, who emerged as the country’s most powerful political figure. However, before the end of the year, Yeltsin and other reformers succeeded in completely undoing the old order. The Soviet Union dissolved into 15 individual republics, and on December 25, 1991, Gorbachev resigned from the presidency of a nation that no longer existed.", "In the late 1980s, constituent republics of the Soviet Union started asserting sovereignty over their territories or even declaring independence, citing Article 72 of the USSR Constitution, which stated that any constituent republic was free to secede. Many held their first free elections in the Soviet era for their own national legislatures in 1990. Many of these legislatures proceeded to produce legislation contradicting the Union laws in what was known as \" The War of Laws .\" In 1989, Russian SFSR , which was then the largest constituent republic (with about half of the population) convened a newly elected Congress of People's Deputies. Boris Yeltsin was elected the chairman of the Congress. On June 12 , 1990 , the Congress declared Russia's sovereignty over its territory and proceeded to pass laws that attempted to supersede some of the USSR's laws. The period of legal uncertainty continued throughout 1991 as constituent republics slowly became de-facto independent.", "One day after the October Revolution, on November 8, 1917, the Bolsheviks headed by N. Anisimov seized Grozny. As the Russian Civil War escalated, the Proletariat formed the 12th Red Army, and the garrison held out against numerous attacks by Terek Cossacks from August 11 to November 12, 1918. However, with the arrival of Denikin's armies, the Bolsheviks were forced to withdraw and Grozny was captured on February 4, 1919 by the White Army. Underground operations were carried out, but only the arrival of the Caucasus front of the Red Army in 1920 allowed the city to permanently end up with the Russian SFSR on March 17. Simultaneously it became part of the Soviet Mountain Republic, which was formed on January 20, 1921, and was the capital of the Chechen National Okrug inside it.", "In the late 1980s, the constituent republics of the Soviet Union started legal moves towards potentially declaring  sovereignty  over their territories, citing Article 72 of the USSR constitution, which stated that any constituent republic was free to secede. [35]  On 7 April 1990, a law was passed allowing a republic to secede if more than two-thirds of its residents voted for it in a referendum. [36]  Many held their first free elections in the Soviet era for their own national legislatures in 1990. Many of these legislatures proceeded to produce legislation contradicting the Union laws in what was known as the \" War of Laws \".", "In the late 1980s, the constituent republics of the Soviet Union started legal moves towards potentially declaring sovereignty over their territories, citing Article 72 of the USSR constitution, which stated that any constituent republic was free to secede. [27] On 7 April 1990, a law was passed allowing a republic to secede if more than two-thirds of its residents voted for it in a referendum. [28] Many held their first free elections in the Soviet era for their own national legislatures in 1990. Many of these legislatures proceeded to produce legislation contradicting the Union laws in what was known as the \" War of Laws \".", "By the end of 1991, the Soviet Union had fallen apart. When most of its major components like the Ukraine and the Baltic states declared themselves as independent, real power began to rest with the leaders of those components, among them Yeltsin, hero of the attempted coup and president of the Russian Republic. Gorbachev formally resigned his remaining political office on Christmas Day 1991.", "In the late 1980s, the constituent republics of the Soviet Union started legal moves towards potentially declaring sovereignty over their territories, citing Article 72 of the USSR constitution, which stated that any constituent republic was free to secede. [25] On 7 April 1990, a law was passed allowing a republic to secede if more than two-thirds of its residents voted for it in a referendum. [26] Many held their first free elections in the Soviet era for their own national legislatures in 1990. Many of these legislatures proceeded to produce legislation contradicting the Union laws in what was known as the \" War of Laws \".", "In the late 1980s, the constituent republics of the Soviet Union started legal moves towards potentially declaring sovereignty over their territories, citing Article 72 of the USSR constitution, which stated that any constituent republic was free to secede. On 7 April 1990, a law was passed allowing a republic to secede if more than two-thirds of its residents voted for it in a referendum. Many held their first free elections in the Soviet era for their own national legislatures in 1990. Many of these legislatures proceeded to produce legislation contradicting the Union laws in what was known as the \"War of Laws\"." ]

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[ "Tangier (; Ṭanjah; Berber: Ṭanja; old Berber name: Tingi, ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵉ; other English name: Tangiers) is a major city in northwestern Morocco. It is located on the North African coast at the western entrance to the Strait of Gibraltar where the Mediterranean Sea meets the Atlantic Ocean off Cape Spartel. It is the capital of the Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima Region and of the Tangier-Assilah prefecture of Morocco.", "Casablanca (, ad-Dār al-Bayḍa’; ; local informal name: Kaẓa) is the largest city of Morocco, located in the central-western part of the country on the Atlantic Ocean. It is the largest city in the Maghreb, as well as one of the largest and most important cities in Africa, both economically and demographically.", "Spend three nights in cosmopolitan Casablanca, a vibrant port city that blends old-world charm with modern prosperity. Home to a pleasant, subtropical climate, Casablanca is Morocco’s largest city and financial hub. Originating with the ancient Berbers, Casablanca has been impacted by its former Phoenician, Roman, Jewish, Portuguese and French inhabitants; today you will still notice a French-colonial influence present in the city’s architecture and restaurant scene. Then travel to Tangier, Morocco’s 5th-largest city and your home for three nights. Located directly south of Gibraltar, where the Mediterranean meets the Atlantic, Tangier boasts a fascinating history that spans roughly 2500 years.", "Tangier (Tanger, Tangiers) earliest date March 31, 1791, closed early 1989. Tangier, which had been an international city (but still technically part of Morocco) was fully integrated into Morocco on October 29, 1956.", "Casablanca is Morocco's chief port and one of the largest financial centers on the African continent. The 2012 census, adjusted with recent numbers, recorded a population of about 4 million in the prefecture of Casablanca. Casablanca is considered the economic and business center of Morocco, while the national political capital is Rabat.", "Casablanca is now Morocco's largest city with a population of almost 4 million and also boasts the world's largest artificial port but no ferry service of any kind . Casablanca is also the most liberal and progressive of Morocco's cities. Young men flirt brazenly with scantily-clad women, designer labels are the norm in the chic, beachfront neighbourhood of 'Ain Diab and many young Moroccans speak to each other exclusively in French.", "Morocco’s capital city is Rabat; its largest city is its main port, Casablanca. Other cities include: Agadir, Essaouira, Fes, Marrakech, Meknes, Mohammadia, Oujda, Ouarzazat, Safe, Sale, Tangier, Tiznit, and Tan-Tan, names that reverberate with romantic vibrations to westerners, thanks to the many films with similar titles that have fed our imaginations. Most people live west of the Atlas Mountains, a range that insulates the country from the Sahara Desert. Casablanca is the center of commerce and industry and the leading port; Rabat is the seat of government; Tangier is the gateway to Morocco from Spain and also a major port; Fez is the cultural and religious center; and the dominantly “Berber” Marrakech is a major tourist center.", "Most people live west of the Atlas Mountains, a range that insulates the country from the Sahara Desert. Casablanca is the center of commerce and industry and the leading port; Rabat is the seat of government; Tangier is the gateway to Morocco from Spain and also a major port; Fez is the cultural and religious center; and the dominantly Berber Marrakesh is a major tourist center.", "Although the country is rapidly modernizing and enjoys a rising standard of living, it retains much of its ancient architecture and even more of its traditional customs. Morocco’s largest city and major Atlantic Ocean port is Casablanca , an industrial and commercial centre. The capital, Rabat , lies a short distance to the north on the Atlantic coast. Other port cities include Tangier , on the Strait of Gibraltar, Agadir , on the Atlantic, and Al-Hoceïma , on the Mediterranean Sea . The city of Fès is said to have some of the finest souks, or open-air markets, in all of North Africa. Scenic and fertile, Morocco well merits the praise of a native son, the medieval traveler Ibn Baṭṭūṭah , who wrote that “it is the best of countries, for in it fruits are plentiful, and running water and nourishing food are never exhausted.”", "In October 1930, Casablanca hosted a Grand Prix, held at the new Anfa Racecourse. In 1958, the race was held at Ain-Diab circuit (see Moroccan Grand Prix). Morocco gained independence from France on 2 March 1956. In 1983, Casablanca hosted the Mediterranean Games. The city is now developing a tourism industry. Casablanca has become the economic and business capital of Morocco, while Rabat is the political capital.", "The Hassan II Mosque or Grande Mosquée Hassan II (; nickname: \"Casablanca Hajj\" (colloquial, microblogging and social networking language) is a mosque in Casablanca, Morocco. It is the largest mosque in Morocco and the 13th largest in the world. Its minaret is the world's tallest at 210 m. Completed in 1993, it was designed by Michel Pinseau and built by Bouygues. The minaret is 60 stories high topped by a laser, the light from which is directed towards Mecca. The mosque stands on a promontory looking out to the Atlantic Ocean, worshippers can pray over the sea but there is no glass floor looking into the sea. The walls are of hand-crafted marble and the roof is retractable. A maximum of 105,000 worshippers can gather together for prayer: 25,000 inside the mosque hall and another 80,000 on the mosque's outside grounds.", "This beautiful medieval town, a short drive from Tangier in the mountain region, has a distinctive Spanish character, having been settled by Spanish refugees in the middle ages. The medina of the town has become renowned as one of the most charming in Morocco, with whitewashed gabled houses and blue-rinsed buildings where craftsmen sit in their shops sewing caftans and embroidering jellabahs. The medina is dominated by the 17th-century Great Mosque, which fronts a picturesque square dotted with mulberry trees and inviting restaurants. The square is surrounded by souks selling carpets, leather goods, pottery and copper ware. Chefchaouen has enough picturesque Moroccan charm to attract droves of tourists, but another aspect of the popularity of the tranquil town is its reputation as a place tolerant of recreational drug use (it is the centre of a marijuana producing region). There are a number of wonderful hiking trails in the mountains around the town and some delightful small villages in the Rif Mountains to trek to. It is possible to explore the region alone, but some prefer to hire local guides. There are several good tour operators offering hiking and cultural tours in Chefchaouen.", "Rick's Cafe, 248 Rue Sour Jdid, ☎ +212 (0) 22 27 42 07. This restaurant has recreated the eponymous cafe from the movie Casablanca, and has done so without being cheesy. Excellent location, within a 20 minute walk of the Hassan II Mosque and in the walls of the Old Medina bordering the ocean. The food is excellent. Eat at one of the tables on the second floor for an excellent view of the seats below and the niveau-Moroccan decorations, or eat on the ground floor to be nearer the piano player who plays, of course, As Time Goes By among other classics. Excellent selection of wine and liquor and, for Morocco, beer (5 different brands). The waitstaff, in tuxedos and Fezes, are superb. Cost of dinner for 2 up to 800 DH. Alternatively, eat elsewhere and come here for drinks at the ever-so-classy bar, and soak up the 1940's Casablanca atmosphere. Dress code enforced [ [4] ].", "6. Famous as the home of Rick's Café-Americain, in which country would you find Casablanca? Ans. Morocco", "Antonio Fuentes was born in Tangier in 1905 from a Spanish family. An article in La Gazette du Maroc described Antonio Fuentes as the Picasso of Tangier, and he died in the city 90 years later. ", "The fishing village of Asilah, south of Tangier, has become a popular seaside resort because of its nearby Paradise Beach, relaxing ambience, and picturesque 15th-century Andalusian medina, which extends to the sea wall. Asilah is characterised aesthetically by picturesque white buildings reminiscent of Santorini, but with a dash of Moroccan flavour. The town has a long and fascinating history, dating back to 1500BC, and it was not always as peaceful as it is now: in the 19th and 20th centuries Asilah was a notorious base for pirates, and from 1912 to 1956 it was part of Spanish Morocco. The ramparts and gateworks designed to fortify the old town are still intact. The town is small enough to explore on foot (donkey carts are also a fun option) and is renowned for its seafood restaurants. It is accessible from Tangier by train and coastal road, and this easy accessibility contributes to its popularity with tourists wanting to recuperate after seeing the sights of the city. Asilah is fairly quiet for most of the year, except when artists and performers descend for the Asilah Arts Festival each August. The resort town hosts several arts and music festivals, including a mural-painting festival which ensures that some of the town's walls remain covered in striking paintings all year.", "Agadir (Berber: Agadir, ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ; Moroccan Arabic: ) is a major city in Morocco, located on the shore of the Atlantic Ocean near the foot of the Atlas Mountains, just north of the point where the Sous River flows into the ocean, at a distance of some 508 km to the south of Casablanca, 173 km south of Essaouira and 235 km southwest of Marrakech. It is the capital of the Agadir-Ida Ou Tanane Prefecture and of the Souss-Massa economic region. A majority of its inhabitants speak Tashelhit, a Berber language, as their first language.", "Seven decades after the premiere of the film classic “Casablanca,” the Moroccan port city remains firmly associated in many people’s minds with the movie, even though Rick’s Cafe Americain, where much of the story took place, was a pure creation of Hollywood.", "The \"Gateway to Africa,\" located at its northwestern tip, Tangier is a fashionable resort that retains all of its age-old mystery and excitement. French and Islamic influences meet and merge in this fascinating old city. Mosques and minarets overlook the shadowy streets of the bazaar, while the higher part of town, with its broad boulevards and lovely parks, looks down on the ocean.", "During the early to mid-20th century, Tangier was periodically under the collective administration of several countries. It was during this time that many Westerners settled there, and the city became a place of great political and artistic ferment. Tangier was famous as a destination of artists and writers from Europe and the United States during the 1950s and ’60s and to a lesser extent in later decades. One of the most famous Moroccan writers to reside and work there was Mohamed Choukri (Muḥammad Shukrī), whose For Bread Alone (1973), the first of three autobiographical works, chronicled coming of age in Tangier.", "Rabat is the capital and second largest city of Morocco with a population of approximately 1.2 million. It is also the capital of the Rabat-Salé-Zemmour-Zaer region. The city is located on the Atlantic Ocean at the mouth of the river Bou Regreg. On the facing shore of the river lies Salé, the city's main commuter town. Together with Temara the cities account for a combined metropolitan population of 1.8 million. Silting problems have diminished Rabat's role as a port; however, Rabat and Salé still maintain important textile, food processing and construction industries. In addition, tourism and the presence of all foreign embassies in Morocco serve to make Rabat one of the most important cities in the country. Rabat is accessible by train through the ONCF system and by plane through the nearby Rabat-Salé Airport. The Moroccan capital was recently awarded second place in \"Top Travel Destinations of 2013\" by CNN.", "The modern city of Casablanca was founded by Berber fishermen in the 10th Century BC and was subsequently used by the Phoenicians, Romans, and the Merenids as a strategic port called Anfa. The Portuguese destroyed it and rebuilt it under the name Casa Branca, only to abandon it after an earthquake in 1755. The Moroccan sultan rebuilt the city as Daru l-Badya and it was given its current name of Casablanca by Spanish traders who established trading bases there. The French occupied the city in 1907, establishing it as a protectorate in 1912 and starting construction of the ville nouvelle, however it gained independence with the rest of the country in 1956.", "Morocco is a land rich in natural beauty and unforgettable places that are both fascinating to visit and intriguing to explore. For those who want to immerse themselves in Moroccan culture and history there are hundreds of mosques , palaces , and historical sites to visit. Some of the favorites on our list include the ancient city of Asilah, the Grottoes of Hercules , and the El Bahia Palace. Equally memorable is the Moroccan landscape, which is framed by several impressive destinations such as the Sahara Desert and stunning mountain ranges such as the High Atlas , the Chefchaouen Mountains and the Oregano Mountains, which offer outdoor activities such as snow skiing, hiking, climbing, and adventure travel . For travelers wanting the relaxation of seaside towns and beaches, the Moroccan coast is home to spectacular fishing villages such Dakhla and swimming beaches such as Plage Quemada and Lalla Fatma.", "Like many North African and Middle Eastern cities, Marrakesh comprises both an old fortified city and an adjacent modern city (called Gueliz). It is served by Ménara International Airport (RAK is the code for the airport) and a rail link to Casablanca and the north.", "Casablanca has a population of 3,144,909 making it the biggest city in Grand Casablanca. It operates on the CET time zone.", "Rafik and Gian look around Marrakesh and Casablanca, both popular tourist destinations. However, the two places are very different. One is known as the 'Red City' and the other is called the 'White City'. Find out why.", "Check out Tangia Restaurant, at the Wyndham Grand Regency, for Doha’s take on authentic Moroccan cuisine. Entertainment complements the menu with traditional drums and melodies.", "\"Take this tour to see the most important sights of Casablanca or “White House” in Arabic Dar El Beida a name given due to the white houses facing the ocean at the Anfa district by the Spanish and Portuguese sailors who stopped there before the city was built. Today it is a modern city with boulevards and modern infrastructure. Stroll along Habbous distri a fine example of successful adaptation of modern town planning in style of a traditional Medina. You will be seeing the United Nations Place Mohammed V Square the Central Market the Royal Palace surrounding the Habbous Quarter", "Founded in 1070–72 by the Almoravids, Marrakesh remained a political, economic and cultural centre for a long period. Its influence was felt throughout the western Muslim world, from North Africa to Andalusia. It has several impressive monuments dating from that period: the Koutoubiya Mosque, the Kasbah, the battlements, monumental doors, gardens, etc. Later architectural jewels include the Bandiâ Palace, the Ben Youssef Madrasa, the Saadian Tombs, several great residences and Place Jamaâ El Fna, a veritable open-air theatre.", "Tangier's economy relies heavily on tourism. Seaside resorts have been increasing with projects funded by foreign investments. Real estate and construction companies have been investing heavily in tourist infrastructures. A bay delimiting the city centre extends for more than 7 km. The years 2007 and 2008 were particularly important for the city because of the completion of large construction projects; These include the Tangier-Mediterranean port (\"Tanger-Med\") and its industrial parks, a 45,000-seat sports stadium, an expanded business district, and a renovated tourist infrastructure.", "Marrakesh or Marrakech is known as the \"Red City\", and has a population of about 1 million. It is the capital of the mid-southwestern region lying close to the foothills of the Atlas Mountains.", "A famous boulevard inside Casablanca City is called \"Anfa Boulevard\". Anfa is generally considered the early \"old original city\" of Casablanca; it is legally a prefecture (district) with half a million city inhabitants." ]

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[ "Egyptian president Anwar Sadat was assassinated at a military parade in Cairo on October 6, 1981.", "Assassination of Egyptian President, October 6, 1981: Soldiers who were secretly members of the Takfir Wal-Hajira sect attacked and killed Egyptian President Anwar Sadat during a troop review.", "1981 – Egyptian President Anwar Sadat was assassinated while attending a parade in Cairo to mark the eighth anniversary of the Crossing of the Bar Lev Line at the start of the 1973 Arab-Israeli War.", "Egypt 1981 Egypt Anwar Sadat Assassinated Oct. 6th, 1981: President Anwar Sadat was assassinated while viewing a military parade in a Cairo suburb", "On this day in 1981, President Sadat of Egypt was assassinated.   He died after being shot by gunmen who opened fire as he watched an aerial display at a military parade.   President Sadat was the first Arab leader to recognize the state of Israel, since its creation in 1948.   This earned him many friends in the western world, and many enemies in the Arab world.", "Muhammad Anwar el-Sadat ( ' Egyptian; 25 December 1918 – 6 October 1981) was the third President of Egypt, serving from 15 October 1970 until his assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 October 1981. Sadat was a senior member of the Free Officers who overthrew King Farouk in the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, and a close confidant of President Gamal Abdel Nasser, under whom he served as Vice President twice and whom he succeeded as President in 1970.", "[mæˈħæmmæd ˈʔɑnwɑɾ essæˈdæːt] ; 25 December 1918 – 6 October 1981) was the third President of Egypt , serving from 15 October 1970 until his assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 October 1981. Sadat was a senior member of the Free Officers who overthrew King Farouk in the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 , and a close confidant of President Gamal Abdel Nasser , whom he succeeded as President in 1970.", "Under Egyptian president Anwar al-Sadat , Mubarak served in a number of military posts, including deputy minister of war from 1972 to 1975; in 1975, he became vice president. After Sadat was assassinated, on October 6, 1981, Mubarak became president. He instituted a vigorous economic recovery program; remained committed to the peace treaty with Israel (signed in 1979); mended relations with other Arab states, which were damaged after Egypt's peace with Israel ; and initiated a policy he called positive neutrality toward the great powers.", "Mubarak was injured during the assassination of President Sadat in October 1981 by soldiers led by Lieutenant Khalid Islambouli. Following Sadat's death, Mubarak became the fourth president of Egypt and the chairman of the National Democratic Party (NDP).", "In this Oct. 6, 1981 photo, Egyptian President Anwar Sadat is seen on the reviewing stand during a military parade just before soldiers opened fire from a truck during the parade killing Sadat.", "Sadat made a historic visit to Israel in 1977, which led to the 1979 peace treaty in exchange for the complete Israeli withdrawal from Sinai. Sadat's initiative sparked enormous controversy in the Arab world and led to Egypt's expulsion from the Arab League, but it was supported by the vast majority of Egyptians. [28] A fundamentalist military soldier assassinated Sadat in Cairo in 1981. He was succeeded by the incumbent Hosni Mubarak . In 2003, the Egyptian Movement for Change , popularly known as Kefaya, was launched to seek a return to democracy and greater civil liberties .", "In 1973, Egypt, along with Syria, launched a surprise attack on Israel in an attempt to regain the occupied Sinai Penninsula. Both the US and the USSR intervened and a cease-fire was reached between both sides. Despite not being a complete military success, most historians agree that the Yom Kippur war presented Sadat with a political victory that would later allow him to pursue peace with Israel. In 1977, Sadat made a historical visit to Israel which led to the 1978 peace treaty in exchange for the complete Israeli withdrawal from Sinai. Sadat's initiative sparked enormous controversy in the Arab world and led to Egypt's expulsion from the Arab League, but was supported by the vast majority of Egyptians. Sadat was assassinated in Cairo by a fundamentalist military soldier in 1981 and was succeeded by the incumbent Hosni Mubarak. In 2003, the Egyptian Movement for Change, popularly known as Kifaya, was launched to seek a return to democracy and greater civil liberties.", "Assassins posing as Egyptian soldiers fire on President Anwar Al-Sadat in Cairo on Oct. 6, 1981.", "1981. Sadat is assassinated by Islamic extremists. He is succeeded by President Hosni Mubarak, who introduces new economic policies emphasizing the free market. The first parliamentary elections take place, and the government launches a program of economic reform.", "His relations with Egypt also changed. After Mr. Sadat was shot to death by Muslim extremists in October 1981, his successor, President Hosni Mubarak, seemed determined to calm the hostility toward Egypt in the rest of the Arab world because of its peace treaty with Israel. Relations between Egypt and Israel cooled, especially after the invasion of Lebanon the following year.", "The Arab League reacted to the peace treaty by suspending Egypt from the organisation and moving its headquarters from Cairo to Tunis . Sadat was assassinated in 1981 by Islamic fundamentalist members of the Egyptian army who opposed peace with Israel.", "Sadat made a historic visit to Israel in 1977, which led to the 1979 peace treaty in exchange for Israeli withdrawal from Sinai. Sadat's initiative sparked enormous controversy in the Arab world and led to Egypt's expulsion from the Arab League, but it was supported by most Egyptians. Sadat was assassinated by an Islamic extremist in October 1981.", "was the third President of Egypt, serving from 15 October 1970 until his assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 October 1981. The last months of Sadat's presidency were marked by internal uprising. He was the first Arab head of state to recognize Israel as a nation.", "Domestically, Sadat encouraged a shift from Nasser's socialism to greater free-market conditions and some political liberalization, one result of which was an upsurge of activity by religious extremists. In early September 1981, Sadat ordered the arrest of 1,536 Muslims, Christian Copts, leftists, and other persons accused of fomenting violent acts. One month later, on 6 October, Sadat was assassinated in Cairo by four Muslim fundamentalists. The vice president, Muhammad Hosni (Husni) Mubarak, who had been Sadat's closest adviser, succeeded him as president, instituted a state of emergency, and immediately pledged to continue Sadat's policies, particularly the terms of the peace treaty with Israel. Relations with Israel cooled during 1982, however, especially after Israeli troops moved into Lebanon . In 1986, renewed efforts at normalization of diplomatic relations with Israel led to the resolution in Egypt's favor of a dispute over Taba, a tiny sliver of land, which had not been returned with the rest of the Sinai.", "The last months of Sadat's presidency were marked by internal uprising. [13] Sadat dismissed allegations that the rioting was incited by domestic issues, believing that the Soviet Union was recruiting its regional allies in Libya and Syria to incite an uprising that would eventually force him out of power. [13] Following a failed military coup in June 1981, Sadat ordered a major crackdown that resulted in arrest of numerous opposition figures. [13] Though Sadat still maintained high levels of popularity in Egypt, [13] it has been said that he was assassinated \"at the peak\" of his unpopularity. [34]", "In contrast to many developing countries, Egypt has a high degree of social and national integration. Presidents Gamal Abdel Nasser (1954–1970), Anwar al-Sadat (1970–1981), and Husni Mubarak (1981–) have all spoken proudly about Egypt's national unity, by which they mean the peaceful coexistence between the country's Muslims and Copts. This unity has been tested when Muslim extremists attacked, robbed, and occasionally murdered Copts. The Copts also began to fear growing pressure to apply Islamic law in Egypt, which could weaken their position relative to the Muslim majority.", "* October 6 – Egyptian president Anwar Sadat is assassinated during a parade by army members who belong to the Egyptian Islamic Jihad organization led by Khalid Islambouli; they opposed his negotiations with Israel.", "Sadat had lost his political touch. On October 6, 1981, Muslim religious radicals shot him down as he reviewed a military parade commemorating the 1973 war. The shocked West paid tribute to Sadat by dispatching three former U.S. presidents and other prominent statesmen to his funeral. Prime Minister Begin also attended. Egyptians and Arabs reacted differently. The streets of Cairo, which millions of mourners had jammed when Nasser died, remained eerily silent. President Nimeri of the Sudan was the only Arab head of state to attend the funeral. Sadat had left a difficult legacy to his successor, Vice President Hosni Mubarak.", "President Anwar el-Sadat (in office September 28, 1970 to October 6, 1981 )--Sadat became president upon the death of his predecessor, Gamel Nasser. Sadat waged war against Israel in 1973, and made peace with Israel in 1979. In October, 1981 Sadat was assassinated by Muslim militants who were unhappy with his peace treaty with Israel. He was succeeded by his vice-president, Hosni Mubarak.", "President of Egypt since 1981, succeeding Anwar Sadat and continuing his polices of cooperation with the West. Overthrown in 2011.", "Mubarak came to power in 1981, after then-President Anwar Sadat died in a hail of gunfire at a military parade -- killed by Islamic militants from within the army's own ranks after he took the dramatic step of making peace with Israel.", "On 6 October 1981, the month after the crackdown, Sadat was assassinated during the annual victory parade in Cairo. A fatwā approving the assassination had been obtained from Omar Abdel-Rahman, a cleric later convicted in the U.S. for his role in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. Sadat was protected by four layers of security and the army parade should have been safe due to ammunition-seizure rules. However, the officers in charge of that procedure were on hajj to Mecca.", "As air force Mirage jets flew overhead, distracting crowd, a troop truck halted before the presidential reviewing stand, and a lieutenant strode forward. Sadat stood to receive his salute, whereupon the assassins rose from the truck, throwing grenades and firing assault rifles rounds. The attack lasted about two minutes Photographer Bill Foley captured one of the last shots of a living Sadat. The photograph is titled \"The Last Smile.\" The lead assassin Khalid Islambouli shouted \"Death to pharaoh!\" as he ran towards the stand and shot Sadat. After he fell to the floor people around Sadat threw chairs on his body to try to protect him from bullets. Eleven others were killed, including the Cuban ambassador, an Omani general and a Coptic Orthodox bishop, and 28 were wounded including James Tully, the Irish minister of defense, and four U.S military liaison officers. Sadat was then rushed to a hospital, but was declared dead within hours. This was the first time in Egyptian History that the head of state had been assassinated by an Egyptian citizen. Two of the attackers were killed and the others were arrested by military police on-site. Islambouli was later found guilty and was executed in April 1982.", "Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein (, ; 15 January 1918 – 28 September 1970) was the second President of Egypt, serving from 1956 until his death. Nasser led the 1952 overthrow of the monarchy and introduced far-reaching land reforms the following year. Following a 1954 attempt on his life by a Muslim Brotherhood member acting on his own, he cracked down on the organization, put President Muhammad Naguib under house arrest, and assumed executive office, officially becoming president in June 1956.", "President Sadat of Egypt has died after being shot by gunmen who opened fire as he watched an aerial display at a military parade.", "3rd prez of Egypt, 1970-1981 (assassinated) re-instituting the multi-party system, and launching the Infitah economic policy. expelled Soviet officers, wanted to reinstate relationship with superpowers", "On 6 October 198, the month after the crackdown, Sadat was assassinated during the annual victory parade in Cairo. A fatwa approving the assassination had been obtained from OmarAbdel-Rahman, a cleric later convicted in the U.S for his role in 1993 World Trade Center bombing. Sadat was protected by four layers of security and the army parade should have been safe due ammunition-seizure rules. However, the officers in charge of that procedure were on hajj to Mecca." ]

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[ "The country gained independence from France in 1960 and would suffer from five military coups in the first few decades that followed. It was known as Upper Volta until 1984, when it was renamed Burkina Faso, meaning “land of upright/honest people.”", "On 4 August 1984, as a final result of President Sankara's zealous activities, the country's name was eventually changed from Upper Volta to Burkina Faso, which translates to \"land of honest people\". [7]", "Known in colonial times as Upper Volta, the landlocked country became independent from France in 1960 and its name was changed to Burkina Faso (\"the land of upright men\") in 1984.", "Formerly called the Republic of Upper Volta, the country was renamed \"Burkina Faso\" on 4 August 1984 by then-President Thomas Sankara. Residents of Burkina Faso are known as Burkinabé ( ). French is an official language of government and business.", "In symbolic rejection of the nation's colonial past, Upper Volta became known as Burkina Faso in 1984. The name is a composite of local languages and is roughly translated as \"The land of incorruptible men\". In 1986, the military leader, Thomas Sankara, responsible for previous coup, came in power. Although Sankara was unpopular internationally for his anti-imperialist policies, he promoted nationalism and pushed the country forward toward economic development. Later assassinated in 1987, Thomas Sankara initiated a trend towards the country's self-independancy. Captain Blaise Compaore, after Sankara, continued to attract foreign investment and expanded the private sector. Here's a video on Thomas Sankara and his dream of a self-independent nation.", "After World War II, on September 4, 1947, the colony was revived as a part of the French Union, with its previous boundaries. On December 11, 1958, it was reconstituted as the self-governing Republic of Upper Volta within the French Community, and two years later on August 5, 1960, it attained full independence. On August 4, 1984, the name was changed to Burkina Faso.", "The Upper Volta joined French West Africa on its own in 1947, soon becoming an autonomous republic of France in 1958. Upper Volta gained independence in 1960, but a military coup led to over two decades of unrest and conflict, with alternating civilian and military rule. The National Council for the Revolution was formed in 1983, and became the dominant power. Upper Volta became Burkina Faso in 1984, with Thomas Sankara, the leader of the National Council, as its leader.", "Formerly called the Republic of Upper Volta (The country owes its former name of Upper Volta to three rivers which cross it: the Black Volta (or Mouhoun), the White Volta (Nakamb�) and the Red Volta (Nazinon). It was renamed Burkina Faso in August 1984 - meaning \"the land of upright people\" in M�or� and Dioula, the two major native languages of the country. Figuratively Burkina may be translated as \"men of integrity\" from the M�or� language and \"Faso\" means \"father's house\" in Dioula.", "Independence from France came to Upper Volta, which was renamed Burkina Faso under the leadership of Thomas Sankara, otherwise known as the \"Che Guevara\" of Africa, in 1984. Under Sankara's presidency, he initiated one of the most ambitious programmes for social and economic change ever attempted in Africa. In order to achieve his goals, he exerted authoritarian control over the nation, which although was successful in bringing significant economic and social changes to the country, did not protect the country from political troubles and relationships with the West and neighboring countries had significantly deteriorated.", "BURKINA FASO – August 5. A French protectorate, the Republic of Upper Volta is proclaimed on December 11, 1958, but remains part of the French community, before gaining full independence on August 5, 1960. In 1984, the country takes the name of Burkina Faso under the presidency of Thomas Sankara, who was assassinated in 1987.", "President of Upper Volta 1983-1984; President of Burkina Faso 1984-1987. Gained power in coup. Lead millitary regime. Overthrown and killed in coup.", "Burkina was called Upper Volta (land of the Upper Volta River) whose main tributaries originate in the coutry. The Volta itself is a Portuguese word for twist or turn.", "French Upper Volta was established on 1 March 1919. This move was a result of French fears of the recurrence of armed uprising along with economic considerations, and to bolster its administration, the colonial government separated the present territory of Burkina Faso from Upper Senegal and Niger. The new colony was named Haute Volta and François Charles Alexis Édouard Hesling became its first governor . Hesling initiated an ambitious road-making program and promoted the growth of cotton for export. The cotton policy – based on coercion – failed, and revenue stagnated. The colony was later dismantled on 5 September 1932, being split up between the Côte d'Ivoire, French Sudan and Niger . Côte d'Ivoire received the largest share, which contained most of the population as well as the cities of Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso .", "French Upper Volta was established on 1 March 1919. The French feared a recurrence of armed uprising and had related economic considerations. To bolster its administration, the colonial government separated the present territory of Burkina Faso from Upper Senegal and Niger.The new colony was named Haute Volta , and Francois Charles Alexis douard Hesling became its first governor . Hesling initiated an ambitious road-making program to improve infrastructure and promoted the growth of cotton for export. The cotton policy based on coercion failed, and revenue generated by the colony stagnated. The colony was dismantled on 5 September 1932, being split between the French colonies of Ivory Coast , French Sudan and Niger . Ivory Coast received the largest share, which contained most of the population as well as the cities of Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso .", "In 1947, Upper Volta was reestablished, and the French Sudan borders became those that eventually became the borders of Mali. Kayes was the original capital city from the 1890s until 1908, when the capital moved to Bamako, where it remains.", "Until the end of the 19th century, the history of Burkina Faso was dominated by the empire-building Mossi. The French arrived and claimed the area in 1896, but Mossi resistance ended only with the capture of their capital Ouagadougou in 1901. The colony of Upper Volta was established in 1919, but it was dismembered and reconstituted several times until the present borders were recognized in 1947.", "Upper Volta became an autonomous republic in the French community on December 11, 1958. On July 11, 1960 France agreed to Upper Volta becoming fully independent. AUGUST 07", "French Upper Volta was established on 1 March 1919. This move was a result of French fears of the recurrence of armed uprising along with economic considerations. To bolster its administration, the colonial government separated the present territory of The Republic of Upper Volta from Upper Senegal and Niger. The colony was later dismantled on 5 September 1932, being split up between the Côte d'Ivoire, French Sudan and Niger.", "Before attaining autonomy, it had been French Upper Volta and part of the French Union. On 5 August 1960, it attained full independence from France. The first president, Maurice Yaméogo, was the leader of the Voltaic Democratic Union (UDV). The 1960 constitution provided for election by universal suffrage of a president and a national assembly for five-year terms. Soon after coming to power, Yaméogo banned all political parties other than the UDV. The government lasted until 1966. After much unrest, including mass demonstrations and strikes by students, labor unions, and civil servants, the military intervened.", "French Upper Volta was established on 1 March 1919. The French feared a recurrence of armed uprising and had related economic considerations. To bolster its administration, the colonial government separated the present territory of Burkina Faso from Upper Senegal and Niger.", "The Republic of Upper Volta was established on 11 December 1958 as a self-governing colony within the French Community . The name Upper Volta related to the nation's location along the upper reaches of the Volta River . The river's three tributaries are called the Black , White and Red Volta . These were expressed in the three colors of the former national flag .Before attaining autonomy, it had been French Upper Volta and part of the French Union . On 5 August 1960, it attained full independence from France . The first president, Maurice Yamogo , was the leader of the Voltaic Democratic Union (UDV). The 1960 constitution provided for election by universal suffrage of a president and a national assembly for five-year terms. Soon after coming to power, Yamogo banned all political parties other than the UDV. The government lasted until 1966. After much unrest, including mass demonstrations and strikes by students, labor unions, and civil servants, the military intervened.", "Until the end of the 19th century, the history of Upper Volta was dominated by the empire-building Mossi/Mossi Kingdoms, who are believed to have come up to their present location from Northern Ghana. For centuries, the Mossi peasant was both farmer and soldier, and the Mossi people were able to defend their religious beliefs and social structure against forcible attempts to convert them to Islam by Muslims from the northwest.", "In 1892 Dahomey became a French protectorate and part of French West Africa in 1904. Expansion continued to the North (kingdoms of Parakou, Nikki, Kandi), up to the border with former Upper Volta. On 4 December 1958, it became the République du Dahomey, self-governing within the French community, and on 1 August 1960, the Republic of Dahomey gained full independence from France.", "The decision to split the colony was reversed during the intense anti-colonial agitation that followed the end of World War II . On 4 September 1947, the colony was revived as a part of the French Union , with its previous boundaries. On 11 December 1958, it achieved self-government and became the Republic of Upper Volta and a member of the Franco-African Community. A revision in the organization of French Overseas Territories began with the passage of the Basic Law (Loi Cadre) of 23 July 1956. This act was followed by reorganizational measures approved by the French parliament early in 1957 to ensure a large degree of self-government for individual territories. Upper Volta became an autonomous republic in the French community on 11 December 1958. Full independence from France was received in 1960.", "On September 4, 1947 Upper-Volta was recreated with its 1932 boundaries. On December 11, 1958, it achieved self-government, and became a republic and member of the Franco-African Community (La Communauté Franco-Africaine).", "A revision in the organization of French Overseas Territories began with the passage of the Basic Law (Loi Cadre) of July 23, 1956. This act was followed by reorganizational measures approved by the French parliament early in 1957 that ensured a large degree of self-government for individual territories. Upper Volta became an autonomous republic in the French community on December 11, 1958.", "Upper Volta achieved independence on August 5, 1960. The first president, Maurice Yaméogo, was the leader of the Voltaic Democratic Union (UDV). The 1960 constitution provided for election by universal suffrage of a president and a national assembly for five year terms. Soon after coming to power, Yaméogo banned all political parties other than the UDV.", "1960 - Upper Volta becomes independent with Maurice Yameogo as president. He is overthrown in 1966 by Sangoule Lamizana.", "Although Upper Volta displayed a kaleidoscope of party activity from 1950 to 1962, only one party maintained its dominant position after 1962, but it did so again in a context of challenges from other parties and interruptions of civilian government by military takeovers.", "1952: Dr Kwame Nkrumah was elected the first African Prime Minister south of the Sahara, when he won the Gold Coast (later renamed Ghana) elections.", "The Council of Ministers governs Upper Volta. The prime minister is elected by parliament from among the individuals proposed by the president. During the first four years military men were to make up one-third of the members of the government.", "Dahomey ; (the Republic of Dahomey; in French: République du Dahomey), was a former French colony andpart of French West Africa until independence in 1960, in 1975 the Republic of Dahomeychanged its name in Benin." ]

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[ "CHAPTER 2 The Discovery of Tutankhamun’s Treasure The incredible discovery of Tutankhamun’s tomb in the Valley of the Kings in 1922 captured the attention of the world and sparked an interest in ancient Egypt that still flourishes today. Not only did the 18-year-old Egyptian king become a household name, but the excavator of the tomb, Howard Carter, and his wealthy benefactor, Lord Carnarvon, achieved worldwide recognition for their discovery of Tutankhamun’s rich treasures. The king’s mummy and the astonishing finds from his tomb have provided us with vital information about how Egyptian pharaohs lived and died, as well as about religious beliefs in ancient Egypt. Carter’s diaries, notes, and photographs, preserved at the Griffith Institute in Oxford1, provide a fascinating and detailed insight into the 1922 excavations in the ancient Necropolis known as the Valley of the Kings, on the west bank of the Nile, opposite modern Luxor. Yet despite these records and the very public nature of the discovery, most of Carter’s finds were never fully published, leaving unanswered questions about the tomb and its discovery. For example, how had Tutankhamun’s tomb survived unplundered for more than 3,000 years when practically every other royal burial discovered from ancient times had been looted in some way? And what is the truth behind the so-called Curse of the Pharaohs, and why did it gain such currency?", "Tutankhamun was an Egyptian pharaoh who was buried in a lavish tomb filled with gold artifacts in the Valley of the Kings. His tomb, given the modern-day name \"KV 62,\" was discovered in 1922 by an archaeological team led by British Egyptologist Howard Carter. ", "On this day in 1922, archeologist Howard Carter and his sponsor, Lord Carnarvon, officially opened the burial chamber of the Royal Tomb of the boy pharaoh, Tutankhamun, in the Valley of the Kings. What they found there was an intact tomb, with golden treasures an a complete mummy with all of his burial finery. It was an amazing quest that had been delayed for four years during World War I. In fact, he was about to lose his funding when he made his initial discovery three month before.", "KV62 is the standard Egyptological designation for the tomb of the young pharaoh Tutankhamun in the Valley of the Kings, now renowned for the wealth of valuable antiquities it contained. The tomb was discovered in 1922 by Howard Carter, underneath the remains of workmen's huts built during the Ramesside Period; this explains why it was largely spared from desecration and from the tomb clearances at the end of the 20th Dynasty, although the tomb was robbed and resealed twice in the period after its completion.", "Despite his brief reign, King Tut is perhaps Egypt's best known pharaoh because of the wealth of treasures—including a solid gold death mask—found during the surprise discovery of his intact tomb in 1922. (See pictures of King Tut tomb treasures or see them in person in  Toronto through April 30 .)", "The Valley of the Kings was the burial place for most of the New Kingdom rulers. All of the royal tombs appear to have been looted to some degree with the most spectacularly well-preserved being that of King Tutankhamun, discovered by Howard Carter’s team in 1922. ", "King Tut is a name commonly used for the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamen. Tutankhamen may not have been the most significant of the pharaohs historically, but he is the most famous today largely because of the discovery of his nearly intact tomb in 1922 by Howard Carter. Prior to this find, any Egyptian tombs uncovered by archaeologists had been ravaged by grave robbers. Tutankhamen's magnificent burial mask is one of the most recognizable of all Egyptian artifacts. Famously, the “Treasures of Tutankhamun” toured the world, including the US, from 1972 to 1979.", "Carnarvon financed Carter's work in the Valley of the Kings from 1914, but it was interrupted by World War I until 1917, when serious work was resumed. After several years of fruitless searching, Carnarvon became dissatisfied with the lack of results and, in 1922, he gave Carter one more season of funding to find the tomb he was searching for. On 4 November 1922, Carter's water carrier found the steps leading to Tutankhamun's tomb (subsequently designated KV62 ), by far the best preserved and most intact pharaonic tomb ever found in the Valley of the Kings . He wired Carnarvon to come, and on 26 November 1922, with Carnarvon, Carnarvon's daughter, and others in attendance, Carter made the famous \"tiny breach in the top left hand corner\" of the doorway, and was able to peer in by the light of a candle and see that many of the gold and ebony treasures were still in place. He did not yet know at that point whether it was \"a tomb or merely a cache\", but he did see a promising sealed doorway between two sentinel statues. When Carnarvon asked him if he saw anything, Carter replied: \"Yes, I see wonderful things\".", "Valley of the Kings was their separation from the mortuary temples which were built some distance away, in a long line at the edge of the desert. The discovery of the unspoiled tomb of Tutankhamen in 1922 revealed for the first time just how lavishly these tombs were equipped.", "Three months after archaeologist Howard Carter and his team discovered the entrance to the 3,200-year-old tomb of King Tutankhamen, the burial chamber of the boy pharaoh is unsealed in Egypt’s Valley of the Kings. The innermost chamber contains Egyptian treasures as well as the perfectly preserved mummy of King Tut, resting inside a solid gold coffin.", "Tutankhamun, known as King Tut after the famous 1922 discovery of his tomb by Howard Carter, began his ten-year rule of Egypt", "The tomb of King Tut, who is also referred to as the boy king, was found in 1922 by Howard Carter. Little was known of Tutankhamen beyond his death as a teen, but the discovery of Tutankhamen's tomb, with his mummified body inside, was of tremendous importance for the archaeology of Ancient Egypt.", "King Tut Day: On Nov. 4, 1922, a team of archaeologists led by Howard Carter, found the entrance to King Tutankhamen âs tomb in Egypt. The young king had been buried with vast amounts of gold treasures, including a solid gold death mask. The tomb was relatively intact, and excavation of it took se...", "In 1922 British Egyptologist Howard Carter discovered King Tut’s tomb. A flurry of international attention followed, and the image of Tut’s solid gold funerary mask was soon a global symbol of beauty, wealth and power.", "The discovery in 1922 of King Tut's nearly intact tomb by Howard Carter yielded unprecedented treasures, including the boy king's sarcophagus and iconic golden burial mask.", "This decoration is among the many treasures excavated from the tomb of King Tutankhamen near Cairo, Egypt, 1920s (AP Photo)", "This is how the tomb of the boy king Tutankhamun appeared to archaeologist Howard Carter when he discovered it in 1922.", "            1924 - Two years after British archaeologist Howard Carter and his workmen discovered the tomb of the Pharaoh Tutankhamen near Luxor, Egypt, they found the greatest treasure of the tomb—a stone sarcophagus containing a solid gold coffin that held the mummy (but not the daddy) of the boy-king Tutankhamen. (Tut to his friends.)", "George Edward Stanhope Molyneux Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon (June 26, 1866 – April 5, 1923), usually referred to simply as Lord Carnarvon, was an English aristocrat best known as the financier of the excavation of the Egyptian New Kingdom Pharaoh Tutankhamun's tomb in Egypt's Valley of the Kings.", "George Edward Stanhope Molyneux Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon (June 26, 1866 – April 5, 1923) was an English aristocrat best known as the financier of the excavation of the Egyptian New Kingdom Pharaoh Tutankhamun 's tomb in Egypt's Valley of the Kings .", "George Edward Stanhope Molyneux Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon (June 26, 1866 -April 5, 1923) was an English aristocrat best known as the financier of the excavation of the Egyptian New Kingdom Pharaoh Tutankhamun’s tomb in Egypt’s Valley of the Kings.", "In 1907, just before his discovery of the tomb of Horemheb, Theodore M. Davis's team uncovered a small site containing funerary artifacts with Tutankhamun's name and some embalming parts. Assuming that this site, numbered finally as KV54, was Tutankhamun's complete tomb, Davis concluded the dig. The details of both findings are documented in Davis's 1912 publication, The Tombs of Harmhabi and Touatânkhamanou; the book closes with the comment, \"I fear that the Valley of the Kings is now exhausted.\" But Davis was to be proven spectacularly wrong.", "This is one of the many findings in the excavations in Cairo, Egypt of the tomb of King Tutankhamen, 1920s. (AP Photo)", "Tutankhamun (aka King Tut) restored the capital to Thebes after the death of Akhenaten and restored the worship of the old gods. Later pharaoh's erased his name from some king lists so scholars found his tomb's goods intact in the 1920s.", "Valley of the Kings. At Deir el Bahari (Dayr al-Bahri), he came upon fabulous collection of 40 royal mummies, s, including those of the pharaohs Seti I, Amenhotep I, Thutmose III, and Ramses II, in inscribed sarcophagi, as well as a profusion of decorative and funerary artifacts. Maspero's intensive study of these findings was published in Les Momies royales de Deir-el-Bahari\" (1889; \"The Royal Mummies of Dayr al-Bahri\"). He also published an account of the Nubian monuments threatened by construction of first Aswan Dam. He helped found the Egyptian Museum in 1902. During his second tenure as director general (1899-1914) Maspero regulated excavations tried to prevent illicit trade in antiquities sought to preserve and strengthen monuments and directed the", "The Valley of the Kings ( ), the Valley of the Gates of the Kings ( ), is a valley in Egypt where, for a period of nearly 500 years from the 16th to 11th century BC, tombs were constructed for the Pharaohs and powerful nobles of the New Kingdom (the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Dynasties of Ancient Egypt). ", "\"George Edward Stanhope Molyneux Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon, DL (26 June 1866 – 5 April 1923), styled Lord Porchester until 1890, was an English aristocrat best known as the financial backer of the search for and the excavation of Tutankhamun's tomb in the Valley of the Kings.\"", "Egyptologist Howard Carter uncovered one of the most stunning archaeological finds of the 20th century on this day in 1923 when he opened the burial chamber of Tutankhamen, a pharaoh who had ruled in the country around 1400 BC.", "Today in 1923 Howard Carter found King Tutankhamen . Tutankhamen was his name. The boy Pharaoh he became. Buried in a secret tomb, Lots of gold and lots of room. Lots of pictures on the wall, His face carved upon his pall. Left for millennia, but in the end Tourists flocked where Tut had been.", "Stunning: The discovery of the tomb in 1922 thrilled the world and became a totemic moment for Egypt", "New Kingdom. His tomb (KV62) was the most complete ancient Egyptian royal tomb ever found. It was discovered in the Valley", "On his death, he was buried in a tomb in the Valley of the Kings; his body was later moved to a royal cache (place where royal tombs were collected) where it was discovered in 1881." ]

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[ "The equator is the imaginary line that separates the northern hemisphere from the southern hemisphere and runs across the center of the Earth at a latitude of exactly zero degrees. In Africa, the equator runs for almost 2,500 miles/ 4,020 kilometers through seven  West , Central and East African countries just south of the Sahara Desert. Ironically, the list of African countries bisected by the equator does not include Equatorial Guinea . Instead, they are as follows: São Tomé and Príncipe, Gabon , Republic of Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo , Uganda , Kenya and Somalia. ", "[ˈkɛɲa]), officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in Africa and a founding member of the East African Community (EAC). Its capital and largest city is Nairobi. Kenya's territory lies on the equator and overlies the East African Rift covering a diverse and expansive terrain that extends roughly from Lake Victoria to Lake Turkana (formerly called Lake Rudolf) and further south-east to the Indian Ocean. It is bordered by Tanzania to the south, Uganda to the west, South Sudan to the north-west, Ethiopia to the north and Somalia to the north-east. Kenya covers 581,309 km2 (224,445 sq mi), and had a population of approximately 45 million people in July 2014.", "15 Kenya A country in east Africa that lies on the equator. Kenya is home to more than 40 wildlife parks and reserves.", "Kenya (;), officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in Africa and a founding member of the East African Community (EAC). Its capital and largest city is Nairobi. Kenya's territory lies on the equator and overlies the East African Rift covering a diverse and expansive terrain that extends roughly from Lake Victoria to Lake Turkana (formerly called Lake Rudolf) and further south-east to the Indian Ocean. It is bordered by Tanzania to the south, Uganda to the west, South Sudan to the north-west, Ethiopia to the north and Somalia to the north-east. Kenya covers , and had a population of approximately 45 million people in July 2014.", "Kenya lies across the equator in east-central Africa, on the coast of the Indian Ocean. It is twice the size of Nevada. Kenya borders Somalia to the east, Ethiopia to the north, Tanzania to the south, Uganda to the west, and Sudan to the northwest. In the north, the land is arid; the southwest corner is in the fertile Lake Victoria Basin; and a length of the eastern depression of the Great Rift Valley separates western highlands from those that rise from the lowland coastal strip.", "Kenya: Kenya officially the Republic of Kenya, is a sovereign state in Africa. Its capital and largest city is Nairobi. Kenya lies on the equator with the Indian Ocean to the south-east, Tanzania to the south, Uganda to the west, South Sudan to the north-west, Ethiopia to the north and Somalia to the north-east. Kenya covers 224,445 sq mi and has a population of about 44 million in July 2012. The country is named after Mount Kenya, the second highest mountain in Africa.Mount Kenya was originally referred to variously as \"Mt. Kirinyaga\" and \"Mt. Kiinyaa\" by the indigenous people. \"Kirinyaga, Kerenyaga, Kiinyaa\" meaning the 'mountain of whiteness' because of its snow capped peak; the name was subsequently appropriated to Mt. Kenya because of the inability of the British to pronounce \"Kirinyaga/Kiinyaa\" correctly.", "Tanzania is the largest country in East Africa and includes the islands of Zanzibar, Pemba, and Mafia. About twice the size of California , this African country is bordered by the Indian Ocean and eight countries: Kenya , Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique.", "East Africa (The Horn of Africa): ° Djibouti ° Kenya ° Eritrea ° Madagascar ° Somalia ° Sudan ° Tanzania ° Zanzibar", "In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, it passes south of Kisangani, with approximately a quarter of the length of the country to its north. In Uganda, the equator passes very near Kampala, the capital. It passes north of Nairobi in Kenya, which it splits nearly in halves, and then through the very southern end of Somalia. The line also passes through the Maldives, an island nation in the Indian Ocean.", "      Eastern Africa can also be divided into several regions. The northern mountainous area, known as the Horn of Africa, comprises Djibouti, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Somalia. In the east is the arid Somali desert. The coastal area extends from Kenya to southern Africa, where numerous trading cities arose beginning in the 10th century. The East African Rift System intersects eastern Africa, running from north to south. This region, particularly the areas of the East African lakes—Victoria, Albert, Tanganyika, and Nyasa (Malaŵi)—contains some of the most fertile land in Africa, and during the colonial period it attracted settlers from Europe and Asia. Vast areas of savanna support pastoralists and peoples with mixed economies.", "Tanzania is an East African country located within the African Great Lakes region. Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Zambia, Mozambique, and Malawi border Tanzania.", "Rwanda ( or (); ), officially the Republic of Rwanda (; ), is a sovereign state in central and east Africa and one of the smallest countries on the African mainland. Located a few degrees south of the Equator, Rwanda is bordered by Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Rwanda is in the African Great Lakes region and is highly elevated; its geography dominated by mountains in the west and savanna to the east, with numerous lakes throughout the country. The climate is temperate to subtropical, with two rainy seasons and two dry seasons each year.", "eastern Africa part of sub-Saharan Africa comprising two traditionally recognized regions: East Africa, made up of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda; and the Horn of Africa, made up of Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea, and Ethiopia. Eastern Africa consists largely of plateaus...", "In Africa, the equator cuts through close to the center of the continent, north to south. It crosses Gabon near the capital, Libreville, about one third of the way through the country from the northernmost border. The line also runs through Republic of the Congo, with a similar division of territory to that in Gabon.", "Rwanda: Rwanda officially the Republic of Rwanda (Kinyarwanda: Repubulika y'u Rwanda; French: République du Rwanda), is a sovereign state in central and east Africa. Located a few degrees south of the Equator, Rwanda is bordered by Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. All of Rwanda is at high elevation, with a geography dominated by mountains in the west, savanna in the east, and numerous lakes throughout the country. The climate is temperate to subtropical, with two rainy seasons and two dry seasons every year.", "Kenya (pronounced as KEN-ya) is a country of East Africa, bordering Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda and the Indian Ocean. Nairobi is its capital and largest city.", "* Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi and South Sudan – in Central East Africa, are members of the East African Community (EAC). The first five are also included in the African Great Lakes region. Burundi and Rwanda are sometimes also considered to be part of Central Africa.", "Ethiopia (; , ', ), officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (የኢትዮጵያ ፌዴራላዊ ዲሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ, yeʾĪtiyoṗṗya Fēdēralawī Dēmokirasīyawī Rīpebilīk ), is a sovereign state located in the Horn of Africa. It shares a border with Eritrea to the north and northeast, Djibouti and Somalia to the east, Sudan and South Sudan to the west, and Kenya to the south. With nearly 100 million inhabitants, Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world, as well as the second-most populous nation on the African continent after Nigeria. It occupies a total area of , and its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa.", "is located in east-central Africa, situated north and northwest of Lake Victoria. It is a landlocked country bordered by Sudan on the North, Kenya on the east, Tanzania on the South, Rwanda on the southwest and Zaire on the northwest.", "Kenya is a country in East Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean in south east, neighboring countries are Ethiopia , Somalia , South Sudan, Tanzania , and Uganda .", "At 947303 km2, Tanzania is the 13th largest country in Africa and the 31st largest in the world, ranked between the larger Egypt and smaller Nigeria. It borders Kenya and Uganda to the north; Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west; and Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique to the south. Tanzania is located on the eastern coast of Africa and has an Indian Ocean coastline approximately 800 km long. It also incorporates several offshore islands, including Unguja (Zanzibar), Pemba, and Mafia. The country is the site of Africa's highest and lowest points: Mount Kilimanjaro, at above sea level, and the floor of Lake Tanganyika, at 352 m below sea level, respectively.", "Tanzania: Tanzania officially the United Republic of Tanzania is a country in East Africa. It is bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north; Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west; and Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique to the south. The country's eastern border is formed by the Indian Ocean. Kilimanjaro, Africa's highest mountain, is in northeastern Tanzania.The country is divided into 30 administrative regions: five on the semi-autonomous islands of Zanzibar and 25 on the mainland in the former Tanganyika. The head of state is President Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete, elected in 2005. Since 1996, the official capital of Tanzania has been Dodoma, where the National Assembly and some government offices are located. Between independence and 1996, the main coastal city of Dar es Salaam served as the country's political capital. It remains Tanzania's principal commercial city and is the main location of most government institutions. It is also the principal port of the country.", "  The highest extensive areas are to be found in Ethiopia , parts of which exceed 15,000 feet. Southward the East African Plateau is highest in Kenya, where it is often 8,000 feet or more above sea level; there are occasional volcanic peaks that are much higher, such as Kilimanjaro, Mount Kenya ( Kenya, Mount ) (17,058 feet), Meru ( Meru, Mount ) (14,978 feet), and Elgon ( Elgon, Mount ) (14,178 feet). The Ruwenzori (Rwenzori) Range—sometimes called the Mountains of the Moon ( Ruwenzori Range )—which reaches its highest elevation at Margherita Peak (16,795 feet) on the borders of Congo ( Kinshasa ) and Uganda, is not volcanic in origin. From East Africa the plateau extends southward, often with a well-defined, though not continuous, escarpment particularly noticeable in the Drakensberg of southern Africa, where Ntlenyana ( Thabana Ntlenyana ), or Ntshonyana, is 11,424 feet and Mont-aux-Sources is 10,823 feet. There, the plateau edges are especially marked, because the rock formations are hard and horizontal, whereas in Ethiopia they are conspicuous because of faulting. Where the rocks are softer and less resistant, the escarpment is not so pronounced and so forms less of a barrier to climatic influences and to human movement.", "Tanzania can be found in Eastern Africa, surrounded by Kenya and Uganda to the north, Rwanda, Burundi and the Republic of Congo to the west and Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique to the south. It also has an Indian Ocean border to its east; its own seaport which imports and exports for surrounding landlocked nations. Dodoma has been the country’s capital since 1996 as it’s government and parliament offices can be found there, however Dar es Salaam, the nation’s capital since independence and until 1996, remains the centre of business and the principle commercial city in Tanzania.", "Somalia easternmost country of Africa, on the Horn of Africa. It extends from just south of the Equator northward to the Gulf of Aden and occupies an important geopolitical position between sub-Saharan Africa and the countries of Arabia and southwestern Asia....", "landlocked country located in east-central Africa. It borders with Rwanda to its north, Tanzania to the east and south and to the west by Zaire.", "Tanzania (769 km), and Uganda (772 km). Kenya's eastern and northern neighbors are Somalia and Ethiopia. To the northwest lies the Sudan. Many inhabitants of the Sudan's border region are in fact ethnically related to Kenya `s peoples. To the west lies Uganda and to the south, Tanzania, both nations that share with Kenya a history of British colonial rule.", "Roughly centered on the Equator, Africa is known for landscapes typical for warm parts of the world.", "a republic in E Africa, on the Indian Ocean: became a British protectorate in 1895 and a colony in 1920; gained independence in 1963 and is a member of the Commonwealth. Tea and coffee constitute about a third of the total exports. Official languages: Swahili and English. Religions: Christian majority, animist minority. Currency: shilling. Capital: Nairobi. Pop: 44 037 656 (2013 est). Area: 582 647 sq km (224 960 sq miles)", "Zimbabwe is a landlocked country in southern Africa, lying between latitudes 15° and 23°S, and longitudes 25° and 34°E. Most of the country is elevated, consisting of a central plateau (high veld) stretching from the southwest northwards with altitudes between 1,000 and 1,600 m. The country's extreme east is mountainous, this area being known as the Eastern Highlands, with Mount Nyangani as the highest point at 2,592 m.", "East Africa is home to some of the continents most famous national parks including the likes of the Serengeti, Masai Mara, Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Amboseli National Park and the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park", "East Africa or Eastern Africa is the easterly region of the African continent, variably defined by geography or geopolitics. In the United Nations Statistics Division scheme of geographic regions, 20 territories constitute Eastern Africa: " ]

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[ "It has three major rivers contributing to it, the Blue Nile with its source in Ethiopia near Lake Tana, north of Khartoum, the White Nile and Blue Nile are joined by the Atbara, which also was born in the highlands of Ethiopia. A little north of Cairo, the Nile splits into two arms, the Rosetta Branch to the west, and the Damietta to the east.", "The Nile has two major tributaries, the White Nile and Blue Nile, the latter being the source of most of the Nile's water and fertile soil, but the former being the longer of the two. The White Nile rises in the Great Lakes region of central Africa, with the most distant source in southern Rwanda at 2°16′55.92″S 29°19′52.32″E / 2.2822°S 29.3312°E / -2.2822; 29.3312 , and flows north from there through Tanzania, Lake Victoria, Uganda and southern Sudan, while the Blue Nile starts at Lake Tana in Ethiopia at 12°2′8.8″N 37°15′53.11″E / 12.035778°N 37.2647528°E / 12.035778; 37.2647528 , flowing into Sudan from the southeast. The two rivers meet near the Sudanese capital of Khartoum.", "The Nile has two major tributaries, the White Nile and Blue Nile, the latter being the source of most of the Nile's water and fertile soil, but the former being the longer of the two. The White Nile rises in the Great Lakes region of central Africa, with the most distant source in southern Rwanda , and flows north from there through Tanzania , Lake Victoria , Uganda and southern Sudan , while the Blue Nile starts at Lake Tana in Ethiopia , flowing into Sudan from the southeast. The two rivers meet near the Sudanese capital Khartoum .", ". The Nile has two major tributaries , the White Nile and Blue Nile , the latter being the source of most of the Nile's water and fertile soil , but the former being the longer of the two. ^  ", "It extends from north of the valley to the Mediterranean Sea and is divided into Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt: extending from Wadi Halfa to the south of Cairo and from North Cairo to the Mediterranean Sea. The River Nile in the north is divided into two branches, Damietta and Rashid which embrace the highly fertile agricultural lands of the Delta.", "It consists of two rivers, the White Nile, which takes its rise in the Victoria Nyanza, and the Blue Nile, which rises in the Abyssinian Mountains. These unite at the town of Khartoum, whence it pursues its course for 1,800 miles, and falls into the Mediterranean through its two branches, into which it is divided a few miles north of Cairo, the Rosetta and the Damietta branch.", ". North of Cairo , the Nile splits into two branches (or distributaries) that feed the Mediterranean: the Rosetta Branch to the west and the Damietta to the east, forming the Nile Delta . ^  ", "River of Life Blue Nile The White Nile and the Blue Nile have very different characteristics. The White Nile has a constant flow which is regulated by the Sudd whereas the Blue Nile is faster flowing and has a flood season between July and October, caused by heavy rainfall in the Ethiopian Highlands. The Blue Nile, which is just 1,610km long, rises in the springs around Mount Gishe by Lake Tama in the Ethiopian Highlands. Although some 60 rivers flow into the lake, only the Abay Wenz flows out. Just a few kilometres downstream, the river plunges forty-five metres. This waterfall, called Tis Isat (Smoking Fire), is the second largest waterfall in Africa and it converts the Blue Nile into a raging torrent. After joining the White Nile at Khartoum the river is joined by only one tributary, the Atbara, before it reaches the Mediterranean. The river then executes a huge curve (visible left) before entering Egypt. Its northern journey is interrupted by six sets of rapids called cataracts. After Lake Nasser and the Aswan High Dam, the river enters the Nile Valley – a strip of fertile land some 12km wide on either side of the river. Beyond this floodplain are the barren deserts of the Sahara. Just north of Cairo, the river splits into several branches, the two main ones being the Damietta and the Rosetta, to form the Nile Delta – some of the most productive agricultural land in the world.", "Between Aswan and Cairo (900 km) the drop is slight, and the river flows in a broad valley up to 20–25 km wide. The Nile delta begins 20 km from Cairo. It has an area of 22,000 to 24,000 sq km (according to different sources), with numerous arms and lakes stretching along the coast from Alexandria to Port Said for about 260 km. In the delta the main channel of the Nile divides into nine large branches and many small ones. The principal branches for navigation are the Dumyat (Damietta, eastern) and the Rashid (Rosetta, western), each of which is about 200 km long. Some of the Nile’s waters pass through the Ibrahimiya Canal and the Yusuf branch into Lake Birka Qarun and are to irrigate the Fayyum Oasis. Fresh Nile water is supplied to the Suez Canal region through the Ismailia Canal and to Alexandria and its environs through the Mahmudiya Canal. The lagoons of Lakes Manzilah, Burullus, and Maryut are in the northern part of the delta.", "Egypt is the gift of the Nile. Rainfall is not adequate to sustain agriculture or a settled population, and water instead comes from the Nile. The Nile rises far to the south of Egypt, in Ethiopia and in the drainage basin of Lake Victoria. It reaches Egypt in Lake Nasser, behind the Aswān High Dam. After the dam, the Nile continues to flow north in a single channel paralleled by irrigation canals until it reaches Cairo, 550 miles (860 kilometers) away. North of Cairo, the Nile Delta begins. The Nile breaks into two main channels, the western Rosetta branch and the eastern Damietta branch, for the final 120 miles (200 kilometers) before the water reaches the Mediterranean. The two main regions of", " The Nile, which is about 4,132 miles long, is the longest river in the world. From Lake Victoria it flows, as the Victoria Nile, into Lake Albert, from which it emerges as the Albert Nile. Farther north it is known as the Al-Jabal River. Thereafter, having received several tributaries, it becomes the White Nile, and finally the Nile, emptying at last into the Mediterranean Sea. Its major left-bank tributary is the Al-Ghazāl, and the largest right-bank tributaries are the Sobat, Blue Nile, and Atbara. Because of the numerous rapids and waterfalls, the Nile descends fairly rapidly from source to mouth, as do its major right-bank tributaries. This is especially true of the Blue Nile ( Blue Nile River ), which , after issuing from Lake Tana on the Ethiopian Plateau at a height of approximately 6,000 feet, flows for most of its length through a steep gorge. Swamps also interrupt the river's course. Of these, the largest is the As-Sudd, a vast area of floating swamp reeds, mostly papyrus.", "At Cairo the Nile spreads out over what was once a broad estuary that has been filled by silt deposits to form a fertile, fan-shaped delta about 250 kilometers wide at the seaward base and about 160 kilometers from north to south. The Nile Delta extends over approximately 22,000 square kilometers (roughly equivalent in area to Massachusetts). According to historical accounts from the first century A.D., seven branches of the Nile once ran through the Delta. According to later accounts, the Nile had only six branches by around the twelfth century. Since then, nature and man have closed all but two main outlets: the east branch, Damietta (also seen as Dumyat; 240 kilometers long), and the west branch, Rosetta (235 kilometers long). Both outlets are named after the ports located at their mouths. A network of drainage and irrigation canals supplements these remaining outlets. In the north near the coast, the Delta embraces a series of salt marshes and lakes; most notable among them are Idku, Al Burullus, and Manzilah.", "There are two great tributaries of the Nile, joining at Khartoum: the White Nile, starting in equatorial East Africa, and the Blue Nile, beginning in Ethiopia. Both branches are on the western flanks of the East African Rift, the southern part of the Great Rift Valley. Below the Blue and White Nile confluence the only remaining major tributary is the Atbara River, which originates in Ethiopia north of Lake Tana, and is around 800 kilometres (500 mi) long. During the dry period of January to June, there is typically no flow from the Atbara River. It flows only while there is rain in Ethiopia and dries very rapidly. It joins the Nile approximately 300 kilometres (200 mi) north of Khartoum.", "1. The Nile is Africa’s longest river at 6 600 km, but it is also the longest river in the world and is arguably Africa’s best known waterway. It drains about 10 percent of the whole of Africa, about 3 million square km and has two major tributaries: the first is the White Nile which rises in the great lakes region and has its most distant source in Rwanda, the second tributary is the Blue Nile, with its source in Ethiopia.", "The Nile is formed by three principal streams: the Blue Nile (Arabic: Al-Baḥr Al-Azraq; Amharic: Abay) and the Atbara (Arabic: Nahr ʿAṭbarah), which flow from the highlands of Ethiopia, and the White Nile (Arabic: Al-Baḥr Al-Abyad), the headstreams of which flow into Lakes Victoria and Albert .", "The Nile is the longest river in the world (6825 Km). It flows from Africa to the Mediterranean Sea through two main tributaries which meet in Khartoum, Sudan.", "The Nile enters Egypt a few kilometers north of Wadi Halfa, a Sudanese town that was completely rebuilt on high ground when its original site was submerged in the reservoir created by the Aswan High Dam. As a result of the dam's construction, the Nile actually begins its flow into Egypt as Lake Nasser, which extends south from the dam 320 kilometers to the border and an additional 158 kilometers into Sudan. Lake Nasser's waters fill the area through Lower Nubia (Upper Egypt and northern Sudan) within the narrow gorge between the cliffs of sandstone and granite created by the flow of the river over many centuries. Below Aswan the cultivated floodplain strip widens to as much as twenty kilometers. North of Isna (160 kilometers north of Aswan), the plateau on both sides of the valley rises as high as 550 meters above sea level; at Qina (about 90 kilometers north of Isna) the 300-meter limestone cliffs force the Nile to change course to the southwest for about 60 kilometers before turning northwest for about 160 kilometers to Asyut. Northward from Asyut, the escarpments on both sides diminish, and the valley widens to a maximum of twenty-two kilometers. The Nile reaches the Delta at Cairo.", "The White Nile ( ') is a river of Africa, one of the two main tributaries of the Nile, the other being the Blue Nile. In the strict meaning, \"White Nile\" refers to the river formed at Lake No at the confluence of the Bahr al Jabal and Bahr el Ghazal Rivers.", "The Nile River system is central to communications through the Sudan and Egypt. The Blue Nile rises in the mountains of Abyssinia. The White Nile rises in Central Africa. These two great rivers, fed by many tributaries, meet at Khartoum and form the Nile River, winding north in two wide sweeps, before crossing the border into Egypt, and flowing through that country to the Mediterranean.", "Obviously the paths of the two river systems do not match exactly. But we discover that the Tigris and Euphrates do manage to cross the two Nile confluences simultaneously (Khartoum and Atbara) in one particular position. And this is just the beginning. We find next that, while still in the same position, the Euphrates� northern path precisely �touches� the peak of the Great Bend at 19.5�N 33.0 E!", "The Nile leaves Lake Victoria at Ripon Falls near Jinja, Uganda, as the Victoria Nile. It flows for approximately 500 kilometres (300 mi) farther, through Lake Kyoga, until it reaches Lake Albert. After leaving Lake Albert, the river is known as the Albert Nile. It then flows into Sudan, where it is known as the Bahr al Jabal (\"River of the Mountain\"). The Bahr al Ghazal, itself 716 kilometres (445 mi) long, joins the Bahr al Jabal at a small lagoon called Lake No, after which the Nile becomes known as the Bahr al Abyad, or the White Nile, from the whitish clay suspended in its waters. When the Nile flooded it left a rich silty deposit which fertilised the soil. The Nile no longer floods annually since the completion of the Aswan Dam in 1970. From Lake No, the river flows to Khartoum. An anabranch river, the Bahr el Zeraf, flows out of the Nile's Bahr al Jabal section and rejoins the White Nile.", "The Nile leaves Lake Victoria at Ripon Falls near Jinja, Uganda, as the Victoria Nile. It flows for approximately 500 kilometres (300 mi) farther, through Lake Kyoga, until it reaches Lake Albert. After leaving Lake Albert, the river is known as the Albert Nile. It then flows into Sudan, where it becomes known as the Bahr al Jabal (\"River of the Mountain\"). The Bahr al Ghazal, itself 716 kilometres (445 mi) long, joins the Bahr al Jabal at a small lagoon called Lake No, after which the Nile becomes known as the Bahr al Abyad, or the White Nile, from the whitish clay suspended in its waters. When the Nile flooded it left this rich material named silt. The Ancient Egyptians used this soil to farm. From Lake No, the river flows to Khartoum. An anabranch river called Bahr el Zeraf flows out of the Nile's Bahr al Jabal section and rejoins the White Nile.", "In ancient times the canal was primarily constructed for purposes of navigation, and it is still used by numerous small barges; but it is now chiefly important as a channel for conducting fresh water to the towns on its banks, particularly Isma'iliya and Suez, and as a means of irrigating and fertilizing the country through which it passes. Near Cairo the canal diverges from the Nile to the N. of the Kasr en-Nil, and thence traces to the N.E. the boundary between the Arabian plateau (on the N.) and the land of Goshen (on the S.). To the E. of Abu Hammad it Intersects the ancient fresh-water canal coming from Zakazik, and then runs to the E., parallel with this, through the Wadi Tamitdi, which is over 30 M. in length. At Neftsheh the canal forks; the S. arm leads to Suez, while the N. arm leads to Port Sa'id.", "The two rivers join at Khartoum in Sudan. From here the Nile River winds its way through northern Sudan and Egypt to the Mediterranean Sea. North of Cairo it spreads out into a delta and divides itself into separate channels. This area is made up of salty land and fertile soil.", "The northern section of the river flows north almost entirely through the Sudanese desert to Egypt, then ends in a large delta and empties into the Mediterranean Sea. Egyptian civilization and Sudanese kingdoms have depended on the river since ancient times. Most of the population and cities of Egypt lie along those parts of the Nile valley north of Aswan, and nearly all the cultural and historical sites of Ancient Egypt are found along riverbanks.", "The modern Egyptians commonly call the river El-Bahr, “the sea,” a term also applied to the largest rivers, and the inundation “the Nile,” En-Nīl; and the modern Arabs call the river Bahr-en-Nīl, “the river Nile.”", "The northern section of the river flows almost entirely through desert, from Sudan into Egypt, a country whose civilization has depended on the river since ancient times. Most of the population and cities of Egypt lie along those parts of the Nile valley north of Aswan, and nearly all the cultural and historical sites of Ancient Egypt are found along the banks of the river.", ". An anabranch river, the Bahr el Zeraf , flows out of the Nile's Bahr al Jabal section and rejoins the White Nile. ^  ", "The catchment area of the River Nile is shared with 9 countries, such as Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, Zaire, Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi and Tanzania. Most of the catchment area in Egypt and Sudan is very little arable desert.", "The Ancient Egyptians believed that the river had its source in two great mountains with eternal springs. From here one branch was said to flow north, dividing Egypt, and another south into Nubia and Ethiopia.", "he Nile river is the longest river in the world (2,160 miles). Along its lower course", "In the north of Sudan the river enters Lake Nasser (known in Sudan as Lake Nubia), the larger part of which is in Egypt." ]

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[ "King Hassan II (, MSA: (a)l-ḥasan aṯ-ṯānī, Darija: el-ḥasan ett(s)âni); 9 July 1929 – 23 July 1999) was King of Morocco from 1961 until his death in 1999. He was the eldest son of Mohammed V, Sultan, then King of Morocco (1909–1961), and his second wife, Lalla Abla bint Tahar (1909–1992). ", "King Hassan II was the King of Morocco from 1961 till his death in 1999. He was the 21st Monarch of the Alaouite Dynasty.", "HM King Hassan II (Arabic: يناثلا نسحلا, class. pron. (a)l-ḥasan aṯṯānī, dial. (Mar.) el-ḥasan ett(s)âni); July 9, 1929 – July 23, 1999) was King of Morocco from 1961 until his death in 1999. He was the eldest son of Mohammed V, Sultan, then King of Morocco (1909–1961) and his wife Lalla Abla bint Tahar (1909–1992).", "Morocco recovered its political independence from France on March 2, 1956 and on April 7 France officially relinquished its protectorate. Through agreements with Spain in 1956 and 1958, Moroccan control over certain Spanish-ruled areas was restored, though attempts to claim other Spanish colonial possessions through military action were less successful. The internationalized city of Tangier was reintegrated with the signing of the Tangier Protocol on October 29, 1956 (see Tangier Crisis). Hassan II became King of Morocco on March 3, 1961. His rule would be marked by political unrest and the ruthless government response led by the Makhzen earned the period the name the \"Years of Lead\". The Spanish enclave of Ifni in the south became part of the new Morocco in 1969. Morocco annexed Western Sahara during the 1970s, but final resolution on the status of the territory remains unresolved. (See History of Western Sahara.)", "On November 18, 2006, Morocco celebrated the 50th anniversary of its independence. Morocco recovered its political independence from France on March 2, 1956 and on April 7 France officially relinquished its protectorate. Through agreements with Spain in 1956 and 1958, Moroccan control over certain Spanish-ruled areas was restored, though attempts to claim other Spanish colonial possessions through military action were less successful. The internationalized city of Tangier was reintegrated with the signing of the Tangier Protocol on October 29, 1956 (see Tangier Crisis). Hassan II became King of Morocco on March 3, 1961. His early years of rule would be marked by political unrest. The Spanish enclave of Ifni in the south was reintegrated to the country in 1969. Morocco annexed Western Sahara during the 1970s after having demanding its reintegration from Spain since independence, but final resolution on the status of the territory remains unresolved. (See History of Western Sahara.)", "On July 9, 1957, Hassan II was officially invested as Crown Prince and Heir to the Throne by Late His Majesty Mohammed V, and, in 1960, he was appointed head of the Government. On the February 26, 1961, he was invested as King of Morocco after the demise of his father.", "The sultan became (1957) King Muhammad V (Sidi Muhammad) and soon embarked on a foreign policy of \"positive neutrality,\" which included support for the Muslim rebels in Algeria. After the king's death (Feb., 1961), his son  Hassan II  ascended the throne. He soon enacted a new constitution that established a bicameral parliament. Border hostilities with Algeria in 1963 cost both sides many lives; final agreement on the border was reached in 1970.", "Morocco was a French protectorate from 1912 to 1956, when Sultan Mohammed became king. He was succeeded in 1961 by his son, Hassan II, who ruled for 38 years and played a prominent role in the search for peace in the Middle East. He also ruthlessly suppressed domestic opposition.", "In the Cold War era, Hassan II allied Morocco with the West generally, and with the United States in particular. There were close and continuing ties between Hassan II's government and the CIA, who helped to reorganize Morocco's security forces in 1960. Hassan served as a back channel between the Arab world and Israel, facilitating early negotiations between them. This was made possible due to the presence in Israel of a large Moroccan Jewish community.", "For nearly forty years Hassan rules Morocco, often with disregard for the civil rights of political opponents but in broad terms successfully - surviving attempted coups (the most serious in 1971) and periodic riots (particularly in Casablanca in 1981). There are several attempts at constitutional reform, and elections to parliament become a regular feature of Moroccan life. But real power remains with the king until his death in 1999, when he is succeeded by his son as Muhammad VI.", "Morocco's history after independence, under the reign of Hassan II, was marked by a period of politically motivated persecutions and executions.", "But Hassan ruled for more than 38 years, surviving military coups, leftist plots and Islamic-based opposition. His personal popularity among Morocco's 29 million people was acknowledged even by political foes, who called him \"the great survivor.\"", "1975 - Morocco's King Hassan defies a Hague ruling in favour of Saharawi rights to self-determination and stages the \"Green March\" of 350,000 Moroccans into Western Sahara. Spain transfers administrative control to Morocco and Mauritania.", "King Hassan II shared his fathers' exile in Madagascar at a time when the French Protectorate transferred the royal family to the Island of Corsica on August 20, 1953, then to Madagascar in Africa in January 1954; during all this period of time he was the political advisor to his father.", "In 1965, Hassan dissolved Parliament and ruled directly, although he did not abolish the mechanisms of parliamentary democracy. When elections were eventually held, they were mostly rigged in favor of loyal parties. This caused severe discontent among the opposition, and protest demonstrations and riots challenged the King's rule. A US report observed that \"Hassan appears obsessed with the preservation of his power rather than with its application toward the resolution of Morocco's multiplying domestic problems.\" ", "King Hassan saw off at least ten attempts on his life. In 1971, army rebels raked the king's birthday party with gunfire, killing 98 guests, including the Belgian ambassador. His British counterpart survived by jumping over the palace walls, while the king locked himself in a lavatory. A year later, a faithful minister turned renegade and sent up fighter aircraft to shoot down the royal jet flying home from France. The king is said to have grabbed the controls and radioed “The tyrant is dead”, fooling his would-be assassins into letting him land. Once safely on the ground, he sent the rebels, like so many of their countrymen, to the torture chambers and dungeons of his desert forts. Nevertheless, Moroccans came to believe that Hassan must be a good ruler as he had so much baraka, a kind of God-given mixture of luck and grace.", "Sure, the construction of the Grand Mosque Hassan II was a major project undertaken by King Hassan II in 1986. However, given the huge cost involved, the project, understandably, created some grumblings among some Moroccans who thought the money could be better used elsewhere for the benefit of the people but in the end everybody joined in.  However, by the time the project was completed, King Hassan II had already passed away but his successor saw the project through and presided over its inauguration in 1993. The various influences of modern architecture and craftsmanship in the concept and design are easily discernible. However, although from the outside it does not look that spectacular it is yet quite impressive but its real magnificence and grandeur are all inside where the intricate architecture and decorations shine and keep you spellbound and where masterly art work and craftsmanship in the finest marbles -- the Carara marbles -- imported from Italy, dominates. Another fascinating feature of the Grand Mosque is that one-third of the structure, which is built to withstand earthquakes,  stands on the waters of the Atlantic Ocean.  ", "King Hassan II has been on the throne since 1962, when he succeeded his late father, Sultan Mohammed V. ", "The final king Faisal II (1939-1958) succeeded as a four year old. The regent was his uncle (actually second cousin) Abdulilah, the son of Faisal I’s brother, Ali (who had been defeated and thrown out of Arabia by the Saudis in 1925). The regent was active in government, although he was also fond of shopping in Bond Street shops and smart young men. He was briefly removed by pro-Nazi officers, an event that lead to the short Anglo-Iraqi War in May 1941, after which Britain restored him. Faisal II came of age in 1953 but his sole rule was hampered because Abdulilah remained the heir-apparent to this young and as yet unmarried monarch. Faisal II’s reputation was also harmed by being pro-British. He made a state visit to the young Queen Elizabeth II, but he could not defend Britain’s actions during the Suez Crisis. In 1958 Faisal II, Abdulilah and most of the royal family were murdered on Bastille Day.", "In 788, about a century after the Arab conquest of North Africa, a series of Moroccan Muslim dynasties began to rule in Morocco. In the 16th century, the Sa'adi monarchy, particularly under Ahmad al-MANSUR (1578-1603), repelled foreign invaders and inaugurated a golden age. The Alaouite Dynasty, to which the current Moroccan royal family belongs, dates from the 17th century. In 1860, Spain occupied northern Morocco and ushered in a half century of trade rivalry among European powers that saw Morocco's sovereignty steadily erode; in 1912, the French imposed a protectorate over the country. A protracted independence struggle with France ended successfully in 1956. The internationalized city of Tangier and most Spanish possessions were turned over to the new country that same year. Sultan MOHAMMED V, the current monarch's grandfather, organized the new state as a constitutional monarchy and in 1957 assumed the title of king. Since Spain's 1976 withdrawal from what is today called Western Sahara, Morocco has extended its de facto administrative control to roughly 80% of this territory; however, the UN does not recognize Morocco as the administering power for Western Sahara. The UN since 1991 has monitored a cease-fire between Morocco and the Polisario Front - Western Sahara's liberation movement - and leads ongoing negotiations over the status of the territory.", "Government elections eventually take place in 1960, but in their wake the king himself takes the role of prime minister with his heir, crown prince Hassan, as his deputy. The promised constitution is postponed until 1962, but by then Muhammad V has died. He is succeeded in 1961 by his son, as King Hassan II.", "Moulay Hassan ben Mohammed Alaoui was born on July 9, 1929, the oldest of six children of Sultan Sidi Mohammed ben Youssef. Most of Morocco was then a protectorate of France, except for sections governed by Spain in the northwest and southern coast and the city of Tangier, an international zone.", "Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein (, ; 15 January 1918 – 28 September 1970) was the second President of Egypt, serving from 1956 until his death. Nasser led the 1952 overthrow of the monarchy and introduced far-reaching land reforms the following year. Following a 1954 attempt on his life by a Muslim Brotherhood member acting on his own, he cracked down on the organization, put President Muhammad Naguib under house arrest, and assumed executive office, officially becoming president in June 1956.", "King Hassan II died in 1999 and was succeeded by his son, Mohammed VI. He is a cautious modernizer who has introduced some economic and social liberalization. ", "King Hassan II had extended many parliamentary functions by the early 1990s and released hundreds of political prisoners in 1991, and allowed the Alternance, where the opposition assumed power, for the first time in the Arab World. He set up a Royal Council for Human Rights to look into allegations of abuse by the State.", "In May 1963, legislative elections took place for the first time, and the royalist coalition secured a small plurality of seats. However, following a period of political upheaval in June 1965, Hassan II assumed full legislative and executive powers under a \"state of exception,\" which remained in effect until 1970. Subsequently, a reform constitution was approved, restoring limited parliamentary government, and new elections were held. However, dissent remained, revolving around complaints of widespread corruption and malfeasance in government. In July 1971 and again in August 1972, the regime was challenged by two attempted military coups.", "After the death of former Crown Prince Hassan Reza, the nephew of the late King Idris Al-Senussi who was overthrown by Col. Muammar Gaddafi-led military coup in 1969, his only son Mohammad Hassan declared himself the rightful heir to the Senussi throne in 1992", "He was born on 9 July, 1929 as Prince Moulay Hassan, son of King Mohammed V, 16th sovereign of the Alawite dynasty.", "Designed by French architect Michel Pinseau, construction of the Hassan II Mosque began in July 1986 on land reclaimed (without compensation to the former residents) from a run-down area near the sea. The goal for completion of the mosque was King Hassan II’s 60th birthday in 1989, but it ended up not being finished until August 30, 1993.", "After Mohammed V died of heart failure following what was expected to be a minor operation, Prince Moulay, who had been named Prime Minister in 1960, moved quickly to establish his rule. His Constitution, which was ratified in 1962, guaranteed freedom of the press and of religion, and created an elected legislature.", "1939. King Ghazi is killed in a car accident and is succeeded by his son Faisal II.", "Image caption President Saleh (r) was in power from 1990-2012 and outlasted several US presidents, including George Bush (l)" ]

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[ "Troops loyal to the Mahdi Muhammad Ahmad began a siege of Khartoum on 13 March 1884 against the defenders led by British General Charles George Gordon. The siege ended in a massacre of the Anglo-Egyptian garrison. The heavily damaged city fell to the Mahdists on 26 January 1885, and all its inhabitants were put to death.[2]", "A visually stunning historical epic set against the deserts of the Sudan, Khartoum (1966) stars Charlton Heston as the enigmatic General Sir Charles \"Chinese\" Gordon, assigned by British Prime Minister Gladstone (Ralph Richardson) to protect their interests in the Sudan. The real life British General Gordon was killed in 1885 in a bloody clash with Sudanese rebels and became a hero to Victorian England and an icon for the British imperial cause.", "Charles George Gordon, byname Chinese Gordon (born Jan. 28, 1833, Woolwich , near London , Eng.—died Jan. 26, 1885, Khartoum, Sudan ), British general who became a national hero for his exploits in China and his ill-fated defense of Khartoum against the Mahdists .", "Troops loyal to the local leader and hero: Mahdi Muhammad Ahmad began a siege of Khartoum on 13 March 1884 against the defenders led by British General Charles George Gordon. The siege ended in a massacre of the Anglo-Egyptian garrison. The heavily damaged city fell to the Mahdists on 26 January 1885, and all its inhabitants were put to death.", "Troops loyal to the Mahdi Muhammad Ahmad started a siege of Khartoum on 13 March 1884, against defenders led by British General Charles George Gordon. The siege ended in a massacre of the Anglo-Egyptian garrison. The heavily damaged city fell to the Mahdists on 26 January 1885 and all its inhabitants were put to death. ", "British general Charles G. “Chinese” Gordon killed at Khartoum in Egyptian Sudan. World's first skyscraper built in Chicago.", "The Forces of the Mahdi breached Khartoum's defences in January 1885, slaughtering the inhabitants and murdering Governor-General Charles Gordon. His severed head was paraded before the Mahdi on a Pike.", "The Hicks debacle led Britain, which had by this time assumed de facto control over Egypt, to demand the withdrawal of the Egyptian forces remaining in Sudan.  General Charles Gordon, who had earlier been a governor of one of Sudan’s southern regions, was chosen to execute this task.  When Gordon arrived in Khartoum, he realized he could not fulfill his mission without sustaining substantial losses.  He was also convinced that the Sudanese people should not be left in the hands of the Mahdi.  Thus he remained in Khartoum which soon came under siege by the Mahdists.  Gordon’s requests for help were neglected by a British government which did not want to involve itself directly in the Sudan question.  Finally, however, in the face of mounting popular pressure, a relief expedition was organized to proceed up the Nile from Egypt.  The siege of Khartoum was strengthened, however, and the city fell, and Gordon was killed in the Governor’s Palace in January 1885.  The relief forces arrived two days later and, realizing that the Mahdists had triumphed, turned back to Egypt.", "26 Jan – Mahdist Sudanese forces captured the city of Khartoum, beheading its British commander Charles “Chinese” Gordon and slaughtering 4,000 inhabitants after a 10 month siege (1885).", "The massacre of the army of Sudanese Dervishes on a plain near Omdurman in the Sudan was an occasion that a new military technology was tested – to devastating effect – by Britain in battle. It proved a major factor in Kitchener’s victory, in his efforts to re-conquer Sudan from the Madhists who had killed General Gordon in 1885, as well as to safeguard the Suez Canal and ensure the region against the threat of French occupation.", "A selection of works on the life & military achievements of General Charles George Gordon, Victorian hero who gave his life in January, 1885 defending Khartoum from the Dervish Rebellion", "The Mahdist wars provided the background for the exploits of famous British soldiers and administrators, among them generals Charles George Gordon (1833–85), Horatio Herbert Kitchener (1850–1916), and Sir Francis Reginald Wingate (1861–1953), the first governor-general of the condominium, as well as other foreign officers and explorers in the service of Egypt, such as the Italian Romolo Gessi (1831–81), the German Emin Pasha (Eduard Carl Oscar Theodor Schnitzer, 1840–92), the American Charles Chaillé-Long (1842–1917), and the Austrian Sir Rudolf Carl von Slatin (1857–1932).", "The life of Charles George \"Chinese\" Gordon, one of the remarkable British military commanders of the 19th Century. His service took him from Africa to China, and eventually to the Sudan and his death at the hands of the Dervishes at Khartoum. The remarkable story of a Victorian Christian hero. 1954, Collins, , ,< J-02>,447pp, ills, maps, blue boards with white cup ring and other marks, faded spine - no d/w, , Subject...Political & Biographies - Gordon of Khartoum CollectionWeb No. 870-03..............................£4.00", "These events brought Sudan to the attention of the British government, and of the British public. The Prime Minister William Gladstone and his War Secretary Lord Hartington did not wish to become involved in Sudan. Accordingly, the British representative in Egypt, Sir Evelyn Baring , persuaded the Egyptian government that all their garrisons in Sudan should be evacuated. General Charles Gordon was then a popular figure in Great Britain. Having already held the Governor-Generalship of Sudan in 1876-79, he was appointed to accomplish this task.", "Having become Sirdar (Commander-in-Chief) of the Egyptian Army with the local rank of brigadier in April 1892, he won victories at the Battle of Ferkeh in June 1896 and the Battle of Hafir in September 1896 earning him national fame in the United Kingdom and promotion to major-general on 25 September 1896. He achieved further successes at the Battle of Atbara in April 1898 and then the Battle of Omdurman in September 1898. He quite possibly prevented war between France and Britain when he dealt firmly but non-violently with the French military expedition, under Captain Marchand, intending to claim Fashoda, in what became known as the Fashoda Incident. At this stage of his career Kitchener was keen to exploit the press, cultivating G. W. Steevens of the \"Daily Mail\" who wrote a book With Kitchener to Khartum. Later, as his legend had grown, he was able to be rude to the press, on one occasion in the Second Boer War bellowing: \"Get out of my way, you drunken swabs\". He was created Baron Kitchener, of Khartoum and of Aspall in the County of Suffolk, on 31 October 1898. ", "Kitchener won fame in 1898 for winning the Battle of Omdurman and securing control of the Sudan, after which he was given the title \"Lord Kitchener of Khartoum\"; as Chief of Staff (1900–02) in the Second Boer War he played a key role in Lord Roberts' conquest of the Boer Republics, then succeeded Roberts as commander-in-chief – by which time Boer forces had taken to guerrilla fighting and British forces imprisoned Boer civilians in concentration camps. His term as Commander-in-Chief (1902–09) of the Army in India saw him quarrel with another eminent proconsul, the Viceroy Lord Curzon, who eventually resigned. Kitchener then returned to Egypt as British Agent and Consul-General (de facto administrator).", "The British also sent an expeditionary force under Lieutenant-General Sir Gerald Graham, including an Indian contingent, to Suakin in March 1885. It became known as the Suakin Expedition. Although it was successful in the two actions it fought, it failed to change the military situation and was withdrawn. These events temporarily ended British and Egyptian involvement in Sudan, which passed completely under the control of the Mahdists.", "On Friday, 2 September 1898, a 24, 000 man army under the command of General Herbert H. Kitchener and composed of Egyptians, Sudanese, and British regulars met a 60, 000 man force of Sudanese Dervishes under the command of their spiritual/political leader, the Khalifa. The four-hour battle in the plains north of the Dervish capital of Omdurman resulted in the Dervish army's annihilation, the Sudan's re-annexation to Egypt, Kitchener's meteoric rise through the British senior army staff, and a five-month Sudan Sensation that touched virtually every Briton in some way as it ran its course.", "Perhaps to avenge Gordon’s death at the hands of the Mahdists, Kitchener left the wounded enemy to die on the plain and later, after triumphantly entering Khartoum, he looted the city and murdered many of the Khalifa’s leading followers. He also had the Mahdi’s bones exhumed and thrown into the Nile (rumour has it that he had the Mahdi’s skull made into a drinking cup).", "The Battle of Omdurman cost the Mahdists a stunning 9,700 killed, 13,000 wounded, and 5,000 captured. Kitchener's losses were a mere 47 dead and 340 wounded. The victory at Omdurman concluded the campaign to retake Sudan and Khartoum was quickly reoccupied. Despite the victory, several officers were critical of Kitchener's handling of the battle and cited MacDonald's stand for saving the day. Arriving at Khartoum, Kitchener was ordered to proceed south to Fashoda to block French incursions in the area.", "Kitchener or Kitchener of Khartoum . Field Marshal Lord Horatio Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener of Khartoum , who was appointed Minister for War at the outbreak of hostilities. He was greatly successful in recruiting volunteers for the New Armies, his finger-pointing picture on thousands of recruiting posters being one of the most famous images of the 20th century. He drowned, along with 642 other souls, when the cruiser Hampshire struck a mine off the Orkneys on 5th June 1916 .", "In 1897 Major General Kitchener decided to attempt the reconquest of the Sudan . Kitchener applied to London for a group of special service officers to participate in his largely Egyptian force. George Henderson suggested that Douglas Haig should be sent to serve under Kitchener. It was during this period that the two men became friends.", "Kitchener's second tour in the Sudan (1886-1899) won him national fame, and he was made Aide de Camp to Queen Victoria and appointed a Knight Commander of the Bath (KCB). However, this campaign also made his brutality infamous, an aspect of his tactics that became well known after the Boer War. After victory in the Battle of Omdurman the remains of the Mahdi were exhumed and scattered. Kitchener quite possibly prevented war between France and Britain when he dealt firmly but non-violently with the French military expedition under Captain Marchand to claim Fashoda, in what became known as the Fashoda Incident.", " Field Marshal Earl Kitchener of Khartoum (1850 - 1916) was an Anglo-Irish British Field Marshal, diplomat and statesman popularly referred to as Lord Kitchener.     ", "In the late 1880s he was Governor of the Red Sea Territories (which in practice consisted of little more than the Port of Suakin ) with the rank of Colonel . Having become Sirdar of the Egyptian Army in 1892, with the rank of major-general in the British Army, in 1896 he led his British and Egyptian forces up the Nile , building a railway to supply arms and reinforcements, and defeating the Sudanese at the Battle of Omdurman on 2 September 1898, near Khartoum.", "1898: Lord Kitchener, aided by Corporal Jones,  captured the Mahdi at Atbara River, after defeating his Sudanese army.", "In early September 1898, after a two-year campaign reported in detail by some of the most famous war correspondents in the late Victorian period, an Anglo-Egyptian force under Lord Herbert H. Kitchener smashed the army of the Khalifa at his capital of Omdurman in the Sudan. Initially the event led to the usual spate of merchandising common during the time, but for weeks, then months after the battle the event and the participants stayed squarely in the public consciousness. This paper explores the breadth and depth of the public’s mania for all things Omdurman for the remainder of 1898, and speculates why a public that showed no great personal love for the regular army (at least, as enlistees) went on a binge of regular army hero worship.", "In the spring of 1896 the Egyptian and British governments announced an incursion into the northern Sudan designed to strengthen southern Egyptian border defenses. 10 The Kitchener-led Anglo-Egyptian army fought battles at Firket (6 June) and Dongola (19 September). At Firket, the Dervishes lost 800 dead, 500 wounded, and 600 prisoners. The Anglo Egyptians lost 20 dead and 83 wounded. At Dongola a Dervish army of 5600 was utterly destroyed, with thousands killed and wounded and 900 taken prisoner. The Anglo-Egyptians lost 25 wounded, one killed. Thrilling accounts, complete with illustrations for the Graphic, Black and White, and Illustrated London News, were carried in most British papers for at least a week after each encounter.", "Between 1886 and 1889 a British expedition to relieve the Egyptian governor of Equatoria made its way through central Africa. The governor, Emin Pasha, was rescued, but the expedition was not without its failures, such as the disaster that befell the rear column.", "The NSW contingent anchored at Suakin, Sudan's Red Sea port, on 29 March 1885 and were attached to a brigade composed of Scots, Grenadiers, and Coldstream Guards. Shortly after their arrival they marched as part of a large square formation – on this occasion made up of 10,000 men – for Tamai, a village some 30 kilometres inland. Although the march was marked only by minor skirmishing, the men saw something of the reality of war as they halted among the dead from a battle which had taken place 11 days before. Further minor skirmishing took place on the next day's march, but the Australians, now at the rear of the square, sustained only three casualties, none fatal. The infantry reached Tamai, burned whatever huts were standing, and returned to Suakin.", "1861–1928, British field marshal. He saw active service in Sudan (1898) and in the South African War (1899–1902) and upon the outbreak of World War I (1914) was given command of", "\"Succeeded his father in 1918. He served as a Captain in the Grenadier Guards during the South African War in 1901 and 1902, obtaining the Queen�s Medal and four clasps. In 1906 he was in the Sudan Campaign, taking part in the operations in Southern Kordofan and gaining the Egyptian medal with clasp.\"" ]

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[ "Victoria Falls, or Mosi-oa-Tunya (Tokaleya Tonga: the Smoke that Thunders), is a waterfall in southern Africa on the Zambezi River at the border of Zambia and Zimbabwe.", "Victoria Falls on the Zambezi River is located on the border between the countries of Zambia and Zimbabwe in the continent of Africa.", "Victoria Falls , on the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe , forms the largest single face of falling water in the world, with a width of 1.7 kilometers and height of 108 meters.", "Victoria Falls , Victoria - a waterfall in the Zambezi River on the border between Zimbabwe and Zambia; diminishes seasonally", "The Victoria Falls or Mosi-oa-Tunya (the Smoke that Thunders) is a waterfall located in southern Africa on the Zambezi River between the countries of Zambia and Zimbabwe. While it is neither the highest nor the widest waterfall in the world, it is claimed to be the largest. This claim is based on a width of 1,708 meters (5,604 ft) and height of 108 meters (354 ft), forming the largest sheet of falling water in the world. David Livingstone, the Scottish missionary and explorer, is believed to have been the first European recorded to view the Victoria Falls — which he did from what is now known as ‘Livingstone Island’ in Zambia, the only land accessible in the middle of the falls. David Livingstone gave the falls the name ‘Victoria Falls’ in honour of his Queen, but the indigenous name of ‘Mosi-oa-Tunya’ — literally meaning the ‘Smoke that Thunders’ — is also well known. The World Heritage List recognizes both names.� photo source", "One of the greatest attractions in Africa and one of the most spectacular waterfalls in the world, Victoria Falls is located on the Zambezi River, the fourth largest river in Africa, which is also defining the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe.", "A visit to Africa would be incomplete without witnessing the majestic and breathtaking beauty of Victoria Falls that extend along the border of Zambia and Zimbabwe. It is among the two most powerful water falls in the world. Besides viewing the falls, you can set a boat trip below the falls or even observe it from the helicopter depending upon your wish!", "Victoria Falls - Located in the Zambezi river, in the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe . The Victoria Falls is 108 meters heigh, it is the biggest waterfall of Africa, about two times deeper and two times wider than Niagara Falls. After the Victoria Falls, the waters of Zambezi river go down to the Kariba Lake. The British explorer David Livingstone was the first European to see the Falls, in 1855, and named them after Queen Victoria.", "* Victoria Falls, on the Zambezi river along the border between Zimbabwe and Zambia, is among the largest waterfalls in the world. During periods of high flow, it creates an unbroken sheet of water more than a mile wide.", "ictoria Falls presents a spectacular sight of awe-inspiring beauty and grandeur on the Zambezi River, forming the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe. It was described by the Kololo tribe living in the area in the 1800’s as ‘Mosi-oa-Tunya’ – ‘The Smoke that Thunders’. In more modern terms Victoria Falls is known as the greatest curtain of falling water in the world.", "8. VICTORIA FALLS The ambassador wonder to the Eight Natural Wonders of Africa, the Victoria Falls forms the border between Zimbabwe and Zambia, and lie close to the border of Botswana. Fed by the Zambezi River, which originates in northern Zambia, the falls are called Mosi-oa-Tunya by the locals, which means ‘smoke that thunders’. An accurate description according to most observers, the combined height and width of the single sheet of flowing water that comprises the Victoria Falls makes this wonder the largest waterfall in the world. By Melissa Jane Cook", "The Victoria Falls are considered the boundary between the upper and middle Zambezi. For the next 500 km the river serves as the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe. Below the Falls the river continues to flow due east for about 200 km (120miles), cutting through gorges of basalt rock between 200 to 250 metres (660 to 820ft) high. ", "001- CR2399 : Aerial views of the Victoria Falls. Victoria Falls present a spectacular sight of awe -inspiring beauty and grandeur on the Zambezi River, forming the border Between Zambia and Zimbabwe. It was Described by the Kololo tribe living in the area in the 1800 's as ' Mosi -oa- Tunya ' - 'The Smoke That Thunders ' . In more modern terms Victoria Falls is Known as the greatest curtain of falling water in the world . Columns of spray can be seen from miles away as, at the height of the rainy season , more than five hundred million cubic meters of water per minute plummet over the edge, over a width of nearly two kilometers , into a gorge over one hundred meters below. The wide , basalt cliff over the falls Which thunder , transforms the Zambezi from a placid river into a ferocious torrent cutting through a series of dramatic gorges .", "As for geographical context, Victoria Falls sat between the towns of Victoria Falls , Zimbabwe and Livingstone , Zambia. We managed to fly to Livingstone after a two-hour flight from Johannesburg , South Africa.", "The Zambezi River then forms the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe and reaches its greatest width, over 1.3 km, before its waters plunge over the Victoria Falls. It continues to form the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe until it enters Mozambique.", "Eventually it meets the Chobe River and briefly forms a border with Botswana, before becoming the border between Zimbabwe and Zambia. It is at this point that the four countries; Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe meet. The river then flows about another 80 km down towards Victoria Falls .", "I was at Victoria Falls this time last week (June 2, 2011). I stayed on the Zambia side and walked across the bridge (which they call \"no man's land\"). The walk from Zambia immigration control to the entrance of Victoria Falls in Zimbabwe takes 45-60 minutes depending on how many people are trying to cross.", "Located at approximately the midway point along the Zambezi River's journey from source to sea, breathtaking Victoria Falls is often thought of as one of the natural wonders of the world. Plunging over 350 feet into the smoking gorge below, the Falls stretch over 5,000 feet wide and form the largest curtain of falling water on Earth. A walking tour provides opportunities to view the thundering cascade from the Zambian side with numerous stops along the way allowing us to enjoy various panoramas of this unforgettable spectacle. In addition to our walking tour, other options today include game drives in Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park in search of some of the region's profuse bird and mammal species (including the rare white rhino); a tour of Livingstone town and museum; a visit to nearby Simonga Village and local Zambian market (unique opportunities to learn about the local people and culture) and catch-and-release fishing in the Zambezi itself. Helicopter flights over the Falls, daytrips to Botswana's Chobe National Park, canoe paddles on the Zambezi, and tours of the Zimbabwean side of the Falls can also be arranged at an additional cost. After a full day of exploration, we return to Toka Leya for dinner and a peaceful night's sleep. All meals included.", "* The David Livingstone Memorial statue at Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, erected in 1934 on the western bank of the falls. ", "Livingstone (in Zambia ) is a historic colonial city and tourism centre for Victoria Falls lying 10 km south on the Zambezi River, and a border town with road and rail connections to Zimbabwe on the other side of the Falls. The Airport has international flights to Lusaka and Johannesburg in South Africa.", "Zimbabwe is located in southern Africa, in the high plateau and Limpopo and Zambezi basins. Zimbabwe is landlocked, but shares Victoria Falls, which is one of the world's largest waterfalls, with neighboring Zambia in the northwest. Major rivers include the Zambezi River, Limpopo River, Pungwe, and Buzi Rivers. The terrain of Zimbabwe includes savannas, with mountains in the east, with the Eastern Highlands and forests. The highest point in Zimbabwe is Mount Nyangani, which stands 2,592 meters (8,504 feet) above sea level.", "Victoria Falls town (in Zimbabwe ) lies on the southern bank of the Zambezi River at the eastern end of the Victoria Falls themselves. Victoria Falls Airport is 18 km south of the town and has international flights to Johannesburg and Namibia.", "The British explorer David Livingstone was the first European to see the falls (Nov. 16, 1855). He named them for Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom . In addition to the falls themselves, which now attract tourists from all parts of the world, the surrounding Victoria Falls National Park (Zimbabwe) and Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park (Zambia) abound with large and small game and offer recreational facilities.", "Coming from Namibia or Botswana . the best road is from Kasane in Botswana using the Kazungula border post. Distance to Vic Falls is 70 km.", "Zimbabwe is a landlocked country in southern Africa, lying between latitudes 15° and 23°S, and longitudes 25° and 34°E. Most of the country is elevated in the central plateau (high veld) stretching from the southwest to the northwest at altitudes between 1,200 and 1,600 m. The country's east is mountainous with Mount Nyangani as the highest point at 2,592 m. About 20% of the country consists of the low veld under 900m. Victoria Falls, one of the world's biggest and most spectacular waterfalls, is located in the country's northwest as part of the Zambezi river. The country has a tropical climate with a rainy season usually from late October to March. The climate is moderated by the altitude.", "Founded in 1905, and named for the explorer, David Livingstone, the town is arguably now the adventure capital of Southern Africa, although there is still the undeniable attraction of the waterfall itself – Mosi-oa-Tunya (the smoke that thunders) – Victoria Falls. Spray from the falls can be seen from kilometres away, as and estimated 546 million cubic metres of water per minute cascade (in peak flood season) down 100 metres, over the 1.7 kilometre edge. The River then disappears into a dramatic series of gorges. Although the peak flood is during March and April, the Falls can still be spectacular, although November and December are the lowest water levels.", "The Victoria Falls are considered the boundary between the upper and middle Zambezi. Below them the river continues to flow due east for about 200 kilometres (124 mi), cutting through perpendicular walls of basalt 20 to 60 metres (66 to 200 ft) apart in hills 200 to 250 metres (660 to 820 ft) high. The river flows swiftly through the gorge, the current being continually interrupted by reefs. It has been described as one of the world's most spectacular whitewater trips, a tremendous challenge for kayakers and rafters alike. Beyond the gorge are a succession of rapids which end 240 km (150 mi) below Victoria Falls. Over this distance, the river drops 250 metres (820 ft).", "These highlands are renowned for their great natural beauty, with famous tourist destinations such as Nyanga, Troutbeck, Chimanimani, Vumba and Chirinda Forest at Mount Selinda. About 20% of the country consists of low-lying areas, (the low veld) under 900m. Victoria Falls, one of the world's biggest and most spectacular waterfalls, is located in the country's extreme northwest and is part of the Zambezi river.", "\"Victoria\" — is one of the most spectacular attractions of Africa and one of the most unusual waterfalls in the world. It is created by the Zambezi River that suddenly plummets into a narrow, 100-meters deep chasm. At the same time, Victoria — is the only waterfall in the world that is over one kilometer wide and over one hundred meters deep. ", "* Victoria Falls (Mosi-oa-Tunya) which is protected and served by the Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park on the city's south-western edge.", "Mosi-ao-Tunya National Park is divided into two sections; a game park along the riverbank and the staggering Victoria Falls, each with separate entrances. The immense and awe-inspiring Victoria Falls are known to the local people as Mosi-oa-Tunya - \"Smoke Which Thunders\", and is the greatest known curtain of falling water in the world.", "There are two National Parks at Victoria Falls, both relatively small — Mosi-Oa-Tunya National Park is 66 sq km & Victoria Falls National Park is 23 sq km." ]

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[ "The Great Rift Valley runs from the Sinai Peninsula for 6,500 km to the Mozambique Channel, and cuts through the very heart of East Africa. The Rift Valley is the greatest rupture on the earth's land surface. It is the only geological feature that can be seen clearly from the moon and its complex system of faults and escarpments has been evolving for some 40 million years. The geological movements which created the Great Rift has resulted in a rich diversity of terrain and the largest concentration of wildlife found anywhere on earth.", "The Great Rift Valley is a vast geographical and geological feature that runs north to south for some 5,000 km, from northern Syria in Southwest Asia to central Mozambique in East Africa . The valley varies in width from thirty to one hundred kilometers, and in depth from a few hundred to several thousand meters. It was named by the explorer John Walter Gregory.", "The most well-known rift valley on Earth is probably the so-called \" Great Rift Valley System \" which stretches from the Middle East in the north to Mozambique in the south. The area is geologically active, and features  volcano es, hot spring s, geyser s, and frequent  earthquake s.", "The Rift Valley extends more than 4,830 km (3,000 mi) from Syria in south-western Asia to Mozambique in south-eastern Africa.", "Great Rift Valley: A dramatic depression on the earth's surface, approximately 4,000 miles (6,400 km) in length, extends from the Red Sea area near Jordan in the Middle East, south to the African country of Mozambique. In essence, it's a series of geological faults caused by huge volcanic eruptions centuries back, that subsequently created what we now call the Ethiopian Highlands, and a series of perpendicular cliffs, mountain ridges, rugged valleys and very deep lakes along it's entire length. Many of Africa's highest mountains front the Rift Valley, including Mount Kilimanjaro, Mount Kenya and Mount Margherit", "The Great Rift Valley, which runs roughly around the western border of Tanzania, is a massive fault system that stretches over 6,400 kilometers (4,000 miles) from the Jordan Valley in Israel to Mozambique. In general, the Great Rift Valley contains a wide range of mountains and canyons, with ranges in elevation from 395 meters (1,300 feet) below sea level at the Dead Sea to 1,830 meters (6,000 feet) above sea level in south Kenya. The western branch contains the troughs and rivers that have become part of the African Great Lakes system and Tanzania's Lake Tanganyika. The eastern branch contains the Olduvai Gorge and Mt. Kilimanjaro. A large number of volcanoes lie along this rift, which was created by the violent underground activity and motions between the African (Nubian) Tectonic Plate to the west and the eastern Eurasian, Arabian, Indian, and Somalian Tectonic Plates.", "The longest rift on Earth’s surface, the Great Rift Valley is a long, deep depression with steep, wall-like cliffs, extending from Jordan in southwestern Asia southward through Africa to Mozambique. The rift has a total distance of approximately 4,000 miles (6,400 kilometers) and an average width of 30 to 40 miles (50 to 65 kilometers). It is a continental extension of the midoceanic ridge system, a generally submerged mountain range encircling the globe. The valley is least eroded, and therefore most conspicuous, in eastern Africa where it is also known as the East African Rift Valley.", "Millions of years ago the Sinai Peninsula was attached to Egypt and Saudi Arabia as part of the land mass known as the Great Rift Valley. Thermal currents, the movement of the continental plates, glacial and volcanic activity eventually threw up this triangular area of remote mountains and desert, bordered on one side by the Gulf of Suez and on the other by the Gulf of Aqaba. Its geology can be divided into three main areas. The northern part runs parallel with the Mediterranean coast and consists of dried up river beds or wadis leading to sand dunes and fossil beaches. Rocky islets of limestone punctuate the flat landscape extending south towards the mountainous limestone and sandstone region of Gebel Maghara. The central part of the peninsula is mostly comprised of the el-Tih Plateau, a high area of limestone formed during the Tertiary Period. The southern geology of Sinai was formed by volcanic action on the sea bed producing large areas of granite and basalt and bounded in the coastal region by ancient coral formations. Sinai is a geologist’s paradise, but no casual visitor to the peninsula could fail to be captivated by the textures and colours seen in the vast array of mountainous landscapes.", "Ethiopia has several amazing geographical features and the Great Rift Valley is among the stunning ones. The Rift Valley which is more than 9000 km long and stretching from Jordan to Mozambique was created by the rifting of the great continental masses of Africa and Arabia In the southern part of Ethiopian Highlands where the Rift Valley splits into two, we find a giant tear of the earth’s surface linked with chain of Lakes. This region also boosts several National parks and forests which are among the last natural ones left in the world.", "The system consists of two branches. The main branch, the Eastern Rift Valley (often called the Great Rift Valley, or Rift Valley), extends along the entire length of the system. In the north the rift is occupied by the Jordan River , the Dead Sea , and the Gulf of Aqaba . It continues southward along the Red Sea and into the Ethiopian Denakil Plain to Lakes Rudolf (Turkana), Naivasha , and Magadi in Kenya . The rift is less obvious through Tanzania , because the eastern rim is much eroded, but it continues southward through the Shire River valley and Mozambique Plain to the coast of the Indian Ocean near Beira, Mozambique. The western branch of the system, the Western Rift Valley , extends northward from the northern end of Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) in a great arc that includes the Lakes Rukwa , Tanganyika , Kivu , Edward , and Albert . Most of the lakes in the rift system are deep and fjordlike, some with their floors well below sea level.", " The rift valley extends for about 4,000 miles, its course being clearly marked by many of the lakes of East Africa ( East African lakes ) as well as by the adjacent volcanic peaks. From the Gulf of Aqaba it can be traced southward along the Red Sea and into the Ethiopian Plateau to Lakes Rudolf, Naivasha, and Magadi in Kenya. Farther south, through Tanzania, the line of the rift is not quite so obvious. The walls that constitute the eastern rim have been more easily eroded, while the lakes of this area are generally smaller and not in line, and some of them are only waterless salt beds. The largest of these lakes are Natron ( Natron, Lake ) and Manyara ( Manyara, Lake ), with Eyasi in a side branch of the main rift. The edges are obvious enough to the south in Malaŵi, where a huge crusted block collapsed along the parallel faults that constitute the steeply rising slopes of Lake Nyasa ( Nyasa, Lake ) (Malaŵi). The lake is 360 miles long but never more than 50 miles wide; it has a maximum depth of 2,310 feet. The rift then follows the line of the Shire Valley to reach the Indian Ocean near Beira, Mozambique.", "Israel is situated along the border between the African Tectonic Plate and the Arabian Tectonic Plate. The border between these two plates forms part of the Great Rift Valley, the world's most extensive geological fault, which extends southward through eastern Africa as far south as Mozambique.", "The Mozambique Channel separates the country from the island of Madagascar. Mozambique's c.1,600 mi (2,575 km) coastline is interrupted by the mouths of numerous rivers, notably the Rovuma (which forms part of the boundary with Tanzania), Lúrio, Incomati (Komati), Lugela, Zambezi (which is navigable for c.290 mi/465 km within the territory), Revùe, Save (Sabi), and Limpopo. South of the Zambezi estuary the coastal belt is very narrow, and in the far north the coastline is made up of rocky cliffs. Along the northern coast are numerous islets and lagoons; in the far south is Maputo Bay. The northern and central interior is mountainous; Monte Binga (7,992 ft/2,436 m), the country's loftiest point, is situated at the Zimbabwean border W of Beira. About one third of Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) falls within Mozambique's boundaries; Lake Chilwa (Lago Chirua) is at the border with Malawi. Much of the country is covered with savanna; there are also extensive hardwood forests, and palms grow widely along the coast and near rivers.", "A triangular landform linking Africa and Asia, Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula has an area of about 23,440 square miles (60,710 square kilometers). It lies between the Gulf of Suez and the Suez Canal on the west, the Gulf of Aqaba and the Negev desert on the east, the Mediterranean Sea on the north, and the Red Sea on the south. Mount Sinai is renowned as the principal site of divine revelation in Jewish history, where God appeared to Moses and gave him the Ten Commandments. It is also sacred in both Christian and Islamic tradition.", "In the northeast lies a detached land mass, the Sinai Peninsula—the highest part of the country (Mount Katrinah, 2,637 m). The major depressions are near coastal areas and sections adjoining the Nile, primarily in the northwest, where there are depressions below sea level (the Qattarah, 133 m; the Fayyum, 43 m).", "The southern side of the peninsula has a sharp escarpment that subsides after a narrow coastal shelf that slopes into the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aqaba. The elevation of Sinai's southern rim is about 1,000 meters. Moving northward, the elevation of this limestone plateau decreases. The northern third of Sinai is a flat, sandy coastal plain, which extends from the Suez Canal into the Gaza Strip and Israel.", "Petrie's student and scholar, Lina Eckenstein, in her History of Sinai, has also described the \"reckless deforestation...which has gone on unchecked for thousands of years,\" turning a Sinai of \"great fruitfulness\" into a vast wasteland. Forests once covered the Sinai valleys. Proof of the heavy forests can be found in the massive, possibly 100,000 tons, of slag-heaps left from the copper smelted by burning huge loads of wood in the Sinai's Wadi Nasb, and in the \"great bed of ashes\" from sacrifices burned with tons of wood at the mines of Serabit el-Khadem. (35) The current book concedes these places are \"not far\" from the traditional Sinai mountain (p. 54).", "The geology of the Sinai Peninsula can be divided into three main areas. The northern part runs parallel with the Mediterranean coast and consists of dried up river beds, or wadis, leading to sand dunes and fossil beaches formed by the changing levels of the Mediterranean Sea during the glacial periods that some geologists claim occurred as far back as two million years ago. The landscape is flat and uniform, interrupted only by some vast sand and limestone hills in the region of Gebel Maghara.", "Egypt ( Egyptian : Kemet; Coptic : Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ Kīmi; Arabic : مصر Miṣr ; Egyptian Arabic : M�ṣr), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country in North Africa that includes the Sinai Peninsula , a land bridge to Asia . Covering an area of about 1,001,450  square kilometers (386,660  sq mi ), Egypt borders Libya to the west, Sudan to the south, and the Gaza Strip and Israel to the east. The northern coast borders the Mediterranean Sea and the island of Cyprus ; the eastern coast borders the Red Sea .", "The Great Rift Valley (known for discoveries of early hominids such as Lucy, whose bones reside in the Ethiopian National Museum) bisects the central plateau. The valley extends southwest through the country and includes the Danakil Depression, a desert containing the lowest dry point on the earth. In the highlands is Lake Tana, the source of the Blue Nile, which supplies the great majority of water to the Nile River Valley in Egypt .", "The Sinai Peninsula has immense political and religious significance in today’s world. The site witnessed the decades-long conflict between Israel and Egypt, and illegal cross border movements of armed militants, drug dealers, and refugees in the region still pose a huge problem to both Egypt and Israel. Though the Sinai is a part of Egypt, its relative geographical isolation gives way to a lax state of security in the region. Most of Egypt’s economic gains from the peninsula are based from the tourism industry's revenues, especially those tourist endeavors operating along the southern Sinai's Red Sea coastline. The Sinai Peninsula also draws a significant number of Muslim, Christian, and Jewish religious pilgrims because of its significant ancient associations with each of these religions. Over 360,000 people inhabit the region, many depending on agriculture and livestock raising for their livelihoods, with human populations concentrated primarily in the northern and western fringes. Small scale petroleum and manganese industries also operate towards the west of the Sinai Peninsula, closer to the major mineral markets of Egypt..", "The Rift Valley splits the highland region into two sections: the Mau Escarpment to the west and the Aberdare Range to the east. The valley itself is 30 to 80 miles (50 to 130 km) wide, and its floor rises from about 1,500 feet (450 metres) in the north around Lake Turkana ( Lake Rudolf ) to over 7,000 feet (2,100 metres) at Lake Naivasha but then drops to 2,000 feet (600 metres) at the Tanzanian border in the south. The floor of the Rift is occupied by a chain of shallow lakes separated by extinct volcanoes. Lake Naivasha is the largest of these; the others include Lakes Magadi , Nakuru , Bogoria, and Baringo . West of the valley the diverse highland area runs from the thick lava block of the Mau Escarpment–Mount Tinderet complex northward to the Uasin Gishu Plateau. East of the Rift the Aberdare Range rises to nearly 10,000 feet (3,000 metres). The eastern highlands extend from the Ngong Hills and the uplands bordering Tanzania northward to the Laikipia Escarpment. Farther east they are linked by the Nyeri saddle to Mount Kenya , the country’s highest peak, at 17,058 feet (5,199 metres). The relief of both highlands is complex and includes plains, deep valleys, and mountains. Important in the historic and economic development of Kenya, the region was the focus of European settlement.", "The Red Sea occupies part of a large rift valley in the continental crust of Africa and Arabia. This break in the crust is part of a complex rift system that includes the East African Rift System , which extends southward through Ethiopia , Kenya, and Tanzania for almost 2,200 miles and northward for more than 280 miles from the Gulf of Aqaba to form the great Wadi Aqaba–Dead Sea–Jordan Rift; the system also extends eastward for 600 miles from the southern end of the Red Sea to form the Gulf of Aden.", "The Jordan Valley constitutes a segment of the extensive East African Rift System , a rift valley running north and south that extends from southern Turkey southward via the Red Sea and into eastern Africa . The valley itself is a long and narrow trough, averaging about 6 miles (10 km) in width but becoming narrower in some places—e.g., at each end of the Sea of Galilee. Throughout its course the valley lies much lower than the surrounding landscape, especially in the south, where the surrounding land can rise some 3,000 feet (900 metres) or more above the river. The valley walls are steep, sheer, and bare, and they are broken only by the gorges of tributary wadis (seasonal watercourses).", "This unique valley, where the earth’s crust has cracked and formed a series of water pools and fertile, volcanic pastures, played host to (it has been discovered) 3 or 4 different species of hominid man. Through findings in the Turkana region of Kenya, in Ethiopia and in the famous Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, bones have been dated back as far as 2 million years ago.", "Egypt, officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia, via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula.", "Mt. Elgon , on the border of Uganda and Kenya once rose higher than the current height of Mt. Kilimanjaro. Currently, there are beautiful stands of lobelia, dramatic caves and many spectacular waterfalls such as Sipi Falls on the flanks of this ancient volcano.", "The highest mountains are the Gebel Musa (Moses’ mountain) with 2,285 metres, and the Sinai's highest mountain Mount St. Catherine (Gebel Kathrina) with 2,642 metres. Many of the Pharaohs got their precious stones from  southern Sinai.", "The Valley of the Kings ( ), the Valley of the Gates of the Kings ( ), is a valley in Egypt where, for a period of nearly 500 years from the 16th to 11th century BC, tombs were constructed for the Pharaohs and powerful nobles of the New Kingdom (the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Dynasties of Ancient Egypt). ", "Valley of the Kings, Arabic Wādī Al-Mulūk, also called Valley of the Tombs of the Kings or Arabic Wādī Bībān al-Mulūk, long narrow defile just west of the Nile River in Upper Egypt . It was part of the ancient city of Thebes and was the burial site of almost all the kings ( pharaohs ) of the 18th , 19th , and 20th dynasties (1539–1075 bce), from Thutmose I to Ramses X . Located in the hills behind Dayr al-Baḥrī , the 62 known tombs exhibit variety both in plan and in decoration. In 1979 UNESCO designated the valley part of the World Heritage site of ancient Thebes, which also includes Luxor , the Valley of the Queens , and Karnak .", "Moab  the historical name for a mountainous strip of land in modern-day Jordan running along the eastern shore of the Dead Sea . In ancient times, it was home to the kingdom of the Moabites, a people often in conflict with their Israelite neighbors to the west. The Moabites were a historical people, whose existence is attested to by numerous archeological findings, most notably the Mesha Stele, which describes the Moabite victory over an unnamed son of King Omri of Israel. Their capital was Dibon, located next to the modern Jordanian town of Dhiban.", "Moab  the historical name for a mountainous strip of land in modern-day Jordan running along the eastern shore of the Dead Sea . In ancient times, it was home to the kingdom of the Moabites, a people often in conflict with their Israelite neighbors to the west. The Moabites were a historical people, whose existence is attested to by numerous archeological findings, most notably the Mesha Stele, which describes the Moabite victory over an unnamed son of King Omri of Israel. Their capital was Dibon, located next to the modern Jordanian town of Dhiban." ]

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[ "The African Queen is a 1951 adventure film adapted from the 1935 novel of the same name by C. S. Forester. The film was directed by John Huston and produced by Sam Spiegel and John Woolf. The screenplay was adapted by James Agee, John Huston, John Collier and Peter Viertel. It was photographed in Technicolor by Jack Cardiff and had a music score by Allan Gray. The film stars Humphrey Bogart (who won the Academy Award for Best Actor – his only Oscar), and Katharine Hepburn with Robert Morley, Peter Bull, Walter Gotell, Richard Marner and Theodore Bikel. ", "Humphrey Bogart wins the Oscar for Best Actor for The African Queen at the 24th Academy Awards. Greer Garson presents the award; hosted by Danny Kaye.", "The African Queen, American adventure film , released in 1951, that was based on C.S. Forester ’s 1935 novel of the same name . The film is especially noted for Humphrey Bogart ’s performance, which earned him the only Academy Award of his career.", "Bogart gave another superb performance in 'The African Queen' in 1951, for which he won his Academy Award for Best Actor. He co-starred with Katharine Hepburn and again he was directed by John Huston who seemed to have the knack of getting the best out of him.", "Vivien Leigh won an Oscar for Best Actress in the film, as did supporting actors Karl Malden and Kim Hunter. Marlon Brand, however, did not win Best Actor though he was nominated. That title went to Humphrey Bogart for \"The African Queen\" in 1952.", "Compelling, semi-action packed story with Hepburn & Bogart trying to escape from the Belgium-Congo during World War I. Along the way in their dilapidated boat (African Queen), they battle turbid waters, insects, German soldiers, and each other. Bogart won his only Academy Award for this role. Filmed on location in Africa. Director John Huston co-wrote the script.", "The African Queen (1951) Starring: Humphrey Bogart, Katharine Hepburn, Robert Morley - Three Movie Buffs Review", "Bogart's most notable films include The Maltese Falcon (1941), Casablanca (1942), To Have and Have Not (1944), The Big Sleep (1946), Key Largo (1948), and The African Queen (1951) (for which he won an Academy Award for Best Actor).", "From the novel by Davis Grubb - the first and only film directed and purportedly written by the flamboyant and swashbucking actor, Charles Laughton. In Robert Mitchum's biography, he stated that Laughton found the script by James Agee (co-writer of the African Queen) totally unacceptable. Laughton paid off Agee, sent him packing and rewrote virtually the entire script himself, uncredited.", "In 1951, Hepburn filmed The African Queen, her first movie in Technicolor. She played Rose Sayer, a prim spinster missionary living in German East Africa at the outbreak of World War I. Costarring Humphrey Bogart, The African Queen was shot mostly on location in the Belgian Congo, an opportunity Hepburn embraced. It proved a difficult experience, however, and Hepburn became ill with dysentery during filming. Later in life, she released a memoir about the experience. The movie was released at the end of 1951 to popular support and critical acclaim, and gave Hepburn her fifth Best Actress nomination at the Academy Awards. The first successful film she had made without Tracy since The Philadelphia Story a decade earlier, it proved that she could be a hit without him and fully reestablished her popularity. ", "Keywords: Academy Award; The African Queen; Alice Adams; Broadway; Bryn Mawr College; Emmy Award; Guess Who’s Coming To Dinner; Hollywood Walk of Fame; Howard Hughes; The Lion In Winter; The Making of the African Queen; Me: Stories of My Life; Morning Glory; The Philadelphia Story; Screen Actors Guild Lifetime Achievement Award; Spencer Tracy; Woman of the Year", "Meryl Streep (Karen Blixen-Finecke), Robert Redford (Denys Finch Hatton), Klaus Maria Brandauer (Baron Bror Blixen-Finecke), Michael Kitchen (Berkeley), Malick Bowens (Farah), Joseph Thiaka (Kamate), Stephen Kinyanjui (Kinanjui), Michael Gough (Delamere), Suzanna Hamilton (Felicity), Rachel Kempson (Lady Belfield), Graham Crowden (Lord Belfield), Leslie Phillips (Sir Joseph), Mohammed Umar (Ismail), Job Seda (Kanuthia), Annabel Maule (Lady Byrne), Mike Burgara (Juma), Donal McCann (Doctor), Iman (Mariammo)", "In the Best Actor category, four of the five nominees represented the sole nomination for that picture, and all of them had never won an Oscar. Two were long-time Oscar snubs. It was the third time in Oscar history that two black performers were among the five Best Actor nominees (this also occurred in 2001 and 2004). The winner was 45 year-old Forest Whitaker (with his first nomination and first win) for his hammy portrayal of brutal, infamous Ugandan dictator Idi Amin, who was responsible for the genocide of over 500,000 Ugandans in The Last King of Scotland (its sole nomination). He was the fourth African-American actor to win the Best Actor Oscar.", "The film was directed by American screenwriter [4] Cy Endfield and produced by Stanley Baker and Endfield, with Joseph E. Levine as executive producer. The screenplay is by John Prebble and Endfield, based on an article by Prebble, a historical writer. The film stars Stanley Baker and introduces Michael Caine , in his first major role, with a supporting cast that includes Jack Hawkins , Ulla Jacobsson , James Booth , Nigel Green , Paul Daneman , Glynn Edwards , Ivor Emmanuel and Patrick Magee . Future South African political leader Mangosuthu Buthelezi played Zulu King Cetshwayo kaMpande , his great grandfather. The opening and closing narration is spoken by Richard Burton .", "Sir Philip Anthony Hopkins, CBE (born 31 December 1937), best known as Anthony Hopkins, is a Welsh actor of film, stage and television. Considered to be one of the greatest living actors, Hopkins is perhaps best known for his portrayal of cannibalistic serial killer Hannibal Lecter in The Silence of the Lambs (for which he received the Academy Award for Best Actor), its sequel Hannibal, and its prequel Red Dragon. Other prominent film credits include The Lion in Winter, Magic, The Elephant Man, 84 Charing Cross Road, Dracula, Legends of the Fall, The Remains of the Day, Amistad, Nixon, and Fracture. Hopkins was born and brought up in Wales. Retaining his British citizenship, he became a U.S. citizen on 12 April 2000. Hopkins' films have spanned a wide variety of genres, from family films to horror. As well as his Academy Award, Hopkins has also won three BAFTA Awards, two Emmys, a Golden Globe and a Cecil B. DeMille Award.Hopkins was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 1993 for services to the arts. He received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2003, and was made a Fellow of the British Academy of Film and Television Arts in 2008.", "James Earl Jones (born January 17, 1931) is an American actor. His career has spanned more than 60 years, and he has been described as \"one of America's most distinguished and versatile\" actors and \"one of the greatest actors in American history.\" Since his Broadway debut in 1957, Jones has won many awards, including a Tony Award and Golden Globe Award for his role in The Great White Hope. Jones has won three Emmy Awards, including two in the same year in 1991, and he also earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor in a Leading Role in the film version of The Great White Hope. He is also known for his voice roles as Darth Vader in the Star Wars film series and Mufasa in Disney's The Lion King as well as many other film, stage, and television roles.", "Peter Seamus O'Toole (born 2 August 1932) is an actor of stage and screen who achieved stardom in 1962 playing T. E. Lawrence in Lawrence of Arabia. He went on to become a highly-honored film and stage actor. He has been nominated for eight Academy Awards, and holds the record for most competitive Academy Award acting nominations without a win. He has won four Golden Globes, a BAFTA, an Emmy, and was the recipient of an Honorary Academy Award in 2003 for his body of work.", "96684&category=Articles \"Zulu\" (TCM article)] Cy Endfield and produced by Stanley Baker and Endfield, with Joseph E. Levine as executive producer. The screenplay is by John Prebble and Endfield, based on an article by Prebble, a historical writer. The film stars Stanley Baker and introduces Michael Caine, in his first major role, with a supporting cast that includes Jack Hawkins, Ulla Jacobsson, James Booth, Nigel Green, Paul Daneman, Glynn Edwards, Ivor Emmanuel and Patrick Magee. Future South African political leader Mangosuthu Buthelezi played Zulu King Cetshwayo kaMpande, his great grandfather. The opening and closing narration is spoken by Richard Burton.", "Out of Africa, (1985). âI had a farm in Africa, at the foot of the Ngong Hills.â One of the best-known, best-loved opening lines of any movie. Thus starts Sydney Pollackâs Oscar-winning epic romantic drama, beloved around the world, OUT OF AFRICA, based on the classic book by Isak Dinesen (Karen Blixen), of the same name that opens with the same unforgettable sentence. Also other writings of Dinesenâs, and Judith Thurmanâs monumental biography of the author. Dinesenâs book and movie concern Denmark native Karen Blixen (Meryl Streep) , who enters into a marriage of convenience with womanizing Swedish baron Bror Blixen. Then, hoping to make a better life, the couple, in the early twentieth century, moves to Nairobi, in the British colony of Kenya, where they establish a coffee plantation that Karen eventually must run on her own. Karen is no pushover, but her life is complicated by troubles on the plantation, World War I, her insistence on schooling the natives and her catching syphilis, then often deadly, from her husband. And then she falls passionately in love with free-spirited hunter Denys Finch Hutton, well-educated handsome son of an earl, (Robert Redford) who can't be tied down.", "Famous for: Anglo-Irish actor best known for holding the record of the most Academy Award nominations without a single win. Notable roles include T. E. Lawrence from Lawrence of Arabia, Henry II from Becket and The Lion in Winter, Lord Jim, Mr. Chips from Goodbye Mr. Chips, Lord Jack Gurney, 14th Earl of Gurney from The Ruling Class, Miguel Cervantes/Don Quixote from Man of la Mancha, Eli Cross from The Stunt Man, Alan Swann from My Favorite Year, Reginald Johnston from The Last Emperor, and Maurice from Venus.", "He is the latest star to portray the statesman following Morgan Freeman in Invictus, David Harewood in Mrs Mandela and Terrence Howard in Winnie.", "'Out of Africa' (1985) – Isak Dinesen's autobiographical book was turned into a movie that won seven Oscars. Meryl Streep stars as the independent-minded Danish author who spent part of her married life in British East Africa, later Kenya. She falls for a big-game hunter, played by Robert Redford, while her fragile marriage falls apart.", "Many films have been made about Nelson Mandela. Danny Glover, Morgan Freeman, Dennis Haysbert, and now Idris Elba have all tried to step into the icon's shoes. Host Michel Martin speaks to Sean Jacobs, founder of the blog Africa Is A Country, about which actor played him best.", "âOut of Africaâ is a romantic drama that stars Meryl Streep, Robert Redford, and Klaus Maria Bradenauer. It was written by Kurt Luedtke and directed by Sydney Pollack. The film is based on an autobiography of the same name written by Danish Baroness Karen Blixen, under the pseudonym Isak Dinesen. It tells the story of her experiences in Africa, where she owned and operated a large coffee plantation. She was in a loveless marriage to a philandering Swedish nobleman, and deeply in love with British aristocrat and big game hunter, Denys Finch Hatton.", "The cast of voices in The Lion King would grace any red carpet. Rowan Atkinson was brought in as the pedantic Zazu, secretary bird to the King Mufasa. Matthew Broderick plays the cheeky Simba, and James Earl Jones the magnificent Mufasa. Whoopi Goldberg voices the detestable but daft hyena Shenzi, and Moira Kelly the adult Nala, the love of Simba’s life. Perhaps the most arresting voice is that of Jeremy Irons who plays one of Disney’s most infamous and memorable villains, Scar. Director Roger Allers has said of Jeremy Irons, “He would give us so many different interpretations that it became difficult for us to pick which was the best. He brings to the character an air of incredible intelligence, yet sort of twisted and dark. He was absolutely brilliant.”", "His story was allegedly the basis for Daniel Carney's book that later became the 1978 film The Wild Geese, which starred Richard Burton. In the film, Winston Ntshona plays a pro-western, deposed African president, who is imprisoned following the hijacking of his plane.", "His most famous role was that of King Mongkut in The King and I (4625 times on stage). He appeared in the original 1951 production and later touring productions, as well as a 1977 Broadway revival, a London production in 1979, and another Broadway revival in 1985. He won Tony Awards for both the first and the last of these Broadway productions. He also appeared in the 1956 film version, for which he won an Academy Award as Best Actor and in Anna and the King, a short-lived TV version on CBS in 1972. Brynner is one of only eight people who have won both a Tony and an Academy Award for the same role. His connection to the story and the role of King Mongkut is so deep, he was mentioned in the song \"One Night in Bangkok\" from the 1984 musical Chess, the second act of which is set in Bangkok.", "Sanders of the River (1935) - The film was shot in Africa and England. Paul Robeson in lioncloth plays Bosambo, a self-appointed leader of the river people who respects \"Sandi,\" the representative of the English crown in this part of West Africa. Complications arise when a bellicose tribal chief foments bloody rebellion by attacking Bosambo's people, and kidnapping Lilong (Nina Mae McKinney), Bosambo's beautiful wife. Sanders rescues Lilongo and re-establishes Bosambo as King. Drama, 98 min., DVD, dir: Zoltan Korda.", "1932-04-10 Omar Sharif, [Michael Shalhoub], Egyptian actor (Doctor Zhivago, Lawrence of Arabia), born in Alexandria (d. 2015)", "Academy Award-winning director: Lawrence of Arabia [1962], The Bridge on the River Kwai [1957]; Dr. Zhivago, A Passage to India, Oliver Twist, Great Expectations; died Apr 16, 1991", "JACOBS: I mean, there are disadvantages and advantages to that. I think it's disingenuous when the producer of the \"Long Walk to Freedom\" said that he did not pick a South African actor because they're too short. He should of been honest and said, look, it's about box office, I'm trying to make money off this film so I'm going to hire the actor that can best get people - you know, people into seats. Few people know that the very first portrayal of Mandela on film was by a South African. It was a South African actor called Simon Sabela who played Mandela in 1966.", "Kenyatta acted as an extra in the film Sanders of the River (1934), directed by Zoltan Korda and starring Paul Robeson. " ]

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[ "In case you are confused, \"Cry, the Beloved Country\" is the lyrical novel by Alan Paton, published in 1948 and set in South Africa, Paton's homeland. Three racial groups, lived together, not in harmony, there: the Dutch, who later called themselves Afrikaaners, who settled there three hundred years earlier and believed they sere sent by God to take control; the English who settled everywhere; and the native groups, of which Bantu was one. This novel is a moving testament to the forgiving nature of men and how two men from totally different worlds can come together in grace and acceptance.", "Cry, the Beloved Country, novel by Alan Paton , published in 1948. The novel relates the story of a black South African, Absalom Kumalo, who has murdered a white man. This situation is Paton’s basis for examining aspects of guilt, both Kumalo’s personal guilt and responsibility and the collective guilt of a society that creates such disparity in living conditions.", "This is a new reading of Alan Paton’s impassioned novel about a black man’s country under white man's law. Set in the troubled and changing South Africa of the 1940s, Cry, the Beloved Country is the deeply moving story of Stephen Kumalo, a Zulu pastor, and his son, Absalom. Written with keen compassion and understanding, the novel powerfully evokes the experience of a land and a people torn by racial injustice. Paton said of his book: “It is a song of love for one’s far distant country.” Thus, it is a tale that is passionately African while also being timeless and universal. Remarkable for its lyricism, unforgettable for character and incident, Cry, the Beloved Country is a work of love and hope, of courage and tragedy, born of the dignity of man.", "The History and Heritage Section of the South Africa.Info web site has a lengthy section on the present flag of the Republic of South Africa, with some interesting information.  The flag material is entitled 'Fly, the beloved flag,' a very clever play on the title of Alan Paton's novel 'Cry, the Beloved Country,' one of the first works in English to describe the former apartheid state.", "Alan Paton publishes Cry, The Beloved Country about life under apartheid in South Africa General strike in Zanzibar against colonial occupation", "    Cry, the Beloved Country is the deeply moving story of the Zulu pastor Stephen Kumalo and his son, Absalom, set against the background of a land and a people riven by racial injustice. Remarkable for its lyricism, unforgettable for character and incident, Cry, the Beloved Country is a classic work of love and hope, courage and endurance, born of the dignity of man.", "Cry, the Beloved Country is set in this tense and fragile society, where the breathtaking beauty of the nation’s natural landscape is tainted by the fears of its people. And yet, the message of the novel is one of hope. Characters such as Stephen Kumalo, James Jarvis, and Theophilus Msimangu reveal a potential for goodness in humankind, and are able to defuse hatred, overcome fear, and take the first steps necessary for mending a broken nation.", "One of only a small number of musicals set in Africa ( Kwamina , Aida, Sarafina! , and The Lion King being the others), this one was based on the novel Cry, the Beloved Country. The main character is a black South African minister whose son participated in the robbery and accidental murder of the son of a white bigot. The bigot, who supports apartheid, eventually is won over by the minister's courage and they become friends. Weill's last musical.", "Gordimer's Nobel Prize put the searchlight on a country in painful transition from an oppressive racism to a turbulent democracy. South Africa's literature is rich. But beyond doubt, Nadine Gordimer is the writer that most stubbornly has kept the true face of racism in front of us, in all its human complexities.", "Undoubtedly much of the power of the novel comes from its depiction of the particular social conditions in its contemporary South Africa. The novel takes place in the time immediately before the institution of apartheid in the nation (the character Msimangu even discusses the possibility of apartheid), which occurred within a year of the novel's 1948 publication. Therefore, although the novel does not discuss the state of South Africa during the apartheid years, Cry, the Beloved Country is often used as a proxy for lessons concerning apartheid-era South Africa.", "John Maxwell \"J. M.\" Coetzee ( ; ; born 9 February 1940) is a South African novelist, essayist, linguist, translator and recipient of the 2003 Nobel Prize in Literature. He relocated to Australia in 2002 and lives in Adelaide. He became an Australian citizen in 2006. ", "Richard Attenborough's ambitious 1987 epic, Cry Freedom, is seen as an overview of conditions in South Africa at the height of apartheid.", "Cry Freedom (1987, Universal, dir. Richard Attenborough, wr, John Briley, based on books by Donald Woods, PG, 157 min) is a true story of an event that help lead to the weakening and overthrow of apartheid in South Africa, a topic so often covered by Ted Koppel on ABC �Nightline� in the 1970s and early 1980s. Journalist Donald Woods (Kevin Kline) befriends black activist Steve Biko (Denzel Washington) and then investigates his death in police custody. To publish his book and expose the scandal, he must flee the country. This panoramic film produces an enormous emotional high, although some of the geography seemed inaccurate.", "Part one. Home to exile. The fabulous decade: the fifties -- Fiction by black South Africans -- Southern Africa: protest and commitment -- Postmodernism and black writing in South Africa -- The republic of letters after the Mandela republic -- The ideology of reconciliation: its effects on South African culture -- Part two. Exile to home. Ezekiel (Es'kia) Mphahlele's The African image -- The death of Nat Nakasa -- Doing Paris with Breyten -- Athol Fugard: his work and us -- Alex La Guma: the man and his work -- The late Can Themba: an appreciation -- Herman Charles Bosman: in search of the 'true' Afrikaners! -- Nadine Gordimer's July's people (Review) -- Alan Paton's 'Ah, but your land is beautiful' (Review) -- South African fiction: writers at the barricades -- White writing: Gordimer's The essential gesture: writing, politics and places; Coetzee's White writing: on the culture of letters in South Africa -- Bloke Modisane: Blame me on history -- Nadine Gordimer at seventy-five -- How I write.", "\"Cry Freedom\" is based on \"Biko\" and \"Asking for Trouble,\" books by Donald Woods. The movie shapes itself around the friendship between Woods, a smug white liberal journalist, and Biko, the gentle intellectual who expands Woods' cozy horizons. At first, Woods attacks Biko as a black supremacist, but he revises his opinion when he meets with the activist. The first half of the movie traces the friendship, concentrating on Biko's career, but the second concerns Woods' escape from South Africa with Biko's contraband biography.", "Cry Freedom is a 1987 British epic drama film directed by Richard Attenborough, set in late-1970s apartheid era South Africa. The screenplay was written by John Briley based on a pair of books by journalist Donald Woods. The film centres on the real-life events involving black activist Steve Biko and his friend Donald Woods, who initially finds him destructive, and attempts to understand his way of life. Denzel Washington stars as Biko, while actor Kevin Kline portrays Woods. Cry Freedom delves into the ideas of discrimination, political corruption, and the repercussions of violence.", "Another prevalent theme in Cry, the Beloved Country is the detrimental effects of fear on the characters and society of South Africa as indicated in the following quotation from the narrator in Chapter 12:", "The novel takes its inspiration from South Africa's contemporary social and political conflict, and offers a bleak look at a country in transition. This theme of transition is represented in various forms throughout the novel, in David's loss of authority, loss of sexuality and in the change in power dynamics of groups that were once solely dominate or subordinate. ", "Donald Woods (1933-2001) wrote the biography of Steve Biko's life and death and enlightened the world outside South Africa to the horrors brought about by the 'Apartheid' regime. His own story of his flight from that regime became the subject of Richard Attenborough's 1987 Academy Award-nominated film Cry Freedom.", "Several authors are well known within Zimbabwe and abroad. Charles Mungoshi is renowned in Zimbabwe for writing traditional stories in English and in and his poems and books have sold well with both the black and white communities.[189] Catherine Buckle has achieved international recognition with her two books African Tears and Beyond Tears which tell of the ordeal she went through under the 2000 Land Reform.[190] Prime Minister of Rhodesia, the late Ian Smith, has also written two books – The Great Betrayal and Bitter Harvest. The book The House of Hunger by Dambudzo Marechera won an award in the UK in 1979 and the Nobel Prize-winning author Doris Lessing's first novel The Grass Is Singing is set in Rhodesia.", "One of South Africa’s first writers to receive international recognition is Olive Schreiner. Her semi-autobiographical novel Story of an African Farm was published in 1883. Schreiner was a passionate advocate of feminism, pacifism and free thought.", "In \"Cry Freedom,\" the film based on the nonfiction book by the same name, is a story of Stephen Biko, a black South African political activist who understood the inherent dangers in being an activist but lived by the creed that a man has to do what a man has to do. He is befriended in respect and admiration by a white American journalist, Donald Woods. Their two stories are equally important because of the consequences of their actions.", "Jan Christiaan Smuts (24 May 1870 – 11 September 1950) was a prominent South African and British Commonwealth statesman, military leader and philosopher. In addition to holding various cabinet posts, he served as prime minister of the Union of South Africa from 1919 until 1924 and from 1939 until 1948. Although Smuts had originally advocated racial segregation and opposed the enfranchisement of black Africans, his views changed and he backed the Fagan Commission's findings that complete segregation was impossible. Smuts subsequently lost the 1948 election to hard-line Afrikaners who created apartheid. He continued to work for reconciliation and emphasised the British Commonwealth’s positive role until his death in 1950. ", "N AUGUST 1993, a little less than a year before the end of apartheid, South Africa was on edge. Political violence was claiming close to 100 lives a week, even as negotiators were guiding the country into postapartheid democracy. Most of these killings took place in the townships, densely packed areas to which black people were confined by the laws of the time. Yet occasionally violence spilled over, igniting fears among the country’s white population, which still controlled the police and army, that ending racial rule would lead not to the “rainbow nation” promised by Nelson Mandela but to outright racial war. Few killings ignited such fears as that of Amy Biehl, a young American student who was a Fulbright scholar and an anti-apartheid activist. Biehl died after she unwittingly drove into a protest in", "The following year, actor and director Clint Eastwood delivered his Academy award-winning film, \"Invictus,\" telling the story of Mandela's efforts to unite the people of South Africa through a national rugby team in 1995. The title of the film came from a short Victorian poem by the same name that Mandela was known for reciting.", "A proclamation issued by the then State President, Nelson Mandela, on 20 April 1994 in terms of the provisions of Section 248 (1) together with Section 2 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1993 (Act 200 of 1993), stated that the Republic of South Africa would have two national anthems. They were Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika and The Call of South Africa (Die Stem van Suid-Afrika). In terms of Section 4 of the Constitution of South Africa, 1996 (Act 108 of 1996), and following a proclamation in the Government Gazette No. 18341 (dated 10 October 1997), a shortened, combined version of Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika and The Call of South Africa is now the national anthem of South Africa.", "Stephen Bantu Biko (18 December 1946 – 12 September 1977) was an anti-apartheid activist in South Africa in the 1960s and 1970s.", "Q: In the Precious Ramotswe novels, Botswana emerges as a vivid character and a wonderful place to live. What do you hope that American readers will discover about Africa while reading these novels?", "Q: In the Precious Ramotswe novels, Botswana emerges as a vivid character and a wonderful place to live. What do you hope that American readers will discover about Africa while reading these novels?", "Year 2001 has been declared \"THE YEAR OF THE AFRICAN CENTURY for democracy, peace and development\" by South Africa's governing party.26 Like the biblical \"Children of Israel\", may the \"Spirit of Isandlwana\" guide the \"Children of Isandlwana\" in battles at hand; battles against poverty, illiteracy, disease, racism and battles for Black Economic Empowerment, prosperity, peace and the African Renaissance. But how will the \"Spirit of Isandlwana\" prevail if the honour and dignity of those who fell there is not properly restored?", "*The current national anthem of South Africa is unique in that five of the country's eleven official languages are used in the same anthem (the first stanza is divided between two languages, with each of the remaining three stanzas in a different language).", "One of the leaders of the African National Congress who led a struggle to end apartheid and was elected president in 1994 in the first all race election in South Africa" ]

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[ "The Capital City of Kenya (officially named Republic of Kenya) is the city of Nairobi. The population of Nairobi in the year 2007 was 2,940,911 (4,000,000 in the metropolitan area).", "Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in Africa and a founding member of the East African Community (EAC). Its capital and largest city is Nairobi. Kenya's territory lies on the equator and overlies the East African Rift covering a diverse and expansive terrain that extends roughly from Lake Victoria to Lake Turkana (formerly called Lake Rudolf) and further south-east to the Indian Ocean. It is bordered by Tanzania to the south, Uganda to the west, South Sudan to the north-west, Ethiopia to the north and Somalia to the north-east. Kenya covers 581,309 km2 (224,445 sq mi), and had a population of approximately 45 million people in July 2014.", "The capital of Kenya is the largest city within the country, Nairobi. This city was the centeral location for the Mau Mau Rebellion.", "Largest and most populous city and the national capital of Kenya is Nairobi . Second largest city and the country's chief port is Mombasa.", "Kenya (pronounced as KEN-ya) is a country of East Africa, bordering Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda and the Indian Ocean. Nairobi is its capital and largest city.", "Nairobi is Kenya’s capital, and the arrival point for many visitors. The main airport is Jomo Kenyatta International, located 15kms out of the centre of town. JKIA handles both International and domestic carriers.", "Republic of Kenya is located in East Africa and has a population of over 43 millions The capital of the country is Nairobi and it is one of the most beautiful cities in African continent.", "Nairobi is the capital of Kenya. It is home to the Nairobi National Park, the world’s only game reserve in a major city.", "Kenya is a sovereign state in the African Great Lakes region of Southeast Africa. This destination is named after Mount Kenya, the second highest mountain in Africa. Its capital and largest city is Nairobi. Kenya lies on the equator with the Indian Ocean, Tanzania, Uganda, South Sudan, Ethiopia and Somalia all as boarders.", "Kenya is an East African equatorial nation with Nairobi as its capital city. The country is bordered by Tanzania, Uganda, South Sudan, Ethiopia, and Somalia. It has a coastline on the Indian Ocean. Kenya is the tenth richest country in Africa in terms of GDP.", "Nairobi, the capital city of the Republic (1670 metres above sea level and 700 km2) has since 1899 grown from a simple Uganda Railway construction camp named \"enairobe\" in Maasai language (meaning a place of cold water in reference to the cold waters of Nairobi River) to the modern centre of commercial, financial, manufacturing and tourist destination in eastern Africa. It replaced Mombasa as Kenya's capital in 1907 and became a city in 1950. Today, the city population stands well at about 4 million. Both the Great North Road (Cairo to Cape Town) and the Trans-African Highway (Mombasa to Lagos) pass through the city.", "sufficient fertility and rainfall to be farmed. The heavy dependence on rain-fed agriculture and the tourism sector leaves it vulnerable to cycles of boom and bust. The agricultural sector employs nearly 75 percent of the country’s population. The Republic of Kenya is this month’s A-Z feature of ¨Around the World¨. Population: 39,802,000 Total area: 580,367 km2 (an area about 85% the size of France or Texas.) Number of people per km2: 68.6/km2 Official language: Swahili, English Currency: Kenyan shilling Capital City: Nairobi Location: East Africa. Lying along the Indian Ocean, at the equator, Kenya is bordered by Ethiopia (north), Somalia (northeast), Tanzania (south), Uganda plus Lake Victoria (west), and Sudan (northwest). Economy: The agricultural sector dominates Kenya’s economy; although only 15 percent of Kenya’s total land area has", "The 14th largest city in Africa by population, Nairobi is the eighth most visited city in Africa in 2014. It’s the capital city of Kenya, and has impressive links with the rest of the world. Aside from all the local businesses, hundreds of international companies have taken up residence in Nairobi, which has boosted its number of visitors from around the world.", "Nairobi was founded in 1899 by the colonial authorities in British East Africa, as a rail depot on the Uganda Railway. The town quickly grew to replace Machakos as the capital of Kenya in 1907. After independence in 1963, Nairobi became the capital of the Republic of Kenya. During Kenya's colonial period, the city became a centre for the colony's coffee, tea and sisal industry. The city lies on the River Athi in the southern part of the country, and has an elevation of 1795 m above sea level. ", "With its central location, good road access and international airport, Nairobi is a natural spot for trade and tourism. The capital of Kenya makes a good jumping-off spot to tour any other part of the country, and has several interesting sights of its own.", "Kenya: Kenya officially the Republic of Kenya, is a sovereign state in Africa. Its capital and largest city is Nairobi. Kenya lies on the equator with the Indian Ocean to the south-east, Tanzania to the south, Uganda to the west, South Sudan to the north-west, Ethiopia to the north and Somalia to the north-east. Kenya covers 224,445 sq mi and has a population of about 44 million in July 2012. The country is named after Mount Kenya, the second highest mountain in Africa.Mount Kenya was originally referred to variously as \"Mt. Kirinyaga\" and \"Mt. Kiinyaa\" by the indigenous people. \"Kirinyaga, Kerenyaga, Kiinyaa\" meaning the 'mountain of whiteness' because of its snow capped peak; the name was subsequently appropriated to Mt. Kenya because of the inability of the British to pronounce \"Kirinyaga/Kiinyaa\" correctly.", "Archer's Post, Banissa, Banya, Baragoi, Buna, Bura, Busiaezi, Butere, Dif, El Wak, Eldoret (pop. 200,000; has a large market and is home to the Moi University and Eldoret International Airport, IATA code : EDL), Embu, Garissa, Garsen, Gilgil, Girito, Habaswein, Hagadera, Hola, Homa Bay, Isiolo, Kajiado, Kakamega, Kakuma, Kericho, Kibw, Kilifi, Kinna, Kisii, Kisima, Kisumu (third largest city in Kenya; pop. 400,000), Kitale, Kitui, Kolbio, Laisamis, Lamu, Liboi, Lodwar, Loiyangalani, Lokichar, Lokichokio, Lokori, Lokwa Kangole, Londiani, Lorule, Machakos, Mado Gashi, Magadi, Malindi (Tourism city at Malindi Bay), Mandera, Maralal, Mariakanii, Marigat, Marsabit, Meru, Migori, Molo, Mombasa (major port and second-largest city in Kenya), Moyale, Mtito Andei, Murang'a, Mwingi, Nairobi (capital city), Naivasha, Nakuru (capital of Kenya's Rift Valley province; pop. 300,000), Namanga, Nanyuki, Narok, Nguni, North Horr, Nyahururu (Thomson's Falls), Nyeri, Ramu, Sabarei, Solai, Sultan-Hamud, Takaba, Tarbaj, Taveta, Thika, Todenyang, Tot, Tsavo, Voi, Wajir, and Webuye.", "Crowds gather to look a building after it collapsed, in Nairobi, Kenya, on June 14, 2011. A six-story building under construction in Kenya's capital collapsed, killing at least two people.", "His fourth wife, the best known due to her role as First Lady, was Ngina Kenyatta (née Muhoho), also known as Mama Ngina. She often accompanied him in public and also has some streets in Nairobi and Mombasa named after her. She bore Kenyatta four children: Christine Wambui (born 1952), Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta (born 1961), Anna Nyokabi (also known as Jeni) and Muhoho Kenyatta (born 1964). Mama Ngina lives quietly as a wealthy widow, and now as President's mother, in Kenya. Uhuru Kenyatta, Mzee Kenyatta's political heir, unsuccessfully vied for the Kenyan presidency as President Moi's preferred successor in 2002, but was elected Kenya's fourth President in 2013 . Muhoho Kenyatta runs the Kenyatta's vast family business but lives out of the public limelight.", "Home to thousands of Kenyan businesses and over 100 major international companies and organisations, including the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the United Nations Office at Nairobi (UNON), Nairobi is an established hub for business and culture. The Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) is one of the largest in Africa and the second-oldest exchange on the continent. It is Africa's fourth-largest exchange in terms of trading volume, capable of making 10 million trades a day. ", "Nairobi is the only capital city in the world with a national park on its boundaries, making it a prime tourist destination, as well as several other tourist attractions. Nairobi has a diverse and multicultural composition; there are a number of churches, mosques, temples, and gurdwaras within the city. Nairobi is home to several museums, sites, and monuments, plus spectacular five star hotels to cater for safari-bound tourists.", "Nairobi has many parks and open spaces throughout the city. Much of the city has dense tree-cover and plenty of green spaces. The most famous park in Nairobi is Uhuru Park. The park borders the central business district and the neighbourhood Upper Hill. Uhuru (Freedom in Swahili) Park is a centre for outdoor speeches, services, and rallies. The park was to be built over by former President Daniel arap Moi, who wanted the 62-storey headquarters of his party, the Kenya African National Union, situated in the park. However, the park was saved following a campaign by Nobel Peace Prize winner Wangari Maathai.", "Nairobi is one of the most prominent cities in Africa, both politically and financially. Home to thousands of Kenyan businesses and over 100 major international companies and organisations, including the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the main coordinating and headquarters for the UN in Africa and Middle East, the United Nations Office at Nairobi (UNON), Nairobi is an established hub for business and culture.", "Even though Dar es Salaam has a larger population, Nairobi would be considered the business, finance and transport hub in the EAC. The East Africa Community's largest firms are headquartered in the city, including the region's largest carrier Kenya Airways, the region's largest media house the Nation Media Group and the Kenya Commercial Bank Group, the EAC's largest financial conglomerate. Most multinational firms (including Google, Coca Cola and Toyota) have their regional headquarters in Nairobi including UNEP which is the forth UN Office in the world as well as the only UN office located in Africa, or any developing country. Nairobi is also home to the Nairobi Securities Exchange the largest within the EAC. The exchange is Africa's 4th largest in terms of trading volumes, and 5th largest in terms of Market Capitalization as a percentage of GDP. Nairobi's JKIA is the East Africa Community's busiest aviation hub it handles about 5-6 million passengers a year.", "Kenya’s capital city has risen in a single century from a brackish uninhabited swampland to a thriving modern capital. When railway construction workers reached this area in 1899, they set up a basic camp and supply depot, simply called ‘Mile 327’.", "It is a port city in western Kenya at 1,131 m. It is the third largest city in Kenya, the principal city of western Kenya, the capital of Nyanza Province and the headquarters of Kisumu District. It is the largest city in Nyanza Province and second most important city, after Kampala, in the greater Lake Victoria basin.", "The phrase is also the Maasai name of the Nairobi river, which in turn lent its name to the city. However, it is popularly known as the \"Green City in the Sun\", and is surrounded by several expanding villa suburbs.Inhabitants of Nairobi are known as Nairobians, and the city is governed by the County Government of Nairobi, whose current governor is Evans Kidero.", "Photos: Kenya elections – Kenyans voters queuing for the presidential elections at the Kisumu Social Centre, one of the largest polling stations in Kisumu town in western Kenya March 4, 2013.", "Among the city’s architectural landmarks are the Kenyatta International Conference Centre, the Parliament Building and city hall, the law courts , the Roman Catholic cathedral, and the Jamia Mosque. There is also a well-planned commercial centre.", "From its Indian Ocean coastline, Kenya's flat land rises into central highlands. Those highlands are the site of the country's highest point; Mount Kenya, standing at 5,199 m (17,057 ft).", "Elections were then held in May 1963, pitting Kenyatta's KANU (Kenya African National Union- which advocated for Kenya to be a unitary state ) against KADU (Kenya African Democratic Union - which advocated for Kenya to be an ethnic-federal state). KANU beat KADU by winning 83 seats out of 124. On 1 June 1963, Kenyatta became prime minister of the autonomous Kenyan government. After independence, Queen Elizabeth II remained as Head of State (after Independence, styled as Queen of Kenya), represented by a Governor-General. He consistently asked white settlers not to leave Kenya and supported reconciliation.", "In 2011, the city was considered to be about 4 million residents. A large beautification project took place in the Central Business District, as the city prepared to host the 2006 Afri-Cities summit. Iconic buildings such as the Kenyatta International Conference Centre had their exteriors cleaned and repainted. " ]

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[ "Angola , Republic of Angola - a republic in southwestern Africa on the Atlantic Ocean; achieved independence from Portugal in 1975 and was the scene of civil war until 1990", "ANGOLA In 1975 this Portugal's colony of Angola became the last European colony to gain independence", "In Angola, the Alvor Agreement was signed on January 15, 1975, granting Angola independence from Portugal on 11 November 1975. The Alvor Agreement formally ended the war for independence. The agreement, while signed by the MPLA, the FNLA, UNITA, and the Portuguese government, was never signed by the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda or the Eastern Revolt as the other parties had excluded them from the peace negotiations. The coalition government established by the Alvor Agreement soon fell apart as the various nationalist parties each attempted to seize power. Unable to broker a new compromise, in November 1975 Portugal's last African High Commissioner Rosa Coutinho hauled down his nation's flag and departed Angola.", "It has a population of over 25.7 million and is bordered by Zambia to the east, Namibia to the south and the Democratic Republic of Congo to the north. Its capital city is Luanda and the national currency is the kwanza. Portuguese is its official language, but Bantu and other African languages are also spoken. Angola gained independence from Portugal in 1975.", "Since independence from Portugal in 1975, a number of Angolan students continued to be admitted every year at high schools, politechnic institutes and universities in Portugal , Brazil and Cuba through bilateral agreements; in general, these students belong to the elites.", "The United States' deep investment in destabilizing the democratically elected, post-independence government of Angola is arguably the most profound example of Western influence and its destructive consequences for Africa. In 1975 Angola gained its independence from Portugal, and three nationalist groups subsequently fought for control of the government: the MPLA (Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola), led by President José Eduardo dos Santos and backed by Cuba and the Soviet Union; UNITA (National Union for the Total Independence of Angola), led by Jonas Savimbi and backed by South Africa and the United States; and the FNLA (National Liberation Front of Angola), backed by Zaire's president, Mobutu Sese Seko (he had changed the name Congo to Zaire in 1971.)", "The Angolan War of Independence (1961–1975) began as an uprising against forced cotton cultivation, and became a multi-faction struggle for the control of Portugal's Overseas Province of Angola among three nationalist movements and a separatist movement. [4] The war ended when a leftist military coup in Lisbon in April 1974 overthrew Portugal's Estado Novo regime, and the new regime immediately stopped all military action the African colonies, declaring its intention to grant tham independence without delay. In Angola, the war came formally to an end in January 1975 when the Portuguese government, the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola ( UNITA ), the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola ( MPLA ), and the National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) signed the Alvor Agreement ,", "Portugal granted Angola independence in 1975 and the MPLA assumed control of the government in Luanda; Agostinho Neto became president. The FNLA and UNITA, however, proclaimed a coaliton government in Nova Lisboa (now Huambo), but by early 1976 the MPLA had gained control of the whole country. Most of the European population fled the political and economic upheaval that followed independence, taking their investments and technical expertise with them. When Neto died in 1979, José Eduardo dos Santos succeeded him as president. In the 1970s and 80s the MPLA government received large amounts of aid from Cuba and the Soviet Union, while the United States supported first the FNLA and then UNITA. In Cabinda, independence forces that had fought against the Portuguese now fought against the Angolan government. Although the FNLA faded in importance, UNITA obtained the support of South Africa, which was mounting its own campaigns against the Southwest Africa People's Organization (SWAPO), a Namibian liberation group based in Angola.", "Africa saw further decolonization in the decade, with Angola and Mozambique gaining their independence in 1975 from the Portuguese Empire after the restoration of democracy in Portugal. The continent was however plagued by endemic military coups, with the long-reigning Emperor of Ethiopia Haile Selassie being removed, civil wars and famine.", "Following a military coup in Portugal in April 1974, the colonial government precipitously announced its withdrawal from Angola. In January 1975, the three movements that had fought for independence signed the Alvor Accord providing for a joint interim government and an integrated national army. However, as the date for military integration neared, the agreement broke down, and by mid-1975, the fronts were at war. The United States, Soviet Union and Cuba, and regional powers became involved in the conflict. [19]", "In 1961, the FNLA and the MPLA, based in neighbouring countries, began a guerrilla campaign against Portuguese rule on several fronts. The Portuguese Colonial War , which included the Angolan War of Independence , lasted until the Portuguese regime's overthrow in 1974 through a leftist military coup in Lisbon . When the timeline for independence became known, most of the roughly 500,000 ethnic Portuguese Angolans fled the territory during the weeks before or after that deadline. Portugal left behind a newly independent country whose population was mainly composed by Ambundu, Ovimbundu, and Bakongo peoples. The Portuguese that lived in Angola accounted for the majority of the skilled workers in public administration, agriculture, and industry; once they fled the country, the national economy began to sink into depression .[27]", "Portugal's foreign and colonial policies met with increasing difficulty both at home and abroad beginning in the 1950s. In fact, the bloodiest and most protracted wars against colonialism in Africa were fought against the Portuguese. Portugal lost the tiny remnants of its Indian empire—Goa, Daman, and Diu—to Indian military occupation in 1961, the year an insurrection broke out in Angola. For the next 13 years, Salazar, who died in 1970, and his successor, Marcello Caetano, fought independence movements amid growing world criticism. Leftists in the armed forces, weary of a losing battle, launched a successful revolution on April 25, 1974. After the 1974 revolution, the new military junta gave up its territories, beginning with Portuguese Guinea in Sept. 1974, which became the Republic of Guinea-Bissau. The decolonization of the Cape Verde Islands and Mozambique was effected in July 1975. Angola achieved independence later that same year, thus ending a colonial involvement on that continent that had begun in 1415. Full-scale international civil war, however, followed Portugal's departure from Angola, and Indonesia forcibly annexed independent East Timor. Also in 1975, the government nationalized banking, transportation, heavy industries, and the media. Portugal continued to experience social, economic, and political upheavals for the next decade.", "The Carnation Revolution in Lisbon, Portugal in 1974 established a military government that promptly ceased anti-independence fighting in Angola and agreed to hand over power to a coalition of three pro-independence Angolan movements. The coalition quickly broke down and the newly independent Angola broke into a state of civil war. Maintaining control over Luanda and the lucrative oil fields of the Atlantic coastline, Agostinho Neto, the leader of the MPLA, declared the independence of the Portuguese Overseas Province of Angola as the People's Republic of Angola on November 11, 1975, in accordance with the Alvor Accords. UNITA and FNLA together declared Angolan independence in Huambo. These differences reiginited civil war between UNITA & FNLA and the MPLA, with the latter winning the upper hand. Agostinho Neto became the first president upon independence, and he was succeeded after his death by José Eduardo dos Santos in 1979.", "Portugal refused to give in to the demands of nationals for independence. In 1961, armed conflicts began when nationalist guerillas attacked civilians in northeastern Angola. The struggle, eventually named the Colonial War, the nationalists groups were the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) formed in 1956, the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA) formed in 1961 and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) started in 1966. The fighting and the 1974 coup d’état in Lisbon, overthrowing Marcelo Caetano’s regime, eventually earned Angola its independence on November 11, 1975.", "The three party leaders met again in Mombasa, Kenya on 5 January 1975 and agreed to stop fighting each other, further outlining constitutional negotiations with the Portuguese. They met for a third time, with Portuguese government officials, in Alvor, Portugal from 10 till 15 January. They signed on 15 January what became known as the Alvor Agreement , granting Angola independence on 11 November and establishing a transitional government. [55]", "The parties agreed to hold the first assembly elections in October 1975. From 31 January until independence a transitional government consisting of the Portuguese High Commissioner Rosa Coutinho and a Prime Ministerial Council would rule. The PMC consisted of three representatives, one from each Angolan party, and a rotating premiership among the representatives. Every decision required two-thirds majority support. The twelve ministries were divided equally among the Angolan parties and the Portuguese government: three ministries for each party. Author Witney Wright Schneidman criticized this provision in Engaging Africa: Washington and the Fall of Portugal's Colonial Empire for ensuring a \"virtual paralysis in executive authority\". The Bureau of Intelligence and Research cautioned that an excessive desire to preserve the balance of power in the agreement hurt the transitional Angolan government's ability to function. [32] [56] [57]", "The parties agreed to hold the first assembly elections in October 1975. From 31 January until independence a transitional government consisting of the Portuguese High Commissioner Rosa Coutinho and a Prime Ministerial Council would rule. The PMC consisted of three representatives, one from each Angolan party, and a rotating premiership among the representatives. Every decision required two-thirds majority support. The twelve ministries were divided equally among the Angolan parties and the Portuguese government: three ministries for each party. Author Witney Wright Schneidman criticized this provision in Engaging Africa: Washington and the Fall of Portugal's Colonial Empire for ensuring a \"virtual paralysis in executive authority\". The Bureau of Intelligence and Research cautioned that an excessive desire to preserve the balance of power in the agreement hurt the transitional Angolan government's ability to function. [31] [55] [56]", "Prior to the decolonization movements of the post- World War II era, Europeans were represented in every part of Africa. [102] Decolonization during the 1960s and 1970s often resulted in the mass emigration of white settlers – especially from Algeria and Morocco (1.6 million pieds-noirs in North Africa), [103] Kenya, Congo, [104] Rhodesia, Mozambique and Angola. [105] Between 1975 and 1977, over a million colonials returned to Portugal alone. [106] Nevertheless, white Africans remain an important minority in many African states, particularly Zimbabwe , Namibia , Réunion , and the Republic of South Africa . [107] The country with the largest white African population is South Africa. [108] Dutch and British diasporas represent the largest communities of European ancestry on the continent today. [109]", "The three party leaders met again in Mombasa , Kenya on 5 January 1975 and agreed to stop fighting each other, further outlining constitutional negotiations with the Portuguese. They met for a third time, with Portuguese government officials, in Alvor , Portugal from 10 till 15 January. They signed on 15 January what became known as the Alvor Agreement , granting Angola independence on 11 November and establishing a transitional government. [34] The agreement ended the war for independence while marking the transition to civil war . The Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC) and Eastern Revolt never signed the agreement as they were excluded from negotiations. The coalition government established by the Alvor Agreement soon fell as nationalist factions, doubting one another's commitment to the peace process, tried to take control of the colony by force. [13] [34]", "As a result Angola is ill-equipped to respond positively in the aftermath of a 1974 coup in Portugal . This event, largely prompted by the dire situation in Portugal's three rebellious African colonies, brings to a sudden end the country's long-established right-wing dicatatorship. The change of regime in Lisbon has immediate consequences in Africa.", "Portugal formerly had colonies in Africa and Asia totaling about 2.1 million sq km and with a population of about 16 million. They included Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, the Cape Verde Islands, and the islands of São Tomé and Principe in Africa and eastern Timor and Macao (Aomin) in Asia. After the overthrow of the fascist regime in April 1974, the Portuguese government recognized the colonies’ right to independence and self-determination. It recognized the independent Republic of Guinea-Bissau in 1974, and in accordance with bilateral agreements Mozambique, the Cape Verde Islands, the islands of São Tomé and Principe, and Angola gained their independence in 1975. The problem of the decolonization of Timor and Macao is under consideration.", "The modern development of Angola began only after World War II. In 1951 the colony was designated an overseas province, and Portugal initiated plans to develop industries and hydroelectric power. Although the Portuguese professed the aim of a multiracial society of equals in Angola, most Africans still suffered repression. Inspired by nationalist movements elsewhere, the native Angolans rose in revolt in 1961. When the uprising was quelled by the Portuguese army, many fled to Congo (Kinshasa) and other neighboring countries.", "After the Berlin Conference in 1885, fixing the colony’s borders, British and Portuguese investments in mining began to develop the back country. Based on forced labor systems, railways and agriculture also developed. The Portuguese did not gain full control over the hinterland until the early 20th century. Portugal designated the area the Overseas Province of Angola in 1951. After nearly 500 years of Portuguese presence, independence called were met with mixed reactions. In the 1950’s, political organizations formed and began to demand rights in international forums like the Non-Aligned Movement.", "Angola, officially the Republic of Angola is a country in south-central Africa bordered by Namibia on the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congoon the north, and Zambia on the east; its west coast is on the Atlantic Ocean with Luanda as its capital city. The exclave province of Cabinda has borders with the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The Portuguese were present in some—mostly coastal— points of the territory of what is now Angola, from the 16th to the 19th century, interacting in diverse ways with the peoples that lived there. In the 19th century they slowly and hesitantly began to establish themselves in the interior. Angola as a Portuguese colony encompassing the present teritory was not established before the end of the 19th century, and \"effective occupation\", as required by the Berlin Conference (1884) was achieved only by the 1920s. Independence was achieved in 1975, after a protracted liberation war. After independence, Angola was the scene of an intense civil war from 1975 to 2002. The country has vast mineral and petroleum reserves, and its economy has grown on average at a two-digit pace since the 1990s, and especially since the end of the civil war. However, its level of human development is rather low, and its life expectancy and infant mortality rates are both among the worst-ranked in the world.", "Portuguese Guinea is the first, in September 1974. Portuguese East Africa follows in June 1975, taking the new name Mozambique. The republic of Cape Verde is established in July. And Angola, in the middle of civil war, becomes independent in November 1975.", "With Cuban support, the MPLA held Luanda and declared independence on 11 November 1975, with Agostinho Neto becoming the first president, though the civil war continued. At this time, most of the half-million Portuguese who lived in Angola – and who had accounted for the majority of the skilled workers in public administration, agriculture, industries and trade – fled the country, leaving its once prosperous and growing economy in a state of bankruptcy.", "Over one million Portuguese refugees fled the former Portuguese provinces as white settlers were usually not considered part of the new identities of the former Portuguese colonies in Africa and Asia. Mário Soares and António de Almeida Santos were charged with organising the independence of Portugal's overseas territories. By 1975, all the Portuguese African territories were independent and Portugal held its first democratic elections in 50 years.", "1975 - Portuguese withdraw from Angola without formally handing power to any movement. MPLA is in control of Luanda and declares itself government of independent Angola. Unita and FNLA set up a rival government in Huambo.", "When Angola achieved independence in 1975, a war was raging between competing national liberation movements and their foreign backers. Guus Meijer and David Birmingham revisit Angola’s colonial period and the independence struggle that followed and ask how the resulting social and economic divisions shaped and were manipulated by the warring parties. The article describes the introduction of authoritarian one-party rule under the MPLA and the impact of natural resource development and international and regional powers on the conflict. Tracing the conflict up to the signing of the Luena Memorandum, the authors conclude that Angola’s peace remains incomplete and that the country faces many challenges in achieving social and democratic reconstruction.", "Following their removal from power in 1914, the manikongos apparently retained their titles but had no power. These titular rulers are shown below with a shaded background. Any claim to the former throne seems to have ended with the country's independence in 1975, although it has been rumoured that Angola's current, long-lasting dictator, Jose Eduardo dos Santos, can claim descent in part from the royal family. This at least would explain the lack of any royal pretender to the lost throne, but it seems to be without any real basis or support (and his parents were immigrants into Luanda). The former capital city is now the capital of Zaire Province in Angola .", "But the Portuguese, eager to leave as quickly as possible, abandon the country without formally handing over control to any succeeding government. The MPLA, in possession of the capital and with guaranteed support from the USSR and Cuba, declares itself the government of independent Angola. Agostinho Neto, a distinguished poet who has led the MPLA since 1962, becomes president.", "The national flag of Angola came into use at independence on November 11, 1975. It is split horizontally into an upper red half and a lower black half." ]

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[ "The Horn of Africa is a peninsula that juts out from the northeast of the African continent, just below the Red Sea. It separates the Gulf of Aden from the Indian Ocean. Because the two main countries on the Horn of Africa are Ethiopia and Somalia, it is sometimes called the Somali Peninsula.", "Full-sized map of the countries that make up the Horn of Africa: Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia.", "The six countries that make up the Horn — Somalia, Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya and Djibouti — could become the next major front in the war on terrorism. Kenyan police earlier this year caught a smuggler trying to bring in an anti-aircraft missile.", "part of sub-Saharan Africa comprising two traditionally recognized regions: East Africa, made up of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda; and the Horn of Africa, made up of Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea, and Ethiopia. Eastern Africa consists largely of plateaus and has most of the highest elevations in the continent. The two most striking highlands are in Ethiopia...", "Ethiopia (; , ', ), officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (የኢትዮጵያ ፌዴራላዊ ዲሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ, yeʾĪtiyoṗṗya Fēdēralawī Dēmokirasīyawī Rīpebilīk ), is a sovereign state located in the Horn of Africa. It shares a border with Eritrea to the north and northeast, Djibouti and Somalia to the east, Sudan and South Sudan to the west, and Kenya to the south. With nearly 100 million inhabitants, Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world, as well as the second-most populous nation on the African continent after Nigeria. It occupies a total area of , and its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa.", "eastern Africa part of sub-Saharan Africa comprising two traditionally recognized regions: East Africa, made up of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda; and the Horn of Africa, made up of Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea, and Ethiopia. Eastern Africa consists largely of plateaus...", "The Horn of Africa is a region continuously in crisis. Ethiopia occupies a predominant position in the Horn because of its demographic importance: about 85% of the area's population live in this country. Yet Ethiopia's history is largely marked by conflicts between Muslims and Christians for resources and living space, as well as between nationalism and Marxism-Leninism in the modern times. The rest of the region also faces continuous wars: a civil war erupted in Somalia in 1977, resulting in the country having had no functioning national government since 1991. Sudan , with the Sudanese Civil War, represents another important source of instability for the whole region. Conflicts have also occurred in Djibouti and Eritrea.", "The Somali people, also known as Somalis (Somali: Soomaaliyeed, Arabic: الصوماليون), are an ethnic group inhabiting the Horn of Africa (Somali Peninsula).[20] The overwhelming majority of Somalis speak the Somali language, which is part of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family. They are predominantly Sunni Muslim.[21] Ethnic Somalis number around 15-17 million and are principally concentrated in Somalia (around 8.7 million),[1] Ethiopia (4.6 million),[2] Kenya (2.4 million),[3] and Djibouti (464,600),[4] with many also residing in parts of the Middle East, North America and Europe", "Ethiopia is a Horn of Africa nation located in the heart of East Africa. It shares its borders with six other countries - Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the east, Kenya to the south, South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest. ", "Ethiopia is found at the Horn of Africa, bordering by Eritrea to the north, Sudan to the west, Kenya to the south, Somalia to the east and Djibouti to the northeast.", "Location and Geography. Somalia is on the outer edge of the Somali Peninsula, also called the Horn of Africa, on the East African coast. It is bordered on the north by the Gulf of Aden, on the east by the Indian Ocean, on the southwest by Kenya, and on the west and northwest by Ethiopia and Djibouti.", "The Map is showing Somalia, a country in northeastern Africa, on the peninsula known as the Horn of Africa.", "The Horn contains such diverse areas as the highlands of the Ethiopian Plateau , the Ogaden desert, and the Eritrean and Somalian coasts and is home to the Amhara , Tigray , Oromo , and Somali peoples, among others. Its coasts are washed by the Red Sea , the Gulf of Aden , and the Indian Ocean , and it has long been in contact with the Arabian Peninsula and southwestern Asia . Islam and Christianity are of ancient standing here, and the people speak Afro-Asiatic languages related to those of North Africa and the Middle East . For more information on the individual countries in the region, see Djibouti ; Eritrea ; Ethiopia ; Somalia .", "Ethiopia, officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a sovereign state located in the Horn of Africa.", "Somalia is located on the Horn of Africa in East Africa. It is bound by Djibouti to the northwest, Ethiopia to the west, Kenya to the southwest, the Indian Ocean to the east and the Gulf of Aden to the north....", "Nonetheless, the U.S. maintains a military base in the Horn of Africa nation of Djibouti and is engaged in numerous war games and training programs with various states under the guise of fighting “terrorism” and enhancing regional security. Even though a few puppet regimes welcome U.S. military assistance, the masses in Africa and their popular organizations continue to strive towards genuine independence, unity and non-interference in the internal affairs of the continent.", "Djibouti City is the capital and largest settlement in Djibouti, situated in the Horn of Africa. The city is located in eastern Djibouti, approximately 21 km (13 mi) northwest of the Somalia border. It is a seaport, with the only sheltered harbour on the western side of the Gulf of Aden. The landscape around the city, along with Djibouti's coastal lowlands, is desert or semi-desert. The city's sandy beaches are popular tourist attractions and include Siesta Beach and Heron Beach. It is known as the \"Pearl of the Gulf of Tadjoura\" due to its location.", "East Africa: Ethiopia and Its Regional Diplomacy - Ethiopia's Dominant Interpretation of the Horn of Africa - allAfrica.com", "When we talk about mutual benefit partnership and co-existence in the Horn of Africa region, it is imperative that we discuss the issues of sovereignty and the rule of law. During the last four years, Eritrea experienced the destructive campaign of a regime in Ethiopia bent on waging war despite numerous attempts to resolve the matter peacefully and diplomatically.", "Once known as the Land of Punt, SOMALIA has a rich and ancient history. Famed for its frankincense and myrrh (which it still exports), Somalia today is better known for its pastoral economy, its nomadic population, and its important place in the strategic Horn of Africa.", "Somalia easternmost country of Africa, on the Horn of Africa. It extends from just south of the Equator northward to the Gulf of Aden and occupies an important geopolitical position between sub-Saharan Africa and the countries of Arabia and southwestern Asia....", "large peninsula in northeast Africa, including the countries of Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea, and Ethiopia. Also called the Somali Peninsula.", "The Kingdom of Aksum (also known as \"Axum\") was an African state located in Ethiopia, Eritrea, northern Somalia and Yemen that thrived between the 1st and 7th centuries. Due to the Horn's strategic location, it has been used to restrict access to the Red Sea in the past.", "located in Eastern Africa, bordering Eritrea to the north, Ethiopia to the north and northwest and Somalia to the southeast.", "Corrupt governments, porous borders, widespread poverty and discontented Muslim populations have created a region ripe for Islamic fundamentalism. The Horn of Africa, home to about 165 million people, is roughly half the area of the United States.", "the northeastern corner of Sub-Saharan Africa that includes the states of Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Djibouti. Drought, famine and ethnic warfare in the 1980s and 1990s resulted in political turmoil in this area", "Besides sharing similar geographic endowments, the countries of the Horn of Africa are, for the most part, linguistically and ethnically linked together, evincing a complex pattern of interrelationships among the various groups. ", "Besides sharing similar geographic endowments, the countries of the Horn of Africa are, for the most part, linguistically and ethnically linked together.  Among the major ethno-linguistic groups of the region are:", "The countries of the Horn of Africa are culturally linked together. Local people have been using the plow for cultivation and kept the Arabian dromedary as domestic animals for a long time. Some important ethno-linguistic groups in the Horn of Africa are:", "The Bab-el-Mandeb is also a sub-region in the Arab League, which includes Djibouti, Yemen and Somalia.", "According to Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church tradition, the straits of Bab-el-Mandeb were witness to the earliest migrations of Semitic Ge'ez speakers into Africa, occurring BC, roughly around the same time as the Hebrew patriarch Jacob. The Kingdom of Aksum was a major regional power in the Horn of Africa. It extended its rule across the strait with the conquest of the Himyarite Kingdom shortly before the rise of Islam.", "The centuries old practice of pastoralism in the Horn of Africa is being threatened today by what?" ]

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[ "The Capital City of Sierra Leone (officially named Republic of Sierra Leone) is the city of Freetown. The population of Freetown was 6,294,774.", "As the capital of Sierra Leone, Freetown is the seat of the Government of Sierra Leone, as the city is home to the State House, the House of Parliament, and the Supreme Court.", "Sierra Leone, officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Guinea on the north, Liberia in the south-east, and the Atlantic Ocean in the south-west. Sierra Leone has a tropical climate, with a diverse environment ranging from savannah to rainforests. Sierra Leone has a total area of 71740 km2 and an estimated population of 6 million (2011 United Nations estimate). Sierra Leone is divided into four geographical regions: the Northern Province, Eastern Province, Southern Province and the Western Area, which are subdivided into fourteen districts. Freetown is the capital, largest city and its economic and political centre. Bo is the second largest city. The other major cities are Kenema, Makeni, and Koidu Town.", "Sierra Leone takes its name from the mountainous peninsula jutting into the sea next to an enormous river estuary. It is a conspicious landmark on the rather monotonous West African coastline. The capital, Freetown, lies on this peninsula, overlooking the estuary of what is called the Sierra Leone River...", "Sierra Leone is situated on the west coast of Africa, bordered by Guinea to the north, Liberia to the southeast and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. It was annexed in 1787, and settled first by former slaves who had fought for the British in the American Revolution and then later by others who had been freed from slave ships on their way to the Americas (the national capital is, appropriately, called Freetown). It formally became a colony in 1808, remaining under British rule until independence in 1961. In more recent years, the Country has suffered from internal strife but the warring parties are now laying down their arms and normality is returning.", "In the west, Sierra Leone has some 400 km of Atlantic coastline, giving it both bountiful marine resources and attractive tourist potential. The coast has areas of low-lying Guinean mangroves swamp. The national capital Freetown sits on a coastal peninsula, situated next to the Sierra Leone Harbour, the world's third largest natural harbour.", "In fact, Sierra Leone is a tranquil and beautiful place. A mere five-hour flight from London, Freetown is one of Africa's safest capitals: the country recently underwent peaceful, free and fair democratic elections which resulted in the smooth transition to power of the opposition party. The main hazard now facing any tourist is probably malaria rather than crazed machete-wielding child soldiers.", "The capital, Freetown, has many beautiful beaches, like Lakka Beach, Bureh Beach, and Lumley Beach. The beaches have varying degrees of accommodations and cleanliness, as well as differing scenery. Additional sites in Freetown are museums, the Cape Sierra Leone Lighthouse, colonial architecture, including houses built on stilts, and Bunce Island. Bunce Island was an important site in the history of the country, and even the continent, as the one-time site of slave forts used to house captured slaves before they were moved to the Americas.", "After the civil war in Sierra Leone deteriorated further, the 1st Battalion landed at the country's capital, Freetown, on 7 May 2000 to evacuate foreign nationals. The battalion was the lead element of a large naval task group, centred around HMS Ocean, that was heading for Sierra Leone as part of Operation Palliser. After the evacuation was completed, they were tasked with retaining control of Freetown airport to ensure that UN supplies could be brought into the country, while also patrolling in the capital city. The rebel leader, Foday Sankoh, had been captured by government forces on 17 May. Operation Palliser ended on 15 June.", "Freetown, Sierra Leone is located in Sierra Leone Freetown, Sierra Leone Map of Sierra Leone showing the capital Freetown Coordinates: 8°29′4″N 13°14′4″W / 8.48444°N 13.23444°W / 8.48444; -13.23444Coordinates: 8°29′4″N 13°14′4″W / 8.48444°N 13.23444°W / 8.48444; -13.", "Population density varies greatly within Sierra Leone. The Western Area Urban District, including Freetown, the capital and largest city, has a population density of 1,224 persons per square km. The largest district geographically, Koinadugu, has a much lower density of 21.4 persons per square km.", "The city was first founded by the British in 1827, who leased the island from Spain during the colonial period. Named Port Clarence, it was used as a naval station in the effort to suppress the slave trade. Many newly freed slaves were also settled there, prior to the establishment of Sierra Leone as a colony for freed slaves. While many of them later relocated to Sierra Leone, some of their descendants, called Fernandinos, can still be found in Malabo and the surrounding area, where they constitute a distinct ethnic group, speaking their own Afro-Portuguese pidgin dialect. When the island reverted to complete Spanish control, Malabo was renamed Santa Isabel. It was chosen to replace the mainland town of Bata as the capital of the country in 1969, and was renamed Malabo in 1973 as part of President Francisco Macías Nguema's campaign to replace European place names with \"authentic\" African ones.", "Early inhabitants of Sierra Leone included the Sherbro , Temne and Limba , and Tyra  [ disambiguation needed ] peoples, and later the Mende , [12] who knew the country as Romarong, and the Kono who settled in the East of the country. [13] In 1462, it was visited by the Portuguese explorer Pedro da Cintra , who gave it its name Serra de Leão, meaning 'Lion Mountains'. [14] [15] Sierra Leone later became an important centre of the transatlantic trade in slaves until 1792 when Freetown was founded by the Sierra Leone Company as a home for formerly enslaved African Americans . [16] In 1808, Freetown became a British Crown Colony , and in 1896, the interior of the country became a British Protectorate ; [13] in 1961, the two combined and gained independence .", "1997 – Sierra Leone. On May 29 and May 30, 1997, U.S. military personnel were deployed to Freetown, Sierra Leone, to prepare for and undertake the evacuation of certain U.S. government employees and private U.S. citizens. [RL30172]", "The three westernmost wards (West I, West II, and West III) of the city constitute the West End of Freetown. These wards are relatively affluent. Most of the city's luxury hotels, a number of casinos, and the Lumley Beach are in the west end of the city. The west end neighbourhood of Hill Station is home to the State Lodge, the official residence of the president of Sierra Leone.", "In light of the above observations, a strong case could be advanced to support the establishment of a new political capital city for Sierra Leone.  However, where would the new capital city to be established when there is tribal, regional and politically conscious Sierra Leone?  Would the country afford such an expensive proposition and undertaking?  What benefits will Sierra Leoneans derive from such a major", "Freetown is home to Fourah Bay College, the oldest university in West Africa, founded in 1827. The university played a key role in Sierra Leone’s colonial history. The college’s first student, Samuel Ajayi Crowther, went on to be named as the first indigenous Bishop of West Africa. National Railway Museum has a coach car built for the state visit of Elizabeth II in 1961. The Big Market on Wallace Johnson Street is the showcase for local artisans’ work.", "Sierra Leone is located on the west coast of Africa, lying mostly between latitudes 7° and 10°N (a small area is south of 7°), and longitudes 10° and 14°W. The country is bordered by Guinea to the north and northeast, Liberia to the south and southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. ", "To catch a glimpse of Sierra Leone's history outside of a museum setting, take a walk through the area west of Tower Hill. A stroll down Pademba Road reveals many well-preserved wooden Krio houses that date from the 19th century. The view of the city from the neighborhood's highest hills is worth the somewhat strenuous walk.", "Sierra Leone is a constitutional republic with a directly elected president and a unicameral legislature. The current system of national government in Sierra Leone, established under the 1991 Constitution, is modelled on the following structure of government: the Legislature, the Executive and the Judiciary. ", "Situated on the coast of West Africa, Sierra Leone has long coastline along the Atlantic Ocean, with coastal Guinean mangrove swamps giving way to hilly forests, plateau, and mountains in the interior. Not far from the equator, Sierra Leone has a tropical climate. The inland features alternating plateaus and mountain ranges, in which the highest point in the country, Mount Bintumani, rises 1,948 meters (6,391 feet) above sea level.", "Sierra Leone is an extremely poor nation with tremendous inequality in income distribution. While it possesses substantial mineral, agricultural, and fishery resources, its physical and social infrastructure has yet to recover from the civil war, and serious social disorders continue to hamper economic development. Nearly half of the working-age population engages in subsistence agriculture. Manufacturing consists mainly of the processing of raw materials and of light manufacturing for the domestic market. Alluvial diamond mining remains the major source of hard currency earnings, accounting for nearly half of Sierra Leone's exports. The fate of the economy depends upon the maintenance of domestic peace and the continued receipt of substantial aid from abroad, which is essential to offset the severe trade imbalance and supplement government revenues. The IMF completed a Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility program that helped stabilize economic growth and reduce inflation and in 2010 approved a new program worth $45 million over three years. Political stability has led to a revival of economic activity such as the rehabilitation of bauxite and rutile mining, which are set to benefit from planned tax incentives. A number of offshore oil discoveries were announced in 2009 and 2010. The development of these reserves, which could be significant, is still several years away, however, growth skyrocketed to more than 20% in 2012, as exploitation activities began.", "The 1991 to 2002 civil war between the government and the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) resulted in tens of thousands of deaths and the displacement of more than 2 million people (well over one-third of the population), many of whom are now refugees in neighboring countries. With the support of the UN peacekeeping force and contributions from the World Bank and international community, demobilization and disarmament of the RUF and Civil Defense Forces (CDF) combatants has been completed. National elections were held in May 2002 and the government continues to slowly reestablish its authority. However, the gradual withdrawal of most UN Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) peacekeepers in 2004 and early 2005, deteriorating political and economic conditions in Guinea, and the tenuous security situation in neighboring Liberia may present challenges to the continuation of Sierra Leone's stability.", "The current president of Sierra Leone is Ernest Bai Koroma, who was sworn in on 17 September 2007. The first person of Temne ancestry to be elected president, he won a tense run-off election, defeating incumbent Vice-president, Solomon Berewa of the Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP). ", "Stamp-issuing status: active; Population: 4,891,546 (1997 estimate). A republic in west Africa. The coastal area was occupied by Great Britain after 1791, the hinterland coming under British protection in 1896. In 1961, Sierra Leone became independent. Long one of the most progressive of Britain's west African colonies, Sierra Leone's early political stability and economic growth have given way to coups, countercoups, rampant corruption and an economy heavily dependent on foreign aid.", "Sierra Leone became independent in 1961. Government corruption and mismanagement of the country's natural resources contributed to the Sierra Leone Civil War (1991 to 2002), which for more than a decade devastated the country. This proxy war left more than 50,000 people dead, much of the country's infrastructure destroyed, and over two million people displaced as refugees in neighbouring countries.", "Sierra Leone became the Republic of Sierra Leone on 19 April 1971. Stevens left the office of Prime Minister two days later and became President of Sierra Leone.", "Sierra Leone is extremely poor and nearly half of the working-age population engages in subsistence agriculture. The country possesses substantial mineral, agricultural, and fishery resources, but it is still recovering from a civil war that destroyed mos", "Former President Siaka Stevens' government had sought closer relations with other West African countries under the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) a policy continued by the current government. Sierra Leone, along with Liberia and Guinea, form the Mano River Union (MRU). It is primarily designed to implement development projects and promote regional economic integration between the three countries. ", "Since 1991, civil war between the government and the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) has resulted in tens of thousands of deaths and the displacement of more than 2 million people (well over one-third of the population), many of whom are now refugees in neighboring countries. After several setbacks, the end to the 11-year conflict in Sierra Leone may finally be near at hand. With the support of the UN peacekeeping force and contributions from the World Bank and international community, demobilization and disarmament of the RUF and Civil Defense Forces (CDF) combatants has been completed. National elections were held in May 2002 and the government continues to slowly reestablish its authority.", "In September 1975, Papua New Guinea became an independent country with Port Moresby as its capital city. Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, represented the Queen of Papua New Guinea at the celebrations. New government, intellectual and cultural buildings were constructed in the suburb of Waigani to supplement and replace those of downtown Port Moresby. They included those for government departments, including a National Parliament Building, which was opened in 1984 by Prince Charles and blends traditional design with modern building technology.", "Image caption Sierra Leone suffered a lengthy civil war. Child soldiers took part in the fighting" ]

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[ "Zanzibar (; Zanjibār), is a semi-autonomous part of Tanzania in East Africa. It is composed of the Zanzibar Archipelago in the Indian Ocean, 25 - off the coast of the mainland, and consists of many small islands and two large ones: Unguja (the main island, referred to informally as Zanzibar) and Pemba. The capital is Zanzibar City, located on the island of Unguja. Its historic centre is Stone Town, which is a World Heritage Site.", "Onward. Yes, Zanzibar is the large island (along with several smaller islands) off the east coast of Africa, part of the country of Tanzania, which was formed in 1964 by the merger of the independent nations of Zanzibar and Tanganyika. Zanzibar is \"near India\" in the sense that it is closer to India than to Pittsburgh, but it is part of Africa.", "So Zanzibar is in East Africa.  But it’s not a country, it’s an island that’s part of Tanzania.  Well kind of.  It’s actually considered a “semi-autonomous region” of Tanzania.  And it’s actually not just an island, it’s an archipelago of many islands.  And there are really just two bigger islands, and it’s just one, called Unguja, that people care about.  Unguja is also known as Zanzibar, and it’s home to Zanzibar’s capital, Zanzibar City.  And within Zanzibar City, is Stone Town – which isn’t really a town at all, but really just a part of Zanzibar City. Because all of this is so confusing, here’s a diagram.", "Zanzibar (also referred to as Unguja or Zanzibar Island) is the largest and most populated island of the semi-autonomous archipelago of Zanzibar, off the coast of Tanzania. The African island has been for centuries an important trading center, a melting pot of African, Indian and Arab influences. Zanzibar’s major attraction is Stone Town, with its whitewashed, coral rag houses, charming shops, bazaars, mosques, squares and courtyards. Another big attraction are the beautiful white sandy beaches lapped by the turquoise sea.", "Tanzania is located on the east coast of Africa. Zanzibar, an island off the mainland in the Indian Ocean, and the Zanzibar Archipelago, are also part of Tanzania.", "Zanzibar is an archipelago consisting of two main Islands of Unguja (commonly referred to as Zanzibar Island ), Pemba and about 51 other surrounding small islets. Zanzibar is a partner state in the United Republic of Tanzania with the Mainland. The name Zanzibar is derived from a combination of two Arabic words, 'Zenj', meaning black, and 'bar', being the Arabic word for land, resulting in the ancient title 'Land of the Blacks'. As Zanzibar absorbed peoples from as far as the Orient and Iberia, Assyria and India. Pemba is the second largest island of the Archipelago, named Al-khudra \"The Green Island” by the Arabic mariners. It is famous for its clove production and its channels offer some of the best diving experiences in East Africa.", "Kidude was one of the most famous cultural icons from the East African island of Zanzibar, a semi-autonomous part of Tanzania, whose people and traditions are a melting pot resulting from centuries of trade across eastern Africa, the Arabian Gulf and Indian Ocean.", "(tăn'zənē`ə, –zăn`ēə, Swahili tänzänē`ä), officially United Republic of Tanzania, republic (2005 est. pop. 36,766,000), 364,898 sq mi (945,087 sq km), E Africa, formed in 1964 by the union of the republics of Tanganyika and Zanzibar. For a description of the island of Zanzibar, and its history until 1964, see Zanzibar Zanzibar", "Zanzibar retains considerable independence in internal affairs, but its foreign relations and defense are handled by the central government. Zanzibar's chief executive serves as the first vice president of Tanzania when Tanzania's president is Tanganyikan, and as second vice president when Tanzania's president is Zanzibari. In 1979 a separate constitution was approved for Zanzibar.", "Zanzibar is one of the Indian Ocean islands. It is situated on the Swahili Coast, adjacent to Tanganyika (mainland Tanzania).", "Zanzibar, an Indian Ocean archipelago located off the eastern coastline of Tanzania, contains three large islands and a number of smaller ones.", "Shortly after achieving independence from Britain in the early 1960s, Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged to form the nation of Tanzania in 1964. One-party rule came to an end in 1995 with the first democratic elections held in the country since the 1970s. Zanzibar's semi-autonomous status and popular opposition have led to two contentious elections since 1995, which the ruling party won despite international observers' claims of voting irregularities.", "The scramble for Africa by the European powers at the end of the 19th century led to the occupation of the mainland by Germany despite resistance by leaders such as Abushiri of Pangani, Mkwawa of Iringa, and Kinjeketile of Rufiji. The latter led the famous Maji maji uprising of July 1905. Zanzibar became a British Protectorate. After World War I, Germany was forced to surrender mainland Tanzania to British rule. The mainland (then known as Tanganyika) became independent in 1961 and Zanzibar in 1963. In 1964, Tanganyika and Zanzibar united to form United Republic of Tanzania.", "The United Republic of Tanzania comprises Tanganyika, on the African mainland, and the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba. Tanganyika lies on the east coast of Africa and is bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north; Rwanda, Burundi and Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west; and Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique to the south. The islands of Zanzibar and Pemba lie off the east coast of Tanganyika.", "The United Republic of Tanzania includes the Indian Ocean islands of Pemba and Zanzibar and the mainland territory, covering a total area of 1,0219,090 km², and is located on the east coast of Africa between the great lakes of the African Rift Valley system in the central part of the continent and the Indian Ocean.", "The United Republic of Tanzania is a union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar established in 1964. The Zanzibar islands elect their own president and parliament as well as voting for the Union president and parliament.", "Tanzania’s history is as old as human civilization, as the discoveries of the earliest human fossils have shown. In the late 19th century, the area was known as German East Africa and after Germany’s defeat in World War 1, it became a British colony, and came to be known as Tanganyika. Tanganyika’s independence struggle began with the Maji Maji movement in 1905. In 1959, Julius Nyerere (TANU party) won the Tanganyika legislative elections and was requested by the British to set up an internal self-government. Tanganyika became independent in 1961. Zanzibar, which was ruled by the Omani Arabs until it became a British protectorate in 1862, finally became independent in 1963. Tanganyika united with Zanzibar in 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, which was renamed United Republic of Tanzania in October 1964. Julius Nyerere became the first President of Tanzania.", "The British exerted more influence and Zanzibar became their protectorate in 1890. Despite the mainland being controlled by the Germans, they ruled peacefully for over 70 years and Zanzibar was largely unaffected by both World Wars. Tanganyika did become independent in 1961 and Zanzibar followed suit in 1963. A few months later a union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar was formed in 1964, leading to modern-day Tanzania.", "Tanganyika was a sovereign state that existed from 1961 until 1964. It was situated between the Indian Ocean and the African Great Lakes of Lake Victoria, Lake Nyasa and Lake Tanganyika. It gained independence from the United Kingdom as a Commonwealth realm on 9 December 1961, becoming a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations exactly a year later, on 9 December 1962. From 1962 to 1964 it was officially called the Republic of Tanganyika. On 26 April 1964, Tanganyika joined with the People's Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, a new state that changed its name to the United Republic of Tanzania within a year.", "In 1963 the sultanate regained its independence, becoming a member of the British Commonwealth. In January 1964 a revolt by leftists overthrew the sultanate and established a republic. The revolution marked the overthrow of the island’s long-established Arab ruling class by the Africans, who were the majority of the population. In April the presidents of Zanzibar and Tanganyika signed an act of union of their two countries, creating what later in the year was named Tanzania .", "Undoubtedly one of the main things that the Tanzanian coastline, and the island of Zanzibar, is most famous for. Where, traditionally, the western coast of Africa had been very strong for slave trading, due to its proximity to the Americas and the Caribbean, by the early 1900s the British had put an end to the trade.", "The United Republic of Tanzania was born in 1964 out of that union with an overwhelmingly Muslim island-nation whose closest historical, economic and political ties were with Oman in particular and the Arab Gulf countries in general. Zanzibar was for two centuries the Omani official seat of government and the official residence of the Sultan.", "In 1963 tensions on the neighboring island of Zanzibar started to impact on Tanganyika. Zanzibar had been a British protectorate, but on 10 December 1963, independence was gained as a Sultinate (under Jamshid ibn Abd Allah) within the Commonwealth of Nations. A coup on January 12, 1964 overthrew the sultanate and established a new republic. Africans and Arabs were in conflict, and the aggression spread to the mainland -- the Tanganyikan army mutinied.", "In 1498, Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama became the first known European to reach the African Great Lakes coast; he stayed for 32 days. In 1505 the Portuguese captured the island of Zanzibar. Portuguese control lasted until the early 18th century, when Arabs from Oman established a foothold in the region. Assisted by Omani Arabs, the indigenous coastal dwellers succeeded in driving the Portuguese from the area north of the Ruvuma River by the early 18th century. Claiming the coastal strip, Omani Sultan Seyyid Said moved his capital to Zanzibar City in 1840. He focused on the island and developed trade routes that stretched as far as Lake Tanganyika and Central Africa. During this time, Zanzibar became the centre for the Arab slave trade. Due to the Arab and Persian domination at this later time, many Europeans misconstrued the nature of Swahili civilization as a product of Arab colonization. However, this misunderstanding has begun to dissipate over the past 40 years as Swahili civilization is becoming recognized as principally African in origin. ", "Zanzibar Island is known as Unguja by the locals and has only become a popular tourist destination in recent years. It has quite a troubled and tumultuous history. It was settled by the Arabs as early as the 9th century and by 1045 the locals had been converted to Islam. They were joined by the Persians some 400 years later though both were ousted by the Portuguese in 1500. The Omani Arabs reclaimed the country by 1700 and they were instrumental in the expansion of the slave trade to work on the clove plantations. The British opposed slavery vigorously and by 1873 it had been abolished in Zanzibar. ", "Zanzibar (the island) has a growing tourism industry. Zanzibar Town (or city) is a popular destination, and its old quarter is a United Nation's \"World Heritage Site.\"", "** Zanzibar Revolution: The predominantly Arab government of Zanzibar is overthrown by African nationalist rebels; a United States Navy destroyer evacuates 61 U.S. citizens.", "1964: The Zanzibar Revolution overthrew the 157-year-old Arab monarchy, declared the People's Republic of Zanzibar , and began the process of unification with Julius Nyerere 's Tanganyika .", "Branson’s paper continued by advising on the Zanzibar situation: ‘Zanzibar’s House of Representatives did not return on 12 November, as required by the Isles’ constitution. Six cabinet ministers resigned from the Zanzibar’s government of national unity (GNU). The incumbent president of Zanzibar Dr Ali Mohamed Shein, a stalwart of the ruling CCM, party, still remains in office despite his term having elapsed on November 2, 2015.", "Zanzibar is today inhabited mostly by ethnic Swahili, a Bantu population. There are also a number of Arabs as well as some Indians. ", "The southern and eastern portions of Zanzibar island have been mainly populated by a Bantu-speaking people known as the Hadimu ; the northern portion of Zanzibar island and the adjacent Tumbatu island have been occupied by another Bantu-speaking people known as the Tumbatu. These two groups represent the earliest arrivals in Zanzibar. Throughout the 19th century, and after, they were expropriated from the western and more fertile parts of the island by later arrivals, notably Arabs . The nationalization of land in 1964, however, was followed by economic reforms that redistributed the land. Fishing has traditionally been highly important in coastal villages and remains so.", "The Indian Ocean has some of the world’s most beautiful beaches, such as this one in Zanzibar. Image by pixel" ]

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[ "Africa’s largest country is Algeria , and its smallest country is the Seychelles , an archipelago off the east coast. [72] The smallest nation on the continental mainland is the Gambia .", "The largest country in Africa is Algeria, the smallest is the Seychelles. The most populated country is Nigeria.", "The largest country in Africa is Algeria. This country has an area of 919,595 square miles or 2,381,740 square kilometers. Algeria is located is northern Africa and borders Morocco, Tunisia, Libya, Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Western Sahara and the Mediterranean Sea. It is also the tenth largest country in the world.", "Africa is made up of over fifty sovereign nations, and several more territories and dependencies. Of the countries in Africa, Algeria is the largest country by area, with an area of 2,381,740 square kilometers.", "Algeria, with land measuring 2 381 741 km2 and a population of 37,367,226 as of July 2012, is currently the largest country in Africa after Sudan split into Northern Sudan and Southern Sudan in 2011. As about 85% of the country consists of Sahara desert, almost the entire population is concentrated in the well-watered coastal zone between the Atlas mountain range and the Mediterranean Sea. Only 3% of the country is suitable for crop cultivation...", "Democratic Republic of the Congo (French: République démocratique du Congo), sometimes referred to as DR Congo, Congo-Kinshasa or the DRC, is a country located in central Africa. It is the second largest country in Africa by area and the eleventh largest in the world. With a population of over 75 million,[1] the Democratic Republic of the Congo is the nineteenth most populous nation in the world, the fourth most populous nation in Africa, as well as the most populous officially Francophone country.", "10. Algeria – 10th largest in the world but the largest country in Africa: 2,381,741 sq km (919,595 sq mi)", "Sudan was the largest country in Africa prior to the secession of South Sudan in 2011. It is now the third largest, after Algeria and Democratic Republic of the Congo.", "Sudan was the largest country in Africa and the Arab world until 2011, when South Sudan separated into an independent country, following an independence referendum. Sudan is now the third largest country in Africa (after Algeria and the Democratic Republic of the Congo) and also the third largest country in the Arab world (after Algeria and Saudi Arabia).", "Africa is the world’s second-largest and second-most-populous continent . At about 30.2 million km2 (11.7 million sq mi) including adjacent islands, it covers six percent of Earth ‘s total surface area and 20.4 percent of its total land area. [2] With 1.1 billion people as of 2013, it accounts for about 15% of the world’s human population. [3] The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, both the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagos . It has 54 fully recognized sovereign states (“ countries “), nine territories and two de facto independent states with limited or no recognition . [4]", "5. The African country with the largest population is:   a. Nigeria  b. South Africa  c. Kenya  d. Egypt  e. Ethiopia", "Africa, the planet's 2nd largest continent and the second most-populous continent (after Asia) includes (54) individual countries, and Western Sahara, a member state of the African Union whose statehood is disputed by Morocco. Note that South Sudan is the continent's newest country.", "The Democratic Republic of the Congo ( French : République Démocratique du Congo (or RDC); often shortened to DRC or D.R. Congo) is the largest and most populous country in Central Africa . It straddles the Equator and is surrounded by Angola to the southwest; Angola's Cabinda exclave and the Republic of the Congo to the northwest; the Central African Republic to the north; South Sudan to the northeast; Uganda , Rwanda , Burundi , and Tanzania in the east from north to south; and Zambia to the southeast.", "1. a republic in NE Africa, on the Red Sea: the largest country in Africa; conquered by Mehemet Ali of Egypt (1820--22) and made an Anglo-Egyptian condominium in 1899 after joint forces defeated the Mahdist revolt; became a republic in 1956; civil war has been waged between separatists, in the mainly Christian south, and the government since independence, apart from a period of peace (1972--83). It consists mainly of a plateau, with the Nubian Desert in the north. Official language: Arabic. Official religion: Muslim; there are large Christian and animist minorities. Currency: Sudanese dinar. Capital: Khartoum. Pop.: 34 333 000 (2004 est.). Area: 2 505 805 sq. km (967 491 sq. miles)", "Following an April 2014 statistical \"rebasing\" exercise, Nigeria has emerged as Africa's largest economy, with 2015 GDP estimated at $1.1 trillion. Oil has been a dominant source of income and government revenues since the 1970s. Following the 2008-9 glob", "14. A country surrounded by Germany, Italy and Hungary (among others), but it’s not at war! 15. This country NW of Cameroon has Africa’s largest population.", "South Africa is the second-highest ranking African country, after Lesotho at 14. the only other African country in the top 20, recognised as having no gap in education and health. Mozambique (23), Burundi (24) and Uganda (28) complete Africa’s top five.", "Kenya (; ), officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in Africa and a founding member of the  East African Community  (EAC). Its capital and largest city is  Nairobi . Kenya's territory lies on the  equator  and overlies the  East African Rift  covering a diverse and expansive terrain that extends roughly from  Lake Victoria  to  Lake Turkana  (formerly called  Lake Rudolf ) and further south-east to the  Indian Ocean . It is bordered by  Tanzania  to the south,  Uganda  to the west,  South Sudan  to the north-west,  Ethiopia  to the north and  Somalia  to the north-east. Kenya covers , and had a population of approximately 45 million people in July 2014.", "Nigeria: The Giant of Africa - Nigeria, a country that exalts itself as the “Giant of Africa”, viewed by neighboring countries as “big in words, little in action,” has an opportunity to walk softly, but carry a big stick. Islamic terrorist group, Boko Haram, which operates in the northern states of Nigeria, has arguably gained control of the area and has incited fear in many of northern Nigeria’s citizens. Violence has spread like wildfire in parts of Nigeria, and people are asking, “is Nigeria capable of dealing with an insurgency of this level?”, and “If Nigeria is being significantly threatened by a group as loosely organized, but as deadly, as Boko Haram, what chance do we have to contain an insurgency?” Nigeria has t...   [tags: boko haram, wealthiest african nation]", "8) Africa is fairly non-urbanized. Only 39% of Africa's population lives in urban areas. Africa is home to only two megacities with a population greater than ten million: Cairo, Egypt and Lagos, Nigeria. The Cairo urban area is home to somewhere between 11 and 15 million people and Lagos is home to about 10 to 12 million people. The third largest urban area in Africa is likely Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, with about eight to nine million residents.", "Africa is the Huge continent consists dozens of countries including notable and growing cities. There are many countries with populous cities, and nowadays the cities growing on the economy and the people’s choose cities to live. In Africa, and many of the countries are undeveloped or developing. Lagos is the largest city in Africa located in Nigeria with the population around 21 million according to the United Nations World Urbanization Prospects report. The below is the ranking of largest urban agglomerations in Africa.", "South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa, is the southernmost sovereign state in Africa. It is bounded on the south by 2,798 kilometres of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans, on the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe, and on the east and northeast by Mozambique and Swaziland, and surrounding the kingdom of Lesotho. South Africa is the 25th-largest country in the world by land area, and with close to 53 million people, is the world's 24th-most populous nation. It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere. It is the only country that borders both the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. ", "Tunisia ( '; ; ), officially the Tunisian Republic or the Republic of Tunisia ( '; ) is the northernmost country in Africa, covering . Its northernmost point, Cape Angela, is the northernmost point on the African continent. It is bordered by Algeria to the west, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Tunisia's population was estimated to be just under 11 million in 2014. Tunisia's name is derived from its capital city, Tunis, which is located on Tunisia's northeast coast.", "Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa, with an estimated population of 125–145 million people. Egypt is the second most populous country with over 76 million people.g", "South Sudan, officially the Republic of South Sudan, is a landlocked country in northeastern Africa that gained its independence from Sudan in 2011. Its current capital is Juba, which is also its largest city. South Sudan is bordered by Sudan to the north, Ethiopia to the east, Kenya to the southeast, Uganda to the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the southwest, and the Central African Republic to the west. It includes the vast swamp region of the Sudd, formed by the White Nile and known locally as the Bahr al Jabal.", "Morocco (mərŏk`ō), officially Kingdom of Morocco, kingdom (2005 est. pop. 32,726,000), 171,834 sq mi (445,050 sq km), NW Africa. Morocco is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea (N), the Atlantic Ocean (W), Western Sahara (S), and Algeria (S and E).  Ifni , formerly a Spanish-held enclave on the Atlantic coast, was ceded to Morocco in 1969. Two cities,  Ceuta  and  Melilla , and several small islands off the Mediterranean coast remain part of metropolitan Spain; at various times in history Moroccans have sought, through force or diplomacy, to gain control of these enclaves. Morocco claims and administers  Western Sahara  although sovereignty remains unresolved.  Rabat  is the capital and  Casablanca  the most populous city.", "Africa is currently politically organized into the African Union, a federation created in 2001 and consisting of all of Africa’s nations except Morocco.a", "Today, Africa contains 54 sovereign countries, most of which have borders that were drawn during the era of European colonialism. Since colonialism, African states have frequently been hampered by instability, corruption, violence, and authoritarianism. The vast majority of African states are republics that operate under some form of the presidential system of rule. However, few of them have been able to sustain democratic governments on a permanent basis, and many have instead cycled through a series of coups, producing military dictatorships.", "The most populous country of the African continent, which today comprises a confederation of the Yoruba, Ibo, and northern Muslim peoples, is _____.", "Today, Africa contains 54 sovereign countries, most of which have borders that were drawn during the era of European colonialism. Since colonialism, African states have frequently been hampered by instability, corruption, violence, and authoritarianism . The vast majority of African states are republics that operate under some form of the presidential system of rule. However, few of them have been able to sustain democratic governments on a permanent basis, and many have instead cycled through a series of coups , producing military dictatorships .", "Here is a brief overview of the top 10 most populous countries in Africa as of 2014.", "What is the most populous capital city in Africa? What African capital city has the largest land area?" ]

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[ "Burkina Faso is a landlocked country in West Africa. It is bordered by Niger in the east, Benin in the southeast, Togo and Ghana and Ivory Coast in the south, and in the west and north by Mali .", "Niger ( or; ), officially the Republic of Niger, is a landlocked country in Western Africa, named after the Niger River. Niger is bordered by Libya to the northeast, Chad to the east, Nigeria and Benin to the south, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, and Algeria to the northwest. Niger covers a land area of almost 1,270,000 km2, making it the largest country in West Africa, with over 80 percent of its land area covered by the Sahara Desert. The country's predominantly Islamic population of 17,138,707 is mostly clustered in the far south and west of the country. The capital city is Niamey, located in the far-southwest corner of Niger.", "Burkina Faso is a landlocked country in western Africa. Formerly the location of the Mossi Kingdoms and the Gurma people, is now bordered by six nations: Benin , Cote d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast), Ghana , Mali , Niger , and Togo , all of them former French colonial territories, with one exception, Ghana (it was a British Crown Colony).", "Benin ( or ; ), officially the Republic of Benin () and formerly Dahomey, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east, and Burkina Faso and Niger to the north. A majority of the population live on its small southern coastline on the Bight of Benin, part of the Gulf of Guinea in the northernmost tropical portion of the Atlantic Ocean. The capital of Benin is Porto-Novo, but the seat of government is in Cotonou, the country's largest city and economic capital. Benin covers an area of 114,763 square kilometers and its population in 2015 was estimated to be approximately 10.88 million. Benin is a tropical, sub-Saharan nation, highly dependent on agriculture, with substantial employment and income arising from subsistence farming. ", "[buʁkina faso] ) – also known by its short-form name Burkina – is a landlocked country in west Africa . It is surrounded by six countries: Mali to the north, Niger to the east, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south, and Côte d'Ivoire to the southwest. The country's capital is Ouagadougou .", "The Republic of Mali (République du Mali) is a landlocked West African country bordering Algeria, Burkina Faso, the Ivory Coast, Guinea, Mauritania, Niger and Senegal. Etymology: the name is a reference to the ancient kingdom of Mali (\"Hippopotamus\" in Malinké and Bamana). Capital: Bamako. Currency: West African CFA franc. Official language: French.", "The Republic of Cote d'Ivoire or Ivory Coast is a country located in west Africa. The country is bordered by Liberia, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso and Ghana.", "Benin, officially the Republic of Benin, is a country in Western Africa, (formerly known as Dahomey until 1975). It borders Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east and Burkina Faso and Niger to the north; its short coastline to the south leads to the Bight of Benin. Its capital is Porto Novo, but the seat of government is Cotonou.", "A virtual guide to Nigeria, a country on the coast of West Africa, bordered by the Bight of Benin and the Gulf of Guinea in south. Nigeria is bordered by Benin , Cameroon , Chad , and Niger , it shares maritime borders with Equatorial Guinea , Ghana , and São Tomé and Príncipe .", "Burkina Faso is a landlocked country in West Africa. It is surrounded by six countries: Mali to the north, Niger to the east, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south, and Côte d'Ivoire to the southwest.", "Most of Mali, in West Africa, lies in the Sahara. A landlocked country four-fifths the size of Alaska, it is bordered by Guinea, Senegal, Mauritania, Algeria, Niger, Burkina Faso, and the Côte d'Ivoire. The only fertile area is in the south, where the Niger and Senegal rivers provide water for irrigation.", "The Republic of the Ivory Coast, on the south coast of the western bulge of Africa, is bordered to the north by Mali and Burkina Faso , to the east by Ghana , to the south the Gulf of Guinea of the Atlantic Ocean and to the west by Liberia and Guinea .", "Mali: Mali officially the Republic of Mali is a landlocked country in West Africa. Mali is bordered by Algeria to the north, Niger to the east, Burkina Faso and Côte d'Ivoire to the south, Guinea to the south-west, and Senegal and Mauritania to the west. Its size is just over 480,000 sq miles with a population of 14.5 million. Its capital is Bamako.Mali consists of eight regions and its borders on the north reach deep into the middle of the Sahara, while the country's southern part, where the majority of inhabitants live, features the Niger and Sénégal rivers. The country's economic structure centers on agriculture and fishing. Some of Mali's prominent natural resources include gold, being the third largest producer of gold in the African continent, and salt. About half the population lives below the international poverty line of US$1.25 a day.", "Burkina Faso is a landlocked West African state. With a total border length of 3,192 kilometers (1,984 miles), Burkina Faso is bordered by Mali to the north and west; Niger to the east; and Benin, Togo, Ghana, and Cote d'Ivoire to the south.", "Ivory Coast, officially named the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire (, ; ,), is a country located in West Africa. Ivory Coast's political capital is Yamoussoukro, and its economic capital and largest city is the port city of Abidjan. Its bordering countries are Guinea and Liberia in the west, Burkina Faso and Mali in the north, and Ghana in the east. The Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean) is located south of Ivory Coast.", "Ghana, is a west African country, bounded on the north by Burkina Faso, on the east by Togo, on the south by the Atlantic Ocean,and on the west by Côte d'Ivoire.", "Guinea: Guinea officially the Republic of Guinea is a country in West Africa. Formerly known as French Guinea (French: Guinée française), it is today sometimes called Guinea-Conakry to distinguish it from its neighbor Guinea-Bissau and the Republic of Equatorial Guinea. It has a population of 10 million and an area of 95,000 sq miles. Forming a crescent as it curves from its western border on the Atlantic Ocean toward the east and the south, it shares its northern border with Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, and Mali, and its southern border with Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Côte d'Ivoire. The sources of the Niger River, Gambia River, and Senegal River are all found in the Guinea Highlands.", "This country is situated in West Africa on the northern coast of the Gulf of Guinea. It has land borders to the north by Niger, on the west by Togo, and on the northwest by Burkina Faso.", "Mali (;), officially the Republic of Mali (), is a landlocked country in West Africa. Mali is the eighth-largest country in Africa, with an area of just over 1240000 sqkm. The population of Mali is 14.5 million. Its capital is Bamako. Mali consists of eight regions and its borders on the north reach deep into the middle of the Sahara Desert, while the country's southern part, where the majority of inhabitants live, features the Niger and Senegal rivers. The country's economy centers on agriculture and fishing. Some of Mali's prominent natural resources include gold, being the third largest producer of gold in the African continent, and salt. About half the population lives below the international poverty line of $1.25 (U.S.) a day. A majority of the population (55%) are non-denominational Muslims. ", "This West African nation on the Gulf of Guinea, between Togo on the west and Nigeria on the east, is about the size of Tennessee. It is bounded by Burkina Faso and Niger on the north. The land consists of a narrow coastal strip that rises to a swampy, forested plateau and then to highlands in the north. A hot and humid climate blankets the entire country.", "(French, Haute-Volta), Republic of the Upper Volta (République de Haute-Volta), state in West Africa. Borders on Mali in the north and northwest, Niger in the east, Dahomey in the southeast, and Togo, Ghana, and the Ivory Coast in the south. Area, 274,200 sq km. Population, 5.3 million (1969 estimate). Capital, Ouagadougou. Administratively divided into five departments.", "Along with the powerful Dahomean kingdom, a range of other nations inhabited the area that would become the Republic of Benin. Of note were the Ketu, Icha, Dassa, Anago, and other sub-groups of the Yoruba-speaking people. These groups were in close contact with related sub-groups in present-day Nigeria, and were often enemies of the Dahomeans. However, some were also citizens of Dahomey and, in regions such as present-day Porto Novo, both groups inter-married.", "Legislation, Law Enforcement, and Border Security: Diori Hamani International Airport in Niamey began biometric screening for passengers, using the Personal Identification Secure Comparison and Evaluation System (PISCES) border security system. In response to events in Mali, Niger increased its security forces along its borders with Mali, Algeria, and Libya. It selected over 500 troops to receive training in preparation for deployment as part of an ECOWAS intervention force in Mali.", "Map showing the approximate distribution of Senufo peoples and some neighbouring peoples in Mali, C�te d'Ivoire, Burkina Faso and Ghana.", "Benin Republic has the highest number of Nigerians living outside of Nigeria. Ghana has the second highest.", "The Republic of the Congo (), also known as the Congo Republic, or Congo-Brazzaville, is a country located in Central Africa. It is bordered by five countries: Gabon and the Atlantic Ocean to the west; Cameroon to the northwest; the Central African Republic to the northeast; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the east and south; and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to the southwest.", "It is bounded on the West by the Republic of Benin on the. North by the Republic of Niger & on d East by 1/3", "* Dahomey – This African kingdom was acquired by France. In 1904, it was made part of the French West African federation. It became independent in 1960, changing its name in 1975 to Benin.", "Meanwhile the area to the south of Mali, below the great curve of the Niger river, has also become a French protectorate in successive stages between 1895 and 1897. Its southern border with the Gold Coast is agreed with Britain in 1898. It is subsequently known as Upper Volta .", "Dahomey was an African kingdom in the present-day Republic of Benin which lasted from 1600 until 1900. Dahomey developed on the Abomey Plateau in the early 1600s and became a regional power in the 1700s by conquering key cities on the Atlantic coast. For much of the 18th and 19th centuries, the Kingdom of Dahomey was a key regional state, eventually ending tributary status to the Oyo empire and being a major location for the Atlantic slave trade, possibly supplying up to 20% of the slaves to Europe and the Americas. In 1894, the kingdom became part of French West Africa as part of the territory of French Dahomey (which also included Porto-Novo and a large area to the north of Dahomey). French rule lased until 1960 when the independent country took the name Republic of Dahomey, to be changed to Benin in 1975.", "Dahomey ; (the Republic of Dahomey; in French: République du Dahomey), was a former French colony andpart of French West Africa until independence in 1960, in 1975 the Republic of Dahomeychanged its name in Benin.", "The Republic of Upper Volta () was a landlocked west-African country established on December 11, 1958, as a self-governing colony within the French Community. Before attaining autonomy it had been French Upper Volta and part of the French Union. On August 5, 1960, it attained full independence from France." ]

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[ "Stompie Seipei, a 14-year-old activist accused of being an informer, was killed after being abducted by Madikizela-Mandela's bodyguards and beaten at her house in late 1988.", "She was also convicted over the murder of 14-year-old activist Stompei Seipei Moketsi who was kidnapped by her guards and later found dead. Initially, she was sentenced to six years in jail. She appealed and had the sentence reduced to a fine.", "In 1990 Nelson Mandela walked out of prison accompanied by Winnie. Apartheid had come to an end. So had Winnie's all-good image, unfortunately. Rumours about her bodyguard s, the ' Mandela United Football Club ', carrying out kidnappings, torture and murders came out in the open. In 1991 Winnie was found guilty of kidnapping and assisting to the assault of five young activists, one of whom, the 14-year-old Stompie Seipei , died. She was sentenced to six year in prison, but after appealing had them reduced to two years, and suspended. She and her husband separated in 1992 ; they had a highly publicised divorce in 1996 .", "* Aung San Suu Kyi, Winner of the 1991 Nobel Peace Prize and leader of her country's pro-democracy movement, has been under house arrest for most of the past twenty years. She was first placed under house arrest in July 1989 and, though freed six years later, she was again imprisoned in 2000. Two years later, Suu Kyi was released, but yet again jailed for the third time under house arrest after the infamous Depayin Massacre in 2003. She is released after her fourteenth year in confinement to her dilapidated home in Rangoon, in which she served another eighteen months imprisoned, convicted by a Burmese regional court in August 2009 after an American swam across Inya Lake to her house. All of her periods under house arrest have been declared arbitrary by the United Nations. She was released on the 13th November 2010.", "* Aino Nykopp-Koski: first Finnish female serial killer, convicted of five murders and five attempted murders; sentenced to life in prison", "The conviction and hanging of Reyhaneh Jabbari caused international uproar as she was sentenced to death in 2009 and hanged on 25 October 2014 for murdering a former intelligence officer, whereas according to her testimony she stabbed him during an attempt at rape and then another person killed him. ", "Legal arguments began yesterday in the appeal brought by 30-year-old Melody Pellinen of Lyssons, St Thomas, who was convicted in December 2007 of the murder of her Finnish husband. Pellinen was sentenced to life imprisonment and ordered to serve 21...", "On this day in 2009, 22-year-old American exchange student Amanda Knox is convicted of murdering her British roommate, Meredith Kercher, in 2007 in Perugia, Italy. Knox received a 26-year prison sentence, while her 25-year-old Italian ex-boyfriend, Raffaelle Sollecito, who also was convicted in the slaying, was sentenced to 25 years behind bars. The sensational, high-profile case raised questions in the United Statesabout whether Knox, who always maintained her innocence, received a fair trial. Then, in October 2011, in a decision that made international headlines, an Italian court reversed the murder convictions of both Knox and Sollecito and they were freed from prison.", "Amanda Marie Knox (born July 9, 1987) is an American woman who spent almost four years in an Italian prison following the 2007 murder of Meredith Kercher, one of the women who shared her apartment, before being definitively acquitted by the Supreme Court of Cassation. Knox, then a twenty-year-old student, had raised the alarm after returning from spending the night with her boyfriend, Raffaele Sollecito. Following an interrogation, the conduct of which is a matter of dispute, Knox implicated herself and an employer. Knox and Sollecito were initially accused of murdering Kercher while acting with the employer, but he was released and substituted for Rudy Guede after Guede's bloodstained fingerprints were found on Kercher's possessions.", "Our cover story last month raised many eyebrows, not least because almost nobody outside Sereima Berwick Degei’s village of Nabouciwa village in Tailevu had heard of it. The story of how she met her demise touched hearts but more than anything, her family are desperate to know once and for all if she indeed took her own life five years ago in September, or if somebody else did. Police have been slow to respond but as we were going to press with this issue, police spokeswoman Ana Naisoro wrote: “The Divisional Police Commander Eastern (Senior Superintendent of Police Isei Vueti) has confirmed that the case file had been sent for inquest at the Nausori Magistrates Court. So at this stage we are awaiting", "In 1997 Winnie was re-elected as president of the ANC Women's League. In 2001 she was charged, and in April 2003 found guilty, on 43 counts of fraud and 25 of theft. She pleaded not guilty to the charges, which related to money taken from loan applicants' accounts for a funeral fund, but from which the applicants did not benefit. Madikizela-Mandela was sentenced to five years in prison. In 2004, an appeal judge of the Pretoria Supreme Court overturned the conviction for theft, but upheld the one for fraud, handing her a three year and six months suspended sentence.", "Antonis Prokopiou Kitas was sentenced to life in prison in 1994 for the rape and murder of a Swedish housewife and a Ukrainian female dancer.", "Silvio Berlusconi, a former Prime Minister of Italy, was accused and convicted but on appeal found not guilty of paying Moroccan prostitute Karima El Mahroug, also known by the stage name Ruby Rubacuori (Italian for \"Ruby the Heartstealer\") – for sexual services between February and May 2010 when she was under the age of 18. He was also convicted and on appeal found not guilty of abuse of office () by arranging to have El Mahroug released from police detention during an incident in which she was briefly held on claims of theft. On 24 June 2013, the Court of First Instance sentenced Berlusconi to seven years in prison, and banned him from public office for life. Berlusconi appealed the sentence, and on 18 July 2014, an appeals court overturned Berlusconi's conviction, thus making him once again eligible to hold elected office. ", "In June 2011, an Indonesian woman working as a housemaid, Ruyati Binti Sapubi, was executed after she butchered her Saudi employer with a meat cleaver, citing persistent abuse and being refused leave to return home to see her family.", "In 1982, Raila Odinga was placed under house arrest for 7 months by then Daniel Moi, the President of Kenya. Raila was later charged with treason following his political agitation for wider democratic space and detained without trial for six years. His mother died in 1984, but it took the prison wardens two months to inform him of her passing, an experience he openly confesses as one of the most traumatizing in his hitherto eventful life.", "During World War II, some 500 persons were executed, half of them condemned spies. The usual causes for death penalty for Finnish citizens were treason and high treason (and to a lesser extent cowardice and disobedience, applicable for military personnel). Almost all cases of capital punishment were tried by court-martial. Usually the executions were carried out by the regimental military police platoon, or in the case of spies, by the local military police. One Finn, Toivo Koljonen, was executed for a civilian crime (six murders). Most executions occurred in 1941 and during the Soviet Summer Offensive in 1944. The last death sentences were given in 1945 for murder, but later commuted to life imprisonment.", "Status: Upon her conviction, she was sentenced to 99 years in prison, but she is scheduled to be released in 2018.", "Liliʻuokalani was arrested on January 16, 1895, several days after the failed 1895 Counter-Revolution in Hawaii led by Robert William Wilcox, when firearms were found at the base of Diamond Head Crater. Defended at trial by former attorney general Paul Neumann, she claimed ignorance but was sentenced to five years of hard labor in prison by the military tribunal and fined $5,000. The sentence was commuted to imprisonment in an upstairs bedroom of ʻIolani Palace, where she composed songs including \"The Queen's Prayer\" (Ke Aloha o Ka Haku – \"The Grace of the Lord\") and began work on her memoirs.", "In October 1997, PC Nina Mackay was stabbed to death in a raid in Stratford, east London by Magdi Elgizouli, who had broken bail conditions over an earlier offence. Elgizouli, 32, who suffers from psychiatric problems, was detained indefinitely after being found guilty of manslaughter.", "Wuornos was arrested in 1991 and confessed to the murders three days later. She was killed by lethal injection in 2002. ( Source | Photo )", "Colleen Renee LaRose (born June 5, 1963), also known as Jihad Jane and Fatima LaRose, is an American citizen who was convicted and sentenced to 10 years for terrorism-related crimes, including conspiracy to commit murder and providing material support to terrorists. ", "* Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani sentenced to death by stoning in Iran in 2007, but sentence is under review", "2000-FEB: United Arab Emirates: Kartini binti Karim, (a.k.a. Ms. Karteen Karikanderan), an unmarried citizen of Indonesia, was working as a housemaid in the United Arab Emirates when her pregnancy was detected. She and a man -- a citizen of India -- were charged with adultery. She was convicted; he fled the country before he could be arrested. She was placed on trial without a lawyer or a translator, \"...alone and equipped with barely any word of the local language,\" . She was not told that she had a right to communicate with her embassy. Her embassy was not informed in advance of the trial. Under the UAE's form of Sharia, she was sentenced to death by stoning. The Indonesian government hired a lawyer and translator to appeal her case. 3 On APR-25, the appeals court reduced her sentence to one year in prison, followed by deportation.", "Yeah but she stabbed and killed his pregnant wife a long, long time ago. I mean keeping her in prison now is just about revenge and nothing else.", "Raila was placed under house arrest for seven months after evidence pointing to himself and his late father Oginga Odinga collaborating with the plotters of a failed coup attempt against President Daniel arap Moi in 1982, in which hundreds of Kenyan citizens and thousands of rebel soldiers died. Several foreigners also lost their lives. Raila was later charged with treason and detained without trial for six years. ", "Minister of Justice 1988-90 and 1994-2000, when she had to resign over a scandal concerning her flat. In 2006 when she had lied about her attempts to censor an extreme rightwing website. Her only daughter is born in 1986. Born in Estonia (b. 1942-).", "In October 2008, a girl, Aisha Ibrahim Duhulow, was buried up to her neck at a Somalian football stadium, then stoned to death in front of more than 1,000 people. The stoning occurred after she had allegedly pleaded guilty to adultery in a sharia court in Kismayo, a city controlled by Islamist insurgents. According to the insurgents she had stated that she wanted sharia law to apply. However, other sources state that the victim had been crying, that she begged for mercy and had to be forced into the hole before being buried up to her neck in the ground. Amnesty International later learned that the girl was in fact 13 years old and had been arrested by al-Shabab militia after she had reported being gang-raped by three men. ", "Abdullah Öcalan, also known as Apo, is one of the founding members of the militant organization the Kurdistan Workers' Party in 1978 in Turkey, which is listed as a terrorist organization internationally by some states and organizations, including NATO, the United States and the European Union. Öcalan was arrested in 1999 by Turkish security forces in Nairobi and taken to Turkey, where he was sentenced to death under Article 125 of the Turkish Penal Code, which concerns the formation of armed gangs. The sentence was commuted to aggravated life imprisonment when Turkey abolished the death penalty in support of its bid to be admitted to membership in the European Union. From 1999 until 2009, he was the sole prisoner on the İmralı island, in the Sea of Marmara. Öcalan has acknowledged the violent nature of the PKK, but says that the period of armed warfare was defunct and a political solution to the Kurdish question should be developed. The conflict between Turkey and the PKK has resulted in over 40,000 deaths, including PKK members, the Turkish military, and civilians, both Kurdish and Turkish.", "* Leonard Fraser: also known as \"The Rockhampton Rapist\"; convicted of killing four women in Rockhampton, Queensland", "On October 18, 1995, after a week-long nationwide hunt, police shot and wounded Moses Sithole, an ax-wielding ex-convict with six aliases. When he was arrested, authorities thought Sithole might have been acting in conjunction with David Selepe but no evidence has been uncovered suggesting that both men knew each other. Unfortunately for Selepe, he was killed by police while in custody.", "Coward - hand back your OBE. Now tell me who did this felonious deed. What's happened to her?", "In 1950 she began her studies in Kallio Elementary school from where she later moved to Kallio Gymnasium and finally finished her matriculation examination in 1962. She began to study Art History in the University of Helsinki in 1962 but in autumn 1963 she changed her studies to law, and obtained her Master of Laws degree in 1968 specializing in criminal law." ]

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[ "Kwekwe ( ) (known until 1983 as Que Que ), is a city in central Zimbabwe.", "Kwekwe is a city found in Midlands, Zimbabwe . It is located -18.93 latitude and 29.81 longitude and it is situated at elevation 1203 meters above sea level.", "Gweru (called Gwelo until 1982) is a city near the centre of Zimbabwe. It has a population of about 146,073 (2009), making it the fifth largest city in the nation. It became a municipality in 1914 and achieved city status in 1971. The name changed from Gwelo to Gweru in 1982.", "Kwekwe's town centre has some lovely colonial architecture, and one of the country's finest museums is located here.  Kwekwe is also the headquarters of Zimbabwe's Islamic Mission with a huge mosque with elaborate domes and arches dominating the main street.", "19°25S 29°50E, pop (2000e) 115 500. Capital of Midlands province, Zimbabwe, 155 km/96 mi NE of Bulawayo; airfield; railway; important communications and administrative centre; shoes, glassware, metal alloys, dairy products, batteries. Gweru (formerly Gwelo) is a city near the centre of Zimbabwe at 19°25′S 29°50′E. It is also home to Thornhill Air Base, an army garris…", "Kenya (; ), officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in Africa and a founding member of the  East African Community  (EAC). Its capital and largest city is  Nairobi . Kenya's territory lies on the  equator  and overlies the  East African Rift  covering a diverse and expansive terrain that extends roughly from  Lake Victoria  to  Lake Turkana  (formerly called  Lake Rudolf ) and further south-east to the  Indian Ocean . It is bordered by  Tanzania  to the south,  Uganda  to the west,  South Sudan  to the north-west,  Ethiopia  to the north and  Somalia  to the north-east. Kenya covers , and had a population of approximately 45 million people in July 2014.", "Namibia (,), officially the Republic of Namibia (German: ; ), is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. Although it does not border Zimbabwe, a part of less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River (essentially a small bulge in Botswana to achieve a Botswana/Zambia micro-border) separates it from that country. Namibia gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990, following the Namibian War of Independence. Its capital and largest city is Windhoek, and it is a member state of the United Nations (UN), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union (AU), and the Commonwealth of Nations.", "Tanzania (officially in Swahili: Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania = United Republic of Tanzania) is a republic in East Africa and consists of the former Tanganyika and the islands of Zanzibar (Unguja actually) and Pemba. The Mafia Archipelago is formed by the 50-km-long island of Mafia, a dozen smaller islands and numerous coral rocks. Tanzania is bordered in the north to Kenya (769 km) and Uganda (396 km), in the south to Mozambique (756 km), Malawi (475 km) and Zambia (338 km) and in the west to the Democratic Republic of Congo (459 km), Rwanda (217 km) and Burundi (451 km). Tanzania is bordered to the east in its entirety to the Indian Ocean and the other limits exist for a large proportion of water in the western Lake Tanganyika, in northwest Lake Victoria and Lake Malawi in the southwest, while the border with Mozambique formed by the Rovuma River. The total area is 945,087 km2 of Tanzania and Tanzania is about 22.5 times as large as the Netherlands or as large as France, Germany and Belgium together. It is also the largest country in East Africa.", "Kenya: Kenya officially the Republic of Kenya, is a sovereign state in Africa. Its capital and largest city is Nairobi. Kenya lies on the equator with the Indian Ocean to the south-east, Tanzania to the south, Uganda to the west, South Sudan to the north-west, Ethiopia to the north and Somalia to the north-east. Kenya covers 224,445 sq mi and has a population of about 44 million in July 2012. The country is named after Mount Kenya, the second highest mountain in Africa.Mount Kenya was originally referred to variously as \"Mt. Kirinyaga\" and \"Mt. Kiinyaa\" by the indigenous people. \"Kirinyaga, Kerenyaga, Kiinyaa\" meaning the 'mountain of whiteness' because of its snow capped peak; the name was subsequently appropriated to Mt. Kenya because of the inability of the British to pronounce \"Kirinyaga/Kiinyaa\" correctly.", "Uganda is called the Pearl of Africa as a result of Winston Churchill's reference to the East African country in this manner in his 1908 book, \"My African Journey.\" Churchill's use of the descriptive metaphor was inspired by his impression of the country as an example of magnificence in its \"variety of form and color\" and its \"profusion of brilliant life.\" Among its many notable landscape features, the landlocked nation contains a significant portion of the largest lake on the African continent, Lake Victoria, and is home to the Nile River's Murchison Waterfall.", "Officially the Republic of Malawi, is a landlocked country in southeast Africa that was formerly known as Nyasaland. It is bordered by Zambia to the northwest, Tanzania to the northeast, and Mozambique on the east, south and west. The country is separated from Tanzania and Mozambique by Lake Malawi. Malawi is over 118,000 km2 (45,560 sq mi) with an estimated population of 16,777,547 (July 2013 est.). Its capital is Lilongwe, which is also Malawi's largest city; the second largest is Blantyre and the third is Mzuzu. The name Malawi comes from the Maravi, an old name of the Nyanja people that inhabit the area. The country is also nicknamed \"The Warm Heart of Africa\"", "Malawi (, or; or [maláwi] ), officially the Republic of Malawi, is a landlocked country in southeast Africa that was formerly known as Nyasaland. It is bordered by Zambia to the northwest, Tanzania to the northeast, and Mozambique on the east, south and west. The country is separated from Tanzania and Mozambique by Lake Malawi. Malawi is over 118000 km² with an estimated population of 16,777,547 (July 2013 est.). Its capital is Lilongwe, which is also Malawi's largest city; the second largest is Blantyre and the third is Mzuzu. The name Malawi comes from the Maravi, an old name of the Nyanja people that inhabit the area. The country is also nicknamed \"The Warm Heart of Africa\". ", "Gweru town has got its own theater managed by the city council. It is located near town hall in. Visitors should not expect a lot here as Gweru theatre does not have a lot to offer compared to what you would get in Harare or Bulawayo. It’s worth checking what’s going on if you happen to be in the city.", "Julius Nyerere, in full Julius Kambarage Nyerere, also called Mwalimu (Swahili: “Teacher”) (born March 1922, Butiama, Tanganyika—died October 14, 1999, London , England ), first prime minister of independent Tanganyika (1961), who became the first president of the new state of Tanzania (1964). Nyerere was also the major force behind the Organization of African Unity (OAU; now the African Union ).", "(African Great Lakes / Burundi / Congo (DRC) / Kigoma, Tanzania / Rukwa, Tanzania / Zambia)", "*in Tanganyika (presently part of Tanzania): of Hadimu, on the island of that name; also styled Jembe", "[vmk] Niassa province; Zambezia province: northwest border; Nampula province, west. 500,000 (2014 J. Leclerc). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Chirima, Eshirima, Makhuwa-Exirima, Makhuwa-Niassa, Makhuwa-Xirima, Shirima, West Makua, Xirima. Dialects: None known. Probably not intelligible of Makhuwa-Meetto [mgh] or Lomwe [ngl] . Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Makhuwa (P.31).", "In some traditional African religions, morality is associated with obedience or disobedience to God regarding the way a person or a community lives. For the Kikuyu, according to their primary supreme creator, Ngai, acting through the lesser deities, is believed to speak to and be capable of guiding the virtuous person as one's conscience. Traditionally, as now, the Kikuyu were monotheists, believing in a unique and omnipotent God whom they called Ngai. The word, is related to the Maasai word Enkai, and was borrowed by both the Kikuyu and Kamba. God is also known as Mungu, Murungu, or Mulungu (a variant of a word meaning God which is found as far south as the Zambesi of Zambia), and is sometimes given the title Mwathani or Mwathi (the greatest ruler), which comes from the word gwatha, meaning to rule or reign with authority.", "The Lake Victoria basin is one of the most densely populated rural areas in the world. Its shores are dotted with cities and towns, including Kisumu, Kisii, and Homa Bay in Kenya; Kampala, Jinja, and Entebbe in Uganda; and Bukoba, Mwanza and Msoma in Tanzania.", "Like most urban areas in the country, the city of Kwekwe is serviced by many schools. Mbizo High School and Manunure High School, recently expanded to offer A-level classes, serve the high density suburb of Mbizo. Shungu High School is located about 16km out of Kwe Kwe. It is a Catholic run school. The middle-class suburbs close to the city centre have Kwekwe High School and Goldridge College plus the primary schools that include Goldridge Primary School, Fitchlea Primary School, Kwekwe Junior High School and Globe & Phoenix Primary SchoolMaryward Primary School, among others. There is alomost one primary school for about four sections of the high density areas", "1. (Placename) a republic in E central Africa: established as a British protectorate in 1891; became independent in 1964 and a republic, within the Commonwealth, in 1966; lies along the Great Rift Valley, with Lake Nyasa (Malawi) along the E border, the Nyika Plateau in the northwest, and the Shire (or Shiré) Highlands in the southeast. Official language: Chichewa; English and various other Bantu languages are also widely spoken. Religion: Christian majority, Muslim, and animist minorities. Currency: kwacha. Capital: Lilongwe. Pop: 16 777 547 (2013 est). Area: 118 484 sq km (45 747 sq miles). Former name: Nyasaland", "Kwekwe's suburbs are divided into low cost housing, residential housing and also industrial and railway housing. Kwekwe has only one set of traffic lights which are just outside the city centre on a road leading to the high density suburb of Mbizo.", "The Kissi live further inland in South-Eastern Sierra Leone. They predominate in the large town of Koindu and its surrounding areas in Kailahun District. The vast majority of Kissi are Christians. The much smaller Vai and Kru peoples are primarily found in Kailahun and Pujehun Districts near the border with Liberia. The Kru predominate in the Kroubay neighbourhood in the capital Freetown. The Vai are largely Muslim, while the Kru are largely Christian.", "Gweru has affordable budget accommodation for backpackers in the form of self catering apartments, guest houses, lodges and overnight cottages. Gweru also has secure caravan parks and bush camping sites. Gweru is a laid back city and visitors should not expect anything more than 2,3,4 star motels and hotels. We have not seen any 5 star accommodation facility in the city yet. There are also some decent safari and game lodges just outside the city. A number of places have facilities like internet services and swimming. You have to ask before booking. The city has many facilities that can be hired as wedding and conference venues.", "Gweru has a few places where tourists can go to eat and have tea.There are a few places and takeaways in city centre that are of good standards though we cannot guarantee that you will find an exclusive European and Asian spot or your favourite Chinese, Indian, Thai, Greek, Italian, English restaurants.", "Born in Tanganyika to Nyerere Burito (1860–1942), Chief of the Zanaki, Nyerere was known by the Swahili honorific Mwalimu or 'teacher', his profession prior to politics. He was also referred to as “Baba wa Taifa” – in English “Father of the Nation”. Nyerere received his higher education at Makerere University in Kampala and the University of Edinburgh. After he returned to Tanganyika, he worked as a teacher. In 1954, he helped form the Tanganyika African National Union.", "Nyerere retained enough influence to block Jakaya Kikwete 's nomination for the presidency in the country's first multiparty elections in three decades, citing that he was too young to run a country. Nyerere was instrumental in getting Benjamin Mkapa elected (Mkapa had been Minister of Foreign Affairs for a time during Nyerere's administration). Kikwete later became president in 2005.", "Kizingo: Considered the prime residential area of Mombasa. The State House of Mombasa, Provincial Headquarters, The Mombasa Law Courts, and the Municipal Council are located in Kizingo. The Aga Khan Academy, Aga Khan High School, Serani Primary School, Serani High School, Santokben Nursery School, Coast Academy, Jaffery Academy, Mombasa Primary School, Loreto Convent, Mama Ngina Girls' High School and the Government Training Institute (GTI) Mombasa are all in Kizingo as well.", "Dar es Salaam is divided into three districts: Ilala, Kinondoni, and Temeke. All three are governed as municipal councils, and so all of the city's suburbs or wards are affiliated with them.", "Image caption For those who have recently arrived or who cannot afford to stay in Pweto, there is the camp of Mwashi, 25km away. In Mwashi, families of eight people live in straw huts barely the size of a double bed.", "\"Njaro\" is an ancient Kiswahili word for \"shining\". Similarly, Krapf wrote that a chief of the Wakamba people, whom he visited in 1849, \"had been to Jagga and had seen the Kima jaJeu, mountain of whiteness, the name given by the Wakamba to Kilimanjaro....\" More correctly in the Kikamba language, this would be Kiima Kyeu, and this possible derivation has been popular with several investigators.", "As discussed above, there has been extensive glaciation seen in the Rwenzori Mountain. With the retreat of the glaciers since the last ice age, there have been a large number of lakes left behind. Many of these are nestled deep under cliffs and steep slopes, surrounded by the wild and convoluted high altitude vegetation, and draped in swirling mists. They are among the most exotic and beautiful lakes in the world. For people hiking the circuit of the central peaks, the first major lake that most encounter is Lake Bujuku at the head of the Bujuku Valley right beneath the three highest mountains in the range. On clear days there are excellent views from the eastern bank of this lake up to the remnant glaciers on Mt. Stanley. Continuing over Scott Eliot Pass, one reaches the two Kitandara Lakes, with the Kitandara Hut located right on the banks of the lower lake. This is one of the most beautiful spots that I have ever seen." ]

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[ "The religious and sociopolitical movement known as Rastafarianism had its roots in the Back to Africa movement led by the black nationalist Marcus Garvey in the early 20th century. Garvey, a Jamaican, urged blacks throughout the world to recover their African identity by looking to their ancestral home. In a speech before the United Negro Improvement Association, an organization he had founded to promote black solidarity, Garvey told the audience to watch for a sign of deliverance-a black king would be crowned in Africa. Many thought Garvey’s prophecy was fulfilled when Ras Tafari, taking the name Haile Selassie, was crowned emperor of Ethiopia in 1930. The emperor, who Rastafarians believe was a descendant of ancient Israel’s King Solomon, soon came to be worshipped by some Jamaicans and other blacks as a divine being. He was thought to be an incarnation of Jah-the Rastafarian name for God-and the messiah.", "Essential in the discussion of Africanist movements is the powerful influence of Marcus Garvey and his �Back to Africa� movement during the early 1900�s.� Garvey, a committed Afrocentrist, underscored the need for Blacks to interpret their own history and control their destiny in Africa.� He embraced the idea that Ethiopia was the �cradle of the black race and that its contributions to the development of civilization were paramount to the realization of racial equality for the black diaspora� (Murrell, 42).� Garvey�s thoughts played a significant role in the evolution of the Rastafarian movement.� Rastafarians allege that Garvey predicted that �whenever a Black king in Africa, our redemption is near� (Murrell, 44).�", "     By the 1920s new cultural stirrings emerged that addressed problems of poverty and oppression as well as a growing African consciousness uncomfortable with imposed European models. Jamaica-born Marcus Garvey, who lived many years in the U.S. and developed a following there as well as in the West Indies, launched a \"Back to Africa\" movement. Garvey appealed to the powerless, alienated, and dispossessed, and criticized the dominant white culture. 20 In 1930 a new offshoot of Garveyism, the Rastafarians, sprang up in Jamaica. This religious sect with distinctive customs found their greatest appeal among economically-deprived urban slum-dwellers, especially in the capital city, Kingston. Like Garvey, considered a prophet, the Rastas preached a return to Africa (chiefly to Ethiopia, the only truly independent African country in 1930). Rastas adopted a distinctive lifestyle that included ganja-smoking and dreadlock hair; hence Rastas have had few sympathizers among Jamaica's socioeconomic elite. Since the Rastas were overwhelmingly a movement of the black poor and of black nationalism they perhaps inevitably became identified in Jamaica with radical groups seeking to redistribute wealth and redress socioeconomic ills. 21", "Rastafari developed among poor Jamaicans of African descent who felt they were oppressed and that society was apathetic to their problems. Marcus Garvey , who is viewed as a prophet of Jah, was a keen proponent of the \" back to Africa \" movement, advocating that all people of the black race should return to their ancestral homeland of Africa.", "Rastafari developed among poor Jamaicans of African descent who felt they were oppressed and that society was apathetic to their problems. Marcus Garvey, who is viewed as a prophet of Jah, was a keen proponent of the “back to Africa” movement, advocating that all people of the black race should return to their ancestral homeland of Africa.", "Rastafari developed among poor Jamaicans of African descent who felt they were oppressed and that society was apathetic to their problems. Marcus Garvey, who is viewed as a prophet of Jah, was a keen proponent of the \"back to Africa\" movement, advocating that all people of the black race should return to their ancestral homeland of Africa.", "Rastafari developed among poor Jamaicans of African descent who felt they were oppressed and that society was apathetic to their problems. Marcus Garvey , who is viewed as a prophet of Jah, was a keen proponent of the \"back to Africa\" movement, advocating that all people of the black race should return to their ancestral homeland of Africa.", "The Rastafarian movement is indigenous to the Caribbean island of Jamaica. Rastafarianism spawned from a combination of various forms of Africanist thought which prevailed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.� Its roots are to be found in the cultural, economic and political struggles of the Jamaican people in the post-emancipation years after 1838 (Murrell, 148).�� The inspiration leading to the genesis of the movement in the 1930�s can be described as Messianic or millenarian in nature (Bisnauth, 185).� This turning point was the crowning of Ras Tafari, the great-grandson of King Sahela Selassie of Shoa and son of Ras Makonnen, as Haile Selassie I, Emperor of Ethopia (then known as Abyssnia) on November 2, 1930 (Campbell, 70).� Selassie would be the first black African leader to join the international community of Kings and Princes.� This event would provide the catalyst for the formation of the Rastafarian movement, which had been brewing since the beginnings of African idealism in Jamaica.", "Although Marcus Mosiah Garvey has long since past, his presence will never be forgotten. In his own time, he was hailed as a redeemer, a “Black Moses” who tried to lead his people to freedom, who dared to dream about and preach black redemption and black pride. He is credited as the founder of Rastafarianism, and “is second only to Halie Selassie,” the Rastafari God. He is a legend of his time and continues to live on through the lyrics of reggae music, inspiring reggae artists around the world.", "The Rastafari movement encompasses themes such as the spiritual use of cannabis [4] [5] and the rejection of western society, called Babylon (from the metaphorical Babylon of the Christian New Testament ). It proclaims Africa (also \" Zion \") as the original birthplace of mankind, and from the beginning of the movement the call to repatriation to Africa has been a central theme. [6] Rasta also embraces various Afrocentric and Pan-African social and political aspirations, [4] [7] such as the sociopolitical views and teachings of Jamaican publicist, organizer, and black nationalist Marcus Garvey (also often regarded as a prophet). Another theme is Royalty , with Rastas seeing themselves as African royalty and using honorifics such as Prince or King in order to give royalty to their names.", "His beliefs deeply influenced the Rastafari, who took his statements as a prophecy of the crowning of Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia. Early Rastas were associated with his Back-to-Africa movement in Jamaica. This early Rastafari movement was also influenced by a separate, proto-Rasta movement known as the Afro-Athlican Church that was outlined in a religious text known as the Holy Piby—where Garvey was proclaimed to be a prophet as well. Garvey himself never identified with the Rastafari movement, and was, in fact, raised as a Methodist who went on to become a Roman Catholic.", "             The Rastafari movement stems from the teachings of the great Jamaican leader and motivator of masses, Maces Garvey.  Garvey told the African people of the world to unite and to return to African, the homeland. Garvey�s vision was for the", "1930s The Rastafari Movement began in Jamaica during the 1930s following a prophecy made by Marcus Garvey, a black political leader. Garvey led an organisation known as the Universal *** Improvement Association , whose intention was to unify blacks with their land of origin. Garvey preached \"Look to Africa where a black king shall be crowned, he shall be your Redeemer.\" This statement became the foundation of the Rastafari Movement . The prophecy was rapidly followed by the crowning of Emperor Haile Selassie I in Ethiopia. Rastafarians see this as the fulfilment of Garvey's prophecy. The religion takes its name from Haile Selassie's original name. Haile Selassie is therefore regarded by Rastafarians as the Black Messiah , Jah Rastafari. He is a figure of salvation and it's believed he will redeem blacks from white suppressors, reuniting them with their homeland, Africa.", "You see, the movement was shaped very much in the beginning by the words of Marcus Garvey who would later on be considered a prophet in Rastafari beliefs. Garvey may never have identified as a Rastafari but he was very vocal when it came to black empowerment and inspired a great many people.", "Prior to the twentieth century, leaders such as Prince Hall , Martin Delany , Edward Wilmot Blyden , and Henry Highland Garnet advocated the involvement of the African diaspora in African affairs. Garvey was unique in advancing a Pan-African philosophy to inspire a global mass movement and economic empowerment focusing on Africa known as Garveyism . [2] Promoted by the UNIA as a movement of African Redemption, Garveyism would eventually inspire others, ranging from the Nation of Islam to the Rastafari movement (which proclaims Garvey as a prophet). The intent of the movement was for those of African ancestry to \"redeem\" Africa and for the European colonial powers to leave it. His essential ideas about Africa were stated in an editorial in the Negro World titled \"African Fundamentalism\" where he wrote:", "the English land owners. In 1938 a national workers strike put into motion a series of events that led to Jamaica’s independence in 1962. The Rastafari... movement really took off in Jamaica following a prophecy made by black political leader Marcus Garvey. Garvey preached that a black king would be crowned in Africa, and this new king would be the people’s redeemer. This idea became the foundation for the Rastafari movement. In 1930, when Emperor Haile Selassie I was crowned in Ethiopia, Rastafarians...", "Jamaica and countries around the world. The Rasta theology developed from the ideas of Marcus Garvey, a political activist who... wanted to improve the status of blacks. The Rastafarian movement began in Jamaica in 1930 following a prophecy made by Garvey. This movement gave credence to Christian thinking and Christian belief from a Black perspective. They called it “a religious cult”; “apocalyptic movement”; Garvey preached “Look to Africa where a black king shall be crowned, he shall be your redeemer”...", "The Rastafari movement is an African-based spiritual ideology that arose in the 1930s in Jamaica. It is sometimes described as a religion but is considered by many adherents to be a \"Way of Life\". Its adherents worship Haile Selassie I, Emperor of Ethiopia (ruled 1930–1974), some as Jesus in his Second Advent, or as God the Father. Members of the Rastafari way of life are known as Rastas, or The Rastafari. The way of life is sometimes referred to as \"Rastafarianism\", but this term is…", "Rastas see Marcus Mosiah Garvey as a prophet, with his philosophy fundamentally shaping the movement, and with many of the early Rastas having started out as Garveyites. He is often seen as a second John the Baptist. One of the most famous prophecies attributed to him involving the coronation of Haile Selassie I was the 1927 pronouncement \"Look to Africa, for there a black king shall be crowned,\" although an associate of Garvey's, James Morris Webb, had made very similar public statements as early as 1921. Marcus Garvey promoted Black Nationalism, black separatism, and Pan-Africanism: the belief that all black people of the world should join in brotherhood and work to decolonise the continent of Africa – then still controlled by European colonial powers.", "In the early 1930�s religious and social movement called Rastafarianism evolved in Jamaica.� Rastas sought to provide a voice for the poor Blacks in Jamaica by encouraging resistance to oppressive societal structures.� At the core of their belief is the re-interpretation of the Hebrew Bible with a focus on Blacks as God�s chosen race, and the belief that the true Messiah comes to us as Emperor Haile Selassie I� (Ras Tafari) of Ethiopia.�� Through extensive spoken discourse, the Rastafarians aim to clarify the Western misinterpretation of the Bible, so as to spread the true word and fight against the unjust hierarchy of Western culture (collectively called Babylon).� In the meantime, Rastafarians await a time of repatriation of Blacks and a return to Ethiopia, qua Africa, of its rightful ruling status.", "Rastafari was first introduced formally in South Africa on 28 December 1997 when Rastafarians from most South African provinces attended a gathering in Grasmere, south of Johannesburg. However, the ideological foundation was laid long before its formal inception. Its origin in South Africa can be linked to two important movements, namely Ethiopianism and Garveyism (Chawane 2014:93-114). These two movements were responsible for laying the foundation for Rastafarian religious nature. Ethiopianism is the notion that the modern state of Ethiopia fulfils biblical prophecy of the rise of a dominant nation as represented primarily in Psalm 68:31, interpreted to be a reference to Africa. This idea places Ethiopia either as symbolic or actual homeland and, therefore, functions both as a source of identity and a destination for repatriation for Africans living outside of Africa. Garvey (or Garveyism) lays out an argument for the creation of a Black homeland, Ethiopia, Africa, Zion or heaven (Chawane 2014: 93-114).", "The Wellington movement served as a springboard for the Rastafarian movement. In some senses, both Rastafarian and the Wellington movement are based on the fundamental concepts of a united and free Africa, and the rejection of European culture (but selectively) and the existing order of things.", "While the present-day Rastafari Movement is undoubtedly the most conspicuous source of contemporary Ethiopianist identifications, the culture of Jah People obscures the wider historical range and scope of Ethiopianist ideas and identifications among African peoples in the Diaspora and on the continent. Names like Phyllis Wheatley, Bishop Richard Allen, Prince Hall, Denmark Vesey, Martin Delany, Casley Hayford, Frederick Douglass, Bishop Henry McNeil Turner, Albert Thorne, and Marcus Garvey all drew upon the powerful identification of this discourse to spread a message of secular and spiritual liberation of black peoples on the African continent and abroad. More so than any of his predecessors or contemporaries, however, it was Marcus Garvey--a Jamaican of proud Maroon heritage--who championed the cry of \"Africa for the Africans, at home and abroad\" and encouraged his followers in the biblical view that \"every nation must come to rest beneath their own vine and fig tree.\"", "Rastafari is a young, Africa-centred religion which developed in Jamaica in the 1930s, following the coronation of Haile Selassie I as King of Ethiopia in 1930.", "Before Garvey there were two major events that led to Rastafari: The history of resistance and the forming of an afrocentric worldview, Ethiopianism. In Jamaica they carried a tradition of ”what musician Bob Marley called ’resisting against the system.’”", "Garvey helped inspire the Rastafari movement in Jamaica, the Black Jews and the African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem who initially moved to Liberia before settling in Israel.", "Garvey preached \"Look to Africa where a black king shall be crowned, he shall be your Redeemer.\" This statement became the foundation of the Rastafari movement.", "The post–World War II era saw the immigration of numerous Jamaicans, including Rastas, to England and North America. When many of the children of these immigrants looked to Jamaica in the 1960s and 1970s for something to counter the alienation they felt in their parents’ adopted homelands, it was Rastafari that provided them with both a critique of alienating Western culture and a sense of self that celebrated their African heritage. Students from other Caribbean islands studying in Jamaica, and Jamaicans traveling to and studying in other parts of the Caribbean, were the main agents of the spread of Rastafarian ideas and practices throughout the Caribbean, especially to Barbados, Cuba, Dominica , and Trinidad and Tobago. Over the years, Rastas have traveled far and wide throughout the world, taking their message with them, and visitors to Jamaica from around the world have also contributed to the dispersal of the Rastafarian message.", "Reference from a Rastafari movement spiritual ideology in Afro-Carribean culture started in the 1930s, mostly in the former British colony of Jamaica.", "This text covers the mostly the political impact of the Rasta movement in Jamaica.� It is especially useful for uncovering the afro-centric ideals of the Rastafari.", "This page uses content from the English Wikipedia . The original article was at Rastafari movement . The list of authors can be seen in the page history .", "The leader of South Africa's antiapartheid movement chronicles his life, including his tribal years, his time spent in prison, and his return to lead his people" ]

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[ "Togo [1] is a narrow country in West Africa , sandwiched between Ghana on the west and Benin on the east, with a small border with Burkina Faso to the north, and a 56km coastline on the Atlantic Ocean to the south.", "Togo is a long, narrow country in West Africa, sandwiched between Ghana and Benin. With an area of 56,785 square kilometers (21,925 square miles), it is almost as large as the state of West Virginia .", "Two French-speaking countries, narrow strips, sandwiched between the larger states of Ghana and Nigeria, where English is spoken: Togo and Benin are very similar and were visited by Otto at the same time. Back then, in 1991, oil had not yet been discovered off the coast of these countries, and therefore very traditional structures were still to be found especially in the villages inland.", "Benin, officially the Republic of Benin, is a country in Western Africa, formerly known as Dahomey (until 1975) or Dahomania. It borders Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east and Burkina Faso and Niger to the north; its short coastline to the south leads to the Bight of Benin. Its capital is Porto Novo, but the seat of government is Cotonou.", "Burkina Faso, also known by its short-form name Burkina, is a landlocked country in west Africa around 274,200 square kilometres in size. It is surrounded by six countries: Mali to the north; Niger to the east; Benin to the southeast; Togo and Ghana to the south; and Ivory Coast to the southwest. Its capital is Ouagadougou. In 2010, its population was estimated at just under 15.75 million. Formerly called the Republic of Upper Volta, the country was renamed \"Burkina Faso\" on 4 August 1984 by then-President Thomas Sankara, using a word from each of the country's two major native languages, Mòoré and Dioula. Figuratively, \"Burkina\", from Mòoré, may be translated as \"men of integrity\", while \"Faso\" means \"fatherland\" in Dioula. \"Burkino Faso\" is thus meant to be understood as \"Land of upright people\" or \"Land of honest people\". Inhabitants of Burkina Faso are known as Burkinabè. Between 14,000 and 5000 BC, Burkina Faso was populated by hunter-gatherers in the country's northwestern region. Farm settlements appeared between 3600 and 2600 BC. What is now central Burkina Faso was principally composed of Mossi kingdoms. These Mossi Kingdoms became a French protectorate in 1896. After gaining independence from France in 1960, the country underwent many governmental changes until arriving at its current form, a semi-presidential republic. The president is Blaise Compaoré.", "Burkina Faso is a landlocked country in West Africa. It is surrounded by six countries: Mali to the north, Niger to the east, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south, and Côte d’Ivoire to the southwest.", "Burkina Faso ( ;) is a landlocked country in West Africa around 274200 km2 in size. It is surrounded by six countries: Mali to the north; Niger to the east; Benin to the southeast; Togo and Ghana to the south; and Ivory Coast to the southwest. Its capital is Ouagadougou. In 2014, its population was estimated at just over 17.3 million. Burkina Faso is a francophone country. It has a population of 18.7 million as of 2016.", "Benin is a slim, rectangular country situated in West Africa. Benin has a narrow 100-kilometer (62-mile) coastline along the Bight of Benin, in the Atlantic Ocean. The country is bordered to the west by Nigeria, to the north by Niger and Burkina Faso, and to the east by Togo. Benin has a land area of 112,622 square kilometers (42,985 square miles), making it slightly smaller than the state of Pennsylvania. Both the capital, Porto-Novo, and Cotonou, the largest city, are located on the coast in the southeast of the country.", "The Republic of Upper Volta (Officially: The Second Republic of Upper Volta) is a landlocked country in West Africa. It is surrounded by six countries: Mali to the north, Maradikasa and Nigeria to the east, Togo , The People's Republic of Benin and Ghana to the south, and Côte d'Ivoire to the southwest.", "The Republic of Ghana, formerly the Gold Coast, is a West African country lying on the Gulf of Guinea. It has a total border of 2,093 kilometers (1,300 miles), including 548 kilometers (341 miles) with Burkina Faso to the north, 688 kilometers (428 miles) with Côte d'Ivoire to the west, and 877 kilometers (545 miles) with Togo to the east.", "Drvarska: Benin, Burkina Faso, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bassau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Libya (Al Wahat, Butnan, Derna, Quba), Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo", "Modern Ghana comprises the former British colony of the Gold Coast and the former mandated territory of British Togoland. It is bordered by the Côte d'Ivoire on the west, Burkina Faso on the north, and Togo on the east. The coastal region and the far north of Ghana are savanna areas; in between is a forest zone. The country's largest river is the Volta; the damming of the river for a hydroelectric station at Akosombo (1964) created the enormous Lake Volta. In addition to the capital (Accra), other important cities are Kumasi Kumasi", "The People's Republic of Benin () was a socialist state located in the Gulf of Guinea on the African continent, which would become present-day Benin. The People's Republic was established on 30 November 1975, after the 1972 coup d'état in the Republic of Dahomey. It effectively lasted until 1 March 1990, with the adoption of a new constitution, and the abolition of Marxism-Leninism in the nation in 1989. ", "The capital of Ghana is Accra, which is located along the southern border of the country. Ghana is situated in western Africa, bordering the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean. It is bordered by the countries of Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast and Togo.", "Ghana, which lies in the center of the West African coast, shares borders with the three French-speaking nations of C�te d'Ivoire to the west, Togo to the east, and Burkina Faso (Burkina, formerly Upper Volta) to the north. To the south are the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean.", "Ivory Coast, officially named the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire (, ; ,), is a country located in West Africa. Ivory Coast's political capital is Yamoussoukro, and its economic capital and largest city is the port city of Abidjan. Its bordering countries are Guinea and Liberia in the west, Burkina Faso and Mali in the north, and Ghana in the east. The Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean) is located south of Ivory Coast.", "In the forest zone, several states and empires emerged. The Ashanti Empire arose in the 16th century in modern-day Ghana and Ivory Coast. The oldest kingdom in Nigeria, the Kingdom of Nri, was established by the Igbo in the 11th century. Nri was famous for having a priest-king who wielded no military power. Nri was a rare African state as it never dealt in the trade of slaves. All slaves and outcasts who sought refuge in their territory were freed. Other major states included the kingdoms of Ifẹ and Oyo in the western block of Nigeria which became prominent about 700–900 and 1400 respectively, and center of Yoruba culture. The Yoruba's built massive mud walls around their cities, the most famous being Sungbo's Eredo. Another prominent kingdom in southwestern Nigeria was the Kingdom of Benin whose power lasted between the 15th and 19th century. Their dominance reached as far as the well known city of Eko which was named Lagos by the Portuguese traders and other early European settlers. The Edo speaking people of Benin are known for the Walls of Benin, which is the largest man-made structure in the world.", "Brackish lagoons cross the country to the southeast, separating the mile-wide sandbar along the Bight of Benin from the geographical mainland. To the southwest a low plateau gradually rises, followed by a southwest-northeast mountain range that is from 2,300 to 3,300 feet high. Another plateau lies to the north of the mountain chain. An open savanna then unfolds and extends to the Burkina Faso border.", "The ancient and powerful western African kingdom of Dahomey became a colony of France in the 1800s. In the 1900s it made the transition into a self-governing republic, then a Marxist-Leninist state, and then a free democracy-all within less than a century. Now called the Republic of Benin, it occupies a strategic political and commercial position on the Gulf of Guinea. Porto-Novo is the official capital and seat of the legislature. However, the president and most of the government ministries reside in the port city of Cotonou, which is also the country’s largest city and commercial center. Area 44,310 square miles (114,763 square kilometers). Population (2015 est.) 10,783,000.", "Ghana is a country in Africa, along the Gulf of Guinea, just a few degrees north of the equator.", "The Benin Empire was a large pre-colonial African state, founded by the Edo people , in what is now modern Nigeria .  The state developed an advanced artistic culture, especially in its famous artifacts of bronze, iron and ivory.", "Ghana's independence, the first in sub-Saharan Africa, inspired Africans throughout the continent. Residents of western Togo, the former German colony (by then, a UN Mandate under French control) voted to join the Gold Coast in 1957.", "The Republic of Liberia is a country on the west coast of Africa, bordered by Sierra Leone, Guinea, and Ivory Coast. Africa's oldest republic, Liberia had it's beginnings predating the American Civil War. Liberia, which means \"Land of the Free,\" was founded as an", "Biggie, if Trezagah can be here speaking Portuguese, then West Africa needs Benin Republic or Mali in this game.", "The country we refer to as Benin today was once the powerful Kingdom of Dahomey. It was eventually nicknamed the Slave Coast due to significant trafficking through Dahomey of Africans (against their will) to the Americas , specifically to the slave markets of Brazil and the Caribbean .", "Liberia, officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the West African coast. Liberia means \"Land of the Free\" in Latin. It is bordered by Sierra Leone to its west, Guinea to its north and Ivory Coast to its east. It covers an area of 111369 km2 and has population of 4,503,000 people. English is the official language and over 20 indigenous languages are spoken, representing the numerous tribes who make up more than 95% of the population.", "(Republic of Liberia), a state in West Africa. Liberia is bordered by Sierra Leone in the northwest, the Republic of Guinea in the north and northeast, and the Ivory Coast in the east. On the west and south it is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean. Area, 111,400 sq km; population, 1.57 million (1972 estimate). Monrovia is the capital city. Administratively, the country is divided into nine counties and five territories.", "* Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)", "* Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)", "* Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Xwela-Gbe, Yom, the official languages is French)", "* Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)", "The Republic of Upper Volta () was a landlocked west-African country established on December 11, 1958, as a self-governing colony within the French Community. Before attaining autonomy it had been French Upper Volta and part of the French Union. On August 5, 1960, it attained full independence from France." ]

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[ "The Zambezi (also spelled Zambeze and Zambesi) is the fourth-longest river in Africa , the longest east flowing river in Africa and the largest flowing into the Indian Ocean from Africa. The area of its basin is 1,390,000 square kilometres (540,000 sq mi), slightly less than half that of the Nile. The 2,574-kilometre-long river (1,599 mi) rises in Zambia and flows through eastern Angola , along the eastern border of Namibia and the northern border of Botswana , then along the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe to Mozambique , where it crosses the country to empty into the Indian Ocean.", "The Zambezi (also spelled Zambeze and Zambesi) is the fourth-longest river in Africa, and the largest flowing into the Indian Ocean from Africa. The area of its basin is 1,390,000 square kilometres (540,000 sq mi),[1][2] slightly less than half that of the Nile. The 3,540-kilometre-long river (2,200 mi) has its source in Zambia and flows through eastern Angola, along the eastern border of Namibia and the northern border of Botswana, then along the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe to Mozambique, where it crosses that country to empty into the Indian Ocean.", "The Zambezi (also spelled Zambeze and Zambesi) is the fourth-longest river in Africa , and the largest flowing into the Indian Ocean from Africa. The area of its basin is 1,390,000 square kilometres (540,000 sq mi), [1] [2] slightly less than half that of the Nile . The 3,540-kilometre-long river (2,200 mi) has its source in Zambia and flows through Angola , along the borders of Namibia , Botswana , Zambia again, and Zimbabwe , to Mozambique , where it empties into the Indian Ocean .", "The Zambezi river forms the natural boundary with Zambia and when in full flood (February-April) the massive Victoria Falls on the river forms the world's largest curtain of falling water. The Victoria Falls are a major tourist attraction.", "The only permanent rivers lie on or near the country's borders. The Cunene River forms the northwestern border with Angola, and the Okavango River forms the northeastern border. The Zambezi River, though one of the longest rivers in Africa with a total length of 2,650 kilometers (1,650 miles), touches Namibia only where it forms the far eastern border of the Caprivi Strip with Zambia. The system of the Kwando, Linyanti, and Chobe Rivers forms the easternmost border between the Caprivi Strip and Botswana. The Orange River forms the southern border with South Africa.", "Zambezi River, also spelled Zambesi, river draining a large portion of south-central Africa. Together with its tributaries, it forms the fourth largest river basin of the continent. The river flows eastward for about 2,200 miles (3,540 kilometres) from its source on the Central African Plateau to empty into the Indian Ocean . With its tributaries, it drains an area of more than 500,000 square miles (1,300,000 square kilometres). The Zambezi (meaning “Great River” in the language of the Tonga people) includes along its course the Victoria Falls , one of the world’s greatest natural wonders, and the Kariba and Cahora Bassa dams, two of Africa’s largest hydroelectric projects. The river either crosses or forms the boundaries of six countries—Angola, Zambia, Namibia , Botswana , Zimbabwe , and Mozambique —and the use of its waters has been the subject of a series of international agreements.", "B Rivers and Lakes  The Zambezi River, along the northern border, is Zimbabwe�s most important river. On the river, in the country�s far west, is Victoria Falls, a spectacular waterfall where the Zambezi flows over a cliff into a narrow gorge. The Zambezi is navigable between Victoria Falls and the Cabora Bassa Dam in Mozambique. A number of smaller rivers, chief among them the Mazoe and the Sanyati (known in its upper course as the Umniati), join the Zambezi in the north. The Sabi River rises in the center of the country and flows into Mozambique (where it is known as the Save River). The Limpopo River forms the country�s southern boundary with South Africa.", "The Zambezi River is a key attraction for visitors to Zambia, offering river-boarding and white water rafting.  However, the river’s best-known feature is Victoria Falls, located roughly midway along the Zambezi at the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe.", "The western tripoint with Botswana is located at the confluence of the Shashe River with the Limpopo. The location of the eastern tripoint with Mozambique is not entirely certain; it is situated either at the confluence of the Luvuvhu River with the Limpopo, or at a point nearby in the Limpopo defined by beacons on the Mozambique–Zimbabwe border. The border was established by the Pretoria Convention of 1881 and restated by the London Convention of 1884 which defined the boundaries of the South African Republic (the Transvaal Republic). The South African Republic subsequently became the Transvaal Colony and then part of the Union of South Africa, while north of the Limpopo Matabeleland became part of Southern Rhodesia which became Zimbabwe.", "landlocked; the Zambezi forms a natural riverine boundary with Zimbabwe; Lake Kariba on the Zambia-Zimbabwe border forms the world's largest reservoir by volume (180 cu km; 43 cu mi)", "Below Kariba, the Zambezi is swollen from the north by the Kafue River as the Zambezi runs between Zimbabwe’s Mana Pools and Zambia’s Lower Zambezi National Parks. At its junction with the Luangwa River, and after forming the international boundary between Zambia and Zimbabwe for approximately 500 km, the river enters into Mozambique and joins Lake Cabora Bassa.", "The Zambezi source is in a black marshy dambo very close to the border where Zambia, Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo meet at about 1,500 metres (4,900 feet) in the Mwinilunga District; from there it flows through Zambia, Angola, Namibia and Botswana then back along the border of Zambia and Zimbabwe finally discharging into the Indian Ocean at its delta in Mozambique. The Zambezi River is usually considered in three sections.", "The Victoria Falls are considered the boundary between the upper and middle Zambezi. For the next 500 km the river serves as the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe. Below the Falls the river continues to flow due east for about 200 km (120miles), cutting through gorges of basalt rock between 200 to 250 metres (660 to 820ft) high.", "The Victoria Falls or Mosi-oa-Tunya are situated on the Zambezi River, on the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe, (17° 55′24.05″S, 25° 51′22.32″E) and are roughly 1.7 km (1 mile) wide and 128 m (420 ft) high. They are considered a remarkable spectacle because of the peculiar narrow slot-like chasm into which the water falls, so one can view the falls face-on.", "Go on an extraordinary journey and explore one of the longest rivers on the African continent, the mighty Zambezi. Passing through or along six African countries, the river's story is one of constant change, of life and death. From the Zambezi's source in Zambia to the point at which it finally reaches the Indian Ocean after a magnificent journey of 2,700 kilometres, the fourth-longest flow in all of Africa passes through many diverse landscapes, making it a haven and resource for a rich selection of wildlife. But the river, perhaps best known for its magnificent Victoria Falls, is not just a natural phenomenon of awe-inspiring proportions. It is also home to many humans, providing them with food, water and even electricity.", "The river then turns easterly and forms the border between Zambia and Namibia at the Katima Mulilo rapids before meeting the Chobe River and briefly forming a border with Botswana; before becoming the border between Zimbabwe and Zambia. It is at Kazungula that the four countries of Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe meet. The river then flows about another 80 kilometres down towards Victoria Falls and this section above the falls is where tour operators run lots of exciting activities including kayaking, canoe trips and river cruises on both the Zimbabwe and Zambian banks of the river. This section of the river has many islands and channels and attracts much bird and wildlife.", "Kazungula marks the official border and river crossing point between Botswana and Zambia. About 20km downstream from Kazungula the swamplands end and the Zambezi traverses the Katambora rapids, with swirling white waters for several kilometres, before again entering a section of calmer waters.", "By far the most notable feature of the Zambezi River is the mighty Victoria Falls – one of the Seven Natural Wonders of the World and World Heritage Site. Not to be disregarded, other well-known falls over which the river cascades are the Chavuma Falls in north-west Zambia, and widely inaccessible Ngonye Falls in western Zambia.", "The Victoria Falls are considered the boundary between the upper and middle Zambezi. Below them the river continues to flow due east for about 200 kilometres (120 mi), cutting through perpendicular walls of basalt 20 to 60 metres (66 to 200 ft) apart in hills 200 to 250 metres (660 to 820 ft) high. The river flows swiftly through the Batoka Gorge, the current being continually interrupted by reefs. It has been described as one of the world's most spectacular whitewater trips, a tremendous challenge for kayakers and rafters alike. Beyond the gorge are a succession of rapids which end 240 km (150 mi) below Victoria Falls. Over this distance, the river drops 250 metres (820 ft).", "The Victoria Falls are considered the boundary between the upper and middle Zambezi. Below them the river continues to flow due east for about 200 km, cutting through perpendicular walls of basalt 20 to 60 metres (66 to 200 ft) apart in hills 200 to 250 metres (660 to 820 ft) high. The river flows swiftly through the Batoka Gorge, the current being continually interrupted by reefs. It has been described as one of the world's most spectacular whitewater trips, a tremendous challenge for kayakers and rafters alike. Beyond the gorge are a succession of rapids which end 240 km (150 mi) below Victoria Falls. Over this distance, the river drops 250 m.", "The river flows to the south-west and into Angola for about 240 kilometres (150 mi), then is joined by sizeable tributaries such as the Luena and the Chifumage flowing from highlands to the north-west. [3] It turns south and develops a floodplain and becomes very variable in width between the dry and rainy seasons. It enters a region with dense patches of evergreen Cryptosepalum dry forest , though on its western side, Western Zambezian grasslands also occur. Where it re-enters Zambia it is nearly 400 metres (1,300 ft) wide in the rainy season and flows quite quickly with rapids ending in the Chavuma Falls , where the river flows through a rocky fissure. The river drops about 400 metres (1,300 ft) in elevation from its source at 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) to the Chavuma Falls at 1,100 metres (3,600 ft), in a distance of about 400 kilometres (250 mi). From this point to the Victoria Falls, the level of the basin is very uniform, dropping only by another 180 metres (590 ft) in a distance of around 800 kilometres (500 mi).", "From the Kariba dam wall the river heads east again towards Chirundu. Beyond this the river is flanked by Lower Zambezi National Park in Zambia and Mana Pools National Park in Zimbabwe. This is the stretch of the river that the famous canoe safaris are run.", "The Zambezi's most noted feature is Victoria Falls . Other notable falls include the Chavuma Falls at the border between Zambia and Angola, and Ngonye Falls, near Sioma in Western Zambia.", "The Zambezi's most noted feature is Victoria Falls. Other notable falls include the Chavuma Falls at the border between Zambia and Angola, and Ngonye Falls, near Sioma in Western Zambia.", "The river flows to the south-west and into Angola for about 240 kilometres (149 mi), then is joined by sizeable tributaries such as the Luena and the Chifumage flowing from highlands to the north-west. It turns south and develops a floodplain and becomes very variable in width between the dry and rainy seasons. It enters a region with dense patches of evergreen Cryptosepalum dry forest, though on its western side, Western Zambezian grasslands also occur. Where it re-enters Zambia it is nearly 400 metres (1312 ft) wide in the rainy season and flows quite quickly with rapids ending in the Chavuma Falls, where the river flows through a rocky fissure. The river drops about 400 metres (1312 ft) in elevation from its source at 1500 metres (4921 ft) to the Chavuma Falls at 1100 metres (3609 ft), in a distance of about 400 kilometres (249 mi). From this point to the Victoria Falls, the level of the basin is very uniform, dropping only by another 180 metres (591 ft) in a distance of around 800 kilometres (497 mi).", "This image of the Zambezi River was taken towards from the North-East. The image was viewed using 2-D dimension. Its Co-ordinates are 15º42'56.62\" S 29º24'41.11\" E", "This image of the Zambezi River was taken towards the North-East. The image was viewed using 2-D dimension but zoomed in. Its Co-ordinates are 15º41'26.35\" S 29º26'59.57\" E", "What river forms the border between Zimbabwe and South Africa | ZIMBABWE TOURIST ATTRACTIONS|Zim News|Travel Advice", "The river flows through Gonarezhou National Park on its way to joining the mighty Limpopo River. The Mwenezi river is a major tributary and flows north-south. They do not meet in Zimbabwe, but converge to a distance of 20 km downstream into Chicualacuala District, Mozambique. In between is the Sengwe Communal Land in Chiredzi District of Masvingo Province, mostly a flat and undulating area around 300 m in altitude.", "The hydrology of the Zambezi catchment is determined by the annual variation of summer rainfall, which is influenced by the movement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. The further south the zone moves, the greater the delivery of rainfall across the catchment. In winter these boundaries move north, resulting in drier conditions across the Zambezi Basin.", "Limpopo River Rising as the Crocodile (or Krokodil) River in South Africa's Witwatersrand region, it forms the Transvaal's border with Botswana and Zimbabwe, then crosses through Mozambique. Deforestation in Mozambique contributed to massive flooding of the Limpopo in 2000. Perhaps the most famous description of the Limpopo comes from Rudyard Kipling, who in \"The Elephant's Child\" referred to it as \"the great grey-green, greasy Limpopo River, all set about with fever-trees\".", "[Large Coloured Lithograph, Titled]: The Profile Cliff, Narrow Gorge and Torrent of the Zambesi below the Falls." ]

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[ "Camp David is an official presidential retreat located in the wooded hills near Thurmont, Maryland, which is about 100 kilometers north of Washington in the Catoctin Mountains. The facility is formally known as Naval Support Facility Thurmont and is staffed by Navy and Marine Corps personnel.", "The Presidential retreat Camp David is located in Maryland’s Catoctin Mountains, in close proximity to Washington, D.C. by helicopter. The retreat, more formally known as Naval Support Facility Thurmont, is an active naval base staffed by Marine and Navy personnel. The site comprises 180 acres with multiple cabins for the President, his family, and their guests.", "Camp David is a Presidential weekend retreat in Maryland 's Catoctin Mountains. Originally a military base, it was turned over to the White House during the Great Depression and was named Shangri-La by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. President Dwight Eisenhower renamed it Camp David for his grandson David. It consists of 180 forested acres, protected by a ring of three fences and marine guard patrols. It is maintained by 150 naval personnel and, when the President is in residence, by 250 other support staff. It contains a number of residence cabins for the President and his guests, who often include foreign heads of state. Camp David also has a heated pool, skeet range, tennis courts, and horseshoe pit. It has a conference center where administration officials can meet with the President when he is on a “working vacation.” Expenses for Camp David are part of the Navy Department budget.", "Compound: Camp David, which lies in the mountains outside Thurmont, is a source of both pride and concern as America wages war.", "Camp David, known formally as the Naval Support Facility Thurmont, is the President’s country residence. Located in Catoctin Mountain Park in Frederick County, Maryland, Camp David has offered Presidents an opportunity for solitude and tranquility, as well as an ideal place to host foreign leaders.", "A presidential retreat on Catoctin Mountain in northern Maryland north-northwest of Washington, DC. It was established by Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1942 as Shangri-La. Dwight D. Eisenhower renamed it Camp David in honor of his grandson.", "President Dwight D. Eisenhower, who continued to use the Catoctin Mountain retreat, renamed Shangri-La “Camp David” after his grandson, David Eisenhower.", "At the close of World War II, there was some debate over the future of Shangri-La. Should it be returned to the National Park Service? Should it be maintained as a national shrine or monument? Should it be transferred to the Maryland State Forest and Park System as was the original plan of the demonstration area? In 1952 Truman approved a compromise under which the land north of Maryland Route 77 would remain Catoctin Mountain Park operated by the National Park Service and the land south of Maryland Route 77 would become Cunningham Falls State Park. The official transfer took effect in 1954. President Eisenhower renamed the retreat, after he took office in 1953, “Camp David,” after his grandson.", "US president Barack Obama and wife Michelle will be spending Valentine's Day at Camp David, a mountain-based military camp in Frederick County, Maryland.", "A \"Summer White House\" is typically the name given to the regular vacation residence of the sitting President of the United States aside from Camp David , the mountain-based military camp in Frederick County , Maryland , used as a country retreat and for high-alert protection of Presidents and their guests.", "Camp David, the official retreat of the President of the U.S., is near Thurmont, Maryland. It is administered by the Military Office of the White House and is operated by the United States Navy. President Franklin D. Roosevelt established the camp in 1942, as a retreat where he could escape the summer heat of Washington. Roosevelt called the camp Shangri-La, the name of a perfect mountain kingdom in Lost Horizon, a famous novel by the English author James Hilton. In 1945, President Harry S. Truman made Shangri-La the official presidential retreat. Pres- ident Dwight D. Eisenhower renamed the camp in 1953 in honor of his father and grandson, David Eisenhower.", "North is at the top of the map. The Mount of Olives is on the far right, Mount Zion on the left. Mount Moriah rises as a long ridge at the south end of the City of David and continues on past the present Temple Mount, and reaches its highest point outside the Northern walls of the Old City, at the top of the map.", "The summit feels like the top of the world, although there are slightly higher cliffs visible in the distance, in all directions. The views up and down Zion Canyon are of an almost mythical landscape of red and white mountains, with the river far below winding into the misty distance. Other nearby summits include flat-topped Cathedral Mountain to the west, the Great White Throne to the south, Cable Mountain due east and Observation Point to the north, plus the slightly lower peak of the Organ, an eastwards continuation of the Angel's Landing promontory.", "First known as Hi-Catoctin, Camp David was originally built as a camp for federal government agents and their families, by the WPA, starting in 1935, opening in 1938. In 1942 it was converted to a presidential retreat by President Franklin D. Roosevelt and renamed U.S.S. Shangri-La . Camp David received its present name from Dwight Eisenhower , in honor of his grandson, Dwight David Eisenhower II.", "• Camp David is famous for Camp David Accord, which took place between Egypt and Israel. It is located in USA.", "A view of the lower terrace of Aspen Lodge, the Presidential residence at Camp David in Frederick County, Md., in April 1961. Maple Cabin is visible in the background.", "When it was converted into a presidential retreat in 1942 for President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, it was named Shangri-La. It was renamed Camp David in the early 1950s by President Dwight David Eisenhower in honor of his father and grandson.", "A guest house at Camp David c. 1948. President Roosevelt named the retreat \"Shangri-la,\" the fictional valley in James Hilton's novel \"Lost Horizon.\" President Dwight Eisenhower later renamed it Camp David, after his grandson.", "We're told David's family lived in Bethlehem. David's oldest brother, Eliab, greeted him with scorn when he arrived at the camp, asking, \"Why have you come down here? And with whom did you leave those few sheep in the desert?\" So, from the text, it's a safe bet Bethlehem's either in or close to the desert and David traveled downhill from Bethlehem to the battlefield. Both are true.", "The mount on which the Jebusite fortress stood was called Mount Zion. “Nevertheless David took the stronghold of Zion (that is, the City of David)” (verse 7). Close by, to the north, was a hill called Mount Moriah, which David bought from Ornan the Jebusite.", "Camp David is a United States Navy installation, commanded by a Naval Commander. Sailors are mostly Seabees and most officers are in the civil engineering field. The Navy Seabee Detachment performs maintenance and beautification. The sailors must undergo a \"Yankee White\" level background check, which involves passing the most rigorous background check conducted by the Department of Defense (DOD). The sailors are hand-picked for their service at Camp David, and are among the best of the U.S. Navy. Some of the sailors include: grounds and maintenance personnel, electricians, carpenters, corpsmen, and the President's cooks (culinary specialists).", "Camp David is a United States Navy installation, commanded by a Naval Commander . Sailors are mostly Seabees and most officers are in the civil engineering field. The Navy Seabee Detachment performs maintenance and beautification. The sailors must undergo a \" Yankee White \" level background check, which involves passing the most rigorous background check conducted by the Department of Defense (DOD). The sailors are hand-picked for their service at Camp David, and are among the best of the U.S. Navy. Some of the sailors include: grounds and maintenance personnel, electricians, carpenters, corpsmen, and the President's cooks (culinary specialists) .", "' View from Mount Gerizim Towards Mount Ebal - View of Balatah Village and The Mound of Shechem ...'", "90 Al-Hayat al-Jadida (Gaza), Aug. 10, 2000. Cited in \"The Debate at Camp David over Jerusalem's Holy Places.\"", "\"The president's home at Camp David, called Aspen, is a beautiful rustic house with beamed ceilings, wood-paneled walls ... Nancy and I experienced a sense of liberation at Camp David that we never found in Washington. Because the perimeter was guarded, we could just open a door and take a walk. That's a freedom, incidentally, that you don't fully appreciate until you've lost it.\"", "Masada occupies the entire top of an isolated mesa near the southwest coast of the Dead Sea. The volcano shaped mountain towers 1,424 feet above the level of the Dead Sea. It has a summit area of about 18 acres. Some scholars hold that the site was settled at the time of the First Temple (900 BC), but Masada is renowned for the palaces and fortifications of Herod the Great (reigned 37-4 BC), king of Judea under the Romans, and for its resistance to the Roman siege in AD 72-73.", "President John Kennedy and his family visited the camp often, enjoying the horseback riding and other recreational opportunities. Kennedy also allowed White House staff and cabinet members to use Camp David when he was not there.", "* Camp Colera, 6000 m: A larger, while slightly more exposed, camp situated directly at the north ridge near Camp Berlín, with growing popularity. In January 2011, a shelter was opened in Camp Colera for exclusive use in cases of emergency. The shelter is named Elena after Italian climber Elena Senin, who died in January 2009 shortly after reaching the summit, and whose family donated the shelter.", "Over the years, presidents have had different attachments to the camp. President Harry Truman seldom went there. Margaret Truman found the place claustrophobic and gloomy, according to Dale Nelson's book, \"The President Is at Camp David.\"", "You might say Camp David and Egypt-Israel peace accord over a desert that was militarily occupied in a war?", "  A view of another Roman camp (\"C\", with 2 gates) is seen in the center of the photo below, locateds outside of the dyke and on the north bank of Nahal Massada brook. Another camp (\"B\", with 4 gates) is on its right side, on the south bank of Nahal Massada.", "Several passages in the Hebrew Bible indicate that during the time when they were written, the Temple Mount was identified as Mount Zion. The Mount Zion mentioned in the later parts of the Book of Isaiah (), in the Book of Psalms, and the First Book of Maccabees (c. 2nd century BCE) seems to refer to the top of the hill, generally known as the Temple Mount. According to the Book of Samuel, Mount Zion was the site of the Jebusite fortress called the \"stronghold of Zion\", but once the First Temple was erected, according to the Bible, at the top of the Eastern Hill (\"Temple Mount\"), the name \"Mount Zion\" migrated there too. The name later migrated for a last time, this time to Jerusalem's Western Hill." ]

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[ "Simon and Garfunkel's \" The Sound Of Silence \" contains the lyrics: \"For the words of the prophets were written on the subway walls, and tenement halls... and echo with the sound of silence.\"", "And the sign said, 'The words of the prophets are written on the subway walls and tenement halls, and whispered in the sounds of silence'. Simon and Garfunkel. Rock!", "General CommentYes the four-letter word is certainly that lovely \"f-word.\" The idea for this song came from the Wednesday Morning, 3AM album cover. They had taken at least a hundred shots of themselves in front of a wall and finally got the shot they wanted.. They looked a little closer and happened to notice some lucky poet's work had been prominently featured in bold letters. The words of the prophets are written on the subway walls and tenement halls...", "The words of the prophets are written on the subway walls and tenements halls and whispered in the sounds of silence. more...", "The song is the subject of the book The Holy or the Broken: Leonard Cohen, Jeff Buckley & the Unlikely Ascent of 'Hallelujah' (2012) by Alan Light. In a New York Times review Janet Maslin praised the book and the song, noting that \"Cohen spent years struggling with his song 'Hallelujah'; he wrote perhaps as many as 80 verses before paring the song down and recording it on the 1984 album Various Positions. His label, CBS Records, refused to release Various Positions, not realizing that 'Hallelujah' would become one of the most haunting, mutable, and oft-performed songs in American musical history.\"[59]", "In 1978, \"Rivers of Babylon\", a cover of a track by The Melodians with lyrics partly based on Psalm 137 and partly on Psalm 19,[8] became (at the time) the second highest-selling single of all time in the UK. After reaching no.1 for five weeks, \"Rivers of Babylon\" began dropping down the chart, at which point the B-side \"Brown Girl in the Ring\" was given extensive radio airplay, and the single climbed back up the chart to #2. The single spent 6 months in the UK Top 40, including 19 weeks in the Top 10. It eventually sold 5000 copies short of two million.", "In 1978, \"Rivers of Babylon\", a cover of a track by The Melodians with lyrics partly based on Psalm 137 and partly on Psalm 19, became (at the time) the second highest-selling single of all time in the UK. After reaching No.1 for five weeks, \"Rivers of Babylon\" began dropping down the chart, at which point the B-side \"Brown Girl in the Ring\" was given extensive radio airplay, and the single climbed back up the chart to No. 2. The single spent six months in the UK Top 40, including 19 weeks in the Top 10. It eventually sold over two million copies, the second single to do so, and is still one of only 7 to achieve this feat. (see List of million-selling singles in the United Kingdom)", "150 songs comprise this book. Many of these are prophetic in nature. Jesus told his disciples after his resurrection that what happened to him MUST have occurred, in part, because of what was written in the Psalms (Luke 24:44).", "** \"Holidays in the Sun\", a song by the English punk rock band The Sex Pistols prominently mentions the Wall, specifically singer Johnny Rotten's fantasy of digging a tunnel under it.", "The Prophet's Song was composed by May (working title \"People of the Earth\"). On the show In the Studio with Redbeard, which spotlighted A Night at the Opera, May explained that he wrote the song after a dream he'd had about a great flood while he was recovering from being ill while recording the Sheer Heart Attack album, and is the source of some of the lyrics. He spent several days putting it together, and it includes a vocal canon sung by Mercury. The vocal, and later instrumental canon was produced by early tape delay devices. It is a heavy and dark number with a strong progressive rock influence and challenging lead vocals. At over eight minutes in length, it's also Queen's longest song (not counting the untitled instrumental track on \"Made in Heaven\").", "Even though Strayhorn wrote lyrics to go with the music, which calls to mind a subway running on its track, the lyrics that were recorded were written by vocalist Joya Sherrill. The song was already receiving radio play as an instrumental when Sherrill wrote lyrics based on what she heard in her home in Detroit.", "A good expression of this doctrine is in Lincoln Thompson's song \"Thanksgiving\". After asking \"What's destroying life?\" he says, \"Tell I if you know.\" Paraphrasing the Bible, he continues, \"There are too many dead bodies lying around me... in a true reality, down in the grave there is no life. In silence there you'll be, with no-one to hear nor see, and no matter what you saw, when you are dead you cannot praise Jah.\" Another may be seen in the lyrics to the Third World's anthem, \"96 Degrees in the Shade\":", "The lyric to the chorus of the title song originally just repeated \"Jesus Christ\" every time the melody repeated. But before recording it, Tim Rice wanted to give the lyric some variety. The word superstar was just beginning to be widely used, mostly to refer to rock and pop stars. Rice changed the second repeat of the chorus to include the word superstar because that's what Christ was, a superstar of his time, widely popular, complete with his own groupies who cared more about his star status then about his message. He was thronged when he went out in public, and like many rock stars today, he was considered dangerous and corrupting by the establishment. Jesus had a new message for the people, and they embraced it (for a while, at least). Despite his intentions to the contrary, he became a controversial political figure as well as a spiritual leader. The songs \"Hosanna\" and \"Simon Zealotes\" point out to Jesus the tens of thousands of followers who are hanging on his every word. Simon wants Jesus to use his power to bring about a rebellion against Rome; but Jesus doesn't want to be a political figure.", "The song \"Astral Weeks\" opens the album with the lines \"If I ventured in the slipstream, between the viaducts of your dream/ Where immobile steel rims crack, and the ditch in the back roads stop \", which according to Erik Hage shows Morrison had \"once and for all pulled neck and neck with Dylan as a lyricist\". Morrison described it as \"one of those songs where you can see the light at the end of the tunnel... I don't think I can elaborate on it any more than that.\"Heylin (2003), p. 187 The words in the song: \"Talkin' to Huddie Ledbetter/Showin' pictures on the wall\" appear to be based on Morrison's real life custom of carrying around a poster of Lead Belly and hanging it on the wall wherever he lived. (This was revealed in a Rolling Stone interview in 1978.)", "The title of the song refers to the A line of New York's subway train service. At the time of the song's conception, this line ran from Brooklyn, up into Harlem, and then northern Manhattan where it used the express rails.", "By The Cult. About life in New York City . Song expresses misconceptions or stereotypes regarding the dangers associated with an urban area. \"... Hell's Kitchen is a crazy place... Hell's Kitchen is a DMZ, I'm never coming back, no....It'll give you a heart attack...Pressure never stops, pressure never drops... Times Square shuffle, Manhattan flip...\"", "The ending of \"The Buddha of Suburbia\" revives that of \"All the Madmen\" (see Gratuitous Foreign Language below), and shortly before that, the guitar break from \"Space Oddity\" is quoted.", "In the text for the song “Prophetic visions strike my eye,” the lines “The hostile band /", "Alone Again (Naturally) by Gilbert O'Sullivan. A reader suggested this one. Ok, I kind of remember this sappy one from the 70s. He gets dumped by his girlfriend and plans on heading to the water tower to throw himself off. The reader said would qualify as a suicide song as he says he's gonna jump off the nearest tower, presumably after depressing the hell out of his listeners about his shitty life. Lyrics", "Modern-day listeners probably know the version by Sublime best. However, the lyrics are an expanded version of Psalm 137 with Rastafarian elements (such as \"King Alpha\").", "Their single claim to fame is a terrific song called Rivers of Babylon that was featured in \"The Harder They Come\". The song is based on Psalm 137 from the Bible.", "The tenth and last track of Teaser and the Firecat, \"Peace Train,\" was one of Cat Stevens' biggest hits. Following 9/11 — and coupling this with Stevens' conversion to Islam — more people were, in the song's own lyrics, \"crying lately, thinking about the world as it is.\"", "By Creed . A personal or autobiographical song about self knowledge, accepting responsibility for your own life, and recognizing that the source or origins of our problems often lies within.\"...The walls are cold and pale. The cage made of steel. Screams fill the room. Alone I drop and kneel. Silence now the sound...So I held my head up high. Hiding hate that burns inside. Which only fuels their selfish pride. We're all held captive...\"", "Principally composed by Mercury (though, as all other songs from these sessions, credited to the band as a whole), this song is a tongue-in-cheek representation of a man who spends his life committing robbery. The song is performed mainly through spoken words, but occasionally has lines sung. This song appeared as the b-side to the \" Breakthru \" single.", "It is written as a list song that comes back to a chorus line at the end of each stanza. The song is filled almost entirely with poetic symbols, such as in the first line \"with your mercury mouth / in the missionary times\".", "Every night on the Boxers tour Morrissey would use a tambourine with something written on it, and then throw it into the audience. In Cardiff on that tour the word was MENSI, the name of this band's lead singer.", "*\"Omega Amigo\" by The Shamen, on their 1990 album En-Tact, samples the voice in the prayer booth (\"my time is yours\").", "13.                         B. A. Farber, Rock 'n' roll Wisdom: What Psychologically Astute Lyrics Teach About Life and Love (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2007),ISBN 0-275-99164-4, pp. xxvi-xxviii.", "↑ B. A. Farber, Rock 'n' roll Wisdom: What Psychologically Astute Lyrics Teach About Life and Love (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2007), ISBN 0-275-99164-4 , pp. xxvi-xxviii.", "This assertion is patently false. It mentions the context of the other lyrics, but one glance at the lyrics in their entirety makes the meaning clear:", "I'm pretty sure from the context that it's prophets, that he's stating that the voices coming through the radio (musicians) are treated like modern day prophets!", "During the event, a Muslim man sang from the podium, \"Allahu akbar, Allahu akbar,\" a phrase which can be translated to mean \"Allah is greatest\" or \"Allah is greater.\"" ]

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[ "A View to a Kill is the theme song for the Bond film of the same name. The song was written by John Barry and Duran Duran , and was performed by Duran Duran, who were nominated for the best original song at the Golden Globes. The song was also the only James Bond song to ever reach the #1 position on the Billboard Hot 100 charts.", "A View to a Kill is the 14th James Bond film, starring Roger Moore in his last appearance as 007 at the age of 57, although Bond's advanced age is hardly noticeable in this outing . After a Zorin Industries computer chip is found in Siberia, Bond is sent to investigate the company at a horse race competition. Features Christopher Walken as a shamelessly over the top villain and Grace Jones as \"May Day\", one of the most genuinely badass (and intimidating) henchwomen of the series. Features Grace Jones jumping off the Eiffel Tower and an opening title song by Duran Duran , to date the only Bond song to make it to number 1 on the pop charts.", "\"A View to a Kill\" is the thirteenth single by the English new wave band Duran Duran, released on 6 May 1985. Written and recorded as the theme for the 1985 James Bond movie of the same name, it became one of the band's biggest hits. It remains the only James Bond theme song to have reached number 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100; it also made it to number 2 for three weeks on the UK Singles Chart. ", "The James Bond film series from Eon Productions has had numerous signature tracks over the years, many of which are now considered classic pieces of film music. The best known of these pieces of music is the ubiquitous \"James Bond Theme.\" Other instrumental pieces, such as the \"007 Theme\" or \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\", and various songs, such as Shirley Bassey's \"Goldfinger\", Paul McCartney's \"Live and Let Die\" or Carly Simon's \"Nobody Does It Better\", Sheena Easton's \"For Your Eyes Only\" and Duran Duran's \"A View to a Kill\" have also become identified with the series. \"Skyfall\" from Skyfall won the Academy Award for Best Song making it the first Bond song to do so. ", "Singer Simon Le Bon and British pop group Duran Duran did the title song for 1985's \"A View to a Kill.\"", "As Barry matured, the Bond scores became more lushly melodic, as in Moonraker (1979) and Octopussy (1983). Barry's score for A View to a Kill was traditional, but his collaboration with Duran Duran for the title song was contemporary and reached number one in the United States and number two in the UK Singles Chart. Both A View to a Kill and The Living Daylights theme by a-ha blended the pop music style of the bands with Barry's orchestration. In 2006, a-ha's Pal Waaktaar complimented Barry's contributions: \"I loved the stuff he added to the track, I mean it gave it this really cool string arrangement. That's when for me it started to sound like a Bond thing.\" ", "The soundtrack was composed by John Barry, and published by EMI/Capitol. The theme song, \"A View to a Kill\", was written by Barry and Duran Duran, and performed by the band. \"May Day Jumps\" is the only track that uses the James Bond theme. Barry's composition from On Her Majesty's Secret Service was modified for use in the songs \"Snow Job\", \"He's Dangerous\" and \"Golden Gate Fight\" of A View to a Kill. \"A View to a Kill\" was second in the British charts and first in the American charts, thus becoming the peak song in the James Bond series. The 2015 track Writing's On The Wall later out performed the song in the UK by reaching number one. ", "Duran Duran, “A View to a Kill”: One of the few Bond titles that was downright danceable, this ’80s offering from Simon Le Bon and Co. perfectly conveys the pulse-surging excitement of a chase through the streets of Paris. Despite the input of composer John Barry, one can’t help but wonder how much better it would be with a cameo by the film’s outrageous co-star, Grace Jones !", "A lot of the best James Bond theme songs sound like they belong in a lounge act. That’s not a complaint, just an observation. For whatever reason, the English new wave act Duran Duran was given free reign to provide A View to a Kill with a new and exciting sound all its own. “A View to a Kill” was a hit song, and it probably would have been a success even without the James Bond connection. It’s entertaining and cool and energetic, and it promises one hell of a good time. (Whether or not the movie actually lives up to that promise is a matter of some debate.)", "As a result, the band's image as a whole was off-balance when they regrouped to contribute the title song to the soundtrack of the 1985 James Bond movie, A View to a Kill. This single remains the only Bond theme to go to Number One on the US charts, and it also remains the highest-placed Bond theme on the UK chart, reaching Number Two. The song was accompanied by a tongue-in-cheek \"spy\" video that had the band scampering all over the Eiffel Tower. The lead singer ended the video by introducing himself as \"Bon. Simon Le Bon.\"", "Duran Duran's A View To A Kill was the theme song for the movie A View To A Kill, 1985.", "A Bond film staple are the theme songs heard during their title sequences sung by well-known popular singers. Several of the songs produced for the films have been nominated for Academy Awards for Original Song, including Paul McCartney's \"Live and Let Die\", Carly Simon's \"Nobody Does It Better\", Sheena Easton's \"For Your Eyes Only\", Adele's \"Skyfall\", and Sam Smith's \"Writing's on the Wall\". Adele won the award at the 85th Academy Awards, and Smith won at the 88th Academy Awards. For the non-Eon produced Casino Royale, Burt Bacharach's score included \"The Look of Love\", which was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Song. ", "A Bond film staple are the theme songs heard during their title sequences sung by well-known popular singers. Several of the songs produced for the films have been nominated for Academy Awards for Original Song, including Paul McCartney’s “Live and Let Die”, Carly Simon’s “Nobody Does It Better”, Sheena Easton’s “For Your Eyes Only” and Adele’s “Skyfall”. Adele won the award at the 85th Academy Awards. For the non-Eon produced Casino Royale, Burt Bacharach’s score included “The Look of Love”, which was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Song.", "The title track was first performed by Anthony Newley, who wrote the lyrics to John Barry's music (this \"jazz\" version was later released on the \"The Best Of James Bond – 30th Anniversary Limited Edition\" album). Shirley Bassey recorded the version used in the film on 20th August 1964. The original mono version of the commercially released single can now be found on the album \"Goldsinger - The Best of Shirley Bassey\", along with the common stereo version.", "\"A View to a Kill\" is the one and only Bond theme to hit No. 1 on Billboard’s Hot 100. Though it never won any awards, it perfectly encapsulates the '80s music scene. Achieving what A-Ha’s \"The Living Daylights\" couldn’t, this is definitely remembered as one of the more iconic Bond songs.", "Licence to Kill is the theme song of the Bond film of the same name. It was written by Narada Michael Walden, Jeffrey Cohen, and Walter Afanasieff. The song was performed by the legendary \"Empress of Soul\", Gladys Knight .", "“Live and let die,” reads the Tweet which she coincidently posted as she entered the recording studio. Live and Let Die, for those unaware, is also the title of the 1973 Bond film starring Roger Moore as 007, and whose theme song was written and recorded by ex-Beatle and music legend Paul McCartney as part of Wings.", "In tenth place we have the Empress of Soul, Gladys Knight, singing the titles for Licence to Kill . Long time Bond composer John Barry, who had worked on the series since Dr. No , fell ill, and couldn't work on the music. But the theme song, composed by Jeffrey Cohen, Walter Afanasieff and Narada Walden, was based on the horn melody from Goldfinger , for which Barry received a royalty.", "Sheena Easton sang the Oscar-nominated title song for \"For Your Eyes Only\" (1981). The Scottish-born singer is the only Bond artist to be seen singing the title song during the opening credits.", "Paul McCartney and his wife Linda wrote the title theme for the 1973 Bond movie \"Live and Let Die.\" McCartney's band Wings performed the song, which became one of the group's most successful singles. It was certainly the most successful Bond song at the time. After six films with Sean Connery, this edition starred Roger Moore as the quintessential agent.", "The \"Skyfall\" win marks the first time a song from a James Bond film has won the Oscar. Previously nominated were Paul McCartney for \"Live and Let Die,\"  Marvin Hamlisch and Carole Bayer Sager for \"Nobody Does It Better,\" which Carly Simon performed, from \"The Spy Who Loved Me\" and Bill Conti and Mick Leeson for \"For Your Eyes Only,\" which Sheena Easton recorded.", "Lulu Kennedy-Cairns, OBE (born Marie McDonald McLaughlin Lawrie, 3 November 1948, Lennoxtown, East Dunbartonshire, which was then in Stirlingshire), best known by her stage name Lulu, is a Scottish singer, actress, and television personality who has been successful in the entertainment business from the 1960s through to the present day. She is famous for the title song from the James Bond film The Man with the Golden Gun, in North America for the film theme \"To Sir, with Love\" and in the UK for her first hit \"Shout\" and her Eurovision Song Contest winning entry \"Boom Bang-a-Bang\".", "In a just world, the award would go to \"Skyfall,\" performed by Adele Adkins and co-written by Adele and Paul Epworth. James Bond celebrates his 50th anniversary at the Oscars this year, and though \"Skyfall\" itself isn't nominated for Best Picture, an Original Song victory would be a nice consolation prize. As a film, \"Skyfall\" has earned high-enough praise that some have labeled it as the all-time greatest Bond movie. We'll stop short of such hyperbole, but we'll throw our support behind \"Skyfall\" as one of the all-time great Bond movie themes. Adele's voice is haunting, epic, and shrouded in mystery — a flawless encapsulation of the film itself.", "Before Skyfall, there were only 4 Oscar nominations in the music categories for James Bond films. These include Paul & Linda McCartney for the song \"Live and Let Die\", Marvin Hamlisch & Carol Bayer Sager for the song \"Nobody Does It Better\", and Bill Conti & Mick Leeson for the song \"For Your Eyes Only\". Marvin Hamlisch was also oscar-nominated for his score to \"The Spy Who Loved Me\".", "The title song of the film, \"The Living Daylights\", was co-written with Paul Waaktaar-Savoy of the Norwegian pop-music group A-ha and recorded by the band. The group and Barry did not collaborate well, resulting in two versions of the theme song. Barry's film mix is heard on the soundtrack (and on A-ha's later greatest hits album Headlines and Deadlines). The version preferred by the band can be heard on the 1988 A-ha album Stay on These Roads. However, in 2006 Paul Waaktaar-Savoy complimented Barry's contributions: \"I loved the stuff he added to the track, I mean it gave it this really cool string arrangement. That's when for me it started to sound like a Bond thing\". The title song is one of the few 007 title songs that is not performed or written by a British or American performer.", "The notion of the James Bond title song didn’t begin until the second James Bond feature (From Russia with Love in 1963), but it has been a stable staple of the series ever since, and sometime along the way, audiences began anticipating the title tune almost as much as seeing the movie itself. Which hot new pop star would be active and classy enough to tackle Bond? ", "James Bond - GoldenEye Opening Theme - sung by Simmi ( Orig. Tina Turner ) Opener", "This song was the theme for the James Bond movie Goldfinger . Anthony Newley and Leslie Bricusse wrote the lyrics and John Barry the music. It was Shirley Bassey's biggest hit.", "The title song for the James Bond 007 film, Goldfinger, was a Top 10 hit in the U.S. Who performed it?", "The Norwegian new wave band a-ha gave us one of the best music videos ever made (with “Take On Me” in 1985), and a pretty good James Bond theme for a pretty good James Bond movie. There’s a fun mix of orchestral bombast and feel-good synth rock in The Living Daylights. This is one of the most underrated James Bond theme songs.", "Is the first American singer to perform the title song of a James Bond film ( You Only Live Twice (1967)).", "The unforgettable intro sequence to the James Bond film, For Your Eyes Only! The only intro thus far which has the lead singer included in the intro." ]

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[ "1981. General Wojciech Jaruzelski declares martial law in Poland to prevent dismantling of the communist system by Solidarity.", "On December 13, 1981, Jaruzelski imposed martial law in Poland in a bid to crush the Solidarity movement. Solidarity was declared illegal, and its leaders were arrested. The union was formally dissolved by the Sejm (Parliament) on October 8, 1982, but it nevertheless continued as an underground organization.", "1981 – Prime Minister Wojciech Jaruzelski declared martial law in Poland, suspended Solidarity and imprisoned many union leaders.", "Wojciech Jaruzelski: Poland's last Communist leader, who imposed martial law on the Soviet satellite in 1981 | The Independent", "Jaruzelski was pleading with Soviet leaders to send troops into Poland to assist him with the crackdown, and by all indications he was devastated when they turned down his requests. The newly available evidence on this matter from many independent sources casts serious doubt on Jaruzelski’s repeated assertions [after 1991] that his decision to introduce martial law in December 1981 was intended solely to spare Poland the trauma of Soviet military intervention.", "The person who did not make the argument that martial law was a necessary evil to prevent a Soviet invasion was Jaruzelski himself—he would only assert this claim later, after he had left power and was looking to rehabilitate himself to avoid historical condemnation, and by extension the condemnation of courts. In fact, his Declaration of Martial Law and the comprehensive regime of repression Poland’s military and security forces undertook to enforce it show that at the time he had decided to use all means necessary to eradicate Solidarity and all “anti-socialist elements” within Polish society. He did so in full alliance with, and with full support from, the highest state organs of the Soviet Union and the military command of the Warsaw Pact. Mark Kramer, the director of the Project on Cold War Studies at Harvard University, who has reviewed the extensive Soviet, Polish, and CIA documents on the subject, definitively refutes Jaruzelski’s later claims that he acted to forestall a Soviet invasion. On the contrary, Kramer found that by late 1981:", "1983 - In Poland, following General Jaruzelski's declaration of martial law, aimed at suppressing independent labor union activity, people in the city of Lodz demonstrate their disgust for the lies propagated by the official government television news by taking a daily promenade timed to coincide exactly with the broadcast, wearing their hats backwards. Soon, much of the town has joined them.", "The government was now faced with the fear that reforms could sweep away the regime. However, Poland still deeply feared Soviet invasion. As Solidarity reforms and demands escalated, Jaruzelski soon rose as secretary general, prime minister and minister of defense. On December 12, 1981 he imposed a \"state of war\" and suppressed Solidarity and arrested 10,000 people, saying that the trade union had brought their country to a state of anarchy.", "The Soviet leadership had strongly supported Jaruzelski’s full centralization of power—becoming head of the communist party, government, and military and internal security forces all at once—precisely because it had full confidence in Jaruzelski’s ability to solve “the Polish problem” using the communist regime’s own forces at a time when the Soviet empire, already beginning its decline, had seriously stressed its military by invading Afghanistan. The Soviet leadership’s confidence in Jaruzelski was well placed: martial law was successfully implemented by Polish internal security and army forces without any assistance from Warsaw Pact allies. More than ten thousand Solidarity leaders and activists were interned or imprisoned in a matter of a few days; demonstrations and strikes were forcibly put down and dozens of workers killed as all independent trade unions and organizations were banned and forced underground. All the available evidence from that time—the actions and statements of the martial law regime—point to one conclusion: the Jaruzelski government willingly suppressed the Polish people’s aspirations for freedoms once again, as communist governments had repeatedly done since the Red Army first imposed them at the end of World War II. General Jaruzelski, starting as an officer in the Soviet-led Polish First Army, had been among the most faithful servants of that regime in a meteoric career that included service as political commissar of the army and then Polish defense minister during the 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia and during the army’s suppression of the 1970 and 1976 worker protests in Poland.", "In 1990, Jaruzelski resigned as Poland's president and was succeeded by Wałęsa, who won the 1990 presidential elections. held in two rounds on 25 November and 9 December. Wałęsa's inauguration as president on 21 December 1990 is thought by many to be the formal end of the Communist People's Republic of Poland and the beginning of the modern Republic of Poland. The Warsaw Pact was dissolved on 1 July 1991. On 27 October 1991 the first entirely free Polish parliamentary elections since 1945 took place. This completed Poland's transition from Communist Party rule to a Western-style liberal democratic political system. The last Russian troops left Poland on 18 September 1993.", "Gen. Wojciech Jaruzelski, Poland's last communist leader, has died at age 90. Above, Jaruzelski in 2009", "Alarmed by the rapid deterioration of the PZPR's authority following the Gdansk agreement, the Soviet Union proceeded with a massive military buildup along Poland's border in December 1980. In February 1981, Defense Minister Gen. Wojciech Jaruzelski assumed the position of Prime Minister as well, and in October 1981, he also was named party First Secretary. At the first Solidarity national congress in SeptemberOctober 1981, Lech Walesa was elected national chairman of the union.", "The idea that Jaruzelski’s only choice was to impose martial law or face a Soviet invasion is belied by what actually happened on the night of December 13, 1981, when the general invoked “stan wojenny”—literally, a state of war—to be waged not against an external enemy but rather against the more dangerous enemy within, namely the ten-million-member Solidarity union, which had managed to carve out nearly sixteen months of relative freedom for Polish society following its rise in August 1980. Throughout 1980–81, the Soviet Union did wage an incessant campaign against Solidarity and used Warsaw Pact military exercises and Politburo bullying sessions to threaten an invasion on several occasions, but none occurred. In the meantime, from the moment it signed the Gdansk Accords on August 30, 1980, allowing the right to organize free trade unions and other freedoms, the communist government began secret preparations for stan wojenny. All the while, it staged numerous (unsuccessful) provocations and showdowns hoping to divide and weaken Solidarity, instigate violence (and thereby justify a crackdown), and generally prepare conditions for a re-imposition of “socialist order.”", "The union was officially founded on 17 September 1980, the union's supreme powers were vested in a legislative body, the Convention of Delegates (Zjazd Delegatów). The executive branch was the National Coordinating Commission (Krajowa Komisja Porozumiewawcza), later renamed the National Commission (Komisja Krajowa). The Union had a regional structure, comprising 38 regions (region) and two districts (okręg). At its highest, the Union had over 10 million members, which became the largest union membership in the world. During the communist era the 38 regional delegates were arrested and jailed when martial law came into effect on 13 December 1981 under General Wojciech Jaruzelski. After a one-year prison term the high-ranking members of the union were offered one way trips to any country accepting them (including Canada, the United States, and nations in the Middle East).", "Despite all this, nearly seven years after the imposition of martial law, Solidarity was still strong enough, in the summer of 1988, to launch another series of national strikes, which, while not as large as those of August 1980, portended a future of ongoing unrest and economic disruption to a communist government weakened by a decade of international sanctions. In addition to the regime’s slow decay, Jaruzelski also confronted another new factor: the Soviet Union, now led by Mikhail Gorbachev, was no longer as firmly committed to preserving communism in Eastern Europe as before. Gorbachev indicated quite early in his rule that the Brezhnev Doctrine, which declared no Warsaw Pact country could be allowed to escape the communist orbit, would (or could) no longer be enforced.", "On December 13, 1981, Jaruzelski proclaimed martial law, suspended Solidarity, and temporarily imprisoned most of its leaders. This sudden crackdown on Solidarity was reportedly out of fear of Soviet intervention (see Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–81). The government then banned Solidarity on October 8, 1982. Martial law was formally lifted in July 1983, though many heightened controls on civil liberties and political life, as well as food rationing, remained in place through the mid-to-late-1980s. Jaruzelski stepped down as prime minister in 1985 and became president (chairman of the Council of State).", "On 13 December 1981, claiming that the country was on the verge of economic and civil breakdown, and alleging a danger of Soviet intervention, General Wojciech Jaruzelski began a crack-down on Solidarity. Martial law was declared, the free labor union was suspended and most of its leaders detained. Several thousand citizens were interned or imprisoned and much larger numbers were subjected to various forms of harassment. Polish state militia (Milicja Obywatelska, the police) and paramilitary riot police ZOMO suppressed the strike action and demonstrations. Military forces entered industrial enterprises to clamp down on the independent union movement. A series of violent attacks included the pacification of Wujek Coal Mine during which 9 people were killed. The martial law offensive was directed primarily against workers and their Union; they, rather than intelligentsia activists, were the object of the most brutal treatment. The authorities succeeded in imposing on members of Solidarity an individual and collective trauma, from which the broken mass movement would not be able to recover. The Catholic Church strove to exert on Solidarity a moderating influence both before and after the martial law.", "* Polish leaders declare an end to martial law, imposed in December 1981, and partial amnesty for political prisoners. At the same time, however, they enact a series of special restrictions that ensure tight control over social, political, and economic life in the country.", "Lech Wałęsa ( or;; born 29 September 1943) is a retired Polish politician and labor activist. He co-founded and headed Solidarity (Solidarność), the Soviet bloc's first independent trade union, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983, and served as President of Poland from 1990 to 1995.", "President Jaruzelski turned to Walesa for advice on who was to be appointed Prime Minister. They agreed on Tadeusz Mazowiecki (b.1927), a lawyer, journalist, devout Roman Catholic, co-founder of KOR (Komitet Obrony Robotnikow = Committee for the Defence of Workers formed in 1976), and a well known Solidarity activist. In the Sejm (Parliament), 378 deputies voted for him, with 4 against and 41 abstentions. He announced the new government on September 12, 1989 with only 9 communists -- including General Kiszczak as Deputy Premier and Minister of the Interior, and General Siwicki as Minister of Defense - out of 21 ministers. The new government was approved by a majority vote of the Sejm (402 for, 13 abstentions). According to the Roundtable Agreements, the Communists should have held the ministries of the Interior, Defense, and Foreign Affairs, but held only the first two - and not for long. Krzysztof Skubiszewski, (pron. Kshyshtoff Skoobeeshevskee) professor of International Law,  Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, and never a party member, became Foreign Minister. Again, it seems that Gorbachev advised Rakowski  (the new head of the PZPR after Jaruzelski resigned the post when he became president) to accept the new government. The president's power was considerable, including the right to impose martial law, so presumably Gorbachev felt that he could well agree to the new Polish government.", "Despite the crackdown of martial law, Walesa prevailed to see the end of communist rule in Poland and Eastern Europe. For his heroic efforts, Walesa won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983. He received praise from leaders worldwide for his honor, including these words from President Reagan, \"It's a victory for those who seek to enlarge the human spirit over those who seek to crush it.\"", "Mr Kwasniewski had been a junior minister in the last communist government of the 1980s. In retrospect, he is highly critical of Mr Jaruzelski's decision to impose martial law in 1981, not least because of its longer-term psychological effects:", "And yet a number of things had changed over the course of the 1980s. Perhaps the most obvious was the international context. Earlier crackdowns on dissent had been motivated not only by the Polish Communist Party’s interest in maintaining its own rule but also by concerns about the potential for Soviet intervention if Poland’s domestic situation was deemed to be getting out of hand. Indeed, the so-called Brezhnev Doctrine, named after the long-serving Soviet leader, proclaimed that Moscow was prepared to intervene militarily to prevent any threat of regime change in Eastern Europe, just as it had in response to radical reforms in Czechoslovakia in 1968.", "Lech Wałęsa (born 29 September 1943) is a Polish politician, trade-union organizer, and human-rights activist. A charismatic leader, he co-founded Solidarity (Solidarność), the Soviet bloc's first independent trade union, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983, and served as President of Poland between 1990 and 1995.", "After the Gdańsk Agreement, the Polish government was under increasing pressure from the Soviet Union to take action and strengthen its position. Stanisław Kania was viewed by Moscow as too independent, and on October 18, 1981, the Party Central Committee put him in the minority. Kania lost his post as First Secretary, and was replaced by Prime Minister (and Minister of Defence) Gen. Wojciech Jaruzelski, who adopted a strong-arm policy.", "Poland is one of the very few countries in the world where homosexuality was never considered a crime by the state of law. Forty years after Poland lost her independence in 1795 , the sodomy laws of Russia , Prussia , and Austria came into force in the occupied Polish lands. They were officially abandoned in 1932 , even though they had had actually no power since Poland regained her independence in 1918 .", "The regime's only hope was the military. On 11 February 1981, General Jaruzelski was made Prime Minister, while keeping the defence portfolio. In the autumn he was also made first secretary, or No 1, of the Communist party. Two other generals were moved into the Politburo and Interior Ministry. He commanded immense power.", "On July 22, 1983, martial law was lifted, and amnesty was granted to many imprisoned Solidarity members, who were released. On October 5, Wałęsa was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. The Polish government, however, refused to issue him a passport to travel to Oslo; Wałęsa's prize was accepted on his behalf by his wife. It later transpired that the SB had prepared bogus documents, accusing Wałęsa of immoral and illegal activities that had been given to the Nobel committee in an attempt to derail his nomination. ", "On 31 March 2006, the Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) charged him with committing Communist crimes, mainly the creation of a criminal military organization with the aim of carrying out criminal acts — mostly concerned with the illegal imprisonment of people. A second charge involved inciting state ministers to commit acts beyond their competence. Jaruzelski evaded most court appearances citing poor health. In December 2010, Jaruzelski suffered from severe pneumonia, and in March 2011, he was diagnosed with lymphoma. His wife Barbara threatened to file for divorce in 2014, saying she had caught his nurse Kasia in a compromising position with him. ", "Jaruzelski married Barbara Halina Jaskólska (1930–) in 1961. They had a daughter, Monika who was born on 11 August 1963. Monika has a son, Gustav.", "On 7 July 1989 President Mikhail Gorbachev implicitly renounced the use of force against other Soviet-bloc nations. Speaking to members of the 23-nation Council of Europe, Mr. Gorbachev made no direct reference to the so-called Brezhnev Doctrine, under which Moscow has asserted the right to use force to prevent a Warsaw Pact member from leaving the Communist fold, but stated 'Any interference in domestic affairs and any attempts to restrict the sovereignty of states – friends, allies or any others – are inadmissible'. ", "On 7 July 1989 President Mikhail Gorbachev implicitly renounced the use of force against other Soviet-bloc nations. Speaking to members of the 23-nation Council of Europe, Mr. Gorbachev made no direct reference to the so-called Brezhnev Doctrine , under which Moscow has asserted the right to use force to prevent a Warsaw Pact member from leaving the Communist fold, but stated 'Any interference in domestic affairs and any attempts to restrict the sovereignty of states - friends, allies or any others - are inadmissible'." ]

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[ "It Happened One Night finished its clean sweep of the Oscars in 1934 after winning the grand prize of the evening, becoming the first of three (to date) movies in Hollywood history to win the so-called Big Five Academy Awards. Frank Capra won for Best Director, Claudette Colbert for Best Actress and Clark Gable won his only statue for Best Actor. Even though there were nine other nominees that year, there wasn’t much in the way of competition for the immensely popular romantic comedy save for The Thin Man or Cecil B. DeMille’s epic Cleopatra. It Happened One Night also nabbed awards for Best Writing (Adaptation) and Best Director, and cemented its place in history.", "*It Happened One Night, directed by Frank Capra, starring Clark Gable and Claudette Colbert - winner of 5 Academy Awards", "The first is its place as one of only three films to ever sweep the “Big Five” Oscar categories — Best Actor (Anthony Hopkins), Best Actress (Jodie Foster), Best Screenplay (Ted Tally), Best Director (Jonathan Demme) and Best Picture (Edward Saxon, Kenneth Utt, Ronald Bozman). The only other two to have accomplished that feat are Frank Capra’s It Happened One Night (1934) and Milos Forman’s One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest (1975). At the current rate, it won’t be repeated for another 20 years.", "Robert Riskin began his career as a playwright in New York. When Columbia Pictures bought the rights to several of his plays, he moved to Hollywood. Riskin received 5 Oscar® nominations for Best Writing — all for films directed by Frank Capra. His screenplay for \"It Happened One Night,\" his only Oscar® winner, was an adaptation of a short story by Samuel Hopkins Adams. Riskin had a falling-out with Capra in the early 1940s and did not work with him again. However, his last screenplay, for \"Here Comes the Groom\" (1951), written before Riskin suffered a career-ending stroke, was assigned to Capra and was nominated for an Academy Award®.", "The film was a success, and Davis's confronting characterization won praise from critics, with Life Magazine writing that she gave \"probably the best performance ever recorded on the screen by a U.S. actress\".[15] Davis anticipated that her reception would encourage Warner Bros. to cast her in more important roles, and was disappointed when Jack Warner refused to lend her to Columbia Studios to appear in It Happened One Night, and instead cast her in a melodrama, Housewife.[16] When Davis was not nominated for an Academy Award for Of Human Bondage, The Hollywood Citizen News questioned the omission and Norma Shearer, herself a nominee, joined a campaign to have Davis nominated. This prompted an announcement from the Academy president, Howard Estabrook, who said that under the circumstances \"any voter ... may write on the ballot his or her personal choice for the winners\", thus allowing, for the only time in the Academy's history, the consideration of a candidate not officially nominated for an award.[17] Claudette Colbert won the award for It Happened One Night but the uproar led to a change in Academy voting procedures the following year, whereby nominations were determined by votes from all eligible members of a particular branch, rather than by a smaller committee,[18] with results independently tabulated by the accounting firm Price Waterhouse.[19]", "The first picture to sweep all five major Academy Awards—winning for Best Picture, Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Director, and Best Screenplay (adaptation)—was Frank Capra’s It Happened One Night (1934) starring Clark Gable and Claudette Colbert. The second movie to do the same was One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest (1975).l", "The film was a success, and Davis's confronting characterization won praise from critics, with Life magazine writing that she gave \"probably the best performance ever recorded on the screen by a U.S. actress.\" Davis anticipated that her reception would encourage Warner Bros. to cast her in more important roles, and was disappointed when Jack L. Warner refused to lend her to Columbia Studios to appear in It Happened One Night, and instead cast her in the melodrama Housewife. When Davis was not nominated for an Academy Award for Of Human Bondage, The Hollywood Citizen News questioned the omission and Norma Shearer, herself a nominee, joined a campaign to have Davis nominated. This prompted an announcement from the Academy president, Howard Estabrook, who said that under the circumstances \"any voter ... may write on the ballot his or her personal choice for the winners,\" thus allowing, for the only time in the Academy's history, the consideration of a candidate not officially nominated for an award. Claudette Colbert won the award for It Happened One Night but the uproar led to a change in Academy voting procedures the following year, whereby nominations were determined by votes from all eligible members of a particular branch, rather than by a smaller committee, with results independently tabulated by the accounting firm Price Waterhouse. ", "One of the great screwball comedies of all time and the first movie to win all five major Academy Awards, It Happened One Night has remained as fun to watch today as it did almost 80 years ago. Its starred Claudette Colbert as a runaway heiress who escapes potential marriage to a playboy and heads for New York by bus. She meets a down-and-out reporter (Clark Gable) who recognizes her and thinks he has the story of the year. They bicker and argue through one mishap after another until both fall in love. Cracking with sharp dialogue and unrelenting energy, It Happened One Night swept the Academy Awards with wins for Best Actor , Best Actress , Best Director , and Best Picture .", "It Happened One Night was the first movie to win all five major Academy Awards (Best Picture, Director, Actor, Actress, and Screenplay), a feat that would not be matched until One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975) and later by The Silence of the Lambs (1991). In 1993, It Happened One Night was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". In 2013, the film underwent an extensive restoration. ", "The Artist also won Academy Awards for Directing (Michel Hazanavicius), Best Actor (Jean Dujardin), Costume Design (Mark Bridges), and Music – Original Score (Ludovic Bource). ", "Wyler's directorial career spanned 45 years, from silent pictures to the cultural revolution of the 1970s. Nominated a record 12 times for an Academy Award as Best Director, he won three and in 1966, was honored with the Irving Thalberg Award, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences' ultimate accolade for a producer. So high was his reputation in his lifetime that he was the fourth recipient of the American Film Institute's Lifetime Achievement Award, after Ford, James Cagney and Welles. Along with Ford and Welles, Wyler ranks with the best and most influential American directors, including Griffith, DeMille, Frank Capra , Howard Hawks , Alfred Hitchcock , Stanley Kubrick and Steven Spielberg .", "Soderbergh competed against himself for Best Picture (and Best Director) honors for two films with five Best Picture nominations each. Steven Soderbergh received two Best Director nominations, for Erin Brockovich and Traffic - and received the Best Director Oscar (his first) for Traffic. Interweaving storylines and trademark editing techniques within the film about the drug war played a role in his win. (Between 1950 and 1974, Academy rules prevented two directing nominations for one individual in the same year. In 1974 Francis Ford Coppola had two films in the Best Picture category, The Conversation and", "Only three times in Academy Award history have director-collaborators been nominated for Best Directing Oscars: Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins for West Side Story (1961), Warren Beatty and Buck Henry for Heaven Can Wait (1978) and Joel Coen and Ethan Coen for No Country for Old Men (2007) (Wise/Robbins and the Coens actually won the award).", "Mexican film-maker Alejandro Gonzalez Inarritu won his first Best Director Oscar for the Best Picture-winning Birdman (2014), and won Best Original Screenplay for the same film. The next year, he also won Best Director for Best Picture-nominated The Revenant (2015). He became the first person in 65 years and only the third ever to win back-to-back Best Director Oscars since Joseph L. Mankiewicz's A Letter To Three Wives (1949) and All About Eve (1950) , and only the third in history, also after John Ford's The Grapes Of Wrath (1940) and How Green Was My Valley (1941) . [Note: Inarritu had three previous Oscar nominations: Best Foreign Language Film Amores Perros (2000, Mex.), and Best Director/ Best Picture for Babel (2006).] The Mexican director became the fifth consecutive non-American to win Best Director, following Britisher Tom Hooper for The King's Speech (2010), Frenchman Michel Hazanavicius for The Artist (2011), Taiwanese-born Ang Lee for Life of Pi (2012), and fellow Mexican filmmaker Alfonso Cuaron for Gravity (2013).", "Along with Delbert Mann , Jerome Robbins , Robert Redford , James L. Brooks and Kevin Costner , he is one of only six people to win the Academy Award for Best Director for their directorial debut: Mann for Marty (1955), Robbins for West Side Story (1961) (which he co-directed with Robert Wise , Redford for Ordinary People (1980), Brooks for Terms of Endearment (1983), Costner for Dances with Wolves (1990) and Mendes for American Beauty (1999).", "Ford won a total of six Academy Awards. Four of these were for Best Director for The Informer (1935), The Grapes of Wrath (1940), How Green Was My Valley (1941), and The Quiet Man (1952)—none of them Westerns (also starring in the last two was Maureen O'Hara, \"his favorite actress\"). He was also nominated as Best Director for Stagecoach (1939). He won two Oscars for Best Documentary for The Battle of Midway and December 7th. To this day Ford holds the record for winning the most Best Director Oscars, having won the award on four occasions. William Wyler and Frank Capra come in second having won the award three times. Ford was the first director to win consecutive Best Director awards, in 1940 and 1941. This feat was later matched by Joseph L. Mankiewicz exactly ten years later, when he won consecutive awards for Best Director in 1950 and 1951. As a producer he received nominations for Best Picture for The Quiet Man and The Long Voyage Home. In 1955 and 1957, Ford was awarded [http://www.eastmanhouse.org/museum/awards.php The George Eastman Award], given by George Eastman House for distinguished contribution to the art of film. He was the first recipient of the American Film Institute Life Achievement Award in 1973. Also in that year, Ford was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Richard Nixon.", "The most vesatile among the Top 25 Directors of all time, 4 of his films are listed in the AFI 100 top movies. He also has the unique record of winning the Oscar for Direction, Screenplay,and as producer; sharing this record with Billy Wilder, James L.Brooks, Peter Jackson & the Coen Bros .", "It was the first time since ``Grand Hotel`` in the 1932-33 awards that the director of the best picture winner was not among the nominees for best director. That honor, instead, went to Oliver Stone of ``Born on the Fourth of July,`` winning his second directing Oscar, after ``Platoon,`` for a Vietnam- themed film. The first was ``Platoon.``", "He is among an elite group of seven directors who have won Best Picture, Best Director and Best Screenplay (Original/Adapted) for the same film. In 1975 he won all three for The Godfather: Part II (1974). The others are Leo McCarey , Billy Wilder , James L. Brooks , Peter Jackson Joel Coen and Ethan Coen , and Alejandro G. Iñárritu .", "Jerome Robbins and Robert Wise for West Side Story (1961) - (win) - two Best Director Oscars were awarded to co-directors Jerome Robbins and Robert Wise; it marked the first time that awards went to co-directors. The only Best Director Oscar winner to win for the only film he ever directed was also Jerome Robbins", "Beginning with his debut film feature in 1966, an adaptation of Edward Albee's play Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, Nichols quickly established himself as one of the film industry's most adventurous and reliable directors. His next feature was 1967's landmark The Graduate, the top-earning film of that year and a film on the shortlist of greatest comedies of all time. The film, and its Simon & Garfunkel soundtrack, is still beloved among movie fans. The Graduate was nominated for seven Academy Awards, but it won only one, with Nichols claiming the Oscar for Best Director.", "Art Carney presents the Best Actor Oscar® to Jack Nicholson for his performance in \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\" - 48th Annual Academy Awards in 1976.", "Cabaret opened to glowing reviews and strong box office, eventually taking in more than $20 million. In addition to its eight Oscars, it won Best Picture citations from the National Board of Review and the Hollywood Foreign Press and took Best Supporting Actor honors for Grey from the National Board of Review, the Hollywood Foreign Press, and the National Society of Film Critics. But the biggest winner was Fosse. Shortly before the Academy Awards, he won two Tonys for directing and choreographing Pippin, his biggest stage hit to date. When months later he won Emmys for directing and choreographing Liza Minnelli's television special Liza with a Z, he became the first director to win all three awards in one year.", "The documentary filmmaker Arthur Cohn won his third Oscar, this one for ''One Day in September,'' a film he made with Kevin Macdonald, about the attack on Israeli athletes during the Munich Olympics. What was noteworthy was that this was the first awards ceremony since the academy reformed its procedures for nominating documentaries, in part to make it likelier that popular box-office hits would be nominated. Yet ''One Day in September'' is a film that has not yet even been released and was up against such box-office successes as ''The Buena Vista Social Club.''", "For the first time in three years, all five Best Picture directors were nominated for Best Director – a rare occurrence! This happened only four other times in Oscar history: 1957, 1964, 1981, and 2005. The nominated directors included two first-time nominated directors, one of whom won the Best Director Oscar:", "Academy Award-winning director: Lawrence of Arabia [1962], The Bridge on the River Kwai [1957]; Dr. Zhivago, A Passage to India, Oliver Twist, Great Expectations; died Apr 16, 1991", "In 1972 he achieved massive success again as the lead role in the western 'Jeremiah Johnson' opposite Will Geer. That year's political comedy 'The Candidate' and 1973's period drama 'The Way We Were' also achieved great success and 1973's 'The Sting' earned him his first Oscar nomination. The remainder of the seventies saw him star in 'The Great Gatsby', 'The Great Waldo Pepper', 'All the President's Men' and 'A Bridge Too Far' before he took to directing in 1980. His directorial debut was with the multiple Oscar winning 'Ordinary People', for which he won an Academy Award for Best Director.", "In 2001, he received a best director Oscar for his work on \"A Beautiful Mind,\" starring Russell Crowe. The movie also won that year’s prize for best picture.", "He won as Best Director for Gentleman's Agreement (1947) and for On the Waterfront (1954). Both A Streetcar Named Desire (1951) and On the Waterfront were nominated for twelve Academy Awards, respectively winning four and eight.", "Recent films by the director like “Irrational Man” and “Magic in the Moonlight” were panned by critics. Allen’s most recent critical success was the 2011 movie “Midnight in Paris,” which stars Owen Wilson and Marion Cotillard and centers on a man who discovers he can travel back in time to 1920s Paris. “Midnight” was nominated for the Best Picture prize at the Oscars. ", "He won his only directing Oscar the next year for his second film, “The Graduate,” which received six other Oscar noms, quickly raising him to the ranks of top directors. After the success of “The Graduate,” which became a touchstone for the 1960s generation with its memorable quote on plastics, he became the first director to be paid $1 million for directing a movie, 1970’s “Catch-22.” That film failed to catch on with auds, as did his next, “Carnal Knowledge” (1971), although it holds up well as a study of sexual revolution mores.", "He was awarded Best Director from the Directors Guild of America and Best Writer three times from the Writers Guild of America. He has received the Milestone Award from the Producers Guild, the Board of Governors Award from the American Society of Cinematographers, the Directors Award from the Costume Designers Guild, the Life Achievement Award from the Publicists Guild, and the Outstanding Contribution to Cinematic Imagery Award from the Art Directors Guild. The National Association of Theater Owners has honored him as Director of the Year, as Producer of the Year and as Actor of the Year." ]

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[ "Helsinki-Vantaa Airport (IATA: HEL, ICAO: EFHK) (Finnish: Helsinki-Vantaan lentoasema, Swedish: Helsingfors-Vanda flygplats) in Vantaa, Finland, is the main international airport of the Helsinki metropolitan region and the whole of Finland. It is located about 5 kilometres (3 mi) from the centre of Vantaa, Tikkurila, and 9.2 NM (17.0 km; 10.6 mi) north of Helsinki's city centre. Originally built for the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, the airport served 13,426,901 passengers in 2008 (2.2% growth since 2007)[1] and it is the fourth largest airport in the Nordic countries.", "Ellinikon International Airport, sometimes spelled Hellinikon () was the international airport of Athens, Greece for sixty years up until 2001, when it was replaced by the new Athens International Airport \"Eleftherios Venizelos\". The grounds of the airport are located 7 km south of Athens, and just west of Glyfada. It was named after the village of Elliniko (Elleniko), now a suburb of Athens. The airport had an official capacity of 11 million passengers per year, but had served 13.5 million passengers per year during its last year of operations.", "Athens International Airport. The Athens International Airport bears the name of one of Greece's greatest statesman, \"Eleftherios Venizelos\". The airport took the place of two older airports (Hellenikon). Work started in 1996 and was completed within the scheduled time, so that the air.........", "Santorini (Thira) National Airport [3] is an airport in Santorini/Thira, Greece (IATA: JTR, ICAO: LGSR), located north of the village of Kamari. With regular flights from Athens by Olympic Air [4] , Aegean Airlines [5] and AirSea Lines [6] (a seaplane airline). Flight duration from Athens to Santorini is about 30 minutes. During summer, Sky Express [7] connects Santorini with other popular islands such as Crete ( Heraklion ), Rhodes and Mykonos . During the months of July and August Astra Airlines [8] flies from Thessaloniki [9] .", "<div class=\"airportia-widget\"> <iframe scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:0; width: 100%; height: 95%; margin:0; padding:0;\" src=\"https://www.airportia.com/widgets/airport/ath/departures\"></iframe> <div style=\"font-family: arial; font-size:12px; color:#3f9bdc; width: 100%; text-align: center; margin-top: 2px; padding-top: 5px; border-top: 1px solid #65747e;\"> <a style=\"text-decoration:none; color:#3f9bdc;\" href=\"https://www.airportia.com/greece/athens-airport-international/departures/\" title=\"Athens Eleftherios Venizelos Departures\" target=\"_top\">Athens Eleftherios Venizelos Departures</a> powered by <a style=\"text-decoration:none; color:#3f9bdc;\" href=\"https://www.airportia.com/\" target=\"_top\">Airportia</a> </div> </div>", "Greece , officially the Hellenic Republic (Greek: Ελληνική Δημοκρατία, Ellinikí Dimokratía ), is a country in southern Europe on the tip of the Balkan peninsula.", "Greece (Greek: Ελλάδα, Elláda, IPA: [ɛˈlaða], or Ελλάς, Ellás, [ɛˈlas]), officially the Hellenic Republic [Ελληνική Δημοκρατία (ɛliniˈkʲi ðimokraˈtia)], is a country in southeastern Europe, situated on the southern end of the Balkan Peninsula. It has borders with Albania, Bulgaria and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to the north, and Turkey to the east. The Aegean Sea lies to the east and south of mainland Greece, while the Ionian Sea lies to the west. Both parts of the Eastern Mediterranean basin feature a vast number of islands.", "Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, also known since ancient times as Hellas is a country located in southeastern Europe.", "Gr. Hellas or Ellas, officially Hellenic Republic, republic (2005 est. pop. 10,668,000), 50,944 sq mi (131,945 sq km), SE Europe. It occupies the southernmost part of the Balkan Peninsula and borders on the Ionian Sea in the west, on the Mediterranean Sea in the south, on the Aegean Sea in the east, on Turkey and Bulgaria in the northeast, on Macedonia in the north, and on Albania in the northwest. Athens Athens", "The city is, as well as a famous resort, a manufacturing center and port. There is an international airport with daily flights to Athens by Olympic Airways (45 minutes) and chartered flights to Europe and the Middle East . During summer, Olympic Airways also has flights to London and Cairo , and to Mykonos, Santorini, Kos, Karpathos, Kasos, and Iráklion (Candia). There also are regular ship connections to all the Dodecanese islands, Piraeus (Athens' port), Crete, Cyprus , and Israel. The trip to Piraeus on large ferries takes approximately 20 hours.", "How to reach (transport) :  You can reach the city of Athens by the Athens Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport which is one of the most efficient airports of Europe. Regional coaches connect Athens with other cities of Greece. Trainose is the national rail service that connects Athens with other Grecian cities, though the rail service is not at par with other European cities. You can also enter the city on cruise ships via the port of Piraeus.", "Finally back in civilian hands, Ellinikon International Airport became the home of Greek flag flyer Olympic Airlines (several of its abandoned aircraft, including a Boeing 747 Jumbo Jet, remain there today). But when Athens’ new airport was built as part of the Summer Olympics package, Ellinikon ceased operating in 2001. The defunct airport’s facilities were used during the games and today Google Earth reveals an odd mix of decommissioned infrastructure and disused runways interrupted by modern sports facilities, football stadiums, AstroTurf pitches and faded Olympic Rings, much of it in less than great condition. Whatever the future is for Ellinikon, like many other abandoned international airports, its aviation days are behind it. ( Take a look inside the Boeing 747 here .)", "Heraklion International Airport, or Nikos Kazantzakis Airport is located about 5 km east of the city. The airport is named after Heraklion native Nikos Kazantzakis, a writer and philosopher. It is the second busiest airport of Greece, because of Crete being a major holiday destination.", "Gr. Hellas or Ellas, officially Hellenic Republic, republic (2005 est. pop. 10,668,000), 50,944 sq mi (131,945 sq km), SE Europe. It occupies the southernmost part of the Balkan Peninsula and borders on the Ionian Sea in the west, on the Mediterranean Sea", "Greece had an estimated 80 airports in 2004. As of 2005, a total of 67 had paved runways, and there were also eight heliports. Athens' main airport connects the capital by regular flights to major cities in Europe, the Middle East , and North America . The new Athens airport at Spata opened March 2001. Olympic Airways, nationalized in 1975, operates a large internal domestic network as well as international flights. In 2003, about 7.519 million passengers were carried on domestic and international flights. Also during 2003, Greek aircraft performed 63 million freight ton-km of service.", "Cyprus has several heliports and two international airports: Larnaca International Airport and Paphos International Airport. A third airport, Ercan International Airport, operates in the Turkish Cypriot administered area with direct flights only to Turkey (Turkish Cypriot ports are closed to international traffic apart from Turkey). Nicosia International Airport has been closed since 1974.", "London Heathrow Airport , also known as Heathrow International Airport or simply Heathrow Airport, is a major international airport in Hillingdon, London, England, United Kingdom. Heathrow is the busiest airport in the United Kingdom, as well as the busiest airport in Europe by passenger traffic, and sixth busiest airport in the world by total passenger traffic. In 2015, it handled a record 75 million passengers, a 2.2 percent increase from 2014.", "Although much smaller than Athens, both Skiathos and Volos airports handle international flights from within Europe, and are popular routes for the charter airlines from the UK, Germany, Italy, Austria, etc...", "Olympic Air was formed in 2009 by the privatization of the former national carrier Olympic Airlines after Olympic Airlines ceased all operations. Olympic Air operates mainly domestic flights including Cyprus, as well as to a number of European destinations. Its main hub is Athens International Airport \"Elefthérios Venizélos\" (ATH), about 20 km (12 mi) to the east of Athens city center.", "The new Athens Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport [1] 27 km (17 miles) east of the city center, near the suburb of Spáta, opened in 2001 as part of the infrastructure improvements in preparation for the Olympics when it became one of the more attractive and efficient major European airports, though it is now in need of renovation. The airport has excellent public transit connections to the city (see below) and the usual array of food stands, duty-free shops, and other airport services.", "Aegean Airlines (Athens), Aeroflot (Moscow-Sheremetyevo), Air Berlin (Berlin-Tegel), Air France (Seasonal: Paris-Charles de Gaulle), Air Serbia (Belgrade), Alitalia (Rome-Fiumicino), Austrian Airlines (Vienna), British Airways (London-Heathrow), Dniproavia (Kiev-Boryspil), El Al (Tel Aviv-Ben Gurion), flydubai (Dubai-International), Jet2.com (Seasonal: Manchester), LOT Polish Airlines (Warsaw-Chopin), Lufthansa (Frankfurt, Munich), Qatar Airways (Doha), Swiss International Air Lines (Zürich), TAROM (Bucharest), Turkish Airlines (Istanbul-Atatürk), Vueling (Seasonal: Barcelona).", "Agia Triada is the most well organized and one of the most beautiful beaches near Thessaloniki. It is located just 20 kilometers from the city center and only 12 km from the airport Macedonia. The sandy beach of Agia Triada is very long and is characterized by crystal clear waters of the Aegean Sea. On the beach there are umbrellas and chairs and a number of bars and taverns where drink prices and food is quite cheap. Nearby are neighboring resorts such as Nea Michaniona and Epanomi so that you can visit and the beaches of Halkidiki are just a few miles away to the south.", "a northern suburb of Athens, the extent of the family interests is evident. Nearby is the Athens ring-road, built by an international consortium that included Ellaktor. Alongside the road is a new railway line to the airport, also built with Bobolas involvement. George Bobolas said former prime ministers could verify he had never asked for any favours and added: “One could say that Ethnos’ severe judgment on governmental actions and politicians in general, could be considered as obstacle and not help to El-", "A bus route linking the Athens International Airport at Spata to the port of Rafina in eastern Attica is operated by the KTEL intercity bus system and is called \"Athens Airport-Rafina Port.\" It functions daily from 4:45 a.m. to 10.20 p.m. with buses leaving every 40 minutes and making a stop in the seaside resort of Loutsa. There are also regional buses to Lavrion, Markopoulos, Keretea and Kalyvia. Buses depart from the Arrivals Level (close to Door 3) of Athens International Airport. Ticket prices for one-way trip is �3 for all services except for the port of Lavrio (�4).", "Since then Athens grew to the city we know today, an important financial European capital that hosted the last Olympic games with a great success. The infrastructure of Athens has been developed very fast within the last 10 years with new highways, a new airport, new metro lines, a new tram line, a new railway the Proastiakos rail, huge shopping centres, stadiums and sport centres and the port of Piraeus has been developed to one of the most important ports in the Mediterranean.", "The island has three significant airports, Nikos Kazantzakis at Heraklion, the Daskalogiannis airport at Chania and a smaller one in Sitia. The first two serve international routes, acting as the main gateways to the island for travellers. There is a long-standing plan to replace Heraklion airport with a completely new airport at Kastelli, where there is presently an air force base.", "There are numerous international airports in the Balkans. The major airports in the region are (by country):", "Kavala, with about 70,000, is a mixture of old and new. Its seaport accommodates light shipping, and fishing boats operate from there. It is a popular tourist city, with a picturesque old quarter, Turkish fortress, and Roman aqueduct. Kavala has an international airport near Chryssoupolis, 20 miles east of Kavala, from which Olympic Airways operates daily flights to and from Athens.", "In March 2001 the new airport Eleftherios Venizelos at Spata was opened. It is hypermodern and with the new road connections through the Attiki odos and Metro, suburban rail . Without traffic jams it takes about 45 minutes to get there from the centre of Athens by the express buses (X 95 Airport Syntagma square ) (X 96 Airport Piraeus) , but unfortunately sometimes especially on weekdays pick hours, traffic jams are more rules than exceptions. But with the new extensions you can use the Suburban train (Proastiakos)  until Neratziotisa station and continue with the Athens Metro that goes to Syntagma (blue line) or to Omonoia from Doukissis Plakentias station (green line) .", "Since 1982, air traffic of Paphos is served by Paphos International Airport located 10 km (6 mi) southeast of the city, near Timi. It serves approximately 1.75 million people every year. A new Terminal opened in late 2008 adjacent to the old one.", "Since 1982, air traffic of Paphos is served by Paphos International Airport located 10 km southeast of the city, near Timi. It serves approximately 1.75 million people every year. A new Terminal opened in late 2008 adjacent to the old one.", "Only 80 km away from Athens, the city of the sacred fountain of Arethousa is the main gate to the island of Evia. Thanks to its strategic geographic position, the city has remained a crossroad of cultures and ideas over the centuries, an apple of discord for many foreign conquerors. Today the cosmopolitan city of Chalkida, the administrative and commercial centre of the island built on both sides of Evripos straits, is a popular destination among Athenians for short breaks away from the hustle and bustle of the capital city. Thanks to its impressive ultra modern cable bridge, the access to the city has now become easier and quicker." ]

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[ "\"Lightnin' Strikes\" is a song written by Lou Christie and Twyla Herbert, and recorded by Christie on the MGM label. It was a hit in 1966, making it first to No. 1 in Canada in January 1966 on the RPM Top Singles chart, then to No. 1 in the U.S. on the Billboard Hot 100 in February, No. 3 on the New Zealand Listener chart in May, and No. 11 on the UK Record Retailer chart. RIAA certification on March 3, 1966, garnering gold status for selling over one million copies.", "Between 1963 and 1969, singer Lou Christie had five hit singles, including the million-selling No. 1 hit ``Lightnin` Strikes.`` These days, he is best known as the biggest draw on the vintage rock concert circuit, with busloads of his fan club members regularly turning up whenever Christie`s on the bill, at the Star Plaza in Merrillville, Ind., and elsewhere.", "1966 - Lou Christie was striking gold for his hit Lightnin� Strikes. Christie was born Lugee Sacco and joined a group called The Classics before making his first recording in 1960. In 1961, he recorded under the name Lugee & The Lions until changing to Lou Christie for a string of hits beginning in 1963. Other notable tunes from Christie�s top 40 appearances include: The Gypsy Cried, Two Faces Have I, Rhapsody in the Rain and I�m Gonna Make You Mine -- all displaying his trademark falsetto voice, similar to that of Frankie Valli of The Four Seasons. Lightnin� Strikes was Christie�s only million seller.", "Otis Ray Redding, Jr. (September 9, 1941 – December 10, 1967) was an American singer, songwriter, record producer, arranger, and talent scout. He is considered one of the greatest singers in the history of American popular music and a seminal artist in soul music and rhythm and blues. His singing style influenced many other soul artists of the 1960s. During his lifetime, his recordings were produced by Stax Records, based in Memphis, Tennessee, and exemplify the sound of Stax.", "In 1961, under the stage name Vance Arnold, Cocker continued his career with a new group, Vance Arnold and the Avengers.[5] The name was a combination of Vince Everett, Elvis Presley’s character in Jailhouse Rock, (which Cocker misheard as Vance) and country singer Eddy Arnold.[6] The group mostly played in the pubs of Sheffield,[5] performing covers of Chuck Berry and Ray Charles songs. In 1963, they booked their first significant gig when they supported the Rolling Stones at Sheffield City Hall. In 1964, Cocker signed a recording contract as a solo act with Decca and released his first single, a cover of the Beatles’ “I’ll Cry Instead” (with Big Jim Sullivan and Jimmy Page playing guitars). Despite extensive promotion from Decca lauding his youth and working class roots, the record was a flop and his recording contract with Decca lapsed at the end of 1964.[7] After Cocker recorded the single, he dropped his stage name and formed a new group, Joe Cocker’s Big Blues. There is only one known recording of Joe Cocker’s and Big Blues on an EP given out by Sheffield College during Rag Week and called Rag Goes Mad at the Mojo. It contained a cover of Curtis Mayfield’s “I’ve Been Trying” and a track of “Saved”.[citation needed]", "In 1966, the Walker Brothers took \"The Sun Ain't Gonna Shine Anymore\" to No 1. It was originally recorded by Frankie Valli and Maus commented, \"Frankie Valli made a good record, but he didn't see what it could have been. It was a wonderful song but because of its range, it really needed two vocalists. Scott sang lead on the verses and then swapped to harmony for the chorus.\" The record became infamous as it was playing on the jukebox when Ronnie Kray burst into The Blind Beggar to shoot George Cornell.", "The singer, songwriter/guitarist was a founding member of the Hollies, (named for Buddy Holly). The band’s mid-to-late 1960s chart parade success rivaled that of the Beatles and the Rolling Stones with hits including “Bus Stop,” “On a Carousel,” “Carrie Anne,” “Pay You Back With Interest” and “Stop! Stop! Stop!”", "Boots Randolph was the first ever sax player to record with Elvis, and the only one to ever play solo with him, and he also recorded on the soundtracks for 8 of his movies. Boots is also the saxophone player responsible for penning and playing the 1961 multi-million seller of \"Yakety Sax\" which was the closing theme to the Benny Hill TV Specials. Boots can be heard on Roy Orbison's 1964 hit, \"Oh, Pretty Woman\". \"Little Queenie\" by REO Speedwagon, \"Java\" by Al Hirt, \"Turn On Your Lovelight\" by Jerry Lee Lewis, and \"Rockin' 'Round The Christmas Tree\" by Brenda Lee, others out of dozens include Chet Atkins, Buddy Holly, Floyd Cramer, Alabama, Johnny Cash, Richie Cole, Pete Fountain, Tommy Newsom and Doc Severinsen. For over 40 years Boots Randolph has toured Europe, spent 15 years touring with The Master's Festival of Music, played for eight years on the Hee Haw Show, guested on numerous TV shows, and headlined almost every fair, jazz festival and convention in US.", "South worked as a session guitar player on recordings of some of the biggest names of the 1960s - Aretha Franklin, Bob Dylan and Simon & Garfunkel, among others. But he had a string of hits of his own starting in the late 1960s that made his booming voice a familiar one on radio stations, with a style that some described as a mix of country and soul.", "Mayall then enlisted 19-year-old Mick Taylor; remarkably, despite the consecutive departures of two star guitarists, Mayall maintained a high level of popularity. The late '60s were also a time of considerable experimentation for the Bluesbreakers, who moved into a form of blues-jazz-rock fusion with the addition of a horn section, and then retreated into mellower, acoustic-oriented music. Mick Taylor, the last of the famous triumvirate of Mayall-bred guitar heroes, left in mid-1969 to join the Rolling Stones. Yet in a way Mayall was thriving more than ever, as the U.S. market, which had been barely aware of him in the Clapton era, was beginning to open up for his music. In fact, at the end of the 1960s, Mayall moved to Los Angeles. Released in 1969, The Turning Point, a live, all-acoustic affair, was a commercial and artistic high point.", "In the early 1960s, Lamonte McLemore and Marilyn McCoo got together with three other friends from Los Angeles, Harry Elston, Lawrence Summers and Fritz Baskett, to form a group called the Hi-Fis (which later became the Vocals). In 1963, they sang at local clubs while taking lessons from a vocal coach. In 1964, they came to the attention of Ray Charles, who took them on tour with him the following year. He produced a single by the group, \"Lonesome Mood\", a jazz-type song that gained local attention. However, internal disagreements caused Elston to go his way, eventually leading to his forming the Friends of Distinction, along with latter day Hi-Fis member, Floyd Butler.", "In 1961, under the stage name Vance Arnold, Cocker continued his career with a new group, Vance Arnold and the Avengers. The name was a combination of Vince Everett, Elvis Presley's character in Jailhouse Rock (which Cocker misheard as Vance); and country singer Eddy Arnold. The group mostly played in the pubs of Sheffield, performing covers of Chuck Berry and Ray Charles songs. Cocker developed an interest in blues music and sought out recordings by John Lee Hooker, Muddy Waters, Lightnin' Hopkins and Howlin' Wolf. In 1963, they booked their first significant gig when they supported the Rolling Stones at Sheffield City Hall. In 1964, Cocker signed a recording contract as a solo act with Decca and released his first single, a cover of the Beatles' \"I'll Cry Instead\" (with Big Jim Sullivan and Jimmy Page playing guitars). Despite extensive promotion from Decca lauding his youth and working-class roots, the record was a flop and his recording contract with Decca lapsed at the end of 1964. After Cocker recorded the single, he dropped his stage name and formed a new group, Joe Cocker's Blues Band. There is only one known recording of Joe Cocker's Blues Band on an EP given out by The Sheffield College during Rag Week and called Rag Goes Mad at the Mojo. ", "By this time, Phillips had built a new state-of-the-art studio at 639 Madison Avenue in Memphis, thus abandoning the old Union Avenue studio where Phillips had recorded B.B. King, Howlin' Wolf, Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Lewis, Johnny Cash and others, and also opened a studio in Nashville. It was at the latter studio that Lewis recorded his only major hit during this period, a rendition of Ray Charles' \"What'd I Say\" in 1961. In Europe other updated versions of \"Sweet Little Sixteen\" (September 1962 UK) and \"Good Golly Miss Molly\" (March 1963) entered the Hit Parade. On popular EPs, \"Hang Up My Rock and Roll Shoes\", \"I've Been Twistin'\", \"Money\" and \"Hello Josephine\" also became turntable hits, especially in nascent discothèques. Another recording of Lewis playing an instrumental boogie arrangement of the Glenn Miller Orchestra favorite \"In the Mood\", was issued on the Phillips International label under the pseudonym of \"The Hawk,\" but disc jockeys quickly figured out the distinctive piano style, and this gambit failed.", "Best remembered for his 1968 chart-topper, \"Honey,\" singer/songwriter Bobby Goldsboro was born January 18, 1941 in Marianna, FL. After relocating to Dothan, AL, while in his teens, he went on to study at Auburn University, quitting school after his sophomore year to pursue music full-time. During the early '60s, Goldsboro played guitar in Roy Orbison's backing band, mounting a solo career in early 1964 and soon scoring a Top Ten hit with the self-penned \"See the Funny Little Clown.\" His sophisticated yet sentimental vocal style yielded Top 40 entries throughout the middle of the decade, among them \"Whenever He Holds You,\" \"Little Things,\" \"Voodoo Woman,\" \"It's Too Late,\" and \"Blue Autumn\"; though Goldsboro primarily wrote and recorded his own material, he also notched a minor hit with the Burt Bacharach/Hal David novelty \"Me Japanese Boy I Love You.\" \"Honey,\" a maudlin tale about the tragic death of a young bride, remained at number one for five weeks in the spring of 1968, reaching the number two spot in the U.K. soon after and falling just shy of the top spot upon re-entering the British charts in 1975.", "From Blytheville, AR. Born Autry DeWalt II (his birth name), he was raised in South Bend, Indiana, and moved to Battle Creek, Michigan as a young musician. Walker was discovered by singer and producer Harvey Fuqua and joined Motown with Fuqua's Harvey label in the early 60s. Backed by a tight trio of musicians known as the All-Stars (Billy Nix, Willie Woods and Victor Thomas), in 1965 Walker recorded the classic song \"Shotgun.\" With his always rough vocals leading the way through a sing-song refrain, the infectious, mostly instrumental song shot to the top of the Soul charts and hit the Pop top 5.", "In 1968 came the band's third release, Wheels of Fire, which topped the American charts. Still a relative novelty, the \"double album\" of two LP discs was well suited to extended solos. Wheels of Fire studio recordings showcased the band moving slightly away from the blues and more towards a semi-progressive rock style highlighted by odd time signatures and various orchestral instruments. However, the band did record Howlin' Wolf's \"Sitting on Top of the World\" and Albert King's \"Born Under a Bad Sign\". According to a BBC interview with Clapton, the record company, also handling Albert King, asked the band to cover \"Born Under a Bad Sign\", which became a popular track off the record. The opening song, \"White Room\", became a radio staple. Another song, \"Politician\", was written by the band while waiting to perform live at the BBC. The album's second disc featured three live recordings from the Winterland Ballroom and one from the Fillmore. Clapton's second solo from \"Crossroads\" has made it to the top 20 in multiple \"greatest guitar solo\" lists. ", "Under contract as a writer for Acuff-Rose Publishing, Joe later wrote songs for Grand Ole Opry artists like Billy Walker, Ernie Ashworth, Don Gibson, and Glen Barber. In 1965, Joe wrote Run Baby Run for the Newbeats which became an international hit. In 1967, Joe wrote the comeback song for Roy Orbison entitled \"Cry Softly Lonely One\" and used the same styling techniques he used in the beginning of Roy’s career. After many years of pursuing other musical opportunities, Joe and Roy teamed up again in the late 80’s, at the end of Roy’s life, but were never able to finish the great songs they had started.", "Cash's next record, \"Folsom Prison Blues\", made the country Top 5, and \" I Walk the Line \" became No. 1 on the country charts and entered the pop charts Top 20. \" Home of the Blues \" followed, recorded in July 1957. That same year Cash became the first Sun artist to release a long-playing album . Although he was Sun's most consistently selling and prolific artist at that time, Cash felt constrained by his contract with the small label partly due to the fact that Phillips wasn't keen on Johnny recording gospel, and he was only getting a 3% royalty as opposed to the standard rate of 5%. Presley had already left Sun, and Phillips was focusing most of his attention and promotion on Lewis. The following year Cash left the label to sign a lucrative offer with Columbia Records , where his single \" Don't Take Your Guns to Town \" became one of his biggest hits.", "His other Top 20 singles included ''Hats Off to Larry'' (1961), ''Little Town Flirt'' (1962) and ''Keep Searchin' '' (1965). He became the first American to record a John Lennon-Paul McCartney song with his 1963 version of ''From Me to You.''", "Tillotson broke through to success with his sixth single, the bouncy pop/rock tune \"Poetry in Motion,\" released in September 1960. He and Bleyer had finally found an appropriate forum for his clear tenor voice, recording with a Nashville studio full of country music session stars like saxophonist Boots Randolph and pianist Floyd Cramer . \"Poetry in Motion\" peaked at number two in November 1960; in the U.K., it hit number one in January 1961. Instead of immediately turning to extensive personal appearances, however, on Bleyer 's advice Tillotson focused primarily on his recording career, though he appeared on television and began to be featured in teen magazines. \"Jimmy's Girl,\" his next single, responded to this teen idol image, but it stopped at number 25 in February 1961. Singing another of his own compositions, Tillotson produced \"Without You,\" a dramatic, string-filled production in the manner of Roy Orbison ; it reached number seven in September 1961. Cadence then re-released Tillotson 's first single, \"Dreamy Eyes,\" and it got to number 35 in January 1962.", "Posted by Bill Vallicella on Saturday, September 17, 2016 at 05:54 PM in Music , Sixties | Permalink", "When Tom Fogerty landed a shipping clerk position at Fantasy Records, he convinced the label to sign his band. Forced to change their name to The Golliwogs, the quartet scored a local hit with �Brown Eyed Girl� (1965). But after Saul Zauntz purchased Fantasy Records in late 1967, The Golliwogs were renamed Creedence Clearwater Revival (CCR). The group soon landed a slow-rising national hit with a bluesy cover of Dale Hawkins� rockabilly standard �Suzie Q�, a track that would be included on their d�but album, Creedence Clearwater Revival. With John Fogerty emerging as the group�s leader and chief songwriter, CCR would unleash a string of politically and socially tinged, Top 10, million-selling hits including, �Proud Mary� (1969), �Bad Moon Rising� (1969), �Down On The Corner�/�Fortunate Son� (1969), �Travelin� Band�/�Who�ll Stop The Rain� (1970), �Up Around The Bend� (1970) and �Looking� Out My Back Door� (1970).", "In 1972 Lightfoot curtailed his touring schedule after contracting Bell's palsy, a condition that left his face partially paralyzed temporarily. Despite his illness, Lightfoot had several major hits during the 1970s. In June 1974 his classic single \"Sundown\" from the album Sundown went to No.1 on the American and Canadian charts. It would be his only number one hit in the United States. He performed it twice on NBC's The Midnight Special series. \"Carefree Highway\" (about Arizona State Route 74 in Phoenix, Arizona) was the follow-up single from the same album. It charted in the Top 10 in both countries. Lightfoot wrote it after traveling from Flagstaff, Arizona on Interstate 17 to Phoenix.", "Joe South, 72, Grammy-winning singer/songwriter who performed hits in the late 1960s and early 1970s such as Games People Play and Walk a Mile in My Shoes. He also penned songs for other artists, including Down in the Boondocks. Heart attack, Sept. 5.", "He signed a recording contract with United Artists in 1965 and released “I’m Not Sayin’”. He made appearances at major folk festivals and The Tonight Show and released his debut album—Lightfoot!—the following year including classics like “For Lovin’ Me” and “Early Mornin’ Rain”. He released three more albums in the 60s (plus a live album) and had a few hits singles domestically. Outside of Canada, he was known better as a songwriter. But all that changed in 1970, when, he, now with Warner Bros., released the album Sit Down Young Stranger and its single “If You Could Read My Mind”. The album went to #12 on the Billboard Charts. The single went to #5 in the U.S., #1 in Canada, and managed to crack the Top 30 in Britain.", "Joined by harpist Sonny Terry, Last Night Blues is a stripped down, soulful release with Sonny delivering instinctive accompaniment to Lightnin's fluid finger picking guitar and gritty vocals. Originally released in 1963 from sessions recorded in 1962, Smokes Like Lightning features Hopkins solo on guitar and vocals except for a full band on three of the tracks. Both vinyl reissues 180gm.", "* Albert King signature blues album \"Born Under a Bad Sign\", released in 1967 for Stax Records, include a song called \"Laundromat Blues\".", "14.  \"Little Boy Blue\"  (T. Slocum) - Tonto And The Renegades;  Sound of the Sceen label,  Did not chart nationally - 1967.  Inducted in 2008.", "An American country/rock band that became popular during the Vietnam War. Produced classic hits such as \"Proud Mary\", \"Green River\", \"Suzie Q\" and \"Fortunate Son\".", "First recorded for his 1960 LP, it was also released as a 45 in Jun. 1967 (Hickory 1460)", " 1960 G.I. Blues (performer: \"What's She Really Like\", \"G.I. Blues\", \"Doin' The Best I Can\", \"Blue Suede Shoes\", \"Frankfort Special\", \"Shoppin' Around\", \"Tonight Is So Right For Love\", \"Wooden Heart\", \"Pocketful Of Rainbows\", \"Big Boots\", \"Didja Ever\")", "His version of the main theme from Hang 'em High reached #59 in Canada. In 1968, his hit \"Aces High\" placed at #11 on the Billboard Year End Chart of the Top Hits of 1968. " ]

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[ "Cable News Network (CNN) is a U.S. cable news channel founded in 1980 by American media mogul and philanthropist Ted Turner. Upon its launch, CNN was the first channel to provide 24-hour television news coverage, and the first all-news television channel in the United States. While the news channel has numerous affiliates, CNN primarily broadcasts from its headquarters at the CNN Center in Atlanta, the Time Warner Center in New York City, and studios in Washington, D.C., and Los Angeles. CNN is owned by parent company Time Warner, and the U.S. news channel is a division of the Turner Broadcasting System.", "Cable News Network, almost always referred to by its initialism CNN, is an U.S. cable news network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner. Upon its launch, CNN was the first network to provide 24-hour television news coverage, and the first all-news television network in the United States. While the news network has numerous affiliates, CNN primarily broadcasts from its headquarters at the CNN Center in Atlanta, the Time Warner Center in New York City, and studios in Washington, D.C. and Los Angeles. CNN is owned by parent company Time Warner, and the U.S. news network is a division of the Turner Broadcasting System.", "Cable News Network (CNN), an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by the Turner Broadcasting System division of Time Warner, was founded in 1980 by Ted Turner and 25 other original members, who invested $20 million into the network. Upon its launch, CNN became the first channel to provide 24-hour television news coverage, and was the first all-news television network in the United States. This article discusses the history of CNN, beginning with the June 1980 launch of the channel.", "He invested his time and money, spending four years into the development of the network. On 1st June 1980, at 5:00 P.M Eastern Standard Time, CNN was launched. Ted Turner himself spoke at the first airing, announcing.", "Founded in 1980 by Ted Turner, Cable News Network, generally referred as CNN, is now one of the major English Language Television Network. However, the leading network is now owned by Time Warner and the broadcasting unit is a branch of Turner Broadcasting System. It was undoubtedly the first broadcasting station to present 24-hour television news coverage. Nevertheless, the CNN logo has acquired a prominent position in the corporate world due to its significant features.", "On this day in 1980, CNN (Cable News Network), the world’s first 24-hour television news network, makes its debut. The network signed on at 6 p.m. EST from its headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, with a lead story about the attempted assassination of civil rights leader Vernon Jordan. CNN went on to change the notion that news could only be reported at fixed times throughout the day. At the time of CNN’s launch, TV news was dominated by three major networks–ABC, CBS and NBC–and their nightly 30-minute broadcasts. Initially available in less than two million U.S. homes, today CNN is seen in more than 89 million American households and over 160 million homes internationally.", "CNN (Cable News Network) has now become a household name, but it started about 34 years ago as just one man’s vision. Robert ‘Ted’ Turner created CNN way back in 1980 because someone told him it couldn’t be done. It was just an idea before the challenge was presented to him and he refused to accept his brainchild as impossibility.", "CNN launched its website, CNN.com (initially an experiment known as CNN Interactive), on August 30, 1995, which grew to become one of the most popular news websites in the world. Several specialty websites were launched in later years such as CNNMoney, created in partnership with fellow co-owned magazine Money; CNN also launched a radio network that provided news updates and other content to radio stations nationwide. The network grew to include 36 bureaus (10 domestic, 26 international), and expanded its broadcast partnerships to more than 900 affiliated local stations (which also receive news and features content via the affiliate video service CNN Newsource). CNN's success made a bona-fide mogul of founder Ted Turner and set the stage for multimedia conglomerate Time Warner's eventual acquisition of the Turner Broadcasting System in 1996.", "In 1980, Turner launched CNN, the first 24-hour all-news network, redefining the way the world received breaking news. ", "CNN launched its website, CNN.com (initially an experiment known as CNN Interactive), on August 30, 1995. The site attracted growing interest over its first decade and is now one of the most popular news websites in the world. The widespread growth of blogs, social media and user-generated content have influenced the site, and blogs in particular have focused CNN's previously scattershot online offerings, most noticeably in the development and launch of CNN Pipeline in late 2005.", "Four years prior to CNN's launch, in December 1976, Ted Turner turned his Atlanta, Georgia independent station WTBS into one of the original satellite-distributed television channels, leasing a transponder on RCA's Satcom 1 geostationary satellite. The Cable News Network was intended to be distributed on RCA's new Satcom 3, which was lost on its launch date of December 7, 1979. Because replacement transmission capacity was not readily available, the Turner Broadcasting System filed suit against RCA seeking use of another communications satellite and $35.5 million in damages. On March 5, Turner announced that a consent order had been worked out with RCA in federal court, allowing CNN to begin operations on June 1 as scheduled, using a transponder on Satcom 1. ", "NOTE: The first news organizations to offer Internet editions were USA Today, which launched on April 17, 1995, followed by CNN on August 30, 1995.", "1982 - CNN2 - January 1st, 1982: \"Initially broadcast as CNN2 on January 1, 1982, the channel was renamed one year later to CNN Headline News. The use of 'CNN' in the title of the channel has been intermittent throughout the channel's broadcast years. [....]\"", "Robert Edward \"Ted\" Turner III (born November 19, 1938) is an American media mogul and philanthropist. As a businessman, he is known as founder of the Cable News Network (CNN), the first 24-hour cable news channel. In addition, he founded WTBS, which pioneered the superstation concept in cable television.", "Its all-news format allowed the time for specialty shows focusing on medical news, sports, and other topics. Its focus on live coverage, much of it from cameras on the scene, gave CNN's broadcasts a special sense of urgency. In 1981 CNN anchor Bernard Shaw was the first to break the story when a would-be assassin shot U.S. president Ronald Reagan. In 1986 millions (including first lady Nancy Reagan) were watching CNN when the space shuttle Challenger exploded shortly after liftoff. CNN had been the only network carrying the launch live. By then, some were calling the channel the \"Crisis News Network,\" and it consistently pulled in large audiences when major stories broke.", "The first Persian Gulf War in 1991 was a watershed event for CNN that catapulted the channel past the \"Big Three\" American networks for the first time in its history, largely due to an unprecedented, historical scoop: CNN was the only news outlet with the ability to communicate from inside Iraq during the initial hours of the Coalition bombing campaign, with live reports from the al-Rashid Hotel in Baghdad by reporters Bernard Shaw, John Holliman, Peter Arnett and Charles Jaco.", "The first Persian Gulf War in 1991 was a watershed event for CNN that catapulted the network past the \"big three\" American networks for the first time in its history, largely due to an unprecedented, historical scoop: CNN was the only news outlet with the ability to communicate from inside Iraq during the initial hours of the American bombing campaign, with live reports from the al-Rashid Hotel in Baghdad by reporters Bernard Shaw, John Holliman, and Peter Arnett.", "In 1990, Tom Johnson, who formerly served as publisher of the Los Angeles Times for 13 years, was named as the president of CNN.", "On October 24, 2009, CNN launched a new version of the CNN.com website; the revamped site included the addition of a new \"sign up\" option, in which users can create their own username and profile, and a new \"CNN Pulse\" (beta) feature, along with a new red color theme. However, most of the news stories archived on the website were deleted.", "In early 2008, CNN began maintaining a live streaming broadcast available to cable and satellite subscribers who receive CNN at home (a precursor to the TV Everywhere services that would become popularized by cable and satellite providers beginning with Time Warner's incorporation of the medium). CNN International is broadcast live, as part of the RealNetworks SuperPass subscription service outside the U.S. CNN also offers several RSS feeds and podcasts.", "The topical news program Judy Woodruff's Inside Politics was the first CNN program to feature a round-up of blogs in 2005. Blog coverage was expanded when Inside Politics was folded into The Situation Room (Inside Politics later returned to CNN in 2014, this time hosted by the network's chief national correspondent John King. ). In 2006, CNN launched CNN Exchange and CNN iReport, initiatives designed to further introduce and centralize the impact of everything from blogging to citizen journalism within the CNN brand. CNN iReport which features user-submitted photos and video, has achieved considerable traction, with increasingly professional-looking reports filed by amateur journalists, many still in high school or college. The iReport gained more prominence when observers of the Virginia Tech shootings sent-in first hand photos of what was going on during the shootings. ", "Since the cancellation of Piers Morgan Tonight, the 9 p.m. Eastern time slot has been filled by factual programs and documentary series, introducing new series for the 2014-15 season such as John Walsh's The Hunt, This is Life with Lisa Ling, and Mike Rowe's Somebody's Gotta Do It. Jeff Zucker explained that this new lineup was intended to shift CNN away from a reliance on pundit-oriented programs, and attract younger demographics to the network. Despite this, Zucker emphasized a continuing commitment to news programming, especially during breaking news events (where the 9 p.m. hour can be pre-empted for special coverage). These changes coincided with the introduction of a new imaging campaign for the network, featuring the slogan \"Go there\". In May 2014, CNN premiered The Sixties, a documentary miniseries produced by Tom Hanks and Gary Goetzman which chronicled the United States in the 1960s. Owing to its success, CNN would produce sequels focusing on the 1970s and 1980s for 2015 and 2016 respectively. ", "CNN began broadcasting in the high definition 1080i resolution format in September 2007. This format is now standard for CNN and is available on all major cable and satellite providers.", "CNN is one of the world's largest news organizations, and its international channel, CNN International is the leading international news channel in terms of viewer reach. CNN International makes extensive use of affiliated reporters that are local to, and often directly affected by, the events they are reporting. The effect is a more immediate, less detached style of on-the-ground coverage. This has done little to stem criticism, largely from Middle Eastern nations, that CNN International reports news from a pro-American perspective. This is a marked contrast to domestic criticisms that often portray CNN as having a \"liberal\" or \"anti-American\" bias.", "The CNN Center is the world headquarters of CNN. The main newsrooms and studios for several of CNN's news channels are located in the building. The facility's commercial office space is occupied entirely by CNN and its parent company, Turner Broadcasting System, a subsidiary of Time Warner. The CNN Center is located in Downtown Atlanta, Georgia, adjacent to Centennial Olympic Park. ", "The two major stories began CNN’s success story but it was the Gulf War that eventually took CNN to the pinnacle. CNN covered the initial hours of Gulf war through radio broadcast by reporters Bernard Shaw, John Holliman, Charles Jaco and Peter Arnett. It was watched by over a billion viewers worldwide.", "28 January – NASA's Space Shuttle Challenger spacecraft disintegrates. Pictures from CNN in the United States (owned by Turner Broadcasting System, then owners of American superstation WTBS), are aired in countries around the world.", " The formation of the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) marks a turning point in the development of commercial radio and television, lifting it forever out of unregulated chaos and into the national scene. Founded by David Sarnoff, general manager of RCA, the new company resolves the patent disputes between members of the radio group (RCA, GE, Westinghouse, United Fruit) and AT&T, as well as the monopoly charges brought by the Federal Trade Commission. Formally established on July 7 with the signing of twelve separate documents, NBC will be owned jointly by RCA, GE and Westinghouse. It will lease AT&T's network of wires, and acquire its stations and air time. These include WEAF in New York, the core of the new network, sold to RCA for $1 million ($8 million of which is a \"good will fee\"). AT&T's desire to discontinue active programming while maintaining a lucrative position in the field is realized and, with nine affiliated stations, the first broadcasting network is born.", "Although often different in tone, CNN's cable competitors were largely using the model pioneered by CNN. Media critics over the years have both lauded CNN for its attention to international issues and lamented the compression of editorial decision-making processes spurred when the live around-the-clock cycle introduced by the network produces a \"rush to air.\" Some observers now speak of \"the CNN effect,\" as expanded television news coverage affects political, diplomatic, and military decision making on a global level.", "Over the years, CNN has launched spin-off networks in the United States and other countries. Channels that currently operate include:", "Todd is known around the world for his position on CNN as anchor, financial and economic expert, and interviewer. In his 26 year career, Todd interviewed some of the biggest names in the world, including former USSR General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev and US President Bill Clinton.", "Each day, CNN brings you an image capturing a moment to remember, defining the present in our changing world." ]

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[ "Frank C. Carlucci was appointed to the position of Secretary of Defense by President Ronald Reagan in 1987 and served until 1989.", "For this reason, Reagan reasoned that the US needed to prepare its military defense systems for this onslaught. He believed that only through military preparedness could the world achieve a stable peace. His Secretaries of State, General Alexander Haig and George Schultz, as well as his Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger, among others, assisted Reagan in developing this Cold War strategy. During Reagan's two administrations, the US military increased to unprecedented peacetime levels. The administration also spent billions of dollars on defense contracts to research and develop new weapons and military technology. The military increased production of nuclear arms and deployed them throughout the Western world. The exorbitant amount of money Reagan spent on defense contributed to the enormous national deficit during the 1980s.", "Narrator: SDI became an expensive research project. Reagan's dream of making missiles obsolete was for the future. He still had to cope with their threat. Before he took office the Soviet Union had deployed highly mobile missiles that could wipe out Western Europe in minutes. NATO had decided to counter them with a new generation of US missiles but also to negotiate limits on all the missiles. Defense Secretary Caspar Weinberger, who had little interest in negotiating, suggested a negotiating position: if the Soviets pulled out all their missiles, NATO would not deploy any new ones. This so-called \"zero option\" was a very hard line. Reagan bought it.", "When Ronald Reagan proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), a system of lasers and missiles meant to intercept incoming ICBMs , the plan was quickly labeled \"Star Wars,\" implying that it was science fiction and linking it to Ronald Reagan's acting career. According to Frances FitzGerald , Reagan was annoyed by this, but Assistant Secretary of Defense Richard Perle told colleagues that he \"thought the name was not so bad.\"; \"'Why not?' he said. 'It's a good movie. Besides, the good guys won.'\" [126] This gained further resonance when Reagan described the Soviet Union as an \" Evil empire \".", "served as the United States Secretary of Defense from 1987 to 1989 in the administration of President Ronald Reagan. Prior to that, Carlucci served in a variety of senior-level governmental positions, including Director of the Office of Economic Opportunity in the Richard Nixon administration, Deputy Director of the CIA in the Jimmy Carter administration, and Deputy Secretary of Defense and National Security Advisor in the Reagan administration.", "When Ronald Reagan proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), a system of lasers and missiles meant to intercept incoming ICBMs, the plan was quickly labeled \"Star Wars,\" implying that it was science fiction and linking it to Ronald Reagan's acting career. According to Frances Fitzgerald , Ronald Reagan was annoyed by this, but Assistant Secretary of Defense Richard Perle told colleagues that he \"thought the name was not so bad.\"; \"'Why not?' he said. 'It's a good movie. Besides, the good guys won.'\" [53]", "Bush's Cabinet had included figures that were prominent in past administrations, notably former Secretary of State Colin Powell, who had served as United States National Security Advisor under Ronald Reagan. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld had served as White House Chief of Staff and Secretary of Defense under Gerald Ford; Rumsfeld's successor, Robert Gates, served as Director of Central Intelligence under George H.W. Bush. Vice President Dick Cheney served as Secretary of Defense under George H. W. Bush.", "In 1987, he was elected Chairman of the House Republican Conference. The following year, he was elected House Minority Whip. He served for two and a half months before he was appointed Secretary of Defense instead of former U.S. Senator John G. Tower, whose nomination had been rejected by the U.S. Senate in March 1989.", "One ¾ inch U-Matic video cassette of interview with Caspar Willard Weinberger, US Secretary of Defense, 1981-1987. For transcript see item 5/6. Previous Ref: B18", "Powell was born on April 5, 1937, in the New York City neighborhood of Harlem. The son of two Jamaican immigrants, he was raised in the South Bronx. He attended City College of New York, and it was there that he began his military service, joining the Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC). After his graduation in 1958, Powell was commissioned a second lieutenant in the U.S. Army. During his 35 years in the Army he served two tours in Vietnam, was stationed in West Germany and South Korea, and acted as President Ronald Reagan's National Security Advisor from 1987 until 1989. In 1989 he was promoted to the rank of general, and was appointed by President George H.W. Bush to the position of Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. In the four years Powell served in that capacity, he oversaw 28 crises, including Operation Desert Storm in 1991. After his retirement in 1993, he founded America's Promise, an organization which helps at-risk children. He was nominated for Secretary of State by President George W. Bush on December 16, 2000.", "*Richard \"Dick\" Cheney (born 1941), American politician, Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Wyoming (1979-1989), Secretary of Defense (1989-1993) and Vice President (2001-2009)", "In 1979 Ronald Reagan visited the NORAD command base under Cheyenne Mountain where he was first introduced to the extensive tracking and detection systems extending throughout the world and into space. However, he was struck by their comments that while they could track the attack down to the individual targets, there was nothing one could do to stop it. Reagan felt that in the event of an attack this would place the president in a terrible position between immediate counterattack or attempting to absorb the attack and maintain an upper hand in the post-attack era. In the fall of 1979, at Reagan's request, Lieutenant General Daniel O. Graham conceived a concept he called the High Frontier, an idea of strategic defense using ground- and space-based weapons theoretically possible because of emerging technologies. It was designed to replace the doctrine of Mutual Assured Destruction , a doctrine that Reagan and his aides described as a suicide pact . [23]", "At the Pentagon, Rumsfeld oversaw the transition to an all-volunteer military. He sought to reverse the gradual decline in the defense budget and to build up U.S. strategic and conventional forces, skillfully undermining Secretary of State Henry Kissinger at the SALT talks. He asserted, along with Team B (which he helped to set up), that trends in comparative U.S.-Soviet military strength had not favored the United States for 15 to 20 years and that, if continued, they \"would have the effect of injecting a fundamental instability in the world.\" For this reason, he oversaw the development of cruise missiles, the B-1 bomber, and a major naval shipbuilding program.", "In March 1983, Reagan introduced the Strategic Defense Initiative, a defense project that would have used ground and space-based systems to protect the United States from attack by strategic nuclear ballistic missiles. Reagan believed that this defense shield could make nuclear war impossible, but disbelief that the technology could ever work led opponents to dub SDI \"Star Wars\" and argue that the technological objective was unattainable. The Soviets became concerned about the possible effects SDI would have; leader Yuri Andropov said it would put \"the entire world in jeopardy\". For those reasons, David Gergen, former aide to President Reagan, believes that in retrospect, SDI hastened the end of the Cold War.", "As other presidents have done, Bush issued a series of pardons during his last days in office. On December 24, 1992, he granted executive clemency to six former government employees implicated in the Iran-Contra scandal of the late 1980s, most prominently former Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger . [73] Weinberger, who had been scheduled to stand trial on January 5, 1993, for criminal charges related to Iran-Contra, was described by Bush as a \"true American patriot\". [73]", "In March 1983, Reagan introduced the Strategic Defense Initiative, a defense project that would have used ground- and space-based systems to protect the United States from attack by strategic nuclear ballistic missiles. Reagan believed that this defense shield could make nuclear war impossible. There was much disbelief surrounding the program's scientific feasibility, leading opponents to dub SDI \"Star Wars\" and argue that its technological objective was unattainable. The Soviets became concerned about the possible effects SDI would have; leader Yuri Andropov said it would put \"the entire world in jeopardy.\" For those reasons, David Gergen, former aide to President Reagan, believes that in retrospect, SDI hastened the end of the Cold War. ", "Colin Luther Powell (; born April 5, 1937) is an American statesman and a retired four-star general in the United States Army. He was the 65th United States Secretary of State, serving under U.S. President George W. Bush from 2001 to 2005, the first African American to serve in that position. During his military career, Powell also served as National Security Advisor (1987–1989), as Commander of the U.S. Army Forces Command (1989) and as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1989–1993), holding the latter position during the Persian Gulf War. Born in Harlem as the son of Jamaican immigrants, Powell was the first, and so far the only, African American to serve on the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the first of two consecutive black office-holders to serve as U.S. Secretary of State.", "On November 8, 2006 (the day after the Democrats took back Congress in the midterm elections), Bush announced plans to replace Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld with former CIA Director Robert Gates. Gates was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 6 and took office as the 22nd Secretary of Defense on December 18. ", "Donald Henry Rumsfeld (born July 9, 1932) is an American politician and businessman. Rumsfeld served as the 13th Secretary of Defense from 1975 to 1977 under President Gerald Ford, and as the 21st Secretary of Defense from 2001 to 2006 under President George W. Bush. He is both the youngest and the second oldest (after Leon Panetta) person to have served as Secretary of Defense. Additionally, Rumsfeld was a three-term U.S. Congressman from Illinois (1963–1969), Director of the Office of Economic Opportunity (1969–1970), Counsellor to the President (1969–1973), the United States Permanent Representative to NATO (1973–1974), and White House Chief of Staff (1974–1975).", "As other presidents have done, Bush issued a series of pardons during his last days in office. On December 24, 1992, he granted executive clemency to six former government employees implicated in the Iran-Contra scandal of the late 1980s, most prominently former Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger. Bush described Weinberger, who was scheduled to stand trial on January 5, 1993, for criminal charges related to Iran-Contra, as a \"true American patriot\".", "In the late 1970s and, particularly, during the early 1980s under U.S. President Ronald Reagan, the United States renewed its commitment to a more powerful military, which required a large increase in spending on U.S. military programs. These programs, which were originally part of the defense budget of U.S. President Jimmy Carter, included spending on conventional and nuclear weapons systems. Under Reagan, defensive systems like the Strategic Defense Initiative were emphasized as well.", "Colin Powell born April 5, 1937, in Harlem, New York, becomes the first African American Joint Chiefs of Staff in Washington, D. C., in 1989. He received many honors for his military bravery. Highly regarded by political and military leaders in the White House, Congress, and the Pentagon, U.S. Army General Colin Powell first achieved national and international prominence in 1990 and 1991. Powell, as the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, became one of the key leaders of Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm, the military campaigns to protect Saudi Arabia and liberate Kuwait from Iraqi control. During the Persian Gulf War, he skillfully balanced the political objectives of President George Bush and the strategy needs of General Norman Schwarzkopf and other military commanders in the field. After the war in the Gulf, Powell received consideration for the vice-presidency or even the presidency, but he resisted suggestions that he should run for America's highest office. However, when George W. Bush became president in 2000, Powell accepted the position of Secretary of State, becoming the first African American Secretary of State in U.S. history, January 2001.", "Since coming to power in 1985, Gorbachev had made it clear that he sought a less contentious relationship with the United States. His American counterpart, President Ronald Reagan, was a staunch anticommunist and initially harbored deep suspicions about Gorbachev's sincerity. After meeting with Gorbachev in November 1985, however, Reagan came to believe that progress might be made on a number of issues, including arms control. In subsequent summit meetings, the two leaders focused on the so-called intermediate-range nuclear missiles that both nations had massed in Europe and around the world. In late 1986, it appeared that the two nations were close to an agreement that would eliminate the weapons from Europe. Negotiations stumbled, however, when Gorbachev demanded that the elimination of the missiles be accompanied by U.S. abandonment of its development of the strategic defense initiative (the \"Star Wars\" plan). The talks broke down while Reagan and Gorbachev traded accusations of bad faith. On July 22, 1987, Gorbachev dramatically announced that he was ready to discuss the elimination of intermediate-range missiles on a worldwide basis, with no conditions. By dropping his objection to the strategic defense initiative (which was one of Reagan's pet projects), Gorbachev cleared the way for negotiations, and he and Reagan agreed to meet again.", "A significant component of Reagan’s military buildup was his 1983 proposal for a space-based missile defense system that would use lasers and other as-yet-undeveloped killing technologies to destroy incoming Soviet nuclear missiles well before they could reach their targets in the United States. The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), dubbed “Star Wars” after the popular science-fiction movie of the late 1970s, was denounced by the Soviets, including Gorbachev, as a dangerous escalation of the arms race , a position also taken by many critics at home. Meanwhile, others argued that the project was technologically impossible and potentially a “black hole” in the country’s defense budget. In later years, however, former Soviet officials cited SDI as a factor in the eventual collapse of their country, for it showed that the Soviet Union was politically unprepared for and economically incapable of competing in a new arms race with the United States, especially one led by someone as unrelenting as Reagan. Although Reagan never abandoned his support for SDI, it was eventually reconceived as a much smaller and more conventional defensive system than the one he originally proposed.", "Middle East special envoy Donald Rumsfeld meeting Saddam Hussein on 19–20 December 1983. Rumsfeld, who became U.S. Secretary of Defense during the Presidency of George W. Bush , led the coalition forces during the Iraq War", "Colin Luther Powell is a United States statesman and a retired four-star general in the United States Army. He was the 65th United States Secretary of State (2001-2005), serving under President George W. Bush. He was the first African American appointed to that position. He was the first, and so far the only, African American to serve on the Joint Chiefs of Staff.", "In foreign affairs, Ronald Reagan’s first term in office was marked by a massive buildup of U.S. weapons and troops, as well as an escalation of the Cold War (1946-1991) with the Soviet Union, which the president dubbed “the evil empire.” Key to his administration’s foreign policy initiatives was the Reagan Doctrine, under which America provided aid to anticommunist movements in Africa, Asia and Latin America. In 1983, Reagan announced the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), a plan to develop space-based weapons to protect America from attacks by Soviet nuclear missiles.", "1987 – The televised congressional Iran-Contra hearings opened with former Air Force Maj. General Richard V. Secord as the lead-off witness.", "President Ronald Reagan talks to one of his aides on-board Air Force One during his re-election campaign, June 1, 1984, over Texas. One of the two retired Boeing VC-137C aircraft used as Air Force One now resides at the Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley, Calif. &nbsp;", "On November 18, 1981, President Reagan proposed renewed arms control negotiations focusing on major reductions in all types of arms, to be called Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (START). He called for bilateral talks between the United States and the Soviet Union on Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces. Reagan announced his Zero-Zero proposal under which the United States and NATO would cancel deployment of Pershing II and ground-launched cruise missiles in Western Europe if the Soviets would dismantle its SS-20, SS-4, and SS-5 missiles.", "1987 – The congressional Iran-Contra hearings opened with former Air Force Maj. General Richard V. Secord as the lead-off witness.", "The 1980s was mostly a decade of reorganization. The army converted to an all-volunteer force with greater emphasis on training and technology. The Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986 created unified combatant commands bringing the army together with the other four military services under unified, geographically organized command structures. The army also played a role in the invasions of Grenada in 1983 (Operation Urgent Fury) and Panama in 1989 (Operation Just Cause)." ]

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[ "\"He's the best director in the world, period.\" Talia Shire (on her famous brother, Francis Ford Coppola)", "a flute with the Detroit Symphony Orchestra, and mother Italia (née Pennino; 1912–2004). Coppola is the second of three children: his older brother was August Coppola , his younger sister is actress Talia Shire . Born into a family of Italian immigrant ancestry, his paternal grandparents came to the United States from Bernalda , Basilicata .", "Talia Shire (born April 25, 1946) is an American actress. Born Talia Rose Coppola in Lake Success, New York, she is the sister of director and producer Francis Ford Coppola .", "Shire was born Talia Rose Coppola in Lake Success, New York, the daughter of Italia (née Pennino) and arranger/composer Carmine Coppola. [1] Talia is the sister of director and producer Francis Ford Coppola and academic August Coppola, the aunt of actor Nicolas Cage and director Sofia Coppola, and the niece of composer and conductor Anton Coppola. She was married to composer David Shire , with whom she had a son, Matthew Orlando Shire. She has two other sons, actors/musicians Robert Schwartzman and Jason Schwartzman, from her second marriage to the late producer Jack Schwartzman.", "This afternoon in Hollywood at the Turner Classic Movies: TCM Film Festival, Talia Shire appeared with her family to support brother Francis Ford Coppola 's hand... and footprint ceremony at historic TCL Chinese Theatres . Talia is scheduled to appear at tonight's screening of Rocky to introduce the film!", "Shire was born Talia Rose Coppola in Lake Success, New York, the daughter of Italia (née Pennino; 1912-2004) and arranger/composer Carmine Coppola (1910-1991). Her parents were both of Italian descent. Talia is the sister of director and producer Francis Ford Coppola and academic August Coppola, the aunt of actor Nicolas Cage and director Sofia Coppola, and the niece of composer and conductor Anton Coppola. She has five children. Her son Matthew Orlando Shire is the child of her first marriage to composer David Shire. Her other sons, actors/musicians Jason and Robert, are from her second marriage, to the late film producer Jack Schwartzman. She also has two stepchildren by her second marriage, Schwartzman's first marriage.", "The family has had success in nearly every branch of the tree with Francis’s sister, Talia, becoming a great actor and Talia’s son Jason Schwartzman following along the same path. One family member who wanted to make it big but not rely on the family name was nephew Nicholas Kim Coppola who changed his name early in his career to Nicolas Cage (borrowing from comic book character “Luke Cage”).", "The Actress: Talia Shire, Francis Ford Coppola's sister, was already well-known as The Godfather's Connie Corleone when John G. Avildsen cast her as another Italian-American wallflower.", "Talia Shire (director Coppola's sister) (with her first nomination) as Michael Corleone's sister Connie Corleone in", "The only person to direct a sibling in an Oscar-nominated performance (his sister Talia Shire was nominated as \"Best Actress in a Supporting Role\" for The Godfather: Part II (1974))", "Michael Philip \"Mick\" Jagger is an English musician, singer, songwriter and actor, best known as the lead vocalist and a founder member of The Rolling Stones. Jagger's career has spanned over 50 years, and he has been described as \"one of the most popular and influential frontmen in the history of rock & roll\". His distinctive voice and performance, along with Keith Richards' guitar style, have been the trademark of the Rolling Stones throughout the career of the band. Jagger gained much press notoriety for admitted drug use and romantic involvements, and was often portrayed as a countercultural figure. In the late 1960s Jagger began acting in films, to mixed reception. In 1985, Jagger released his first solo album, She's the Boss. In early 2009, he joined the electric supergroup SuperHeavy. In 1989 Jagger was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame with the Rolling Stones. In 2003 he was knighted for his services to music.", "Besides his three famous actor brothers, Alec, Stephen, and William, Daniel has a sister named Jane Sasso and a sister named Elizabeth Keuchler. He is also the cousin of actor Joseph Baldwin. His mother, Carol Martineau Baldwin, is a breast cancer survivor and the founder of the Carol M. Baldwin Breast Care Center of the University Hospital and Medical Center at Stony Brook.", "Sir Michael Philip \"Mick\" Jagger (born 26 July 1943) is an English singer, songwriter and actor, best known as the lead singer and a co-founder of the Rolling Stones.", "Henry Jaynes Fonda (May 16, 1905 August 12, 1982) was a highly acclaimed American film, stage and television actor, best known for his roles as plain-speaking idealists. Fonda's subtle, naturalistic acting style preceded by many years the popularization of Method acting. He was the patriarch of a family of famous actors, including son Peter Fonda, daughter Jane Fonda, granddaughter Bridget Fonda and grandson Troy Garity.", "Cuba Gooding, Jr., African-American actor, LL Cool J, African-American rapper and actor, Chad Lowe, American actor, Lisa Marie Presley, American singer, Josh Brolin, American actor, Molly Ringwald, American actress, singer and dancer, Daniel Craig, British actor, Lucy Lawless, New Zealand actress and singer, C�line Dion, Canadian singer, Paula Cole, American singer, Patricia Arquette, American actress, Ashley Judd, American actress, Timothy McVeigh, American terrorist (d. 2001), Tony Hawk, American skateboarder, Kylie Minogue, Australian actress and singer, Yasmine Bleeth, American actress, Kristin Chenoweth, American soprano and actress, Julian McMahon, Australian actor, Catherine Bell, American actress, Ziggy Marley, Jamaican musician and oldest son of Bob Marley;, Mohamed Atta, 9/11 ringleader of the hijackers and pilot of American Airlines Flight 11 (d. 2001); Will Smith, African-American rapper and actor; Naomi Watts, English-born Australian actress; Hugh Jackman, Australian actor; Parker Posey, American actress; Ol' Dirty Bastard, African-American rapper (d. 2004); Owen Wilson, American actor; Jonathan Knight, American singer (New Kids on the Block); Brendan Fraser, Canadian-American actor; Lucy Liu, American actress; Kurt Angle, American amateur and professional wrestler", "Rob Thomas, American singer-songwriter (Matchbox Twenty); Michael Chang, American tennis player; Antonio Sabato Jr., Italian actor; Shaquille O'Neal, African-American basketball player; Elvis Stojko, Canadian figure skater; Jennie Garth, American actress; Jennifer Garner, American actress; Carmen Electra, American actress and singer; Dwayne Johnson, American professional wrestler and actor; Busta Rhymes, African-American rapper and actor; The Notorious B.I.G., African-American rapper (d. 1997); Wayne Brady, African-American comedian; Marlon Wayans, African-American actor, comedian and producer; Maya Rudolph, African-American actress, comedian; Wil Wheaton, American actor; Ben Affleck, American actor; Cameron Diaz, American actress; Chris Tucker, American actor; Gwyneth Paltrow, American actress; Eminem, American rapper and actor; Brad Paisley, American singer-songwriter and musician; Jenny McCarthy, American actress and model; Alyssa Milano, American actress; Jude Law, British actor; Joey McIntyre, American actor and singer (New Kids on the Block)", "Once one sibling is famous, though, all the others have to overcome the born-on-third-base-but-thinks-he-hit-a-triple problem—real or perceived. “If you’re serious about it,” Marlon Wayans says, “the last name works for you. If not, it won’t.” “There’s nothing like blowing an opportunity,” Shawn adds. “The name comes with a lot of pressure.” The entertainment business is fickle, and one sibling may have greater success than another. Even when siblings enjoy comparable success in the long view, one, by necessity, always achieves success first. The Baldwins, in particular, have had to shoulder the inequities of fame. The Urban Dictionary defines “Late Night Baldwin” as a lesser-known Baldwin brother that one encounters in movies that run after midnight.", "Huston has an older brother, Tony, a younger maternal half-sister named Allegra, whom she called \"Legs\", a younger paternal half-brother, actor Danny Huston, and an adopted older brother, Pablo. She is the aunt of Boardwalk Empire actor Jack Huston. ", "His brother Akin (pronounced \"ah-keen\") is also an actor and director and resides in Dallas, TX.", "actor: Coach, My Mother the Car, The Judy Garland Show, The Headmaster, Accidental Family; brother of actor Dick Van Dyke", "Raised in East Orange, New Jersey, she has been a resident of Rumson, New Jersey. Latifah's older brother Lancelot Jr. was killed in 1992 in an accident involving a motorcycle that Latifah had recently bought him. Latifah still wears the key to the motorcycle around her neck, which can be seen throughout her performance in her sitcom Living Single. She also dedicated Black Reign to him. In 1993, Latifah was the victim of a carjacking, which also resulted in the shooting of a friend. In 1996 she was arrested and charged with possession of marijuana and possession of a loaded handgun. In her 1999 autobiography, Ladies First: Revelations of a Strong Woman, Latifah discussed how her brother's death led to a bout of depression and drug abuse, from which she later recovered.", "Tyne Daly's brother is Timothy Daly (\"Wings\" and \"Private Practice\")! She is also the granddaughter of former Supreme Court Chief Justice, \"Earl Warren\"! Then years later, Tyne starred on the series, \"Judging Amy (1999)\" as the mother of a Judge.", "Born in Gary, Indiana, the nine children of Joseph and Katherine Jackson had considerable successes, individually and together, and became known as the ‘Royal Family of Pop’. His siblings were Jackie (Sigmund Esco “Jackie” Jackson), Tito (Toriano Adaryll “Tito” Jackson), Jermaine (Jermaine La Jaune Jackson), Marlon (Marlon David Jackson), Randy (Steven Randall Jackson), Rebbie (Maureen Reillette Jackson), La Toya (La Toya Yvonne Jackson) and Janet (Janet Damita Jo Jackson).", "John D. Barrymore was part of an acting clan that included his father, the famed stage and early film actor John Barrymore, and his father's siblings, Lionel Barrymore and Ethel Barrymore. Drew Barrymore was his daughter by his third wife, Ildiko Jaid Barrymore.", "Earl “Brother Boy” Ingram (Leslie Jordan) The sordid lives of the Texas white-trash Ingram family. Grandson Ty is trying to make it as an actor in Hollywood. Jacob meets Ty at a casting call for the play “Naked Boys Singing.” Ty's uncle “Brother Boy” is the family secret, a Tammy Wynette impersonator locked up in a mental hospital.", "Half-brother-in-law of Polly Ann Young , Sally Blane and Loretta Young , half-uncle of Judy Lewis and Christopher Lewis .", "In 1957, he married actress/model Mara Corday in Las Vegas, with whom he had three children: Carey (1957–2008), Valerie (b. 1958), and Gregory (b. 1960). Long was a brother-in-law of actor Marshall Thompson, with whom he appeared in the 1955 film, Cult of the Cobra.", "zola taylor (female singer for \"the platters\", '50's, '60's doo-wop, r&b group/\"the great pretender\", she was the sister of \"cornell gunter\" of 'the coasters\" and she was also one of 3 women who claimed to be \"frankie lymon's\" widow!) (2007)", "Jones was married to American actress/singer Julienne Marie; they had no children. Since 1982 he has been married to actress Cecilia Hart, with whom he has one child, son Flynn Earl Jones. ", "In early 1987 when Bryant was 19, he met then 54-year-old Helen Mary Elizabeth Harvey, heiress to a share in the Tattersall's lottery fortune, while looking for new customers for his lawn-mowing service. Harvey, who lived with her mother Hilva, befriended Bryant who became a regular visitor to her neglected New Town mansion, and assisted with tasks such as feeding the fourteen dogs living inside the house, and the forty cats living inside her garage. In June 1990, someone reported Harvey to the health authorities, and medics found both Harvey and her mother in need of urgent hospital treatment. 79-year-old Hilva Harvey died several weeks later.", "When his mother's illness took him back to Mexico, Montalban got a one-line role in a parody of \"The Three Musketeers,\" starring Cantinflas. Around that time, he also met Georgiana Belzer, a model and Loretta Young 's sister, whom he married in 1944. She died in 2007.", "People we lost in 2014 – Kate O'Mara , the British actress best known for playing Joan Collins' sister on the 1980s show \"Dynasty,\" died March 30. She was 74." ]

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[ "The Boston Celtics (ˈsɛlˌtɪks) are a professional basketball team based in Boston, Massachusetts. They play in the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference in the National Basketball Association. Founded in 1946 and one of eight NBA teams (out of 23 total teams) to survive the league's first decade, the team is currently owned by Boston Basketball Partners LLC. The Celtics play their home games at the TD Garden, which they share with the National Hockey League's Boston Bruins. The franchise's seventeen championships are the most for any NBA franchise, and account for 25.4% of all NBA championships since the league's founding in 1946. This makes the Boston Celtics the most successful franchise to date in the major four traditional North American professional sports.", "A professional basketball team, Boston Celtics is from Boston, Mass. The team was established in 1946. The Celtics are a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference in the National Basketball Association (NBA).", "The Boston Celtics (pronounced /ˈsɛltɪks/) is a professional basketball team based in Boston, Massachusetts, playing in the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference in the National Basketball Association (NBA). The team is owned by Wycliffe Grousbeck and coached by Doc Rivers, with Sports Danny Ainge as the President of Basketball Operations. Founded in 1946, their 17 NBA Championships are the most for any NBA franchise. The Celtics' greatest domination came from 1957 to 1969, with 11 championships in 13 years, and eight in a row, the longest consecutive championship winning streak of any North American professional sports team. They currently play their home games at TD Garden.", "* The Boston Celtics win the 35th National Basketball Association championship, defeating Houston four games to two. The Celtics are led by Larry Bird \"The Hick from French Lick,\" so called because he was born in French Lick, Indiana (about 50 miles south of Bloomington, where CED players were manufactured).", "Before World War II the most widely heralded professional team was the Original Celtics , which started out in 1915 as a group of youngsters from New York City, kept adding better players in the early 1920s, and became so invincible that the team disbanded in 1928, only to regroup in the early 1930s as the New York Celtics. They finally retired in 1936. The Celtics played every night of the week, twice on Sundays, and largely on the road. During the 1922–23 season they won 204 of 215 games.", "The Original Celtics, for instance, are considered the \"fathers of basketball\" and were presented as \"World’s Basketball Champions\"; the players had to sign a contract to play with them, and Jim Furey organized matches as a circus, moving daily from town to town. The Celtics became the strongest team, and their successes lasted from 1922 until 1928, when the team disbanded due to ownership problems. The Original Celtics are sometimes incorrectly thought of as forebears of the current Boston Celtics of the NBA; in reality, they share only a name, as today's Celtics were not founded until 1946, nearly two decades after the demise of the Original Celtics. In 1922, the first all-African American professional team was founded: the Rens (also known as New York Renaissance or Harlem Renaissance). The Rens were the Original Celtics’ usual opponent, and for their matches a ticket cost $1. They took part in some official championships and won the first World Professional Basketball Tournament in 1939. The team disbanded in 1949.", "The Boston Celtics were formed in 1946 by Boston Garden-Arena Corporation President Walter A. Brown as a team in the Basketball Association of America, and became part of the National Basketball Association after the absorption of the National Basketball League by the BAA in the fall of 1949. In 1950, the Celtics signed Chuck Cooper, becoming the first NBA franchise to draft a black player. ", "The Celtics have played the Lakers a record 12 times in the Finals, including their most recent appearances in 2008 and 2010, where the Celtics have won nine meetings (but only two since 1980). Four Celtics (Bob Cousy, Bill Russell, Dave Cowens and Larry Bird) have won the NBA Most Valuable Player Award for an NBA record total of 10 MVP awards. Their mascot 'Lucky the Leprechaun' is a nod to the team's Irish heritage and to Boston's historically large Irish population. ", "Team owner Walter Brown personally chose Celtics over Whirlwinds, Olympians, and Unicorns (yes, Unicorns) as the nickname for Boston's Basketball Association of America team in 1946. Despite the warnings of one of his publicity staffers, who told Brown, \"No team with an Irish name has ever won a damned thing in Boston,\" Brown liked the winning tradition of the nickname; the New York Celtics were a successful franchise during the 1920s.", "Basketball Hall of Famer: Boston Celtics: 10 championship teams; NBA Silver Anniversary Team [1971]; coach: Federal City College, North Carolina A&T U", "*Titletown, which refers to Boston's historic dominance in the world of sports, specifically the Boston Celtics, who have won 17 NBA Championships. ", "In 2003, the Celtics were sold by owner Paul Gaston to Boston Basketball Partners L.L.C., led by H. Irving Grousbeck, Wycliffe Grousbeck and Steve Pagliuca. The team made it back to the playoffs but were swept by the Nets in the second round, despite bringing Game 4 to double overtime. Before their elimination, the team hired former Celtic guard Danny Ainge as General Manager, moving Chris Wallace to another position in the organization. Ainge believed the team had reached its peak and promptly sent Antoine Walker to the Dallas Mavericks (along with Tony Delk). In return, the Celtics received the often-injured Raef LaFrentz, Chris Mills, Jiri Welsch, and a first-round pick in 2004. The Celtics made the playoffs, only to be swept in the first round by the Indiana Pacers, losing all 4 games by blowout margins. ", "In 2003, the Celtics were sold by owner Paul Gaston to Boston Basketball Partners LLC, led by H. Irving Grousbeck , Wycliffe Grousbeck , Steve Pagliuca , Robert Epstein, David Epstein, and John Svenson. The team made it back to the playoffs but were swept by the Nets in the second round, despite bringing Game 4 to double overtime.", "The Boston Celtics have a long-standing rivalry with the Los Angeles Lakers , which is widely regarded as the league's greatest rivalry, as these two teams have faced each other 11 times in the NBA Finals , with the most recent being the 2008 NBA Finals . The teams have won a combined 31 NBA championships in the 62 NBA seasons , making both teams accountable for half of all NBA championships. In the 1960s, the Celtics faced and defeated the Lakers six times in the NBA Finals, despite the efforts of Jerry West and Elgin Baylor . The rivalry was renewed in the 1980s, when the Lakers and Celtics won 8 of the 9 NBA Championships awarded from 1980–1988 (the Lakers won 5 while the Celtics won 3), and played each other in the NBA Finals on 3 occasions. The rivalry cooled off as the Celtics slipped into mediocrity in the mid- and late-'90s until they met in the 2008 Finals .", "Larry Bird of the Boston Celtics, left, reacts as his blocked by Kareem Abdul-Jabbar of the Los Angeles Lakers, right, in the second per- second game of the NBA championship series at the Boston Garden Thursday, June 1, 1984 in Boston. Boston defeated Los Angeles in overtime, 124-121, to even the series at one game. (AP Photo/Peter Southwick)", "Basketball Hall of Famer: Boston Celtics; Olympic Gold Medalist [1956]; head coach: Boston Celtics, Capitol Bullets, San Diego Conquistadors, Brandeis University", "BOSTON – The Boston Celtics selected Jaylen Brown, Guerschon Yabusele, Ante Zizic, Demetrius Jackson, Ben Bentil and Abdel Nader in the 2016 NBA Draft. The Celtics were also involved in a trade in which they selected Deyonta Davis and Rade Zagorac for the Memphis Grizzlies, trading those players’ rights for a future Los Angeles Clippers protected first round draft pick.", "During the offseason, head coach Doc Rivers was allowed out of his contract and left to coach the Los Angeles Clippers, giving the Celtics a 2015 unprotected first round pick as compensation. A few days later, Paul Pierce and Kevin Garnett (after waiving his no-trade clause), along with Jason Terry and D. J. White, were traded to the Brooklyn Nets for Keith Bogans, MarShon Brooks, Kris Humphries, Kris Joseph, Gerald Wallace, and three future first-round draft picks (2014, 2016, 2018), with the option of swapping 2018 pick with Brooklyn's 2017 pick. The deal was later approved by the league on July 12, 2013, effectively ending the 'Big 3' era and marking the start of a youth movement for the team. One of the leading players in that was 2013 draft pick Kelly Olynyk. ", "These are the same Celtics who showed the Lakers the way in the 2008 NBA Finals. By mopping the floor with L.A. and beating them by 39 points in Game 6, the most embarrassing and excruciating loss in the history of the purple-and-gold, the Boston bunch demonstrated how togetherness and simply trying harder than the guy standing across from you trump talent every time.", "Bird debuted for the Celtics during the 1979–80 season, a year after being drafted. With a new owner in place, Auerbach made a number of moves that would bring the team back to prominence. He almost immediately traded McAdoo, a former NBA scoring champion, to the Detroit Pistons for guard M. L. Carr, a defensive specialist and legendary towel-waving Celtic cheerleader, and two first-round picks in the 1980 NBA Draft. He also picked up point guard Gerald Henderson from the CBA. Carr, Archibald, Henderson and Ford formed a highly competent backcourt, with their unique skills blending in perfectly with the talented frontcourt of Cowens, Maxwell and Bird, who would go on to win NBA Rookie of the Year honors. The Celtics improved by 32 games, which at the time was the best single-season turnaround in NBA history, going 61–21 and losing to the Philadelphia 76ers in the Eastern Conference Finals. ", "In the summer of 2007, GM Danny Ainge made a series of moves that returned the Celtics to prominence. On draft night, he traded the No. 5 pick Jeff Green, Wally Szczerbiak and Delonte West to Seattle for perennial all-star Ray Allen and Seattle's second-round pick which the team used to select LSU's Glen \"Big Baby\" Davis. Then the Celtics traded Ryan Gomes, Gerald Green, Al Jefferson, Theo Ratliff, Sebastian Telfair, to Minnesota, where Ainge's former teammate Kevin McHale was the G.M., and swapped 2009 first round draft picks, for MVP Kevin Garnett. These moves created the \"Boston Three Party\" (the nickname given to describe the combining of Allen, Garnett, and Pierce by Scott Van Pelt in a \"This Is Sportscenter\" commercial), which would revitalize the team and lead them back to glory.", "court became synonymous with Celtics Basketball. The Celtics either dominated the league or played a large part in the playoffs in the late 1950s through the mid 1980s. After the Sports deaths of the second draft pick Len Bias in 1986 and Reggie Lewis in 1993, the team fell into a steady decline, only making the playoffs four times from 1996 to 2007.", "This game was the first Game 7 in an NBA Finals since five years earlier. Christina Aguilera sang the national anthem for the second straight game. Derek Fisher was the first player to post up points on the board via a three-point field goal on a Pau Gasol assist. Rasheed Wallace answered back with an 8-foot jumper. Both the Celtics and Lakers kept the game close early in the first quarter with each team holding a one-point lead. Suddenly, the Lakers offense began to falter with starters missing field goals and easy layups. The Celtics utilized their opponents struggles to widen their lead. After the team's first full timeout, the Celtics managed to outscore the Lakers 6–1, with Davis scoring four points on questionable calls. Boston held the Lakers to only 14 points and took a 23–14 lead ending the first quarter.", "In the mid-1990s the Celtics experienced the first prolonged play-off drought in the franchise’s history—six straight years beginning with the 1995–96 season. When the Celtics returned to the postseason, they often lost in the early rounds. This changed during the 2007–08 season when the Celtics made the greatest single-season turnaround in NBA history, finishing with the league’s best record and posting a 42-win improvement after the off-season addition of superstars Kevin Garnett and Ray Allen to a team that already included perennial all-star Paul Pierce . They advanced to the NBA finals, where they defeated the rival Lakers for a ninth time and won the 17th title in franchise history. The two franchises again won their respective conference championships and faced off for the NBA title in the 2009–10 season, with the Lakers winning the championship in seven games.", "The Boston Celtics logo since the early 1960s features a leprechaun spinning a basketball, named Lucky. It was originally designed by Zang Auerbach, the brother of Celtics head coach Red Auerbach. For a long time, the logo's only colors were black, white and green. Then for the 1996–97 season, celebrating the club's 50th anniversary, the logo got a full-color treatment. Lucky's face and hands were both painted tan, while gold was included on the vest, bow tie and hat, as well as brown on the ball and shillelagh, and black on its pants and shoes. ", "Ainge flipped the No. 5 pick ( Jeff Green ) to Seattle on draft night in exchange for Ray Allen. A month later, Boston finalized a deal that delivered Garnett to Boston and created a new Big Three. The Celtics immediately won 66 games and hung banner No. 17.", "In 1985–86 the Celtics fielded one of the best teams in NBA history. The 1986 Celtics won 67 games, going 40–1 at their home, the Boston Garden . Bird won his third consecutive MVP award after having arguably his finest season, and Walton won the Sixth Man of the Year Award . They won their 16th championship and last of the 20th century, easily defeating the Houston Rockets in the NBA Finals .", "    Original Celtics lose to Kingston, 3 games to 2 [Celtics dropped out of Metropolitan Basketbal League and were Independent this season]", "The team has honored deceased members of the Celtics family with a commemorative black band on the left shoulder strap of the jersey. It has been featured eight times in the history of the franchise: Walter Brown (1964–65), Bob Schmertz (1975–76), Joan Cohen (1989–90), Johnny Most (1993–94), Reggie Lewis (1993–94), Dorothy Auerbach (2000–01), Dennis Johnson (2006–07). and Jim Loscutoff (2015–16).", "In 1985–86 the Celtics fielded one of the best teams in NBA history. The 1986 Celtics won 67 games, going 40–1 at their home games. Bird won his third consecutive MVP award and Walton won the Sixth Man of the Year Award. They won the franchise's 16th championship and last of the 20th century, defeating the Houston Rockets in the NBA Finals 4 games to 2.", "Following the resignation of Rick Pitino, the Celtics saw modest improvement under coach Jim O'Brien. Paul Pierce matured into an NBA star and was ably complemented by Antoine Walker and the other players acquired over the years. While the team was 12-21 when Pitino left, O'Brien's record to finish the season was 24–24. Following the 2000–01 season O'Brien was given the job of head coach on a permanent basis. As a result of numerous trades, the Celtics had three picks in the 2001 NBA Draft. They selected Joe Johnson, Joe Forte, and Kedrick Brown. Only Johnson managed to succeed in the NBA, becoming a perennial All-Star after leaving the Celtics.", "With five seconds left in Game 5 of the 1987 Eastern Conference Finals, which Boston went on to win in seven games, Bird intercepted an inbounds pass from the Detroit Pistons’ Isiah Thomas and passed it to Dennis Johnson for a game-winning layup. In the aftermath, Thomas complained that if Bird were black, “he’d be just another good guy,” not the superstar he was." ]

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[ "\"A Whole New World\" is a song from Disney's 1992 animated feature film Aladdin, with music by Alan Menken and lyrics by Tim Rice. The song is a ballad between the primary characters Aladdin and Jasmine about the new world they are going to discover together while riding on Aladdin's magic carpet. The original version was sung by Brad Kane and Lea Salonga during the film. They also performed the song in their characters at the 65th Academy Awards, where it won Academy Award for Best Original Song as well as the first and only Disney song to win a Grammy Award for Song of the Year at the 36th Annual Grammy Awards. In 2014, Adam Jacobs and Courtney Reed performed the song as Aladdin and Jasmine in the film's Broadway adaptation.", "It was produced and directed by Ron Clements  and  John Musker . The original songs were written by Alan Menken  &  Howard Ashman  and Menken &  Tim Rice after Ashman's death. Menken received the 1992 Academy Award for Original Music Score of Aladdin. The main soundtrack song \" A Whole New World \" (sung in the closing credits by Peabo Bryson & Regina Belle) won a Grammy Award as well as the Academy Award for Best Song in 1992.", "It was directed by Ron Clements and John Musker and songs were by Alan Menken and Howard Ashman (with additional lyrics provided by Tim Rice after Ashman's death). Menken received the 1992 Academy Award for Original Music Score of Aladdin. The main soundtrack song \"A Whole New World\" (sung during the closing credits by Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle) won a Grammy Award as well as the Academy Award for Best Song in 1993.", "As part of the promotional campaign for the film Lilo & Stitch , Jasmine and Aladdin appeared in a parody trailer, during the famous \"A Whole New World\" scene, where they're encountered by Stitch (riding his space cruiser), in the middle of the song. The little alien flirts with Jasmine, resulting in the two riding off on the cruiser, leaving a baffled Aladdin to scorn \"Hey! Get your own movie...\"", "In World of Color , Jasmine makes a notable appearance during Aladdin's sequence. She and Aladdin sing \"A Whole New World\", as well as its reprise.", "1992: \"A Whole New World\" Lyrics by Tim Rice, Music by Alan Menken, performed by Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle – Aladdin +", "Before discovering Larkin, Disney had been insisting on auditioning exclusively performers who were capable of singing as well as they could act. [17] However, after Williams' recruitment, the studio relented in favor of casting \"strong actors\" instead. [17] When Larkin first auditioned for the role, \" A Whole New World \", Jasmine's only surviving song, had not yet been written; [17] she admitted, \"there's no way I would have even auditioned ... if there had been a song from the beginning.\" [19] After writing Jasmine's first song, the filmmakers asked Larkin if she would be interested in recording it and providing the character's singing voice. [19] Larkin immediately declined, [19] joking, \"I do [sing] ... but not like a princess!\" [16] Thus, Disney decided to recruit a singer who could mimic Larkin's speaking voice instead, [16] despite the actress' fear that the studio would completely replace her with a professional singer altogether. [19]", "“Peter Pan” is a 1953 American animated film produced by Walt Disney and based on the 1904 play Peter Pan or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up by J. M. Barrie. It is the fourteenth film in the Walt Disney Animated Classics series and was originally released on February 5, 1953 by RKO Pictures. The film was entered into the 1953 Cannes Film Festival. A sequel titled Return to Never Land and a prequel titled Tinker Bell were released in 2002 and 2008 respectively. In the London nursery of three children of the Darling family, Wendy, John and Michael Darling receive a visit from Peter Pan, who takes them to Never (Never) Land (Jackson’s inspiration for his Neverland Ranch). With the help of his tiny friend, the fairy Tinkerbell, Peter takes the three children on a magical flight to Never Land. This enchanted island is home to Peter, Tink, the Lost Boys, Tiger Lily and her Native American nation, and the scheming Captain Hook, who is as intent on defeating Peter Pan as he is from escaping a tick-tocking crocodile that once ate a hand of his that Peter Pan cut off.", "Directed by Pixote Hunt, et al. Fulfilling Walt Disney's original vision of fusing sight and sound in a full-length motion picture, this updated version begins where its predecessor, Fantasia, left off, with seven completely new segments and the return of the popular \"Sorcerer's apprentice.\" Breathtaking animated images coupled with classical music favorites, provide dazzling moments in one of the greatest Disney films ever. Special features include: Audio commentary by Roy E. Disney, James Levin and Don Ernst; audio commentary by segment directors and art directors; animated short \"Melody;\" animated short \"Toot, whistle, plunk and boom;\" showcase program feeaturing clips from Fantasia 2000.", "The instrumental music was written by George Bruns and orchestrated by Walter Sheets. Two of the cues were reused from previous Disney films. The scene where Mowgli wakes up after escaping King Louie used one of Bruns' themes for Sleeping Beauty; and the scene where Bagheera gives a eulogy to Baloo when he mistakenly thinks the bear was killed by Shere Khan used Paul J. Smith's organ score from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.", "Cinderella is a 1950 American animated film produced by Walt Disney and based on the fairy tale \"Cendrillon\" by Charles Perrault. Twelfth in the Walt Disney Animated Classics series, the film had a limited release on February 15, 1950 by RKO Radio Pictures. Directing credits go to Clyde Geronimi, Hamilton Luske and Wilfred Jackson. Songs were written by Mack David, Jerry Livingston, and Al Hoffman. Songs in the film include \"A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes\", \"Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo\", \"So This Is Love\", \"Sing Sweet Nightingale\", \"The Work Song\", and \"Cinderella\".", "The release of \"The Lion King\" comes at a time when Disney Feature Animation is experiencing new peaks in worldwide popularity and the studio has entered its most prolific period of production, expansion and innovation since the 1930s. The unprecedented success of such recent films as \"Aladdin\" (1992), \"Beauty and the Beast\" (1991) and \"The Little Mermaid\" (1989) have helped to generate new interest in the art form and create a new appreciation and sense of excitement as to its possibilities. Under the guidance of Roy E. Disney, Jeffrey Katzenberg and Peter Schneider, Walt Disney Feature Animation has grown from 150 employees to nearly 900 in just the last 10 years. The studio is currently at work on two animated features for release in 1995: \"Pocahontas\" and \"The Hunchback of Notre Dame,\" both featuring music by Academy Award-winner Alan Menken and lyrics by Stephen Schwartz. Among the many other projects now in development are adaptations of a Chinese legend, the story of Hercules and the classic tale of the Ethiopian Princess Aida.", "The best-known song in Walt Disney's 1937 full length animation movie Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs is sung by the seven dwarfs and starts:", "After the economic struggles throughout, and after, World War II (during which the Disney Studio had to make do with cobbled together features such as Make Mine Music and Melody Time) Disney made a triumphant return to feature animation with their 1950 release of the classic fairytale \"Cinderella\". Such were the studios finances at the time, that if \"Cinderella\" had not been successful, it could well have been the end of Disney animation. However that was not the case. Disney's telling of Cinderella was one of the highest grossing movies of the year and gave us some classic Disney songs, including \"A Dream Is A Wish Your Heart Makes\" and the Oscar-nominated \"Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo\". (Oh, and to answer the \"Which blonde is which?\" question from the top of this page, Cinderella is the blonde with the shorter hair, often seen dancing with her Prince Charming with her hair up. Sleeping Beauty is the one with the long blonde hair whose dress keeps changing from blue to pink and back to blue again because Flora and Merryweather can never decide.)", "Unlike many Disney animated features, the film features only three songs, with just one, \"Cruella De Vil\", playing a big part in it. The other two are \"Kanine Krunchies Jingle\" (sung by Lucille Bliss, who voiced Anastasia Tremaine in Disney's 1950 film Cinderella), and \"Dalmatian Plantation\" in which only two lines are sung by Roger at its closure. Songwriter Mel Leven had, in fact, written several additional songs for it including \"Don't Buy a Parrot from a Sailor\", a cockney chant, meant to be sung by Jasper and Horace at the De Vil Mansion, and \"March of the One Hundred and One\", which the dogs were meant to sing after escaping Cruella by van. Different, longer versions of \"Kanine Krunchies Jingle\" and \"Dalmatian Plantation\" appear on the Disneyland Records read-along album based on the film. ", "Won two Academy Award for Best Original Score and Best Original Song for “A Whole New World.”", "No person has given the world more memorable entertainment than Walt Disney. From Mickey Mouse to classic feature animation movies like Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs to the Disney Theme parks, he has left an indelible mark on the world.  But for many, his unforgettable music has been his biggest gift. Who can forget such classics as “Chim Chim Cher-ee” or “Feed the Birds” (Walt Disney’s personal favorite) from Mary Poppins.  Then there’s the most played song in the world: “It’s a Small World after All”", "* Aladdin, the 1992 animated feature by Walt Disney Feature Animation (possibly currently the best known re-telling of the story). In this version several characters are renamed or amalgamated (for instance the Sorcerer and the Sultan's vizier become the same person, named \"Jafar\", while the Princess is re-named \"Jasmine\"), have new motivations for their actions (the Lamp Genie now desires freedom from his role) or are simply replaced (a magic carpet fills the place of the Ring Genie in the plot, while a royal \"magic ring\" is used by Jafar to find Aladdin). Names from and elements of the 1940 live-action The Thief of Bagdad are borrowed (for instance, the names \"Jafar\" and \"Abu\" and the Sultan's delight in toys). The setting is moved from China to the fictional Arabian city of Agrabah, and the structure of the plot is simplified.", "Lasseter was against making the film a musical, similar to prior Disney films such as Aladdin and The Lion King. [11 ] However, Disney favored the musical format, claiming \"Musicals are our orientation. Characters breaking into song is a great shorthand. It takes some of the onus off what they're asking for.\" [15 ] However, Disney later agreed with Lasseter and decided to select Randy Newman to score the film, which would be Newman's first animated film. Lasseter claimed \"His songs are touching, witty, and satirical, and he would deliver the emotional underpinning for every scene.\" [15 ] Newman developed the film's signature song \" You've Got a Friend in Me \" in one day. [15 ]", "Cinderella is the protagonist of Disney 's 1950 animated feature film of the same name , and the second official Disney Princess , the first being Snow White .", "\"The Little Mermaid\" was no less than a major milestone in the history of the Disney Studios as its release heralded a renaissance in screen feature animation. The Disney team started out by delving into the studio archives and pulling out a collection of story sketches by illustrator Kay Neilson made back in the late 30s. By the time they were finished, they had virtually reinvented big screen animation with this musical telling of the Hans Christian Anderson story. 80% of the film needed special effects in order to realistically create life under the sea. The song by that name - \"Under The Sea\" - won the Best Song Academy Award that year; the first song from a Disney animated feature to win the category since \"Zip-A-Dee-Do-Dah\" from \"Song Of The South\" won it back in 1948. Big screen animation was back; and a force to be reckoned with in the movie industry.", "The film is the 11th Walt Disney theatrical animated feature and is the last of the studio's package film era of the 1940s, following Saludos Amigos, The Three Caballeros, Make Mine Music, Fun and Fancy Free, and Melody Time.", "The Sherman brothers spent 10 years under contract to the Walt Disney Studios. Besides “Mary Poppins,” they wrote scores for “The Jungle Book,” “Winnie the Pooh,” “Chitty Chitty Bang Bang” and “The Slipper and the Rose,” as well as the Disney theme park song, “It’s a Small World (After All).”", "The main characters are Bambi, a white-tailed deer, his parents (the Great Prince of the forest and his unnamed mother), his friends Thumper (a pink-nosed rabbit), and Flower (a skunk), and his childhood friend and future mate, Faline. For the movie, Disney took the liberty of changing Bambi's species into a white-tailed deer from his original species of roe deer, since roe deer are not native to North America, and the white-tailed deer is more widespread in the United States. The film received three Academy Award nominations: Best Sound (Sam Slyfield), Best Song (for \"Love Is a Song\" sung by Donald Novis) and Original Music Score. ", "When animator Don Bluth left Disney to begin his own studio in the early eighties, no one could have imagined he’d produce two of the most beloved movies still adored today. In this one, Feivel is separated from his Russian family as they begin to emigrate to the United States. His adventure leads to new friends, and many bumps and bruises along the way. Oh, and the song SOMEWHERE OUT THERE absolutely makes this 33-year old dude sob like a little girl.", "Disneyland visitors are taken in a boat where dolls sing an around-the-world theme song \"It�s a small small world\". These doll world parts of the amusement parks are used for programming assassination & espionage alters. The song & dolls play important roles in these alter�s mind-control programming. Some slaves at around age 19, have this type of programming tested to make sure it is solidly in place. The song ,,It�s a Small World\" was composed by the Sherman brothers for Disney originally as a theme song for a ride at the �63-�65 NY World�s Fair. The Sherman brothers were talent that Disney discovered. They were born in NYC, and both graduated from Beverly Hills High School. They wrote Disney songs for at least 29 films. Mind-controlled slaves, who repeatedly bump into each other, but don�t know why, will be found saying, \"It�s a small, small world.\" Both rituals & programming go on at Disney amusement parks during both the day & night. Steven Rockefeller and Walt Disney travelled and spent time together with Dr. Hadley Cantril, an establishment expert on human behavior.", "The film's score was composed by James Newton Howard . Pop singer/songwriter Kate Bush reportedly wrote and recorded a song for the film but due to complications the track was ultimately not included on the soundtrack. Template:Citation needed According to HomeGround, a Kate Bush fanzine, it was scrapped when Disney asked Bush to rewrite the song and Bush refused; however, according to Disney, the song was cut from the film when preview audiences did not respond well to the track. In Asia, pop singer Jacky Cheung 's song Something Only Love Can Do, with versions sung in English, Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese, was adopted as the theme song for the film.", "316..What was the first Disney animated feature to have a pop version of the film's main song play over the end credits?", "While at Disney, the Sherman Brothers wrote what is perhaps their most well-loved song: \"It's a Small World (After All)\" for the New York World's Fair in 1964. Since then, \"Small World\" has become the most translated and performed song on earth.", "While at Disney, the Sherman brothers wrote what is perhaps their most well-loved song: \"It's a Small World (After All)\" for the New York World's Fair in 1964. Since then, \"Small World\" has become the most translated and performed song on earth.", "Main Title Theme Song \"Making Our Dreams Come True\" - written by Norman Gimbel and Charles Fox; performed by Cyndi Grecco", "309..What was the first Disney Full Length Feature animation to have its setting be in America?" ]

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[ "The Memphis-based quartet Booker T. & the MG's is one of the most important studio bands in the history of American popular music. On their own, the MG's are best known for their 1962 instrumental hit \"Green Onions\" (Number Three, Pop, Number One, R&B), but the group is remembered more today for its work as the house band at Stax Records, where they played behind a string of hits by heavyweight soul acts including Wilson Pickett, Otis Redding, Sam & Dave and the Staple Singers.", "Booker T. & the M.G.'s is an instrumental R&B/funk band that was influential in shaping the sound of Southern soul and Memphis soul. The original members of the group were Booker T. Jones (organ, piano), Steve Cropper (guitar), Lewie Steinberg (bass), and Al Jackson, Jr. (drums). In the 1960s, as members of the house band of Stax Records, they played on hundreds of recordings by artists such as Wilson Pickett, Otis Redding, Bill Withers, Sam & Dave, Carla Thomas, Rufus Thomas, Johnnie Taylor and Albert King. They also released instrumental records under their own name, of which the best known is the 1962 hit single \"Green Onions\". As originators of the unique Stax sound, the group was one of the most prolific, respected, and imitated of its era. By the mid-1960s, bands on both sides of the Atlantic were trying to sound like Booker T. & the M.G.'s. ", "Booker T. & the M.G.'s are an instrumental soul band that was influential in shaping the sound of Southern Soul and Memphis Soul. In the 1960s, as the house band of Stax Records, they played on hundreds of recordings by artists such as Wilson Pickett, Otis Redding, Sam & Dave, Carla and Rufus Thomas and Johnnie Taylor. They also released instrumental records under their own name, such as the 1962 hit single \"Green Onions\".", "Booker T. & the M.G.'s is an instrumental R&B/funk band that was influential in shaping the sound of Southern soul and Memphis soul. The original members of the group were Booker T. Jones, Steve Cr...", "A young piano player named Booker T. Jones lived in the neighborhood near the Stax studio, and started hanging around. He joined up with Steve Cropper and Duck Dunn from the Mar-Keys and with Al Jackson and they became the backbone of the \"Stax Sound\". They also recorded on their own as Booker T. and MG'S (standing for Memphis Group) and soon had a giant hit named \"Green Onions\". Steve Cropper became an important producer for Stax and both wrote songs and produced many other acts for Jim Stewart.", "The band formed by accident one day in 1962, when seventeen-year-old keyboard player Booker T. Jones was in a Memphis studio waiting for rockabilly singer Billy Lee Riley to arrive to a recording session. He and drummer Al Jackson, bassist Lewie Steinberg and guitarist Steve Cropper began jamming on the melody that would become \"Green Onions.\" Stax Records president Jim Stewart liked the tune so much he decided to record it and put it out as a single. The band needed a name, so Jackson suggested the MG's, for the popular early-sixties sports car. Eventually, MG's came to stand for Memphis Group. The style of the song — a bouncy, organ-driven R&B melody with blasts of trebly, country-rock guitar over a swinging, laid-back bass-and-drums groove — became the signature musical foundation for Southern soul.", "Booker T. and The MGs (Booker T. Jones and The Memphis Group, who were formerly The Mar-Keys. MG and former Mar-Key members Steve Cropper and Donald \"Duck\" Dunn would become very instrumental (pardon the pun!) in putting Stax Records on the map, writing and producing hit songs for many of the label's artists.) had the no. 3 smash \"Green Onions\" in 1962 and continued with other hits throughout the decade, including \"Hip Hug-Her\" (no. 37, 1967), \"Groovin\" (no. 21, also '67), and \"Soul-Limbo\" (no. 17, 1968).", "Booker T. & the M.G.'s formed as the house band of Stax Records, providing backing music for numerous singers, including Wilson Pickett and Otis Redding. In summer 1962, 17-year-old keyboardist Booker T. Jones, 20-year-old guitarist Steve Cropper, and two seasoned players, bassist Lewie Steinberg and drummer Al Jackson Jr. (the latter making his debut with the company), were in the Memphis studio to back up former Sun Records star Billy Lee Riley. During downtime, the four started playing around with a bluesy organ riff. Jim Stewart, the president of Stax Records, was in the control booth. He liked what he heard, and he recorded it. Cropper remembered a riff that Jones had come up with weeks earlier, and before long they had a second track.", "Booker T. & the M.G.'s were a rarity when they were formed in the early 1960's:  a racially integrated rhythm and blues group.  Formed as a house band for Stax Records, Booker T. & the M.G.'s were playing around in the studio in early 1962 when they came up with two catchy instrumentals.  \"Green Onions\" was originally intended as the B-side to \"Behave Yourself,\" but was quickly reissued as the A-side, then later, as the title cut to their first LP.  Anchored by the rhythm section of drummer Al Jackson, Jr., and bassist Lewie Steinberg, \"Green Onions\" is propelled by Booker T. Jones' driving organ and Steve Cropper's stinging guitar. Selected for the 2011 registry.", "Booker T. Jones, born on November 12, 1944, wrote Green Onions at age 17. “MG”officially stood for ‘Memphis Group’ – they were from Memphis and were Stax Records’ house band.", "Booker T. & The MG's - The greatest studio backing band ever (for Stax Records) also cut some prime instrumental stuff on their own, most notably the omnipresent \"Green Onions.\"", "Having two white members (Cropper and Dunn), Booker T. & the M.G.'s was one of the first racially integrated rock groups, at a time when soul music and the Memphis music scene in particular were generally considered the preserve of black culture. ", "Booker T. & the M.G.'s, usually with Steve Potts on drums, still play select dates. They have been called the most influential stylists in modern American music. In early 2008 they backed singer Guy Sebastian on a sold-out tour of in Australia.", "As could be expected, they weren't really able to recreate the hit single's magic, and besides that title track, the rest of the album comes across today as sounding pretty dated. This album should not be bought to familiarize listeners with Booker T. & the MGs. Cropper, Jones, drummer Al Jackson, Jr., and later Donald \"Duck\" Dunn (who would replace original bassist Lewie Steinberg) are widely considered to be the tightest, most soulful, and versatile band of all time. They would go on to be the house band at Stax, playing behind Otis Redding, Sam & Dave, Albert King, Eddie Floyd, Johnnie Taylor, Rufus and Carla Thomas, and more. Read more ›", "From roughly 1960 to 1975, Stax Records in Memphis was the epicenter of a unique brand of music embraced around the world. We all know the litany: Isaac Hayes (\"Shaft\"), Booker T. and The MGs (\"Green Onions\"), Otis Redding (\"The Dock of the Bay\"),", "It happened to much of Beale Street. It almost happened to the Lorraine Motel. More recently, it happened to Stax Records. Stax Records! Go to Paris, London, Rome. Go to Irkutsk, Bucharest, Reykjavik, Nairobi, Kuala Lumpur: Memphis is known for three things, and not one of them is barbeque. One, tragically, is that Memphis is where Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., was murdered. The other two? Elvis, of course. And third? Well, you simply have to group them: Isaac Hayes, Booker T. and The MG's, Otis Redding, Sam and Dave, the Staple Singers, et al. Which is to say Stax Records, a record company responsible for feeding more rhythm and blues, more soul music, not just into the national consciousness but into the international consciousness, than any other organization this side of Motown. And we bulldozed it.", "Featured over these two CDs is the first flowering of the 'Stax' sound, a sound that would develop throughout the '60s to become one of the most predominant sounds of American R&B and soul around the world. Included are three complete albums, two from The Mar-Keys and one from Booker T & The MGs plus bonus singles. These were the first acts to break on Stax Records with hits like, \"Last Night\" and \"Green Onions\". Here then are three of the earliest albums released out of Jim Stewart and Estelle Axton's legendary label and the genesis of one of the most important house bands in recording history. Fully detailed liner notes with career achievements and history. *Digital download distributed by Proper*", "Booker T. Jones , Stax records Legend, multi-instrumentalist, songwriter, record producer and arranger, best known as the frontman of the band Booker T. & the M.G.'s being interviewed by Virgin Magazine 2015", "In 1962 the Stax deal began to reap major rewards for both labels. An after-hours jam by members of the Stax house band resulted in the classic instrumental \"Green Onions\". In conversation with BBC Radio 2 DJ Johnnie Walker on September 7, 2008, guitarist Steve Cropper revealed that the record became an instant success when DJ Reuben Washington played it four times in succession on Memphis radio station WLOK, before either the tune or the band had an agreed-upon name. The single was issued nationally in August 1962, by which time the band had been dubbed Booker T & the MGs ; \"Green Onions\" became the biggest instrumental hit of the year, reaching #1 on the R&B chart and #3 on the pop chart, where it stayed for 16 weeks, and it sold over one million copies, earning a gold record award.", "Even with the loss of Otis Redding and Sam and Dave, the company did very well without Atlantic. They had additional hits by Booker T. and the MG'S, Johnnie Taylor, and William Bell. Stax had formed a subsidiary label called Enterprise in 1967 and released an album by one of their producers named Isaac Hayes called \"Presenting Isaac Hayes\" but it was not very successful. After the break with Atlantic, Hayes made another album called \"Hot Buttered Soul\" and it went triple platinum.", "In 1993, Booker T. & the M.G.'s toured with Neil Young, backing him on his own compositions.", "tax Records Memphis Soul Music Rhythm & Blues Otis Redding Eddie Floyd Booker T. & The MG's", "1965: Wilson Pickett records ‘634-5789’ with Booker T. & the MG’s, sans Booker (with Isaac Hayes filling in for him on piano).", "Booker T & the M G 's - Green Onions (Original / HQ audio) - YouTube", "Isaac Hayes was the second-born child of Isaac Sr. and Eula Hayes, but was raised by his grandparents, Mr. and Mrs. Willie Wade Sr. The child of a poor family, he grew up picking cotton in Covington, Tennessee. He dropped out of high school, only to be encouraged later by his former high school teachers to get his diploma. He earned his diploma at the age of 21. Otis Redding , Johnnie Taylor , The Bar-Kays and Booker T. Jones (later of Booker T. & the M.G.s fame) were some of the \"Memphis Sound\" musical luminaries Hayes worked with during his early years as a budding musician and vocalist. He is a multi-talented composer, singer and arranger who plays the piano, vibraphone and saxophone equally well. In 1971 he won an Academy Award for Best Original Song for a Motion Picture for the \"Theme from Shaft\" (1970) and was nominated for Best Original Dramatic Score for Shaft .", "To Listen and watch Artist Booker T And The MGs album music videos... Just click on the song title links that you see below, to play.", "Jones had been working as a session man for Stax since 1960. Cropper was a one-time member of the Mar-Keys, a band known for its proto-MG's instrumental hit \"Last Night.\" Jackson was a veteran of the Memphis jazz scene. After two albums with the MG's — 1962's Green Onions and 1965's Soul Dressing — Steinberg was replaced by another former Mar-Keys member, bassist Donald \"Duck\" Dunn. The MG's were prolific throughout Sixties, recording their own albums in addition to their work as the Stax house band. Their string of hits include \"Boot-leg\" (Number Ten R&B, Number 58 pop, 1965), \"Groovin'\" (Number Ten R&B, Number 21, Pop, 1967), \"Hip Hug-Her\" (Number Six R&B, Number 37, Pop, 1967), \"Soul Limbo\" (Number 17 Pop, 1968), Hang 'Em High\" (Number Nine Pop, Number 35 R&B, 1969) and \"Time is Tight\" (Number Six Pop, Number Seven R&B, 1969). Although mostly known for their hip singles, the MG's stretched out on the ambitious McLemore Avenue (#19 R&B, 1970), the band's funky, instrumental version of the Beatles' Abbey Road in its entirety.", "The original album contained two other songs as well as the hits. \"One Woman,” penned by Wilson Pickett accompanist Charlie Chalmers and his future wife, Sandra Rhodes, was more of a traditional Memphis soul ballad, and was recorded also by Al Green for his Green Is Blues album. The only number on Hot Buttered Soul bearing Hayes’ writing imprimatur (a co-write by Bell) sported one of the longest song titles ever conceived: \"Hyperbolicsyllabiccsesquedalymistic.” According to Thomas, \"(The title) means the propensity to make a whole big deal of using words to show off your vocabulary.”", "Rebennack has called Booker a genius, and few who have heard him on a good night would deny the possibility. In 1960 Booker had a Top 40 hit with \"Gonzo,\" a raucous organ instrumental released on Don Robey's Peacock label. He also did a lot of session work for Imperial, King, and Reprise in addition to working with Fats Domino, Sam Cooke, Aretha Franklin, B.B. King, Little Richard, Wilson Pickett, Joe Tex, and Lloyd Price, among others.", "* In the mid-1990s, hip-hop/rap artist KRS-One recorded a re-imagining of the song using different lyrics, written by Wieden+Kennedy copywriter Stacy Wall, for \"Revolution,\" a Jake Scott-directed Nike commercial featuring Jason Kidd, Jim Jackson, Eddie Jones, Joe Smith, and Kevin Garnett. ", "Up to the mid 1950s black artists had sold miniscule amounts of their recorded music relative to the national market potential. Black songwriters had mostly limited horizons and could only eke out a living. But after Presley purchased the music of African American Otis Blackwell and had his \"Gladys Music\" company hire talented black songwriter Claude Demetrius , the industry underwent a dramatic change. In the spring of 1957 Presley invited African American performer Ivory Joe Hunter to visit Graceland and the two spent the day together, singing \"I Almost Lost My Mind\" and other songs. Of Presley, Hunter commented, \"He showed me every courtesy, and I think he's one of the greatest.\" [24]", "Up to the mid 1950s black artists had sold minuscule amounts of their recorded music relative to the national market potential. Black songwriters had mostly limited horizons and could only eke out a living. But after Presley purchased the music of African American Otis Blackwell and had his \"Gladys Music\" company hire talented black songwriter Claude Demetrius, the industry underwent a dramatic change. In the spring of 1957 Presley invited African American performer Ivory Joe Hunter to visit Graceland and the two spent the day together, singing \"I Almost Lost My Mind\" and other songs. Of Presley, Hunter commented, \"He showed me every courtesy, and I think he's one of the greatest.\"" ]

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[ "The late Florence Ballard, who was a member of the '60s Motown girl group The Supremes or Diana Ross and The Supremes, was a famous bearer.", "Florence Ballard (born Florence Glenda Ballard on June 30, 1943 in Detroit, Michigan) was one of the founding members of the Supremes.", "Singer Florence Ballard, one of the founding members of the Motown group The Supremes, died Feb. 22, 1976, at age 32 in Detroit, Michigan, from cardiac arrest caused by a blood clot in one of her coronary arteries. She sang on 16 top 40 singles with The Supremes, including 10 No. 1 hits, before Motown founder Berry Gordy removed her from the group in 1967. Ballard was posthumously inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of The Supremes in 1988.", "And there the story would have ended that night of February 22, 1976, but for one thing: the woman who died was Florence Ballard, once the star of The Supremes, one of the most successful groups of all time.", "The Supremes, American pop-soul vocal group whose tremendous popularity with a broad audience made its members among the most successful performers of the 1960s and the flagship act of Motown Records . The principal members of the group were Diana Ross (byname of Diane Earle; b. March 26, 1944, Detroit, Mich., U.S.), Florence Ballard (b. June 30, 1943, Detroit —d. Feb. 22, 1976, Detroit), Mary Wilson (b. March 6, 1944, Greenville, Miss.), and Cindy Birdsong (b. Dec. 15, 1939, Camden, N.J.).", "The Supremes were the top Motown act of the 1960s. They began in Detroit as a backup group known as The Primettes, the sister act to The Primes (who, with members of The Distants, would later form The Temptations). The Primettes founding members were Diana Ross, Florence Ballard (June 30, 1943 - February 22, 1976), Mary Wilson, and Betty McGlown. In 1960, Barbara Martin replaced Betty McGlown, and in 1961, the group signed up with Motown as The Supremes.", "ANY RUDE COMMENTS WILL BE DELETED........Vanessa(Channel Moderator)Few Motown Acts could be put into the same caliber of THE SUPREMES.The pretty much were R&B's music equivalent to What The Beatles were to Rock Music Listeners. The Supremes had a universal charm & appeal to them,their songs were likable as well,and had 7(Correction 12) # 1 Songs during the Years Of 1964 To 1969. Florence Ballard was the founder of the group .Her very Soulful voice added great harmony to the group.Diana Ross's voice always came off a little popsy.Flo was cut loose from the group in 1967,replaced by Cindy Birdsong.Flo pretty much struggled the remainder of her short life,she did have a brief solo career (Audio In This Video LOVE ISN'T LOVE And FOREVER FAITHFUL) 2 nicely sung ballads by Flo made in the late 1960s. Florence left us too soon, On February 22,1976 she suffered a severe stroke and was pronounced dead.I recall at the age of 11 my mom and late grandmamma talking about her death. i was too young.All I knew was one of the Supremes died. A Movie about Ms.Ballard is currently in the works , with actress Terry Dexter picked to play the role of Flo,Faith Evans declined the role.Jennifer Hudson's character in the 2005 Classic DREAM GIRLS was based on Florence Ballard", "Before Diana Ross, Mary Wilson and Florence Ballard became the most successful girl group of the rock era, Motown released eight singles by The Supremes , none of which charted in the top 20 of the Billboard Hot 100 . Only one, “When the Lovelight Starts Shining Through His Eyes,” cracked the top 30. None of their other singles peaked higher than No. 75.", "In 1959 two fifteen year olds, Florence Ballard and Mary Wilson, met at a talent show. Milton Jenkins, who managed a local doo wop group the Primes, wanted a sister group to accompany the Primes for stage performances. Jenkins asked Ballard to put together such an act. Ballard remembered Wilson and the two of them brought in sixteen year old Betty Travis. Prime's member Paul Williams, (who went on to form the Temptations), recommended a fifteen year old from Detroit's Brewster Housing project, Diane Ross. Jenkins named the group the Primettes after Diane's parents gave their permission for her to join.", "In the Brewster Housing Project where the Ballards lived, Florence delighted the neighbors with her clear, powerful voice as she casually sang the hits played on the radio. Her musical gift was hard to go unnoticed. As she grew older she found an outlet for her singing in school music classes and choirs. While in her early teens, Florence's career was set in motion. Two of her neighbors, Eddie Kendricks and Paul Williams, sang in an upcoming group called the Primes (later to become the Temptations). They brought her to the,attention of their manager, Milton Jenkins, who was so impressed with the 14-year-old's voice that he asked her to perform as a soloist along with the Primes. After Florence appeared with this group in a few engagements, Jenkins knew he had found an outstanding talent.", "After years of tension, Ballard was let go from the Supremes by Gordy and was replaced by Cindy Birdsong , a member of Patti LaBelle and the Bluebelles . Around the same time, the group's name changed to Diana Ross and the Supremes to signify Ross' contributions and focal point as lead. Recording a total of twelve number-one singles, the Supremes became the most successful American vocal group of the sixties, and the second most successful group worldwide, second only to The Beatles .", "The Spice Girls are a British pop  girl group  formed in 1994. The group consists of five members, who each later adopted nicknames initially ascribed to them:  Melanie Brown  (\"Scary Spice\"), Melanie Chisholm  (\"Sporty Spice\"),  Emma Bunton  (\"Baby Spice\"),  Geri Halliwell  (\"Ginger Spice\"), and  Victoria Beckham , née Adams (\"Posh Spice\"). They were signed to  Virgin Records  and released their debut single, \" Wannabe \", in 1996, which hit number-one in more than 30 countries and helped establish the group as a global phenomenon. Credited for being the pioneers that paved the way for the commercial breakthrough of  teen pop  in the late 1990s, their debut album,  Spice , sold more than 28 million copies worldwide, becoming the best-selling album by a female group in music history. They have sold over 80 million records worldwide,making them the best-selling female group of all time and one of the best-selling pop groups of all time, and also making them the most successful British band since  the Beatles , and compared with  Beatlemania .", "Although Ballard had a huge and soulful voice, she never sang lead again on another released 45 single for the group. In 1963, Motown leader Berry Gordy named Diana Ross lead singer of The Supremes. However, Ballard did sing lead parts throughout her Supremes career on several album tracks. Most famous were the second verses of \"It Makes No Difference Now\" from The Supremes Sing Country Western And Pop and \"Ain't That Good News\" from We Remember Sam Cooke, plus the Christmas songs \"Silent Night\" and \"O Holy Night.\"", "Growing up in Detroit’s Brewster-Douglass Projects, Mary Wilson had enjoyed a passion for singing.  Performing at an elementary school talent showcase, she met soon-to-be long time friend and future group mate, Florence Ballard.  They made a pledge to remember each other if they ever joined a singing group.", "Florence Ballard was born in Detroit, Michigan, on June 30, 1943. The ninth in a household of many children, Florence Ballard and her large family moved around frequently among different public housing projects before finally settling down in the Brewster-Douglass Projects in 1958. Ballard participated in the church choir from an early age. Lovingly referred to as \"Blondie\" because of her auburn hair and mixed racial heritage, Ballard would befriend a neighborhood girl named Mary Wilson after competing against her in several local talent shows.", "The Pussycat Dolls were an American girl group and dance ensemble, founded in Los Angeles, California, by choreographer Robin Antin in 1995 as a burlesque troupe. After attracting media attention, Antin negotiated a record deal with Interscope Geffen A&M Records in 2003 turning the group into a music franchise comprising Nicole Scherzinger, Carmit Bachar, Ashley Roberts, Jessica Sutta, Melody Thornton and Kimberly Wyatt. Overseen by Antin, Interscope and various partners, the group was transformed into a global image and commercial brand. The Pussycat Dolls were launched into mainstream recognition following the release of PCD, which contained the number-one singles \"Don't Cha\", \"Buttons\", and \"Stickwitu\". However, despite their commercial success, the group was plagued by internal conflict due to the overemphasis on Scherzinger, the group's lead member, and the subordinate treatment of the other members. Bachar's departure from the group preceded the release of their second and final studio album Doll Domination, which contains singles \"When I Grow Up\", \"I Hate This Part\" and \"Jai Ho!\".", "In March 1968 Ballard signed with ABC Records and released two unsuccessful singles. After an album for the label was shelved, her settlement money was depleted from the Chapmans' management agency, Talent Management, Inc. The agency had been led by Leonard Baun, Ballard's attorney who had helped to settle Ballard's matters with Motown. Following news that Baun was facing multiple embezzlement charges, Ballard fired him. She continued to perform as a solo artist, opening for Bill Cosby that September at Chicago's Auditorium Theater. In October 1968, Ballard gave birth to twin daughters Michelle and Nicole. In January 1969, Ballard performed at one of newly elected President Richard Nixon's inaugural balls. She was dropped from ABC in 1970.", "Florence Glenda Ballard was born in Detroit, Michigan on June 30, 1943 to Lurlee (née Wilson) and Jesse Ballard, as the ninth of fifteen children. Her siblings were Bertie, Cornell, Jesse, Jr., Gilbert, Geraldine, Barbara, Maxine, Billy, Calvin, Pat, Linda and Roy. Her mother was a resident of Rosetta, Mississippi. Her father was born Jesse Lambert in Bessemer, Alabama; after his grandmother was shot and killed, he was adopted by the Ballard family. Jesse Ballard left his adoptive parents at thirteen and soon engaged in an affair with Ballard's mother, who was only fourteen, in Rosetta. The Ballards moved to Detroit in 1929. Jesse soon worked at General Motors. Jesse, an amateur musician, helped instigate Florence's interest in singing; he taught her various songs and accompanied her on guitar. Financial difficulties forced the Ballard family to move to different Detroit neighborhoods; by the time Florence turned 15 they had settled at Detroit's Brewster-Douglass housing projects, and the next year Jesse Lambert Ballard died of cancer.", "Veronica Yvette Bennett (born August 10, 1943), better known by her stage name Ronnie Spector is an American singer. Spector was lead singer of the R&B/Pop vocal girl group, the Ronettes which had a string of hits during the early to mid–1960s. Spector has been called the original \"bad girl of rock and roll\". ", "Bananarama are a British female pop music vocal group formed in London in 1979 by friends Sara Dallin, Siobhan Fahey and Keren Woodward. Their success on both pop and dance charts have earned the group a listing in The Guinness Book of World Records as the all-female group with the most chart entries in the world, a record which they still hold.", "Tina Turner (born Anna Mae Bullock on 26 November 1939, Nutbush, Tennessee, USA) is a Grammy-winning multi-platinum rock/soul, r&b/pop singer, songwriter, actress, and author. She is the most successful female rock artist of all time: the Acid Queen or The Queen of Rock 'n' Roll. She started her storied career by joining Ike Turner to form The Ike & Tina Turner Revue in 1960. They had a string of hits like A Fool in Love , It's Gonna Work Out Fine , a cover of Creedence Clearwater Revival 's \" Proud Mary , and the autobiographical Nutbush City Limits and were widely admired by their audiences and peers.", "The Andrews Sisters were an American close harmony singing group of the swing and boogie-woogie eras. The group consisted of three sisters: contralto LaVerne Sophia (July 6, 1911 – May 8, 1967), soprano Maxene Angelyn \"Maxene\" (January 3, 1916 – October 21, 1995), and mezzo-soprano Patricia Marie \"Patty\" (February 16, 1918 – January 30, 2013). Throughout their long career, the sisters sold well over 75 million records (the last official count released by MCA Records in the mid-1970s). Their 1941 hit \"Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy\" can be considered an early example of rhythm and blues or jump blues.", "Florence and the Machine (styled as Florence + The Machine) are an English indie rock band that formed in London in 2007, consisting of lead singer Florence Welch, Isabella Summers, and a collaboration of other artists. The band's music received praise across the media, especially from the BBC, which played a large part in their rise to prominence by promoting Florence and the Machine as part of BBC Introducing. At the 2009 Brit Awards they received the Brit Awards \"Critics' Choice\" award. The band's music is renowned for its dramatic and eccentric production and also Welch's powerful vocal performances.", "The Sugababes are an English all-female pop/R&B trio based in London, consisting of members Heidi Range, Amelle Berrabah and Jade Ewen.The group were formed in 1998 by original members Siobhán Donaghy, Mutya Buena and Keisha Buchanan. After some initial success, Donaghy departed and the introduction of Range in 2001 was met with the commercial breakthrough of the group's first number-one single \"Freak Like Me\" and parent album Angels with Dirty Faces in 2002. The group survived a second line-up change in 2005, when Buena left and was replaced by Berrabah. In September 2009, it was announced that after eleven years in the Sugababes, Buchanan was no longer a part of the group and had been replaced by Ewen. Sugababes have released twenty five singles, six of which have reached number-one in the UK and twenty-two have reached the top 20 in the UK, With seventeen of their twenty five single releases achieving top ten chart success in the UK, Brit Award winners, the trio have been named the UK's most successful female act of the 21st century. Upon the release of \"About You Now\" (2007), the Sugababes became the only female act to have topped the single, album, and download charts simultaneously twice, having previously achieved the same feat in 2005 with \"Push the Button\". They have attained at least platinum certification for five of their albums in the UK.", "Beastie Boys were an American hip-hop trio from New York City, United States: Brooklyn and Manhattan. Originally formed as a four-piece hardcore punk band, The Young Aborigines, in 1978 by Michael Diamond (vocals), John Berry (guitar; died May 2016), Adam Yauch (bass) and Kate Schellenbach (drums), for the majority of its career the group consisted of Mike D (real name Michael Diamond), Ad-Rock (Adam Horovitz) and, until his death in May 2012, MCA (Adam Yauch).", "Florence Leontine Mary Welch is an English musician, singer, and songwriter. She is best known as the lead vocalist of the indie rock band Florence + the Machine.", "* In 1966, The Supremes A' Go-Go was the first album by a female group to reach the top position of the Billboard magazine pop albums chart in the United States.", "Donna Summer (born LaDonna Adrian Gaines; December 31, 1948) is an American singer and songwriter who gained prominence during the disco era of music, earning the title \"The Queen of Disco\".", "In the late 1980s, the term was applied to a group of predominantly female U.S. artists, beginning with Suzanne Vega whose first album sold unexpectedly well, followed by the likes of Tracy Chapman, Nanci Griffith, k.d. lang, Shania Twain, Sarah McLachlan, Sheryl Crow, Lisa Loeb, Joan Osborne, and Tori Amos, who found success first in the United Kingdom, then in her home market. In the early 1990s, female artists also began to emerge in new styles, including Courtney Love and PJ Harvey. Later in the mid-1990s, the term was revived again with the success of Canada's Alanis Morissette and her breakthrough album Jagged Little Pill.", "The group was started by Rosalind Ashford and Annette Beard, after they were both hired by a local music manager to perform in the group the Del-Phis. After a couple of years spent performing everywhere they could, lead singer Gloria Williams left to pursue a solo career in 1960. The replacement was Alabama born singer Martha Williams, who had previously performed in the rival group The Fascinations and the very same year, the group signed their first record contract at Checker Records. Unfortunately, both their first two singles flopped, first on Checker, then on Checkmate Records.", "Five of the sisters, Anne, Denise, Maureen, Linda and Bernie, became regular guest performers on numerous television shows in the UK in the 1970s and supported Frank Sinatra on his 1975 European tour. Denise left for a solo career in 1978 and youngest sister Coleen, who had previously made occasional appearances (including appearing in the I'm In the Mood for Dancing video), became a full-time member in 1980, replacing Anne. Between 1979 and 1982, the group had seven UK top 20 hits, including \"Gotta Pull Myself Together\" (1980) \"Who's Gonna Rock You\" (1980), \"Attention to Me\" (1981) and \"Chemistry\" (1981). They were particularly successful in Japan and won the 1981 Tokyo Music Festival with the song \"Sexy Music\".", "Summer was trained as a gospel singer before her introduction to the music industry and has always been known for her \"powerhouse\" vocal delivery. Though she is most notable for her disco hits, Summer's repertoire has expanded to include contemporary R&B, rock, pop, and gospel. Summer is one of the most successful recording artists of the 1970s and was the first artist to have three consecutive double albums hit number one on the Billboard charts. She also became the first female artist to have four number-one singles in a thirteen-month period. Summer's website states that she has sold more than 130 million records worldwide." ]

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[ "Glenn Close (born March 19, 1947) is an American actress. Throughout her long and varied career, she has been consistently acclaimed for her versatility and is widely regarded as one of the finest actresses of her generation. She has won three Emmy Awards, three Tony Awards and received six Academy Award nominations.", "Glenn Close (born March 19, 1947) is an American actress. Throughout her long and varied career, she has been consistently acclaimed for her versatility and is widely regarded as one of the finest actresses of her generation. She has won three Emmy Awards, three Tony Awards and received six Academy Award nominations.", "Susan Sarandon (born Susan Abigail Sarandon on October 4, 1946 in in Jackson Heights, Queens, New York) is an American actress. Though born in Queens, Susan grew up in Edison, New Jersey, graduating from Edison High School in 1964, She enrolled in The Catholic University of America and graduated in 1968. Always interested in acting, Susan landed her debut role in 1969’s Joe. Afterwards, she appeared in two daytime soaps, A World Apart and Search for Tomorrow, before focusing her attention to film. One of her earlier roles was that of Janet in the cult classic, The Rocky Horror Picture Show. Susan’s gained critical acclaim and an Academy Award nomination for her performance in 1980’s Atlantic City. From there, she starred in such highly regarded movies as The Witches of Eastwick, Bull Durham and A Dry White Season. In the 1990s, Susan’s acting earned her praise from critics for roles in Thelma & Louise, Lorenzo’s Oil and Dead Man Walking, in which she won the Oscar for Best Actress. In addition to film and television, Susan has appeared on the stage, acting in Broadway and off-Broadway plays.", "Actress and activist Susan Sarandon was born on October 4, 1946, in New York City, New York. Known as an actress and an activist, Sarandon has shared with the world her dramatic talents and personal convictions. She graduated the Catholic University of America in 1968 and not long after made her film debut in Joe (1970). After a few other film roles, Sarandon landed a part in The Rocky Horror Picture Show (1975), a campy musical, which has developed quite a cult following over the years.", "Six time Academy Award-nominated actress Glenn Close was born and raised in Greenwich, Connecticut. She is the daughter of Elizabeth Mary Hester \"Bettine\" (Moore) and William Taliaferro Close ( William Close ), a prominent doctor. Both of her parents were from upper-class northeastern families.", "Susan Sarandon was born Susan Abigail Tomalin in New York City to Phillip Leslie Tomalin (who had Irish, Welsh and English ancestry) and Italian-born Lenora Marie Criscione.  Susan grew up in a large Catholic family of nine children . She graduated Edison High School in 1964, and then attended The Catholic University of America from 1964 to 1968 where she attained a BA in Drama.", "Description: Susan Abigail Tomalin (born October 4, 1946), known professionally as Susan Sarandon, is an American actress. She has worked in movies and television since 1969, and won an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in the 1995 film Dead Man Walking. She had also been nominated for the award for four films before that and has received other recognition for her work. She is also noted for her social and political activism for a variety of liberal causes. Susan Abigail Tomalin (born October 4, 1946), known professionally as Susan Sarandon, is an American actress. She has worked in movies and television since 1969, and won an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in the 1995 film Dead Man Walking. She had also been nominated for the award for four films before that and has received other recognition for her work. She is also noted for her social and political activism for a variety of liberal causes.", "Susan Sarandon was born Susan Abigail Tomalin in New York City, New York, to Lenora Marie (Criscione) and Phillip Leslie Tomalin, a television producer and advertising executive. She is of Italian (mother) and English, Irish, Welsh, and German (father) descent. Soon after the 1968 Democratic convention, there was a casting call for a film with several roles for the kind of young people who had disrupted the convention. Two recent graduates of Catholic University in Washington DC, went to the audition in New York for Joe . Chris Sarandon , who had studied to be an actor, was passed over. His wife Susan got a major role.", "* Glenn Close (Kala in Tarzan, Mona Simpson in The Simpsons, Granny in Hoodwinked!, and Queen Ambisextra in Light Years)", "Sarandon was born Susan Abigail Tomalin in New York City to a Roman Catholic family. She is the eldest of nine children of Lenora Marie and Phillip Leslie Tomalin, who worked as an advertising executive, television producer, and nightclub singer during the big band era. Her father was of English, Irish, and Welsh ancestry, his English ancestors being from Hackney in London. Her Italian American mother's ancestors emigrated from the regions of Tuscany and Sicily. Sarandon attended Roman Catholic schools. She grew up i...", "Susan is highly active in humanitarian efforts and progressive causes. Susan met Chris Sarandon in college. They were married in 1967 but divorced three years later. Susan retained the Sarandon last name as a stage name. She has been romantically linked to Luis Malle and David Bowie . During the 1980s, Susan dated Italian filmmaker Franco Ammuri. They welcomed a daughter, Eva, in 1985. From 1988 to 2009, Susan was involved with actor Tim Robbins . They had two sons together — Henry and Miles — before splitting in 2009.", "2. Glenn Close was actually quite shy and reserved, and she said that during the scene in her apartment where she’s wearing a teddy and saying “I’m not going to be IGNORED, Dan!” her unease with wearing such skimpy clothing greatly contributed to her her appearing nervous and unstable.", "Despite five Oscar nominations in six years, two of which as Best Actress, and three as Supporting Actress, so far, Glenn Close, who turned 61 last March, has not won the Oscar.", "Actress Glenn Close starred as Cruella De Vil in 101 Dalmatians and its sequel 102 Dalmatians", "Are those wedding bells we hear? It is being reported that Susan Sarandon might be walking down the aisle with her much-younger boyfriend, Jonathan. Susan Abigail Sarandon is an American actress. She is an Academy Award and BAFTA Award. In 1969, Sarandon went to a casting call for the motion-picture Joe with her then husba. Feb 29, 2016 . 'She said she wanted to f*** my husband's brains out': Susan Sarandon's daughter Eva Amurri fires her nanny after she was caught 'spying and .", "Susan Sarandon was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama and won the San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Actress. Ed Harris won the National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actor for his roles in Stepmom and The Truman Show.", "On March 25, 1996, Susan Sarandon won the Best Actress Oscar for her work in \"Dead Man Walking.\" She posed, holding the award, with Best Actor winner Nicolas Cage (\"Leaving Las Vegas\"), Best Supporting actress Mira Sorvino (\"Mighty Aphrodite\"), and Best Supporting actor Kevin Spacey (\"The Usual Suspects\"). Sarandon has said that she keeps her Oscar in the bathroom.", "\"Hi, I'm Susan Sarandon. Some of you may know me as Tim Robbins' mother, but I'm actually his girlfriend.\"", "“Actress Susan Sarandon and her partner of 23 years, actor Tim Robbins, have announced that they separated over the summer,” Sarandon’s stated.", "In 1969, Susan Sarandon went to a casting call for the film Joe with her then husband Chris Sarandon; although he did not get a part, she received the major role of the disaffected teen who disappears into the seedy underworld (the film was released in 1970). Susan didn't follow up on the success of that movie, taking roles in lesser films such as Lovin' Molly; it was five more years before she appeared in The Rocky Horror Picture Show, a cult classic. That same year, she also played the female lead in The Great Waldo Pepper, opposite Robert Redford . Susan was nominated for an Oscar in 1980 for Atlantic City, but was still not a \"household name\" until the 1988 film Bull Durham.", "One of Hollywood's most enduring relationships has ended - Susan Sarandon and Tim Robbins have broken up after more than two decades together, People has learned exclusively. \"Actress Susan Sarandon and her partner of 23 years, actor Tim Robbins have announced that they separated over the summer,\" her rep Teal Cannaday tells People in a statement. \"No further comments will be made.\"The couple met on the set of Bull Durham , and they have two sons together, Jack, 20, and Miles, 17. Sarandon, 63, was previously married to Chris Sarandon , whom she met in college. The actress also dated director Franco Amurri in the mid '80s. »", "Susan Sarandon and Tim Robbins first met on the set of 1988's \" Bull Durham \" where he played a hotshot pitcher and she starred as passionate fan. They had been together ever since, but never officially tied the knot. From the relationship, they have two sons, 20-year-old Jack Henry and 17-year-old Miles Guthrie. »", "Susan Sarandon and Tim Robbins split in 2009 after 23 years together. The pair, who met on the set of \"Bull Durham,\" have two sons but never married.", "While in college, she met fellow student Chris Sarandon and the couple married on September 16, 1967. They divorced in 1979, but she retained the surname Sarandon as her stage name. She was then involved romantically with director Louis Malle and musician David Bowie. In the mid-1980s, Sarandon dated Italian filmmaker Franco Amurri, with whom she had a daughter, Eva Amurri, on March 15, 1985. Amurri has become an actress as well. From 1988, Sarandon cohabited with actor Tim Robbins, whom she met while they were filming Bull Durham. They have two sons – Jack Henry (born May 15, 1989) and Miles Guthrie (born May 4, 1992). Sarandon split with her long-time partner, Robbins, in 2009. Following the dissolution of her relationship, she soon began a relationship with Jonathan Bricklin, son of Malcolm Bricklin. They operated the SPiN ping-pong lounges together. Sarandon and Bricklin broke up in 2015. ", "After 23 years together, actress Susan Sarandon and actor Tim Robbins have called it quits! Read more on Sarandon and Robbins’ split below.", "Since 1988, Sarandon has been in a relationship with actor Tim Robbins, whom she met while filming Bull Durham. The couple have two children: Jack Henry (born 1989) and Miles Guthrie (born 1992). She and Robbins are both involved in liberal political causes. She is also noted for frequently appearing in her movies dressed in off-shoulder garments.", "A series of high-profile roles followed with The Witches of Eastwick (1987), Bull Durham (1988) and Thelma & Louise (1991). In 1995, Sarandon won the Best Actress Oscar playing Sister Helen Prejean in Dead Man Walking. She earned an Emmy nomination in 2010 for her supporting work in the HBO biopic You Don't Know Jack.", "She and her costar in Fatal Attraction (1987), Michael Douglas , both attended prep schools in Connecticut. Close graduated from Rosemary Hall in Greenwich, and Douglas graduated from the Choate School in Wallingford. Later, the two schools merged, making them two of the most famous alumni of Choate Rosemary Hall.", "In 2005, Close joined the FX crime series The Shield, in which she played a no-nonsense precinct captain, this became her first TV role in a series. Close stated that she made the right move because television was in a \"golden era\" and the quality of some programs had already risen to the standards of film. She starred in a series of her own for 2007, Damages (also on FX) instead of continuing her character on The Shield. Close was met with rave reviews for her character Patty Hewes, and went on to win the 2008 Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama series. Close also won the Emmy Award for the same role the following year, as well as a Golden Globe award. In an interview after her win, Close stated that her role of Patty Hewes in the series was the role of her life. Close also kept in contact with her co-star Rose Byrne, and the two have become great friends. After the series ended, Close stated that she would not return to television in a regular role. As of 2016, Close holds the record for the most nominations for an Oscar by an Emmy Winner. ", "Confessions: Susan Sarandon, seen at last month's premiere of Wall Street 2, has lifted the lid on the end of her relationship with Tim Robbins", "And now Susan Sarandon has revealed she never thought she would break up with her long term partner - actor Tim Robbins. ", "Tim Robbins has also directed, and famously spent 26 years happily unmarried to Susan Sarandon, until they separated in 2009. Most recently, he was in  The Spoils of Babylon (with Val Kilmer) and the HBO series  The Brink with Jack Black." ]

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[ "The Go-Between is a novel by L. P. Hartley published in 1953. His best-known work, it has been adapted several times for stage and screen.", "\"The past is a foreign country, they do things differently there\" is the opening line of \" The Go-Between \", a novel by L. P. Hartley (1895–1972), published in London in 1953. Black Hat notes that a country's past military tends to be less advanced than its current one, and that countries in the past had larger oil reserves as they had consumed less oil then.", "Leslie Poles Hartley CBE (30 December 1895 – 13 December 1972), known as L. P. Hartley, was a British novelist and short story writer. His best-known novels are the Eustace and Hilda trilogy (1947) and The Go-Between (1953). The latter was made into a 1971 film, directed by Joseph Losey with a star cast, in an adaptation by Harold Pinter. Its opening sentence, \"The past is a foreign country: they do things differently there\", has become almost proverbial. His 1957 novel The Hireling was made into a critically acclaimed film of the same title in 1973.", "Atonement contains intertextual references to a number of other literary works, including Gray's Anatomy, Virginia Woolf's The Waves, Thomas Hardy's Jude the Obscure, Henry James' The Golden Bowl, Jane Austen's Northanger Abbey, Samuel Richardson's Clarissa, Vladimir Nabokov's Lolita, Rosamond Lehmann's Dusty Answer and Shakespeare's The Tempest, Macbeth, Hamlet, and Twelfth Night. McEwan has also said that he was directly influenced by L.P. Hartley's The Go-Between. Atonement also contains a (fictional) letter addressed to Briony by the literary critic and editor Cyril Connolly.", "*Ingersoll, Earl G. “Intertextuality in L. P. Hartley’s The Go-Between and Ian McEwan’s Atonement.” Forum for Modern Language Studies 40 (2004): 241–58.", "Free download The Go-Between by L.P. Hartley Download The Go-Between by L.P. Hartley torrent The Go-Between by L.P. Hartley book online free The Go-Between by L.P. Hartley read full book Read free book The Go-Between by L.P. Hartley Read free The Go-Between by L.P. Hartley no registered Book readThe Go-Between by L.P. Hartley non registered The Go-Between by L.P. Hartley tablet txt pdf format Download free The Go-Between by L.P. Hartley without membership txt pdf read The Go-Between by L.P. Hartley full book", "L P Hartley's The Go-Between projects the memories of a man in his sixties, looking back on the summer of 1900, when he turned thirteen at a grand country house in Norfolk. Rented by the family of a prep-school chum, Brandham Hall is Leo Colston's dream of England not least because it actually belongs to a viscount. An intelligent boy, highly attentive, as English prep school boys will be, to matters of rank, Leo notices a great deal, including many things that he doesn't understand, chief among them the lusty amour that he himself facilitates by playing postman to his friend's beautiful sister, Marian, and a neighboring farmer, Ted. There is reason to believe that Hartley didn't understand it himself. In his introduction to the NYRB reprint, Colm T�ib�n tells us that the homosexual author was not sympathetic toward the bucolic Tristan and Isolde who figure so powerfully in the uncomprehending Leo's world.", "This has been my second reading of \"The Go-Between,\" my first having been probably some fifteen years ago. I was a little nervous that the book itself might not live up to my memory of it. I needn't have been. It is one of a handful of books that gets a childhood/adolescent point of view spot on. Andre Aciman's \"Call Me By Your Name,\" Harper Lee's \"To Kill a Mockingbird,\" Truman Capote's \"Other Voices, Other Rooms,\" Haven Kimmel's \" A Girl Named Zippy ,\" Ann Marie McDonald's \"The Way the Crow Flie This has been my second reading of \"The Go-Between,\" my first having been probably some fifteen years ago. I was a little nervous that the book itself might not live up to my memory of it. I needn't have been. It is one of a handful of books that gets a childhood/adolescent point of view spot on. Andre Aciman's \"Call Me By Your Name,\" Harper Lee's \"To Kill a Mockingbird,\" Truman Capote's \"Other Voices, Other Rooms,\" Haven Kimmel's \" A Girl Named Zippy ,\" Ann Marie McDonald's \"The Way the Crow Flies\" are other novels that come to mind that seem to capture the innocence, cruelty, and grasping to understand of those years. \"The Go-Between\" remains firmly ensconced on my list of all-time favorite books. ...more", "The Go-Between is a book of high summer, set in a hot July (in the year 1900) - but which I was prompted to read now, a little late in the season, after noticing a basic similarity with The Line of Beauty. (Also having decided to read some of the unread 1001 Books novels I own.) I loved the Hollinghurst so much I wanted to read bits of it again straight away, but knowing this is usually just a good way of making myself bored of anything, I took some tangents instead.", "Soon after leaving Oxford, he published Night Fears, a book of short stories, and Simonetta Perkins, a novella. He became known primarily as a book reviewer and literary critic until 1944. In that year, The Shrimp and the Anemone was published, the first volume of the Eustace and Hilda trilogy. The second and third volumes followed in rapid succession, and the third, Eustace and Hilda, won for him the James Tait Black Memorial Prize. In the 1950’s, he published the best of his work: The Go-Between, which was awarded the W. H. Heinemann Foundation Prize and subsequently translated into a successful film; The Hireling; and Facial Justice. Although he continued to publish regularly until his death of heart failure in 1972, his later novels and short stories were not as successful, financially or critically, as his earlier work.", "If I was ever banished to a desert island and was only- God Forbid!- allowed to take just one book, it would have to be a toss up between The Great Gatsby and The Go-Between; an agonising decision, as both books, I think, are contenders for 'the most beautiful novel ever written in the English language' competition.", "Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950 ), who used the pen name George Orwell, was an English novelist, essayist, journalist, and critic. His work is marked by lucid prose, awareness of social injustice, opposition to totalitarianism, and outspoken support of democratic socialism. ", "The more clothes Ted had on, \"the less he looked himself\". This is a novel of memorably dressed-up theatrical set-pieces: a cricket match that is a little class-war in itself; a concert at which the tension between tenants and landlords, village and Hall, is overshone by a moment that's half real innocence, half hopeless sentimentality; a fierce earthy battle between Leo and a Freudianly insidious Atropa Belladonna (deadly nightshade). The novel signals itself and its seeming concerns almost too clearly – the beautiful doomed farmer cleaning his gun so assiduously. In fact its self-conscious narrative quality, at a glance, can seem a little crude, like a too-obvious jigsaw. But to think this is – yes – naive: The Go-Between is a work winged at the heel and rises above its earthy self in a voice that's expansive. More: something radical happens when this seeming crudeness and this real elegance come together – a revelation of narrative's own naivety in a book very much about the clichés of story, the pressures to conform and the losses and tragedies that arise from such pressures.", "Thanks to GoodReads friend CQM2 for his review of \" The Go-Between \" which was a big part of what inspired me to read this.", "Nuptials (Noces, 1938)—This collection of four rhapsodic narratives supplements and amplifies the youthful philosophy expressed in Betwixt and Between. That joy is necessarily intertwined with despair, that the shortness of life confers a premium on intense experience, and that the world is both beautiful and violent—these are, once again, Camus’s principal themes. “Summer in Algiers,” which is probably the best (and best-known) of the essays in the collection, is a lyrical, at times almost ecstatic, celebration of sea, sun, and the North African landscape. Affirming a defiantly atheistic creed, Camus concludes with one of the core ideas of his philosophy: “If there is a sin against life, it consists not so much in despairing as in hoping for another life and in eluding the implacable grandeur of this one.”", "The author(ess?) of Jonathan Strange and Mr Norrell. This is an enormous book, written as an alternate history set in 19th-century England around the time of the Napoleonic Wars. It is based on the premise that magic once existed in England and has returned with two men: Gilbert Norrell and Jonathan Strange. Centering on the relationship between these two men, the novel investigates the nature of \"Englishness\" and the boundary between reason and madness. It has been described as a fantasy novel, an alternate history, and an historical novel. The narrative draws on various Romantic literary traditions, such as the comedy of manners, the Gothic tale, and the Byronic hero. The novel's language is a pastiche of 19th-century writing styles, such as those of Jane Austen and Charles Dickens. Clarke describes the supernatural with mundane details. Neil Gaiman, no less, described it as \"unquestionably the finest English novel of the fantastic written in the last 70 years\". Look it up on Wikipedia - the way Bloomsbury pushed its publication is jaw-dropping - and even more so when you know it was her first novel! Recommended by -- Knmatt 18:23, 7 February 2010 (UTC)", "In 1947 Malcolm Lowry published Under the Volcano, while George Orwell's satire of totalitarianism, 1984, was published in 1949. Other novelists writing in the 1950s and later were: Anthony Powell whose twelve-volume cycle of novels A Dance to the Music of Time, is a comic examination of movements and manners, power and passivity in English political, cultural and military life in the mid-20th century; Nobel Prize laureate William Golding's allegorical novel Lord of the Flies 1954, explores how culture created by man fails, using as an example a group of British schoolboys marooned on a deserted island. Philosopher Iris Murdoch was a prolific writer of novels throughout the second half of the 20th century, that deal especially with sexual relationships, morality, and the power of the unconscious. Scottish writer Muriel Spark pushed the boundaries of realism in her novels. The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (1961), at times takes the reader briefly into the distant future, to see the various fates that befall its characters. Anthony Burgess is especially remembered for his dystopian novel A Clockwork Orange (1962), set in the not-too-distant future,", "The New York Review of Books catalog is such a great place to look for a new book, especially when you're in a reading slump; they have such a varied, interesting collection. I usually cruise through it when I can't find something, but my sister was the one who recommended the Go-Between.", "* The Space Between (2013), a novella in the anthology The Mad Scientist's Guide to World Domination, later collected in A Trail of Fire (2012). It chronicles a journey undertaken by Joan MacKimmie (Jamie Fraser's step-daughter) and Michael Murray (Jenny Fraser Murray's son). ", "Zangwill’s novel features a heroine who grows up in the Jewish East End and later becomes the anonymous author of a realist novel, Mordecai Josephs. Esther Ansell’s novel, written under the name of Edward Armitage, presents a searing portrayal of the materialist, status-oriented Jewish West End, where she lives after being adopted by a wealthy Jewish family. Esther’s novel is widely criticized for realistically portraying Anglo-Jews rather than providing an idealized and assimilated portrait of West End Anglo-Jews. By situating a realist writer at the core of his novel, Zangwill interrogates the representative and aesthetic dilemma at the center of the Anglo-Jewish condition: how to represent a necessarily hybrid identity and write for both a Jewish audience and a less sympathetic general English audience.", "“Between the World and Me” by Ta-Nehisi Coates – “The powerful story of a father’s past and a son’s future . . . Coates offers this eloquent memoir as a letter to his teenage son, bearing witness to his own experiences and conveying passionate hopes for his son’s life. . . . This moving, potent testament might have been titled Black Lives Matter.”—Kirkus Reviews", "Geraldine Brooks (born 14 September 1955) is an Australian American journalist and author whose 2005 novel, March, won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. While retaining her Australian passport, she became a United States citizen in 2002. ", "First published in 1910, Howards End is the novel that earned E. M. Forster recognition as a major writer. At its heart lie two families–the wealthy and business-minded Wilcoxes and the cultured and idealistic Schlegels. When the beautiful and independent Helen Schlegel begins an impetuous affair with the ardent Paul Wilcox, a series of events is sparked–some very funny, some very tragic–that results in a dispute over who will inherit Howards End, the Wilcoxes’ charming country home. As much about the clash between individual wills as the clash between the sexes and the classes, Howards End is a novel whose central tenet, \"Only connect,\" remains a powerful prescription for modern life.", "First published in 1910, Howards End is the novel that earned E. M. Forster recognition as a major writer. At its heart lie two families—the wealthy and business-minded Wilcoxes and the cultured and idealistic Schlegels. When the beautiful and independent Helen Schlegel begins an impetuous affair with the ardent Paul Wilcox, a series of events is sparked—some very funny, some very tragic—that results in a dispute over who will inherit Howards End, the Wilcoxes’ charming country home. As much about the clash between individual wills as the clash between the sexes and the classes, Howards End is a novel whose central tenet, \"Only connect,\" remains a powerful prescription for modern life.", "Two of her major works, July's People (1981) and My Son's Story (1990), deal, on several symbolic levels, with individual fates and the terrible choices forced upon people by an inhuman ideology. In the latter, Gordimer catches both the unexpected moment when the revolutionary spark ignites and the daily routine when internal dissension rocks the upper reaches of the anti-apartheid movement. The novel's central character, a mixed race man named Sonny, is trapped between being a teacher and a politician, a father and a husband. About to enter a political collective struggle, he is caught between one state and another to come; he is himself the transition. Through him, and others, Gordimer enters into a dialogue with the future, with the absent forces that are to rule our lives in years ahead.", "White Teeth is a 2000 novel by the British author Zadie Smith. It focuses on the later lives of two wartime friends—the Bangladeshi Samad Iqbal and the Englishman Archie Jones—and their families in London.", "She wrote seven novels throughout her career, with ‘Middlemarch’ and ‘Silas Marner’ probably being her best-known work. Her books were set in rural England and explored feelings of social outcasts whose lack of proximity to the city, and possibly the industrial world, made them less relevant.", "Forster's two best-known works, A Passage to India and Howards End, explore the irreconcilability of class differences. A Room with a View also shows how questions of propriety and class can make human connection difficult. The novel is his most widely read and accessible work, remaining popular long after its original publication. His posthumous novel Maurice explores the possibility of class reconciliation as one facet of a homosexual relationship.", "Her first novel, Every Day is Mother's Day, was published in 1985, and its sequel, Vacant Possession, a year later. After returning to England, she became the film critic of The Spectator, a position she held from 1987 to 1991, and a reviewer for a number of papers and magazines in Britain and the United States. Her novel Eight Months on Ghazzah Street (1988), which drew on her life in Saudi Arabia, uses a threatening clash of values between the neighbours in a city apartment block to explore the tensions between Islamic culture and the liberal West. Her Winifred Holtby Memorial Prize-winning novel Fludd is set in 1956 in a fictitious northern village called Fetherhoughton, centring on a Roman Catholic church and a convent. A mysterious stranger brings about transformations in the lives of those around him.", "51. The final novel of which author, who died in March this year, was published in August?", "Not yet published. The publisher says: \"How to be both is a novel all about art's versatility. Borrowing from painting's fresco technique to make an original literary double-take, it's a fast-moving genre-bending conversation between forms, times, truths and fictions. There's a renaissance artist of the 1460s. There's the child of a child of the 1960s. Two tales of love and injustice twist into a singular yarn where time gets timeless, structural gets playful, knowing gets mysterious, fictional gets real.\"", "The City is a novel that jumps back and forth through time and is told by a talented musician. He relates that events that happened in his city starting in 1967, when he was ten. Good and evil and events \"terrible and wonderful\" all take place in this city, with a host of characters for readers to enjoy." ]

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[ "\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\" is a song from Mary Poppins, the 1964 musical motion picture. It was originally sung by Dick Van Dyke and Julie Andrews, and also is featured in the Cameron Mackintosh/Disney Mary Poppins musical. The song can be heard in the Mary Poppins scene of The Great Movie Ride at Disney's Hollywood Studios and during the Mary Poppins segment of Magical: Disney's New Nighttime Spectacular of Magical Celebrations at Disneyland.", "* Music (Song) - Chim Chim Cher-ee in \"Mary Poppins\" Music and Lyrics by Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman", "After the group toured Europe in early 1965, McGuire left to embark on a solo career, and this spelled the end of the original New Christy Minstrels. Now under the direction of Greif and Garris the group moved towards a variety act, doing \"novelty and pop tunes\" and a little comedy, making them closer to the 19th century Christy's Minstrels from whom the group's name was derived. Reflecting this shift, they had a Billboard Top 100 hit later in 1965 with a cover of \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\" from the Disney film Mary Poppins.", "“Chim Chim Cher-ee” actually won Best Original Song at the Oscars that year, and the Sherman brothers’ melody always brings chills. There’s something magical about it. You know, just like Mary Poppins.", "Chim chiminey Chim chiminey Chim chim cher-ee! A sweep is as lucky As lucky can be Chim chiminey Chim chiminey Chim chim cher-oo! Good luck will rub off when I shake 'ands with you Or blow me a kiss And that's lucky too Now as the ladder of life 'As been strung You may think a sweep's On the bottommost rung Though I spends me time In the ashes and soot In this 'ole wide world There's no 'appier bloke Up where the smoke is All billered and curled 'Tween pavement and stars Is the chimney sweep world When the's 'ardly no day Nor 'ardly no night There's things 'alf in shadow And 'alf way in light On the roof tops of London Coo, what a sight! I choose me bristles with pride Yes, I do A broom for the shaft And a broom for the flume Though I'm covered with soot From me 'ead to me toes A sweep knows 'e's welcome Wherever 'e goes Chim chiminey Chim chiminey Chim chim cher-ee! When you're with a sweep You're in glad company No where is there A more 'appier crew Than them wot sings \"Chim chim cher-ee Chim cher-oo!\" On the chim chiminey Chim chim cher-ee Chim cher-oo!", "Sigmund Romberg (the operettas The Student Prince, The Desert Song, The New Moon), Fritz Loewe of Lerner-Loewe (the perfect musical: My Fair Lady), Frank Loesser (Guys and Dolls), Arthur Schwartz (The Band Wagon), Jerry Herman (Hello, Dolly!), Harvey Schmidt (the long-running The Fantasticks), Charles Strouse (Bye Bye Birdie, Golden Boy, Applause, Annie, the opera Nightingale), Galt MacDermot (Hair), Jerry Bock (Fiddler On The Roof), Marvin Hamlisch (Chorus Line), Stephen Schwartz (Godspell, Pippin, Wicked), Claude-Michel Schonberg (Miss Saigon, Les Mis), John Kander (Cabaret, Chicago), Jule Styne (Gypsy, Funny Girl), Andrew Lloyd Webber (Jesus Christ Superstar, Cats, Evita, The Phantom Of The Opera), Alan Menken (Little Shop Of Horrors and the Disney movie musicals The Little Mermaid, Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin, Pocahontas). ", "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, also known as Chitty the Musical, is a stage musical based on the 1968 film produced by Cubby Broccoli . The music and lyrics were written by Richard and Robert Sherman with book by Jeremy Sams. It opened in the West End at the London Palladium theatre on April 16, 2002 with six new songs by the Sherman Brothers who wrote the original Academy Award nominated title and song score as well. The London production, directed by Adrian Noble with musical staging and choreography by Gillian Lynne , closed in September 2005. It was the longest running show ever at the London Palladium, taking over £70 million in its three and a half year run. [1]", "When the musical, retitled Oklahoma, opened on Broadway on March 31, 1943, it was an enormous success, both critically and popularly. Oklahoma ran for 2, 243 performances in its initial Broadway engagement, and in 1944 it received a special Pulitzer Prize. The team of Rodgers and Hammerstein was a success. They produced their own work and promising works by other artists and at one time had five of the highest grossing shows running at the same time on Broadway. They followed up their success with collaborations on Carousel (1945), Allegro (1947), South Pacific (1949), The King and I (1951), Me and Juliet (1953), Pipe Dream (1955), Flower Drum Song (1958), and The Sound of Music (1960), for which Howard Lindsay and Russell Crouse wrote the book, Rodgers composed the score, and Hammerstein wrote the lyrics. South Pacific won the Pulitzer Prize in 1950. South Pacific, The King and I, and The Sound of Music all won Tony awards for best musical. Most of the Rodgers and Hammerstein musicals have been adapted for the screen, with the greatest success going to Oklahoma and The Sound of Music.", "Annie is a Broadway musical based upon the popular Harold Gray comic strip Little Orphan Annie, with music by Charles Strouse, lyrics by Martin Charnin, and the book by Thomas Meehan. The original Broadway production opened in 1977 and ran for nearly six years, setting a record for the Alvin Theatre (now the Neil Simon Theatre). It spawned numerous productions in many countries, as well as national tours, and won the Tony Award for Best Musical. The musical's songs \"Tomorrow\" and \"It's the Hard Knock Life\" are among its most popular musical numbers.", "Mary Poppins is a musical with music and lyrics by the Sherman Brothers, with additional music and lyrics by George Stiles and Anthony Drewe, and a script by Julian Fellowes. The musical is based on the similarly titled Mary Poppins children's books by P. L. Travers and the 1964 Disney film, and is a fusion of various elements from the two.", "The musical is based on the low-budget 1960 dark comedy film The Little Shop of Horrors, directed by Roger Corman. The music, composed in the style of early 1960s rock and roll, doo-wop and early Motown, includes several well-known tunes, including the title song, \"Skid Row (Downtown),\" \"Somewhere That's Green\" and \"Suddenly, Seymour.\" Ashman and Menken also collaborated on the songs for Disney’s The Little Mermaid and Aladdin.", "Little Shop of Horrors is a comedy horror rock musical, by composer Alan Menken and writer Howard Ashman, about a hapless florist shop worker who raises a plant that feeds on human blood and flesh. The musical is based on the low-budget 1960 black comedy film \"The Little Shop of Horrors\", directed by Roger Corman. The music, composed by Menken in the style of early 1960s rock and roll, doo-wop and early Motown, includes several well-known tunes, including the title song, \"Skid Row (Downtown)\", \"Somewhere That's Green\", \"Feed Me (Git It)\", and \"Suddenly, Seymour\".", "The Sound of Music is a musical with music by Richard Rodgers, lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II, and a book by Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse. It is based on the memoir of Maria von Trapp, The Story of the Trapp Family Singers. Songs from the musical that have become standards include \"The Sound of Music\", \"Edelweiss\", \"My Favorite Things\", \"Climb Ev'ry Mountain\", and \"Do-Re-Mi\".", "* The songs \"Oh What a Beautiful Mornin'\" and \"Oklahoma!\" were spoofed in the animated film South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut. One of the spoofs is the song \"Uncle Fucka\", which parodies the spelled-out O-K-L-A-H-O-M-A of the musical's title song. A similar spoof is heard in the musical Curtains, concerning the title song of the Oklahoma!-like musical performed within the show.", "An original cast recording, released in 1982, omitted the songs \"Call Back in the Morning\", and \"Somewhere That's Green\" (reprise), and had abridged versions of \"Now (It's Just the Gas),\" \"Mushnik and Son,\" and \"The Meek Shall Inherit.\" It also shifted the location of the song \"Closed for Renovation,\" appearing in the show after \"Somewhere That's Green\" while appearing on the cast album after \"Now (It's Just the Gas)\" to serve as an upbeat bridge from Orin's death to the Act II love ballad, \"Suddenly, Seymour\". The recording features Leilani Jones, who replaced Marlene Danielle as Chiffon two weeks after the musical opened.", "This paper will trace the development of the “come on and sing, dance, attend” trope in songs of the American musical of both stage and screen. Among many examples, famous uses of this convention are found in “Alexander’s Ragtime Band” (“Come on and hear,” 1911) and “Forty-Second Street” (“Come and meet those dancing feet,” 1933).", "After Disney died, in 1966, they also wrote the songs for “Chitty Chitty Bang Bang,” produced by Albert R. Broccoli, a film, jovial but with a hint of World War II darkness, about the inventor of a flying car. Adapted for the stage with new Sherman brothers songs, “Chitty Chitty Bang Bang” opened in London’s West End in 2002 and ran for more than three years; it was also on Broadway for eight months in 2005. The stage adaptation of “Mary Poppins” opened in London in 2004 and ran for more than three years; it is now in its sixth year on Broadway.", "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, also known as Chitty the Musical, is a stage musical based on the 1968 film produced by Cubby Broccoli. The music and lyrics were wriiten by Richard and Robert Sherman with book by Jeremy Sams. It opened in the West End at the London Palladium theatre on April 16, 2002 with six new songs by the Sherman Brothers who wrote the original academy award nominated title and song score as well. The London production, directed by Adrian Noble with musical staging and choreography by Gillian Lynne, closed in September 2005.", "BLOC’s production featured Keenan Buckley as KoKo, Hannah Black as Yum Yum, and Craig Sanphy as Nanki Pooh, with Eileen Mager as Katisha and Peter O’Malley in the title role of the Mikado. Sam Shaw played Pooh Bah, and James Whiting played Pish Tush. The other “three little maids,” Pitti Sing, Peep Bo, and Bo Peep, were played by Emily Claypoole, Annette Favetta, and Monica Leysa, respectively. Linda Gallo rounded out the cast as the “Pity Singer.”", "Based on a 1957 novel by C. Y. Lee , Flower Drum Song takes place in San Francisco's Chinatown 's in the late 1950s. The original 1958 production was directed by dancer/singer/actor Gene Kelly . The story deals with a young Chinese woman who illegally comes to America in hopes of marrying a wealthy young Chinese-American man, who is already in love with a Chinatown nightclub dancer. The young man's parents are traditional Chinese and want him to marry the Chinese woman, but he is hesitant until he falls in love with her. Though this musical did not achieve the popularity of the team's five most famous musicals, it was nevertheless a success, and broke new ground by using a mostly Asian cast. The 1961 film adaptation was a lavish Ross Hunter production released by Universal Studios . A Broadway revival in 2002 starring Lea Salonga was well-received.", "Pal Joey is a 1957 American Technicolor musical film, loosely adapted from the musical play of the same name, and starring Rita Hayworth, Frank Sinatra, and Kim Novak. Jo Ann Greer sang for Hayworth, as she had done previously in Affair in Trinidad and Miss Sadie Thompson. Kim Novak's singing voice was dubbed by Trudy Erwin. George Sidney directed, with the choreography managed by Hermes Pan. Nelson Riddle handled the musical arrangements for the Rodgers and Hart standards \"The Lady is a Tramp\", \"I Didn't Know What Time It Was,\" \"I Could Write a Book\" and \"There's A Small Hotel.\"", "# \"The Chimpanzoo\", was originally to follow \"I Love To Laugh\" during the Uncle Albert \"ceiling tea party\" sequence, but it was dropped from the soundtrack just before Julie Andrews and company were to record it. The fast-paced number was not unveiled to the public until Richard Sherman, aided by recently uncovered storyboards, performed it on the 2004 DVD edition. The re-creation suggests it was to have been another sequence combining animation and live action.", "Although”Chitty Chitty Bang Bang” might be mentioned in “Pictures at a Revolution”, I think you are thinking of “Doctor Doolittle”. It was the big musical released the same year as “The Graduate”, “Bonnie and Clyde”, “Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner?” and “In the Heat of the Night”.", "Chorus: The \"little people\" on the stage of a musical: the background singers and dancers (and occasional actors). See also Gypsy .", "This musical contains one of the most loved and respected scores ever written by Rodgers & Hammerstein. Such fun songs like “I Whistle A Happy Tune” and “Getting To Know You” are implanted into minds of generations along with the beautifully enchanting ballads such as “Hello, Young Lovers” and “We Kiss In a Shadow” and “I Have Dreamed.” The cast mostly of Asian-Americans featured strong vocals especially from Erik Kaiko, Jillian Anne Jackson and Kate Garassino.", "Directed by Oscar Micheaux. Cast: Cora Green, Hazel Diaz, Carmen Newsome, Dorothy Van Engle, Alec Lovejoy, Larry Seymour, Mandy Randolph. A musical with plot built around the music which is performed from Alabama to New York (Harlem). Ted Gregory is trying to become the first black producer to mount a show on Broadway but his star singer is getting in the way. When the singer breaks her leg in an accident, a wardrobe girl for Gregory steps up to fill in for the injured star. 78 min. DVD X4323; vhs 999:369", "\"Let Me Call You Sweetheart\" from Thousands Cheer (1943).  Released at the height of World War II, this musical hoped to boost US morale and features Gene Kelly dancing with a mop as his partner.", "In 1958, Rodgers and Hammerstein created a musical based upon an oriental story called \"Flower Drum Song\", which had a lively overture and several numbers that were recorded by several artists, including \"I Enjoy Being A Girl\", \"Love Look Away\" and \"You Are Beautiful.\"", "* \"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah\" (reprise) Performed by Bobby Driscoll, Luana Patten, Glenn Leedy, Johnny Lee, and James Baskett", "Lyricist:     August Rigo ;  Billie Joe ;  James Mollica Destri ;  Oscar Hammerstein II ;  Rodney Jerkins ;  Stephen Sondheim", "The musical toured the U.S. from October 3, 1947, starting in Dallas, Texas with Mary Martin as Annie. This tour also played Chicago and Los Angeles. Martin stayed with the tour until mid-1948.", "Directed by Lloyd French. Cast: June Allyson, The Harrison Sisters. \"Headlines announce that women will run the city for a day. The day's mayor sings a challenge to her lieutenants and they respond in close harmony that they'll make the city pretty. Then they rush to the train station to meet opera singer Madame Beverly. At the station, they ask for help, prompting the woman at the information booth to sing, \"Information Please.\" A chorus line taps their way around the station. Madame Beverly arrives and sings, \"I Love to Sing a Whole Note.\" Then, at a unique reception at City Hall, the Mayor gives Madame Beverly the key to the city, and they reprise the three songs.\" [ IMDB ] 8 min. Included on DVD 3509" ]

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[ "\"Tossin' and Turnin'\" is a song written by Ritchie Adams and Malou Rene, and originally recorded by Bobby Lewis. The record reached number one on both the Billboard Hot 100 on July 10, 1961 and R&B chart and has since become a standard on oldies compilations. It was named the number-one single on the Billboard chart for 1961, after spending seven consecutive weeks at the top. It was featured on the soundtrack for the 1978 film Animal House.", "\"Tossin' and Turnin\" is a song written by Ritchie Adams and Malou Rene, and originally recorded by Bobby Lewis. The record reached #1 on both the Billboard Hot 100 pop on July 10, 1961, and R&B charts, and has since become a standard on oldies compilations. It was also featured in the soundtrack for the 1978 film, Animal House. It was named Billboard's #1 single for 1961, after spending seven consecutive weeks at the top.", "African American rock and roll and R&B singer, Bobby Lewis had one of the biggest songs of the 60's. In July 1961, his recording of \"Tossin' and Turnin'\" went to No.1 for seven weeks on the Billboard chart. Later that year, he had a second Top Ten song, \"One Track Mind\", his only other major hit record.", "1961 – CHART TOPPERS – “ Tossin’ and Turnin’ ” by Bobby Lewis, “ Wooden Heart ” by", "When appearing at the Apollo in New York, he was offered a new song that he recorded. That song is Tossin' And Turnin'.", "But the new era arrived quickly. The biggest hit from the decade? Chubby Checker 's rock-indebted dance track \"The Twist,\" the only song ever to hit No. 1 in two separate runs (in 1960 and again in 1962, due to its revival in its pop culture). Sounds were changing. The Beatles landed two entries on the top twenty -- an early number, \"I Wanna Hold Your Hand,\" and the expansive \"Hey Jude,\" from later in their career. Soul came on strong at the end of the decade: Otis Redding 's \"(Sittin' On) The Dock Of The Bay,\" from 1967, and Marvin Gaye 's \"I Heard It Through the Grapevine,\" from 1968.", "Ike Turner - Ike Wister Turner (November 5, 1931 – December 12, 2007) was an American musician, bandleader, talent scout, and record producer. His first recording, \"Rocket 88\" by \"Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats,\" in 1951, is considered by some to be the \"first rock and roll song\" ever. However, he is best known for his work with his then wife Tina Turner as one half of the Ike & Tina Turner duo. Spanning a career that lasted half a century, Ike's repertoire included blues, soul, rock, and funk. Alongside his former wife, he was inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1991 and in 2001 was inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame. Turner won two Grammy Awards. ' Artist Discography '", "It has also been argued that “ That’s All Right (Mama) ” (1954), Elvis Presley ‘s first single for Sun Records in Memphis , could be the first rock and roll record, [29] but, at the same time, Big Joe Turner ‘s “ Shake, Rattle & Roll “, later covered by Haley, was already at the top of the Billboard R&B charts . Other artists with early rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry , Bo Diddley , Fats Domino , Little Richard , Jerry Lee Lewis , and Gene Vincent . [26] Soon rock and roll was the major force in American record sales and crooners , such as Eddie Fisher , Perry Como , and Patti Page , who had dominated the previous decade of popular music, found their access to the pop charts significantly curtailed. [30]", "The early months of 1961 saw The Avengers debut on TV, the UK opening of Frank Sinatra’s new project, Reprise Records, and The Beatles’ first-ever gig at the Cavern Club. In April, ITV unveiled Thank Your Lucky Stars, hosted by Pete Murray, and in May Spurs beat Leicester City to win the double. June brought the weddings of both Shirley Bassey and Petula Clark, as well as the defection to the West of Russian ballet dancer Rudolf Nureyev.Chart-toppers in the first half of 1961 included Are You Lonesome Tonight? (Elvis Presley), Sailor (Petula Clark), Walk Right Back (The Everly Brothers), Blue Moon (The Marcels), On The Rebound (Floyd Cramer), Runaway (Del Shannon), Well I Ask You (Eden Kane) and You Don’t Know (Helen Shapiro). Among the many other hits which are now regarded as golden oldies were You’re Sixteen (Johnny Burnette), Calendar Girl (Neil Sedaka), My Kind of Girl (Matt Monro), Will You Love Me Tomorrow (The Shirelles), Rubber Ball (Bobby Vee), Runnin’ Scared (Roy Orbison), Hello Mary Lou (Ricky Nelson) and Stand By Me (Ben E King).", "It has been argued that “ That’s All Right (Mama) ” (1954), Elvis Presley ‘s first single for Sun Records in Memphis , was the first rock and roll record, but, at the same time, Big Joe Turner ‘s “ Shake, Rattle & Roll “, later covered by Haley, was already at the top of the Billboard R&B charts . Other artists with early rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry , Bo Diddley , Fats Domino , Little Richard , Jerry Lee Lewis , and Gene Vincent . Soon rock and roll was the major force in American record sales and crooners , such as Eddie Fisher , Perry Como , and Patti Page , who had dominated the previous decade of popular music, found their access to the pop charts significantly curtailed.", "To look at Lonnie Donegan today, in pictures taken 40 years ago when he was topping the British charts and hitting the Top Ten in America, dressed in a suit, his hair cut short and strumming an acoustic guitar, he looks like a musical non-entity. But in 1954, before anyone (especially anybody in England) knew what rock & roll was, Donegan was cool, and his music was hot. He's relatively little remembered outside of England, but Donegan shares an important professional attribute with Elvis Presley, Bill Haley, the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, and the Sex Pistols -- he invented a style of music, skiffle, that completely altered the pop culture landscape and the youth around him, and for a time, completely ruled popular music through that new form. What's more, his music, like that of Presley and Haley, was vital to the early musical careers and future histories of the Beatles, the Stones, and hundreds of other groups. And he did it in 1954, before Elvis was known anywhere outside of Memphis and before Bill Haley was perceived as anything but a Western swing novelty act.", "During this period, those in charge of Atlantic began to realize that their target audience was no longer rural and black. Rather, it was teenage and white. The message had come through loud and clear for the first time in 1954, when Big Joe Turner’s version of Jesse Stone’s “Shake, Rattle and Roll” was covered initially by Bill Haley & His Comets and then Elvis Presley. In a 1954 essay in Cashbox magazine, Ahmet and Wexler wrote that the blues would have to change to meet the tastes of the bobby-soxers who were looking to find their own sound. What Jerry Wexler chose to call “cat music” would be “up-to-date blues with a beat and infectious catch phrases and danceable rhythms…. It has to have a message for the sharp youngsters who dig it.” To put it another way, the blues had a baby, and they called it rock & roll.", "Richard Wayne Penniman, born on December 5th, 1932 in Macon, Georgia, and still going strong now at the age of 75 in 2008. One of the pivotal figures in the explosion of rock and roll onto the scene in the 1950s. In November of 1955 his first single for Specialty Records entered the R&B charts, a song called \"Tutti-Frutti,\" and it sounded like nothing that anybody had ever heard before. Little Richard was the most exciting and dynamic musical figure that the world had ever seen up to that point. Compared to most of the other records of the day, \"Tutti-Frutti\" was like an atomic bomb exploding. Over the course of the next three years Richard released several of the greatest rock and roll records ever made, and established himself as the most radical of all of the rock and roll superstars of the day. Most adults in those days thought that his music was absolutely barbaric, and to top it off, he regularly wore makeup on stage, had a wild hairdo, and led a fairly open bisexual lifestyle for those days.", "He returned to the charts immediately with \" Handy Man \" (a 1960 hit by Jimmy Jones ), \" Do You Wanna Dance? \" (a 1958 hit by Bobby Freeman ), and two originals, \" Keep Searchin' \" (#3 in the UK; #9 in the US), and \" Stranger in Town \" (#40 in the UK). In late 1964, Shannon produced a demo recording session for a young fellow Michigander named Bob Seger , who would go on to stardom much later. Shannon gave acetates of the session to Dick Clark (Del was on one of Clark's tours in 1965), and by 1966, Bob Seger was recording for Philadelphia's famed Cameo Records label, resulting in some regional hits which would eventually lead to a major-label deal with Capitol Records. Also in late 1964 Shannon paid tribute to one of his own musical idols with Del Shannon Sings Hank Williams (Amy Records 8004). The album was recorded in hardcore country honky-tonk style and no singles were released. Shannon opened with Ike and Tina Turner at Dave Hull 's Hullabaloo in Los Angeles, California , on December 22, 1965. [5]", "Bill Haley & His Comets returned to the charts with \"See You Later Alligator\", and Skiffle had arrived in the chart scene even more when Lonnie Donegan, one of the biggest acts of the 1950s, did extremely well with top 5 hit \"Stewball\". Ronnie Hilton then served six weeks at the top with \"No Other Love\", a song which Perry Como got to No. 1 with in America three years previously. Mel Torme spent many weeks near the top with \"Mountain Greenery\".", "He was at the forefront of the 60s pop revolution, with million-selling records alongside the likes of The Beatles, The Rolling Stones and The Animals.", "A newly emerging style, which had its roots in the 1950s but exploded in the mainstream during the 1960s, was the \"Bakersfield sound.\" Instead of creating a sound similar to mainstream pop music, the Bakersfield sound used honky tonk as its base and added electric instruments and a backbeat, plus stylistic elements borrowed from rock and roll. Buck Owens, Merle Haggard and Wynn Stewart were some of the top artists adopting this sound, and by the late 1960s they were among country music's top selling artists.", "Between 1965 and his death in 1993, the legendary Conway Twitty placed an astonishing 40 #1 hits on the country-music charts. Indeed, no performer in the history of country music, including Garth Brooks, ever put together a stretch as dominant as Twitty did during the peak years of his career between 1974 and 1982, when 24 out of 33 consecutively released singles became country #1s. But those who know Conway Twitty only through such country hits as \"Hello Darlin'\" (1970) and \"Tight Fittin' Jeans\" (1981) may be surprised to learn that a man known as the \"High Priest of Country Music\" began his career as a bona fide rock-and-roller. On this day in 1958�fully 10 years before his first country chart-topper�Conway Twitty scored his very first #1 hit on the pop charts, with the rock-and-roll ballad \"It's Only Make Believe.\"", "The irony is Cocker was a working class Brit of humble beginnings from Sheffield, West Riding of Yorkshire, England. A cover band man who specialized in Ray Charles, one of his idols (the other being The King of Skiffle, British pop star, Lonnie Donegan), Cocker tried his hands as the frontman for a number of bands, including the Cavaliers, Vance Arnold and the Avengers, Joe Cocker’s Big Blues, before finally settling in with the band with whom he’d record his first minor hit, “Marjorine,” The Grease Band. He entered the American consciousness as a solo artist after cutting a couple of Beatles tunes, one for Decca in 1964, “I’ll Cry Instead” under the name Vance Arnold. It flopped. The other came four years later with a rearrangement of the Beatles “With A Little Help From My Friends\"  featuring Jimmy Page on lead guitar, BJ Wilson on drums, Tommy Eyre on organ, and Sue and Sunny on backing vocals. It was a Top 10 UK hit for 13 weeks, hitting #1 before its rise was done. Interestingly enough, it only reached #68 on the US charts its first time around. The gold-selling album of the same name fared a bit better, reaching #35 in the U.S.", "The Beatles off the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart with \"Hello, Dolly! \", which gave the 63-year-old performer a U.S. record as the oldest artist to have a number one song. His 1964 song \"Bout Time\" was later featured in the film Bewitched .", "In 1960 he again had the best-seller in Britain with his cover of the Larry Verne novelty Mr. Custer, and in 1962 he had his first and only North American hit, the hilarious novelty My Boomerang Won't Come Back, rise to # 21 on United Artists 398 b/w She's My Girl. Telling the tale of a young Australian tribesman who just can't get the hang of the traditional boomerang, the original pressings containing the line \"black in the face\" were withdrawn and replaced with a version stating \"blue in the face.\" The replacement is the one most often found in novelty compilations, but here you get the original and the B-side.", "1962 – CHART TOPPERS – “ Peppermint Twist ” by Joey Dee & The Starliters, “ Duke", "Country music singer with US hits in the late 60s.  This hit gave him stardom in the UK.", "# This hit was a follow up to Checker's \"The Twist\" which originally charted in September 1960, reaching a lowly number 44 in the UK charts.  However, when \"Let's Twist Again\" took off, \"The Twist\" was re-issued and it re-entered the charts in January 1962, peaking at number 14.", "1943 ● Chris Montez (Ezekiel Christopher Montanez) → One hit wonder rock ‘n roll singer, “Let’s Dance” (#4, 1962), then MOR-pop balladeer, “Call Me” (Easy Listening #2, 1966)", "In March 1, 1957 his second single is released on Sun Records, 'Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On'(Roy Hall) and on Sunday, July 28th, 1957 he performed the song at the Steve Allen Show(national television). After that perfomance 'Whole Lot of Shakin' made it number one on all three charts : Pop, Country and Western and R&B.", "He first became prominent not as a performer, but as a songwriter. When he was barely out of his teens, he wrote \"Hello Mary Lou\" for Rick Nelson and \"Rubber Ball\" for Bobby Vee.", "The artist next showed up on a self-produced single for Fuller Records, made in Detroit in 1953; on that occasion, he went as Playboy Fuller. But when he cut a duet with John Lee Hooker, in Detroit later that same year, he'd metamorphosed into Rockin' Red. By 1960, he'd settled on the name Lousiana Red, by which he is still known today, making a single in New York for Atlas. He recorded prolifically in the 1960s, making singles for Glover and Laurie and LPs for Roulette and Atco, and continuing in the 1970s and 1980s for such labels as L & R and Tomato.", "It is hard to assemble even the single list of all his songs, but his career includes more than a dozen of sessions. Moreover, such hits like “Slippin’ and Slidin’” (1956), “Ready Teddy” (1956), “Send Me Some Lovin’” (1957), “Good Golly, Miss Molly” (1958), “Shake a Hand” (1959), “Whola Lotta Shakin’” (1959), and others will always remain in the history and heritage of rock-n-roll. His latest single he recorded in 1991.", "His cover of \"If I Had a Hammer\" from his first album, which was released in 1963, made it to #3 on the charts, eventually earning a gold disc with sales exceeding one million copies. His other big hits were \"Lemon Tree\" and \"I'm Comin' Home, Cindy\", both of which made it to #2 on the Easy Listening chart, and \"Michael\", \"Gonna Get Along Without Ya Now\" and \"The Bramble Bush\", which made it to $7, #6 and #4, respectively.", "broadcast the message of the singer which by the late 1960s and the 1970s was consonant", "First recorded for his 1960 LP, it was also released as a 45 in Jun. 1967 (Hickory 1460)" ]

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[ "Sam Phillips - the man who discovered Elvis Presley and owner of the legendary Sun Records, passed away July 30th, 2003, at the age of 80. Phillips also helped launch the careers of Roy Orbison, Johnny Cash, Carl Perkins, Charlie Rich, Conway Twitty and Jerry Lee Lewis. He sold Elvis' contract to RCA in November, 1955, for $40,000. Sam was inducted into The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1986", "Sam Phillips has had an enormous impact on music, particularly blues, rock and roll and rockabilly. As an innovative producer and owner of Memphis's legendary Sun Studios, Phillips made his mark on music history by discovering and recording such legends as Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash, Carl Perkins and others. Slightly earlier in his career, however, Phillips recorded many blues legends, including Howlin' Wolf, B.B. King, Little Milton and Junior Parker. Sun Studios is often called \"The Birthplace of Rock and Roll\" in 1951 Phillips recorded the legendary single \"Rocket 88,\" which is often referred to as the first rock and roll record. The song reached number one on R&B charts and helped put Memphis on the musical map. Phillip's obvious gift for bringing out the best in his recording artists is evident on early Sun recordings, which are also known for their live, vital sound. Sun Studios still exists in its original Memphis location.", "SAM PHILLIPS: the man who discovered Elvis Presley and owner of the legendary Sun Records, passed away July 30, 2003 at the age of eighty. Phillips also helped launch the careers of Roy Orbison, Johnny Cash, Carl Perkins, Charlie Rich, Conway Twitty and Jerry Lee Lewis. He sold Elvis' contract to RCA in November 1955 for $40,000. Sam was inducted into", "Beale Street is a national historical landmark, and shows the impact Memphis has had on American blues, particularly after World War II as electric guitars took precedence. Sam Phillips' Sun Studio, the most seminal recording studio in American popular music, still stands, and is open for tours. Elvis, Johnny Cash, Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Perkins and Roy Orbison all made their first recordings there, and were \"discovered\" by Phillips. Many great blues artists recorded there, such as W. C. Handy, Father of the Blues.", "* Sun StudioSun Studio is a highly influential recording studio opened on January 3, 1950, by rock pioneer Sam Phillips at 706 Union Avenue. It is available for tour, which is where Elvis Presley first recorded \"My Happiness\" and \"That's When Your Heartaches Begin\". Other famous musicians who got their start at Sun include Johnny Cash, Rufus Thomas, Charlie Rich, Howlin' Wolf, Roy Orbison, Carl Perkins and Jerry Lee Lewis. It now contains a museum as well as the still-functioning and operating studio.", "Samuel Cornelius Phillips ( January 5 , 1923 – July 30 , 2003 ), better known as Sam Phillips, was an American record producer who played an important role in the emergence of rock and roll as the major form of popular music in the 1950s. He is most notably attributed with the discovery of Elvis Presley , and is associated with several other noteworthy rhythm and blues and rock and roll stars of the period.", "On December 4, 1956, Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Jerry Lee Lewis, Roy Orbison and Johnny Cash got together in Memphis’ Sun Studio for an impromptu jam session. Behind the console was Sam Phillips, the man who not only discovered Presley, Cash and Lewis, but who also dreamed of bringing together black and white voices in the studio in a deeply divided South. Peter Guralnick, the dean of rock historians, draws on extensive interviews from his 25-year friendship with Phillips in the epic, elegant and crisply told Sam Phillips: The Man Who Invented Rock ’n’ Roll (Little, Brown, $32, 784 pages, ISBN 9780316042741). Guralnick charts Phillips’ path from his birth near Florence, Alabama, to the founding of Sun Records—and chronicles his enduring contributions to rock ’n’ roll. When he produced Rufus Thomas’ version of “Hound Dog,” for example, Phillips thought it didn’t live up to Big Mama Thornton’s original, but “Rufus carried off his performance with genuine conviction—the one unwavering test Sam applied to any material he let out of the studio.” In the end, as Guralnick points out, what drove Phillips was his dream of allowing the voices he had heard singing chants in the cotton fields to express themselves in their own way. “[M]usic was not confined to the drawing room . . . there was great art to be discovered in the experience of those who had been marginalized and written off because of their race, their class, or their lack of formal education.”", "Elvis Presley did more to change the course of popular music and youth culture than any other entertainer in the twentieth century, beginning with his meeting Sam Phillips in 1954, at the Sun Records label, in Memphis. In 1956, for Presley's first single at RCA, producer Steve Sholes was adamant that Phillips' sonic treatments be adhered to, as closely as possible. So, in attempting to recreate the Sun echo sound, Sholes relied on the ambiance of RCA's then-cavernous recording studio in Nashville, rather than the tape-delay method; the major problem facing Sholes was Presley's tendency to get carried away with the music and wander away from the microphone; so, rather than spoil the singer's fun, Sholes decided to position three microphones around Presley to capture his quivering voice, no matter where he strayed; the results were breathtaking.", "In 1949, King began recording songs under contract with Los Angeles-based RPM Records. Many of King's early recordings were produced by Sam Phillips, who later founded Sun Records. Before his RPM contract, King had debuted on Bullet Records by issuing the single \"Miss Martha King\" (1949), which did not chart well. \"My very first recordings [in 1949] were for a company out of Nashville called Bullet, the Bullet Record Transcription company,\" King recalled. \"I had horns that very first session. I had Phineas Newborn on piano; his father played drums, and his brother, Calvin, played guitar with me. I had Tuff Green on bass, Ben Branch on tenor sax, his brother, Thomas Branch, on trumpet, and a lady trombone player. The Newborn family were the house band at the famous Plantation Inn in West Memphis.\" ", "In Memphis Sam Phillips used various techniques to create similar acoustics at his Memphis Recording Services Studio. The shape of the ceiling, corrugated tiles, and the setup of the studio were augmented by \"slap-back\" tape echo which involved feeding the original signal from one tape machine through a second machine. The echo effect had been used, less subtly, on Wilf Carter Victor records of the 1930s, and in Eddy Arnold's 1945 \"Cattle Call\". ", "Sam Phillips is at the mixing board for Jerry Lee Lewis ' first Sun Records recording session, which produces the single \"End Of The Road\" / \"Crazy Arms\". Although the record failed to gain much attention, both songs showed a drive and energy that forecasted things to come.", "Sam Phillips, who made $2 million in the record business without a desk, finally has one-and a new three quarters of a million dollar studios to go with it. As he leans back in an upholstered arm chair as white and billowy as the heavenly chariot, the white Formica top of the walnut desk slashes across in front of him like the wing of a jet. His left hand rests on the colorfully buttoned control panel of the huge stereophonic hi-fi- a juke box that requires no dimes-which sits at the other end of the office. “This is a little Cape Canaveral of the recording business,” he says, his eye taking in the two floors of studios, control rooms, mastering rooms, mailing rooms and offices which lie beneath the penthouse executive offices. “Woodshed recordings have had it. You’ve got to have the latitude today- all the electronic devices, built in high and low frequency equalization and attenuation, echoes, channel-splitting facilities, and metering on everything. ", "Carl Perkins recalled, \"I had hired Jerry Lee Lewis to play piano, he got $15 for playing on  ''Matchbox'' and ''Your True Love''. Johnny Cash was there 'cause we'd often sit in on each  others' sessions. Then Elvis came in just after we finished recording those songs and my  session fell apart. We were all glad to see Elvis because by that time he was the biggest thing  in the country. He'd just been out to Las Vegas and he was tellin' us all about how exciting it  was and everything, and we just start singing old spirituals, gospel songs and things we all  knew. We all loved to sing those gospel songs. We had no idea it was being recorded. I went  back to the studio the next day and Sam Philips played some of it to me but I had no idea  there was so much of it. It sounds a lot better than I thought it would. Looking back on it  now, it was probably one of the highlights of my time at Sun Records\".", "Abbey Road Studios (formerly known as EMI Studios) is a recording studio at 3 Abbey Road , St John's Wood , City of Westminster , London , England . [3] It was established November 1931 by the Gramophone Company , a predecessor of British music company EMI , which owned it until Universal Music took control of part of EMI in 2012.", "In October 1949 Phillips signed a lease on a small storefront located at 706 Union Avenue near downtown Memphis. The rent was $150 a month. With the help of two year loan from Buck Turner, a regular performer at WREC, he installed recording equipment. The Memphis recording studio opened in January 1950 with the slogan \"We Record Anything-Anywhere- Anytime.\" With a Presto five-input mixer board and Presto PT900 portable tape recorder in the trunk of his car, Phillips would whatever weddings, funerals or religious gatherings he could book.", "Phillips's pivotal role in the early days of rock and roll was exemplified by a celebrated jam session on December 4, 1956, which came to be known as the Million Dollar Quartet. Jerry Lee Lewis was playing piano for a Carl Perkins recording session at Phillips's studio. When Elvis Presley walked in unexpectedly, Johnny Cash was called into the studio by Phillips, leading to an impromptu session featuring the four musicians. Phillips challenged the four to achieve gold record sales, offering a free Cadillac to the first, which Carl Perkins won. The contest is commemorated in a song by the Drive-by Truckers.", "On January 3, 1950, Phillips opened the Memphis Recording Service at 706 Union Avenue in Memphis, Tennessee. The Memphis Recording Service let amateurs perform, which drew performers such as B.B. King, Junior Parker, and Howlin' Wolf. Phillips then would sell their performances to larger record labels. In addition to musical performances, Phillips recorded events such as weddings and funerals, selling the recordings. The Memphis Recording Service also served as the studio for Phillips's own label, which he launched in 1952.", "Abbey Road Studios (formerly known as EMI Studios) is a recording studio located at 3 Abbey Road, St John's Wood, City of Westminster, London, England. It was established November 1931 by the Gramophone Company, a predecessor of British music company EMI, which owned it until Universal Music took control of part of EMI in 2012.Towards the end of 2009, the studio came under threat of sale to property developers. However, the British Government protected the site, granting it English Heritage Grade II listed status in 2010, thereby preserving the building from any major alterations.", "Founded in 1933, United Sound Systems Recording Studio 's legacy is just as impressive as Motown's, if not as regularly celebrated. Hidden behind the building's modest exterior are treasure troves of music history. In Studio A, George Clinton and Funkadelic recorded \"One Nation Under a Groove\" and Anita Baker recorded her 5x-platinum hit album \"Rapture.\" Upstairs in Studio B, John Lee Hooker recorded his first hit, \"Boogie Chillen,\" in 1948 while stomping on a wooden board. Jazz greats like Miles Davis and Charlie Parker and soul artists like Isaac Hayes, Jackie Wilson, Little Willie John, and many more all cut records there.", "Percy Phillips operated a studio called Phillips' Sound Recording Services at 38 Kensington, Liverpool, between the kitchen and a front room that served as an electrical goods shop. Actors from the Liverpool Playhouse often stayed in the room above the studio, and were asked by Phillips to record monologues and poems. Phillips had just turned 60 years old when Harrison heard about the studio from guitarist Johnny Byrne, who had recorded a version of \"Butterfly\" there on 22 June 1957.", "In the 1960's an independent record company in Detroit, Michigan began creating and marketing hit records better and in larger volume than any record company in the world. The name of this record company was Motown. The recording techniques that were developed by Motown in the mid 60's were part of the formula for the company's success. Even today, many of the recording techniques used find their roots in this \"Motown Sound\" of the 60's. The Motown Historical Museum includes the original Hitsville USA building that housed Motown's original recording studio on West Grand Blvd. in Detroit.", "Also in 1959, Gordy purchased the property that would become Tamla's Hitsville U.S.A. studio. The photography studio located in the back of the property was modified into a small recording studio and the Gordys moved into the second floor living quarters. Within a few years, Motown would occupy several neighbouring houses with administrative offices, mixing, mastering and rehearsal studios.", "Elvis records at American Sound Studio in Memphis. Despite having turned down recommendations to work with Chips Moman at American Sound Studio repeatedly, Elvis finally decides to give American Sound a shot at the pleading of Marty Lacker. Elvis gives Lacker four days to setup the sessions. Elvis is squeezed into American Sound’s schedules, which includes the likes of Roy Hamilton and Neil Diamond, that week. The Memphis boys are the house band. The results of the session are impressive. In twelve days, Elvis cuts 36 sides and the session produces four hit singles with “In The Ghetto,” “Don’t Cry Daddy,” “Suspicious Minds,” and “Kentucky Rain.” Two albums also came from the sessions: From Elvis in Memphis and From Memphis to Vegas/From Vegas to Memphis, which both go platinum.", "But first and foremost was Motown. Comprised of two modest-looking houses on West Grand Boulevard, Motown's Hitsville U.S.A. studio churned out an epic number of hit records between the late 1950s to the early 1970s, when Gordy relocated most of Motown's operations to Los Angeles.", "Fame Studios was started in Muscle Shoals, a town built on reclaimed land across the river from Florence, Alabama, with producers Rick Hall and Billy Sherrill (who was later a leading producer in Nashville country music). Bellboy Arthur Alexander wrote songs and worked with Hall, and Fame leased his hits to Dot: 'Anna (Go to Him)' was a top ten black hit in 1962, and was covered by the Beatles. Otis Redding was the greatest Stax discovery; he died in a plane crash just as he had hit the big time, but still had about 30 hit singles in six years. Stax had made a distribution agreement with Atlantic, and that label's Jerry Wexler sent Aretha Franklin, Wilson Pickett, Solomon Burke, Don Covay, Ben E. King, Joe Tex and others to Memphis and/or Alabama to record.", "Herb Alpert and Jerry Moss buy the Charlie Chaplin Studios in Hollywood from CBS as A&M Records' new home. The album, \"S.R.O.\" is released.", "In early 1969, at American Studios in Memphis, I had a secret entrance made from an underground garage, a trap door coming from underneath the basement, so Elvis could drive in and the people wouldn’t chase him. Girls would pull his hair, as well as his clothes off and all that stuff, which was fun, but eventually it got to be a pain. So I told him how he wouldn’t have that problem, he could just go in, come up the steps, and we would record..", "John Phillips played guitar on this track and produced it with Lou Adler. The session musicians who played on it were top notch: Joe Osborn on bass, Hal Blaine on drums and Larry Knechtel on keyboards. They were some of the first-call Los Angeles musicians who played on many of Phil Spector's productions.", "American Sound Studio 827 Thomas Street (at Chelsea Street) Memphis, Tennessee From 1967 to 1970, 120 Top 20 songs were recorded at the studio that was once located here. Dusty Springfield, Bobby Womack, and Elvis all worked here (this is where the King recorded “Suspicious Minds,” “Kentucky Rain,” and “In the Ghetto”), and it was also here that the Box Tops recorded “The Letter,” the biggest-selling single of 1967–68. The original structure has been torn down—today there is an auto parts store at this location.", "The Manhattan studio was opened by producer Jerry Ragovoy in 1968. It quickly made its name and has long been favoured by top producers, engineers and artists.", "Italian-American businessman, studio owner, and recording engineer Cosimo Matassa is one of the seminal figures of popular recorded music. Read »", "The blues singer Big Mama Thornton's biggest hit was Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller's \"Hound Dog,\" which she recorded at Radio Recorders in Los Angeles on August 13, 1952. Thornton’s \"Hound Dog\" was the first record Leiber and Stoller produced themselves. They took over the session because their work had sometimes been misrepresented, and on this one they knew how they wanted the drums to sound; Johnny Otis was supposed to produce it, but they wanted him on drums." ]

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[ "Donald James Yarmy (April 13, 1923 – September 25, 2005), known professionally as Don Adams, was an American actor, comedian and director. In his five decades on television, he was best known as Maxwell Smart (Agent 86) in the television situation comedy Get Smart (1965–70, 1995), which he also sometimes directed and wrote. Adams won three consecutive Emmy Awards for his portrayal of Smart (1967–69). He provided the voices for the animated series Tennessee Tuxedo and His Tales (1963–66) and Inspector Gadget (1983–85, as well as several revivals and spinoffs in the 1990s).", "Maxwell Smart, code number Agent 86 (portrayed by Don Adams) is the central character. Despite being a top secret government agent, he is absurdly clumsy, very naive and has occasional lapses of attention. Due to his frequent verbal gaffes and physical miscues, most of the people Smart encounters believe he is grossly incompetent. Despite these faults, Smart is also resourceful, skilled in hand-to-hand combat, a proficient marksman, and incredibly lucky. These assets have led to him having a phenomenal record of success in times of crisis in which he has often averted disaster, often on a national or global scale. This performance record means his only punishment in CONTROL for his mistakes is that he is the only agent without three weeks annual vacation time. Smart uses multiple cover identities, but the one used most often is as a greeting card salesman/executive. Owing to multiple assassination attempts, he tells his landlord he is in the insurance business, and on one occasion, that he works for the \"Bureau of Internal Revenue\". Smart served in the U.S. Army during the Korean War and is an ensign in the U.S. Navy Reserve. He was played by Steve Carell in the 2008 film.", "The Buzz: Steve Carell stars as Maxwell Smart in the big screen adaptation of the classic Mel Brooks comic spy television series. Anne Hathaway plays Agent 99, Dwayne Johnson plays Agent 23, and Alan Arkin is the Chief. Tommy Boy helmer Peter Segal directs. We’ll try to forget that he once made Naked Gun 33 1/3: The Final Insult. I saw abunh of footage from Get Smart at Comic Con, and was pleasantly surprised. I think this could be the next Austin Powers if done right.", "Don Adams (1923-2005) won three Emmys (1967-9) for his role as Maxwell Smart, and they were well deserved. The actor submerged into the character, and we believed in Max just as much as he did in himself. While the series was a success with audiences and critics, the movies didn't do well at all. It wasn't that the audience had given up on Maxwell Smart, it was more that Don Adams had. Part of Max's appeal was that he never saw himself as the bumbler the audience saw. He could fall flat on his face and still come back knowing that he was as good as he thought he was.", "In this undated file photo, Don Adams is seen in character as Maxwell Smart. Adams, the wry-voiced comedian who starred as the fumbling secret agent Maxwell Smart in the 1960s TV spoof of James Bond movies, ... more", "In September 2015, the Get Smart play was staged by Wingz Productions. Lead actors Felicity Jean (Agent 99) and Jullian Atkin (Maxwell Smart) delivered memorable performances, with both staying true to the characters.", "Don Adams, whose inept-yet-enthusiastic Maxwell Smart character on TV's \"Get Smart\" supplied the nation with catchphrases during the 1960s, has died. He was 82.", "**FILE**Barbara Feldon and Don Adams, co-stars of the spy spoof show \"Get Smart,\" expose the arsenal of weapons and gimmicks in her coat lining in Los Angeles, Calif., on Sept. 10, 1965. Adams plays the role of Maxwell Smart, Agent 86, and Feldon, holding a telephone concealed in a compact, plays Agent 99. Adams died of a lung infection late Sunday,Sept. 25, 2005, at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, his friend and former agent Bruce Tufeld said Monday, adding the actor broke his hip a year ago and had been in ill health since. He was 82(AP Photo) less", "Mr. Adams found it hard to escape typecasting and convince people that his off-screen voice was a register below that of Maxwell Smart. He spoke of a wish to do drama, but his efforts failed. He played Maxwell Smart in a feature film, \"The Nude Bomb\" (1980), about a fashion designer who threatens to destroy people's clothing, and in a 1995 Fox TV revival of \"Get Smart\" that lasted seven episodes.", "In 1999 TV Guide ranked Maxwell Smart number 19 on its 50 Greatest TV Characters of All Time list. The character appears in every episode (though only briefly in \"Ice Station Siegfried,\" as Don Adams was performing in Las Vegas for two weeks to settle gambling debts). ", "In an A&E Biography, Adams said that he made more money working on the series, better than on Get Smart. He reprised his Maxwell Smart role on Get Smart for Fox in 1995, which co-starred Barbara Feldon and rising star Andy Dick as Max and 99's only son. Unlike the original version, this show did not appeal to younger viewers and it was canceled after only seven episodes. He later went on to voice the character of Principal Hickley in the late-1990s/early-2000s Disney cartoon, Pepper Ann. Adams was the voice of Brain the Dog in the end credits for the film version of Inspector Gadget in 1999 which was his last voice role before his death six years later.", "A return to your screens of America's funniest secret agent, the bumbling and lovable Maxwell Smart. In this episode, Smart, alias Agent 86, makes contact with a saleswoman in the cosmetics department of a store. Maxwell Smart Don Adams A gent 99 Barbara Feldon The Chief Ed Platt John Hoyt Mr Bunny", "British actor Peter Finch (with his second nomination and sole win) was awarded the Best Actor Oscar for his role as crazed, suicidal, UBS network anchor-man and fired 'mad prophet of the airwaves' Howard Beale in Network - memorable for his immortal line: \"I'm as mad as hell and I'm not gonna take this anymore.\" Finch's award was presented post-humously (he died on January 14, 1977, shortly before the awards ceremony). He was the fourth actor to be honored with a posthumous nomination (to date) and the first and only posthumous winner for Best Actor (at that time) - later supplemented with Heath Ledger's posthumous nominaton and win for Best Supporting Actor for The Dark Knight (2008) .", "* James Garrett (Avatar Roku in Avatar: The Last Airbender and The Legend of Korra, Alfred Pennyworth in Batman: The Brave and the Bold)", "Alan Alda (born Alphonso Joseph D'Abruzzo; January 28, 1936) is an American actor, director, screenwriter, and author. A six-time Emmy Award and Golden Globe Award winner, he is widely known for his roles as Captain Hawkeye Pierce in the TV series M*A*S*H and Arnold Vinick in The West Wing. He has also appeared in many feature films, most notably in Crimes and Misdemeanors (1989) as pretentious television producer Lester and in The Aviator (2004) as U.S. Senator Owen Brewster, the latter of which earned him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.", "Joining Cumberbatch in the cast are Mark Strong, Charles Dance, Rory Kinnear and Keira Knightley, as Turing's colleague and former fiancée Joan Clarke. At one point Leonardo DiCaprio was due to play Turing, but he pulled out shortly before production began.", "Frederick George Peter Ingle Finch (28 September 1916 - 14 January 1977) was an English-born Australian actor. He is best remembered for his role as \"crazed\" television anchorman Howard Beale in the film Network, which earned him a posthumous Academy Award for Best Actor, his fifth Best Actor award from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts, and a Best Actor award from the Golden Globes. He was the first person to win a posthumous Academy Award in an acting category.", "Alan Alda - Alphonso Joseph D'Abruzzo (born January 28, 1936) is a five-time Emmy Award-winning, six-time Golden Globe-winning, Academy Award-nominated American actor. He is perhaps most famous for his role as Hawkeye Pierce in the television series M.A.S.H. Alda contracted polio, aged 7, during an epidemic. His parents administered a painful treatment, developed by Sister Elizabeth Kenny, where hot woolen blankets were applied to the limbs and the muscles were stretched by massage. This treatment, though brutal, allowed Alda to recover much movement.", "(1935-1995) American actor. Leading man in over 20 B- grade films, including \"The King's Pirate\" (1967), \"The Land That Time Forgot\" (1975) and \"The People That Time Forgot\" (1977); recently seen in \"Maverick\" (1994) with Mel Gibson. Also made several TV series including \"Checkmate\", \"The Virginian\" and \"Out Of This World\". {Backwards, Legion}", "Ledger is only the second actor to win a posthumous Oscar. Peter Finch won best actor for 1976's \"Network\" two months after he died in early 1977.", "Get Smart had been written for Tom Poston, to be piloted on ABC; when ABC turned it down, the show was picked up by NBC, which cast Adams in the role because he was already under contract. When Get Smart debuted in 1965, it was an immediate hit. Barbara Feldon co-starred as Max's young and attractive partner (later wife), Agent 99, where she had a great chemistry with Adams throughout the show's run, despite a 10-year age difference, and they became best friends during and after.", "One of Michael Douglas' most treasured performances is in Curtis Hanson's \"Wonder Boys\" (2000). Douglas played a university professor struggling with writer's block, romance, and a young fledgling writer (Tobey Maguire) whose work may be key to his own success.", "James Joseph \"Jim\" Parsons (born March 24, 1973) is an American actor. He is known for playing Sheldon Cooper in the CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory. He has received several awards for his performance, including four Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Television Series Musical or Comedy.", "Emmy Award-winning actor: All in the Family [1971-1972, 1976-1977, 1977-1978, 1978-1979], In the Heat of the Night [1988-1989]; Cleopatra, The Devil�s Brigade, In Harm�s Way, Kelly�s Heroes, Marlowe; died June 21, 2001", "Benedict Cumberbatch as Alan Turing in the movie “The Imitation Game”, 2014 / Image: © 2014 THE WEINSTEIN COMPANY", "His 24 feature films include Atlas Shrugged Part II; Hello, I Must Be Going, which opened the 2012 Sundance Festival; 21 Grams; Red Dragon; Mercy; Another Stakeout; Someone To Watch Over Me; Daniel; The Boys From Brazil; Rome and Jewel; Choose Connor; Sublime; Jekyll; Kid Cop; Getting Straight; Zachariah; The Trouble with Girls; Journey To Shiloh; and The Car. He received an Emmy Award nomination for his portrayal of Jeff Maitland III in the ABC series \"Family\", a role he played for five years; and he starred for two years with Jack Warden in the CBS series \"Crazy Like A Fox\". He has acted in over 200 television films and series episodes, including Arthur Miller's \"The American Clock\" (CableAce Award Nomination), \"Feud!\", \"When We Rise\", \"Mrs. Harris\", \"Perfect Murder, Perfect Town\", \"Norma And Marilyn\", \"The Sleepwalker\", \"Working Miracles\", \"In My Daughter's Name\", \"Perry Mason\", \"Voices Within: The Lives Of Truddi Chase\", \"The Two Mrs. Grenvilles\", \"Skokie\", \"Movieola\", \"Roots: The Next Generations\", and \"A Howling In The Woods\". He has played recurring parts on \"This Is Us\", \"The Fosters\", \"Perception\", \"The Mentalist\", \"Desperate Housewives\", \"Parenthood\", \"No Ordinary Family\", \"Greek\", \"The Wizards of Waverly Place\", \"Dirty Sexy Money\", \"Day Break\", \"Angel\", \"The Guardian\", \"The Practice\", \"Star Trek: Enterprise\", \"Girlfriends\", \"Robocop: the Series\", \"The Young and the Restless\", and \"Barbershop.\"", "A ubiquitous presence during television's golden age, New York native Frank Maxwell stood out as a solid purveyor of quiet authority. Upon graduating from the University of Michigan, a prospective legal career had been on the cards. But those plans came to naught in the wake of a successful theatrical debut in \"Macbeth\" at the Ann Arbor Dramatic Festival. Wartime service as a navigator and bombardier with the 20th Air Force then put further ambitions temporarily on hold. After the war, Frank found himself blacklisted during the communist witch hunts of the McCarthy era and was forced to make ends meet by acting in summer stock and on radio. By the end of the 40's he had moved back to New York. In the course of the next few years -- now matured into a seasoned and versatile character player -- he began to make a name for himself with small roles in high-profile Broadway plays like \"Death of a Salesman\" and \"Stalag 17\". From 1951, he was also regularly featured on television, usually as gruff but benevolent army officers or police detectives. After appearing in a 1958 Los Angeles stage production of \"Lonelyhearts\", he was afforded the chance to reprise his role as the disabled husband of Maureen Stapleton in the 1959 film version.", "Actor Jack Bannon (left) portrays Alan Turing's friend Christopher Morcom (right), who died suddenly in 1930.", "Famous for: American actor best known for his performance as Tom Robinson from To Kill a Mockingbird. Notable roles are Sergeant Brown from Carmen Jones, Johnny from The L-Shaped Room, Matthew Robinson from Heavens Above!, Tom Robinson from To Kill a Mockingbird, Aesop from Major Dundee, Rodriguez from The Pawnbroker, Lieutenant Hatcher from Soylent Green, and Fleet Admiral Cartwright from Star Trek: The Voyage Home and Star Trek: The Undiscovered Country.", "actor: Judd for the Defense, Patton, Scorned, Who�s Harry Crumb?, Deadline, Lifeguard, When Husbands Cheat, Strange Justice", "Reeve appeared in other critically acclaimed films such as Street Smart (1987) and The Remains of the Day (1993). He received a Golden Globe nomination for his performance in the television remake of Rear Window (1998).", "Get Smart used several familiar character actors and celebrities, and some future stars, in guest roles, including:" ]

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[ "Between the keys A, B and C and the keys X, Y and Z this pattern of the first letter of each subsequent group of three letters of the alphabet occupying the key in the middle row, the second letter the key of the bottom row, and the third letter the key of the top row is repeated across the keyboard except for the letters M and N which occupy the two keys at the centre of the middle row of the keyboard, and above and below which two blank keys are provided which may be allocated punctuation characters, for example, full stop, comma, question mark and semi-colon.", "Referring now to FIG. 1, the pattern of letters of the alphabet on the keys of the keyboard commences with the letter A on the far left hand key of the middle row, with the letters B and C occupying the keys directly below and above, respectively, and concludes with the letter X on the far right hand key of the middle row, with the letters Y and Z occupying the keys directly below and above, respectively. The keys A, B and C are operated by the little finger of the left hand, whilst the keys X, Y and Z are operated by the little finger of the right hand. In this respect, this embodiment of the present invention is similar to the \"QWERTY\" keyboard layout in that the little finger of each hand is required to operate three keys carrying commonly used symbols of the keyboard. However, as will become apparent hereinbelow, this embodiment of the present invention still has significant advantage over the \"QWERTY\" keyboard layout.", "next, (i=3). Keypad[3] = \"DEF\" letter E is here, so you know you could return i (i=3) here", "next, (i=2). Keypad[2] = \"ABC\" but the letter is E (and it isn't in \"ABC\") so nothing here", "Then, on the front of the keys, are characters for use with EBCDIC. Because of the different structure of this code, a different bit is chosen to be the one inverted by the shift key. This arrangement is inspired by a modified Model 35 Teletype I saw in use as a console typewriter with an SDS 930 computer in my days as a student. The BCDIC characters rather than the EBCDIC characters were on the keyboard (so some of the rather unusual characters you might associate with the IBM 1401 were there), and not all the possible shifts were present; thus, period, comma, and some other characters had their own keys and so weren't available as shifts of other keys as well.", "A sharped note is one half-step higher than the natural letter name, this is often (but not always) a black key on the keyboard. Examples; C# is one half-step higher than C, F# is one half-step higher than F.", "à-è-ù: Press Ctrl and type \"`\" key (left-hand side, top of the keyboard). Release both keys and type \"e\", \"a\", or \"u\".", "Finally, it should be appreciated that the three groups of four letters occupying the keys in the bottom, middle and top rows of the keyboard between the letters A and N, may be interchanged, as may the three groups of four letters occupying the keys in the bottom, middle and top rows of the keyboard after the letter N, whilst, still retaining the abovementioned advantageous features.", "à-è-ù: Press option and type \"`\" key (left-hand side, top of the keyboard). Release both keys and type \"e\", \"a\", or \"u\".", "The English alphanumeric keyboard has a dedicated key for each of the letters A–Z, along with keys for punctuation and other symbols. In many other languages there are additional letters (often with diacritics) or symbols, which also need to be available on the keyboard. To make room for additional symbols, keyboards often have what is effectively a secondary shift key, labeled (which typically takes the place of the right-hand key). It can be used to type an extra symbol in addition to the two otherwise available with an alphanumeric key, and using it simultaneously with the key may even give access to a fourth symbol. On the visual layout, these third-level and fourth-level symbols may appear on the right half of the key top, or they may be unmarked.", "A computer keyboard comprises alphanumeric or character keys for typing, modifier keys for altering the functions of other keys, navigation keys for moving the text cursor on the screen, function keys and system command keys – such as and – for special actions, and often a numeric keypad to facilitate calculations.", "As many keyboards and computer terminals once directly generated ASCII code, the choice of control-C overlapped with the ASCII end-of-text character. This character has a numerical value of three, as \"C\" is the third letter of the alphabet. It was chosen to cause an interrupt as it is otherwise unlikely to be part of a program's interactive interface. Many other control codes, such as control-D for the end-of-transmission character, do not generate signals and are occasionally used to control a program.", "The squiggly line above certain letters is called a tilde. Certain languages require typing a tilde above the letters A, N, or O. While most keyboards have a tilde key, you can't just hold down the key and get the tilde above the letter. You can use the character map function built into Windows to type these letters, even while using a normal keyboard.", "QWERTY is the modern-day layout of letters on most English language computer keyboards and typewriter keyboards. It takes its name from the first six letters shown on the keyboard's top row of letters.", "And, still referring to Fig. 2, the font position occupied by the tilde [ ~ ], which is in the shift position of the single quote mark, might be replaced with the exclamation j comma. The replaced caret and tilde are of little use for composing type anyway, since they are not useful as such for human language, but rather are intended for computer telecommunication coding. In any case, a keyboard operator using the IBM PC keyboard layout (or, e.g., apparatus operated by software) equipped with a font structured as described above and as shown in Fig. 3, may access, for display, printing, communication, storage, etc. purposes, the question ? comma by activating the shift of the number 6 key, and the exclamation J comma may be accessed by activating the shift position of the single quote mark, as s/he (another sign of our times) accesses other punctuation, such as the question mark which is the shift of the diagonal key, or the exclamation mark which is the shift of the number 1 key.", "ä-ë-ï-ü: Press option and type \"u\" key. Release both keys and type \"a\", \"e\", \"i\", or \"u\".", "A keyboard is the device most commonly used for writing via computer. Each key is associated with a standard code which the keyboard sends to the computer when it is pressed. By using a combination of alphabetic keys with modifier keys such as Ctrl, Alt, Shift and AltGr, various character codes are generated and sent to the CPU. The operating system intercepts and converts those signals to the appropriate characters based on the keyboard layout and input method, and then delivers those converted codes and characters to the running application software, which in turn looks up the appropriate glyph in the currently used font file, and requests the operating system to draw these on the screen.", "The c-cedilla key (Ç), instead of on the right of the acute accent key (´), is located alternatively on some keyboards one or two lines above. In some cases it's placed on the right of the plus sign key (+). In other keyboards it's situated on the right of the inverted exclamation mark key (¡). ", "It is usually labeled (rarely, or is seen) on keyboards which use English abbreviations for key labeling. Abbreviations in the language of the keyboard layout also are in use. e.g. the German layout uses as required by the German standard DIN 2137:2012-06. Also, there is a standardized keyboard symbol (to be used when Latin lettering is not preferred), given in ISO/IEC 9995-7 as symbol 26, and in ISO 7000 “Graphical symbols for use on equipment” as symbol ISO-7000-2028. This symbol is encoded in Unicode as U+2388 (⎈).", "Many, but not all,computer keyboards have a numeric keypad to the right of the alphabetic keyboard which contains numbers, basic mathematical symbols (e.g., addition, subtraction, etc.), and a few function keys. On Japanese/Korean keyboards, there may be Language input keys for changing the language to use. Some keyboards have power management keys (e.g., power key, sleep key and wake key); Internet keys to access a web browser or E-mail; and/or multimedia keys, such as volume controls or keys that can be programmed by the user to launch a specified software or command like launching a game or minimize all windows.", "Common US keyboard. The Alt key on the right of the space bar is used as AltGr key when using the Math keyboard layout.", "2)  (2L) 2 points_ A computer ____________is a peripheral partially modelled after the typewriter keyboard. These devices are designed for the input of text and characters and also to control the operation of a computer. Physically, computer keyboards are an arrangement of rectangular buttons, or \"keys\". _____________ typically have characters engraved or printed on the keys; in most cases, each press of a key corresponds to a single written symbol. However, to produce some symbols requires pressing and holding several keys simultaneously or in sequence; other keys do not produce any symbol, but instead affect the operation of the computer or the keyboard itself.", "7. The computer keyboard of claim 1 wherein the number keys are a third color that is distinct from the second color of the consonant keys.", "(Earlier teletype systems (or earlier mainframe-based CRT terminal systems) would often let you type in a backspace–maybe also a TAB– in a password entry. It was just another keycode.   I don't think that's accepted on the web anywhere these days.)", "90 Which is the only vowel on a standard keyboard that is not on the top line of letters?", "The core section of a keyboard comprises character keys, which can be used to type letters and other characters. Typically, there are three rows of keys for typing letters and punctuation, an upper row for typing digits and special symbols, and the on the bottom row. The positioning of the character keys is similar to the keyboard of a typewriter.", "Which symbol appears on a computer keyboard on the '7' key, just above the number itself?", "means, associated with said indicating areas, for selecting any one of said predetermined number of arrangements to cause each indicating area to display that symbol associated with that character to be furnished by said key according to said selected keyboard arrangement, said selector means including a switch capable of being moved into any one of a predetermined number of positions indicative of selecting a particular keyboard arrangement; and", "There is one alternative character set, sadly neglected on today's computers, that I would also wish to include on an ideal keyboard:", "Without knowing it you use it all the time, every time you use a computer system, but if all you need is to get some of the characters not included in your keyboard should do the following, for example:", "The keyboard disclosed can be used as a computer keyboard which will also enable a rapid change of symbols while permitting the operator to view the symbols for each different format through the respective windows.", "Choose a random word or two that you like, and then instead of typing the characters out as they were on the keyboard, type the corresponding characters on the row on top." ]

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[ "The Apollo 10 lunar module was nicknamed \"Snoopy\" and the command module \"Charlie Brown\". While not included in the official mission logo, Charlie Brown and Snoopy became semi-official mascots for the mission, as seen here [8] and here. Schulz also drew some special mission-related artwork for NASA , and several regular strips related to the mission; one showing Snoopy en route to the moon atop his doghouse with a fishbowl on his head for a space helmet; one where Snoopy is on the moon beating everyone else there, including \"that stupid cat that lives next door\"; one where Snoopy is returning to Earth, and explains to the audience, \"You can tell I'm headed back because I'm pointed the other way\"; and one where Charlie Brown consoles Snoopy about how the spacecraft named after him was left in lunar orbit. The strip that ran on July 21, 1969 – one day after the Apollo 11 lunar module Eagle landed on the moon – included a full moon in the background, with a black mark on it representing the module.[1]", "The Apollo 10 lunar module was named Snoopy and the command module Charlie Brown. While not included in the official mission logo , Charlie Brown and Snoopy became semi-official mascots for the mission, as seen here and here . Schulz also drew some special mission-related artwork for NASA, and several regular strips related to the mission, one showing Snoopy en route to the moon atop his doghouse with a fishbowl on his head for a helmet. \"We have mentioned,\" wrote television producer Lee Mendelson , \"that Charles Schulz is a gambler, a man who doesn't sit pat on success. The New York Times headlined: 'Creator of Peanuts Tempts Fate on Apollo Mission.' Certainly, if a tragedy had occurred, as well it might have, the symbols would forever remain in man's mind as symbols of disaster. But Sparky has always had faith in the Apollo program, from the very start, and he felt if those men could risk their lives, the least he could do would be to risk the popularity of the characters.\" [13] [14] The strip that ran on July 21, 1969 – one day after the Apollo 11 lunar module Eagle landed on the moon – included a full moon in the background, with a black mark on it representing the module. [15]", "The Apollo 10 lunar module was named Snoopy and the command module Charlie Brown. While not included in the , Charlie Brown and Snoopy became semi-official mascots for the mission, as seen and . Schulz also drew some special mission-related artwork for NASA, and several regular strips related to the mission, one showing Snoopy en route to the moon atop his doghouse with a fishbowl on his head for a helmet. The strip that ran on July 21, 1969 – one day after the Apollo 11 lunar module Eagle landed on the moon – included a full moon in the background, with a black mark on it representing the module. [10]", "The Apollo 10 lunar module was nicknamed \"Snoopy\" and the command module \"Charlie Brown\". While not included in the official mission logo , Charlie Brown and Snoopy became semi-official mascots for the mission, as seen here and here. Schulz also drew some special mission-related artwork for NASA , and several regular strips related to the mission; one showing Snoopy enroute to the moon atop his doghouse with a fishbowl on his head for a space helmet; one where Snoopy is on the moon beating everyone else there, including \"that stupid cat that lives next door\"; one where Snoopy is returning to Earth, and explains to the audience, \"You can tell I'm headed back because I'm pointed the other way\"; and one where Charlie Brown consoles Snoopy about how the spacecraft named after him was left in lunar orbit.", "Beginning with the flight of Apollo 9, code names for both the command and service module (CSM) and lunar module (LM) were chosen by the astronauts who were to fly on each mission. The code names were: Apollo 9-\"Gumdrop\" (CSM), \"Spider\" (LM); Apollo 10-\"Charlie Brown\" (CSM), \"Snoopy\" (LM); Apollo 11-\"Columbia\" (CSM), \"Eagle\" (LM); Apollo 12-\"Yankee Clipper\" (CSM), \"Intrepid\" (LM); Apollo 13-\"Odyssey\" (CSM), \"Aquarius\" (LM); Apollo 14-\"Kitty Hawk\" (CSM), \"Antares\" (LM); Apollo 15-\"Endeavour\" (CSM), \"Falcon\" (LM); Apollo 16-\"Casper\" (CSM), \"Orion\" (LM); Apollo 17-\"America\" (CSM); \"Challenger\" (LM).", "Apollo 11 took off on July 16, 1969, carrying Neil Armstrong, Edwin E. “Buzz\" Aldrin, Jr. and Michael Collins. On July 21, Neil Armstrong became the first human to set foot on the surface of the moon. The Lunar Module was called \"Eagle\" after the bald eagle, the national bird of the United States. The patch shows a bald eagle landing on the moon with an olive branch in its talons to symbolize a peaceful landing. The crew's names do not appear on the patch, so it represented everybody who had worked toward the moon landing. Armstrong and Aldrin spent 21 hours, 36 minutes on the moon’s surface before returning to Earth.", "The Lunar Module (LM) (also originally known as Lunar Excursion Module, or LEM), was designed solely to land on the moon, and to ascend from the lunar surface to the command module. It had a limited heat shield and was of a construction so lightweight that it would not have been able to fly in Earth gravity. It carried two crew members and consisted of two stages, a descent and an ascent stage. The descent stage incorporated compartments in which cargo such as the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiment Package and Lunar Rover could be carried.", "Apollo 15 used Command/Service Module CSM-112, which was given the call sign Endeavour, named after the HMS Endeavour and Lunar Module LM-10, call sign Falcon, named after the United States Air Force Academy mascot. If Apollo 15 had flown as an H mission, it would have been with CSM-111 and LM-9. That CSM was used by the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project in 1975, but the Lunar Module went unused and is now on display at the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex.", "1969 : while astronauts aboard Apollo X orbited the moon, the spacecraft's lunar module \"Snoopy\" separated from the command module \"Charlie Brown\" and flew to within nine miles of the lunar surface in a dress rehearsal for the first lunar landing in July.", "The Lunar Module was the lander portion of the Apollo spacecraft built for the Apollo program by Grumman in order to achieve the transit from cislunar orbit to the surface and back. The module was also known as the LM from the manufacturer designation. Tom Kellyas a project engineer at Grumman, successfully designed and built the first Lunar Module. NASA achieved the first test flight on January 22, 1968 using a Saturn V rocket. Six successful missions carried twelve astronauts, the first being Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, to the moon surface and safely back home to earth.", "The development and construction of the lunar module is dramatized in the miniseries From the Earth to the Moon episode entitled \"Spider\". This is in reference to LM-3, used on Apollo 9, which the crew named Spider after its spidery appearance. The unused LM-13 stood in during the teleplay to depict LM-3 and LM-5, Eagle, used by Apollo 11.", "On 20 July 1969, Apollo 11, the first human spaceflight landed on the Moon. Launched on 16 July 1969, it carried mission Commander Neil Armstrong, Command Module Pilot Michael Collins, and the Lunar Module Pilot Buzz Aldrin. Apollo 11 fulfilled President John F. Kennedy's goal of reaching the moon by the end of the 1960s, which he had expressed during a speech given before a joint session of Congress on 25 May 1961: \"I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth.\"", "Houston's NASA Control Center was monitoring astronauts on the Moon, flown there in the Artemis II (it was a joint US-USSR \"detente\" mission). They had been there for 45 days, conducting geological surveys. One of the astronauts noted the arrival of butch-punk henchwoman Ursa, who magically drifted down onto the Moon's surface - as \"an unidentified flying object.\" She confronted one of the US astronauts, asked: \"What kind of a creature are you?\", and then stole his patch as she ripped open his spacesuit - depressurizing it and killing him. General Zod discovered a second Soviet astronaut, and commented: \"What a fragile sort of life form this is,\" before snapping his lifeline and floating him away. The third US astronaut, attempting to launch and flee in the lunar excursion module, was crushed and killed by Non. General Zod realized why they had super-human powers: \"The closer we come to an atmosphere with only one sun, a yellow sun, the more our molecular density gives us unlimited powers.\" They decided to go to \"Houston\" - \"To rule!\" when they mistakenly believed that the Houston Space Center transmissions designated the planet's name - Houston.", "On July 21, 1969, the whole world burst into euphoria. It was the day history was created -- man had set foot on the Moon. While the date -- July 20, 1969, went down in the history of space exploration as the most significant day, the first human to set foot on the lunar surface -- Neil Armstrong, became the most famous astronaut in the world. He was even voted the most popular space hero in a survey conducted by the Space Foundation in 2010.", "As spacecraft commander for Apollo 11, the first piloted lunar landing mission, Armstrong gained the distinction of being the first person to step on the surface of the Moon. On 16 July 1969, Armstrong, Michael Collins, and Edwin E. \"Buzz\" Aldrin began their trip to the Moon. Collins was the Command Module pilot and navigator for the mission. Aldrin, a systems expert, was the Lunar Module pilot and became the second person to walk on the Moon. As commander of Apollo 11, Armstrong piloted", "Chewbacca, nicknamed \"Chewie\", is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise. He is a Wookiee, a tall, hirsute biped and intelligent species from the planet Kashyyyk. Chewbacca is the loyal friend and associate of Han Solo, and serves as co-pilot on Solo's spaceship, the Millennium Falcon. Chewbacca is portrayed by actor Peter Mayhew in the Star Wars films. The character has also appeared on television, in books, comics, and video games.", "While the aliens may not necessarily be a proven fact, the main protagonist to the game, one Ethan Cole was actually named after a -then- gaffer for the film set of the Apollo moon landing who was an avid map-maker for his local boy scouts.", "December 1968 saw the launch of Apollo 8, the first manned space mission to orbit the moon, from NASA’s massive launch facility on Merritt Island, near Cape Canaveral, Florida . On July 16, 1969, U.S. astronauts Neil Armstrong , Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin and Michael Collins set off on the Apollo 11 space mission, the first lunar landing attempt. After landing successfully on July 20, Armstrong became the first man to walk on the moon’s surface; he famously called the moment “one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.”", "Apollo 9 was the first space test of the third critical piece of Apollo hardware-the lunar module. For ten days, the astronauts put all three Apollo vehicles through their paces in Earth orbit, undocking and then redocking the lunar lander with the command module, just as they would in lunar orbit. For this and all subsequent Apollo flights, the crews were allowed to name their own spacecraft. The gangly lunar module was \"Spider,\" the command module \"Gumdrop.\" Schweickart and Scott performed a space walk, and Schweickart checked out the new Apollo spacesuit, the first to have its own life support system rather than being dependent on an umbilical connection to the spacecraft. Apollo 9 gave proof that the Apollo machines were up to the task of orbital rendezvous and docking.", "Many of the names used in the Bond works came from people Fleming knew: Scaramanga, the principal villain in The Man with the Golden Gun, was named after a fellow Eton schoolboy with whom Fleming fought; Goldfinger, from the eponymous novel, was named after British architectErnő Goldfinger, whose work Fleming abhorred; Sir Hugo Drax, the antagonist of Moonraker, was named after after Fleming's acquaintanceAdmiral Sir Reginald Aylmer Ranfurly Plunkett-Ernle-Erle-Drax; Drax's assistant, Krebs, bears the same name as Hitler's last Chief of Staff; and one of the homosexual villains from Diamonds Are Forever, \"Boofy\" Kidd, was named after one of Fleming's close friends—and a relative of his wife—Arthur Gore, 8th Earl of Arran, known as Boofy to his friends.", "In 1948, Gerard Kuiper discovered the smallest and the last of the five large, spherical moons. Consistent with the names applied by John Herschel, the planet was named Miranda after another one of Pope’s characters. Decades later, the flyby of the Voyager 2 space probe in January 1986 led to the discovery of ten further inner moons.", "Apollo 9, crewed by James A. McDivitt, Russell L. Schweickart and David R. Scott, was an Earth orbit mission to test the docking and undocking of the Lunar Module and the transfer of crew into it, in preparation for the landing. The crew nicknamed the gangly-looking LM \"Spider.\"", "In Destination Moon, Thompson/Thomson believe there to be a skeleton sneaking around the moon project, due to a misunderstanding involving an x-ray machine. In Explorers on the Moon, when The Mole has been revealed and is being interrogated, they break in with a vital question: \"The skeleton, Wolff. Was that you?\"", "The Metal Gear Solid character Hal \"Otacon\" Emmerich is named after HAL 9000 by his father Huey. Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker also has various references to HAL and 2001: A Space Odyssey . For example, All AI Pods have a red eye similar to Hal's eye, The game also ended in the AI singing.", "Apollo 9 was the first flight test of the complete lunar landing mission including the CSM, the LM, and the EMU. The crew consisted of James A. McDivitt, David Randolph Scott, and Russell L. Schweickart. The first Apollo spacecraft to be named, Gumdrop (CSM) and Spider (LM) were launched into the earth's orbit on March 3, 1969. During ten days of operations, the crew demonstrated all Apollo mission maneuvers.", "As commander of the Apollo 11 mission, he became the first person to set foot on the moon, on 20 July 1969, fulfilling the longheld dream of the United States to get there before the Soviet Union. His first words as he stepped on to the surface – \"That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind\" – instantly became one of the most recognisable phrases ever uttered.", "2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) - based on Arthur C. Clarke's The Sentinel; it must be noted that the villainous HAL 9000 computer (voice of Douglas Rain), although appearing robotic, was not a robot", "Golden Age British space hero Dan Dare had an eager youthful sidekick named Flamer (because he had red hair). The term didn't have the same, um, connotations back then.", "The Apollo 11 spacecraft consisted of a command module, support module, and lunar module.  Two astronauts descended to the Moon's surface in the lunar module, while one remained in lunar orbit in the command module.  What was the name given to the command module?", "In Schlock Mercenary Earth still retains its English name. But the star it orbits is known as \"Sol\", and its terraformed and heavily populated moon was renamed \"Luna\" by \"The Committee for Differentiating Our Planet From a Bare Behind.\"", "Apollo 15 was the ninth manned mission in the United States' Apollo program, the fourth to land on the Moon, and the eighth successful manned mission. It was the first of what were termed \"J missions\", long stays on the Moon, with a greater focus on science than had been possible on previous missions. It was also the first mission on which the Lunar Roving Vehicle was used.", "MGM agreed to finance the film in February 1965. Stanley Kubrick did not come up with the title '2001: A Space Odyssey' until April 1965, 11 months after he and Arthur C Clarke started the project. Before that, it had been known as 'Journey Beyond The Stars', a title that neither were keen on, yet was better than 'Universe', 'Tunnel To The Stars', 'How The Solar System Was Won' and 'Planetfall', the other suggested titles." ]

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[ "• Gary Player was the only golfer of the 20th Century to win a British Open title in three different decades.", "Gary’s Grand Slam GRAND SLAM MAN: Gary Player’s status as one of golf’s greats is undisputed. He is the only non-American to have won all four of golf’s major tournaments — the so-called Grand Slam — and is fourth on the list of the game’s major winners, after Jack Nicklaus (the leader with 18 major titles), Tiger Woods (14) and Walter Hagen (11). Player and Ben Hogan are next with nine each. Player completed golf’s Grand Slam at the age of 29 when he won the 1965 US Open, having already won the British Open in 1959, the US Masters in 1961 and the US PGA in 1962. He won the Masters three times (1961, 1974 and 1978), the British Open three times (1959, 1968 and 1974), the PGA twice (1962 and 1972) and the US Open. He is also only the second golfer to have won the British Open in three different decades. Subsequently he was named Sportsman of the Century.", "The Claret Jug was won the following year by another South African, Gary Player, one of professional golf's \"Big Three\" who took the sport to new heights of popularity during the 1960s. Player, Arnold Palmer and Jack Nicklaus each captured the British Open two times each by 1970, with both Nicklaus and Player winning one more time in the 1970s.", "Player played regularly on the U.S. based PGA Tour from the late 1950s. He led the Tour money list in 1961, and went on to accumulate 24 career Tour titles. He also played an exceptionally busy schedule all over the world, and he has been called the world's most traveled athlete, clocking up more than 15 million miles. He has more victories than anyone else in the South African Open (13) and the Australian Open (7). He held the record for most victories in the World Match Play Championship, with five wins, from 1973 until 1991 when this feat was equalled by Seve Ballesteros, finally losing his share of the record in 2004, when Ernie Els won the event for a sixth time. Player was in the top ten of Mark McCormack's world golf rankings from their inception in 1968 until 1981; he was ranked second in 1969, 1970 and 1972, each time to Jack Nicklaus.", "When Gary Player won the Open Championship in 1959 he was the youngest to win in the modern era. At the age of only 23 Player had captured his first Major Championship win. He continued to add on Majors, winning the 1961 Masters and the 1962 PGA Championship, and just 6 years after winning his first major, Player completed his career Grand Slam at the age of 29 by winning the 1965 US Open. At the time Gary Player was the youngest to have won the career Grand Slam and the only non-American. He was later joined in the Grand Slam club the next year by Jack Nicklaus.", " - Gary Player (on his superb three-wood approach to the 14th at Carnoustie en route to winning the 1968 Open)", "Player is indisputably the greatest international golfer of all time. He estimates he has spent more than three years of his life in airplanes and traveled some 15 million miles. In every year from 1955 to 1982, Player won at least one sanctioned international tournament, a 27-year streak. He won the World Match Play title five times, the Australian Open seven times and the South African Open 13 times. In winning the 1974 Brazilian Open, he shot the only 59 ever in a national open.", "Two months earlier, Nicklaus had won The Masters to become the first in a dozen years (Arnold Palmer in 1960) to win golf's first two major titles of the season. At the British Open in July, Nicklaus shot a final round 66 to finish second, one stroke behind Lee Trevino, ending his Grand Slam run in 1972. (Palmer also missed a third straight major by a stroke at the 1960 British Open.) Through 2012, only one golfer has won the Masters, U.S. Open, and British Open in the same calendar year: Ben Hogan in 1953.", "1935 Birthday - Gary J. Player, born in Johannesburg, South Africa, PGA golfer, British Open 1959, 1968, 1974", "During his illustrious golf career that saw seven decades of professional tournament victories, Gary Player is no stranger to success in Australia. Winning a record seven Australian Open titles forever entrenched the Black Knight’s name into golf folklore in the Land Down Under. Legends Jack Nicklaus and Greg Norman fell short of Player’s record, and current stars Jason Day and Adam Scott have one combined title in their", "To see any event stay in one community for 30 years is truly special,” said Gary Player, the Black Knight and World Golf Hall of Fame member. “I am honored to have been a part of its first year in 1988 and look forward to joining the 30th year celebration during the 2017 Chubb Classic.”", "Gary Player is the most successful non-American golf player in the history. The South African legendary golfer, Gary Player managed to achieve the career grand slam at 29 that has been bestowed upon only a few, namely Gene Sarazen , Ben Hogan, Jack Nicklaus and Tiger Woods. Gary Player was famously known as “Black Knight” because of the fact that he usually wore black on the golf course. During his glorious golf career, Gary Player won nine Major tournaments, six Championship tours and three Open Championships.", "Daly's win began another successful period for U.S. golfers at the British Open. Over a 15-year span from 1995 to 2009, Americans took home the Claret Jug 11 times. That stretch included three wins by Tiger Woods, including the 2000 title when he shot below 69 in all four rounds to set a major championship record, finishing at -19. In 2007, Ireland's Padraig Harrington ended a seven-year drought without a European champion when he won the first of two consecutive titles.", "* Only player to post a top-10 finish in at least one major championship in five different decades.", "Lee John Westwood OBE (born 24 April 1973) is an English professional golfer. Noted for his consistency, Westwood is one of the few golfers who has won tournaments on every major continent, including victories on the European Tour and the PGA Tour. He was named player of the year for the 1998, 2000, and 2009 seasons. He has won the 2000 European Tour Order of Merit, and the renamed 2009 Race to Dubai. He has represented Europe for the last seven consecutive Ryder Cups. In late 2010 Westwood became the World number one golfer, ending the reign of Tiger Woods, and becoming the first British golfer since Nick Faldo in 1994 to hold that position. He held the number one position for a total of 22 weeks.", "Birkdale, close to this year's open venue of the Royal Liverpool course at Hoylake on England's north-west coast, last hosted the British Open in 2008 when Ireland's Padraig Harrington won his second consecutive Claret Jug after taking his first at Scotland's Carnoustie a year earlier.", "2007 - Dubliner Padraig Harrington becomes the first Irish golfer to win the British Open in 60 years when he snatches victory from the jaws of defeat at Carnoustie in Scotland. He is the first European golfer to secure a major victory since Paul Laurie on the same course in 1999 and Ireland's first since Fred Daly in 1947. President McAleese was the first to convey her congratulations to Harrington, while Labour sports spokesman Jack Wall said: \"Padraig Harrington's magnificent victory in the Open without doubt represents one of the greatest days in the history of Irish sport.\"", "Gary Player won 9 major championships on the PGA Tour and 6 Champions Tour major championships. He is also a world famous golf course designer and the author of 36 books about the sport of golf.", "Harry Vardon has won the British Open six times, and Tiger Woods holds a tournament record shooting a 17-under-par 72-hole mark in 2000. Louis Oosthuizen took home the Claret Jug in 2010 at St. Andrews. ", "Only five golfers have won all four of golf's modern Majors at any time during their career, an achievement which is often referred to as a Career Grand Slam: Gene Sarazen, Hogan, Gary Player, Jack Nicklaus, and Woods. Nicklaus has three Career Grand Slams, having won each major at least three times, while Woods has two, having won each major at least twice.", "Bernhard Langer becomes the first German golfer to win a Major Championship, when he wins the U.S. Masters. Later in the summer, Sandy Lyle becomes the first British player to win the Open Championship for 16 years, despite a nervy finish at Sandwich. These successes are topped off in the Autumn when Europe regains the Ryder Cup for the first time since 1957, beating the United States at The Belfry in England.", "Gary Player of South Africa, considered by most observers be the greatest international golfer of all time, will become the 10th recipient of the PGA Tour's Lifetime Achievement Award.", "Winning the Grand Slam is seen as the ultimate feat in golf, but with that, Gary Player has always felt that using his success to give back to those less fortunate has been integral. The Black Knight made history at the ’65 U.S. Open and broke tradition as the first international Grand Slam champion donated all his tournament earnings to charity.", "Gary Player is a legend in his own time. The most successful international golfer of all time, Player has achieved…", "April 10th 1961 - Gary Player of South Africa became the first foreign golfer to win the Masters Golf Tournament in Augusta, Georgia.", "Spanish golfer Seve Ballesteros at the Open Championship, Muirfield, Scotland, 1980. (Photo by Steve Powell/Getty Images)", "BLAIR ATHOLL, South Africa — Charl Schwartzel’s new house overlooks the rolling hills of Gary Player’s family estate. That is about as far as the connection goes between two South Africans who won Masters Tournaments 50 years apart. For Schwartzel ...", "GARY PLAYER COMPETES IN THE TORNEO DE GOLF EL DIA LA HISPANIDAD IN CUBA AT VARADERO GOLF CLUB", "“Golf is one of only a handful of sports in the world where success is only possible with absolute commitment to performance, precision and innovation. In Gary Player, we have one of the most decorated golfers of all time who shares these values.”", "British golfer Nick Faldo helping Seve Ballesteros with a practice shot at the Johnnie Walker World Golf Championship at the Tryall Golf Club, Jamaica, 1992. Faldo won the tournament. (Photo by David Cannon/Getty Images)", "“Gary Player has done so much for my career, but also this country. Anything he lends his name to and is involved with is a great honour for us golfers to be a part of as well.”", "Terry’s Par Three competition was as follows. Hole 6. Ian Vaughan, Hole 13. Dave Williams and Hole 17. Barry Duran. I can´t remember who won the wooden spoon, sorry!" ]

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[ "Sarah Elizabeth Fitz-Gerald AM (born 1 December 1968) is an Australian women's squash player who won five World Open titles – 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001 and 2002. She ranks alongside Janet Morgan, Nicol David, Susan Devoy, Michelle Martin and Heather McKay as the sport's greatest players.", "Sarah was born in Melbourne, Australia, a hotspot for squash talent. In 1987 she won the female World Junior Championship and was the Australian Junior Female Athlete of the Year. It was also during this year that she represented Australia at the 1987 Women's World Team Squash Championships finishing runner-up to England. In 1992 she was selected once again to represent Australia in the 1992 Women's World Team Squash Championships and this time Australia became the world champions. Remarkably Fitzgerald would go on to win a total of seven World Team Championships.", "Born in Rotorua , New Zealand, Devoy attended MacKillop College . [3] Her family was very involved in the squash community and she started playing when she was very young. [4] Devoy turned professional at the age of 17. [5] Her first World Open title came in 1985, [6] with a subsequent win in 1987. Further World Open titles came in 1990 and 1992. [7] For most of her career, the World Open was held biennially, a fact that stopped Devoy potentially doubling her tally. She did, however, win the coveted British Open eight times, a record only beaten by Heather McKay in the 1960s/70s and by Janet Morgan in the 1950s.[ citation needed ]", "In 1990, Rollason joined BBC Sport and became the first female presenter of Grandstand, where her down-to-earth presenting style quickly made her popular with viewers, and earned her a regular presenting role on BBC Two's Sport on Friday, as well as a raft of other sporting programmes. Among her credits with the BBC are coverage of the Wimbledon Championships, the 1992 Summer Olympics from Barcelona and 1996 Summer Olympics from Atlanta, together with the 1994 Commonwealth Games, which were held in Victoria, British Columbia. She was an advocate of disability sports, and helped to alter its public and media perception with her coverage of the 1996 Summer Paralympics. Britain's Olympic team had been fairly unsuccessful at that year's Olympics, prompting Rollason to urge viewers and the media to support what she called the \"real\" Olympics. Jane Swan, General Secretary of the British Paralympic Association later described how Rollason's support for the event had helped to change its image. \"Until then, the Paralympics had been treated as documentary material, focusing mainly on disability. Helen made people realise that it was sport.\" Other disability sporting events she covered include the 1990 World Disabled Championships, 1991 Blind Golfers' Championships, and the 1992 Summer Paralympics. She also fronted sports bulletins for BBC Breakfast News. In 1996, she was named as the Television and Radio Industries Sports Presenter of the Year.", "Navratilova continued to play singles tennis despite constant retirement rumors. In 1992 she won her one hundred and fifty-eighth professional tennis title. With this win, Navratilova broke the record for more tennis titles than any other man or woman. Playing with Jonathan Stark, the pair won the mixed doubles title at Wimbledon in 1995. A second attempt at a mixed doubles title at Wimbledon was squelched by a loss to Lindsay Davenport and Grant Connell in 1996. Reporters continue to ask Navratilova what her plans are and if she will return for another match. Her answer remains that she does not know when she will retire from the professional tennis tour.", "The 1994 Games were held in Saint Petersburg, Russia, in the first competition since the Soviet Union had been replaced by fifteen independent republics. Russians set five world records in the weightlifting section, and the games were the first major international event to feature beach volleyball, which would appear at the Olympics for the first time at the 1996 Atlanta Games. Ted Turner's last games were in 1998 in New York City, with memorable highlights including Joyner-Kersee winning her fourth straight heptathlon title, and the U.S. 4 × 400 m relay team setting a world's best time.", "      After the sordid Tonya Harding-Nancy Kerrigan controversy that had focused added attention on the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Nor., the competition between two other Americans, 15-year-old Tara Lipinski (see BIOGRAPHIES ( Lipinski, Tara Kristen )) and 17-year-old Michelle Kwan, at the 1998 Games in Nagano, Japan, was as welcome a duel as it was splendid. At two recent previous meetings, including the 1998 U.S. championships just prior to the Olympics, Kwan had handily defeated Lipinski. In Nagano Kwan, the 1996 world champion, jumped out to an early lead over Lipinski, the 1997 world champion, after a nearly perfect short program. In the free skate Kwan landed seven triple jumps, including a flawless opening triple lutz-double toe loop, but she held back on one of her most difficult jumps, earning just 5.7s and 5.8s in technical merit while garnering 5.9s for artistry. Lipinski capitalized on the opening left by Kwan, earning 5.8s and 5.9s for technical merit and similar scores for artistry. Six of the nine judges placed Lipinski in first place, which gave her the gold medal and a place in history. Lipinski surpassed Sonja Henie, Norway's 1928 Olympic gold medalist, by two months to become the youngest figure-skating champion in Olympic history. China's Chen Lu, the 1995 world champion, took the bronze.", "She lost the 1996 World Open final to Sarah Fitz-Gerald 9–4, 9–2, 4–9, 9–6 who would go on to win another four World Opens. At the 1998 Commonwealth Games she won a gold medal in the doubles with Sue Wright, and a bronze in the singles.", "While Gail Devers achieved fame as the fastest combination female sprinter and hurdler in history, she is perhaps best known for having overcome a serious illness that almost rendered her permanently disabled. After suffering for nearly two years from Graves’ disease, a dangerous thyroid condition, Devers made a dramatic return to competition and rapidly established herself as one of the leading female track and field performers in the world. Though initially known primarily as a hurdler, she stunned audiences with her victory in the 100-meter sprint at the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona, Spain .", "Phylis Dameron was the first person, man or woman, to ride big Waimea Bay on a bodyboard in the late 1970s. During the early 1990s in Brazil, Mariana Nogueira, Glenda Koslowski, and Stephanie Petterson set standards that pushed women's bodyboarding to a world class level. Stephanie Petterson won the first official World Championship of Women's Bodyboarding at Pipeline in 1990. It was the first women's event ever held there and initiated the longest running women's wave sport event in the world. 2009 marked the event's 20th anniversary.", "      Television became very significant for skating. Nowhere was that more evident than in 1994 when skater Nancy Kerrigan was clubbed on the kneecap by an advocate of Kerrigan's competitor Tonya Harding at the U.S. nationals in Detroit, Michigan. International interest in the situation translated into high television ratings at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway. The women's short program was watched by millions of spectators as Harding competed against Kerrigan, the eventual Olympic silver-medal winner.", "Michelle Wingshan Kwan is an American figure skater. She is a two-time (1998 and 2002) Olympic medalist, a five-time (1996, 1998, 2000, 2001 and 2003) World champion (a record bettered only by Sonja Henie among ladies skaters) and a nine-time (1996, 1998â2005) U.S. champion (the all-time record, as tied with Maribel Vinson-Owen). She competed at a high level for over a decade and is the most decorated figure skater in U.S. history.…  Read More", "1994 - Tonya Harding pled guilty in Portland, OR, to conspiracy to hinder prosecution for covering up the attack on her skating rival Nancy Kerrigan. She was fined $100,000. She was also banned from amateur figure skating.", "The best British female athlete of the 90s, Gunnell, who hails from Essex, took gold in the 400m at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics and set a world record in the event at the World Championships a year later. Although her 52.74 time is no longer a world record, it remains a British best.", "Dawn Fraser (1937), won three successive Olympic golds in the 100 freestyle at the 1956, 1960, and 1964 Games, and would have won five straight had she not been unjustly suspended for allegedly nicking the Emperor’s flag in Tokyo. The first woman to crack the 60 seconds barrier.", "Rona Thaell produced many Australian Champions both in Figures and Free Skating and also excelled at ice dancing. She retired to the Gold Coast, and still drove her car and went to aqua aerobics three times a week, well into her nineties. She turned 100 on June 29th, 2012 and passed away soon after. ", "The women's championship started in 1921, and has been dominated by relatively few players: Joyce Cave and Nancy Cave (England) in the 1920s; Margot Lumb (USA) 1930s; Janet Morgan (England) 1950s; Heather McKay (Australia) 1960s and 1970s; Vicki Cardwell (Australia) and Susan Devoy (New Zealand) 1980s; Michelle Martin (Australia) 1990s; and Sarah Fitz-Gerald (Australia) 1990s and Nicol David (Malaysia) 2000s.", "Tracy spent most of her years growing up in Nashville, Tennessee. In 1976, she swam in her first national championship. It was the same year that the East German women’s team dominated the competition at the Montreal Olympics. Years later, the DDR system of performance enhancing doping was exposed, but it didn’t stop Tracy and an America group of young girls from surpassing their European rivals. At the 1977 USA Short-Course Nationals, Tracy demonstrated her versatility by setting American records in the 200-yard individual medley, 400 individual medley and the 100 breaststroke. At the 1978 World Championships in Berlin, Germany, at just fifteen years old, Tracy won both individual medleys, but also swam the 200-meter butterfly and won that too. She added a freestyle leg on the gold medal 400 freestyle relay and also swam on the winning 400 medley relay. In 1978, Tracy Caulkins became the youngest athlete to ever win the James E. Sullivan Award as the greatest amateur athlete in America.", "Joyner-Kersee was voted the Greatest Female Athlete of the 20th Century by Sports Illustrated for Women. She's competed in four Olympics from 1984 to 1996, winning three gold medals, one silver and two bronze in the heptathlon and the long jump.", "Joyner died unexpectedly of an epileptic seizure on September 21, 1998, at her home in Mission Viejo, California. She was only 38 years old at time and was survived by her husband and their daughter, Mary Joyner. Remarkably, more than 30 years later, Joyner still holds the world records in the 100- and 200-meter events, with times of 10.49 seconds and 21.34 seconds, respectively.", "Kerrigan has competed in Ice Wars, a team figure skating competition, and performed in ice shows. She has also appeared in the comedy Blades of Glory and worked as a correspondent for Entertainment Tonight.", "Picabo Street was the first woman ever to win the World Cup downhill season title in both 1995 and 1996. She also won gold in the 1998 Olympic games, as well as in the 1996 downhill race and world championship.", "2. In which sport did Neil Thomas win a silver medal at the World Championships and a gold medal at the Commonwealth Games in the 1990s?", "Heather McKay (née Blundell) enjoyed a career of unparalleled dominance in her chosen sport and is one of Australia's greatest ever sportspeople. During a playing career that lasted nearly twenty years, she won fourteen successive Australian Amateur titles in her sport (1960-73), sixteen British Amateur (later Open) titles (1962-77), the inaugural World Championship title (1976) and the World Championship again in 1979. She was named the ABC Sportsman (!) of the year in 1967. She lost two matches in all that time; one in 1960, the other in 1962. Even then, Heather McKay considered those losses to be steps towards later victories. The 1960 loss was to the late Yvonne West in the quarter final of the New South Wales Championship - a result she was tickled pink by considering it was the first time she'd played in the event after picking up the game the year before. She never lost an amateur title match in Australia again. The 1962 loss was to Fran Marshall, the reigning British Champion, in the final of the Scottish Championship. It was the last loss she would ever experience, and Heather was delighted with the result. It was the first serious hit out she had in Britain before her first attempt at the British Amateur Championship, a title she took from Marshall a few weeks later.", "Q4. Who was the only woman to win BBC's sport personality of the year in the 1990s?", "*6 wins: Michael Johnson (USA) - Olympic Champion in 1996 and 2000, World Champion in 1993, 1995, 1997 and 1999.", "1995 – The first Women’s Under-19 World Championship is played in Adelaide, Australia. The Australian women win gold in the inaugural event over the United States, 5-4.", "Halfway through the 1990 final. The contenders are, left to right: Brian Bibby, Helen Grayson, the champion-to-be, David Edwards, Paul Webbewood and Chantal Thompson", "*3 wins: Stefka Kostadinova (BUL) - Olympic Champion in 1996, World Champion in 1987 & 1995", "The AP panel included six players whose careers spanned six decades: Ted Schroeder, Fred Stolle, Barry MacKay, Pam Shriver, Wendy Turnbull and Virginia Wade. Turnbull and Stolle are Australian, while Wade is from England.", "Geraldine Rees became the first to complete the course (albeit in last place) in 1982. She fell at the first a year later and went on to train for 12 years in Lancashire, before retiring in 2010.", "* 1992 – Claire Burran was the first woman to compete. Sister of 1988 winner Glen Hayes, she came third in rough conditions. " ]

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[ "The Treaty of Versailles ( French : le Traité de Versailles) was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I . It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers . It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand . The other Central Powers on the German side of World War I were dealt with in separate treaties. [1] Although the armistice signed on 11 November 1918, ended the actual fighting, it took six months of negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to conclude the peace treaty. The treaty was registered by the Secretariat of the League of Nations on 21 October 1919, and was printed in The League of Nations Treaty Series .", "The Treaty of Versailles (French: Traité de Versailles) was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I . It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers . It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand . The other Central Powers on the German side of World War I were dealt with in separate treaties. [6] Although the armistice , signed on 11 November 1918, ended the actual fighting, it took six months of negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to conclude the peace treaty. The treaty was registered by the Secretariat of the League of Nations on 21 October 1919, and was printed in The League of Nations Treaty Series .", "The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The other Central Powers on the German side of World War I were dealt with in separate treaties.[1] Although the armistice signed on 11 November 1918 ended the actual fighting, it took six months of negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to conclude the peace treaty. The treaty was registered by the Secretariat of the League of Nations on October 21, 1919, and was printed in The League of Nations Treaty Series.", "Many wars have been settled through peace talks and treaties negotiated at Versailles. The Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I was signed in the Hall of Mirrors in 1919.", "The most important treaty signed at Versailles (in the Hall of Mirrors) was that of 1919. It was the chief among the five peace treaties that terminated World War I. The other four (for which see separate articles) were Saint-Germain , for Austria; Trianon , for Hungary; Neuilly , for Bulgaria; and Sèvres , for Turkey. Signed on June 28, 1919, by Germany on the one hand and by the Allies (save Russia) on the other, the Treaty of Versailles embodied the results of the long and often bitter negotiations of the Paris Peace Conference of 1919.", "The Paris Peace Conference convened in January 1919 at Versailles just outside Paris. The conference was called to establish the terms of the peace after World War I. Though nearly thirty nations participated, the representatives of the United Kingdom, France, the United States, and Italy became known as the “Big Four.” The “Big Four” dominated the proceedings that led to the formulation of the Treaty of Versailles, a treaty that ended World War I.", "The post-World War I peace conference begins in Paris, ultimately resulting in the Treaty of Versailles, which sets the terms for the end of the war.", "The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers.", ": Germany and the Allies signed a peace treaty at the end of World War I. The United States, Great Britain, France, and Italy negotiated the treaty at the Peace Conference held in Versaille beginning on January 18, 1919. The German Republic government which replaced the imperial administration was excluded from the deliberations. The treaty created the Covenant of the League of Nations, outlined Germany's disarmament, exacted massive reparation payments from Germany, and forced Germany to cede large tracts of territory to various European nation-states.", "1920, peace treaty concluded after World War I at Sèvres, France, between the Ottoman Empire (Turkey), on the one hand, and the Allies (excluding Russia and the United States) on the other.", "In the turmoil of this day, the Ebert government's acceptance of the harsh terms of the Entente for a truce, after a renewed demand by the Supreme Command, went almost unnoticed. On 11 November, the Centre Party deputy Matthias Erzberger, on behalf of Berlin, signed the armistice agreement in Compiègne, France. Thus, World War I had come to an end.", "On November 11, 1918, Allied leaders and German officials signed the Armistice that brought an end to four and a half years of fighting on the Western Front, effectively bringing World War I to a close.", "November 11, 1918, At 5:00 AM the Allied powers and Germany signed an armistice document in the railway carriage of Ferdinand Foch, the commander of the Allied armies, and six hours later World War I came to an end.[2]", "After the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the signing of the Treaty of Versailles on 28 June 1919, between Germany on the one side and France, Italy, Britain and other minor allied powers on the other, officially ended war between those countries. Other treaties ended the belligerent relationships of the United States and the other Central Powers. Included in the 440 articles of the Treaty of Versailles were the demands that Germany officially accept responsibility for starting the war and pay economic reparations . The treaty drastically limited the German military machine: German troops were reduced to 100,000 and the country was prevented from possessing major military armaments such as tanks, warships and submarines.", "The Germans initially refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles, and it took an ultimatum from the Allies to bring the German delegation to Paris on June 28. It was five years to the day since the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, which began the chain of events that led to the outbreak of World War I. Clemenceau chose the location for the signing of the treaty: the Hall of Mirrors in Versailles Palace, site of the signing of the Treaty of Frankfurt that ended the Franco-Prussian War. At the ceremony, General Jan Christiaan Smuts, soon to be president of South Africa, was the only Allied leader to protest formally the Treaty of Versailles, saying it would do grave injury to the industrial revival of Europe.", "Treaty of Versailles, The First World War only ended in the series of conferences that took place in the Palace of Versailles from January 1919 to January 1920. Fifty-five countries were represented there and the League of Nations was formed. Britain and France took control of several of the Turkish Empire's territories, which included Palestine, Lebanon and Syria. The U.S. Congress did not ratify the Treaty, and it was rather Eurocentric.", "One of the peace treaties at the end of World War I that ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied powers. It was signed on June 28, 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.", "Was organized by the victors of World War I to negotiate the peace treaties between the Allied and the defeated Central Powers. The Treaty of Versailles was the treaty signed with Germany as part of this conference.", "In 1918, at 11 a.m. on the 11th day of the 11th month, the Great War officially comes to an end when German and Allied forces sign a ceasefire in Compiègne, France.", "World War I: Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924) propounds Fourteen Points for world peace; Germany offensive on Western front; Czechoslovakia proclaimed independent republic; Allies sign armistice with Austria-Hungary on November 3; Allied conference at Versailles agrees on peace terms for Germany; Armistice signed between Allies and Germany.", "The treaty of Peace Between the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany, the Protocol annexed thereto, the Agreement respecting the military occupation of the territories of the Rhine, and the Treaty Between France and Great Britain Respecting Alliance to France in the event of unprovoked aggression by Germany. Signed at Versailles, June 28th, 1919. (London: HMSO, 1919).", "After Wilson's presidency, his successor Republican President Warren G. Harding continued American opposition to the formation of the League of Nations. Congress subsequently passed the Knox–Porter Resolution bringing a formal end to hostilities between the United States and the Central Powers. It was signed into law by President Harding on 2 July 1921. Soon after, the US–German Peace Treaty of 1921 was signed in Berlin on 25 August 1921, the US–Austrian Peace Treaty of 1921 was signed in Vienna on 24 August 1921, and the US–Hungarian Peace Treaty of 1921 was signed in Budapest on 29 August 1921.", "Peace treaty at the end of World War I which established new nations, borders, and war reparations", "1918 — At the end of World War I, President Woodrow Wilson announces his Fourteen Points peace plan.", "On November 11, 1918, at 5:00 AM the Allied and German delegates signed an armistice on terms established by the Allies; at 11:00 the same morning hostilities on the western front came to an end. The end of the war on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918 prompted relief and jubilation in all of the belligerent countries. The murderous struggle that had dragged on for over four years had finally ended. Political leaders then took up the task of trying to transform the military armistice into a durable peace.", "“On the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month” of 1918, an armistice was signed, ending “The War to End All Wars”. With the military morale in its ebb and revolution brewing at home, Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated two days before on 9 November. The German government had decided to negotiate an armistice with the Allies starting 7th November, when the German Army Chief of Staff Paul von Hindenburg exchanged a series of telegrams with the Supreme Allied Commander Ferdinand Foch.", "Until March 1919, the most important role for negotiating the extremely complex and difficult terms of the peace fell to the regular meetings of the \"Council of Ten,\" which comprised the heads of government and foreign ministers of the five major victors (the United Kingdom, France, the United States, Italy, and Japan). As this unusual body proved too unwieldy and formal for effective decision-making, Japan and-for most of the remaining conference-the foreign ministers left the main meetings, so that only the \"Big Four\" remained. After his territorial claims to Fiume (today Rijeka) were rejected, Italian Prime Minister, Vittorio Orlando left the negotiations (only to return to sign in June), and the final conditions were determined by the leaders of the \"Big Three\" nations: British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau, and American President Woodrow Wilson.", "On 8 January 1918, United States President Woodrow Wilson issued a statement that became known as the Fourteen Points. This speech outlined a policy of free trade, open agreements, democracy and self-determination. It also called for a diplomatic end to the war, international disarmament, the withdrawal of the Central Powers from occupied territories, the creation of a Polish state, the redrawing of Europe's borders along ethnic lines, and the formation of a League of Nations to afford \"mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike\". Wilson's speech also responded to Vladimir Lenin's Decree on Peace of November 1917, which proposed an immediate withdrawal of Russia from the war and called for a just and democratic peace uncompromised by territorial annexations. The Fourteen Points were based on the research of the Inquiry, a team of about 150 advisers led by foreign-policy advisor Edward M. House, into the topics likely to arise in the anticipated peace conference. Europeans generally welcomed Wilson's intervention, but Allied colleagues Georges Clemenceau of France, David Lloyd George of the United Kingdom and Vittorio Emanuele Orlando of Italy were sceptical of Wilsonian idealism. ", "The Munich Agreement was a settlement permitting Nazi Germany's annexation of portions of Czechoslovakia along the country's borders mainly inhabited by German speakers, for which a new territorial designation \"Sudetenland\" was coined. The agreement was negotiated at a conference held in Munich, Germany, among the major powers of Europe, excluding the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia. Today, it is widely regarded as a failed act of appeasement toward Germany. The agreement was signed in the early hours of 30 September 1938 (but dated 29 September). The purpose of the conference was to discuss the future of the Sudetenland in the face of ethnic demands made by Adolf Hitler. The agreement was signed by Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and Italy. Sudetenland was of immense strategic importance to Czechoslovakia, as most of its border defenses, and banks were situated there, as well as heavy industrial districts. ", "Meeting of the Allied victors, following the end of World War I to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers following the armistices of 1918", "8              At the end of World War 1, on which mode of transport was the armistice signed?", "82. What was the name of the peace treaty between Germany and Russia that ended Russian involvement in the First World War?" ]

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[ "Sir Thomas John Woodward, OBE (born 7 June 1940), known by his stage name Tom Jones, is a Welsh singer. Since the mid 1960s, Jones has sung many styles of popular music – pop, rock, R&B, show tunes, country, dance, techno, soul and gospel – and sold over 100 million records. Jones, was awarded an OBE in 1999, and knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 2006 at Buckingham Palace for his services to music.", "Sir Thomas Jones Woodward OBE (born 7 June 1940) is a Welsh singer known by his stage name Tom Jones. He became one of the most popular vocalists to emerge from the mid-1960s. Since then, he has sung many forms of popular music – pop, rock, R&B, show tunes, country, dance, soul music and gospel – and sold over 100 million records.", "Tom Jones (born Thomas Jones Woodward in Glamorgan, Wales on June 7, 1940) is a Welsh singer who rose to fame in the mid- 1960s with hits like, “She’s A Lady” and “Whats New Pussycat.” In total, Tom has sold over 100 million records and in 2006 he received a knighthood from Queen Elizabeth II.", "United States President Bill Clinton invited Jones to perform on New Year's Eve at the 2000 millennium celebrations in Washington, D.C. Throughout 2000 Jones garnered a number of honours for his work including a BRIT Award for Best British Male. He was also hired as the new voice of Australia's National Rugby League, singing in an advertisement to market the 2000 season. ", "United States President Bill Clinton invited Jones to perform on New Year's Eve at the 2000 millennium celebrations in Washington, D.C.. Throughout 2000 Jones garnered a number of honours for his work including a BRIT Award for Best British Male. He was also hired as the new voice of Australia's National Rugby League, singing in an advertisement to market the 2000 season.", "In the evening, the Prince of Wales gave a private dinner, followed by dancing, at Buckingham Palace for the couple and their close friends and family. The singer-songwriter, Ellie Goulding performed at the event, singing her rendition of \"Your Song\" for the couple's first dance. The singer also performed her hit single \"Starry Eyed\" for the assembled guests. The event ended at 3 am, with a small fireworks display in the palace grounds. ", "As the White House prepares for Beyonce, Kelly Clarkson and James Taylor to perform at Barack Obama’s second inauguration, we look at which musicians Presidents in the past 50 years have picked to help swear them in.", "We're quite traditional when it comes to St David's Day. We're having a meal at a Paris restaurant, and we always invite someone from Wales to perform and this year it's the Welsh folk singer Gwyneth Glyn.", "Obama has chosen R’n’B superstar Beyonce to sing the American National Anthem at the event, and pop star Kelly Clarkson has been working on a new arrangement of My Country ‘Tis of Thee to perform after the President has taken the oath of office. Fire and Rain singer James Taylor will be taking on America the Beautiful. It’s an admittedly cool line-up - and what less could we expect from a President who spontaneously sung Al Green’s Let’s Stay Together at a fundraiser? But these musicians are regular Obama supporters, and follow Aretha Franklin’s glitzy rendition of My Country at the President’s first inauguration.", "While Bill Clinton was burning up the 1992 campaign trail, the song that he officially slated as the theme for his future presidency was “Don’t Stop”, by Fleetwood Mac . So when he was inaugurated into the White House as our 42nd President on Jan. 20, 1993, it only made sense that the group would come out of retirement to play that same track at the Inaugural Gala the night before at the Capital Centre in Landover, Md.", "1993 61 Years Old In 1993 she was invited to perform at President Bill Clinton's inauguration and later that month was asked to perform at the White House.", "Cardiff, Wales: Concert being planned to honor The King of Pop on October 8, 2011 at Millennium Stadium, featuring Aguilera, Christina, Robinson, Smokeey, Gree, Cee Lo and others. [August 2011]", "The Queen celebrated 60 years on the throne in 2012, so we threw a huge party. There were celebrations up and down the country and across the world in Commonwealth Nations. The famous Thames Regatta took place, and there was a huge concert held on the Mall (like the French Champs-Elysees or the Washington Mall). Sir Elton John played in a bright pink sparkling suit, and Madness played “Our House” on top of a illuminated Buckingham Palace.", " Wynford John (1st Tenor) recalls: We took part in the opening of the Welsh Assembly on St Davids Day 2006 and it was opened by the Queen. Among other artists were Dame Shirley Bassey, Sir Tom Jones, along with Max Boyce, Glyn Houston, Sian Lloyd and many others, this again was a wonderful experience.", "'Ar Lan Y Mor' sung by Bryn Terfel For the WMC it simply had to be Bryn singing in Welsh.", "The event replaced a planned traditional gala dinner and was introduced by celebrities and golf stars. The concert featured musical performances by international superstars. The event was welcomed by Carwyn Jones, the First Minister of Wales. ", "The FA announced that, before the game began, the Welsh national anthem, \"Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau\" would be played, along with the traditional \"God Save the Queen\" and \"Abide with Me\". The Welsh anthem was sung by Katherine Jenkins, while Lesley Garrett sang \"God Save the Queen\", and the two duetted on \"Abide with Me\". ", "Fact: Veteran singer Shirley Bassey hosted a glitzy $1 million (GBP500,000) bash for her 70th birthday on Sunday (16Dec07). Guests included SIR Elton John , Madonna , ELLE MCPHERSON, Kevin Spacey and GEORGE MICHAEL.", "Christina Aguilera, Leona Lewis and JLS are among the first batch of names confirmed for the upcoming Michael Jackson tribute concert. The gig, which is scheduled for October 8th at Cardiff's Millennium Stadium, will also see sets from Cee Lo Green, Smokey Robinson and Craig David.", "It was the BBC's biggest ever free-ticketed live music event. Following the announcement that Lewis would be an ambassador, she performed a special Live Lounge at the Hackney Empire, with a reggae version of \"Better in Time\", which incorporated Rihanna's \"Man Down\", and a cover of Labrinth's \"Let the Sun Shine\". At the Hackney Weekend, Lewis performed further cover versions and debuted the song \"Come Alive\" from Glassheart. Read Less", "if you’re looking for the perfect gift for Mother’s Day, look no further than tickets to see Aled Jones. Aled’s new one-man show, Songs of Hope and Inspiration, will arrive at the Palace Theatre in Newark on Saturday 14th March. Aled Jones MBE, singer, actor, author, broadcaster, TV presenter, musical theatre performer and part time dancer, invites you to spend a sensational evening with him. Accompanied by world class musicians, the show will feature an eclectic mix of songs and stories from Aled’s time in the public eye. Originally loved by the nation for his pure treble voice, Aled has recently celebrated over 27 years as a household name. Famous, of course, for song Walking in the Air from the animated film of Raymond Briggs’s 1978 children’s book, the Welshman had been a regular on Songs of Praise for more than 10 years and was also a presenter of Escape to the Country.", "7.30 TFI New Year’s Eve (S,HD). Chris Evans prepares to welcome in the new year with a mix of celebrity chat, raucous stunts and music, with Olly Murs, Will Poulter, Sia, New Order, the Vaccines and Izzy Bizu.", "In October 2003 she sang at a mass honouring the Pope's silver jubilee at Westminster Cathedral. The same month she supported Aled Jones on tour, before performing at the Sydney Opera House as a special guest of Max Boyce .", "First Minister of the Welsh Assembly Government, Rhodri Morgan and the Large Hadron Collider project director Dr Lyn Evans join the Morriston Orpheus Choir's performance at the control room of the \"Big Bang\" research facility in Geneva, Switzerland, October 12th 2008", "Cardiff hosted the National Eisteddfod in 1883, 1899, 1938, 1960, 1978 and 2008. Cardiff is unique in Wales in having two permanent stone circles used by the Gorsedd of Bards during Eisteddfodau. The original circle stands in Gorsedd Gardens in front of the National Museum while its 1978 replacement is situated in Bute Park . Since 1983, Cardiff has hosted the BBC Cardiff Singer of the World competition, a world-renowned event on the opera calendar which is held every two years. The city also hosts smaller events.", "Includes: American Fanfare; Thundercloud; Romanza; Give it One!; O Magnum Mysterium; Gwerzy; Colonel Bogey; Gresford; Pel Mel; Llongau Caernarfon (The Ships of Caernarfon); Carnival of Venice; Celtic Cocktail; Tonnaur Cawr (The Giants Wake); Monet at the Embankment; A Letter Home; Planets Align; Salsation!; Swingy Thing; Lullabye (Goodnight my Angel); I Hope; Blue Skies; Get Happy; Let the Bright Seraphim; Good Night Dear Guests; African Symphony; Sobanana Masinyane; Soliloquies from Concerto Grosso; Black Water Abyss from Myth Forest; Madiba; Credo; Blue; Blue Sky; The Beauty of Blue; Fanfare for the New; Things to Come; Lest we Forget and more. £24.95", "On 2 May 2012, Harris appeared on The One Show, in which he described his artistic style as being \"impressionistic\". On 4 June 2012, he performed at the Queen's Diamond Jubilee Concert outside Buckingham Palace. ", "The 1990's proved Jones' versatility as he collaborated with numerous well known artists, culminating with the 1999 album \"Reload\". It reached No. 1 in the UK (in both 1999 and 2000) and was awarded album of the year and became his biggest selling album to date (as of 2016). This was achieved without any US sales, as the album was not released in the US due to collaborating artist copyright restrictions. Jones was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1999 and knighted in 2006 for his services to music. In 2009, Jones headlined UK's Glastonbury Festival.", "Soldiers returning to Wales from Iraq were given a hero's welcome by the  Orpheus on the 11th December 2007 at the Millennium Stadium.  The Choir lent its vocal support to the soldiers during a very moving  service to mark their return from Basra.", "On 11 September 2010 Jones performed for an audience of 50,000 at the Help for Heroes charity concert at Twickenham Stadium performing \"Strange Things Are Happening Every Day\" and his classic hit \"Green Green Grass of Home\". On 22 September, Jones appeared on the Late Show with David Letterman at the Ed Sullivan Theater in New York.", "On 27 June 2008, Lewis performed \"Bleeding Love\" and \"Better In Time\" at the 46664 Concert in Hyde Park, London to celebrate the 90th Birthday of Nelson Mandela", "* Performed at Last Night of the Proms in 2001 at the Royal Albert Hall to commemorate the victims of the September 11 attacks " ]

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[ "The Exxon Valdez oil spill occurred in Prince William Sound, Alaska, on March 24, 1989, when the Exxon Valdez , an oil tanker bound for Long Beach , California, struck Prince William Sound 's Bligh Reef and spilled 260,000 to 750,000 barrels (41,000 to 119,000 m3) of crude oil . [1] [2] It is considered to be one of the most devastating human-caused environmental disasters . [3] The Valdez spill was the largest ever in U.S. waters until the 2010 Deep-water Horizon oil spill , in terms of volume released. [4 The oil, originally extracted at the Prudhoe Bay oil field , eventually covered 1,300 miles (2,100 km) of coastline, [5] and 11,000 square miles (28,000 km2) of ocean. [6] Then Exxon CEO, Lawrence G. Rawl , shaped the company's response. [7]", "On March 24, 1989, the tanker Exxon Valdez runs aground in Prince William Sound in Alaska. The Valdez oil spill was a tragic accident that ExxonMobil deeply regrets. The company took immediate responsibility for the spill, cleaned it up and voluntarily compensated those who claimed direct damages. Learn more about the Exxon Valdez.", "The Exxon Valdez oil spill occurred in Prince William Sound, Alaska, on Good Friday, March 24, 1989, when Exxon Valdez, an oil tanker bound for Long Beach, California, struck Prince William Sound's Bligh Reef at 12:04 am local time and spilled 11 to of crude oil over the next few days. It is considered to be one of the most devastating human-caused environmental disasters. The Valdez spill was the largest in US waters until the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill, in terms of volume released. However, Prince William Sound's remote location, accessible only by helicopter, plane, or boat, made government and industry response efforts difficult and severely taxed existing plans for response. The region is a habitat for salmon, sea otters, seals and seabirds. The oil, originally extracted at the Prudhoe Bay oil field, eventually covered 1300 mi of coastline, and 11000 sqmi of ocean.", "1989 - The Exxon Valdez spilled 240,000 barrels (11 million gallons) of oil in Alaska's Prince William Sound after it ran aground.", "On March 24, 1989 the oil tanker Exxon Valdez ran aground in Prince William Sound, Alaska, spilling 11 million gallons of oil. The ecologically sensitive location, season of the year, and large scale of this spill resulted in one of the largest environmental disasters in U.S. history.", "On March 24, 1989, the oil tanker Exxon Valdez had just entered Alaska's Prince William Sound, after departing the Valdez Marine Terminal full of crude oil. At 12:04 am, the ship struck a reef, tearing open the hull and releasing 11 million gallons of oil into the environment. Initial responses by Exxon and the Alyeska Pipeline Company were insufficient to contain much of the spill, and a storm blew in soon after, spreading the oil widely. Eventually, more than 1,000 miles of coastline were fouled, and hundreds of thousands of animals perished. Exxon ended up paying billions in cleanup costs and fines, and remains tied up in court cases to this day. The captain, Joseph Hazelwood, was acquitted of being intoxicated while at the helm, but convicted on a misdemeanor charge of negligent discharge of oil, fined $50,000, and sentenced to 1,000 hours of community service. Though the oil has mostly disappeared from view, many Alaskan beaches remain polluted to this day, crude oil buried just inches below the surface.", "On March 24, 1989, the tanker Exxon Valdez, en route from Valdez, Alaska to Los Angeles, California, ran aground on Bligh Reef in  Prince William Sound, Alaska . The vessel was traveling outside normal shipping lanes in an attempt to avoid ice. Within six hours of the grounding, the Exxon Valdez spilled approximately 10.9 million gallons of its 53 million gallon cargo of  Prudhoe Bay crude oil. Eight of the eleven tanks on board were damaged. The oil would eventually impact over 1,100 miles of non-continuous coastline in Alaska, making the Exxon Valdez the largest  oil spill  to date in U.S. waters.", "On March 24, 1989 the single-hulled oil tanker, Exxon Valdez ran aground in Alaska's Prince William Sound, spilling 11 million gallons of crude.", "Explanation:  Three-Mile Island refers to a Pennsylvania nuclear power plant partial core meltdown in 1979. The Exxon Valdez oil tanker ran aground in Alaska in 1989, spilling millions of gallons of oil into the Gulf of Alaska. Love Canal, a neighborhood in Niagara Falls, New York, was built near a toxic waste dump. Serious health problems for residents resulted in the relocation of hundreds of families. An oil spill bespoiled California beaches off Santa Barabara in 1971.", "Valdez, Alaska- On March 24, 1989 the oil tanker Exxon Valdez ran aground on Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska, spilling an estimated 11 million gallons of crude oil across 1,300 miles of coastline - a catastrophic event that lead to one of the most thorough examinations of the effects of oil on the environment. While the vast majority of the spill area now appears to have recovered, pockets of crude oil remain in some locations, and there is evidence that some damage is continuing.", "Workers spray hot water on oil covered rocks in Northwest Bay after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Prince William Sound, Alaska, USA, 1989", "You are here: Home / General / Exxon Valdez Oil Spill – Alaska 1989. And The response of ExxonMobil", "Oil leaches off an island beach weeks after the Exxon Valdez lost its oil. Alaska, USA, 1989", "the Exxon Valdez spill that occurred off the shores of Alaska in 1989. This paper accordingly calls for a", "Bill Scheer, of Valdez, Alaska, is covered in crude oil while working on a beach fowled by the spill of the tanker Exxon Valdez at Prince William Sound, Wednesday afternoon, April 13, 1989. Efforts to clean ... more", "Tugboats hold the tanker Exxon Baton Rouge, right, up against the tanker Exxon Valdez as oil is pumped out of the damaged tanker that ran aground into the Prince William Sound, 25 miles from Valdez, Alaska, March 28, 1989. Exxon Valdez ran aground March 24, spilling over 270,000 barrels of crude oil. less", "Tugboats tow the oil tanker Exxon Valdez off Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound 05 April 1989 to a harbor near Naked Island for repair and salvage efforts, two week after the beginning of an oil disaster which occurred when the tanker Exxon Valdez ran aground 24 March 1989 and spilled 11 million gallons of crude oil into Prince William Sound off Alaska. less", "Rick Zufelt of Soldotna, Alaska, wipes spilled crude oil off a rock on the beach of Naked Island on Prince William Sound, Alaska, Friday morning, April 7, 1989, in an effort to clean the remnants of the Exxon Valdez tanker disaster of March 24. Zufelt, who works for a company contracted by Exxon to clean up the oil, is using a special oil absorbent rag. less", "was an oil tanker that gained notoriety after running aground in Prince William Sound spilling hundreds of thousands of barrels of crude oil in Alaska. On March 24, 1989, while owned by the former Exxon Shipping Company, and captained by Joseph Hazelwood and first mate James Kunkel bound for Long Beach, California, the vessel ran aground on the Bligh Reef resulting in the second largest oil spill in United States history.", "Shortly after midnight on March 24, 1989, in a tragic accident deeply regretted by the company, the Exxon Valdez supertanker ran aground in Alaska’s Prince William Sound. Despite the efforts undertaken to stabilize the vessel and prevent further spillage of oil, more than 250,000 barrels of oil were lost in just a short period of time.", "Exxon Valdez grounded on Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska, on 24 March 1989. About 37,000 tonnes of Alaska North Slope crude escaped into the Sound and spread widely. There was some limited dispersant spraying and an experimental in-situ burn trial during the early stages of the spill, but at-sea response concentrated on containment and recovery.", "The grounding of the oil tanker Exxon Valdez in Prince William Sound on March 24, 1989, produced extensive contamination of the Kenai Fjords coastline. By early April, Park Service personnel established oil containment boom lines across the mouths of salmon streams and conducted preliminary inventories of plants and animals that might be affected by the oil. The first oil arrived on April 10. In time, about 20 mi of coastline was oiled, amounting to about 4% of the total coastline. Headlands were the most affected areas. The oil did not reach the fjords, repelled by heavy spring water flows from the land. Clean-up was difficult, as the oil became a tarry emulsion that could not be skimmed, and had to be dredged. The first season's work stopped in September. Work resumed the next year and continued in 1991. That year Exxon settled with the federal and Alaskan governments, paying about $870 million into a restoration fund, some of which was earmarked for Kenai Fjords. ", "No one anticipated any unusual problems as the Exxon Valdez left the Alyeska Pipeline Terminal at 9:12 p.m., Alaska Standard Time, on March 23,1989. The 987 foot ship, second newest in Exxon Shipping Company's 20-tanker fleet, was loaded with 53,094,5 10 gallons (1,264,155 barrels) of North Slope crude oil bound for Long Beach, California. Tankers carrying North Slope crude oil had safely transited Prince William Sound more than 8,700 times in the 12 years since oil began flowing through the trans-Alaska pipeline, with no major disasters and few serious incidents. This experience gave little reason to suspect impending disaster. Yet less than three hours later, the Exxon Valdez grounded at Bligh Reef, rupturing eight of its 11 cargo tanks and spewing some 10.8 million gallons of crude oil into Prince William Sound.", "Exxon Valdez was the largest tanker spill in US history. Oil from the spill affected shorelines over an estimated 1,800-2,100 kilometer (1,100-1,300 miles) in Prince William Sound and along Alaska's south coast as far west as Kodiak Island. About 1,000 sea otters are known to have died, and over 35,000 dead birds were retrieved. Cleanup efforts included high pressure hot water washing of beeches, booming of salmon hatcheries to protect fisheries and bioremediation techniques. Tens of thousands of people were involved, as well as 1,400 ships and 85 helicopters.", "A resident of Tatitlek, Alaska, holds an oil-covered bird on March 26, 1989, two days after the Exxon Valdez ran aground. (AFP - Getty Images) Share Back to slideshow navigation", "\"Early in the morning on Good Friday, March 24, 1989, the Exxon Valdez struck Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound. The grounding ripped the bottom of the single-hulled vessel, resulting in the rupture of 11 of the vessel’s crude oil tanks and the release of nearly 11 million gallons of crude oil into the environment. It was, and still is, the largest oil spill in United States waters...", "giant oil tanker; in 1989, ran aground in Alaska's Prince William Sound, spilling more than 10 million gallons of oil. Accident fouled coastal habitats and jeopardized Alaska's fishing industry. ", "In September 1999, one of BP’s US subsidiaries, BP Exploration Alaska (BPXA), agreed to resolve charges related to the illegal dumping of hazardous wastes on the Alaska North Slope , for $22 million. The settlement included the maximum $500,000 criminal fine, $6.5 million in civil penalties, and BP’s establishment of a $15 million environmental management system at all of BP facilities in the US and Gulf of Mexico that are engaged in oil exploration, drilling or production. The charges stemmed from the 1993 to 1995 dumping of hazardous wastes on Endicott Island , Alaska by BP’s contractor Doyon Drilling. The firm illegally discharged waste oil, paint thinner and other toxic and hazardous substances by injecting them down the outer rim, or annuli, of the oil wells. BPXA failed to report the illegal injections when it learned of the conduct, in violation of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act . [81]", "A rock covered with crude oil tar from the wreck of the Exxon Valdez is displayed on April 4, 2004, near Valdez, Alaska, 15 years after the disaster. (David McNew / Getty Images) Share Back to slideshow navigation", "EXXON VALDEZ grounded on Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska, on 24th March 1989. About 37,000 tonnes of Alaska North Slope crude escaped into the Sound and spread widely. There was some limited dispersant spraying and an experimental in-situ burn trial during the early stages of the spill, but at-sea response concentrated on containment and recovery. Despite the utilisation of a massive number of vessels, booms and skimmers, less than 10% of the original spill volume was recovered from the sea surface. The oil subsequently affected a variety of shores, mainly rock and cobble, to varying degrees over an estimated 1,800km in Prince William Sound and along Alaska's south coast as far west as Kodiak Island.", "1990  - Oil Spill / California - February 7th, 1990: \"An 811-foot tanker, the American Trader, spilled hundreds of thousands of gallons of Alaskan crude oil off the coast of Huntington Beach, California.\"", "A clean-up worker rakes through crude oil, contained by floating booms off the waters of Prince William Sound, Alaska, April 16, 1989. The oil, contained here in Snug Harbor off Knight Island, was later sucked ... more" ]

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[ "Sunday, June 16th is Father’s Day, a day to celebrate the father in your life, husband to a family’s children, companion, and teacher. Father’s Day began as a complimentary celebration to Mother’s Day back in 1910. Father's Day was founded in Spokane Washington by Sonora Dodd to honor her father who was a veteran of the American Civil War who raised six children by himself after the death of Sonora’s mother. She had heard about Mother’s Day in 1909 and decided there should be a similar day to honor the fathers of America, so she began in her local area of Washington State to try and promote it as a holiday. Sonora did not have much success initially. In the 1920s, Dodd stopped promoting the celebration because she was studying in the Art Institute of Chicago. After 1930 she began to push her idea in earnest, finding allies in the business world who saw a holiday for fathers as a new source of revenue.   She had the help of those trade groups that would benefit most from the holiday, for example the manufacturers of ties, tobacco pipes, and any traditional present to fathers. By 1938 she gained the help of the Father's Day Council, founded by the New York Associated Men's Wear Retailers to consolidate and systematize the commercial promotion. Through advertising and awareness, Father’s Day took hold and began to be celebrated in America on the third Sunday in June.", "Father's Day is a celebration inaugurated in the early twentieth century to complement Mother's Day in celebrating fatherhood and male parenting. It is also celebrated to honor and commemorate our forefathers. Father's Day is celebrated on a variety of dates worldwide and typically involves gift-giving, special dinners to fathers, and family-oriented activities. The first observance of Father's Day is believed to have been held on June 13, 1910 through the efforts of Sonora Smart Dodd of Spokane, Washington. After listening to a church sermon at Spokane's Central Methodist Episcopal Church in 1909 about the newly recognized Mother's Day, Dodd felt strongly that fatherhood needed recognition, as well.[1] She wanted a celebration that honored fathers like her own father, William Smart, a Civil War veteran who was left to raise his family alone when his wife died giving birth to their sixth child.[2]", "Father's Day is held on the third Sunday of June in the United Kingdom. It is a day to honor fathers and father figures, such as grandfathers and fathers-in-law. Many people make a special effort to visit their fathers or to send them a card or gifts.", "Father's Day in the United States is on the third Sunday of June. It celebrates the contribution that fathers and father figures make for their children's lives. Its origins may lie in a memorial service held for a large group of men, many of them fathers, who were killed in a mining accident in Monongah, West Virginia in 1907.", "Father's Day is celebrated in honor of Fathers and Father like figures. It is celebrated on the third Sunday of June in the USA and in some other countries.", "The United States celebrates Father's Day on the third Sunday in June to honor and recognize fathers for their role in parenting. Children and wives traditionally give their father or husband a gift as a token of their appreciation. Many families celebrate outdoors with a cookout and give the father a tool, electronic gadget, tie or tickets of some kind. Father's Day became an officially recognized holiday in 1972.", "In the USA, UK and Canada - Fathers' Day is celebrated on the 3rd Sunday in June since being made a national holiday in 1966. In Australia and New Zealand, fathers are honored the first Sunday in September. Other countries celebrate fathers throughout the year.", "19th – Father’s Day. Father’s Day is a day to show appreciation to fathers, grandfathers, stepfathers and fathers-in-law. Many people in the UK give their father a card or gift, have a meal together or go out for drinks.", "Unlike Mother's Day which can be dated back hundreds of years, Father's Day is a fairly recent concept. Many historians believe Grace Golden Clayton was the founder of the first Father's Day in Fairmont, West Virginia on July 5, 1908. A year and a half before, Monongah, a nearby town, suffered a mine explosion killing more than 360 men, over 200 of these men were fathers and left behind their widows and over 1000 sons and daughters.", "In China, Father’s Day used to be celebrated on 8 August as the Chinese for eight is “ba”, while a colloquial word for father is “ba-ba” – so the eighth day of the eighth month sounds similar to “daddy”.", "Father's Day is not a federal holiday in most countries, with exception to Thailand because it falls on the same day as the King’s Birthday, which is a public holiday. For other countries, Father’s Day is on a Sunday, so public offices are closed on this day and very few organizations are open for business. Public transit systems run to their weekend schedules. It is important for people wanting to dine in a restaurant on Father’s Day to think about booking in advance because restaurants may be busier than usual, as many people take their fathers out for a treat.", "Spokane is known as the birthplace of the national movement started by Sonora Smart Dodd that led to the proposal and eventual establishment of Father's Day as a national holiday in the U.S. The first observation of Father's Day in Spokane was on June 19, 1910. Sonora conceived the idea in Spokane's Central Methodist Episcopal Church while listening to a Mother's Day sermon. ", "Even Iran celebrates the day on the 13th of Rajab, or the birth anniversary of Iman Ali, the first Iman of Shia Muslims.  In Thailand the birthday of the king is automatically Father’s Day. Russia continues the USSR tradition of celebrating “Defender of the Fatherland Day” and sometimes called “Men’s Day.”", "June 19, Sunday Master Bing will be visiting the Grand Marais YMCA on Father’s Day, Sunday, June 19. This Master of Martial Arts will give a two hour outdoor lesson and demo from 10 a.m. to noon. This is a rare and unique opportunity, so don’t miss out. Registration will be required through the YMCA. Visit www.wudangdao.com for more info on Master Bing and visit www. cookcountyymca.org for more details.", "Father's Day is not a bank holiday. In terms of public life, it is a normal Sunday. Public transport systems run to their normal timetables. Pubs and restaurants may be busy, as people take their fathers out for a meal to celebrate.", "Father’s Day is an unofficial holiday to celebrate fathers around the world – although the date for celebration varies. It’s an emerging holiday as it’s celebrated in more and more countries nowadays as fathers are more and more involved in raising children and are recognized for their efforts.", "*Earliest day on which Parents' Day can fall, while 28 July is the latest; celebrated on the fourth Sunday in July. (United States)", "The Library of Congress notes that Sonora Dodd of Spokane, Washington, is credited for encouraging the celebration of the first Father's Day in 1910 . More than a century ago, Dodd convinced churches in Spokane to honor fathers in the month of June, after she heard a sermon in church on Mother's Day.", "Father's Day is meant to complement Mother's Day, the celebration of mothers, and typically families spend Father's Day and Mother's Day together. Traditionally fathers will receive gifts of thanks from their sons and daughters and the whole family will enjoy a Sunday dinner together as well as fun family activities such as playing games or going for a family walk.", "Sorry, Dad -- this day's for you! Historically, more collect phone calls are made on Father's Day than on any other day of the year. While Mother's Day is the biggest holiday for phone calls in general, it's dads who get the top honor of their progeny sticking them with the bill for the call. (According to Snopes.com, the overall busiest day of the year for all phone calls, including holidays and non-holidays, is the Monday after Thanksgiving.)", "There are some suggestions that the idea of Father's Day may originate in pagan sun worship. Some branches of paganism see the Sun as the father of the universe. Since the summer solstice occurs around the same time of year as Father's Day, some people see a link between the two.", "Father's Day is an occasion to mark and celebrate the contribution that your own father has made to your life. Many people send or give cards or gifts to their fathers. Common Father's Day gifts include sports items or clothing, electronic gadgets, outdoor cooking supplies and tools for household maintenance.", "Fourfathers' Day is a holiday celebrated in Plymouth, Massachusetts, on December 22. It is a commemoration of the landing of the Pilgrim Fathers in Plymouth, Massachusetts, on December 21, 1620. It was introduced in Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1769.", "It's Father's Day 2016: How did it begin and where in the world is it celebrated?", " Whatever country you live in and whatever day you choose to celebrate, to all the fathers of the world, Happy Father’s Day, because the most important people in your lives are celebrating you. Happy Father’s Day and may all your children cherish you year round!", "Father's Day International Mother's Day Shrine International Women's Day May crowning National Grandparents Day Mothers in space", "Father's Day around the World - Fathers Day Celebrations around the World, Celebrating Father Day throughout the World", "Some families celebrate Father's Day by planning an outing or weekend trip, perhaps just for the male members of the family. This may be a simple walk in the countryside or a whole planned \"experience\". Popular Father's Day experiences include driving a fire engine, rally car, tank or even airplane or taking a golf, football or cricket lesson with a celebrity coach. Other families organize a special meal at home or in a pub or restaurant. A common Father's Day meal is a traditional roast dinner with meat, stuffing, potatoes and vegetables, which can be eaten in a pub and accompanied by pints of ale or lager.", "Many Father's Day gifts have slogans such as \"The World's Best Dad\", \"For My Father\" or just a simple \"Dad\" on them. The increase in print-on-demand services offered by photo processing companies has made personalized gifts even more popular for Father's Day. Photographs of children can be printed on desk calendars, mugs, T-shirts, mouse mats, bags and even ties. Many fathers are expected to take these to the office to remind them of their families while they are working.", "Dun-da-da-dun, dun-da-dun… Dun-da-da-duuun!, dun-da-dun… Celebrate Father’s Day with Golden Age and Indiana Jones. All dads will receive a complementary glass of Stella on arrival.", "Don't know what to get your Dad for Father's Day? Don't worry. We got a ton of events coming up for Father's Day that will get him out of the house and away from the La-Z-Boy. He doesn't need a new tie, he needs to go see a comedy show, go to a bacon ...", "is not only a day to honor fathers, but one to show respect for all father figures. Families" ]

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[ "There are five traditional means by which the U.S. government fights terrorism: diplomacy, economic sanctions, military options, covert intelligence operations, and law enforcement action. The last two of these engage the resources of the FBI. Throughout its history, the FBI has directed the emphasis of its resources toward the most pressing national security and criminal activities affecting the country. Founded in 1908, the Bureau inherited subversive domestic political threats, including anarchism and communism, as concerns. Following the U.S. entry into World War I, the Bureau became the principle counterintelligence agency in the United States and, following the war, the investigation of a series of domestic terrorist bombings were the focus of its activities. These activities were eventually eclipsed by the property and violent crimes of the 1920s and early 1930s gangster era. World War II and the subsequent Cold War greatly increased the FBI’s role in international affairs and counterintelligence. The Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War of the 1960s and early 1970s provoked criminal responses both from reactionary groups, such as the Ku Klux Klan, and antiwar extremists, such as the Weather Underground, respectively. Following strong criticism of FBI domestic security efforts by Congress in the mid-1970s, the Bureau’s focus on domestic subversion gave way to new emphasis on organized crime and other criminal matters in the late 1970s and early 1980s.", "Prohibition represented a profound intrusion on the private lives of Americans and contributed to the growth of state power. Enforcement of prohibition was shared jointly between the state and federal governments, with the Department of the Treasury principally responsible for enforcement at the federal level. But the FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) led from 1924 by J. Edgar Hoover also became involved in combating the crime which arose from the context of prohibition. Originally called the Bureau of Investigation, the FBI under J. Edgar Hoover had been expanded in World War I partly to combat anti-war radicalism, but in the 1920s it had to deal with issues arising from he criminal activities of bootleggers.", "On July 1, 1932, the Bureau was renamed the United States Bureau of Investigation. One year later on July 1, 1933, it was linked with the Bureau of Prohibition and became known as the Division of Investigation. Finally, in 1935, the bureau was renamed the Federal Bureau of Investigation. J. Edgar Hoover, who served as a BOI director and the FBI first director, served for forty-eight years. After Hoover's death, the FBI imposed a policy limiting the tenure of future FBI directors to a maximum of ten years. The Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory (now known as the FBI Laboratory) officially opened on November 24, 1932 in which Hoover was a major force behind it opening. Hoover had a major say in most of the cases and projects the FBI handled all the way up to his death. During the 1930s, the agency played a prominent role in apprehending a number of well-known criminals who had conducted kidnappings, robberies and murders throughout the nation. These included John Dillinger, \"Baby Face\" Nelson, Kate \"Ma\" Barker, Alvin Karpis and George \"Machine Gun\" Kelly. It also played a decisive role in reducing the scope and influence of the Ku Klux Klan. Through the work of Edwin Atherton, the FBI claimed success in apprehending an entire army of Mexican neo-revolutionaries along the California border in the 1920's.", "From World War II through the 1970s, the FBI conducted what it called \"internal security investigations,\" the objective of which was to collect intelligence about the political influence of organizations and individuals who espoused what the FBI regarded as revolutionary or extremist viewpoints. The FBI carried out these investigations during periods of intense congressional interest in the nation's internal security, leading to the introduction of legislation in the 1940s and 1950s, principally, the Smith Act 26 , the Voorhis Act 27 , and the Internal Security Act of 1950. 28", "During the 1920s, with Congress’ approval, Director Hoover drastically restructured and expanded the Bureau of Investigation. He built the agency into an efficient crime-fighting machine, establishing a centralized fingerprint file, a crime laboratory, and a training school for agents. In the 1930s, the Bureau of Investigation launched a dramatic battle against the epidemic of organized crime brought on by Prohibition. Notorious gangsters such as George “Machine Gun” Kelly and John Dillinger met their ends looking down the barrels of bureau-issued guns, while others, like Louis “Lepke” Buchalter, the elusive head of Murder, Inc., were successfully investigated and prosecuted by Hoover’s “G-men.” Hoover, who had a keen eye for public relations, participated in a number of these widely publicized arrests, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation, as it was known after 1935, became highly regarded by Congress and the American public.", "During the 1950s and 1960s, FBI officials became increasingly concerned about the influence of civil rights leaders, whom they believed had communist ties or were unduly influenced by them. In 1956, for example, Hoover sent an open letter denouncing Dr. T.R.M. Howard, a civil rights leader, surgeon, and wealthy entrepreneur in Mississippi who had criticized FBI inaction in solving recent murders of George W. Lee, Emmett Till, and other blacks in the South. The FBI carried out controversial domestic surveillance in an operation it called the COINTELPRO, a portmanteau derived from \"COunter-INTELligence PROgram.\" It was to investigate and disrupt the activities of dissident political organizations within the United States, including both militant and non-violent organizations. Among its targets was the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, a leading civil rights organization with clergy leadership. ", "The FBI originated from a force of Special Agents created on July 26, 1908, by Attorney General Charles Joseph Bonaparte during the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt. At first it was named the Bureau of Investigation (BOI) and it did not become the FBI until 1935.", "The agency now known as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) was founded in 1908 when Attorney General Charles J. Bonaparte appointed an unnamed force of Special Agents to be the investigative force of the Department of Justice (DOJ). Prior to that time, DOJ borrowed Agents from the U.S. Secret Service to investigate violations of federal criminal laws within its jurisdiction.", "In 1984 the FBI formed an elite SWAT team to help with problems that might arise at the 1984 Summer Olympics including terrorism and major-crime. The formation of the team arose from the 1972 Summer Olympics at Munich, Germany when terrorists murdered Israeli Athletes. The team was named Hostage Rescue Team (HRT) and acts as the FBI lead for SWAT related procedures and all Counter-Terrorism cases. Also formed in 1984 was the Computer Analysis and Response Team (CART) that would investigate all matters into and including gathering evidence. During the end of the 1980s and the early part of the 1990s, saw the reassigning over 300 agents from foreign counter-intelligence duties to violent crime and making violent crime the 6th national priority. But with reduced cuts to other departments that have already been established, bearing in mind that terrorism was no longer a threat due to the Cold war ending, the FBI became a tool by local police forces for finding and hunting down fugitives that crossed state lines which was an established federal felony at the time. The FBI Laboratory also helped in their development due to DNA testing just like they do with their fingerprinting system in 1924.", "In 1908 Attorney General Charles Joseph Bonaparte issued an Order creating an investigative agency within the Department of Justice. The Order was confirmed in 1909 by Attorney General George W. Wickersham, who ordered the establishment of the Bureau of Investigation. The present name, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), was designated by Congress in 1935.", "     We have recently found out a lot about the FBI's operations during the World War II period with the help of the Freedom of Information ACL Of the works incorporating this information, the most important is Kenneth O'Reilly, Hoover and the Un-Americans: The FBI, HUAC, and the Red Menace (Philadelphia Temple University Press, 1983). It covers the FBI's relationship with the Dies Committee, and is also the first work to document the FBI's continued political surveillance of radicals through the twenties.", "Seeking to form an independent and more efficient investigative arm, in 1908 the Department of Justice hired 10 former Secret Service employees to join an expanded Office of the Chief Examiner. The date when these agents reported to duty–July 26, 1908–is celebrated as the genesis of the FBI. By March 1909, the force included 34 agents, and Attorney General George Wickersham, Bonaparte’s successor, renamed it the Bureau of Investigation.", "During the 1960s, the FBI's internal security investigations extended to the investigation of the activities and supporters of the anti-war and civil rights movements. 30 The FBI used informants throughout this period, including Gary Thomas Rowe, who infiltrated the highest levels of the Birmingham, Alabama chapter of the Ku Klux Klan from 1959 to 1965. 31 Rowe's activities as an informant came to light during the murder trial of three Klan members who were convicted of killing a white civil rights worker, Viola Gregg Liuzzo, on March 25, 1965, the night after the Selma-Montgomery voting rights march. 32 Rowe was one of the four Klansmen in the killer's car and witnessed the murder. 33 He reported the crime to the FBI within hours, and it is undisputed that Rowe's information led to the conviction of the three perpetrators. 34", "The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) was created in 1908, thanks to the vision of President Theodore Roosevelt and Attorney General Charles Bonaparte. At the time, the Attorney General (AG) lacked manpower to conduct investigations, relying mostly on the Secret Service when situations called for the AG’s office to handle an important law enforcement matter. Roosevelt agreed that the situation required changes and gave his blessing to Bonaparte to appoint a force of Special Agents within the Department of Justice (DOJ). The first Special Agents consisted of ten former Secret Service employees and a number of DOJ investigators. On July 26, 1908, Bonaparte ordered them to report to Chief Examiner Stanley W. Finch, which is considered the official beginning of the FBI.", "Between 1993 and 1996, the FBI increased its counter-terrorism role in the wake of the first 1993 World Trade Center bombing in New York, New York; the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995; and the arrest of the Unabomber in 1996. Technological innovation and the skills of FBI Laboratory analysts helped ensure that the three cases were successfully prosecuted. In the early and late 1990s, the FBI role in the Ruby Ridge and Waco incidents caused a public uproar in the government's role in the killings. During the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, the FBI was criticized for its investigation on the Centennial Olympic Park bombing. It has settled a dispute with Richard Jewell, who was a private security guard at the venue, along with some media organizations, in regard to the leaking of his name during the investigation.", "The Bureau of Investigation was a precursor of the Federal Bureau of Investigation . [2] The Bureau of Investigation was renamed the \"Division\" in 1933 until in the 1935 Department of Justice budget appropriation, Congress officially recognized the Division as the \"Federal Bureau of Investigation\" effective March 22, 1935, when the President signed the appropriation bill. The newly designated FBI was brought into the investigation to help identify the criminals, although the men had not violated any federal law. Bank robbery was not yet a federal crime, so police officers were powerless to pursue robbers across state lines. [14] It was one of the first cases in which the FBI intervened in matters outside its jurisdiction. Using their superior fingerprint matching technology, they successfully identified all of the suspects and issued national bulletins offering rewards for their capture. [7]", "One hundred years ago, Attorney General Charles Joseph Bonaparte organized a group of investigators under the Justice Department. In July, 1908, the Bureau of Investigation opened its doors.", "J. Edgar Hoover is named acting directorof the Bureau of Investigation(now the FBI) on this day in 1924. By the end of the year he was officiallypromoted to director. Thisbegan his 48-year tenure in power, during which time he personally shaped American criminal justice in the 20th century.", "The Bureau of Investigation was a precursor of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The Bureau of Investigation was renamed the \"Division\" in 1933 until in the 1935 Department of Justice budget appropriation, Congress officially recognized the Division as the \"Federal Bureau of Investigation\". The name became effective on March 22, 1935, when the President signed the appropriation bill. The newly designated FBI was brought into the investigation to help identify the criminals, although the men had not violated any federal law. Bank robbery was not yet a federal crime, so police officers were powerless to pursue robbers across state lines. It was one of the first cases in which the FBI intervened in matters outside its jurisdiction. Using their superior fingerprint matching technology, they successfully identified all of the suspects and issued national bulletins offering rewards for their capture.", "In 1924, J. Edgar Hoover was named acting director of the Bureau of Investigation (later known as the Federal Bureau of Investigation, or FBI).", "*1932 – In Washington, D.C., the FBI Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory (better known as the FBI Crime Lab) officially opens.", "Prior to the formation of the OSS, American intelligence had been conducted on an ad-hoc basis by the various departments of the executive branch, including the State , Treasury , Navy , and War Departments. It had no overall direction, coordination, or control. The US Army and US Navy had separate code-breaking departments: Signal Intelligence Service and OP-20-G . (A previous code-breaking operation of the State Department, the MI-8 , run by Herbert Yardley , had been shut down in 1929 by Secretary of State Henry Stimson , deeming it an inappropriate function for the diplomatic arm, because \"gentlemen don't read each other's mail\". [2] ) The FBI was responsible for domestic security and anti-espionage operations.", "The FBI invariably serviced White House requests for derogatory information on critics of Roosevelt's foreign policy. Roosevelt's press secretary, in May of 1940, turned over to J. Edgar Hoover for checking the names of persons who had sent telegrams critical of a Presidential fireside chat on national defense. The FBI furnished the President with reports on leading isolationists, including Senators Nye and Wheeler. After the America First Committee was organized, Roosevelt subjected it to the meticulous scrutiny of first the FBI and later the Internal Revenue Service. In an ironic twist of fate, F.D.R. even ordered ex-President Hoover put under FBI observation.", "In 1896, the National Bureau of Criminal Identification was founded, which provided agencies across the country with information to identify known criminals. The 1901 assassination of President McKinley created an urgent perception that America was under threat from anarchists. The Department of Justice and the Department of Labor had been keeping records on anarchists for years, but President Theodore Roosevelt wanted more power to monitor them.", "In March 1971, the residential office of an FBI agent in Media, Pennsylvania was burglarized by a group calling itself the Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI. Numerous files were taken and distributed to a range of newspapers, including The Harvard Crimson. The files detailed the FBI's extensive COINTELPRO program, which included investigations into lives of ordinary citizens—including a black student group at a Pennsylvania military college and the daughter of Congressman Henry Reuss of Wisconsin. The country was \"jolted\" by the revelations, which included assassinations of political activists, and the actions were denounced by members of Congress, including House Majority Leader Hale Boggs. The phones of some members of Congress, including Boggs, had allegedly been tapped.", "As one of the primary investigative and intelligence agencies of the United States, its collection and publications of crime statistics keeps the public aware of crime rates and the types of crime that has been committed. Before the September 11, 2001 attacks, the FBI only had a marginal role in trying to prevent crime before it happens. Now the FBI actively attacks potential threats before they can take place.", "Still The FBI is both a reflection of the times and it somehow stood outside the changes that were going on in America during its run.", "Compare that to today’s FBI—a threat-based, intelligence-driven, technologically-supported agency of over 30,000 employees—employees who are working in 56 field offices and 61 offices overseas. Employees who are combatting crimes as diverse as terrorism, corporate fraud, cyber crime, human trafficking, and money laundering. J. Edgar Hoover would have been proud.", "In the same period, the FBI was forming, making use for the first time of a network of data management that made it possible to track criminals. Before then, anyone who robbed a bank in Wisconsin had to deal only with local law enforcement. This is the background for the cat-and-mouse game that ensues between Dillinger and the FBI's Purvis.", "A national tragedy produced another expansion of FBI jurisdiction. When President Kennedy was assassinated, the crime was a local homicide; no federal law addressed the murder of a President. Nevertheless, President Lyndon B. Johnson tasked the Bureau with conducting the investigation. Congress then passed a new law to ensure that any such act in the future would be a federal crime.", "The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), which viewed King and his allies for racial justice as subversive, also noticed the speech. This provoked the organization to expand their COINTELPRO operation against the SCLC, and to target King specifically as a major enemy of the United States. Two days after King delivered \"I Have a Dream\", Agent William C. Sullivan, the head of COINTELPRO, wrote a memo about King's growing influence:", "A dedicated FBI agent recalls the agency's battles against the Klan, organized crime and Communist spies." ]

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[ "Dan Aykroyd (born Tuesday, July 1, 1952) is a Canadian comedian and a member of The Not Ready For Prime Time Players . He was also an SNL writer, winning an Emmy Award in 1977, and being nominated again, and an acting Emmy.", "Daniel Edward \"Dan\" Aykroyd, (born July 1, 1952) is a Canadian actor, comedian, producer, screenwriter and musician. He was an original member of the \"Not Ready for Prime Time Players\" on Saturday Night Live (1975–79), as Elwood Blues of The Blues Brothers (with John Belushi), and as Ray Stantz in Ghostbusters (1984) and Ghostbusters II (1989). In 1990, he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his work in the 1989 film Driving Miss Daisy.", "Daniel Edward Aykroyd CM (born July 1, 1952) is an Academy Award-nominated and Emmy Award-winning Canadian/American comedian, actor, screenwriter, and musician. He was an original cast member of Saturday Night Live, an originator of the Blues Brothers (with John Belushi), and has had a long caree...", "The band was also modeled in part on Aykroyd's experience with the Downchild Blues Band, one of the first professional blues bands in Canada, with whom Aykroyd continues to play on occasion. Aykroyd first encountered the band in the early 1970s, at or around the time of his attendance at Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada and where his initial interest in the blues developed through attending and occasionally performing at Ottawa's Le Hibou Coffee House. Aykroyd has said of this time:", "Aykroyd's directorial debut was 1991's Nothing but Trouble starring Demi Moore, Chevy Chase, John Candy and Aykroyd, sporting a bulbous prosthetic nose. The film was a critical and box office flop. Aykroyd's other films in the 1990s were mostly similarly poorly-received, including Coneheads (also based on a Saturday Night Live skit), Exit to Eden, Blues Brothers 2000, and Getting Away with Murder, all of which were poorly received. Two exceptions were Tommy Boy (1995), which starred SNL alumni David Spade and Chris Farley, in which Aykroyd played the role of Ray Zalinsky, and Grosse Pointe Blank (1997), in which Aykroyd had a well-received role as a rival hit man. In 1994, Aykroyd made a guest appearance in an episode of the sitcom The Nanny as a refrigerator repairman. In 1997, he starred as an Episcopal priest in the ABC sitcom Soul Man which lasted two seasons.", "As the era of the classic Hollywood movie musical declined by the end of the 1950s, Astaire shifted his work to television and acting roles. He was later involved in MGM’s compilation film That’s Entertainment (1974), which celebrated and remembered the “golden age” of the movie musical. He died at age 88 in June 1987 after receiving awards such as Kennedy Center Honors (1978), the AFI Lifetime Achievement Award (1981), and an Academy Award nomination in 1970. Astaire received great praise and recognition from prominent figures in the dance world including George Balanchine, Merce Cunningham, and Mikhail Baryshnikov.", "Walter Matthau came into this world as Walter Matuschanskayasky, the son of a Russian Orthodox priest and a Jewish mother. His sardonic humor and comedic genius made him a star in the 60's, with such hits as \"The Odd Couple\" (1968), \"Hello Dolly\" (1969), \"Plaza Suite\", (1971), and \"The Sunshine Boys\" (1975).", "The Blues Brothers is a 1980 American musical crime comedy film directed by John Landis. It stars John Belushi and Dan Aykroyd as \"Joliet\" Jake and Elwood Blues, characters developed from \"The Blues Brothers\" musical sketch on the NBC variety series Saturday Night Live. The film's screenplay was written by Aykroyd and Landis. It features musical numbers by rhythm and blues (R&B), soul, and blues singers James Brown, Cab Calloway, Aretha Franklin, Ray Charles, and John Lee Hooker. The film is set in and around Chicago, Illinois, where it was filmed. It features non-musical supporting performances by John Candy, Carrie Fisher, Charles Napier, and Henry Gibson.", "Ghostbusters, titled on-screen as Ghost Busters, is a 1984 American comedy film written by co-stars Dan Aykroyd and Harold Ramis about three eccentric New York City parapsychologists-turned-ghost exterminators. The film was released in the United States on June 8, 1984 and like several films of the era, teamed Aykroyd and/or Ramis with Bill Murray. It was produced and directed by Ivan Reitman, who also directed Stripes, and stars Murray, Aykroyd, Ramis, Rick Moranis, Sigourney Weaver, Annie Potts, and Ernie Hudson. The film made US$291,632,124 in the United States alone, the equivalent of $538,260,000 in 2010 prices, ranking the film as the 32nd biggest grossing in U.S. box office history after adjustment for inflation.", "Frank Sinatra, in full Francis Albert Sinatra (born December 12, 1915, Hoboken , New Jersey , U.S.—died May 14, 1998, Los Angeles , California ), American singer and motion-picture actor who, through a long career and a very public personal life, became one of the most sought-after performers in the entertainment industry; he is often hailed as the greatest American singer of 20th-century popular music .", "Julia wields a mallet on The French Chef, circa 1970. Right, Dan Aykroyd as Julia in the Saturday Night Live skit, 1978. From Everett Collection; by Owen Franken/Corbis.", "Dan Aykroyd has starred in some of the most popular comedies of the last two decades, including 'Ghostbusters', 'Trading Places' and 'Blues Brothers'. He was nominated for an Academy Award for his performance in 'Driving Miss Daisy'.", "Brando was one of the most respected actors of the post-war era. He is listed by the American Film Institute as the fourth greatest male star whose screen debut occurred before or during 1950 (it occurred in 1950). He earned respect among critics for his memorable performances and charismatic screen presence. His greatest contribution was helping to popularize Method acting. He is regarded as one of the greatest cinema actors of the 20th century. ", "In 1979, having just appeared in Steven Spielberg's financially unsuccessful 1941, Belushi and Aykroyd quit SNL to pursue their own movie projects. The following year, they starred alongside musical heroes Ray Charles, James Brown and Aretha Franklin in John Landis' now legendary The Blues Brothers. In 1981, John appeared in the movie Continental Divide, playing a hard-nosed Chicago newspaperman who finds romance in Colorado with eagle expert Blair Brown. That same year, he and Aykroyd starred together again—and for the last time—in the film Neighbors.", "Fred Astaire, original name Frederick Austerlitz (born May 10, 1899, Omaha , Nebraska , U.S.—died June 22, 1987, Los Angeles , California ), American dancer of stage and motion pictures who is best known for a number of highly successful musical comedy films in which he starred with Ginger Rogers. He is regarded by many as the greatest popular-music dancer of all time.", "Best Supporting Actor - 1989 - Dan Aykroyd, Driving Miss Daisy (Nominated; lost to Denzel Washington, Glory)", "\"Steve's one of the most gracious men in the business,\" says Aykroyd, who developed one of \"Saturday Night Live's\" best-loved routines--two wild and crazy guys-- with Martin in 1977. \"In fact, he's the main reason I wanted to be in this film. Of course, I was also a huge Phil Silvers fan. Of all the great comedians of black-and-white TV, he and [Jackie] Gleason were the biggest influences on me, so that was an added plus,\" he says of Silvers, who died in 1985.", "*Blues Brothers 2000, directed by John Landis, starring Dan Aykroyd, John Goodman, Joe Morton, James Brown and Aretha Franklin", "*The Couch Trip, directed by Michael Ritchie, starring Dan Aykroyd, Charles Grodin, Donna Dixon, Mary Gross, Walter Matthau", "Live from New York, it's Dan Aykroyd! Sketches include \"Garrett Morris and the National Broadcasting Orchestra,\" \"Mayor Koch Honors John Belushi,\" the commercial parody \"Autoscent,\" Tomorrow, \"Nerds Meet the Norge Refrigerator Repairman,\" \"Olympia Restaurant #4,\" Tom Schiller's Sushi By the Pool, \"Paul McCartney and John Lennon Reunion,\" \"Danger Probe.\"", " 2005 Saturday Night Live: The Best of Dan Aykroyd (Video) (lyrics: \"The Sound of Music\" - uncredited)", "Aykroyd is a permanent resident of the United States although he maintains his Canadian citizenship. Aykroyd was briefly engaged to Star Wars actress Carrie Fisher. He proposed to her on the set of The Blues Brothers (1980), in which she appeared as a spurned girlfriend of John Belushi's Jake Blues who was trying to kill both brothers. The engagement ended when she reconciled with her former boyfriend, musician Paul Simon.", "Canadian actor Dan Aykroyd displays his Crystal Head Vodka at Fauchon, May 15, 2013 in Paris. Akroyd and artist John Alexander's vodka won the Gold Medal for Excellent Taste from the 15th International Tasting Contest at the 2013 PRODEXPO Exhibition in Moscow, Russia.", "1987 saw the release of Dragnet, which Aykroyd co-starred in (with Tom Hanks) and co-wrote. The film was both an homage and a satire of the previous Dragnet series, with Aykroyd playing Sgt. Joe Friday as a police officer whose law-and-order attitude is at odds with modern sensibilities.", "Aykroyd was openly hostile to the 1989 film Wired, a biopic of Belushi (which featured Aykroyd as a character), and has since refused to work with anyone involved in the film. He had actor J.T. Walsh fired from the film Loose Cannons after Walsh had already done two days of filming, after finding out that Walsh had been in the cast of Wired. ", "Humphrey Bogart was on December 25,1899, in New York City. In 1999 he was, the American Film Institute name Bogart as the Greatest Male Star of All Time.", "Dan Hedaya (born July 24, 1940) is an American character actor. He often plays sleazy villains or uptight, wisecracking individuals. Hedaya was born in Brooklyn, New York, to a Sephardic Jewish family from Syria. Hedaya was a junior high school teacher for many years before deciding to pursue acting full-time. Alongside a successful career in the movies, Hedaya has held several TV roles, most notably that of Carla Tortelli's charmingly sleazy ex-husband Nick on the sitcom Cheers and its short-lived spinoff The Tortellis. He also had a memorable turn as Mallory Keaton's boyfriend Nick's estranged father on the sitcom Family Ties. More recently, he played an Italian-American priest in the controversial and quickly cancelled NBC series The Book of Daniel. Adding to his list of televisio...", "Then there’s Aykroyd. Yes, Belushi occasionally tries his patience. At one point, Aykroyd smashes his wristwatch, shouting, “Do you want to end up like this?” But he always protects and never judges. “There was a sense that, no matter what John did, Danny wouldn’t abandon him, that he didn’t think John was this awful person,” Carrie Fisher says. “He was really taking care of John.”", "Wasserman trusts Tanen, who had persuaded him to make Universal’s smash American Graffiti. Tanen knows a deal when he sees it. Belushi gets $500,000, Aykroyd $250,000. The studio gets a potential blockbuster and quite possibly a franchise. “There was no inter-company conversation,” Tanen recalls. “It was simple: Don’t fuck with love.”", "The biography of famous actor and avant-garde comic Andy Kaufman (Jim Carrey, who won a Golden Globe for his performance) premiered on December 22, 1999. The film also starred Danny DeVito, Courtney Love and Paul Giamatti.", "In an appearance on the Today show, Aykroyd referred to himself and John Belushi as \"kindred spirits.\" In the biography \"Belushi,\" Aykroyd claims that Belushi was the only man he could ever dance with.", "Matthau was born Walter John Matthow on October 1, 1920, in New York City's Lower East Side." ]

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[ "At the age of 16, Fischer finished equal fifth out of eight (the top non-Soviet player) at the 1959 Candidates Tournament in Bled/Zagreb/Belgrade, Yugoslavia, scoring 12½/28. He was outclassed by tournament winner Tal, who won all four of their individual games. That year, Fischer released his first book of collected games: Bobby Fischer's Games of Chess, published by Simon & Schuster. ", "* Bobby Fischer's Games of Chess (Simon and Schuster, New York, 1959). ISBN 0-923891-46-3. An early collection of 34 lightly annotated games, including \"The Game of the Century\" against Donald Byrne.", "The first Computer program that played proper Chess was written at MIT by Alex Bernstein in 1959.  The first Chess tournament in which the only players were Computer programs was held in New York in 1970.", "Jack Collins introduced Bobby to the work of William Steinitz, the first world champion. Collins and Fischer shared many hours playing through games from Steinitz’s The International Chess Magazine, which was published in the 19th century. Collins, writing in My Seven Chess Prodigies, noted that this journal “provided us with grand old games and insights into the frightening intellect and acid pen of the ‘Father of Modern Chess.’” Steinitz was a profound opening analyst, as was Bobby, and the latter adopted several of his pet lines including 9. Nh3 in the Two Knights Defense, 3. d4 followed by 4. e5 and 5. Qe2 in the Petroff as well as 5. d3 in the Ruy Lopez. Steinitz, like Bobby Fischer, is an inductee of both the U.S. and World Chess Halls of Fame.", "Part V: The Part of Tens ............................................275 Chapter 18: The Ten Most Famous Chess Games . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .277 Understanding the Games ..........................................................................277 Adolf Anderssen versus Lionel Kieseritzky: The Immortal Game ........278 Adolf Anderssen versus J. Dufresne: The Evergreen Game ...................281 Paul Morphy versus Duke Karl of Braunschweig and Count Isouard ....283 Wilhelm Steinitz versus Kurt Von Bardeleben .........................................285 Georg Rotlewi versus Akiba Rubinstein ...................................................288 Stepan Levitsky versus Frank Marshall ....................................................290 Emanuel Lasker versus José Raúl Capablanca ........................................292 Donald Byrne versus Robert J. Fischer ....................................................294 Deep Blue versus Garry Kasparov ............................................................297 Garry Kasparov versus The World ...........................................................299", "In direct consequence to the increasing frequency of draws, chess time controls were lengthened. Since the end of World War II, longer secondary, and eventually tertiary temporal controls, have become status quo. Games previously lasting a couple of hours could now traverse one-fourth of a day or longer. This prompted Edward Lasker, as early as 1949, to issue the remark: \"We have reached a point where physical fitness and thorough knowledge of analyzed play are apt to decide the outcome of a match between front-rank chess masters, rather than ingenuity and profundity.\"", "Upon Fischer's return to New York, a Bobby Fischer Day was held. He was offered numerous product endorsement offers worth \"at least $5 million\" (all of which he declined). He appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated with American Olympic swimming champion Mark Spitz. Fischer also made an appearance on a Bob Hope TV special. Membership in the U.S. Chess Federation doubled in 1972, and peaked in 1974; in American chess, these years are commonly referred to as the \"Fischer Boom\". Fischer won the 'Chess Oscar' (an award, started in 1967, given to the best chess player, determined through votes from chess media and leading players) for 1970, 1971, and 1972. This match attracted more worldwide interest than any chess championship before or since. ", "Fischer’s brilliance was enough to make him a star. It was his relentless, even pathological dedication that transformed the sport. Fischer investigated constantly, studying every top-level game for new ideas and improvements. He was obsessed with tracking down books and periodicals, even learning enough Russian to expand his range of sources. He studied each opponent, at least those he considered worthy of preparation. Brady recounts dining with Fischer and hearing a monologue of the teen’s astonishingly deep analysis of David Bronstein’s openings before the two were to meet in the Mar del Plata tournament in 1960. No one had ever prepared this deeply outside of world championship matches. Today, every game of chess ever played, going back centuries, is available at the click of a mouse to any beginner. But in the pre-computer era, Fischer’s obsessive research was a major competitive advantage.", "Few American players have had longer chess careers than the Latvian-born National Master Viktors Pupols, who has been playing tournament chess for seven decades. A legend in the Pacific Northwest, Viktors is one of only three players to defeat Fischer on time. He is the subject of the book Viktors Pupols, American Master written by Larry Parr. Pupols speaks of his experiences competing against a young Bobby Fischer in the 1955 U.S. Junior Open.", "Bobby Fischer was born on March 9, 1943, in Chicago, Illinois. Fischer first learned the game of chess at age 6 and eventually became the youngest international grand master at the age of 15. In 1972, he became the first American-born world chess champion after defeating Boris Spassky . An eccentric genius, who was believed to have an I.Q. of 181, Fischer became known for his controversial public remarks in his later years. He was granted Icelandic citizenship in 2005, following legal trouble with the United States. He died on January 17, 2008.", "The dust-jacket of Chess by K.M. Grover and T. Wiswell stated: �Kenneth M. Grover, when 12 years old, was hailed as a chess child-prodigy, and today he is America�s number-one chess player.� The original (1941) US edition called him �America�s Number One chess and checker exhibition player�. In their other books, Let�s Play Checkers (New York, 1940) and Twentieth Century Checkers (Philadelphia, 1946), the twosome also awarded themselves high-pitched write-ups. The back-cover of the former said of Grover: �He is America�s No. 1 checker and chess exhibition star and is popularly known as the �Mighty Mite�.�", "The first American ever to become world chess champion, Bobby Fischer was as famous for his personality quirks as for his genius. He grew up in Brooklyn, learned to play chess at age 6 and quickly became a prodigy; he was only 15 when reached International Grandmaster level in August 1958. He fought a memorable and tumultuous battle against the Russian chess champion Boris Spassky in Reykjavik, Iceland in 1972, beating Spassky in 21 games to become world champion. But Fischer was already a somewhat eccentric figure, increasingly reclusive and prone to haggling over minor points of lighting and other match conditions. He never defended his crown, refusing a 1975 match against the International Chess Federation challenger, Anatoly Karpov. The ICF awarded the title to Karpov and Fischer dropped from sight for nearly two decades. He resurfaced in 1992 to play Spassky in a multi-million dollar rematch in Belgrade, thereby defying U.S. sanctions against Yugoslavia. He won the match (and $3.5 million), but spent the next decade as a reclusive, cranky and somewhat mysterious figure who was regarded as a fugitive by American authorities. On 16 July 2004, Fischer was arrested at Tokyo’s Narita Airport on a charge of trying to leave Japan without a valid passport. He was detained by the Japanese until March of 2005, when he was granted citizenship by Iceland and was deported to his new home country, where he died in 2008.", "It would be impossible for me to write dispassionately about Bobby Fischer even if I were to try. I was born the year he achieved a perfect score at the US Championship in 1963, eleven wins with no losses or draws. He was only twenty at that point but it had been obvious for years that he was destined to become a legendary figure. His book My 60 Memorable Games was one of my earliest and most treasured chess possessions. When Fischer took the world championship crown from my countryman Boris Spassky in 1972 I was already a strong club player following every move as it came in from Reykjavík. The American had crushed two other Soviet grandmasters en route to the title match, but there were many in the USSR who quietly admired his brash individuality along with his amazing talent.", "A book by Peter Fuller entitled The Champions and subtitled �The secret motives in games and sports� (Urizen Books, New York, 1977) discusses figures from the worlds of chess, bullfighting, boxing and motor-racing. The chess chapter (pages 49-104) has plenty of trivia and tripe about the masters of yesteryear (the first paragraph states, �Steinitz claimed to have played God at pawn odds and won�) but is essentially about Fischer, viewed from a psychoanalytical standpoint.", "International Master James Sherwin very likely has the best record of any non-Grandmaster to ever compete in the U.S. Chess Championship. The highlight of his career was finishing third in the 1957 Chess Championship behind Bobby Fischer and Samuel Reshevsky. This qualified him to play in the 1958 Interzonal in Portoroz, Yugoslavia. Sherwin was the President of the American Chess Foundation during its golden period, offering strong support to top American players. Sherwin recalls his experiences with Fischer from the 1950s through the 1970s.", "When Fischer wrote an article for Sports Illustrated later that year titled ‘How the Russians fixed World Chess’, only Tal was exonerated. Arguably, Fischer’s drubbing at the hands of Tal in the 1959 Candidates Tournament had left him with a healthy respect for his great contemporary; a rare, perhaps the unlikeliest, quality for Fischer to demonstrate.", "1958 - Bobby Fischer won the United States Chess Championship for the first time. Interesting note: Fischer was all of 14 years of age.", "Chess legend Bobby Fischer was the author of a chess column called “Checkmate” in Boys’ Life from 1966 until 1969.", "Fischer, an eccentric 29-year-old American, was a vocal critic of the Soviet domination of chess, because he believed that Soviet players gained an unfair advantage by agreeing to short draws among themselves in tournaments. In August 1962 Sports Illustrated, and then in October the German magazine Der Spiegel, published a famous article by Fischer \"The Russians Have Fixed World Chess\" in which he expounded this view. Fischer himself rarely agreed to early draws in unclear positions.", "As a 14 year-old on the cusp of his 15th birthday, he won the U.S. Chess Championship in 1958, giving him the title of International Master. Later that same year, he broke future opponent Boris Spassky 's record to become the youngest World Chess Federation Grand Master; Bobby was 15, and Boris was 18 when he set the distinction. The two names would become linked forever in chess history. (When the two first played each other in 1960, Fischer lost during an Argentine tournament, though the two tied and were co-winners of the tourney. He would not beat Spassky until their famous world title match in Iceland in 1972.)", "FIDE found itself embroiled in some controversies relating to the American player Bobby Fischer, the first of which took place when Fischer alleged that at the 1962 Candidates Tournament in Curaçao, the Soviet players Tigran Petrosian, Paul Keres and Efim Geller had pre-arranged draws in their games played amongst themselves, and that Viktor Korchnoi, another Soviet player, had been instructed to lose to them (Fischer had placed 4th, well behind Petrosian, Keres and Geller). Grandmaster Yuri Averbakh, a member of the Soviet delegation at the tournament, said in 2002 that Petrosian, Keres and Geller privately agreed to draw their games, and a statistical analysis in 2006 supported this conclusion. FIDE responded by changing the format of Candidates Tournaments from a multi-round round-robin to a series of elimination matches, initially 10–12 games in duration, though by the 1970s, the Candidates final would be as long as 24 games.", "During the early 1960s, Fischer continued to be involved in U.S. and world championship matches, but was also making a name for himself with his erratic, paranoid commentary. After having a 20-game winning streak in the early 1970s, Fischer once again made chess history in 1972 with his defeat of the Soviet Union's Boris Spassky at the Reykjavik, Iceland world championships, thus marking the first time an American chess player had won the title. Fischer's defeat of a Soviet opponent, which became known as the \"Match of the Century,\" took on iconic proportions in the midst of the Cold War and was seen as a symbolic victory of democracy over Communism. Fischer's historic win also made chess a popular game in the United States. ", "This early draft of what would later become My 60 Memorable Games ends at game 52, Fischer’s victory over fellow Grandmaster Nicolas Rossolimo at the 1965 U.S. Chess Championship. In the years to come, Bobby would update the book and add eight additional games  bringing the total to 60. Fischer’s brilliant win over Soviet grandmaster Leonid Stein at the Sousse Interzonal Tournament in Tunisia, which ended in November 1967, is the last game in the final version of the book.", "In 2000, Kasparov co-authored Kasparov Against the World: The Story of the Greatest Online Challenge with grandmaster Daniel King. The 202-page book analyzes the 1999 Kasparov versus the World game, and holds the record for the longest analysis devoted to a single chess game. ", "He became a Cold War hero in 1972 when he defeated Boris Spassky of the Soviet Union at a widely followed series of matches in Iceland to become the first officially recgonized word chess champion born in the United States. The Fischer-Spassky match took on mythic dimensions as a clash between the world's two superpowers. He forfeited the title in 1975, however, when he refused to defend his title against Anatoly Karpov. Fischer dropped out of competitive chess after this, spending time in Hungary and the Philippines , and emerging occasionally to make outspoken and often outrageous comments. He resurfaced for a dramatic rematch against Spassky in the former Yugoslavia in 1992, beating him 10-5 to win $3.35 million.", "* \"The Russians Have Fixed World Chess\" (Sports Illustrated magazine, 20 August 1962). This is the controversial article in which Fischer asserted that several of the Soviet players in the 1962 Curaçao Candidates' tournament had colluded with one another to prevent him [Fischer] from winning the tournament.", "Part V: The Part of Tens ............................................275 Chapter 18: The Ten Most Famous Chess Games ......................................................277 Chapter 19: The Ten Best Players of All Time .............................................................305", "* \"A Bust to the King's Gambit\" (American Chess Quarterly, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Summer 1961), pp. 3–9).", "Page 96: �What twentieth-century player was called the �crown prince of chess�? Keres.� (Not Nimzowitsch, of course, whose match and tournament posture precluded crowning.)", "4), by large margins. Fischer then stopped playing for the next 18 months, except for a win against Anthony Saidy in a 1969 New York Metropolitan League team match. That year, Fischer (assisted by grandmaster Larry Evans) released his second book of collected games: My 60 Memorable Games, published by Simon & Schuster. The book \"was an immediate success\". ", "Before the Candidates' Tournament, Fischer won the 1958–59 U.S. Championship (scoring 8½/11). He tied for third (with Borislav Ivkov) in Mar del Plata (scoring 10/14), a half-point behind Ludek Pachman and Miguel Najdorf. He tied for 4–6th in Santiago (scoring 7½/12) behind Ivkov, Pachman, and Herman Pilnik. ", "From page 37 of Let�s Play Chess �by the Editors of Chess Review� (New York, 1950):" ]

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[ "During the Second World War, German Führer Adolf Hitler and Italian Duce Benito Mussolini met at Brenner Pass to celebrate their Pact of Steel on 18 March 1940. Brenner Pass was part of the ratlines used by some fleeing Nazis after the German surrender in 1945.", "Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini meet at Brenner Pass in the Alps, where the Nazi leader seeks Italy's help in fighting the British.", "Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini meet at Brenner Pass in the Alps, where the Nazi leader seeks Italy’s help in fighting the Br", "4: Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini meet at the Brenner Pass to discuss the prospects in the war.", "HD Stock Video Footage - Hitler and Mussolini meet at Brenner Pass in Europe to hold important discussions.", "On March 18th 1940 Hitler met the Italian leader Mussolini in his railway carriage in the Brenner Pass, high in the Alps, close to the border between the two countries. The haste with which the meeting was arranged had led Mussolini to suppose that Hitler ‘would soon set off the powder keg’. In the journey to the meeting Mussolini tells his Foreign Minister, Count Ciano, that the Italians will not join the war until the moment that is ‘convenient’ to them, that they will form the ‘left wing’ of the offensive, tying up troops without actually fighting. After the meeting, however, it seems less certain that Hitler will go to war. Ciano records the meeting in his diary:", "Hitler and Mussolini, meeting for a conference, arrive to a station on the Brenner Pass, greeted by officials and military personnel", "VS of Benito Mussolini (Il Duce) with his chiefs of staff, incl. Count Galeazzo Ciano, meeting Adolf Hitler (the Fuhrer) on a railway station at the Brenner Pass where Hitler comes by train from Austria. Hitler is accompanied by Joachim von Ribbentrop.", "Hitler soon discovered that he had two remarkable talents — for public oratory and for inspiring personal loyalty. His street-corner oratory, attacking the Jews, the socialists and liberals, the capitalists and Communists, began to attract adherents. Early followers included Rudolf Hess, Hermann Göring, and Ernst Röhm, head of the Nazis' paramilitary organisation, the SA. Another admirer was the wartime Field-Marshall Erich Ludendorff. Hitler decided to use Ludendorff as a front in an attempt to seize power in Munich, the capital of Bavaria, later known as the \"Hitler Putsch\" or \"March to Berlin\" of November 8, 1923, when the Nazis marched from a beer hall to the Bavarian War Ministry, intending to overthrow Bavaria's right-wing separatist government and then march on Berlin. The army quickly dispersed them and Hitler was arrested. To protect his position as leader, Hitler appointed Alfred Rosenberg temporary leader.", "Located in the Bavarian Alps south of Salzburg , it is surrounded on three sides by Austrian territory. Once part of Austria, it passed to Bavaria in the early 19th century. It was the site of Adolf Hitler's villa retreat before and during World War II. In 1938 he met there with Neville Chamberlain . Destroyed by bombing in 1945, the villa was leveled in 1952. Mountain climbing and skiing make the area a popular destination.", "Hitler’s No 2 , Rudolf Hess was air dropped with a personal letter from Hilter ,  to meet the English king, to avoid WW2.  The British king had German blood.   But the Jews  caught Hess and declared him insane.", "In April 1945, Soviet forces were at the outskirts of Berlin . Hitler's closest lieutenants urged him to flee to Bavaria or Austria to make a last stand in the mountains, but he seemed determined to either live or die in the capital. SS leader Heinrich Himmler tried on his own to inform the Allies (through the Swedish diplomat Count Folke Bernadotte ) that Germany was prepared to discuss surrender terms. Meanwhile Hermann Göring sent a telegram from Bavaria in which he argued that since Hitler was cut off in Berlin, as Hitler's designated successor he should assume leadership of Germany. Hitler angrily reacted by dismissing both Himmler and Göring from all their offices and the party and declared them traitors.", "Hermann Göring (center) with Hitler in early April 1945, mingling with German troops during one of their last public appearances together. Below: SS-Reichsführer Heinrich Himmler (left) visits an SS Panzer Corps on the Western Front in 1944.", "Adolf Hitler (; 20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei; NSDAP), Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (\"leader\") of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.", "On 14 December 1939, Quisling met Hitler. The German leader promised to respond to any British invasion of Norway ( Plan R 4 ), perhaps pre-emptively, with a German counter-invasion, but found Quisling's plans for both a Norwegian coup and an Anglo-German peace unduly optimistic. Nonetheless, Quisling would still receive funds to bolster Nasjonal Samling. [nb 4] The two men met again four days later, and afterwards Quisling wrote a memorandum that explicitly told Hitler that he did not consider himself a National Socialist. [76] As German machinations continued, Quisling was intentionally kept in the dark. He was also incapacitated by a severe bout of illness, probably nephritis in both kidneys, for which he refused hospitalisation. Though he returned to work on 13 March 1940, he remained ill for several weeks. [78] In the meantime, the Altmark Incident complicated Norway's efforts to maintain its neutrality. Hitler himself remained in two minds over whether an occupation of Norway should require an invitation from the Norwegian government. Finally, Quisling received his summons on 31 March, and reluctantly travelled to Copenhagen to meet with Nazi intelligence officers who asked him for information on Norwegian defences and defence protocols. He returned to Norway on 6 April and, on 8 April, the British Operation Wilfred commenced, bringing Norway into the war. With Allied forces in Norway , Quisling expected a characteristically swift German response. [79]", "Rudolf Hess flew to Scotland on 10 May 1941 in the firm belief that on landing he would be met by the Duke of Hamilton and the Duke of Kent and whisked off to London for a private audience with King George VI. He had been convinced by the misinformation fed to him by British Intelligence that these three men represented a genuine peace movement capable of removing the warmonger Churchill and agreeing to German terms. Hess had also previously met the Duke of Windsor when he had visited Berlin before the war. As a result Hess was persuaded that some members of the German-descended royal family were sympathetic to Nazism. Certainly the Duke of Saxo-Coburg, formerly Prince Charles Edward, a grandson of Queen Victoria and a close friend of the Duke of Windsor, had willingly embraced Nazism. In fact Hitler had appointed him as the head of the German branch of the Red Cross that was responsible for exterminating the mentally sick and physically disabled.", "Adolf Hitler (ä´dôlf hĬt´lər), 1889–1945, founder and leader of National Socialism (Nazism), and German dictator, b. Braunau in Upper Austria.", "From the start of his political career Hitler had called for an Anschluss, or union, between Germany and Austria. In Englebert Dollfuss, however, the Austrians had a 4-foot-11 leader who passionately believed in independence. One afternoon in July 1934 armed Nazis stormed into his office and assassinated the brave little chancellor. They failed to seize the government, though, and Kurt von Schusnigg replaced Dollfuss. (15)", "Adolf Hitler (German pronunciation: [ˈadɔlf ˈhɪtlɐ] ; 20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian -born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party ( German : Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, abbreviated NSDAP), commonly known as the Nazi Party. He was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and served as head of state as Führer und Reichskanzler from 1934 to 1945.", "On 10 May 1941 Rudolf Hess, Hitler’s deputy fuhrer, parachuted into Scotland from his Messerschmitt 110 claiming he was seeking to negotiate a peace deal between Britain and Germany. Instead, held as a prisoner of war for the next four years, Hess was convicted of conspiracy and crimes against peace at the Nuremberg Trials and sentenced to life imprisonment. The last of the Nazi leaders to be held there, he died in Berlin’s Spandau prison in 1987.", "H E S S A T T E M P T S PEACE Rudolf Hess drifted into politics after the First World War and quickly fell under the spell of Hitler, who he regarded as \"the incarnation of pure reason.\" He became Hitler's deputy in 1933, but thereafter slipped out of the inner circle. On May 10, 1941, he flew to Scotland in an effort, he claimed, to negotiate peace between Britain and Germany, \"two related northern states.\" Hitler, who almost certainly had no knowledge of the attempt, at once disclaimed him. At Nuremberg he received a life sentence for crimes against peace, and was incarcerated in Berlin's Spandau prison, where he committed suicide in 1987. This image shows RAF personnel posing with the wreckage of Hess's crashed Messerschmitt Bf 110.", "Heinrich Himmler visited Norway in 1941. Seated (from left to right) are Quisling, Himmler, Josef Terboven , the Nazi gauleiter who was the effective ruler of Norway during the occupation, and General Nikolaus von Falkenhorst , the commander of the German forces in Norway.", "During World War II, Adolf Hitler and his Nazi cronies walked the mountain paths around the Hinterbrand Lodge plotting world domination.", "In October 1937, the Duke and Duchess visited Germany, against the advice of the British government, and met Hitler at his Obersalzberg retreat. The visit was much publicised by the German media. During the visit the Duke gave full Nazi salutes. In an article for the New York Daily News and Chicago Tribune of 13 December 1966 the Duke wrote that in 1937 Hitler persuaded him \"it was in Britain's interest and in Europe's too, that Germany be encouraged to strike east and smash Communism forever ... I thought the rest of us could be fence-sitters while the Nazis and the Reds slogged it out.\" ", "In a last-ditch attempt to regain Hitler's favour, Hess flew to Scotland on 10 May, 1941, to try and broker a peace between Germany and Britain, as he could see no conflict between German expansion in the East, and British Imperial interests. Unsurprisingly he was captured and imprisoned. At Nuremburg Hess maintained that Hitler was Germany's 'greatest son' and earned himself life imprisonment in Spandau Prison where he was the only inmate for 21 years. In 1987, the last surviving Nazi leader hung himself with a heater cable.", "Starting in 1921, when Hitler became the first chairman of the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi) political party, and continuing until he was appointed Chancellor of Germany on January 30, 1933, Hitler had campaigned for years on the 25 points of the party platform; as party Chairman, he had participated in writing the 25 points. Point number one was the abrogation of the Treaty of Versailles and the unification of his native Austria with Germany. So the Allies had known for years that the Nazis might some day attempt an Anschluss with Austria. That day finally came on March 12, 1938 when Hitler's Mercedes automobile drove across a bridge over the Inn river into the little town of Braunau am Inn , his birthplace on the border between Austria and Germany, to the cheers of the ecstatic Austrians who gave him and his troops an overwhelming welcome.", "Hermann Göring, Göring also spelled Goering (born January 12, 1893, Rosenheim, Germany —died October 15, 1946, Nürnberg ), a leader of the Nazi Party and one of the primary architects of the Nazi police state in Germany. He was condemned to hang as a war criminal by the International Military Tribunal at Nürnberg in 1946 but took poison instead and died the night his execution was ordered.", "Albert Kesselring (20 November 1885 (source: Britannica encyclopedia) - 16 July 1960) was a Luftwaffe Generalfeldmarschall during World War II. Nicknamed \"Smiling Albert\", he was one of the most skilful generals of Nazi Germany. He commanded air forces in the invasions of Poland, France, the Battle of Britain and Operation Barbarossa. As Commander-in-Chief South, he was overall German commander in the Mediterranean theatre, which included operations in North Africa. Later, he conducted a stubborn defensive campaign against the Allied forces in Italy. In the final campaign of the war, he commanded German forces on the Western Front. After the war he was tried for war crimes and sentenced to death but the sentence was subsequently commuted to life imprisonment. He was released in 1952, after...", "Hitler served as a runner on the Western Front in France and Belgium in the Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 16. He experienced major combat, including the First Battle of Ypres, the Battle of the Somme, the Battle of Arras, and the Battle of Passchendaele.", "Born in Austria, became a radical German nationalist during World War I. He became dictator of Germany in 1933. He led Europe into World War II.", ", 1889–1945, founder and leader of National Socialism (Nazism), and German dictator, b. Braunau in Upper Austria. Early Life", "Chief of staff of an army corps in World War I, he was active after the war in Germany's secret rearmament. In World War II he was promoted to field marshal (1940) and commanded armies in the invasions of Poland, France, and the Soviet Union. As commander in chief on the Western Front (1942�45), he fortified France against the expected Allied invasion. Removed briefly from command (1944), he returned to direct the Battle of the Bulge. He was captured in 1945 but released because of ill health." ]

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[ "General Electric manufactured the first practical electric toothbrush in 1961. The portable brush contained a rechargeable battery.", "The first real electric toothbrush was produced in 1939, and developed in Switzerland. In 1960, Squibb marketed the first American electrical toothbrush in the United States called the Broxodent. General Electric introduced a rechargeable cordless toothbrush in 1961. Introduced in 1987, Interplak was the first rotary action electrical toothbrush for home use.", "The first electric toothbrush, the Broxodent, was invented in Switzerland in 1954 by Dr. Philippe Guy Woog. Woog's electric toothbrushes were originally manufactured in Switzerland (later in France) for Broxo S.A. The device plugged into a standard wall outlet and ran on line voltage. Electric toothbrushes were initially created for patients with limited motor skills and for orthodontic patients (such as those with braces).", "In 1959, the Broxo Electric Toothbrush arrived in the United States of America for the first time during the centennial celebrations of the American Dental Association. The company behind this introduction was known as E. R. Squibb and Sons Pharmaceuticals. Thereafter, it was marketed under the brand names Broxodent or Broxo-Dent. In the 1980s, the pharmaceutical company transferred its Broxodent distribution rights to Somerset Labs which is a division of Bristol Myers/Squibb.", "In 2000, Philips bought Optiva Corporation, the maker of Sonicare electric toothbrushes. The company was renamed Philips Oral Healthcare and made a subsidiary of Philips DAP.", "The Broxo Electric Toothbrush was introduced in the USA by E. R. Squibb and Sons Pharmaceuticals in 1959. After introduction, it was marketed in the USA by Squibb under the names Broxo-Dent or Broxodent. In the 1980s Squibb transferred distribution of the Broxodent line to the Somerset Labs division of Bristol Myers/Squibb. ", "In the industrial years of the 1800s many were inventing new products to make life better.  It was in 1880 that Dr Scott an English doctor advertised the first electric toothbrush, the only issue being it used no electricity at all.", "The first mass-produced toothbrush was created in England, 1780. William Addis made the first toothbrush to be produced on a large scale in 1780. He had time to think about it during a stint in the cells in 1770, where he used a bone and some bristles from one of the guards to create a toothbrush. Upon his release, he founded the Wisdom Toothbrushes which produced his invention on a massive scale.", "February 24, 1938: DuPont corporation uses nylon yarn to create a nylon-bristle toothbrush, the first commercial product using nylon yarn. The toothbrush has come a long way from the initial “chew stick” used since 3500 BC. This stick was about the size of today’s pencil and was chosen with care. The wood was selected for its aromatic property so it would help to sweeten the breath. One end was chewed until it got mushy and resembled bristles. That end was used to cleanse the teeth. The opposite end was pointed and used as a toothpick.", "About.com - Inventors - Dental Innovations - History of Dentistry - This site discusses the history of the toothbrush and toothpaste, including the first electric toothbrush invented in 1939.", "In 1844, the first 3-row bristle brush was designed and by the 1860’s Addis company was one of the first to use automated manufacturing systems.  It was too around this time that toothbrush manufacture in the USA took off.", "In 1956, Place Jean Arthur did a pioneering research that sought to extend the benefits of these toothbrushes to other people outside the initial target bracket. The findings of his research were profound. He discovered that the electric toothbrushes were far much superior compared to the manual brushes since they left no chance for an incorrect brushing procedure. This groundbreaking research paved the way for general acceptance of the electric toothbrushes as the most efficient and complete in ensuring an improved oral hygiene.", "The first American to patent a toothbrush was H. N. Wadsworth, (patent number 18,653,) on Nov. 7, 1857.", "Further, it was not till the 17th century that tooth cleaning was frequently done by means of intense rubbing using a piece of rag cloth. Meanwhile, in the year 1938, natural animal hair bristles were finally replaced by nylon (a synthetic material), this was done by Dupont. It was exactly on the 24th of February 1938 when the very first nylon-bristled toothbrush went on sale and was then labeled as the “Doctor West’s Miracle Toothbrush.”", "The first nylon toothbrush was called Doctor West’s Miracle Toothbrush within the USA whilst the Addis company developed and equivalent within europe.", "By 1840 toothbrushes were being mass-produced in England, France, Germany, and Japan.[http://www.wisdom-toothbrushes.co.uk/learning-centre/history.html The company founded by Addis in 1780]", "The first modern toothbrush was invented in China. Its bristles came from hogs hair or the mane of a horse that were then put into ivory handles.", "The heirs of Addis continued to make bone toothbrushes until 1935, when nylon was invented. At the height of wartime rationing, Addis鈥檚 company abandoned bone, which was now reserved for food stock. They focused instead on producing entirely, synthetic toothbrushes, not unlike the ones we use today. The nylon bristles were softer and easier to clean.", "“Until now, all good toothbrushes were made with animal bristles,” noted a 1938 Weco Products advertisement in Life magazine. “Today, Dr. West’s new Miracle-Tuft is a single exception. It is made with EXTON, a unique bristle-like filament developed by the great DuPont laboratories, and produced exclusively for Dr. West’s.”", "Together with Willoughby D. Miller, Newell Sill Jenkins developed a toothpaste and named it Kolynos, the first toothpaste containing disinfectants. The name´s origin is from Greek Kolyo nosos (κωλύω νόσος), meaning \"disease prevention\". Numerous attempts to produce the toothpaste by pharmacists in Europe have been uneconomic. After returning to the US, he continued experimenting with Harry Ward Foote (1875-1942), professor of chemistry at Sheffield Chemical Laboratory of Yale University. After 17 years of development of Kolynos and clinical trials Jenkins retired and transferred the production and distribution to his son Leonard A. Jenkins, who brought the first toothpaste tubes on the market on April 13, 1908. Within a few years the company expanded in North America, Latin America, Europe and the Far East. A branch operation opened in 1909 in London. In 1937 Kolynos was produced in 22 countries and sold in 88 countries. Until modern times Kolynos is widespread mainly in South America and in Hungary. Colgate-Palmolive took over the product of American Home Products in 1995 at a cost of one billion US dollars. ", "The Colgate company, originally a producer of soaps, invented an “aromatic dental cream” in 1873; in 1896 it sold the first toothpaste in a tube and the industry has never really looked back ever since.", "An electric toothbrush is a toothbrush that makes rapid, automatic bristle motions, either back-and-forth oscillation or rotation-oscillation (where the brush head alternates clockwise and counterclockwise rotation), in order to clean teeth. Motions at sonic speeds or below are made by a motor. In the case of ultrasonic toothbrushes, ultrasonic motions are produced by a piezoelectric crystal. A modern electric toothbrush is usually powered by a rechargeable battery charged through inductive charging when the brush sits in the charging base between uses.", "Patented by Jacob Schick in 1928, the electric razor was made available in 1931 and was later improved by Remington and Philips Laboratories with revolving heads. It isn't a stretch of the imagination to say that Schick's original design paved the way for personal-hygiene gizmos like nose-hair trimmers proving that not all good gadgets are sexy.", "Striped toothpaste was invented by a New Yorker named Leonard Lawrence Marraffino in 1955. The patent (US patent , issued 1957) was subsequently sold to Unilever, who marketed the novelty under the 'Stripe' brand-name in the early 1960s. This was followed by the introduction of the 'Signal' brand in Europe in 1965 (UK patent 813,514). Although 'Stripe' was initially very successful, it never again achieved the 8% market share that it cornered during its second year.", "McGrath, Kimberley A., and Bridget Travers, eds. World of Invention. Detroit, Gale, 1999. 1043 (See especially p. 805-806 for Toothbrush and Toothpaste).", "The Swedish company Electrolux launched the innovative Model V in 1921 that was designed to lie on the floor on two thin metal runners. This innovation, conceived by Electrolux founder Axel Wenner-Gren, became a standard feature on generations of future vacuum cleaners. There is a recorded example of a 1930s Electrolux vacuum cleaner surviving in use for over 70 years, finally breaking in 2008. ", "Hubert Cecil Booth, the father of powered suction, introduced a “Goblin” portable vacuum model in the 1920s, but it was William Henry \"Boss\" Hoover whose company and products would shape 20th-century vacuuming. After buying the patent on the Electric Suction Sweeper—a device for easing asthma symptoms that was supposedly jerry-rigged from a Bissell sweeper, a fan motor, a broom handle, and a soapbox—from his wife’s cousin in 1908, Hoover developed the machine for improved home use through the 1930s. ", "The toothbrush has been used since 3500 B.C. by the Babylonians and Egyptians, who used to chew on one end until it was soft like a brush. It is thought that the Chinese used toothbrushes during the Tang Dynasty, or from around 600 A.D.", "It was not until much later that the concept of a toothbrush caught on and became more popular.", "In 1910, two Racine, Wisconsin engineers, Charles Beach and Frederick Osius, and a master marketeer, Louis Hamilton, made household appliance history by inventing a small motor that ran on either AC or DC electrical power -- the first Great Leap Forward for plug-powered domestic machinery. Osius deployed this gem in a Hamilton Beach Mother's Little Helper -- the first portable vacuum cleaner.", "In 1910, two Racine, Wisconsin engineers, Charles Beach and Frederick Osius, and a master marketeer, Louis Hamilton, made household appliance history by inventing a small motor that ran on either AC or DC electrical power -- the first Great Leap Forward for plug-powered domestic machinery. Osius deployed this gem in a Hamilton Beach Mother's Little Helper -- the first portable vacuum cleaner.", "A. Thank you for the frank answer. I wonder if I can find a really soft electric toothbrush" ]

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[ "Garbo died in 1990 at the age of 84 in New York, where she lived a reclusive life under the pseudonym Harriet Brown after quitting the movies in 1941 at the height of a fame already secured in the silent film era of the 1920s.", "At the time of her death, Rex Harrison was also living in Garbo's building. For years, she was listed in the Manhattan telephone book as Harriet Brown.", "True to her legend and nine years after her death, Harriet Brown's ashes have been buried far from prying eyes. Ms Brown, who started life as Greta Gustafsson and changed her name to Garbo when she moved to Hollywood, was laid to rest almost, but not quite, alone, in a Stockholm cemetery in two ceremonial days which ended yesterday.", "The Village again became important to the bohemian scene during the 1950s, when the Beat Generation focused their energies there. Fleeing from what they saw as oppressive social conformity, a loose collection of writers, poets, artists, and students (later known as the Beats) and the Beatniks, moved to Greenwich Village, and to North Beach in San Francisco, in many ways creating the east coast-west coast predecessor to the Haight-Ashbury-East Village hippie scene of the next decade. The Village (and surrounding New York City) would later play central roles in the writings of, among others, Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, William S. Burroughs, James Baldwin, Truman Capote, Marianne Moore, Maya Angelou, Rod McKuen, and Dylan Thomas, who collapsed at the Chelsea Hotel and died at St. Vincents Hospital at 170 West 12th Street, in the Village after drinking at the White Horse Tavern on November 5, 1953.", "Gertrude Stein (February 3, 1874 – July 27, 1946) was an American novelist, poet, playwright and art collector. Born in the Allegheny West neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and raised in Oakland, California, Stein moved to Paris in 1903, and made France her home for the remainder of her life. She hosted a Paris salon, where the leading figures in modernism in literature and art would meet, such as Pablo Picasso, Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Sinclair Lewis, Ezra Pound, and Henri Matisse. ", "Many other authors have used pen names in order to allow for their different personas or to write in various genres. Late in her career, Nobel Prize-winner Pearl Buck wrote as John Sedges in five novels that were significantly different from her earlier work. Pen names Richard Stark and Tucker Coe are better known as Donald Westlake. Dr. Barbara Mertz writes her scholarly Egyptology nonfiction under her real name while also producing mysteries as Elizabeth Peters and gothic/romance suspense novels as Barbara Michaels. Popular author Jayne Ann Krentz is also Amanda Quick—and Jayne Castle and Stephanie James and more. She's had over three dozen books on the New York Times Bestseller list—under four different names!", "Among the future Clarissa Avon's many other friends, a number of whom were some years older than she, were the novelists Evelyn Waugh, Anthony Powell, and Nancy Mitford (whose sister Deborah wrote of an encounter with Lady Avon some twenty years after they had been débutantes together that she \"found her rather alarming\" ), painter Lucian Freud, and choreographer Frederick Ashton. When she was still in her teens James Pope-Hennessy modelled on her the character of Perdita in London Fabric (1939) and dedicated the book \"To Clarissa\". Gerald, Lord Berners used her as the basis of a character in his novel Far From the Madding War (1941), while photographer Cecil Beaton, 16 years her senior, treated her as a special confidante and introduced her to the reclusive Swedish actress Greta Garbo. The journalist and author Sofka Zinovieff has claimed that, after her grandmother, Jennifer Fry (of the Fry's chocolate family), separated in 1944 from her grandfather, Robert Heber-Percy, who was Lord Berners' closest friend, Clarissa and Cecil Beaton amused themselves by riffling through underclothes and love letters that Jennifer had left in a drawer at Berners' country home, Faringdon House, in Oxfordshire. A few years' later, while working at Contact, Clarissa became friends with the writer and journalist Alan Ross, who subsequently married Jennifer Fry.", "Hung out with Susan Sontag and Philip Glass when she first came to New York City in the 1970. She and Glass even collaborated on a business venture where they bought old loft places in Soho and Tribeca, renovated them and then sold them. Bigelow says she was often the one who sanded the floors.", "Edna St. Vincent Millay (February 22, 1892 – October 19, 1950) was an American lyrical poet and playwright and the first woman to receive the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry. She was also known for her unconventional, bohemian lifestyle and her many love affairs. She used the pseudonym Nancy Boyd for her prose work.", "She was the archetypal brassy, bosomy, Brooklynesque bimbo with a highly distinctive scratchy voice. Barbara Nichols started life as Barbara Marie Nickerauer in Queens, New York on December 10, 1928, and grew up on Long Island. Graduating from Woodrow Wilson High School, the dame with the shapely frame changed her reddish-brown hair to platinum blonde and drew whistles as a post-war model and burlesque dancer. As a beauty contestant, she won the \"Miss Long Island\" title as well as the dubious crowns of \"Miss Dill Pickle\", \"Miss Mink of 1953\" and \"Miss Welder of 1953\", and also became a GI pin-up favorite. She began to draw early attention on stage (particularly in the musical \"Pal Joey\") and in television drama.", "She was born Joan Molinsky in Brooklyn, New York, to Russian immigrant parents, Meyer and Beatrice (nee Grushman). Her father's success as a doctor meant that she had a suburban upbringing in Westchester county. After three years at what was then Connecticut College for Women, she graduated from Barnard College, New York, in 1954 with a degree in English and anthropology. She worked as a department store buyer, and in 1957 married Jimmy Sanger, whom she described as the boss's son. The marriage was annulled after six months, lasting, in her words, \"six months longer than it should have\". Taking a job as a publicist for another store, Lord & Taylor, she began performing in New York clubs, billed as Pepper January.", "Helen Gurley Brown's bestselling book Sex and the Single Girl in 1962 made public (and also, perhaps, made possible) a major change in US mores: the admissibility of female sexual experience and experiment before, or even without, marriage. Brown, who has died aged 90, spent the rest of her life, 32 years of it as editor of Cosmopolitan magazine, disseminating her beliefs.", "Veteran freelance writer Alice Stein resides in Tonawanda, N.Y. For further reading, see: Cyclone in Calico: The Story of Mary Ann Bickerdyke, by Nina Brown Baker; or Dorothea Dix, Forgotten Samaritan, by Helen E. Marshall.", "Dorothy Parker (born Dorothy Rothschild) (August 22, 1893 June 7, 1967) was an American writer and poet best known for her caustic wit, wisecracks, and sharp eye for 20th century urban foibles.", "I read on a website that Daphne wrote a book on the famous New York hoarding, recluses Homer and Langley Collier (died in 1947). If any body has information on this book i would greatly appreciate if you could contact me as i am researching them for a film, thanks dave", "British writer, a novelist and essayist who used the English language superbly. After the death of her father in 1904, she and her siblings moved to Bloomsbury where their home becoming the center for the avant-garde literary salon, the Bloomsbury Group. Her first two novels were traditional in format; in 1921 she began her experimental, impressionistic style. The subsequent novels had greater success, \"Jacob's Room,\" 1922, \"Mrs. Dalloway,\" 1925, \"A Biography\" 1928 and a feminist essay, \"A Room of One's Own\" in 1929. Four of her books were published posthumously and her total output was 9 novels, 1 play, 14volumes of diaries and letters as well as many essays, portraits, reviews and memoirs.", "Her first three works, published between 1927 and 1930, were mainstream novels. Her first crime novel, published in 1931, was Put Out the Light. Although she has now faded into obscurity, in her day she was as well known as such writers like Dorothy L. Sayers and Agatha Christie.", "The Greenwich Village radicals were tight-knit to the point of being incestuous. Men and women formed passionate friendships and collaborated on artistic endeavors. Dorothy’s co-workers on The Masses, John Reed and Louise Bryant, were the quintessential Bohemian power couple, living together and later marrying. Louise Bryant also had an affair with the playwright Eugene O’Neil. Reed, for his part, had been involved with Mabel Dodge, another writer on The Masses, who had also been romantically linked with Hutchins Hapgood, a prominent writer in the Greenwich Village circle and husband of journalist Neith Boyce. Terry Carlin, a friend of Dorothy’s and Hapgood’s muse for his novel An Anarchist Woman (1909), lived for a time with Eugene O’Neil.", "The couple left Hollywood and moved back to New York City . In April 1951, Parker and Campbell were visited by two FBI agents. They asked if they knew Dashiell Hammett , Lillian Hellman , Donald Ogden Stewart , Ella Winter and John Howard Lawson and if they had attended meetings of the American Communist Party with them. The agents reported: \"She was a very nervous type of person... During the course of this interview, she denied ever having been affiliated with, having donated to, or being contacted by a representative of the Communist Party.\"", "During their American interlude, the couple became friends with writers Christopher Isherwood, Charles Brackett and John Van Druten. In her memoirs Smith credits Beesley with making the suggestion to Van Druten that he adapt Isherwood's Sally Bowles story Goodbye to Berlin into a play (the Van Druten play, I Am a Camera, later became the musical Cabaret). In her memoirs, Smith acknowledges having received writing advice from her friend, the novelist A. J. Cronin.", "Ms. Lee arrived in Manhattan in 1949 and settled into a cold-water apartment in the East 80s. After working briefly at a bookstore, she found work as a reservations agent, first for Eastern Airlines and later for BOAC. At night she wrote on a desk made from a door. The local colony of displaced Southerners regarded her askance. “We didn’t think she was up to much,” recalled Louise Sims, the wife of the saxophonist Zoot Sims. “She said she was writing a book, and that was that.”", "Born in the small town of Eatonville, Florida, Zora Neale Hurston is known as one of the lights of the Harlem Renaissance. She first came to New York City at the age of 16 – having arrived as part of a traveling theatrical troupe. A strikingly gifted storyteller who captivated her listeners, she attended Barnard College, where she studied with anthropologist Franz Boaz and came to grasp ethnicity from a scientific perspective. Boaz urged her to collect folklore from her native Florida environment, which she did. The distinguished folklorist Alan Lomax called her Mules and Men (1935) “the most engaging, genuine, and skillfully written book in the field of folklore.”", "Composer Stephen Sondheim was a neighbor in the Turtle Bay section of Manhattan where she owned a brownstone for over 50 years.  ", ", 1933–2004, American writer and critic, b. New York City. She grew up in Arizona and California, studied philosophy at the Univ. of Chicago, Harvard, and Oxford, absorbed Gallic culture in Paris, and settled (1959) in New York City.", "Writer, born in New York City, New York, USA. She studied at Hunter College (19389) and New York University, then taught at Columbia and Syracuse universities during the 1960s, and became a teacher at Sarah Lawrence College. Early in her career she was a poet, but she is most noted for her mastery of the short-story form, as in Enormous Changes at the Last Minute (1974) and Later the Same Day (1…", "In 1933, Stein published a kind of memoir of her Paris years, The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, written in the voice of Alice B. Toklas, her life partner. Toklas was an American-born member of the Parisian avant-garde. The book became a literary bestseller and vaulted Stein from the relative obscurity of cult literary figure into mainstream attention. Two quotes from her works have become widely known: \"Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose\" and \"there is no there there\", with the latter often taken to be a reference to her childhood home of Oakland, California.", "( b. Sep 16, 1924 New York, New York, USA - d. Aug 12, 2014 New York, New York, USA ) Female", "In 1937 Clarissa studied art in Paris. Her mother had asked the British Ambassador, Sir George Clerk, to keep a watchful eye on her, an unintended consequence of this being that she was taken under the wing of an Embassy press secretary who, with his wife, introduced her to a round of café society parties. Among the friends she made in Paris were the monocled Fitzroy Maclean, a future politician and adventurer who was then third secretary at the embassy, and the writer Marthe Bibesco. Together with two female contemporaries, she made a visit to the Folies Bergère, an unusual destination for sixteen-year-old girls, where the singer Josephine Baker, clad only in a circlet of bananas, became the first naked female body she had ever seen.", "A New Yorker who wrote 10 diverse novels, including the definitive story of female urban alienation, Looking For Mr Goodbar", "Brown moved to Los Angeles at 14 after her father's death and lived here into her forties. How did that shape her?", "I lived for one fall after college with my grandmother in Manhattan Beach. I was twenty-one and had a job as an editorial assistant at a small publishing house of genre novels: Westerns, mysteries, romance novels—all the books I never enjoyed reading. I used to stay out late, past midnight, in Manhattan on some nights. This would have been the fall of 1978, when my parents were living in Roswell, Georgia, where my dad had to move with my mom to keep his job as a traveling salesman.", "In 1905 she published her first of many best-sellers, \"The House of Mirth.\" Most critics do not consider this her greatest book, but its popularity established her as a writer. This was in reality her first novel, although she had written long short stories in her other books. Its title came from the biblical assertion, \"The heart of fools is in the House of Mirth,\" and it was a happy title for projecting, as Wilbur Cross once put it, \"a group of pleasure-loving New Yorkers, mostly as dull as they are immoral, and letting them play out their drama unmolested by others.\"" ]

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[ "Tetiaroa – After scouting locations for his film \"Mutiny on the Bounty\" in 1960, Marlon Brando fell in love with the French Polynesian lifestyle. He bought the island of Tetiaroa, a previous vacation spot for Tahitian royalty. After years of planning, the Brando Resort is opening in July 2014.", "Teti'aroa is a privately owned atoll in the Windward group of the Society Islands of French Polynesia, an overseas collectivity of France in the Pacific Ocean. Once the vacation spot for Tahitian royalty, the atoll is widely known for having been purchased by Marlon Brando.", "On July 1, 10 years to the day after Marlon Brando's death at age 80 from pulmonary fibrosis, a 35-villa resort named The Brando (prices start at $4,000 a night) will open on the French Polynesian atoll of Tetiaroa, bought by the actor in 1967. Brando discovered the 1,445-acre Tahitian island, which still is owned by his estate, while making 1962's Mutiny on the Bounty.", "Legendary actor Marlon Brando, who bought the island in 1967, was dedicated to its welfare for over 30 years.", "But if making Bounty was something Brando would regret, buying the atoll was not. \"For Marlon, Tetiaroa was his paradise,\" says Mike Medavoy, who was the actor's friend and co-executor of his estate. \"It was a place for him to get away from everything. This was especially important to a person who had a whole thing about the difference between being a celebrity and being a human being.\"", "Brando, Tetiaroa, http://www.thebrando.com . Luxury eco-resort on the late Marlon Brando's island near Tahiti. All-inclusive rates start at $2,735 per night, double occupancy. Children 11 and younger stay free.", " Soon, you’ll be able to stay on Marlon Brando’s private island. A new insanely luxurious resort, aptly-named  The Brando,  will open in July on the atoll of  Tetiaroa  in French Polynesia. Tetiaroa is made up of 12 smaller islands (called motus), with the resort located on Onetahi, the island historically known as a retreat for Tahitian royalty.", "Brando eventually purchased Teti'aroa's islets (motus) from one of Williams’ direct descendants, Mrs Duran. The reef and lagoon belong to French Polynesia. (Williams and his wife are buried on motu Rimatuu). Brando purchased most of the atoll in 1966 for $200,000 and the other part in 1967 for $70,000. He had to overcome political interference and local resistance to purchase the atoll. Many important archaeological sites have been located, identified, and studied on Teti'aroa. Thus, the historical significance of Teti'aroa to the people and the government of French Polynesia continue to make future development and/or sale questionable at best. ", "• In 1966, Brando was granted a 99-year lease to the island of Tetiaroa by Tahiti's government, making him its sole owner. Located about 30 miles from the main island of Tahiti , Tetiaroa is actually a group of about 12 motus (or islets) measuring about 27 square miles and surrounded by a lagoon, Tetiaroa had until then been the private residence of a succession of Tahiti's ruling families.", "Depp recalls a conversation he had with Brando in 1994, when Depp was poised to purchase Little Hall’s Pond. Instead of expressing outright enthusiasm, Brando—who once lived on the French Polynesian atoll of Tetiaroa—asked a series of pragmatic questions: “What’s the elevation? How protected are you?” Brando, according to Depp, was being sensible, focused, and paternal. “With hurricanes and all,” Depp says, “he just didn’t want me to make a mistake.”", "The island was bought in 1967 by John MacKay, for £11,000. In 2011 his sons Angus and Norman MacKay (then the owners) of the neighbouring island of Harris, placed the island up for sale with an asking price of £2.2 million. Having visited the island several times after the series \"Castaway\" finished, including spending his honeymoon there, Ben Fogle expressed an interest in purchasing the island in order to turn it into a wildlife reserve, but he was unsuccessful. The island was sold to \"a local family\" within two weeks of being placed up for sale.", "Owned a private island off the Pacific coast, the Polynesian atoll known as Tetiaroa, from 1966 until his death in 2004.", "Brando discovered it while filming \"Mutiny on the Bounty\" (1962) on the nearby islands of Tahiti and Moorea. To prepare for his role as head mutineer Fletcher Christian, he collected more than 100 books on Tahitians, their history, culture, language and way of life. When he spotted Tetiaroa, he was captivated by its beauty and felt that the island — long a favorite of Polynesian high chiefs — brought him closer to paradise.", "Brando was passionate about preserving the island. \"My mind is always soothed when I imagine myself sitting on my South Sea island at night,\" he said. \"If I have my way, Tetiaroa will remain forever a place that reminds Tahitians of what they are and what they were centuries ago.\"", "Once he took ownership, the actor would visit Tetiaroa for a month or two between films. Visitors would see him wrapped in a pareo, barefoot with his hair in a ponytail and projecting a very different demeanor from his various onscreen personae. \"He was always playing and joking around,\" Tumi remembers. \"At dinner, he would do things like yell, 'Look, there's a lizard!' and when you'd turn around, he'd have thrown fish bones on your plate or stolen your food.\"", "In 2006, Copperfield bought eleven Bahamian islands called Musha Cay . [52] Renamed \"The Islands of Copperfield Bay\", [52] the islands are a private resort. [53] Guests have reportedly included Oprah Winfrey and John Travolta , and Google co-founder Sergey Brin was married there. [54] Copperfield has stated that the islands may contain the Fountain of Youth , a claim which resulted in him receiving a Dubious Achievement Award from Esquire Magazine in 2006. [55]", "Johnny Depp, seduced by the exotic Exuma Islands when filming Pirates of the Caribbean, bought Little Hall’s Pond Cay — a 35-acre island in the Exumas listed for $3.5 million — in 2004 for an undisclosed price.", "SYNOPSIS: Matt King (George Clooney) is a Honolulu-based lawyer and the sole trustee of a family trust that controls 25,000 acres of pristine land on the island of Kaua’i. The trust will expire in seven years because of the rule against perpetuities, so the King family has decided to sell the land to Kaua’i native Don Holitzer for development. Just before family members are ready to formally endorse the deal, which Matt favours, a boating accident near Waikīkī renders Matt’s wife, Elizabeth, comatose. Matt and Elizabeth have two daughters, 10-year-old Scottie (Amara Miller) and 17-year-old Alex (Shailene Woodley). Matt is not very close to his daughters and refers to himself as the “back-up parent.” With Elizabeth in a coma at Queen’s Hospital, he is forced to confront Scottie’s inappropriate behaviour with other children and Alex’s destructive behaviours.", "Five years later, he worked his way through a maze of bureaucracy and bought it, settling here with Tarita Teriipia, the Tahitian who starred as his leading lady in \"Mutiny on the Bounty.\" Their sometimes-troubled relationship lasted more than 40 years.", "Dameon J. Clarke is a Canadian and American actor for films, television shows, anime and video games. He is perhaps best known for his roles in shows like \"Graceland\" 24, Castle, Supernatural and Prison Break as well as films How to Be a Serial Killer and I Love You Phillip Morris. He has worked with numerous Academy Award winning actors and directors in many films and TV shows. Clarke began acting at the age of eleven in Vancouver, Canada. His first role was a made for TV movie called \"Secrets of a Married Man\" as William Shatner's son. After several years in front of the camera Clarke took a sabbatical from acting to finish school and would later return to his roots at the age of twenty five and has been acting ever since.", "Peace-loving Hawaiians everywhere were shocked. But with World War II looming, Bloody Monday was forgotten. Will a fiery drama save this piece of history? With the right writer (not me), it might. We’ll need Leonardo DiCaprio playing the handsome but greedy plantation owner, Gary Marrow as the stand-in, Gina Rodriquez (from “Jane the Virgin”) as the winsome Hawaiian girl and Rich Berner checking facts. And filmed in Hilo, of course.", "Russell Crowe (07.04.64) is a New Zealand / Australian actor. He is perhaps best known for his Academy Award-winning role in Gladiator.", "Hollywood took notice of Kahanamoku when he gave surfing demonstrations in southern California after the 1912 Olympics. Soon afterward, he began a career as a Hollywood extra and supporting actor. He made more than 30 motion pictures, both silent films and \"talkies.\" The films he appeared in included Adventure and Lord Jim (1925), Old Ironsides (1926), Isle of Sunken Gold (1927), Woman Wise (1928), The Rescue (1929), Girl of the Port and Isle of Escape (1930), Gone With the Wind (1939), Wake of the Red Witch (1948), and Mr. Roberts (1955). He played opposite John Wayne and many other stars.", "On May 31, 1950, actor Gregory Harrison was born at Avalon on Santa Catalina Island. His father, Ed Harrison, operated a glass-bottom boat sightseeing service on the island. Harrison went on to star in many stage, screen and television productions, including Logan's Run, Trapper John, M.D., Centennial, and It's My Party. In 1980, Harrison and a partner founded an entertainment production company, the Catalina Production Group Ltd., named after his island birthplace.", "Eventually the village became a modest hotel managed by his Tahitian wife, Tarita Teriipaia, who had played his on-screen love in Mutiny on the Bounty. The hotel operated for more than 25 years, even after Brando left French Polynesia to return to Los Angeles. Many hotel guests lamented the lack of amenities normally found at an island resort. ", "South Pacific - The dazzling Rodgers and Hammerstein musical, brought to lush life by the director of the original stage version, Joshua Logan. Set on a remote island during the Second World War, South Pacific tracks two parallel romances: one between a Navy nurse (Mitzi Gaynor) \"as corny as Kansas in August\" and a wealthy French plantation owner (Rossano Brazzi), the other between a young American officer (John Kerr) and a native girl (France Nuyen). The theme of interracial love was still daring in 1958, and so was director Logan's decision to overlay emotional moments with tinted filters--a technique that misfires as often as it hits. The comic relief tends to fall flat and an overly spunky Mitzi Gaynor is a poor substitute for the stage original's Mary Martin. But the location scenery on the Hawaiian island of Kauai is gorgeous and the songs are among the finest in the American musical catalogue: \"Some Enchanted Evening\", \"Younger than Springtime\", \"I'm Gonna Wash That Man Right Outta My Hair\", \"This Nearly Was Mine\". That's Juanita Hall as the sly native trader Bloody Mary, singing the haunting tune that launched a thousand tiki bars, \"Bali H'ai\". The movie is based on stories from James Michener's book \"Tales from the South Pacific\". --Robert Horton, Amazon.com", "Brosnan and wife Keely Shaye Smith were involved in a riparian water rights legal case (1999–2010). The dispute centred on a parcel of land in Wainiha, Hawaii. ", "Duke Paoa Kahinu Mokoe Hulikohola Kahanamoku (August 24, 1890 – January 22, 1968) was a Kānaka Maoli (Native Hawaiian) competition swimmer, who is widely credited with popularizing the ancient Hawaiian sport of surfing. He was born towards the end of the Kingdom of Hawaii, just before the overthrow, living well into statehood as a United States citizen. He was a five-time Olympic medalist in swimming. Duke was also a law enforcement officer, an actor, a beach volleyball player and businessman. ", "Tahitian actress Tarita Teriipaia, who played Brando's love interest in Mutiny on the Bounty, became his third wife on August 10, 1962. She was 20 years old, 18 years younger than Brando, who was reportedly delighted by her naïveté. Because Teriipaia was a native French speaker, Brando became fluent in the language and gave numerous interviews in French. Teriipaia became the mother of two of his children: Simon Teihotu Brando (born 1963) and Tarita Cheyenne Brando (born 1970). Brando also adopted Teriipaia's daughter, Maimiti Brando (born 1977) and niece, Raiatua Brando (born 1982). Brando and Teriipaia divorced in July 1972.", "Mexican-born actor known for roles as Mr. Roarke in Fantasy Island and Khan in Star Trek. Later remembered as a TV pitchman for the Chrysler Cordoba. Cause not given, Jan. 14.", "Brando's first wife was Anna Kashfi , who bore him a son whom they named Christian. His second wife was Movita Castenada, who played the Tahitian love interest of Lt. Byam in Mutiny on the Bounty (1935). His third wife was Tarita Teriipia, who played the Tahitian love interest of Lt. Fletcher Christian in Mutiny on the Bounty (1962).", "Author. His works included \"Kidnapped\" and \"Treasure Island\". Suffered from poor health and died in Samoa." ]

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[ "The success of the raid on Sarnoff’s comedians, coming as it did right before the move to television, tipped the balance in favor of CBS. It was now bigger than ever in radio, and was soon to be equally big in television. For the television revolution was outstripping even the predictions of broadcast executives. Americans had never bought any new device so quickly, and nothing had ever become in so short a time a major part of the culture. Before 1948 the CBS television network was virtually nonexistent. By 1951 it comprised 62 stations, and 16 million American homes had television sets. By 1952, CBS had 74 stations broadcasting to 21 million homes, and in 1954, the year CBS became the largest advertising medium in the world, its programs were broadcast over 202 stations to 32.5 million homes, or to roughly two thirds of the families in America.", "The problem was not that Murrow's autonomy was growing; indeed, if anything, it was the same or less than it had been. The problem was that television was richer and more powerful, influencing more and more minds. In January, 1950, only 3.2 million Americans owned television sets. A decade later the figure was 50 million. In. January, 1952, for the first time, according to Nielsen, more television sets than radios were being turned on between 9 P.M. and midnight; and in 1954, the same year that Murrow took on McCarthy, television's gross billings, jumped 50 percent over the previous year's, making CBS-TV the biggest single advertising medium in the world. Net income, which for two decades had averaged about $4 or $5 million a year, suddenly was increasingly by 25 and 30 percent to a total of $11.4 million in 1954. The candy store was becoming bigger and bigger.", "In the fall of 1949, ABC found itself in the position of an outsider, with less coverage than two of its competing networks, CBS and NBC, even though it was on par with them in some major cities and had a headstart over its third rival at the time, the DuMont Television Network. Before the freeze ended in 1952, there were only 108 existing television stations in the United States; a few major cities (such as Boston) had only two television stations, many other cities (such as Pittsburgh and St. Louis) had only one, and still many others (such as Denver and Portland) did not yet have any television service. The result was an uneven transition period where television flourished in certain areas and network radio remained the sole source of broadcast entertainment and news in others.", "By 1945, fewer than 7,000 TV sets are in American homes and there are only nine broadcasting stations. They are in New York City (3 stations), Chicago (2), Los Angeles (2), Philadelphia (1), and Schenectady, NY (1).", "After a flood of television license applications, the FCC froze the application process for new applicants in 1948, due to concerns over station interference. At the time, there were only a few dozen stations operating at the end of the decade, concentrated in many (but not all) major cities. The FCC began handing out broadcasting licenses to communities of all sizes in the early 1950s (with the highest concentration of license grants and station sign-ons occurring between 1953 and 1956), spurring an explosion of growth in the medium.", "The public's interest in television and live events was stimulated by Elizabeth II's coronation in 1953. It is estimated that up to 27 million people [8] viewed the programme in the UK, overtaking radio's audience of 12 million for the first time. [9] Those live pictures were fed from 21 cameras in central London to Alexandra Palace for transmission, and then on to other UK transmitters opened in time for the event. [10] That year, there were around two million TV Licences held in the UK , rising to over three million the following year and four and a half million by 1955.", "In 1950, only 11 percent of American homes had television; by 1960, the number had jumped to 88 percent. An estimated seventy million Americans, about two-thirds of the electorate, watched the first debate on September 26th.", "At the time, television was still in its infancy. Regular programming did not yet exist, and very few people owned television sets�there were only about 400 in the New York area. Not until 1946 did regular network broadcasting catch on in the United States, and only in the mid-1950s did television sets become more common in the American household.", "The force that would challenge the dominance of the three major television networks and offer Americans the choice of dozens and potentially hundreds of television channelsÑcable TVÑbegan quietly in a few geographically isolated towns. Large antennas erected in high places gave everyone connected the chance to receive all the channels available in the nearest city. By 1960 the United States had about 640 such CATV (community antenna television) systems. It soon became apparent, however, that the \"television deprived\" were not the only viewers who might want access to additional channels and additional programming. In New York City, cable operators contracted to broadcast the home games of the local basketball and hockey teams. By 1971 cable had more than 80,000 subscribers in New York. Then networks specifically designed to be distributed by the cable system began to appear: Time Inc.'s Home Box Office (HBO) in 1975; Ted Turner's \"superstation,\" soon renamed WTBS, in 1976; C-SPAN (live broadcasts of the House of Representatives), ESPN (sports), and Nickelodeon (children's programming), all in 1979. Turner followed with the Cable News Network (CNN) the next year.", "Film attendance declined precipitously as free TV viewing (and the increase in popularity of foreign-language films) made inroads into the entertainment business. In 1951, NBC became America's first nationwide TV network, and in just a few years, 50% of US homes had at least one TV set. In March of 1953, the Academy Awards were televised for the first time by NBC - and the broadcast received the largest single audience in network TV's five-year history. By 1954, NBC's Tonight Show was becoming one of the most popular late-night TV shows.", "It was not until the late 1950s that the ABC network became a serious contender to NBC and CBS, and this was in large part due to the diverse range of programming that met the expectations of the public, such as westerns and detective series. Despite an almost 500% increase in advertising revenues between 1953 and 1958, the network only had a national reach of between 10% and 18% of the total U.S. population, as it still had relatively fewer affiliates than NBC and CBS. In 1957, ABC Entertainment president Ollie Treiz discovered that the locally produced variety show Bandstand had pulled very strong ratings in the Philadelphia market on WFIL-TV; Treiz ultimately negotiated a deal to take the show national, under the revised title American Bandstand; the show quickly became a social phenomenon by presenting new musical talent and dances to America's youth and helped make a star out of its host, Dick Clark.", "Gradually, as the television network took shape, radio stars began to migrate to the new medium. Many programs ran on both media while making the transition. The radio soap opera The Guiding Light moved to television in 1952 and ran another 57 years; Burns & Allen, back \"home\" from NBC, made the move in 1950; Lucille Ball a year later; Our Miss Brooks in 1952 (though it continued simultaneously on radio for its full television life). The high-rated Jack Benny Program ended its radio run in 1955, and Edgar Bergen's Sunday night show went off the air in 1957. When CBS announced in 1956 that its radio operations had lost money, while the television network had made money,Bergreen, p. 230 it was clear where the future lay. When the soap opera Ma Perkins went off the air on November 25, 1960, only eight, relatively minor series remained. Prime time radio ended on September 30, 1962, when Yours Truly, Johnny Dollar and Suspense aired for the final time.", "The 1950s are known as The Golden Age of Television by some people. Sales of TV sets rose tremendously in the 1950s and by 1950 4.4 million families in America had a television set. Americans devoted most of their free time to watching television broadcasts. People spent so much time watching TV, that movie attendance dropped and so did the number of radio listeners. Television revolutionized the way Americans see themselves and the world around them. TV affects all aspects of American culture. \"Television affects what we wear, the music we listen to, what we eat, and the news we receive.\" ", "From 1956 to 1986, all English-language television stations that were not affiliated with the Big Three networks were \"independent,\" airing only syndicated and some locally produced programming to fill their daily schedules. Many independent stations still exist in the U.S., usually historically broadcasting on the UHF band; however the number of them had drastically decreased (especially within individual markets) after 1995 due to the formation of newer broadcast networks that were created to compete against the four established competitors. Syndicated shows, often reruns of television series currently in or out of production and movies released as recently as three years prior to their initial syndication broadcast, take up much of their schedules.", "By August 3, 1948, there were more than 6,000 televisions operating in the Twin Cities, according to the Radio Manufacturers' Association.", "American television broadcasting, at the time, consisted of a variety of markets in a wide range of sizes, each competing for programming and dominance with separate technology, until deals were made and standards agreed upon in 1941. [90] RCA, for example, used only Iconoscopes in the New York area, but Farnsworth Image Dissectors in Philadelphia and San Francisco. [91] In September 1939, RCA agreed to pay the Farnsworth Television and Radio Corporation royalties over the next ten years for access to Farnsworth's patents. [92] With this historic agreement in place, RCA integrated much of what was best about the Farnsworth Technology into their systems. [91] In 1941, the United States implemented 525-line television. [93] [94]", "A brief dispute over the system to use for color broadcasts occurred at this time, but was soon settled. Half of all U.S. households had television sets by 1955, though color was a premium feature for many years (most households able to purchase television sets could only afford black-and-white models, and few programs were broadcast in color until the mid-1960s).", "How can one explain this apparent surge? Well, it could just be a coincidence, but it could also be something else. TV only really came into its own in the fifties and sixties… most of the big names on the small screen at the time were then in their thirties and forties, which would place them in their eighties or nineties now… which »", "It was the 1950s; a newer phenomenon called rock ‘n’ roll was sweeping the country, and television was starting to take its throne.", "*30 July – The Television Act 1954 is given Royal Assent. It authorises the setting up of the infrastructure for British commercial television.", "In the '50s-'60s, how many channels were indicated on the typical American television set's built-in tuner?", "By 1958, television signals could be received in about 95% of the UK. In most areas there was still only one (BBC) channel, but a second, commercial, channel was available in London, the Midlands, and the North-West. Many people had bought (or, more commonly, rented) receivers for the coronation in 1953, but they were still something of a luxury.", "A Television Act is passed, providing for a national network of television channels and the issuing of licences to commercial television stations. The ABC is appointed the national television authority on the recommendation of a Royal Commission set up to implement the 1953 Act. The Commission's recommendation, that Sydney and Melbourne, as the first two cities to receive television should have two commercial licences as well, is also adopted.", "This was by no means unheard of, but rare just the same. Many of Radio's most popular programs entered early 1950s Television at about the same time as their Radio counterparts. In other instances, they'd air on both Radio and Television for an overlapping period of two to three years before dropping off Radio and continuing on Television.", "With each contestant returning on up to six shows, audience interest built to a frenzy, or the 1950s equivalent.", "The FCC adopted NTSC television engineering standards on May 2, 1941, calling for 525 lines of vertical resolution, 30 frames per second with interlaced scanning, 60 fields per second, and sound carried by frequency modulation. Sets sold since 1939 which were built for slightly lower resolution could still be adjusted to receive the new standard. (Dunlap, p31). The FCC saw television ready for commercial licensing, and the first such licenses were issued to NBC- and CBS-owned stations in New York on July 1, 1941, followed by Philco's station WPTZ in Philadelphia.", "Color broadcasts from the United States were available to Canadian population centers near the border since the mid-1950s.", "On September 30 coaxial cable joined Minneapolis, Saint Paul, and thirteen other cities to national television networks, opening a new world to Twin Cities television viewers.  The Twin Cities hookup was actually a combination of coaxial cable and radio relay towers.  They were linked to Des Moines, Iowa, by coaxial cable and from Des Moines to Chicago by radio relay towers.", "In former Czechoslovakia (now Slovakia and Czech Republic) the first experimental television sets were produced in 1948. In the same year the first TV- transmission was performed. The first regular TV public transmission started on May 1, 1953. The state-owned TV-centers were in Prague, Bratislava, Brno and Ostrava. In 1961 more than a million citizens had a television set. In 1970, The Czechoslovak television had three channels: Czech, Slovak and a bilingual Federal Channel. In 1973, color broadcasting started. ", "3.February 23 – The U.S. Federal Radio Commission (later renamed the Federal Communications Commission) begins to regulate the use of radio frequencies.", "In 1956, Hancock's Half Hour was made into a TV series and both versions alternated until 1959.", " BBC initiates twin-wave radio broadcasting that allow the simultaneous transmission of two programs on different wavelengths. The approaching obsolescence of crystal sets becomes apparent because of their inability to pick up more than one wavelength, and their dependence on a transmitter located nearby." ]

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[ "in 1984 - Wham! had their first UK No.1 with 'Wake Me Up Before You Go Go.' Written and produced by George Michael, one half of the duo. Inspiration for the song was a scribbled note left by his Wham! partner Andrew Ridgeley for Andrew's parents, originally intended to read \"wake me up before you go\" but with \"up\" accidentally written twice, so Ridgeley wrote \"go\" twice on purpose.", "Wham! formed in 1981 and were initially named Wham! UK in the U.S. due to another band using the name Wham. Between 1982 and 1987, the band sold over 28 million records. They achieved success with six UK No.1's between 1983 and 1986. These were; \"Wake Me Up Before You Go Go\", \"Careless Whisper\", \"Freedom\", \"I'm Your Man\", \"A Different Corner\" and \"The Edge Of Heaven\".", "With their catchy, Motown-influenced sound, Wham! lived up to the title of their second album, Make It Big (1984). They scored their first number one hit in the United States with \"Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go.\" The up-tempo hit \"Everything She Wants\" and the ballad \"Careless Whisper\" also reached the top of the U.S. charts. In 1984, Michael also performed with the charity Band Aid on the holiday single \"Do They Know It's Christmas?\" to benefit Ethiopian famine relief. Michael and Ridgeley also donated the proceeds of their hit holiday single ”Last Christmas\"/\"Everything She Wants\" to Band Aid’s charitable efforts. ", "1985, Wham! started a two-week run at No.1 on the US singles chart with 'Everything She Wants.'", "Their first Epic single, 1984's \"Wake Me Up Before You Go Go,\" premiered at #1 in England; later that year, buoyed by a bouncy video featuring Michael and Ridgely cavorting in sportswear, it topped the American charts. The ballad \"Careless Whisper\" also reached #1 in both countries, as did Wham!'s second album, Make It Big. The hits \"Everything She Wants\" (#1), \"Freedom\" (#3), and \"I'm Your Man\" (#3) followed in 1985. Meanwhile, critics speculated that Michael, as Wham!'s principal writer and producer, was destined to pursue a career independent of Ridgeley, whose car racing and girl chasing were more conspicuous than his musical contributions. When Wham! Did split, in 1986 – the year of its third album, Music From The Edge of Heaven (#10) – they went out, fittingly, with a bang: a sold-out farewell concert before 72,000 fans at London's Wembley Stadium.", "It was not until Michael formed the duo Wham! together with Andrew Ridgeley in 1981 that he found success. The band's first album, Fantastic went to #1 in the UK and bore a string of top 10 singles including \"Wham Rap! (Enjoy What You Do?)\" and \"Club Tropicana\". Their second album, Make It Big, was the breakthrough that turned the duo into international superstars, successfully topping the charts in the US. Singles from that album included \"Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go\", \"Freedom\", \"Everything She Wants\", and \"Careless Whisper\", the latter of which also became Michael's first solo effort as a single.", "These changes helped to propel Wham!’s next single to the top of the charts around the world, “Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go”, a song that George Michael wrote after being inspired by a note left by Ridgeley to his parents. The note was mistakenly written by Ridgeley as “don’t forget to wake me up up before you go go”. Since he had accidentally written the word “up” twice, Ridgeley decided to compound the error and write “go” twice, as well. It became their first UK #1 single and rose to that position in the USA as well, accompanied by a memorable video of the duo, plus the ubiquitous Pepsi and Shirlie, wearing Katharine Hamnett T-shirts with the slogans “CHOOSE LIFE” and “GO GO”. The next single “ Careless Whisper ” was issued as a George Michael solo piece, yet unlike any Wham! single since “Wham Rap!”, it was credited as co-written by Ridgeley. The song, about a remorseful two-timer, had more emotional depth than previous releases. It quickly reached #1, selling over 1.3 million copies in the UK. “Careless Whisper” marked a new phase in George Michael’s career, as he somewhat distanced himself from Wham!’s playboy image. In the U.S.—so as not to confuse American listeners just being exposed to Wham!—the single was billed as “Wham! featuring George Michael”.", "In the autumn of 1984, Wham! returned as a duo with “ Freedom “, another UK chart-topper and the first single for quite some time to reach #1 in the UK without an accompanying video. Wham! subsequently decided to use a video edited together from footage of their historic China tour in time for “Freedom’s” U.S. single release. The group by then had achieved three number-one singles in a row. In November, they released their second album, Make It Big, which quickly climbed to #1 on the album charts, and the band set off on an arena tour at the end of 1984.", "Appearing on the band’s Make It Big album, Careless Whisper was credited to Wham! in some countries, including the US, where it also topped the charts, but any casual observer could tell you that things were soon to change for Wham! for ever. In the end, it took two more years and three more Number 1s before Wham! properly called it a day in summer 1986.", "George met Wham! 's other half, Andrew Ridgeley , at school in the London suburb of Bushey, and in 1979 they started performing together as part of the ska-based band the Executive. When that group dissolved, they wrote songs, made demos, and rushed into a recording contract with the equally eager independent label Innervision, scoring an instant hit with \"Wham Rap!\" (they thought that \"wham\" was the sound they made when Michael and Ridgeley performed together). In order to move to a recording contract with Sony label Epic, Wham! was forced to walk away from most of the royalties from their debut album, Fantastic . None of that mattered when their 1984 single, \"Wake Me up Before You Go Go,\" became a worldwide hit, accompanied by a video of the pair cavorting in their sportswear. Almost immediately, George Michael started thinking of a solo career, and released \"Careless Whisper,\" issued in the U.S. under George Michael of Wham!", "After four successful years, the band Wham! split up in the spring. Made up of George Michael and Andrew Ridgeley, they finished with a farewell concert at Wembley Stadium, a greatest hits album The Final which reached number 2, and the single \"The Edge of Heaven\", their fourth and final number 1. George Michael also reached number 1 this year with a solo release, A Different Corner, and went on to have a highly successful solo career.", "18. Wham! – ‘Last Christmas’/’Everything She Wants’. Not even a No.1 – you try releasing a record the same week as Band Aid – ‘Last Christmas’ saw Wham! performing the classic switcheroo, promoting ‘Everything She Wants’ to centre stage once all the decorations came down. Year: 1984 Sold: 1.60m", "During this new age of hedonistic pop music, a second coming of the British Invasion hit American shores.  This time, instead of bands with raw talent like the Beatles, The Rolling Stones, The Animals and The Who changing the face of music forever, England sent a new style of musical ambassadors in the form of pretty white boys whose hair were often better then their songs.  Groups like Duran Duran, The Culture Club, The Petshop Boys and Spandeau Ballet were riding high on the new sound of 80’s pop.  Of course, one of the most popular, and most successful of these groups were pop duo Wham!  Hitting American shores in 1984 with their dance club standard Wake Me Up Before You Go Go, Wham! introduced the world to twenty-one year old music sensation George Michael who would go on to be one of the most successful musicians to ever come out of the British Isles.  With his good looks, tight jeans and fluffy hair, George Michael became the voice and face of Wham!, and wrote an impressive eight Billboard top ten hits for the group.  By the middle of the 1980’s Wham! was on top of the world, and it looked like there was no stopping George Michael and…uh…um…y’know.  That other guy.", "George Michael and Andrew Ridgeley were teenage friends living in the London suburb of Watford, and one day Michael noticed a handmade sign in Ridgeley's room that read \"wake me up-up before you go-go.\" Michael thought it a great song title. Wham! enjoyed a string of hits in the UK -- \"Young Guns (Go For It),\" \"Bad Boys,\" \"Wham Rap\" -- but success in the US eluded them. That was frustrating for Michael and Ridgeley, both of whom had been inspired by American rock 'n' roll. But this song changed all that.", "Rapidly following was the album 'Make it Big' (1984) with hit singles 'Wake Me Up Before You Go Go', 'Careless Whisper', 'Freedom' and 'Everything She Wants'. Wham! toured China in April 1985 and received much media coverage around the world. Their fame was starting to spread.", "With the success of Michael's solo singles, \"Careless Whisper\" (1984) and \"A Different Corner\" (1986), rumours of an impending Wham! split intensified. The duo officially separated in the summer of 1986 after releasing a farewell single, \"The Edge Of Heaven\" and a singles compilation, The Final, plus a sell-out concert at Wembley Stadium that included the world premiere of the China film. The Wham! partnership officially ended with the commercially unsuccessful single \"Where Did Your Heart Go?\", which reached a peak position of #50 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart in November 1986.", "The band's debut single was released in June 1982. \"Wham Rap! (Enjoy What You Do)\" initially failed to chart. However, the band received an unexpected invite to perform their second single \"Young Guns (Go For It)\" on BBC Top Of The Pops when another act pulled out of the show. This proved to be a significant turning point for the band, with the song reaching #3 in the UK charts. ", "He and Andrew Ridgeley (born 1963) first started to perform together in 1979 in a ska act, The Executive. George Michael wrote a song with the line \"Wham bam thank you ma'am\", and this led them to adopt the name Wham! for their singing duo. The song evolved into Wham! Rap (Enjoy What You Do), (February, 1983).", "Ridgeley convinced a reluctant Michael that Wham! needed to change their image and their sound frequently, from the leather-clad moody singers of “ Bad Boys ” and “Young Guns (Go for It!)” to the more fashionable pop superstars of “ Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go “. Wham! returned in 1984 with an updated pop image. In a process begun by the video to “Club Tropicana” on the previous album, Ridgeley changed the band’s look from “moody in leather jackets” to smiles and fashionable clothing, with a view to promoting themselves more as hedonistic sex symbols rather than spokesmen for a disaffected generation.", "Unlike most of the other Wham! singles (except \"Wham Rap!\" and \"Club Tropicana\"), it was co-written by Andrew Ridgeley, the other member of the duo. The two had written it together as unknowns three years earlier in Watford, England. ", "*1984: \"Last Christmas\" by Wham! on the album Music from the Edge of Heaven UK No. 2 hit", "1981 18 Years Old Michael first found success after forming the duo Wham! with Andrew Ridgeley in 1981. … Read More", "Wham! was once a British duo, it consisted of two band members and two chords. He wanted to create a famous band that could brain wash males/ transvestites into doing sexual favors. George also needed a minion that could help him carry out his", "At London's Wembley Stadium on Saturday 28 June 1986, Wham! bade goodbye to their fans and each other with an emotional embrace at the end of its final concert. 72,000 people attended the eight-hour event, which included support artists, on a scorching hot day in London. The band had been together for five years, selling over 25 million albums and 15 million singles. Foreign Skies, the documentary of their tour of China, received its world premiere as part of the festivities.", "Wham! were known as Wham! UK in the United States (for a short time) because their name conflicted with another US band.", "1985, Wham! Became the first-ever Western pop act to have an album released in China. They had a ping pong sing", "Wham! becomes the first western pop group to perform in the People's Republic of China and to release records there.", "The Hollies are an English pop group formed in Manchester in the early 1960s, although the majority of the band members came from towns in East Lancashire. Known for their distinctive vocal harmony style, they became one of the leading British groups of the 1960s and early 1970s. They enjoyed considerable popularity in many countries, although they did not achieve major US chart success until 1966. They had 30 charting singles on the UK Singles Chart, and 21 on the Billboard Hot 100, with major hits on both sides of the Atlantic that included \"Just One Look\", \"Look Through Any Window\", \"Bus Stop\", \"I Can't Let Go\", \"On a Carousel\", \"Stop Stop Stop\", \"Carrie Anne\", \"Jennifer Eccles\", and the later \"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother\", \"Long Cool Woman in a Black Dress\" and \"The Air That I Breathe\".", "\"Bus Stop\" gave the Hollies their first US top ten single. As a result, a US/Canadian Bus Stop album made of the single mixed with unreleased songs from earlier in the band's career climbed to No. 75, the group's first US album to enter the Top 100. Although Haydock ultimately proved to be correct about the fee dispute, he was sacked in favour of Calvert after \"Bus Stop\" became a huge hit.", "Just the one new entry, so it may as well be straight in at the top. It’s Mary Hopkin’s belated 2nd release, a tuneful Paul McCartney song that I was just mad on, almost as much as Those Were The Days. It’s the melody you see, plus I was into Mary Hopkin the way 11 year-olds might be into One Direction these days. A lot. That put paid to Desmond’s shot at the top, really, at least until the next time it charted in 1975…", "In September the Bee Gees single \"Spicks and Specks\" made its first appearance in Sydneys Top 40. It eventually climbed to number 3, spent nearly 5 months on the chart and was named Go-Sets Record of the Year and 2UEs (commercial radio station in Sydney) Best Australian group recording for 1966. It was issued in Britain on 24 February 1967, and became their first European chart entry.", "It wasn’t long before Cilla came to the attention of Brian Epstein, a local talent scout and manager of The Beatles. Epstein was introduced to her by none other than John Lennon, who persuaded him to arrange an audition at The Majestic Ballroom in Birkenhead. Unfortunately, the audition was unsuccessful due to a combination of nerves and singing to The Beatles’ accompaniment, who played in their own key. All was not lost as, to her surprise, she was later spotted by Epstein while singing “Bye, Bye Blackbird” in the jazzy surroundings of the Blue Angel club. This performance finally convinced him to sign her, so on the 6th September 1963, she became his only female vocalist!" ]

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[ "\"You'll Never Walk Alone\" is a show tune from the 1945 Rodgers and Hammerstein musical, Carousel, which later became a film (1956) starring Shirly Jones and Gordon McRae. In the musical, in the second act, Nettie Fowler, the cousin of the female protagonist Julie Jordan, sings \"Youll Never Walk Alone\" to comfort and encourage Julie when her husband, Billy Bigelow, the male lead, is killed during a failed robbery.", "The song You'll Never Walk Alone\" is from a show from the 1945 Rodgers and Hammerstein musical Carousel .", "\"You'll Never Walk Alone\" is a show tune from the 1945 Rodgers and Hammerstein musical Carousel.", "Carousel is the second musical by the team of Richard Rodgers (music) and Oscar Hammerstein II (book and lyrics). The 1945 work was adapted from Ferenc Molnár's 1909 play Liliom, transplanting its Budapest setting to the Maine coastline. The story revolves around carousel barker Billy Bigelow, whose romance with millworker Julie Jordan comes at the price of both their jobs. He attempts a robbery to provide for Julie and their unborn child; after it goes wrong, he is given a chance to make things right. A secondary plot line deals with millworker Carrie Pipperidge and her romance with ambitious fisherman Enoch Snow. The show includes the well-known songs \"If I Loved You\", \"June Is Bustin' Out All Over\" and \"You'll Never Walk Alone\". Richard Rodgers later wrote that Carousel was his favorite of all his musicals.", "For both Nettie Fowler (played by Candice Aipperspach), standing, and Julie Jordan (Katrina Wilson), lyrics to the song \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" are deeply felt during emotional scenes from the Lubbock Moonlight Musicals production of Rodgers & Hammerstein \"Carousel,\" Time magazine named 1945's \"Carousel\" the best musical written and produced in the 20th century.", "But it was the next show in 1944 that was to demonstrate beyond question how Rodgers and Hammerstein transcended what had previously been known as \"Musical Comedy\" into a true \"Musical Theatre\". The show was \"Carousel\", and it was Rodgers favorite of all he wrote. Beginning with the overture which was a \"Carousel Waltz\", and it's unusual story line about a love that continues after one of the partners dies. The show also had an unusual male \"Soliloquy\" (also known as \"My Boy Bill\"), a bright tune \"June Is Bustin' Out All Over\" and the romantic \"If I Loved You\". Of course the show stopper was the song of faith which ends the musical \"You'll Never Walk Alone.\"", "07. Q. The song ‘You’ll Never Walk Alone’ became the anthem of Liverpool FC, but from which Rodgers & Hammerstein musical was it taken ?", "CAROUSEL shared with OKLAHOMA! its stellar creative team: authors Rodgers & Hammerstein of course, and director (Rouben Mamoulian) and choreographer (Agnes de Mille.) After tryouts in New Haven and Boston, CAROUSEL opened at Broadway’s Majestic Theatre on April 19, 1945, where it ran for 890 performances. While not the spectacular success the OKLAHOMA! was, CAROUSEL managed to do the impossible—follow a mammoth success and stand on its own right. Audiences in the throes of World War II could not help but be moved by the story of a young widow raising a child without its father. The final scene, in which Bill comes back to Earth spiritually and reaches out to Julie and their daughter Louise, was played before countless war widows, parents, children and siblings who had lost a loved one overseas. The effect of CAROUSEL and “You’ll Never Walk Alone” is haunting, to this day.", "In the musical, in the second act, Nettie Fowler, the cousin of the female protagonist Julie Jordan, sings \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" to comfort and encourage Julie when her husband, Billy Bigelow, the male lead, has killed himself after a failed robbery. It is reprised in the final scene to encourage a graduation class of which Louise (their daughter) is a member… read more", " 1994 The 48th Annual Tony Awards (TV Special) (lyrics: \"You'll Never Walk Alone\", \"Some Enchanted Evening\", \"It's a Grand Night for Singing\", \"People Will Say We're in Love\", \"Ol' Man River\")", "Starting life as a song from a musical, You’ll Never Walk Alone, has made the transition from a terrace chant to an anthem for a city.", "This Video Is From The 1956 Rodgers & Hammerstein Movie \"Carousel\". In This Scene Julie Jordan (Shirley Jones), Learns Her Husband Billy Bigelow (Gordon MacRae), Has Just Died Of A Self Inflicted Knife Wound. Much To Her Regret, Julie Then Realizes She Never Told Billy She Loved Him While He Was Alive. To Garner Inspiration And Hope, Julie Heroically Attempts To Sing \"You'll Never Walk Alone\", But Is Too Emotionally Shattered To Finish. Cousin Nettie (Claramae Turner - A Real Life American Operatic Contralto), Intervenes And Sings A Beautiful Rendition Of \"You'll Never Walk Alone\". NOTE - FRANK SINATRA WAS ORIGINALLY CAST IN ROLE OF BILLY BIGELOW. ENJOY!!", "It lasts for two minutes and 41 seconds, has roots in musical theatre and first made the US charts in a version by Frank Sinatra. Yet more than anything, You'll Never Walk Alone feels rooted in the ethos of Liverpool Football Club and – as last week proved – linked to the avoidable death of 96 supporters.", "Though it's not Julie's song, Judy Garland had a successful record with You'll Never Walk Alone. I'm sure she would have sung it in the film had she seen it through. It's probably the big hit song from the score, still an inspiring number today.", "The musical contains many songs that became popular standards, including \"Everything's Coming up Roses\", \"Together (Wherever We Go)\", \"Small World\", \"Some People\", \"Let Me Entertain You\", \"All I Need Is the Girl\", and \"Rose's Turn\". It is frequently considered one of the crowning achievements of the mid-20th century's conventional musical theatre art form, often called the \"book musical\".", "The musical was revived at New York City Center in May 1950.[5] and returned to Broadway seven years later, directed by George H. Englund and choreographed by De Mille, opening on April 15, 1957, at the Adelphi Theatre, where it ran for 24 performances. The cast included David Atkinson, Helen Gallagher, Patricia Birch, and Marilyn Cooper. Another Broadway revival, directed by John Fearnley and choreographed by De Mille, opened on January 30, 1963, at New York City Center, where it ran for 16 performances. The cast included Peter Palmer, Russell Nype, Sally Ann Howes, and Edward Villella. It was Tony-nominated for Best Actress in a Musical (Howes), Best Direction of a Musical, and Best Conductor and Musical Director.[5]", "The original Broadway production, directed by Robert Lewis and choreographed by Agnes de Mille, opened March 13, 1947, at the Ziegfeld Theatre, where it ran for 581 performances. It starred David Brooks as Tommy, Marion Bell as Fiona, Lee Sullivan as Charlie, James Mitchell as Harry, and Pamela Britton as Meg.[4] The concertmistress of the orchestra was noted American violinist Joan Field. De Mille won the Tony Award for Best Choreography, and Bell and Mitchell won the Theatre World Award. The production enjoyed an extended North American tour.", "The Rocky Horror Show is a long-running British stage musical, opening in London on 19 June 1973. It was written by Richard O'Brien, and developed by O'Brien in collaboration with Australian theater director Jim Sharman. It came eighth in a BBC Radio 2 listener poll of the \"Nation's Number One Essential Musicals\".", "The musical's 1956 Broadway production was a momentous hit, setting what was then the record for the longest run of any major musical theatre production in history. It was followed by a hit London production, a popular film version, and numerous revivals. It has been called \"the perfect musical\".", "Winner of the 1980 Tony Award for Best New Musical and the 2001 Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical: 42nd Street - the timeless, inspiring tale of small town Peggy Sawyer's rise from chorine to Broadway star. And those songs! Lullaby of Broadway, We're in the Money, Shuffle Off to Buffalo, Keep Young and Beautiful, I Only Have Eyes For You and the spectacular title number, danced down a flight of steps that lights up as brightly as the faces of the cast. Audiences will find out what it's like to float up to Musical Comedy Heaven.", "Billy invisibly attends Louise's graduation, hoping for one last chance to help his daughter and redeem himself. The beloved town physician, Dr. Seldon (who resembles the Starkeeper) advises the graduating class not to rely on their parents' success or be held back by their failure (words directed at Louise). Seldon prompts everyone to sing an old song, \"You'll Never Walk Alone\". Billy, still invisible, whispers to Louise, telling her to believe Seldon's words, and when she tentatively reaches out to another girl, she learns she does not have to be an outcast. Billy goes to Julie, telling her at last that he loved her. As his widow and daughter join in the singing, Billy is taken to his heavenly reward.", "A musical adaptation was born in Sydney in 2006, before opening on the West End and Broadway to great acclaim. Filled with such hit songs as 'I Will Survive', 'Girls Just Wanna Have Fun' and 'Boogie Wonderland', the show also features some of the most outlandish (and award-winning) costumes known to musical theatre.", "As a musical, this is as good as it gets. `If I loved you' is rivaled only by `Some Enchanted Evening' as a love song and it means more as it's revealing of the character of this crude man who can't express what's in his soul and this shy girl who wants only to love and be loved. `Soliloquy' is the dramatic highlight in the history of the musical as Billy works out all his hopes and dreams in his mind and vows to do anything he can to make his daughter's life special. By over reaching his bounds, he does the opposite. `What's the Use of Wondering' expresses the doubts anyone entering a relationship has and is doubly moving as it's sung by Julie, for whom we know the song will have special relevance. `When You Walk Through a Storm' offers hope to us all. Those old guys at graduations are really worth listening to.", "The show has become one of the most enduring musical theatre hits, enjoying three Broadway revivals and international success. It was also made into a 1969 film that was nominated for seven Academy Awards, and won three.", "The production won ten Tony Awards, including Best Musical, Best Score, and Best Libretto, and it is the only musical production to win Tony Awards in all four acting categories. Its original cast album was the bestselling record of the 1940s, and other recordings of the show have also been popular. The show has enjoyed many successful revivals and tours, spawning a 1958 film and television adaptations. The 2008 Broadway revival, a critical success, ran for 996 performances and won seven Tonys, including Best Musical Revival.", "The show won a number of awards: Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical—Henderson Forsythe (1979); Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical—Carlin Glynn (1979); Theatre World Award—Carlin Glynn (1978–79); Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Director of a Musical—Peter Masterson and Tommy Tune (1978); Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Lyrics—Carol Hall (1978); and Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Music—Carol Hall (1978). The “Aggie Song\" was performed on the Tony Awards broadcast but was heavily censored because of the saucy nature of the lyrics and choreography.", "The musical premiered in London's West End in 2005 and was nominated for nine Laurence Olivier Awards, winning four including Best New Musical. The production is still running strongly, and its success led to productions in Australia, on Broadway and elsewhere. In New York, it won ten Tony Awards and ten Drama Desk Awards, including, in each case, best musical. It has also won numerous awards in Australia including a record-tying seven Helpmann Awards.", "In a turnabout of the \"dreams will get me out of poverty\" theme that many of these musicals have, this one concerns an upper-middle-class black family whose son wants to be a tap dancer. It was based on a TV play, which in turn was based on a children's novel, Nobody's Family Is Going to Change, by Louise Fitzhugh (author of the better-known Harriet the Spy). Savion Glover made his Broadway debut in this show at the age of 10. That's all I know about this one; anyone have any more info?", "Styne and Cahn 's independent song \"Vict'ry Polka\" was recorded by the team of Bing Crosby and the Andrews Sisters , who took it into the Top Ten in January 1944. April saw the release of the film Follow the Boys, featuring Dinah Shore 's performance of Styne and Cahn 's \"I'll Walk Alone.\" Her recording spent four weeks at number one starting in October, beating out Top Ten renditions by Martha Tilton and Mary Martin , as well as a chart single by Louis Prima . (After Jane Froman sang the song in her 1952 film biography With a Song in My Heart, Don Cornell revived it for a Top Five hit, and it was also covered in chart singles by Froman , Richard Hayes , and Margaret Whiting .) Styne racked up Academy Award nomination number four for the song.", "* \"I'm Walkin'\" – performed by Fats Domino (plays during the scenes where Jake, Elwood and the orphans promote the concert)", "The 1999 live Dutch cast recording is the only recording to include both the Finale, Act 1 and \"I Can't Do It Alone\" reprise. The others either have one track or the other.", "The opening night curtain is about to rise when Julian, who is completely in love with Peggy at this point, stops by for a last minute lip-lock and pep talk in which he utters the now iconic line, \"You're going out there a youngster, but you've got to come back a star!\" The show is a huge success sure to catapult her into stardom. In addition, even though she is invited to and expected to attend the official opening night party, she decides to go to the chorus one instead. Julian is left alone onstage with only a single ghost light casting his huge shadow on the back wall. He quietly begins to sing, \"Come and meet those dancing feet on the avenue I'm taking you to...42nd Street.\"" ]

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[ "Bloody Sunday (Irish language: Domhnach na FolaScript error ) [1] [2] —sometimes called the Bogside Massacre [3] —was an incident on 30 January 1972 in the Bogside area of Derry, Northern Ireland, in which 26 civil-rights protesters and bystanders were shot by soldiers of the British Army . Thirteen males, seven of whom were teenagers, died immediately or soon after, while the death of another man four-and-a-half months later was attributed to the injuries he received on that day. Two protesters were also injured when they were run down by army vehicles. [4] Five of those wounded were shot in the back. [5] The incident occurred during a Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association march; the soldiers involved were members of the First Battalion of the Parachute Regiment (1 Para). [6]", "Bloody Sunday – sometimes called the Bogside Massacre [1] – was an incident on 30 January 1972 in the Bogside area of Derry , Northern Ireland . British soldiers shot 26 unarmed civilians during a protest march against internment . Fourteen people died: thirteen were killed outright, while the death of another man four-and-a-half months later was attributed to his injuries. Many of the victims were shot while fleeing from the soldiers and some were shot while trying to help the wounded. Two protesters were also injured when they were run down by army vehicles. [2] [3] The march had been organised by the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association and the Northern Resistance Movement . [4] The soldiers involved were members of the 1st Battalion, Parachute Regiment , also known as “1 Para”. [5]", "January 30, 1972 - In Londonderry, Northern Ireland, 13 Roman Catholics were killed by British troops during a banned civil rights march. The event became known as Bloody Sunday.", "A newspaper cutting showing the faces of victims killed on Bloody Sunday is stuck to a memorial dedicated to them, in the Bogside area of Londonderry, Northern Ireland on June 15, 2010.  The Saville Inquiry into Bloody Sunday will be published today after 12 years and a cost of £190 million pounds (275 million dollars, 230 million euros), the 5,000-page report examines the events of January 30, 1972 in Londonderry, Northern Ireland, when 13 civilians were shot dead by British soldiers at a civil rights march.     AFP PHOTO/Peter Muhly", "Megan Bradley, three, grand niece of Jim Wray, gathers with other relatives of those shot dead on Bloody Sunday  in Londonderry, Northern Ireland Tuesday June 15, 2010 ahead of Tuesday's release of the long-awaited Saville report. The British government publishes findings of investigation into Bloody Sunday, the 1972 killing of 13 Catholic demonstrators by British troops. The investigation began in 1998 and became the most expensive in British legal history as it gathered evidence from 2,500 witnesses, including troops who opened fire that day.    (AP Photo/Paul Faith/PA Wire)", "This film tells the story of Bloody Sunday�January 30, 1972�as it unfolded over one day, chronicling the arrival of thousands of British troops in the tense and crowded streets of Derry in Northern Ireland and the simultaneous preparations by civil rights leaders for a nonviolent but forceful march that was to make the case for Irish self-determination. The day tragically ended with British troops killing thirteen unarmed civilians. Based on the book by investigative journalist Don Mullan, a Derry native who witnessed the event as a teenager.", "Bloody Sunday – sometimes called the Bogside Massacre – was an incident on 30 January 1972 in the Bogside area of Derry, Northern Ireland. British soldiers shot 26 unarmed civilians during a protest march against internment. Fourteen people died: thirteen were killed outright, while the death of another man four months later was attributed to his injuries. Many of the victims were shot while fleeing from the soldiers and some were shot while trying to help the wounded. Other protesters were injured by rubber bullets or batons, and two were run down by army vehicles. The march had been organised by the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association and the Northern Resistance Movement. The soldiers involved were members of the 1st Battalion, Parachute Regiment, also known as \"1 Para\".", "\"Bloody Sunday\" is a very startling, cinema-verite recreation of a very specific date (January 30, 1972), in a very specific place (Derry, Northern Ireland) of an event that for the Irish became \"our Sharpeville.\"", "On 30 January 1972, British soldiers shot dead thirteen unarmed Irish nationalist civilians and seriously wounded fifteen others (one of whom subsequently died), on the occasion of a civil-rights demonstration held in the city of Derry to protest against the inequalities, structural discrimination and state repression suffered by Northern Ireland's Catholic minority. This event, known as 'Bloody Sunday', is the most devastating instance of the British state's use of armed force against a section of its own citizens since Peterloo in 1819. It is also the most important single case of the abuse of state power perpetrated by the British Army in the course of its long counter-insurgency campaign in Northern Ireland. 1 As such, it occupies a pivotal position in the unfolding history of the Troubles, not least due to its centrality in Irish nationalist popular memory. In 1992, twenty years after Bloody Sunday, as the Irish war continued unabated, the local Derry [End Page 151]", "*Bloody Sunday (2002) — based on the events of Bloody Sunday on January 30, 1972, in Derry, Northern Ireland, in which 26 unarmed civil-rights protesters and bystanders were shot by soldiers of the British Army", "[1] See Saville Report, Eamonn McCann, War and an IrishTown, Pluto Press 1993, p145-146. A total of 19 people had died violently in Derry in the year before Bloody Sunday, all but one since the introduction of internment in August 1971. They were; 10 British soldiers (9 killed by the IRA and one in an accident), 2 RUC officers killed by the IRA, six Catholic civilians shot by the British Army and one IRA member killed by the British Army. CAIN chronology .", "Back in Ireland, Devlin would go on to witness Bloody Sunday in 1972, when British paratroopers killed fourteen unarmed civilians marching for civil rights in Derry. Denied the right to respond in the House of Commons to Tory home secretary Reginauld Maulding’s claims that they had been acting in self-defense, Devlin punched him in the face . It was, she said, “a proletarian protest”.", "2010 - Prior to the publication of the Saville Report, thousands of people converge at the Bloody Sunday memorial to walk to the Guildhall, symbolically completing the march which was prevented from reaching its destination in 1972. A screen erected to the side of the Guildhall shows live coverage of David Cameron's speech in Westminster. The crowd cheers when he says Bloody Sunday was \"unjustified and unjustifiable\"; when he says the Army fired the first shot; when he says there was no justification for the soldiers' shooting. And when he says \"On behalf of the government and the country, \"I am deeply sorry,\" It is a historic day for the people of Derry and Northern Ireland.", "he fatal shooting of 13 unarmed demonstrators by the British Army in Derry in 1972. By John Dorney. See also Four Bloody Sundays .", "In 1920 the IRA, led by a Corkman named Michael Collins, concluded that the war was not having the desired effect and decided to intensify the war. On 21 November 1920, the IRA shot dead 11 British agents. In reprisal, a group of Black and Tans fired randomly into a crowd of civilians at a Gaelic football match at Croke Park, Dublin. 12 people were killed and the day became known as Bloody Sunday. (Not to be confused with another Bloody Sunday much later.) Ten days later the IRA shot dead 17 British soldiers in county Cork.", "13/11/1887, Bloody Sunday in Trafalgar Square, London, when police clashed with Socialist demonstrators. The protestors were calling for the end of a ban on open air meetings and the release of an Irish MP who had been jailed for supporting a rent strike. Two protestors were killed.", "Irish director and producer Jim Sheridan (\"My Left Foot\" and \"In the Name of the Father\") refers to Bloody Sunday as an event the Irish can never forget and the British don't want to remember. Thanks in large part to Don Mullan's influential 1997 book, \"Eyewitness Bloody Sunday: The Truth\" the British government launched a new inquiry a few years back and publicly exonerated the participants in the 1972 march.", "Bloody Sunday (Irish: Domhnach na Fola) was a day of violence in Dublin on 21 November 1920, during the Irish War of Independence. In total, 31 people were killed ...", "‘Bloody Sunday’ ‘ Bloody Sunday ‘ refers to the shooting dead by the British Army of 13 civilans (and the wounding of another 14 people, one of whom later died) during a Civil Rights march in Derry. The Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA) march against internment was meant to start at 2.00pm from the Creggan. The march left late (2.50pm approximately) from Central Drive in the Creggan Estate and took an indirect route towards the Bogside area of the city. People joined the march along its entire route.", "August 12, 1969 – Battle of Bogside (Derry) – The Orange Apprentice Boys of Londonderry hold a parade. Rioting breaks out and 1,000 police arrive to contain the crowd. Bogside marks a pivitol point where the troubles in Ireland move away from civil rights issues and toward religious and national identities. A few days later, the British Army arrives to maintain order.", "Belfast’s Bloody Sunday took place on July 10th 1921, just a day before the Truce between the IRA and the British was put into effect. The IRA in the city alerted by the banging of nationalist dustbin lids on the ground (an iconic symbol of resistance among the northern minority) mounted a successful ambush of an RIC armoured car on Raglan Street on July 9.", "1920 – Irish War of Independence: On Bloody Sunday in Dublin, the Irish Republican Army killed more than a dozen British intelligence officers known as the Cairo Gang, and the Auxiliaries of the Royal Irish Constabulary opened fire on players and spectators at a Gaelic football match in Croke Park.", "The events of Bloody Sunday is seen as one of the biggest political and military blunders the British ever made in Ireland and it resulted in hundreds of young men from all over Northern Ireland joining the IRA,  taking Northern Ireland into a bloody 30 year conflict.", "The Provisional Irish Republican Army 's (IRA) campaign against the partition of Ireland had begun in the two years prior to Bloody Sunday, but public perceptions of the day boosted the status of, and recruitment into, the organisation enormously. [12] Bloody Sunday remains among the most significant events in the Troubles of Northern Ireland, chiefly because those who died were shot by the British army rather than paramilitaries, in full view of the public and the press. [3]", "A march to commemorate the dead of ‘Bloody Sunday’ took place in London. Anthony Farrar-Hockley, former commander of British Army land forces in Northern Ireland, said that he saw no need to apologise for the killing of 14 people in Derry on ‘Bloody Sunday’.", "(21st Nov). Bloody Sunday . Collins had 14 undercover British intelligence officers murdered in one day. That afternoon during a Dublin-Tipperary football match at Croke Park, British forces shot into the grounds, killing 12 people. Further, two senior IRA men and an innocent Sinn Féin supporter were killed at Dublin Castle. Their funeral was a mass political demonstration which Collins attended despite being the most wanted man in Ireland.", "The Irish Republican Socialist Party (IRSP) held a meeting in Dublin to discuss the killings in Northern Ireland. [The IRSP is considered to be the political wing of the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA).] A march to commemorate the dead of ‘Bloody Sunday’ took place in London. Anthony Farrar-Hockley, former commander of British Army land forces in Northern Ireland, said that he saw no need to apologise for the killing of 14 people in Derry on ‘Bloody Sunday’.", "Bloody Sunday was one of the most significant events of “ the Troubles ” because a large number of civilians were killed, by state forces, in full view of the public and the press. [1] It was the highest number of people killed in a single shooting incident during the conflict. [12] Bloody Sunday increased Catholic and Irish nationalist hostility towards the British Army and exacerbated the conflict. Support for the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) rose and there was a surge of recruitment into the organisation, especially locally", "Photo: Demonstrators on a civil rights march through the streets of Londonderry before the shootings on Bloody Sunday", "In response, RIC men drove in trucks into Croke Park (Dublin's GAA football and hurling ground) during a football match, shooting into the crowd. Fourteen civilians were killed, including one of the players, Michael Hogan and a further 65 people were wounded. Later that day two republican prisoners, Dick McKee, Peadar Clancy and an unassociated friend, Conor Clune who had been arrested with them, were killed in Dublin Castle. The official account was that the three men were shot \"while trying to escape\", which was rejected by Irish nationalists, who were certain the men had been tortured then murdered. This day became known as Bloody Sunday.", "Several hundred people were injured and there was ferocious rioting all over working class districts of Dublin that night and over the following days between trade unionists and the police. In the labour tradition, this is “their own” Bloody Sunday. One can still see on Siptu banners the names of the “martyrs”, James Nolan and James Byrne, beaten to death by the police over that weekend.", "The Saturday following the Shankill march marked the Derry/Londonderry double-march. At this march, Catholics marched on one side of the river Foyle and Protestants on the other. The groups met on the Craigavon Bridge. Simultaneously, 50,000 people marched in solidarity in Dublin." ]

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[ "Astronauts usually use tethers to keep them attached to the spacecraft while on a spacewalk. The first untethered spacewalk was by American astronaut Bruce McCandless II on Feb. 7, 1984, during Challenger mission STS-41-B.", "In the real world NASA generally always insisted that astronauts performing a spacewalk be tethered to the spacecraft or station. The first NASA untethered spacewalk was Bruce McCandless II's little jaunt with NASA MMU in Challenger mission STS-41-B .", "After the launch of the Challenger shuttle (STS-41B) on February 3, 1984, astronauts Bruce McCandless II and Robert L. Stewart conducted the first ever untethered space walks using Manned Maneuvering Unit backpacks that allowed them to propel themselves through space near the shuttle. The shuttle also released into orbit two communication satellites, the Indonesian Palapa and the American Westar satellites. Both satellites failed soon after release but were recovered and returned to Earth by the Discovery during its flight that began on November 8, 1984.", "The STS-41B flight of Challenger lifted off on Feb. 3, 1984 and marked the first time an astronaut spacewalked outside the shuttle without being tethered. Astronauts Bruce McCandless and Robert L. Stewart tested out the Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU), a robotic backpack with its own thrusters that allowed the spaceflyers to move around, becoming the first human satellites to orbit the Earth.", "With this flight, the number designations for Shuttle missions changed. The \"4\" indicates the (originally scheduled) year of the launch-1984. The second digit represents the launch site (\"1\" for Florida, \"2\" for California), and the \"B\" indicates the second launch of the fiscal year. The highlights of the flight were the first untethered space-walks by McCandless and Stewart, who tested new Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU) backpacks that allowed them to travel as far as 97.54 meters from the orbiter. Two satellites deployed from the Shuttle, Westar VI and Palapa B-2, failed to reach their proper orbits when their PAM upper stages did not ignite. Both were later retrieved and brought back to Earth (see STS 51-A). Challenger made the Shuttle's first landing at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida.", "When Russian Alexei Leonov exited the airlock of the Voskhod 2 spacecraft, he became the first human to ever walk in the vacuum of space. He was outside the spacecraft for 12 minutes and nine seconds on 18 March 1965, connected to the craft by a 5.35 meter tether.", "Leonov, Alexei Arkhipovich (1934- ) Soviet cosmonaut, born in Siberia, who was the first man to 'walk' in space, during the second orbit of the Voskhod 2 spacecraft on 1965 March 18. This first 'extra-vehicular activity' lasted just ten minutes. He went on to train for the abortive Soviet manned lunar programme. In 1975 Leonov commanded the Soyuz spacecraft that successfully docked with a US Apollo vehicle in the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project.", "Cosmonaut Alexei Leonov takes the first space walk , a ten-minute tethered excursion outside Voshkod 2. On June 3, 1965, Edward White II is the first American to walk in space on Gemini 4. He stays out 22 minutes.", "Ed White made the United States' first spacewalk on 03 June 1965 during the Gemini 4 mission. The extra-vehicular activity (EVA) started at 19:45 UT (3:45 p.m. EDT) on the third orbit when White opened his hatch and used the hand-held manuevering oxygen-jet gun to push himself out of the capsule. The EVA started over the Pacific Ocean near Hawaii and lasted 23 minutes, ending over the Gulf of Mexico. Initially, White propelled himself to the end of the 8 meter tether and back to the spacecraft three times using the hand-held gun. After the first three minutes the fuel ran out and White manuevered by twisting his body and pulling on the tether. The photographs were taken by commander James McDivitt.", "Space shuttle astronaut Bruce McCandless became the first astronaut to maneuver about in space untethered. He wore a jetpack-like device called the Manned Maneuvering Unit, or MMU. Image Credit: NASA", "February 7 – Astronauts Bruce McCandless ? II and Robert L. Stewart make the first untethered space walk.", "Alexei Arkhipovich Leonov is a former Soviet cosmonaut who is also an accomplished artist. In 1965, he became the first person to step out of a spacecraft and walk in space. In 1975, he commanded the Soyuz spacecraft that took part in the first rendezvous between a Soviet and United States spacecraft.", "One hundred and 20 miles above the earth, Major Edward H. White II opens the hatch of the Gemini 4 and steps out of the capsule, becoming the first American astronaut to walk in space. Attached to the craft by a 25-foot tether and controlling his movements with a hand-held oxygen jet-propulsion gun, White remained outside the capsule for just over 20 minutes. As a space walker, White had been preceded by Soviet cosmonaut Aleksei A. Leonov, who on March 18, 1965, was the first man ever to walk in space.", "Apollo 9 was the first space test of the third critical piece of Apollo hardware-the lunar module. For ten days, the astronauts put all three Apollo vehicles through their paces in Earth orbit, undocking and then redocking the lunar lander with the command module, just as they would in lunar orbit. For this and all subsequent Apollo flights, the crews were allowed to name their own spacecraft. The gangly lunar module was \"Spider,\" the command module \"Gumdrop.\" Schweickart and Scott performed a space walk, and Schweickart checked out the new Apollo spacesuit, the first to have its own life support system rather than being dependent on an umbilical connection to the spacecraft. Apollo 9 gave proof that the Apollo machines were up to the task of orbital rendezvous and docking.", "Apollo 11 was the first mission in which humans walked on the lunar surface and returned to Earth. On 20 July 1969 two astronauts (Apollo 11 Commander Neil A. Armstrong and LM pilot Edwin E. \"Buzz\" Aldrin Jr.) landed in Mare Tranquilitatis (the Sea of Tranquility) on the Moon in the Lunar Module (LM) while the Command and Service Module (CSM) (with CM pilot Michael Collins) continued in lunar orbit. During their stay on the Moon, the astronauts set up scientific experiments, took photographs, and collected lunar samples. The LM took off from the Moon on 21 July and the astronauts returned to Earth on 24 July.", "Fifty years ago, Alexei Leonov opened the airlock of his tiny space capsule, which was orbiting the Earth, and stepped into the void. For 12 minutes the Soviet cosmonaut floated above our planet, tethered to his ship by a 16ft cable. In doing so, Leonov became the first person to walk in space.", "The first international space mission, the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, began as a cooperative venture between the United States and the Soviet Union. The project tested an international docking system and joint space-flight procedures, but is remembered most for the first space handshake between crews from different nations. The Soviet Soyuz spacecraft carrying cosmonauts Alexei Leonov and Valery Kubasov and the Apollo spacecraft with astronauts Thomas P. Stafford, Vance D. Brand, and Donald K. \"Deke\" Slayton were launched 7½ hours apart on July 15, 1975, and docked on July 17. In addition to rendezvous, docking, crew transfer, and joint control center-crew operations, the crews gave televised tours of their spacecraft and performed joint solar eclipse experiments.", "White's pioneering EVA was a source of pride for Americans. But White -- a native of San Antonio, Texas -- wasn't the first man to walk in space . That distinction belongs to Soviet cosmonaut Alexei Leonov, who stepped from his Voskhod 2 capsule while orbiting the earth on March 18, 1965.", "The first human spaceflight was Vostok 1 on April 12, 1961, on which cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin of the USSR made one orbit around the Earth. In official Soviet documents, there is no mention of the fact that Gagarin parachuted the final seven miles. The international rules for aviation records stated that \"The pilot remains in his craft from launch to landing\". This rule, if applied, would have \"disqualified\" Gagarin's spaceflight. Currently, the only spacecraft regularly used for human spaceflight are the Russian Soyuz spacecraft and the Chinese Shenzhou spacecraft. The U.S. Space Shuttle fleet operated from April 1981 until July 2011. SpaceShipOne has conducted two human suborbital spaceflights.", "December 1968 saw the launch of Apollo 8, the first manned space mission to orbit the moon, from NASA’s massive launch facility on Merritt Island, near Cape Canaveral, Florida . On July 16, 1969, U.S. astronauts Neil Armstrong , Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin and Michael Collins set off on the Apollo 11 space mission, the first lunar landing attempt. After landing successfully on July 20, Armstrong became the first man to walk on the moon’s surface; he famously called the moment “one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.”", "* In 1969, Apollo 11 was launched towards the Moon and Neil Armstrong became the first person from Earth to walk on another celestial body.", "FIRST MANNED SPACE FLIGHT - 1961.   On April 12, 1961, Yuri Gagarin of the Soviet Union became the first human to orbit Earth.  The name of his spacecraft was the Vostok 1.  Vostok 1 had two sections: one section was for Yuri and a second section for supplies needed for survival such as oxygen and water.  Vostok 1 circled Earth at a speed of 27,400 kilometers per hour. The flight lasted 108 minutes.  Vostok's reentry was controlled by a computer.  Gagarin did not land inside of Vostok 1.  He ejected from the spacecraft and landed by parachute.", "The first manned spacecraft was Vostok 1, which carried Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin into space in 1961, and completed a full Earth orbit. There were five other manned missions which used a Vostok spacecraft. The second manned spacecraft was named Freedom 7, and it performed a sub-orbital spaceflight in 1961 carrying American astronaut Alan Shepard to an altitude of just over 187 km. There were five other manned missions using Mercury spacecraft.", "By 1959 American observers believed that the Soviet Union would be the first to get a human into space, because of the time needed to prepare for Project Mercury's first launch. On 12 April 1961, the USSR launched Yuri Gagarin into orbit around the Earth on Vostok 1. They dubbed Gagarin the first cosmonaut, roughly translated from Russian and Greek as \"sailor of the universe\". Although he had the ability to take over manual control of his spacecraft in an emergency by opening an envelope he had in the cabin that contained a code that could be typed into the computer, it was flown in an automatic mode as a precaution; medical science at that time did not know what would happen to a human in the weightlessness of space. Vostok 1 orbited the Earth for 108 minutes and made its reentry over the Soviet Union, with Gagarin ejecting from the spacecraft at 7,000 metres (23,000 ft), and landing by parachute. Under Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (International Federation of Aeronautics) FAI qualifying rules for aeronautical records, pilots must both take off and land with their craft, so the Soviet Union kept the landing procedures secret until 1978, when they finally admitted that Gagarin did not land with his spacecraft. When the flight was publicly announced, it was celebrated around the world as a great triumph, not just for the Soviet Union, but for the mankind itself. Yet it once again shocked and embarrassed the United States.", "40 years ago, three human beings - with the help of many thousands of others - left our planet on a successful journey to our Moon, setting foot on another world for the first time. Apollo 11 was launched on July 16, 1969 with Engineer Neil A. Armstrong, command module pilot Michael Collins and Engineer Edwin E. \"Buzz\" Aldrin Jr. aboard. Armstrong and Aldrin walked on the Moon. The entire trip for the Astronauts lasted only 8 days, the time spent on the surface was less than one day, the entire time spent walking on the moon, a mere 2 1/2 hours - but they were surely historic hours. Scientific experiments were deployed (at least one still in use today), samples were collected, and photographs were taken to document the entire journey. Collected here are 40 images from that journey four decades ago, when, in the words of astronaut Buzz Aldrin: \"In this one moment, the world came together in peace for all mankind\".", "Vehicle commander Alan ShepardGagarin's achievement launched a new era in the history of mankind. Further manned space flights occurred in quick succession. On May 5, 1961, Alan Shepard piloted the Freedom 7 spacecraft and became the second person, and the first American, to travel into space. He was launched by a Redstone rocket, and unlike Gagarin's 108 minute orbital flight, Shepard stayed on a ballistic trajectory suborbital flight - a flight which carried him to an altitude of 187 km and to a landing point 486 km downrange. (see Alan Shepard Records file )", "Svetlana Savitskaya becomes the first woman to walk in space. On her final spaceflight, she logs almost four spacewalking hours outside the Salyut 7 space station.", "Apollo 11 launched from Kennedy Space Center in Florida at 9:32 a.m. EDT on July 16, 1969. While in flight, the crew made two televised broadcasts from the interior of the ship, and a third transmission as they drew closer to the moon, revealing the lunar surface and the intended approach path. On July 20, Armstrong and Aldrin entered the lunar module, nicknamed the \"Eagle\" and separated from the Command Service Module — the \"Columbia\" — headed toward the lunar surface.", "Not only had the Soviet Union launched the first satellite into orbit on October 4, 1957, but in 1959 Soviet rocket scientists launched three successful interplanetary craft into space. The second, Luna II impacted on the Moon in September; Luna III flew behind the Moon in October 1959. On April 12, 1961, Major Yuri Gagarin became the first person to \"leave this planet, enter the void of space, and return.\" By 1961, with the encouragement of the Democratic Party campaign for the presidency, Americans had begun agonizing over the \"missile gap.\" After the elections and the inauguration, on May 25, 1961, President John F. Kennedy and Congress set a new course for NASA, preempting existing developmental programs and schedules. The United States, before the decade is out, should land \"a man on the Moon\" and return him safely to Earth. 11", "The first non-governmental space traveler was Byron K. Lichtenberg, a researcher from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who flew on STS-9 in 1983. In December 1990, Toyohiro Akiyama became the first paying space traveler as a reporter for Tokyo Broadcasting System, a visit to Mir as part of an estimated $12 million (USD) deal with a Japanese TV station, although at the time, the term used to refer to Akiyama was \"Research Cosmonaut\". Akiyama suffered severe space sickness during his mission, which affected his productivity.", "Freedom 7, America's first space capsule, was placed on display at the visitor center as the centerpiece of the \"Grads in Space\" exhibit on 23 September 1998. The late Rear Admiral Alan Shepard, class of 1945, had flown Freedom 7 into space on 5 May 1961. His historic flight marked America's first step in the space race.", "A larger-than-life statue of cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin with his arms stretched toward the heavens stands at Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, the launch site of his historic April 12, 1961 spaceflight, making him the first human in space. Russian cosmonaut Mikhail Tyurin (left), NASA astronaut Michael Lopez-Alegria (right) and space tourist Anousheh Ansari pose with Gagarin's statue on Sept. 13, 2006 while training for a launch toward the International Space Station." ]

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[ "Higher ranks were signified with a color coded pauldron worn over the right shoulder. The rank of commander was represented with an orange pauldron, [1] though one soldier who served under the Grand Inquisitor had his colored red. [9] Black identified enlisted soldiers. [2] Several black pauldroned stormtroopers accompanied Grand Moff Wilhuff Tarkin to the planet Lothal , [10] and later came aboard his flagship , the Sovereign , to serve as reinforcements when it was infiltrated by a band of rebels. [11] White pauldrons represented the rank of sergeant . [2] Blue pauldrons were used to identify stormtrooper snipers . [12]", "Stormtroopers wore a distinctive set of white armor that was used to instill fear in the Empire's subjects, while also providing the soldiers with an extended range of survival equipment and temperature controls, thus allowing them to survive in almost any environment. [1] The helmet provided skull protection, filtered air , and contained enhanced vision and communication systems. Rank was determined by a color coded pauldron worn over the left shoulder, with orange or red representing the rank of commander , black indicating an enlisted trooper, and white representing a sergeant . They also had a utility belt and a grappling hook attached to it, and primarily used the E-11 blaster rifle , however could also utilize the DLT-20A laser rifle or DLT-19 heavy blaster rifle when necessary. However, the stormtrooper armor was not without its faults. The plates made running hard and offered little protection against a direct blaster shot. [6] [28] The helmet also greatly obstructed a soldier's vision, which hindered their capacity to properly aim a blaster, regardless of prior training. [28]", "Stormtroopers wear distinctive white armor which serves as awesome protection from anything except the most common weapons available to rebels, the laser...shooty...gun-thing (wait, is it really called the \"blaster rifle\"? Yeah, I think it's definitely it), and anyone that can throw a punch, or think they can. Its main purpose is for ceremonial stormtrooper sacrifices to bring rain to Tattooine. Victory in these traditional battles raises your status in the tribe as the chicks adorn you in a funerary mask before being brought to the Jedi pyramids to be sacrificed on their steps to the force. The armour, despite being designed by the galaxy's top weapons manufacturers, had several fatal weaknesses: pointy sticks, rocks , tiny rocks and people who recognize the sad, sad futility in plastic armour.", "Item number: 120 | Storm Trooper's dagger with an etched blade that rears : Alles fur Deutchland (All for Germany). Brown handle bearing SA insignia, also double eagle clutching swastika, heavy nickel silver mounts. Correct metal scabbard included. Circa 1933. Condition (Excellent).", "The green-skinned Nautolans, notable for the Jedi Kit Fisto, who smiled during the Battle of Geonosis, were originally designed as villains. Dermot Power concept art for Attack of the Clones shows a Sith character with stubby green tentacles and small eyes. Lucas requested that the character be re-designed as a Jedi, so Power made Kit Fisto’s face softer, the artist said in The Art of Episode II, although he also wanted Fisto to look “tough enough to look like he could take care of himself.” Although most Nautolans seen in Star Wars have green skin, Legends characters have also sported blue or pinkish hues.", "The traditional arm-of-service colors appear as lapel facings and as piping on shoulder straps. Generals wear an inner piping of gold braid; other officers wear silver piping. Lapel facings and piping are maroon for general staff, green for infantry, red for artillery, pink for armor, black for engineers, yellow for communications, dark yellow for reconnaissance and various other colors for the remaining branches. Combat troops wear green (infantry), black (armor), or maroon (airborne) berets. Logistics troops and combat support troops, such as artillery or engineers, wear red berets. A gold or silver badge on the beret denotes the individual branch of service.", "Lightsabers depicted in the first two released films, \"A New Hope\" and \"Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back,\" had blades that were colored either blue (for the Jedi) or red (for the Sith). In Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi, Luke Skywalker 's newly-constructed lightsaber was colored blue during the initial editing of the film, and appears so in both an early movie trailer and the official theatrical posters, but it was ultimately colored green in order to better stand out against the blue sky of Tatooine in outdoor scenes. Green would later become another standard blade color for Jedi lightsabers in the Star Wars prequel trilogy. Mace Windu 's purple -bladed lightsaber, as first seen in Attack of the Clones, was a personal request from actor Samuel L. Jackson as a way to make his character stand out among other Jedi. Purple is also Jackson's favorite color. [10]", "While somewhat similar to Twi’leks in their humanoid appearance, Togruta like Ahsoka set themselves apart by their bright blue and white stripes and red skin. While The Clone Wars showed Togruta with varying colors, the Legends universe held that Togruta skin was red and white to blend in with the striped grass on their homeworld. Concept art by Dermot Power for Shaak Ti, a Jedi Master of this species, is shown in The Art of Star Wars Episode II and portrays an exotic character with piercings and white horns.", "Stormtrooper – These outfits have had a long-lasting appeal to Star Wars fans (you can buy a ‘build your own’ kit for around £800, but not from us!). Aside from the standard stormtrooper outfits there are a couple of skirt-based ‘sexy’ variations on the stormtrooper available. The good news is that the new film brings some named Stormtrooper characters to the screen. The one causing the most speculation is Captain Phasma, a chrome-clad trooper played by the actress responsible for Brienne of Tarth from Game of Thrones.", "Lucas decided to make elaborate costumes because the film's society was more sophisticated than the one depicted in the original trilogy. Designer Trisha Biggar and her team created over 1,000 costumes that were inspired by various cultures. Biggar worked closely with concept designer Iain McCaig to create a color palette for the inhabitants of each world: Tatooine followed A New Hope with sun-bleached sand colors, Coruscant had grays, browns and blacks, and Naboo had green and gold for humans while Gungans wore \"a leathery look, like their skin\". The Jedi costumes followed the tradition from the original film; Obi-Wan's costume was inspired by the costume that was worn by Guinness. Lucas said he and Biggar would look at the conceptual art to \"translat[e] all of these designs into cloth and fabric and materials that would actually work and not look silly\". Biggar also consulted Gillard to ensure the costumes would accommodate action scenes, and consulted the creature department to find which fabrics \"wouldn't wear too heavily\" on the alien skins. A huge wardrobe department was set up at Leavesden Film Studios to create over 250 costumes for the main actors and 5,000 for the background ones.", "In the original film trilogy lightsaber blades were blue, green, or red. The various Expanded Universe (EU) sources, action figures and the prequel films introduced two new colours, violet and yellow, which are now canon to the series.", "81. A brown uniform, based on the khaki shirts and trousers of the German colonial troops in East Africa before the war, had been worn by stormtroopers as early as 1921. It was officially adopted by the party in 1926, after which the term ‘Brownshirts’ was used to depict the NSDAP, especially by the opponents of the Nazis (Benz, Graml, and Weiß, Enzyklopädie des Nationalsozialismus, 403).", "Darth Vader's lightsaber has a guard on the original cover and film poster. The blade is also orange-ish in colour instead of pale red.", "* In Star Wars Knights of the Old Republic II: The Sith Lords, players can have cyan-colored lightsabers. The color also appears in the previous game, but it was not called cyan due to the uniquely-named crystal that granted it.", "Captain America’s costume is a blend of colors and symbols from the American flag. The basic costume color is a blue micro-chainmail body stocking (the upper torso is scale mail instead of micro-chainmail) with integral cowl, red boots and gloves, white midsections on the arms, and red and white panels around the midriff.", "During the initial editing of Return of the Jedi , Luke's new lightsaber was blue, and appears so in an early trailer. However, it was difficult to see against the blue desert sky, and the decision was made to change it to green.", "Star Wars: Republic Commando features the Gold man rendered in monochrome and static, in keeping with the Darker and Edgier theme of the game.", "*In the video game Star Wars Galactic Battlegrounds (first released in 2001), selecting a Stormtrooper soldier (Galactic Empire faction) occasionally results in his reply \"THX 1138 ready, sir!\"", "In Star Wars: From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker , the 1976 tie-in novelisation of Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope , a Stormtrooper is referred to as THX 1138.", "Thirty years after the Battle of Endor , variants of the former Galactic Empire's armed forces would exist under the auspices of a new organization known as the First Order . It would continue to utilize new stormtroopers , as well as megablaster heavy assault troopers , riot control stormtroopers , snowtroopers , and flametroopers . [22]", "The stormtroopers in the original starwars are seen in many seen carrying long blasters. On closer inspection you can see that the blasters are ", "Stormtroopers in cold-weather gear deployed from Imperial AT-AT Walkers and invaded Hoth ’s Echo Base , capturing or killing many rebels but failing to prevent the Millennium Falcon from escaping. After Boba Fett tracked the Falcon to Bespin , stormtroopers captured Han Solo , Princess Leia and Chewbacca and eventually took over Cloud City . After being freed by Lando Calrissian , Leia and Chewie had to escape squads of armed stormtroopers between them and the Falcon.", "Despite small aesthetic variations in stormtrooper armor during the Age of the Empire , the changes were not large enough to denote a new phase of armor like the previous Galactic Republic's phase I clone trooper armor and phase II clone trooper armor . As a result, Imperial armor changes were largely due to production purposes. [13]", "After the release of Star Wars, ILM grew from being a struggling company and moved to Marin County, California. The Empire Strikes Back provided the company with new challenges. Whereas Star Wars mostly featured space sequences, The Empire Strikes Back featured not only space dogfights but also an ice planet battle opening sequence and elements of cities that floated among the clouds. For the battle scenes on the ice planet Hoth, the initial intent was to use bluescreen to composite the Imperial walkers into still-shots from the original set. Instead, an artist (Michael Pangrazio) was hired to paint landscapes, resulting in the Imperial walkers being shot using stop motion animation in front of the landscape paintings. The original designs for the AT-ATs were, according to Phil Tippett, \"big armored vehicles with wheels\". Many believe the finished design was inspired by the Port of Oakland container cranes, but Lucas denied this. ", "The Empire stationed stormtroopers aboard the second Death Star and ordered them to defend the shield generator protecting the battle station on the surface of Endor . The rebels seeking to destroy the shield generator battled patrols of stormtroopers in scout gear, unaware that an entire legion of troops was defending the Imperial facility. The stormtroopers captured Han Solo, Princess Leia and Chewbacca, but were defeated by the unlikeliest of foes: the Forest Moon’s diminutive Ewoks .", "An assembly of Stormtroopers gathered to form the centerpiece of the Star Wars Spectactular at the 118th Rose Parade in 2007.", "Approximately nineteen years after the formation of the Galactic Empire , the galaxy is in a state of civil war . The Rebel Alliance has won their first major victory by stealing secret plans to the Galactic Empire 's secret weapon, the Death Star . Hoping that the stolen plans can save her people and restore freedom to the galaxy, Princess Leia Organa , who is in custody of the stolen plans attempts to race home aboard the Tantive IV . However, her ship is intercepted by the Imperial I-class Star Destroyer Devastator over the desert planet of Tatooine .", "Ewoks are a fictional race of small, mammaloid bipeds that appear in the Star Wars universe. They are hunter-gatherers resembling teddy bears that inhabit the forest moon of Endor and live in various arboreal huts and other simple dwellings. They first appeared in the 1983 film episode VI Return of the Jedi and have since appeared in two made-for-television films, Caravan of Courage: An Ewok Adventure (1984) and Ewoks: The Battle for Endor (1985), as well as a short-lived animated series and several books and games.", "R5-J2: An Imperial astromech droid that briefly appears on board the second Death Star in Episode VI: Return of the Jedi.", "The can-cell is a monstrous dragonfly, about 1.5 m (4.9 ft) long, which flies the skies of Kashyyyk and Teth. It is seen in Star Wars: The Clone Wars and Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith.", "The globe of Bespin as seen from space during the Luke Skywalker's arrival, at around midday on Cloud City. The bright object in the lower lift of the first image must be a moon; it is too bright to be a distant planet, and it is in the wrong direction to be the primary sun. It might alternatively be a distant binary companion to the prime sun, but such a star is not mentioned in the official literature.", "In the 2001 video game Galactic Battlegrounds, the design was used for the Glurrgs, a non-sentient species that fills the role of worker drones for the Gungan army. In The Clone Wars, a similar look became the puffed-up General Meebur Gascon. His species is called the Zilkin." ]

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[ "Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974, when he became the only president to resign the office. Nixon had previously served as a Republican U.S. representative and senator from California and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961.", "Richard Milhous Nixon ( January 9 , 1913 – April 22 , 1994 ) was the 37th President of the United States , serving from 1969 to 1974, when he became the only president to resign the office. Nixon had previously served as a Republican U.S. Representative and Senator from California and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961.", "Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States , serving from 1969 to 1974, when he became the only president to resign the office. Nixon had previously served as a Republican U.S. Representative and Senator from California and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961.", "Richard Nixon was elected the 37th U.S. president after serving as a U.S. Representative and Senator from California. In 1953, He moved from the U.S. Senate directly to his position as the 36th Vice President of the United States.", "Richard Milhous Nixon: Richard Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California on January 9, 1913. He served for eight years as Vice President under Dwight Eisenhower from 1953-1961, but lost the presidency narrowly to John F. Kennedy in the 1960 election. Eight years later, he returned to presidential politics to defeat Vice President Hubert Humphrey in 1968. Under the cloud of the Watergate investigation, Richard Nixon became the only President of the United States to resign from office.", "Born on January 9, 1913, in Yorba Linda, California, Richard Nixon was a Republican congressman who served as vice president under Dwight D. Eisenhower. Nixon ran for president in 1960 but lost to charismatic Massachusetts senator John F. Kennedy. Undeterred, Nixon return to the race eight years later and won the White House by a solid margin. In 1974, he resigned rather than be impeached for covering up illegal activities of party members in the Watergate affair. He died on April 22, 1994, at age 81, in New York City.", "Richard Milhouse Nixon (b. January 9, 1913, in Yorba Linda, California ) was the 37th President of the United States . He served from 1969 until 1974. Nixon remains the only president in American history to resign in office, which he did in the wake of the Watergate scandal. He was then succeeded by Vice President Gerald Ford in accordance with the U.S. Constitution . [1]", "Richard Nixon was a popular incumbent president in 1972, as he was credited with achieving détente with the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union. Polls showed that Nixon held a strong lead in the Republican primaries. He was challenged by two candidates, liberal Pete McCloskey of California and conservative John Ashbrook of Ohio. McCloskey ran as an anti-war candidate, while Ashbrook opposed Nixon's détente policies towards China and the Soviet Union. In the New Hampshire primary McCloskey garnered 19.8% of the vote to Nixon's 67.6%, with Ashbrook receiving 9.7%. Nixon won 1323 of the 1324 delegates to the Republican convention, with McCloskey receiving the vote of one delegate from New Mexico. Vice president Spiro Agnew was re-nominated by acclamation; while both the party's moderate wing and Nixon himself had wanted to replace him with a new running-mate (the moderates favoring Nelson Rockefeller, and Nixon favoring John Connally), it was ultimately concluded that the loss of Agnew's base of conservative supporters would be too big of a risk.", "After Rockefeller's withdrawal, Nixon faced no significant opposition for the Republican nomination. At the 1960 Republican National Convention in Chicago, Illinois, Nixon was the overwhelming choice of the delegates, with conservative Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona receiving 10 votes from conservative delegates. In earning the nomination, Nixon became the first sitting Vice-President to run for President since John C. Breckinridge exactly a century prior. Nixon then chose former Massachusetts Senator and United Nations Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., as his vice-presidential candidate. Nixon chose Lodge because his foreign-policy credentials fit into Nixon's strategy to campaign more on foreign policy than domestic policy, which he believed favored the Democrats. Nixon had previously sought Rockefeller as his running mate, but the governor had no ambitions to be vice-president. However, he later served as Gerald Ford's Vice President from 1974 to 1977. ", "At the 1968 Republican National Convention, Agnew, who had earlier been asked to place Richard Nixon's name in nomination, was selected in private by Nixon and his campaign staff. He was then presented to the convention delegates for nomination for Vice President and ran alongside Nixon in the Presidential Election of 1968. Nixon and Agnew defeated the incumbent Vice President, Hubert Humphrey (formerly long-time Senator from Minnesota) and Senator Edmund Muskie of Maine. In 1972, Nixon and Agnew were reelected for a second term, defeating Senator George McGovern and Ambassador Sargent Shriver.", "Richard Nixon - Mini Biography (TV-PG; 5:47) Richard Nixon served as Vice President under Dwight Eisenhower and was the Republican Nominee for President in 1960. He was elected President in 1968, won re-election in 1972, and resigned in 1974 after the Watergate scandal.", "Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States from 1969–1974 and was also the 36th Vice President of the United States (1953–1961). Nixon was the only President to resign the office and also the only person to be elected twice to both the Presidency and the Vice Presidency.", "Hubert Horatio Humphrey Jr. (May 27, 1911 - January 13, 1978) was an American politician who served as the 38th Vice President of the United States under President Lyndon B. Johnson, from 1965 to 1969. Humphrey twice served in the United States Senate, representing Minnesota from 1949 to 1964 and 1971 to 1978. He was the nominee of the Democratic Party in the 1968 presidential election, losing to the Republican nominee, Richard M. Nixon.", "Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr. (born Leslie Lynch King, Jr.; July 14, 1913 - December 26, 2006) was the 38th President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977, and the 40th Vice President of the United States serving from 1973 to 1974. As the first person appointed to the vice-presidency under the terms of the 25th Amendment (after the resignation of Spiro Agnew), when he became President upon Richard Nixon's resignation on August 9, 1974, he became the only President of the United States who was never elected President or Vice-President. Before ascending to the vice-presidency, Ford served nearly 25 years as Representative from Michigan's 5th congressional district, eight of them as the Republican Minority Leader.", "Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States (1969–74), having formerly been the 36th Vice President of the United States (1953–61). A member of the Republican Party, he was the only President to resign the office as well as the only person to be elected twice to both the Presidency and the Vice Presidency.", "Richard Milhous Nixon ( January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994 ) was the thirty-seventh President of the United States (1969–1974) and the only American president to resign from that office.", "1968-11-05 Richard Nixon (R) beats Vice President Hubert Humphrey (D) and George Wallace (I) in U.S. Presidential election", "Spiro Theodore Agnew was the 39th Vice President of the United States, serving under President Richard Nixon.", "The Nixon family traveled to Europe in 1963; Nixon gave press conferences and met with leaders of the countries he visited.[47] The family soon moved to New York City, where Nixon became a senior partner in the leading law firm Nixon, Mudge, Rose, Guthrie & Alexander.[31] Though largely out of the public eye, he was still supported by much of the Republican base who respected his knowledge of politics and international affairs.[31] This reputation was enhanced when Nixon wrote an article in Foreign Affairs entitled \"Asia After Vietnam\",[31] in which he proposed a new relationship with China.[48] He campaigned for Republican candidates in the 1966 Congressional elections[31] and took an extended trip to South America and parts of the Middle East in 1967.[49]", "Richard Nixon became the thirty-seventh President of the United States on January 20, 1969 and was reelected in 1972 for a second term by the electors of forty-nine of the fifty states. His term in office continued until his resignation on August 9, 1974.", "Nixon ended American involvement in the war in Vietnam in 1973 and brought the American POWs home, and ended the military draft. Nixon's visit to the People's Republic of China in 1972 opened diplomatic relations between the two nations, and he initiated détente and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty with the Soviet Union the same year. His administration generally transferred power from Washington to the states. He imposed wage and price controls for a period of ninety days, enforced desegregation of Southern schools and established the Environmental Protection Agency. Nixon also presided over the Apollo 11 moon landing, which signaled the end of the moon race. He was reelected in one of the largest electoral landslides in U.S. history in 1972, when he defeated George McGovern.", "Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (July 8, 1908 – January 26, 1979) was an American businessman, philanthropist, public servant, and politician. He served as the 41st Vice President of the United States (1974–77) under President Gerald Ford, and as the 49th Governor of New York (1959–73). He also served in the administrations of Presidents Franklin Roosevelt regarding Latin America and Dwight Eisenhower regarding welfare programs. A member of the wealthy Rockefeller family, he was also a noted art collector, as well as administrator of Rockefeller Center.", "Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr. (July 14, 1913 – December 26, 2006) was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977, and the fortieth Vice President of the United States serving from 1973 to 1974. He was the first person appointed to the vice-presidency under the terms of the 25th Amendment, and became President upon Richard Nixon's resignation on August 9, 1974. Ford was the fifth U.S. President never to have been elected to that position, and the only one never to have won any national election. Currently, he is also the longest-lived president in U.S. history, living to age 93.", "Ambrose, Stephen E. 1989. Nixon: The Triumph of a Politician, 1962–1972. New York: Simon & Schuster.", "The Nixon presidency witnessed the first large-scale integration of public schools in the South. Nixon sought a middle way between the segregationist Wallace and liberal Democrats, whose support of integration was alienating some Southern whites. Hopeful of doing well in the South in 1972, he sought to dispose of desegregation as a political issue before then. Soon after his inauguration, he appointed Vice President Agnew to lead a task force, which worked with local leaders—both white and black—to determine how to integrate local schools. Agnew had little interest in the work, and most of it was done by Labor Secretary George Shultz. Federal aid was available, and a meeting with President Nixon was a possible reward for compliant committees. By September 1970, less than ten percent of black children were attending segregated schools. By 1971, however, tensions over desegregation surfaced in Northern cities, with angry protests over the busing of children to schools outside their neighborhood to achieve racial balance. Nixon opposed busing personally but enforced court orders requiring its use.", "Hubert Humphrey, a member of the Democratic Party , took office as the 38th Vice President of the United States on January 20, 1965 at age 53. Humphrey served as VP to President Lyndon Johnson for 4 years through January 20, 1969. He was born in Wallace, South Dakota and received an education from University of Minnesota, Louisiana State University, and Capitol College of Pharmacy.", "-served as National Security Advisor and later concurrently as Secretary of State in the Richard Nixon administration", "Lyndon Baines Johnson ( August 27 , 1908 – January 22 , 1973 ), often referred to as LBJ, was an American politician . After serving a long career in U.S. legislatures, Johnson became the Vice President of the United States of America under John F. Kennedy , from 1961 to 1963. A Democrat , Johnson became the 36th U.S. president , from 1963 to 1969, after Kennedy's assassination .", "Richard Bruce Cheney, generally known as Dick Cheney (born January 30, 1941) is an American politician and businessman who was the 46th Vice President of the United States from 2001 to 2009, under President George W. Bush.", "Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr., (born Leslie Lynch King Jr. on July 14 , 1913 ) was the 38th (1974–1977) President of the United States . Ford also served as the 40th (1973–1974) Vice President . He was the first person appointed to the Vice-Presidency under the terms of the 25th Amendment , and upon succession to the presidency became the first (and to date, only) president in U.S. history to fill that office without having been elected either President or Vice-President. He is also the longest-lived United States president ever, having surpassed Ronald Reagan 's record on November 12, 2006.", "Nixon speaks with Chinese Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping and U.S. President Jimmy Carter at the White House, 1979.", "Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr. (July 14, 1913 – December 26, 2006) was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977, and the fortieth Vice President of the United States serving from 1973 to 1974. He was the first person appointed to the vice presidency under" ]

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[ "Luxor International Airport is the main airport serving the city of Luxor, Egypt. It is located four miles (6 km) east of the city. Many charter airlines use the airport, as it is a popular tourist destination for those visiting the River Nile and the Valley of the Kings.", "Luxor International Airport serves the city of Luxor, Egypt . Luxor is a popular tourist destination, particularly for tourists travelling to the River Nile and the Valley of the Kings. The majority of traffic at Luxor is European charter traffic, but the airport is also well served by airlines from across North Africa , the Middle East and Europe .", "Navigating a whole new area on your own schedule was never easier than with a cheap car rental from Luxor International Airport. As soon as you arrive at Luxor International Airport, Egypt, you can look forward to exploring straight away. As well as having the freedom to drive to exciting new locations on a whim, you can plan day trips and excursions to nearby attractions that capture your interest.", "* 2013 Luxor hot air balloon crash: On 26 February 2013, a hot air balloon carrying foreign tourists ignited and crashed near the ancient city of Luxor, Egypt, killing 19 of the 21 people on board, making it the deadliest balloon accident in history. ", "Lotus Air was an airline based in Cairo, Egypt. It was a privately owned charter airline flying mainly to Europe. Its main base was Cairo International Airport, with hubs at Sharm el-Sheikh International Airport, Hurghada International Airport and Luxor International Airport. ", "Luxor hosts one third of the whole monuments and antiquities of the world. Therefore, it is considered one of the most important tourism spots in Egypt and maybe in the whole world.", "The Luxor massacre was the killing of 62 people, mostly tourists, on 17 November 1997, at Deir el-Bahri, an archaeological site and major tourist attraction across the Nile River from Luxor in Egypt.", "As site of the Ancient Egyptian city of Thebes, Luxor is a 'world's greatest open air museum' across the River Nile in Egypt.", "Two terminals serve international and domestic flights, with flights from Germany, France, Spain, Italy and the UK connecting directly with Luxor. Other international flights land at Cairo International Airport, from where 45-minute domestic flights connect with Luxor.", "This is the entrance to the tomb of King Tutankhamun at Luxor, Egypt, May 1950. (AP Photo/Ham Wright)", "The airport has three terminals, the latest of which was opened in 2009. Egypt-Air and all Star Alliance members now operate all flights to and from the new Terminal 3. Most other airlines arrive at Terminal 1. Terminal 2 is closed since 2010 for renovation works. A free shuttle bus runs between the two terminals and the bus station every 30 minutes, 24 hours a day. Taxi drivers trying to lure you at the airport will try to tell you otherwise regarding the shuttle bus, but if you go outside the terminal, you will find the free shuttle bus. At Terminal 3 it is located at the arrival level at the end of the bus lane (turn right after the exit). At Terminal 1 the Shuttle Bus stops are at Hall 3 in front of the AirMall and at Hall 1 at the curb side. Unfortunately the bus stops are not marked. Sometimes you have to change busses at the bus station due to the driver's coffee break.", "Cairo International Airport ( IATA : CAI) is the second biggest airport in Africa with more than 16 million passengers a year. It's well served by Egyptair the national carrier and its Star Alliance partners (Singapore Airlines [1] , Lufthansa [2] , Swiss [3] ], Austrian, , Sky Team (Air France [4] , KLM [5] , Alitalia), Oneworld (British Airways [6] ), Gulf Carriers (Emirates [7] , Etihad [8] ) as well as budget carriers TUI-fly [9] and Jet-Air-Fly [10] .", "The airport has recently been upgraded to meet the needs of the growing air traffic and has been designed to handle some seven million passengers annually, being currently used by around one million. Luxor Airport covers around 740 acres / 300 hectares and features just one runway and comprehensive cargo storage. EgyptAir and AMC are currently amongst the main airlines.", "Egypt (Arabic: \"مصر\"; officially, the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: جمهورية مصر العربية) is in north-eastern Africa and the Middle East with its capital located in its largest city, Cairo . Egypt also extends into Asia by virtue of holding the Sinai Peninsula . Egypt is bordered by Israel and the Gaza Strip to the north-east, by Sudan to the south and by Libya to the west. The country is bounded by the Mediterranean and Red Seas (to the north and east respectively) and geographically dominated both by the Nile River and its fertile well-watered valley, and by the Eastern and Western deserts.", "Egypt, officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia, via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula.", "Air Sinai, Egypt Air and ZAS Airlines serve these domestic destinations: Abu Simbel, Alexandria, Aswan, Hurghada, Luxor, the New Valley development at Kharga Oasis, and Sharm el Sheikh.", "City Stars, Nasr City (40-50 minutes drive from Giza central Cairo). Largest Shopping Mall in Egypt includes many international brands and duty free shop where you r air ticket will allow you to purchase item up to 49-hours after arriving and before departure   edit", "The site lies on a higher hill at the beginning of the Cairo -Alexandria desert road and is also accessed from the Fayoum Desert road. The top of the museum level has a wonderful clear panorama of the three Giza Pyramids . The new museum - due to open in 2010 will exhibit at least 100,000 artifacts from the Pharaonic and Greco - Roman periods . A large triangular gate in the facade will lead into the museum, where the statue of Ramesses II will greet visitors. The government is gambling that the museum will lure an additional 3 million tourists to Egypt every year.", "Sisi is expected to travel to Saudi Arabia next week to hold urgent talks with King Salman bin Abdel Aziz on the crisis between Egypt and Qatar. According to reports in the Egyptian media, Sisi is also expected to complain to the Saudi monarch about Obama's support for Qatar at a time when Egypt and other Arab countries are engaged in fighting Qatari-backed terror groups.", "Oran Es Senia Airport is an international airport serving Oran City near Es Senia in the North African nation of the Democratic Peoples Republic of Algeria . Oran is the second largest major city in the country spread along the north-western Mediterranean coast of Algeria. Located at a distance of 8.7 kilometers to the south of the city centre, this public airport was first used by the French Air Force as a military airfield in the 1940s during World War II. Situated at an elevation of 295 feet above mean sea level, the Oran Es Senia Airport is owned and operated by EGSA Alger, which is an airport management services establishment of the government of Algeria operating a total number of 18 airports within this country.", "Airport Data: International, Luxor 7km (4miles), Position 25°40´16\"N, 032°42´24\"E, Elevation 90m (295ft), 2 Passenger Terminals, 21 Aircraft Stands", "The canal is owned and maintained by the Suez Canal Authority (SCA) of the Arab Republic of Egypt.", "Abu Simble can be reached through the Abu Simble International Airport, from Aswan or Cairo . This is besides the new paved road that leads the city to the Aswan in the North. Moreover, many Nile Cruise ships, with deluxe services and luxurious facilities sail down the Nile from Luxor , Aswan , and then to Abu Simble in a marvelous journey.", "Egyptian military planes perform during a ceremony on August 6, 2015 to unveil the new Suez Canal, in the port city of Ismailiya. (AFP)", "Security was tight in Luxor after the attack. Police in armored vests manned roadblocks and carefully searched vehicles traveling between Luxor and the west bank of the Nile on a newly completed bridge.", "In 1974 Egyptologists visiting his tomb noticed that the mummy's condition was rapidly deteriorating and flew it to Paris for examination. Ramesses II was issued an Egyptian passport that listed his occupation as \"King (deceased)\". The mummy was received at Le Bourget airport, just outside Paris, with the full military honours befitting a king.", "In 1974 Egyptologists visiting his tomb noticed that the mummy's condition was rapidly deteriorating and flew it to Paris for examination. Ramesses II was issued an Egyptian passport that listed his occupation as \"King (deceased)\". The mummy was received at Le Bourget airport, just outside Paris, with the full military honours befitting a king. ", "PORT SAID , or Bur Sa'id, is a Mediterranean port at the entrance of the Suez Canal, just over 100 miles northeast of Cairo. The city was founded in 1859 by the builders of the canal. It is connected to Cairo by a railroad that was completed in 1904. During the Sinai War of 1956, the city was severely damaged by air attacks and invasion by French and British troops. During the Arab-Israeli Wars of 1967 and 1973, Port Said came under Israeli attack, and the harbor was closed to shipping for six years. Major industries include textiles, glass, automobile batteries and tires, watches, china, cosmetics, fishing and salt, which is produced by the commercial evaporation of sea water. Port Said is the fueling point for ships using the Suez Canal. The estimated population was 461,000 in 2000.", "A Wonderful Excursion from Sharm el Sheikh to Cairo by Air to explore Cairo sightseeing such as Pyramids of Giza, Sphinx, Egyptian Museum and much more things to see", "  Obelisk of Luxor stands in the Place de la Concorde at the eastern end of Champ D'Elysees", "By what name is the collection of Egyptian tombs across the Nile from Luxor better known?", "Archaeologists excavating near the Temple of Karnak in Luxor have unearthed a road lined with 12 sphinxes dating to the reign of the King Nectanebo I, (380-363 B.C.), the last pharaoh of the last pharaonic dynasty." ]

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[ "As the Nazis rose to power in Germany, Einstein left for the United States and accepted a position at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, NJ in 1933. Einstein became an American citizen in 1940. Einstein turned down an offer to serve as President of Israel, and was a co-founder of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He died on April 18, 1955.", "After the rise of NAZI in Germany, Einstein left for USA. Einstein and relatives left Europe for the United States, on December 9, 1930.", "Albert Einstein spoke out openly in support of pacifism and didn't hesitate to create a political persona. Because of this, and because of his famous status, he made political enemies of extreme right-wing groups. Anti-Semites declared that his work was un-German, and as the Nazis rose to power, it became increasingly hard for Einstein to live in Germany. The scientist was offered a position at Princeton University and the Institute for Advanced Study. Although he wasn't initially welcomed in the United States because of his pacifist views, after a few more months in Europe, he was able to move to America in 1933. He retained dual U.S. and Swiss citizenship, giving up his German citizenship. It was fortunate that Einstein moved because he was accused of treason by the Nazi party in 1933. The party's power was so absolute that at one point Einstein's name couldn't be mentioned, even in academic circles.", "He was visiting the United States when Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 and, being Jewish, did not go back to Germany, where he had been a professor at the Berlin Academy of Sciences. He settled in the U.S., becoming an American citizen in 1940.[8] On the eve of World War II, he endorsed a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt alerting him to the potential development of \"extremely powerful bombs of a new type\" and recommending that the U.S. begin similar research. This eventually led to what would become the Manhattan Project. Einstein supported defending the Allied forces, but largely denounced the idea of using the newly discovered nuclear fission as a weapon. Later, with the British philosopher Bertrand Russell, Einstein signed the Russell–Einstein Manifesto, which highlighted the danger of nuclear weapons. Einstein was affiliated with the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, until his death in 1955.", "Albert Einstein was born in the city of Ulm in Württemberg, Germany, on March 14, 1879 into a non-observant Jewish family. Six weeks later his parents moved the family to Munich, where Einstein spent most of his early years. In 1894, Einstein's family moved to Pavia, Italy (near Milan), but Einstein chose to remain behind in Munich. In 1901 Albert Einstein received his diploma from the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich, as well as Swiss citizenship. In 1914, he returned to Germany as director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Physical Institute in Berlin, a position he held until 1933. After Hitler's rise to power, life for professional Jews in Germany became very uncomfortable. Albert Einstein and his wife, Elsa, moved to the United States and settled in Princeton, New Jersey. In 1940 he became a US citizen. Professor Albert Einstein is best known for his special (1905) and general (1916) theories of relativity. Einstein dies April 18, 1955 at 1:15 AM in Princeton Hospital at the age of 76 his body is cremated and ashes are scattered at an undisclosed place.", "Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, Kingdom of Württemberg, to a German Jewish family. He was the son of Pauline (Koch) and Hermann Einstein, a featherbed salesman. Albert began reading and studying science at a young age, and he graduated from a Swiss high school when he was 17. He then attended a Swiss Polytechnic, where he met his first wife. He graduated in 1900, and became a Swiss citizen in 1901. He began working at the Swiss Patent Office and continued his scientific studies. He taught at universities in Prague, Zurich, and Berlin, and continued his research in physics. The onset of World War II led him to move to the United States, and he was granted a post at the Institute for Advanced Study in New Jersey. Einstein was heavily involved in attempting to bring about world peace in his later life, and he continued his scientific research until his death in 1955.", "Born on March 14, 1879, in the southern German city of Ulm, Albert Einstein grew up in a middle-class Jewish family in Munich. As a child, Einstein became fascinated by music (he played the violin), mathematics and science. He dropped out of school in 1894 and moved to Switzerland, where he resumed his schooling and later gained admission to the Swiss Federal Polytechnic Institute in Zurich. In 1896, he renounced his German citizenship, and remained officially stateless before becoming a Swiss citizen in 1901.", "Albert Einstein , developer of the theory of relativity, on leaving National Socialist (Nazi) Germany for the United States.[ citation needed ]", "In February 1933 while on a visit to the United States, Einstein knew he could not return to Germany with the rise to power of the Nazis under Germany's new chancellor, Adolf Hitler.", "Einstein went to the United States in 1932 to work at Princeton University. While he was in the United States, Nazis took control of Germany. Einstein spoke out against the Nazis that came to power in 1932. Once the Nazis were in control, he did not go back to Germany. He became a United States citizen in 1940. He contributed money to help the United States win World War II against Germany.", "After Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, expressions of hatred for Einstein reached new levels. He was accused by the National Socialist regime of creating \"Jewish physics\" in contrast with Deutsche Physik�\"German\" or \"Aryan physics\". Nazi physicists (notably including the Nobel laureates Johannes Stark and Philipp Lenard) continued the attempts to discredit his theories and to blacklist politically those German physicists who taught them (such as Werner Heisenberg). Einstein renounced his German citizenship and fled to the United States, where he was given permanent residency. He accepted a position at the newly founded Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton Township, New Jersey. He became an American citizen in 1940, though he still retained Swiss citizenship.In 1939, under the encouragement of Szil�rd, Einstein sent a letter to President Franklin Delano Roosevelt urging the study of nuclear fission for military purposes, under fears that the Nazi government would be first to develop atomic weapons. Roosevelt started a small investigation into the matter which eventually became the massive Manhattan Project. (For more information, see the section below on Einstein's political views.)", "When Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 Einstein was in California. His house was immediately attacked by the Sturm Abteilung (SA) . After being told what had happened Einstein decided not to return home. Instead he toured Europe making speeches explaining what was taking place in Nazi Germany .", "In October 1933 Einstein returned to the U.S. and took up a position at the Institute for Advanced Study (in Princeton, New Jersey), noted for having become a refuge for scientists fleeing Nazi Germany. At the time, most American universities, including Harvard, Princeton and Yale, had minimal or no Jewish faculty or students, as a result of their Jewish quota which lasted until the late 1940s. ", "When Adolf Hitler came to power in January 1933, Einstein was a guest professor at Princeton University , a position which he took in December 1932, after an invitation from the American educator, Abraham Flexner . In 1933, the Nazis passed \" The Law of the Restoration of the Civil Service \" which forced all Jewish university professors out of their jobs, and throughout the 1930s a campaign to label Einstein's work as \"Jewish physics\"—in contrast with \"German\" or \"Aryan physics\"—was led by Nobel laureates Philipp Lenard and Johannes Stark . With the assistance of the SS , the Deutsche Physik supporters worked to publish pamphlets and textbooks denigrating Einstein's theories and attempted to politically blacklist German physicists who taught them, notably Werner Heisenberg . Einstein renounced his Prussian citizenship and stayed in the United States , where he was given permanent residency. He accepted a position at the newly founded Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, NJ , where he concentrated on developing a unified field theory (see below). Einstein became an American citizen in 1940, though he still retained Swiss citizenship.", "His plan was to divide his time between Germany and America but in the same year the Nazis came to power and Einstein, being a Jew, never returned to his birthland.", "In the early 1930s Einstein recognized the threat that Hitler posed to Jews living in Germany and to himself in particular as a world-famous Jew. In 1932 Einstein left his country of birth never to return. Throughout the thirties Einstein was deluged with pleas for help from relatives and strangers desperate to flee fascism in Europe. Working against harsh immigration quotas imposed against Jews, Einstein wrote affidavits and enlisted the help of friends in assisting as many refugees as possible. By the end of the 1930s, Einstein had written so many affidavits that his signature on a document no longer carried any weight.", "Einstein was born a German citizen. At the age of seventeen, on January 28, 1896, he was released from the German citizenship by his own request and with the approval of his father. He remained stateless for five years. On February 21, 1901 he gained Swiss citizenship, which he never revoked. Einstein regained German citizenship in April 1914 when he entered German civil service, but due to the political situation and the persecution of Jewish people in Nazi Germany, he left civil service in March 1933 and thus also lost the German citizenship. On October 1, 1940, Einstein became an American citizen. He remained both an American and a Swiss citizen until his death on April 18, 1955.", "Immediately many nations invited him to make his home in their lands. In the late spring of 1933 Dr. Einstein learned, in Belgium, that his two step-daughters had been forced to flee Germany.", "1932 was a difficult year in Einstein’s struggle for peace. First there was the failure of the Disarmament Conference. Then a proposal for an International Peace Centre at The Hague lost its way when several main international pacifist organisations backed off. An anti-war congress in Amsterdam was politically hi-jacked by the USSR. Einstein himself was accused of communism and repudiated for his pacifism - in America, where he was on January 30 1933, the day Hitler became Chancellor of Germany. ‘I’m not going home,’ Einstein told an interviewer.", "Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in Ulm, Germany. He was the first child born to Hermann and Pauline, a bourgeois Jewish couple married three years earlier. Hermann began work as a merchant in the featherbed industry, but when his business collapsed, he moved his family to Munich to start an electrical-engineering business with his brother Jakob. This venture was largely supported by the Kochs, Pauline Einstein's parents. Pauline, a talented musician, introduced her son to the piano when he was a small boy and encouraged his passion for the violin, an instrument he studied from ages six to thirteen.", "While Einstein was travelling and speaking internationally, the Nazis, led by Adolf Hitler , were gaining prominence with violent propaganda and vitriol in an impoverished post-WWI Germany. The party influenced other scientists to label Einstein's work \"Jewish physics.\" Jewish citizens were barred from university work and other official jobs, and Einstein himself was targeted to be killed.", "When Hitler marched into Austria in 1938, the persecution of Jews in Europe grew even worse. Einstein tried to start an immediate appeal to non-Jews in Europe and America, for help in ‘averting the worst’. ‘No government has the right to conduct a systematic campaign of physical destruction of any segment of the population which resides within its borders. Germany has embarked on such a path in its inhuman persecution of German and Austrian Jews....Can there be anything more humiliating for our generation than to feel compelled to request that innocent people be not killed?’", "Albert Einstein was born on 14 March 1879 to Jewish parents at Ulm, Wurttenburg in Germany.", "Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in Ulm, Germany. He was not talkative in his childhood, and until the age of three, he didn’t talk much. He spent his teenage years in Munich, where his family had an electric equipment business. As a teenager, he was interested in nature and showed a high level of ability in mathematics and physics.", "The year 1933 witnessed the rise to power of the nationalistic and racist National Socialist German Workers’ (Nazi) Party and its Führer, Adolf Hitler. Under the Nazi dictatorship, democratic institutions were dismantled and a police state was installed. Jews, Slavs, Gypsies, handicapped people, socialists, communists, unionists and other groups not fitting into the Nazis’ vision of a Greater Germany faced persecution, and ultimately murder in concentration camps. Europe’s Jews and Gypsies were marked for total extermination. Hitler’s militaristic ambitions to create a new German Empire in Central and Eastern Europe led to war, successively, with Poland, France, Great Britain, the Soviet Union and the United States – despite initial dazzling successes, Germany was unable to withstand the attacks of the Allies and Soviets on two fronts in addition to a smaller third front to the south of the Alps in Italy.", "In 1914, just before the start of World War I, Einstein settled in Berlin as professor at the local university and became a member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences. He took German citizenship. His pacifism and Jewish origins irritated German nationalists. After he became world-famous, nationalistic hatred of him grew and for the first time he was the subject of an organized campaign to discredit his theories. From 1914 to 1933, he served as director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics in Berlin, and it was during this time that he was awarded his Nobel Prize and made his most groundbreaking discoveries. He was also an extraordinary professor at the Leiden University from 1920 until officially 1946, where he regularly gave guest lectures.", "In letters translated from the German by Michael Schiffmann, we read that Einstein was deeply affected by the ugly treatment of Jews in Germany after World War I--including the dismissal by nationalist scientists of his theory of relativity as a \"Jewish\" perversion. He believed that it was inexcusable to flee one’s Judaic heritage, as many assimilated German Jews of the middle class did, and he believed that a Jewish homeland in Palestine would lift the standing and confidence of Jews worldwide.", "Einstein was a lifelong pacifist dedicated to the establishment of a World Government, which he felt would allow nations to work together and abolish the need for war. He could not keep silent about the ills he saw in society; during the anti-communist \"witch hunts\" of the 1950s Einstein spoke out against the persecution of those who were accused of being \"unAmerican,\" urging them to commit civil disobedience. He saw a parallel between the American political climate of the postwar period and the fascism of Europe in the thirties.", "The physicist Max Born, born in Germany, was listed as which nationality when awarded his Nobel Prize - he had fled to that country when Hitler was in power?", "In March 1944, Germany occupied Hungary which extended the Holocaust into that country. Wiesel was 15, and he with his family, along with the rest of the town's Jewish population, were placed in one of the two confinement ghettos set up in Máramarossziget (Sighet), the town where he had been born and raised. In May 1944, the Hungarian authorities, under German pressure, began to deport the Jewish community to the Auschwitz concentration camp, where up to 90% of the people were exterminated on arrival.", "Hitler headed first to Linz, where he had spent part of his childhood, and then to Vienna, where excited crowds were forming on the streets. Tens of thousands had gathered to give him a raucous welcome. On March 15, he declared the entry of my homeland into the German Reich from the balcony of the Hofburg Imperial Palace. On Heldenplatz, 250,000 people gathered to celebrate the occasion. Afterwards, a parade marched around the Ringstrasse, which circles the heart of Vienna. Not just the German Eighth Army took part in the parade, but also SA and SS units. Tanks and fighter planes rolled past as well -- a precisely staged performance for the cheering masses. One year later in Czechoslovakia, the scene would be different: The Germans marched into Pragues Wenceslas Square and were met by completely empty streets.", "Einstein bore no such loyalty to Germans, who had fed him and made him famous. In fact, Einstein wanted to exterminate Gentile Germans." ]

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[ "The scale of points awarded to the first six finishers in each race has been modified on two occasions, the most recent of which was in 1991; the first now obtains 10 points (previously nine, and only eight between 1950 and 1960), and the following five are awarded: 6 – 4 – 3 – 2 – 1 points. There was a time when the driver who recorded the fastest lap was given 1 point.", "Since the 2003 season, the first eight drivers in each race are awarded points for the championship ranking. The winner of the grand prix was awarded 10 points, the runners-up receive 8, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 respectively.", "In 1988, his first season as a teammate to Aryton Senna with McLaren, Prost won seven GPs and outscored Senna by 11 points, despite Senna winning one more race than Prost. However, only the 11 best results from the season counted toward the World Championship total, giving Senna the title by three points. Prost went on to be a proponent of essentially the 90’s scoring system — all race results counting for the season standings and with a GP winner scoring 10, not 9, points. Aside from the now-infamous contretemps with Senna at Suzuka that decided the 1989 and 1990 World Championships. perhaps Prost’s single most memorable moment was in 1991 — after moving to Ferrari — when he publicly described the Scuderia’s ’91 car as a “truck,” was rather unceremoniously sacked and thence took a year-long “sabbatical” from racing. The action photo below is from the Canadian GP in Prost’s final Formula One season (a race the F1A&G webmaster attended with his ex-wife and then two-year old son) when Alain came out of retirement to take over Nigel Mansell’s seat at Williams and drove the brilliant FW15C, the last of the “active", "Senna was recognised for his qualifying speed over one lap and from 1989 until 2006 held the record for most pole positions. He was especially quick in wet conditions, as shown by his performances in the 1984 Monaco Grand Prix, the 1985 Portuguese Grand Prix, and the 1993 European Grand Prix. He also holds the record for most victories at the prestigious Monaco Grand Prix – six – and is the third most successful driver of all time in terms of race wins. Senna courted controversy throughout his career, particularly during his turbulent rivalry with Alain Prost. Both the 1989 Championship won by Prost and the 1990 Championship won by Senna were decided by collisions between them at those years' Japanese Grands Prix.", "Hill became a test driver for the Formula One title-winning Williams team in 1992. He was promoted to the Williams race team the following year after Riccardo Patrese's departure and took the first of his 22 victories at the 1993 Hungarian Grand Prix. During the mid-1990s, Hill was Michael Schumacher's main rival for the Formula One Drivers' Championship, which saw the two clash several times on and off the track. Their collision at the 1994 Australian Grand Prix gave Schumacher his first title by a single point. Hill became champion in with eight wins, but was dropped by Williams for the following season. He went on to drive for the less competitive Arrows and Jordan teams, and in gave Jordan their first win. ", "In 1990, Senna took a commanding lead in the championship with six wins, two second places and three thirds. His most memorable victories were at the opening round in Phoenix , in which he diced for the lead for several laps with a then-unknown Jean Alesi before coming out on top, and at Germany where he fought Benetton driver Alessandro Nannini throughout the race for the win. As the season reached its final quarter however, Alain Prost in his Ferrari rose to the challenge with five wins, including a crucial victory in Spain where he and teammate Nigel Mansell finished 1–2 for the Scuderia. Senna had gone out with a damaged radiator and the gap between Senna and Prost was now reduced to 11 points with two races remaining.", "Ferrari's Fernando Alonso finished as the runner-up with 242 points. The Spaniard won two races, in China and Spain, and scored five second places, in Australia, Canada, Belgium, Italy and Singapore, to keep him in a strong championship position throughout the season. However, a retirement in Malaysia and relatively poor results in Bahrain, Monaco, Korea and India has seen him fall behind Vettel in the points. The gap closed briefly after the German's gearbox failure at the British Grand Prix, but the defending world champion scored eleven consecutive podium finishes since his sole retirement of the season, including ten wins, to clinch the title. Alonso's teammate Felipe Massa finished eighth in the standings, scoring 112 points with a single podium finish in Spain. Ferrari lost second place in the Constructors' Championship to Mercedes, finishing a mere 6 points behind.", "The 1987 season brought Williams-Honda partnership its first and only Drivers' Championship title in the hands of Nelson Piquet, who scored 76 points – 73 after dropped scores (best eleven results counted) in relation to the Drivers' Championship – and won three races, while the Brazilian's teammate Mansell, was 15 points behind him – 12 on dropped scores – in second place with six victories during the season. The Williams team won the Constructors' Championship for the second year running, scoring 137 points, 61 points ahead of their nearest rivals McLaren. Despite this success, Honda ended their partnership with Williams at the end of the year in favour of McLaren, and continuing with Lotus.", "Nigel's Formula One debut was for Lotus in 1980 and his first Grand Prix victory was for williams in 1985. 1986 saw five Grand Prix victories yet through cruel luck, no title. An accident in qualifying ruined his title hopes again in 1987 after six wins and it was beginning to look as if Nigel Mansell was to be the \"nearly man\" of Formula 1. In a bold move to Ferrari in 1989 he won his first race and the instant adoration of the Italian fans, but only finished fourth. 1990 with Ferrari was a disaster finishing ninth overall so it was back to Williams and winning ways in 1991. Five wins however were not enough with Nigel still having to play second fiddle to Ayrton Senna's McLaren. Finally in 1992 it all came right, Mansell storming to nine victories in a Williams-Renault that was in a class of its own. He still drove magnificently. After moving to Indy Cars in 1993 and incredibly taking the title at his first attempt, Mansell returned to Williams mid-season in 1994 before joining McLaren in 1995. He retired after just two races.", "Other Formula One records set in 1992 that he still holds are the highest percentage of pole positions in a season (88%), most wins from pole position in a season (9) most races before becoming World Champion (180 races) and most runner-up championship finishes before becoming World Champion (3). Mansell also holds the record for obtaining pole position and scoring fastest lap and subsequently retiring from the race ( 1987 German Grand Prix , 1990 British Grand Prix , 1992 Japanese Grand Prix , and 1992 Italian Grand Prix ).", "Senna captured his third title in 1991 , taking seven wins and staying largely clear of controversy. Prost, due to the downturn in performance at Ferrari, was no longer a serious competitor. Senna won the first four races, however by mid-season, Mansell in the more advanced Williams was able to put up a challenge. There were some memorable moments, such as at the Spanish Grand Prix when Senna and Mansell went wheel to wheel with only centimetres to spare, at over 320 km/h (200 mph) down the main straight, a race that the Briton eventually won. Quite a different spectacle was offered following Mansell's victory in the British Grand Prix at Silverstone. Senna's car had come to a halt on the final lap but he was not left stranded out on the circuit, as Mansell pulled over on his parade lap and allowed the Brazilian to ride on the Williams side-pod back to the pits.", "Williams took a step up for the 1992 season, keeping their 1991 driver line-up of Patrese and Mansell. Mansell dominated the first round in South Africa, qualifying in pole position and winning the race by 24 seconds from his team-mate Patrese. Nigel Mansell won the next four rounds for Williams, at Mexico City, Interlagos, Catalunya and Imola, Patrese coming second in all but one (the Spanish Grand Prix, where he retired after spinning off). Mansell's five victories in the opening five races was a new record in Formula One. Senna won the next race in Monaco, ahead of both Williams cars, which finished second and third. In the next race, in Canada, both Williams cars retired: Mansell spun off on entering the final corner (he claimed that Senna pushed him off) and Patrese had a gearbox failure. Mansell went on to record four more Grand Prix wins, including at the British Grand Prix. (In the final round, in Adelaide, the two Williams again retired, Mansell after Senna violently crashed into the back of him, and Patrese with electrical problems.) Williams won the Constructors' Championship with 164 points, 65 points more than second place McLaren. Mansell became World Champion, scoring 108 points, with Patrese finishing second with 56 points. In winning nine races in a single season Mansell had set a new record for the most wins by a single driver in one season.", "The Williams team's decision to develop their new semi-automatic gearbox by racing with it at the start of the season, was at the cost of points in the opening rounds of the championship. Senna was on 40 points by the time Mansell gained his first 6 in Monaco. Despite a good mid season, which included a hat-trick of victories, Senna's consistency (and Mansell's retirements at key races) meant that he finished second in the Championship once again, this time behind Senna.", "But 1989 was Prost's year. Going into the penultimate round he held a 16-point lead over his team-mate. The same \"best 11\" points system was in place; as things stood, had Senna won the final two races he would have been champion regardless of where Prost finished.", "With ten races out of 17 finished, Michael Schumacher led the championship with 56 points, whilst Coulthard was only 6 points behind with 50, and Häkkinen a further two points behind with 48. Barrichello was fourth with 36, and Fisichella was fifth with 18. In the Constructors' Championship, Ferrari led by only four points now, with 92 compared to McLaren's 88. Williams were third with 19.", "Points were rare during this time; Pedro Lamy scored his one and only point in Formula 1 with a 6th place in the 1995 Australian Grand Prix; this result was followed by a long barren spell until Marc Gené finished 6th in the 1999 European Grand Prix. That same race, Luca Badoer had been running fourth until his gearbox failed with 13 laps to go, at which point the Italian burst into tears next to his stricken car. Other Minardi drivers also came close to scoring points, including Shinji Nakano who finished 7th at the 1998 Canadian Grand Prix and Esteban Tuero, who finished 8th at the 1998 San Marino Grand Prix.", "Finished runner-up to Alain Prost in 1985, after unreliability cost him dearly with five consecutive retirements at the season’s conclusion.  He had won twice, once in Canada and then again in Germany, finishing six other races on the podium.  He finished on 53 points to Prosts 73, despite being level pegging with the Frenchman with five rounds to go.", "1995 - Ligier: 1 podium; 16pts, eighth in drivers' championship. - Second in Australian Grand Prix", "The Drivers' Championship was won for a second consecutive time by Mika Häkkinen, although Eddie Irvine, David Coulthard and Heinz-Harald Frentzen all had a chance of winning the title at various stages. Ferrari won the Constructors' Championship, which paved the way for the Michael Schumacher era of Ferrari dominance beginning in . However, Schumacher's participation in the 1999 championship was cut short due to injury at the British Grand Prix, where he suffered a broken leg in a crash. He returned for the last two races of the season in order to assist Irvine in his championship run.", "In 1990 pole-sitter Senna suffered a puncture on the third lap; leaving Nigel Mansell and Berger to battle hard for the lead. Mansell did a full 360 degree spin on the straight between Tamburello and Villeneuve after Berger forced the Englishman onto the grass; Mansell kept the Ferrari on the road; but because of this spin the V12 engine got grass in it and failed soon after. Riccardo Patrese won the race in a Williams, followed by Berger, who had wrecked his tyres and couldn't keep Patrese from passing him. The 1991 was a rain-soaked event, and Prost spun off on the grass at Rivazza on the parade lap, stalling the engine. Gerhard Berger did the same, but he kept his McLaren going; McLaren finished first and second, with Senna in front of Berger, with Finnish new-boys JJ Lehto finishing on the podium and Mika Häkkinen finishing fifth. 1992 saw the Williams pair of Nigel Mansell and Patrese dominate, and 1993 saw Prost win, now driving a Williams.", "Carlos Sainz, and co-driver Luis Moya, of Spain who won for the first time in 1990. Sainz was the first driver to successfully defend his title in 1991 and went on to grab a hat-trick in 1992. All three titles were at the wheel of the Toyota Celica GT-4.", "Interestingly, that year was Nigel’s last full-time season in Formula 1. He had a brief return in 1994 and 1995 and even managed to win one race. In his career, Mansell recorded 187 starts, 31 wins, 59 podiums, 32 pole positions and 30 fastest laps with a total of 480 points scored.", "In 1992, the Williams was the class of the field, and Patrese finished a distant second to champion teammate Nigel Mansell.  He only won once compared to Mansell’s nine race wins, and scored 56 points compared to his teammates 108.  He did manage eight podium finishes, six of which were second places to Mansell.", "Hill and Schumacher were not having a happy 1995 and managed to take each other off after the final pit stops, leaving Coulthard in the lead which he lost when he had to take a 10 sec ‘stop/go’ penalty for speeding in the pit lane. All of this left Herbert to take his maiden Grand Prix win – he was euphoric and was held shoulder high on the podium by the second and third-placed men, Coulthard and Alesi.", "The team's most successful period was the mid-1980s and early 1990s, a time which saw the team win the world championship on seven occasions with Niki Lauda (1984), Alain Prost (1985, 1986, 1989) and Ayrton Senna (1988, 1990, 1991).", "1999 Second in the European Grand Prix with Prost, his first podium finish. Finishes ninth in the Drivers' Championship.", "* In motor racing, triple Formula One World Champion Ayrton Senna is fatally injured in a crash at San Marino in 1994. Michael Schumacher enters into the sport – winning his first two championships in 1994 and 1995. Dale Earnhardt wins the 1998 Daytona 500 and the NASCAR Winston Cup championship in 1990, 1991, 1993 and 1994. Indy Car racing delves into an organizational \"Split\".", "Nearly two decades after Stewart, Nigel Mansell won the world championship in 1992 – then left with his trophy in hand and his head held high. Mansell didn't retire from racing altogether, though. He left for the United States, where he became the first person ever to win the CART title (as IndyCar racing was then known) in his debut season – and, since the F1 season had yet to finish, the only individual ever to hold both championships simultaneously. Nigel returned for a couple more grands prix in '94 and '95, adding one last race win to his list of accomplishments at the 1994 Australian Grand Prix.", "Thanks for your first answers. For sure , drivers could score away from Belgium , i have found a classification of the 1989 and 1990 championship BEFORE the \"Boucles de Spa\" , who was the first round in the country. And a press release , preview of the \"Omloop\" 1996 , talked about points taked by Gregoire De Mevius in the ADAC Deutschland Rally.", "1996 British racing driver Damon Hill, driving a Williams, won the Japanese Grand Prix to clinch his first (and only) World Championship. raveydavey", "In 1995, Schumacher and Williams driver David Coulthard were disqualified for fuel irregularities, after a switch to Renault engines and Elf oils. On appeal, both drivers had their results and points reinstated, but both teams lost the points the results would normally have earned in the Constructors' Championship. ", "Cheever returned to podium once in each of two seasons with Arrows in ’88 and ’89, before a switches to Champ Car/IndyCar. He became a multiple race winner in the latter and also won the 1998 Indy 500." ]

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[ "1967 - Raymond Burr starred in a TV movie titled Ironside. The show, about a wheelchair-bound detective, became very popular as a weekly series in the fall of 1967. Burr, known to millions as determined lawyer, Perry Mason (a past TV hit), played the part of Robert Ironside in the new show. He was joined by characters, Detective Sgt. Ed Brown (Don Galloway), Eve Whitfield (Barbara Anderson), Mark Sanger (Don Mitchell) and Commissioner Dennis Randall (Gene Lyons).", "Raymond Burr is so associated with his characterization of television lawyer/detective Perry Mason that his rich and varied career in film, radio, and television is often ignored. His face, in the words of Perry Mason creator Erle Stanley Gardner, is cow-eyed. He is broad shouldered, heavy, robust, but excelled at playing introverted rather than extroverted characters. This may be, in part, why Burr accomplished the rare television feat in which actor becomes almost thoroughly identified with character, the performer inseparable from the role. Just as William Shatner is James Kirk, Peter Falk is Columbo, and Carroll O'Connor is Archie Bunker, Burr is Perry Mason.", "Raymond Burr remains the defining screen incarnation of Perry Mason, the defense attorney created by author Erle Stanley Gardner, but he wasn't the first. Long before Burr stepped into the role for the long-running TV series (and many subsequent made-for-TV movies), Warren William played him in the movies, starting with the first screen appearance of Perry Mason in The Case of the Howling Dog (1934).", "Raymond Burr, the burly, impassive actor who played the defense lawyer Perry Mason and the police detective Robert T. Ironside on television, died on Sunday at his ranch in Dry Creek Valley, near Healdsburg, Calif. He was 76.", "Actor. He is best remembered for his roles in the CBS drama series \"Perry Mason\" as the defense lawyer by the same name, that aired from September 1957 until May 1966 and continues to run in syndication, and the NBC television crime show \"Ironside,\" as the paraplegic Chief of Detectives 'Robert T. Ironside', that aired from September 1967 until January 1975. Born Raymond William Stacey Burr, his father was a hardware salesman and his mother was a concert pianist and music teacher. At the age of... [Read More] (Bio by: William Bjornstad )", "For millions of television viewers Raymond Burr was the quintessential lawyer, whose name became synonymous with American jurisprudence. However, his private life was as enigmatic as the mysteries he solved on the screen. He claimed to have been married three times: to a Scottish actress named Annette Sutherland, who died in a plane crash; to Adrina Laura Morgan, who died of cancer; and to Isabella Ward. In 1947, Burr did in fact wed Ward, while both were drama students at the Pasadena Playhouse (the marriage was annulled three months later). On the other hand, there is little documentation of the other two marriages, and their legitimacy remains questionable.", "After 1940, a Gardner work would never again appear on the big screen, though Perry Mason was to achieve immortality on TVs as they became ubiquitous in American homes. Perry Mason, which had some success as a radio show on CBS, moved to television in a one-hour format on 1957 and was a smash hit. The series ran until actor Raymond Burr , the definitive small-screen attorney, tired of the role in 1966. The TV series was revived in 1989 as made-for-TV movies, starting with \"The Case of Too Many Murders\" (1989), written by Thomas Chastain .", "Raymond Burr Dies; Played Perry Mason : Actor: He portrayed a crusading defense attorney in the popular TV series. He was also known for his role in the movie 'Rear Window.' - latimes", "Perry Mason based on a fictional defense attorney \"Perry Mason\" played by the actor Raymond Burr and his faithful secretary, \"Della Street\" . Series ran from 1957 till 1966.", "Burr eventually found his niche in television when author Erle Stanley Gardner handpicked him to play the fictional defense attorney Perry Mason. From 1957-66, Burr starred in the title role of the courtroom drama. Despite initial unfavorable reviews, audiences hailed the show, and it quickly gained a loyal following of viewers. The CBS series ran for nine seasons, during which Burr earned two Best Actor Emmy Awards. In 1967, he created his second signature title role with another successful TV drama, Ironside (1967-75), in which he played a paraplegic detective.", "A benefactor of legal education, Burr was principal speaker at the founders banquet of the Thomas M. Cooley Law School in Lansing, Michigan, in June 1973. The Raymond Burr Award for Excellence in Criminal Law was established in his honor. ", "In World War Two, Burr served in the Navy. When in Okinawa, he was shot in the stomach and sent home. Soon after this, in 1946, Burr made his film debut in San Quentin. From there, he went on to act in more than 90 films before landing the role of defense attorney \"Perry Mason\" (1957) in the series of the same name. Then, in 1993, after a battle with cancer that dated back to his days on \"Perry Mason\", Burr died on 12 September 1993 at his ranch home.", "In 1782 Burr was admitted to the New York state bar, and his law practice in New York City soon flourished. In 1784 and 1785 he was elected to the state assembly, and in 1789 he was appointed attorney general by Gov. George Clinton . By 1791 he had built a successful political coalition against Gen. Philip Schuyler , father-in-law of Alexander Hamilton (then secretary of the treasury), and won election to the United States Senate , incurring the enmity of Hamilton. Burr failed to win reelection in 1797 and spent the next two years in state politics.", "Raymond Burr, born on May 21, 1917, in New Westminister, British Columbia, Canada, a city near Vancouver. He was the eldest of three children born to Minerva and William Burr. His father ran a hardware store in town; his mother played the organ in church and in movie houses. When Ray was just a baby, his father became a trade agent and traveled to China, taking his family with him. But upon returning to Canada, he and his wife separated. From the age of six, Ray was raised by his mother and his grandparents, who ran a hotel in Vallejo, California. Here he attended the San Rafael Military Academy, aspiring to be a naval officer.", "In 1956, Burr auditioned for the role of District Attorney Hamilton Burger in Perry Mason, a new CBS-TV courtroom drama based on the highly successful novels by Erle Stanley Gardner. Impressed with his courtroom performance in the 1951 film A Place in the Sun, executive producer Gail Patrick Jackson told Burr he was perfect for Perry Mason, but at least 60 pounds overweight. Over the next month, Burr went on a crash diet. When he returned, he tested as Perry Mason and won the role. While Burr's test was running, Gardner reportedly stood up, pointed at the screen and said, \"That's Perry Mason.\" William Hopper also auditioned as Mason, but was instead cast as private detective Paul Drake. Also starring were Barbara Hale as Della Street, Mason's secretary; William Talman as Hamilton Burger, the district attorney who loses nearly every case to Mason; and Ray Collins as homicide detective Lieutenant Arthur Tragg.", "In the mid-1950s, Burr met Robert Benevides (born February 9, 1930, Visalia, California) a young actor and Korean War veteran, on the set of Perry Mason. According to Benevides, they became a couple around 1960. Benevides gave up acting in 1963 and later became a production consultant for 21 of the Perry Mason TV movies.Murphy, Mary. \"With Raymond Burr During His Final Battle.\" TV Guide, 25 September 1993, pp. 34–43 Together they owned and operated an orchid business and then a vineyard, in the Dry Creek Valley in California. They were partners until Burr's death in 1993. Burr left Benevides his entire estate, including \"all my jewelry, clothing, books, works of art … and other items of a personal nature.\" Benevides subsequently renamed the Dry Creek property Raymond Burr Vineyards (reportedly against Burr's wishes) and managed it as a commercial enterprise. In 2016 the property was listed for sale. ", "Raymond Burr (actor) -- Dead. Cancer. Died September 12, 1993. Born May 21, 1917. The only North American in the U.S. version of Godzilla, Perry Mason, Ironside, he toured Europe, then gave away most of his money after being diagnosed with terminal cancer   Obituary   IMDb", "What happened to Burr was a classic case of an actor being blended with a character he or she successfully plays. During his time on Perry Mason, Burr and his character gradually merged so much that when the series was recast in 1973 with Monte Markham in the title role the audience refused to accept anyone else as Mason. The Markham version was canceled after 15 unsuccessful episodes. The Burr/Mason association was so strong that Burr even received an honorary law doctorate from the McGeorge School of Law in Sacramento, California.", "Burr began as a stage actor who performed small roles in radio. His early film work was remarkable only in the sense that he rarely played anything other than the villain in such films as Raw Deal (1948). Burr even managed to play the \"heavy\" in comedies, such as the Marx Brothers' Love Happy (1949). When he was in the courtroom drama A Place in the Sun (1951) he assumed the role of the relentless District Attorney. During these movie years Burr continued to work in several radio series such as Pat Novak for Hire (1949) and Dragnet (1949-1950). In 1954 he confirmed his villainous persona with his appearance as the menacing wife-killer Lars Thorwald in Alfred Hitchcock's Rear Window (1954).", "Only when he returned to the role of Mason in the Made-for-Television Movie Perry Mason Returns (1985) was he able to renew his success in American television. He also reprised his role as Chief Ironside in The Return of Ironside in 1993. The original cast returned for what was planned to be a new series of Made-for-Television Movies, but only the first movie was completed. Burr finally succumbed to cancer on 12 September 1993.", "Burr is a puzzling figure in history. He has often been portrayed as a scoundrel, a political manipulator, and a notorious womanizer.", "Longtime companion of Robert Benevides . Benevides was a young actor Burr met on the set of the original Perry Mason (1957) television series. He was 13 years Raymond's junior. He had a small role in the sci-fi film The Monster That Challenged the World (1957), billed as Bob Benevedes.", "At the time of Perry Mason's popularity Burr was one of the highest paid actors in series television, commanding a yearly salary of $1 million. Yet he was well known for his philanthropy. Between television production seasons he would take the time to journey to Vietnam on his own--not to perform but to meet and visit with those serving on the front lines. Burr was comfortable with self-depreciating humor and appeared in numerous television send-ups of his own career and characters on shows such as The Jack Benny Show and The Red Skelton Show.", "According to the reference work Current Biography, Mr. Burr was married three times. His first wife, Annette Sutherland, an Englishwoman, was killed in 1943 when the plane in which she was traveling was shot down by the Germans. His second marriage, to Isabella Ward, ended in divorce, and his third wife, Laura Andrina Morgan, died of cancer in 1955. His only child, Michael Evan, by his first marriage, died of leukemia in 1953.", "For his work in the TV series Perry Mason, Burr received the Emmy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role (Continuing Character) in a Dramatic Series at the 11th Primetime Emmy Awards in 1959. Nominated again in 1960, he received his second Emmy Award for Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Series (Lead) at the 13th Primetime Emmy Awards in 1961. ", "Burr was reportedly married at the beginning of World War II to a British actress named Annette Sutherland —killed, Burr said, in the same 1943 plane crash that claimed the life of actor Leslie Howard. However, multiple sources have reported that no one by that name appears on any of the published passenger manifests from the flight. A son supposedly born during this marriage, Michael Evan, was said to have died of leukemia in 1953 at the age of ten. Another marriage purportedly took place in the early 1950s to a Laura Andrina Morgan—who died of cancer, Burr said, in 1955. Yet no evidence exists of either marriage, nor of a son's birth, other than Burr's own claims. As late as 1991, Burr stood by the account of his son's life and death; he told Parade magazine that when he realized Michael was dying, he took him on a one-year tour of the United States. \"Before my boy left, before his time was gone,\" he said, \"I wanted him to see the beauty of his country and its people.\" After Burr's death, his publicist confirmed that Burr worked in Hollywood throughout the year that he was supposedly touring with his son.", "Lawyer-turned-author Erle Stanley Gardner began writing stories for pulp magazines in 1923. He created Perry Mason, his most successful fictional character, in 1933, with the novel The Case of the Velvet Claws, which also introduced secretary Della Street and investigator Paul Drake, his loyal team in what would eventually number more than 80 novels and short stories. The Case of the Howling Dog was his fourth Mason novel, serialized in Liberty Magazine in 1934 and quickly purchased by Warner Bros.", "Gardner depicts Mason as a lawyer who fights hard on behalf of his clients and who enjoys unusual, difficult or nearly-hopeless cases. He frequently accepts clients on a whim based on his curiosity about their problem, for a minimal retainer, and finances the investigation of their cases himself if necessary. In The Case of the Caretaker's Cat (1935), his principal antagonist, District Attorney Hamilton Burger, says: \"You're a better detective than you are a lawyer. When you turn your mind to the solution of a crime, you ferret out the truth.\" And in The Case of the Moth-Eaten Mink (1952), a judge who has just witnessed one of the lawyer's unusual tactics says: \"Mr. Mason...from time to time you seem to find yourself in predicaments from which you extricate yourself by unusual methods which invariably turn out to be legally sound. The Court feels you are fully capable of looking after your own as well as your clients' interests.\"", "Raymond Chandler was born in Chicago in 1888 and moved to England with his family when he was twelve. He attended Dulwich College, Alma Mater to some of the twentieth century's most renowned writers. Returning to America in 1912, he settled in California, worked in a number of jobs, and later married. It was during the Depression era that he seriously turned his hand to writing and his first published story appeared in the pulp magazine Black Mask in 1933, followed six years later by his first novel. The Big Sleep introduced the world to Philip Marlowe, the often imitated but never-bettered hard-boiled private investigator. It is in Marlowe's long shadow that every fictional detective must stand - and under the influence of Raymond Chandler's addictive prose that every crime author must write.", "The Perry Mason novels inspired retired Chief Judge Robert M. Bell of the Maryland Court of Appeals to become a lawyer. \"I used to read those growing up\", he recalled in 2012. \"I got the sense that a lawyer could do good things for folk and was important to our community. That’s what I wanted to do.\" ", "Another author who got his start writing for Black Mask was Erle Stanley Gardner , creator of the crime-solving attorney Perry Mason. First introduced in 1933 in “The Case of the Velvet Claws,” Mason tackled cases with his friend, detective Paul Drake, and his long-time secretary Della Street. In case after case, Mason went head-to-head in court with District Attorney Hamilton Burger, usually forcing a confession from the unsuspecting guilty party during their testimony on the stand.", "The movies from his books include: The Firm (1993, starring Tom Cruise ); The Pelican Brief (1993, with Julia Roberts and Denzel Washington ); The Client (1994, with Susan Sarandon ); The Chamber (1996, starring Gene Hackman ); A Time to Kill (1996, starring Sandra Bullock ); The Rainmaker (1997, starring Matt Damon ); and The Gingerbread Man (1998, from a story by Grisham)." ]

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[ "He was the first chairman of the Civil Aeronautics Authority . He also served as secretary of Commerce under President Franklin D. Roosevelt , 1939-1940. Following the Federal Communications Commission ‘s order that RCA divest itself of one of its two radio networks, he founded the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) when he purchased the Blue Network (formerly part of NBC) on October 12, 1943. [1] Noble tried valiantly to build ABC into an innovative and competitive broadcaster, but was hampered by financial problems and the pressure of competing with long-established NBC and CBS , and by 1951 was forced to enter negotiations to merge the network with United Paramount Theaters , headed by Leonard Goldenson ; Goldenson would become chairman of the ABC network, while Noble remained on the ABC board of directors for the remainder of his life.", "Edward John Noble (1882 – 1958) was an American broadcasting and candy industrialist originally from Gouverneur , New York . He co-founded the Life Savers Corporation in 1913. He founded the American Broadcasting Company when he purchased the NBC Blue Network in 1943 following the Federal Communications Commission 's (FCC) decree that RCA divest itself of one of its two radio networks.", "Edward John Noble (1882 – 1958, aged 76) was an American broadcasting and candy industrialist originally from Gouverneur, New York. He co-founded the Life Savers Corporation in 1913. He founded the American Broadcasting Company when he purchased the Blue Network in 1943 following the Federal Communications Commission's (FCC) decree that RCA divest itself of one of its two radio networks.", "With the loss of the final appeal before the United States Supreme Court, RCA sold the NBC Blue Network, Inc. to Lifesavers magnate Edward J. Noble in 1943. He renamed the company \"The Blue Network, Inc.\" but quickly realized that the name was not appropriate for a major radio network. After acquiring the rights to the name \"the American Broadcasting Company \" from broadcaster George Storer in 1946, the Blue Network, Inc. become the American Broadcasting Company. The NBC Red Network was renamed the NBC Radio Network after the Blue network was sold.", "RCA finally found a buyer in Edward Noble, owner of Life Savers candy and the Rexall drugstore chain. In order to complete the station-license transfer, Noble had to sell the New York radio station that he owned, WMCA. Also, FCC hearings were required.", "Founded on 18 October 1922 as the British Broadcasting Company Ltd, it was subsequently granted a Royal Charter and made a state-owned corporation in 1927. The corporation produces programmes and information services, broadcasting globally on television, radio, and the Internet. The stated mission of the BBC is \"to inform, educate and entertain\" (as laid down by Parliament in the BBC Charter); its motto is \"Nation Shall Speak Peace Unto Nation\".", "The National Broadcasting Company (NBC) is an American television broadcasting and cable company, including the NBC television network , the Telemundo Spanish language broadcast television network, the CNBC, MSNBC and Bravo cable channels, and a group of owned-and-operated television stations. NBC was founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of American, RCA , and is today owned by General Electric . The NBC radio network opened with 24 stations on November 15 , 1926.", "The British Broadcasting Company as the BBC was originally called was formed on 18 October 1922, by a group of leading wireless manufacturers including Marconi.  Daily broadcasting by the BBC began in Marconi’s London studio, 2LO, in the Strand, on November 14 1922. This was followed the next day by broadcasts from Birmingham and Manchester.", "The British Broadcasting Company (BBC) was set up by Western Electric, Marconi, General Electric, British Thomson-Houston, Radio Communication and Metropolitan Vickers. It received its licence for regular broadcasting of programmes of speech and music, and opened stations in London, Birmingham, Manchester and Newcastle-upon-Tyne.", "1936: The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), a publicly owned institution, sets up the world’s first electronic television system.", " The formation of the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) marks a turning point in the development of commercial radio and television, lifting it forever out of unregulated chaos and into the national scene. Founded by David Sarnoff, general manager of RCA, the new company resolves the patent disputes between members of the radio group (RCA, GE, Westinghouse, United Fruit) and AT&T, as well as the monopoly charges brought by the Federal Trade Commission. Formally established on July 7 with the signing of twelve separate documents, NBC will be owned jointly by RCA, GE and Westinghouse. It will lease AT&T's network of wires, and acquire its stations and air time. These include WEAF in New York, the core of the new network, sold to RCA for $1 million ($8 million of which is a \"good will fee\"). AT&T's desire to discontinue active programming while maintaining a lucrative position in the field is realized and, with nine affiliated stations, the first broadcasting network is born.", "In 1985, Edmonds formed the Unique Group, which now consists of various operations. The Unique Broadcasting Company Media Group plc (UBCMG) is an independent producer of audio programming in the UK, supplying BBC and independent radio. Michael Peacock was an executive of the group between 1989 and 2005, and former Radio 1 controller Johnny Beerling joined the group following his departure from the network in 1993. It owned Classic Gold Digital before selling the stations back to GCap Media who merged them into the Gold network. [29] Edmonds resigned as non-executive director of UBCMG in March 2006 as a direct result of the success of Deal or no Deal. [30] Edmonds also has interests in Unique Motor Company, a producer of small off-road vehicles. [31]", "The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is an American public broadcaster and television program distributor. Headquartered in Arlington, Virginia, PBS is an independently operated non-profit organization and is the most prominent provider of television programs to public television stations in the United States, distributing series such as Keeping Up Appearances, BBC World News, NOVA scienceNOW, NOVA, Dragon Tales, Doctor Who, PBS NewsHour, Walking with Dinosaurs, Masterpiece, Nature, American Masters, Frontline, and Antiques Roadshow.", "BBC Worldwide North America is the main commercial arm and wholly-owned subsidiary of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) operating in the U.S. and Canada. The company exists to maximize the value of the BBC’s assets for the benefit of the UK license payer and invests in public service programming in return for rights. The company operates four businesses in the territory - linear and digital content sales and co-productions, consumer products, BBC.com, and BBC Worldwide Productions, the production arm responsible for the smash hit Dancing with the Stars. The company also owns a 50.1% share in cable channel BBC AMERICA through a joint venture with AMC Networks.", "In 1985, Edmonds formed the Unique Group, which now consists of various operations. The \" Unique Broadcasting Company Media Group \" plc (UBCMG) is an independent producer of audio programming in the UK, supplying BBC and independent radio. Michael Peacock was an executive of the group between 1989 and 2005, and former Radio 1 controller Johnny Beerling joined the group following his departure from the network in 1993. It owned Classic Gold Digital before selling the stations back to GCap Media who merged them into the Gold network. [27] Edmonds resigned as non-executive director of UBCMG in March 2006 as a direct result of the success of Deal or no Deal. [28] Edmonds also has interests in Unique Motor Company, a producer of small off-road vehicles. [29]", "The Walt Disney Company (DIS) (commonly referred to as Disney) is the largest media conglomerate in the world in terms of revenue. Founded on October 16 , 1923 , by Walt and Roy Disney as the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio, Walt Disney Productions established itself as a leader in the American animation industry before diversifying into live-action film production, television, and travel. Taking on its current name in 1986 , The Walt Disney Company expanded its existing operations and also started divisions focused upon theatre, radio, publishing, and online media. In addition, it has created new divisions of the company in order to market more mature content than it typically associates with its flagship family-oriented brands.", "Disney Channel (originally called The Disney Channel from 1983 to 1997 and commonly shortened to Disney from 1997 to 2002 and stylized as Disney CHANNEL since 2002) is an American basic cable and satellite television network that serves as the flagship property of owner Disney Channels Worldwide, a unit of the Disney–ABC Television Group, itself a unit of the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company.", "A group of radio manufacturers, including radio pioneer Guglielmo Marconi, set up the British Broadcasting Company in 1922. In 1927 the company was granted a Royal Charter, becoming the British Broadcasting Corporation under John Reith. Reith's mission was improve Britain through broadcasting, and he famously instructed the corporation to 'inform, educate and entertain'.", "In December 1950, Walt Disney Productions and The Coca-Cola Company teamed up for Disney's first venture into television, the NBC television network special An Hour in Wonderland. In October 1954, the ABC network launched Disney's first regular television series, Disneyland , which would go on to become one of the longest-running primetime series of all time. Disneyland allowed Disney a platform to introduce new projects and broadcast older ones, and ABC became Disney's partner in the financing and development of Disney's next venture, located in the middle of an orange grove near Anaheim, California . It was the first phase of a long corporate relationship which, although no one could have anticipated it at the time, would culminate four decades later in the Disney company's acquisition of the ABC network, its owned and operated stations, and its numerous cable and publishing ventures.", "The UK's first licensed commercial station, LBC London Broadcasting Company, starts broadcasting on 8 October 1973 . Eight days later commercial Capital Radio starts on 557 kHz in London. The station was found by the well-know presentator Lord Richard Attenborough.", "In radio, British audiences had no choice apart from the upscale programming of the BBC, a government agency which had a monopoly on broadcasting. John Reith (1889 – 1971), an intensely moralistic engineer, was in full charge. His goal was to broadcast, \"All that is best in every department of human knowledge, endeavor and achievement.... The preservation of a high moral tone is obviously of paramount importance.\" Reith succeeded in building a high wall against an American-style free-for-all in radio in which the goal was to attract the largest audiences and thereby secure the greatest advertising revenue. There was no paid advertising on the BBC; all the revenue came from a tax on receiving sets. Highbrow audiences, however, greatly enjoyed it. At a time when American, Australian and Canadian stations were drawing huge audiences cheering for their local teams with the broadcast of baseball, rugby and hockey, the BBC emphasized service for a national, rather than a regional audience. Boat races were well covered along with tennis and horse racing, but BBC was reluctant to spend its severely limited air time on long football or cricket games, regardless of their popularity. ", "In 1967, a 26-part BBC adaptation of “The Forsyte Saga,” John Galsworthy’s book series following an upper-middle-class British family, premiered on American television. Stanford Calderwood, president of the Boston PBS station WGBH, loved the idea of regularly putting classic dramas on TV, and asked the BBC about a deal to allow his station to play more such British-produced shows. Talks went on, but money, as it so often is, was the problem. Calderwood explored several ideas for the show’s format and funding, and eventually found himself standing before Herb Schmertz of Mobil (later ExxonMobil).", "American media baron. Owns a number of TV stations (including the STAR-TV), publishing concerns and also a movie company.", "WGBH president Stanford Calderwood originated Masterpiece Theatre with a trip to England in 1970. Shortly after setting up the series and laying the groundwork for Mystery! and Nova he was forced to leave his job. Today he heads Trinity Investments in Boston where he manages over $8 billion for his clients. You can find him right now and thank him for his bright idea by clicking here. Calderwood's legacy remains in the voice of his hire -- original line producer Christopher Sarson, who still gives the on-air credit to Mobil (he left the program because of his opposition to inclusion of Upstairs, Downstairs ).", "In 1958 Nat decided to move on to a new TV series. His idea was to revive a successful radio series he had some years before called The Magnificent Montague. Sir Cedric Hardwicke was cast in the lead role and the pilot episode was well received enough to indicate that Nat had another winner on his hands. But following the filming of two more episodes CBS decided not to pick up a full series.", "Frost was one of the “famous five” who launched TV-am during the early 1980s, but the only one to survive the debacle when the other four were axed in March 1983. “He’s competent, he’s professional and he has the best address book in the world” enthused Bruce Gyngell, who took over as managing director. “ He’s always on the up, he’ll greet you positively and say: ‘Hello Sunshine, how are you going? Lovely to see you.’ He’s quite irresistible.”", "Robert Edward \"Ted\" Turner III (born November 19, 1938) is an American media mogul and philanthropist. As a businessman, he is known as founder of the Cable News Network (CNN), the first 24-hour cable news channel. In addition, he founded WTBS, which pioneered the superstation concept in cable television.", "Edmonds set up the Unique Group, in the mid Eighties as a media and entertainment company. It owned the intellectual property rights to Mr Blobby and the quiz show Telly Addicts.", "Broadcasting from New York, the series premiered at 2:30pm, October 14, 1934, on the NBC Blue Network. The host was fictional producer, Douglass Garrick (portrayed by John Anthony). Doris Dagmar played Peggy Winthrop, who delivered the Lux commercials. Each show featured a scripted session with Garrick talking to the lead actors. Anthony appeared as Garrick from the premiere 1934 episode until June 30, 1935. Garrick was portrayed by Albert Hayes from July 29, 1935 to May 25, 1936, when the show moved to the West Coast.", "Mark Saber [USA title The Vise] Dec 1955-June 1957 (ABC); 18 Sep 1957-22 June 1959 (UK: ITV); 52 30-minute episodes; black and white; Creators: Executive Producers: Producers: Edward Danziger, Harry Lee Danziger; Director: Music: Starring:", "Fdtns [Lead by Robert Edward Turner III popular name: \"Ted Turner\" (he is known as Media Tycoon net worth $2.1 Billion) who is the founder of the", "Nations Fdtns [Lead by Robert Edward Turner III popular name: \"Ted Turner\" (he is known as Media Tycoon net worth $2.1 Billion) who is the founder" ]

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[ "The Jackson 5 (also spelled The Jackson Five, The Jackson 5ive, or The Jack5on Five), later known as The Jacksons, is an American popular music family group from Gary, Indiana . Founding group members Jackie , Tito , Jermaine , Marlon and Michael formed the group after performing in an early incarnation called The Jackson Brothers, which originally consisted of a trio of the three older brothers. Active from 1964 to 1989, the Jacksons played from a repertoire of R&B , soul , pop and later disco . During their six and a half-year Motown tenure, The Jackson 5 were one of the biggest pop-music phenomena of the 1970s [1] , and the band served as the launching pad for the solo careers of their lead singers Jermaine and Michael, the latter brother later transforming his early Motown solo fame into greater success as an adult artist.", "The primary members of the group were all the sons of Katherine and Joseph Jackson: Jackie Jackson , Tito Jackson , Jermaine Jackson , Marlon Jackson , Michael Jackson , and Randy Jackson . Joseph Jackson formed the band in 1964 and served as its manager, with Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, and unrelated youths Reynaud Jones and Milton Hite comprising its original lineup. Within a year, Michael and Marlon joined the band, and Michael became lead singer as the group developed a following in the eastern and midwestern United States during the mid-1960s. Signed to the Motown label from 1969 to 1975, and to CBS Records (as \" The Jacksons \") from 1975 until their disbanding in 1990, the Jackson 5 were one of the most popular groups of the era and became the first recording act to have their first four major label singles ( I Want You Back , ABC , The Love You Save , and I'll Be There ) reach the top of the American charts. Several future singles, among them \"Mama's Pearl\", \"Never Can Say Goodbye\" and \"Dancing Machine\", were Top 5 pop hits and number-one hits on the R&B singles chart. Most of the early hits were written and produced by a specialized songwriting team known as The Corporation™; later Jackson 5 hits were crafted chiefly by Hal Davis.", "The Jackson 5 (also spelled The Jackson Five or The Jackson 5ive, abbreviated as J5, and later known simply as The Jacksons ) was an American popular music quintet from Gary, Indiana. The group, active from 1964 to 1990, regularly played from a repertoire of R&B, soul, funk, and later disco. Considered \"one of the biggest phenomenons in pop music\" during the early 1970s, the Jackson 5 are also notable for launching the career of their lead singer, the late Michael Jackson .", "The Jackson 5 recorded several songs, including \"Big Boy\", for the local record label Steeltown in 1967 and signed with Motown Records in 1968.[5] Rolling Stone magazine later described the young Michael as \"a prodigy\" with \"overwhelming musical gifts\", noting that Michael \"quickly emerged as the main draw and lead singer\" after he began to dance and sing with his brothers.[16] The group set a chart record when its first four singles (\"I Want You Back\", \"ABC\", \"The Love You Save\" and \"I'll Be There\") peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100.[5] During The Jackson 5's early years, Motown's public relations team claimed that Jackson was nine years old—two years younger than he actually was—to make him appear cuter and more accessible to the mainstream audience.[17] Starting in 1972, Jackson released a total of four solo studio albums with Motown, among them Got to Be There and Ben. These were released as part of the Jackson 5 franchise, and produced successful singles such as \"Got to Be There\", \"Ben\" and a remake of Bobby Day's \"Rockin' Robin\". The group's sales began declining in 1973, and the band members chafed under Motown's strict refusal to allow them creative control or input.[18] Although the group scored several top 40 hits, including the top 5 disco single \"Dancing Machine\" and the top 20 hit \"I Am Love\", the Jackson 5 left Motown in 1975.[18]", "The Jackson 5 recorded several songs, including \"Big Boy\" (1968), their first single, for Steeltown Records, a Gary, Indiana, record label, before signing with Motown in 1969. They left Gary in 1969 and relocated to the Los Angeles area, where they continued to record music for Motown. Rolling Stone later described the young Michael as \"a prodigy\" with \"overwhelming musical gifts\" who \"quickly emerged as the main draw and lead singer.\" The group set a chart record when its first four singles—\"I Want You Back\" (1969), \"ABC\" (1970), \"The Love You Save\" (1970), and \"I'll Be There\" (1970)—peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100. In May 1971, the Jackson family moved into a large home on two-acre estate in Encino, California. During this period, Michael evolved from child performer into a teen idol. As Jackson began to emerge as a solo performer in the early 1970s, he maintained ties to the Jackson 5 and Motown. Between 1972, when his solo career began, and 1975, Michael released four solo studio albums with Motown: Got to Be There (1972), Ben (1972), Music & Me (1973), and Forever, Michael (1975). \"Got to Be There\" and \"Ben\", the title tracks from his first two solo albums, both became successful singles, as did a cover of Bobby Day's \"Rockin' Robin\". ", "The Jackson 5 recorded several songs, including \"Big Boy\", for the local record label Steeltown in 1967, before signing with Motown Records in 1968. Rolling Stone magazine later described the young Michael as \"a prodigy\" with \"overwhelming musical gifts,\" writing that he \"quickly emerged as the main draw and lead singer.\"The group set a chart record when its first four singles (\"I Want You Back\", \"ABC\", \"The Love You Save\", and \"I'll Be There\") peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100.[1] Between 1972 and 1975, Jackson released four solo studio albums with Motown, among them Got to Be There and Ben, released as part of the Jackson 5 franchise, and producing successful singles such as \"Got to Be There\", \"Ben\", and a remake of Bobby Day's \"Rockin' Robin\". The group's sales began declining in 1973, and the band members chafed under Motown's strict refusal to allow them creative control or input. Although they scored several top 40 hits, including the top 5 disco single \"Dancing Machine\" and the top 20 hit \"I Am Love\", the Jackson 5 left Motown in 1975.", "The Jackson 5 , Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon and Michael were the 5 brothers who took their motown harmonies and grooves to the top of the charts in the late 60s and 70s.  Their first single I Want You Back, reached #1 on both the pop and R&B charts, as did the next two singles ABC and The Love You Save. Although Jermaine left the group for personal reasons and Michael began releasing solo albums, the six brothers released their 1978 album Destiny and the 1984 album Victory as a group. Despite Michael’s enormously successful solo career, rivalry would not stop the brothers from regrouping  to record and release the 1989 album 2300 Jackson Street.  Michael’s death in 2009 makes a reunion of the original members of The Jackson 5 impossible, but his legend lives on as people around the world sing his karaoke songs online .", "After a bit of success locally, he added his two younger sons to the group- Marlon and Michael. The band was renamed ‘The Jackson Five’. In 1969, they signed a Motown record deal, cementing their stardom.", "Her five brothers—Jackie, Tito, Marlon, Jermaine, and Michael—signed a contract with Motown Records in 1968 and would go on to rule the charts as The Jackson Five, with such hits as \"I Want You Back,\" \"Stop, the Love You Save,\" \"ABC,\" and \"Dancing Machine.\"", "The Jackson Five's sound was influenced by many of the biggest stars of the 1960s, especially including family funk bands Sly & the Family Stone and The Isley Brothers, soul pioneer Marvin Gaye, doo-wop boy band Frankie Lymon & the Teenagers, and soul shouters like Wilson Pickett, Jackie Wilson, Stevie Wonder and James Brown . At the time of their early success, soul and funk stars, especially coming from Motown Records, were among the most popular musicians; Motown had launched the careers of dozens of the decade's biggest stars, most notably Smokey Robinson & the Miracles, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye, The Temptations, and Diana Ross & the Supremes.", "Significantly, they were the first black teen idols to appeal equally to white audiences thanks partially to the successful promotional relations skills of Motown Records CEO Berry Gordy . With their departure from Motown to CBS in 1976, The Jacksons were forced to change their name and Jermaine was replaced with younger brother Randy as Jermaine chose to stay at Motown. After two years under the Philadelphia International Records label, they signed with Epic Records and asserted control of their songwriting, production, and image, and their success continued into the 1980s with hits such as \" Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground) \", \" Lovely One \", and \" State of Shock \". Their 1989 album 2300 Jackson Street was recorded without Michael and Marlon. Michael and Marlon did appear, however, on the title track. The disappointing sales of the album led to the group being dropped by their record label at the end of the year. The group has never formally broken up, but has been dormant since then, although all five brothers performed together at two Michael Jackson tribute concerts in September 2001.", "The Jackson 5 were later described as \"a cutting-edge example of black crossover artists .\"[47] Although the group's sales began to decline in 1973, and the band members chafed under Motown's refusal to allow them creative input, they achieved several top 40 hits, including the top five single \" Dancing Machine \" (1974), before leaving Motown in 1975.[48]", "Not long afterward, the careers of both Michael and the Jackson 5 slowed, victims of shifting tastes, adolescence, and creative battles with their label. One last hit for Motown arrived in 1974 -- \"Dancing Machine,\" a single that brought the group in line with the disco explosion -- before the group departed Motown for Epic in 1975. With the new label came a new name, along with a slight lineup change: Jermaine stayed at Motown to pursue a solo career and younger brother Randy took his place. Following a pair of albums produced by Philly soul mainstays Gamble & Huff , Michael emerged as the group's creative director on 1978's Destiny , co-writing their 1979 smash \"Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)\" with Randy . By that point, Michael had already made a considerable solo impression by starring as the Scarecrow in The Wiz, Sidney Lumet's 1978 musical adaptation of The Wizard of Oz. Working on the soundtrack -- a record highlighted by his duet with Diana Ross on \"Ease on Down the Road\" -- he met producer Quincy Jones , a titan of jazz and pop in the '50s and '60s who had yet to score a smash in the '70s. The pair hit it off and decided to work on Jackson 's next solo endeavor, but first the Jackson 5 released Destiny , which raised the profile of both the band and Michael himself.", "On July 23, the Jackson Five had their Motown audition, for which they performed James Brown’s then current hit \"I Got the Feelin’\". Berry Gordy was not in attendance, but the audition was videotaped and sent to him in Los Angeles. Gordy's initial reluctance to sign the group disappeared when he finally saw the boys perform. Gordy decided to sign the Jackson Five to Motown, and hosted a party at his Detroit mansion on November 25, 1968 to introduce them to the Motown staff and stars.", "Along with Michael, he was lead singer of the Jackson 5. After recording 13 albums for Motown, the group signed with CBS Records in 1976 and became the Jacksons. Their first few efforts faltered, but the 1978 album Destiny re-established their reputation and produced a top-10 single in 1979, \"Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground).\" As a solo artist, Jackie released a self-titled debut in 1973 and Be the One in 1989.", "Career: Performing and recording artist, 1963–. Vocalist with the Jackson 5, 1963-76; group signed with Motown Records, 1969; signed as solo artist with Motown, releasing debut album Got to Be There, 1972; appeared in film The Wiz, 1978; released Epic Records debut Off the Wall, 1979; released Thriller, the best-selling album of all time, 1982; released Bad, 1987; published autobiography Moonwalk, 1988; established Heal the World foundation, 1989; released Dangerous, 1991; released History, 1995; released Blood on the Dance Floor, 1997; invested in and promoted entertainment centers and casinos with cable and casino mogul Don Barden, late 1990s.", "The Jackson 5 were the first act in recording history to have their first four major label singles (\" I Want You Back \", \" ABC \", \" The Love You Save \", and \" I'll Be There \") reach the top of the American charts . [2] Several later singles, among them \" Mama's Pearl \", \" Never Can Say Goodbye \" and \" Dancing Machine \", were Top 5 pop hits and number-one hits on the R&B singles chart . Most of the early hits were written and produced by a specialized songwriting team known as \" The Corporation \"; later Jackson 5 hits were crafted chiefly by Hal Davis , while early Jacksons hits were compiled by the team of Gamble and Huff before The Jacksons began writing and producing themselves in the late 1970s.", "The Jackson 5 was one of the first groups of black American performers to attain a crossover following, preceded by the Supremes, the Four Tops and the Temptations. Scoring 16 top forty singles on the Hot 100, after continuing with further hits such as \"Never Can Say Goodbye\" and \"Dancing Machine\", most of the group with the exception of Jermaine, left Motown for Epic Records in 1975. At that time, with brother Randy taking Jermaine's place, they released five albums between 1976 and 1981, including the hit albums, Destiny (1978) and Triumph (1980), and the hit singles, \"Enjoy Yourself\", \"Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)\" and \"Can You Feel It\". In 1983, Jermaine reunited with the band to perform on Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever and subsequently released the Victory album the following year. After the end of their tour to promote the album, Michael and Marlon Jackson promptly left the group. The remaining four released the poorly received 2300 Jackson Street album in 1989 before being dropped from their label.", "As the Jackson Five became Motown's main marketing focus, the label capitalized on the group's youth appeal, licensing dozens of products, including the J5 heart logo located on Johnny Jackson's drum set, the group's album covers, stickers, posters and coloring books, as well as a board game and a Saturday morning cartoon series produced by Rankin/Bass. In view of their lack of covers on otherwise predominantly white teen-oriented magazines including Tiger Beat and Seventeen, a black publication, Right On!, began in 1971 and initially focused heavily on the Jackson 5, with at least one of the five members adorning a single cover between January 1972 and April 1974. In addition, the Jackson 5 appeared in several television specials including Diana Ross' 1971 special, Diana!. Later that September, they starred on their first of two Motown-oriented television specials, Goin' Back to Indiana; their second, The Jackson 5 Show, debuted in November of the following year. During the Vietnam War period, the group was often joined by Bob Hope on USO-benefited performances to support military troops.", "Motown began negotiations to buy out the Jackson Five's Steeltown contract, completing the deal in March 1969. By the summer, Bobby Taylor began producing the group's first recordings at Motown's Hitsville U.S.A. recording studio in Detroit. The early Taylor-produced Jackson Five records were all covers of both contemporary hits and Motown-standards, including Sly & the Family Stone's \"Stand!\" and their famous rendition of The Miracles' \"Who's Lovin' You\", written by Smokey Robinson.", "While performing a week-long run of shows at the Regal Theater as the opening act for Bobby Taylor & the Vancouvers, an impressed Taylor sent the Jacksons to Detroit to help with their Motown audition, which was set for July 23 at Motown's headquarters on Woodward Avenue. Following the taped audition, which was sent to CEO Berry Gordy's office in Hollywood, Gordy originally turned them down again, since he had Stevie Wonder in his spotlight, but later changed his mind, and had requested the group to be signed, with final negotiations completed by early 1969, leading to the group to be signed on March 11. Following initial recordings at Detroit's Hitsville USA studio, Berry Gordy sent the Jacksons to Hollywood in July, hiring Suzanne de Passe to become a mentor of the brothers.", "\"Jacksonmania\" swept the nation, and within a year of their debut The Jackson 5 were among the biggest names in popular music. The group essentially replaced The Supremes as Motown's main marketing focus, and, capitalizing upon the youth-oriented appeal of the Jackson brothers, Motown licensed dozens of Jackson 5-related juvenile products, including the now famous J5 Heart logo which appears on Johnny Jacksons drum kit and many of The Jackson 5's album covers, stickers , sewable patches, posters, and coloring books . A new teen magazine aimed at African-American youth, Right On! , began publication in 1971, and focused heavily on The Jackson 5; at least one Jackson adorned the cover of every issue published between January 1972 and April 1974. Animation producers Rankin/Bass produced The Jackson 5ive , a Saturday morning cartoon that debuted on September 11, 1971 and ran for two seasons on ABC . The Jackson 5 starred in two of their own television specials , Goin' Back to Indiana (aired September 16, 1971) and The Jackson 5 Show (aired November 5, 1972).", "Despite Jackson's individual achievements and the group's great success, there was trouble brewing behind the scenes. Tensions mounted between Gordy and Joseph Jackson over the management of his children's careers, with the Jacksons wanting more creative control over their material. The group officially severed ties with Motown in 1976, though Jermaine Jackson remained with the label to pursue his solo career.", "The Jackson 5 had a number of admirers in their early days, including Sam & Dave , who helped the group secure a spot in the famous Amateur Night competition at the Apollo Theater in Harlem . The group won the August 13, 1967, competition during the Amateur Night showdown at the Apollo, impressing Motown Records artist Gladys Knight . Knight recommended the group to Motown chief Berry Gordy , but Gordy, who already had teenager Stevie Wonder on his roster, was hesitant to take on another child act because of the child labor laws and other problems involved.", "The Jackson Five had a number of admirers in their early days, including Sam & Dave, who helped the group secure a spot in the famous Amateur Night competition at the Apollo Theater in Harlem. The group won the August 13, 1967 competition during the Amateur Night showdown at the Apollo, impressing Motown Records artist Gladys Knight of The Pips. Knight recommended the group to Motown chief Berry Gordy, but Gordy, who already had teenager Stevie Wonder on his roster, was hesitant to take on another child act because of the child labor laws and other problems involved.", "Michael and his brothers moved to Los Angeles, where they lived with Gordy and with  Diana Ross  of the Supremes as they got settled. The Jackson 5 was introduced to the music industry at a special event in August 1969, and the group later opened for the Supremes. Their first album, Diana Ross Presents the Jackson 5, hit the charts in December 1969, with its single, \"I Want You Back,\" reaching No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart shortly afterward. More chart-topping singles quickly followed, such as \"ABC,\" \"The Love You Save\" and \"I'll Be There.\"", "After the songwriting trio Holland–Dozier–Holland left the label in 1967 over royalty-payment disputes, Norman Whitfield became the company's top producer, turning out hits for The Temptations, Marvin Gaye, Gladys Knight & the Pips and Rare Earth. In the meantime Berry Gordy established Motown Productions, a television subsidiary which produced TV specials for the Motown artists, including TCB, with Diana Ross & the Supremes and the Temptations, Diana! with Diana Ross, and Goin' Back to Indiana with the Jackson 5 . The company loosened its production rules, allowing some of its longtime artists the opportunity to write and produce more of their own material. This resulted in the recordings of successful and critically acclaimed albums such as Marvin Gaye 's What's Going On (1971) and Let's Get it On (1973), and Stevie Wonder 's Music of My Mind (1972), Talking Book (1972), and Innervisions (1973).", "In January 1970, \"I Want You Back\" topped the Billboard Hot 100. Led by the Corporation, the Jackson 5 released two more number-one singles, \"ABC\" and \"The Love You Save\". A fourth single, \"I'll Be There\", co-written and produced by Willie Hutch, became the band's fourth number-one single, making them the first recording act to have their first four singles reach the top of the Hot 100. All four singles were almost as popular in other countries as they were in the United States. Releasing a succession of four albums in one year, the Jackson 5 replaced The Supremes as Motown's best-selling group. They continued their success with singles such as \"Mama's Pearl\", \"Never Can Say Goodbye\" and \"Sugar Daddy\", giving them a total of seven top ten singles within a two-year period.", "Motown has owned or distributed releases from more than 45 subsidiaries in varying genres, although it is most famous for its releases in the music genres of rhythm and blues , soul, hip hop and pop. Motown Records left Detroit for Los Angeles in 1972, and remained an independent company until June 28 , 1988 , when Gordy sold the company to MCA . Now headquartered in New York City , Motown Records is a subsidiary of The Universal Motown/Universal Republic Group , itself a subsidiary of Universal Music Group .", "Two 1970 smash LPs on one CD! Bonus track: CD debut of Oh, I've Been Bless'd from the first LP sessions! Gary, Indiana, brothers the Jackson 5 scored pop and R&B No. 1's with their first four singles for Motown, three of which are collected here. The mythical claim that Diana Ross discovered the Jacksons might have helped gain attention, but their talent clearly spoke for itself. A quartet of writer-producers, including company head Berry Gordy, devised a sound that melded the new funk with smooth soul. \"I Want You Back,\" \"ABC,\" and \"The Love You Save\" were influenced by Sly and the Family Stone while proving their own new, terrific thing. Both kids and adults embraced it: that 11-year-old Michael was a precocious talent amid a strong group dynamic made the 5 undeniable.", "Following the events of the Detroit Riots of 1967, in addition to the losses of songwriters Eddie Holland, Lamont Dozier , and Brian Holland (who left the label due to dissatisfaction with their success and level of pay the same year), Gordy relocated Motown to Los Angeles in 1972, and there it remained an independent company until June 28, 1988. It was on this date that Gordy called it quits in the music industry, having been drawn into the Hollywood lifestyle after releasing two movies starring Diana Ross : Mahogany and the Billie Holiday Biopic Lady Sings the Blues. The company was then sold to MCA . Motown was later sold to PolyGram in 1994, before being sold again to MCA Records' successor, Universal Music Group , when it acquired PolyGram in 1999.", "Motown suffered with the loss of artists and songwriters, and it fell into a two-year funk while Gordy struggled to find replacements. He found renewed life with a new band, the Jackson 5, who submitted to Gordy’s “polishing” process in Los Angeles. After a year of preparation, the Jackson 5 released “I Want You Back,” featuring the powerful and dynamic vocals of the youngest member of the family, Michael Jackson. Gordy realized that Michael had the strongest fan appeal, and during the time that the Jackson 5 continued to turn out the hits, Gordy groomed Michael for a solo career." ]

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[ "-Franklin Delano Roosevelt had three vice presidents (John Nance Garner, Henry Wallace, and Harry Truman) during his long tenure in the White House. No one else has had more than two.", "Franklin Delano Roosevelt (Democratic) was the thirty-second President of the United States from 1933-1945. FDR was elected to four consecutive terms as president. His Vice Presidents were: James N. Gardner (1933-1941), George A. Wallace (1941-1945) and Harry S. Truman (1945). FDR died in office April 12, 1945, after being elected to his forth term. His fifth cousin, Teddy Roosevelt was the twenty-sixth President of the United States.", "Although four Vice Presidents before Roosevelt had succeeded to the presidency upon the death of their predecessor, Roosevelt, in 1904, became the first to be elected in his own right or even win his party's nomination for reelection. After Roosevelt, three more Vice Presidents who succeeded to the Presidency would be elected to full terms (Calvin Coolidge, Harry Truman, and Lyndon Johnson). (George H. W. Bush was also elected in his own right but not as the result of his predecessor's death.)", "Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945) is inaugurated as the 32nd President of the U.S., and John Garner (1868-1967) is inaugurated as the nation's 32nd Vice President.", "Franklin Roosevelt was elected not to three terms, but to four terms as president.  He died a few months into his fourth term in 1945, and was succeeded by his Vice President, Harry Truman.", "Franklin D. Roosevelt was the only U.S. president to be elected four times. He led the United States through the Great Depression and World War II.", "Franklin D. Roosevelt is sworn in for his first term in 1933. He won four presidential elections and served in office until his death in 1945. The 22nd Amendment, ratified in 1951, ensured that he would be the last US president to serve more than two terms.", "Born on January 30, 1882, in Hyde Park, New York, Franklin D. Roosevelt was stricken with polio in 1921. He became the 32nd U.S. president in 1933, and was the only president to be elected four times. Roosevelt led the United States through the Great Depression and World War II, and greatly expanded the powers of the federal government through a series of programs and reforms known as the New Deal. Roosevelt died in Georgia in 1945.", "Franklin D. Roosevelt was in his second term as governor of New York when he was elected as the nation’s 32nd president in 1932. With the country mired in the depths of the Great Depression, Roosevelt immediately acted to restore public confidence, proclaiming a bank holiday and speaking directly to the public in a series of radio broadcasts or “fireside chats.” His ambitious slate of New Deal programs and reforms redefined the role of the federal government in the lives of Americans. Reelected by comfortable margins in 1936, 1940 and 1944, FDR led the United States from isolationism to victory over Nazi Germany and its allies in World War II. He spearheaded the successful wartime alliance between Britain, the Soviet Union and the United States and helped lay the groundwork for the post-war peace organization that would become the United Nations. The only American president in history to be elected four times, Roosevelt died in office in April 1945.", "The edition in 1965–present, the composition is copper 91.67% nickel 8.33%. The edge is 118 reeds. The observe side is Franklin D. Roosevelt. Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945), commonly known by his initials FDR, was the 32nd President of the United States (1933–1945). He served for 12 years and four terms, and was the only president ever to serve more than eight years. He was a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century, leading the United States during a time of worldwide economic depression and total war. A dominant leader of the Democratic Party, he built a New Deal Coalition that realigned American politics after 1932, as his New Deal domestic policies defined American liberalism for the middle third of the 20th century.", "In 1940 President Franklin D. Roosevelt won an unprecedented third term by a margin of nearly 5 million: 27,244,160 popular votes to Republican Wendell L. Willkie’s 22,305,198. The president carried the electoral college, 449 to 82. The new vice president was Secretary of Agriculture Henry A. Wallace, chosen by the Democrats to replace the two-term vice president John Nance Garner who no longer agreed with Roosevelt about anything. Charles A. McNary was the Republican candidate for vice president.", "F.D. Roosevelt - Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 - April 12, 1945), He was the 32nd President of the United States. Elected to four terms in office, he served from 1933 to 1945, and is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms of office. In August 1921, while the Roosevelts were vacationing at Campobello Island, New Brunswick, Roosevelt contracted an illness, at the time believed to be polio, (Debatable See: www.ehdp.com/out/jmb_2003_v11_p232-240.pdf), which resulted in Roosevelt's total and permanent paralysis from the waist down. FDR sought out innumerable cures including electric currents, ultraviolet light, massage, mineral baths - whatever might improve his atrophied legs. He also consulted a number of other physicians and therapists in a vain effort to revitalize his muscles.", "On this day in 1940, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who first took office in 1933 as America’s 32nd president, is nominated for an unprecedentedthird term. Roosevelt, a Democrat, would eventually be elected to a record four terms in office, the only U.S. president to serve more than two terms.", "- US Vice President Harry S Truman becomes the 33rd President upon the death of Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1945.             � Copyright 2005 Roger W Hancock", "Roosevelt was elected to president for four terms. This is two more terms than any other president.", "In fact, most vice presidents have served for less time than that. There have been 46 vice presidents in U.S. history including current office holder Dick Cheney. Only seven have served two complete terms: John Adams, Daniel Tompkins, Thomas Marshall, John Nance Garner, Richard Nixon, George H.W. Bush and Al Gore. Cheney is set to become the eighth member of that select group in January 2009.", "In 1944 Roosevelt, who was running for an unprecedented fourth term, replaced Vice President Henry A. Wallace with Truman. After his reelection Roosevelt had little to do with his new vice president; before his death on April 12, 1945, he met only twice with Truman.", "Franklin Roosevelt was admitted to the bar in 1907 and practiced law before running for the New York State Senate. In 1913, he was appointed Assistant Secretary of the Navy. He then ran for Vice President with James M. Cox in 1920 against Warren Harding . When defeated he went back to practicing law. He was elected Governor of New York from 1929-33.", "Republican Herbert Hoover was the 31st president of the United States, serving from 1929 to 1933. He lost a campaign for re-election in 1932 to Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt , who went on to serve three full terms.", "32nd vice president of the United States (1933–41) in the Democratic administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. He maintained his conservatism despite his prominent position in Roosevelt’s New Deal administration. Garner was the son of farmers John Nance Garner III and Sarah Guest. After playing semiprofessional baseball and dropping out of...", "Franklin Roosevelt was first elected to the presidency in 1932 in the midst of the Depression. He was re-elected in 1936 and, in 1940, became the first U.S. president to be elected to a third term. The United States entered World War II the next year, and President Roosevelt went on to win an unprecedented fourth term in 1944. He died on April 12, 1945, and Harry Truman assumed the office of president.", "Harry S. Truman ( May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972 ) was the thirty-third President of the United States (1945–1953). As vice president, he succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt , who died less than three months after he began his fourth term.", "For much of its existence, the office of vice president was seen as little more than a minor position. Adams, the first vice president, was the first of many who found the job frustrating and stupefying, writing to his wife Abigail that \"My country has in its wisdom contrived for me the most insignificant office that ever the invention of man contrived or his imagination conceived.\" Many vice presidents lamented the lack of meaningful work in their role. John Nance Garner, who served as vice president from 1933 to 1941 under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, claimed that the vice presidency \"isn't worth a pitcher of warm piss.\" Harry Truman, who also served as vice president under Roosevelt, said that the office was as \"useful as a cow's fifth teat.\" ", "Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr., (born Leslie Lynch King Jr. on July 14 , 1913 ) was the 38th (1974–1977) President of the United States . Ford also served as the 40th (1973–1974) Vice President . He was the first person appointed to the Vice-Presidency under the terms of the 25th Amendment , and upon succession to the presidency became the first (and to date, only) president in U.S. history to fill that office without having been elected either President or Vice-President. He is also the longest-lived United States president ever, having surpassed Ronald Reagan 's record on November 12, 2006.", "Gerald Rudolph “Jerry” Ford, Jr. (born Leslie Lynch King, Jr.; July 14, 1913 – December 26, 2006) was the 38th President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977, and prior to this, was the 40th Vice President of the United States serving from 1973 to 1974. He was the first person appointed to the Vice Presidency under the terms of the 25th Amendment, after Spiro Agnew had resigned. When he became President upon Richard Nixon’s resignation on August 9, 1974, he became the first and to date only person to have served as both Vice President and President of the United States without being elected by the Electoral College. Before ascending to the Vice Presidency, Ford served nearly 25 years as the Representative from Michigan’s 5th congressional district, eight of them as the Republican Minority Leader.", "Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr. (July 14, 1913 – December 26, 2006) was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977, and the fortieth Vice President of the United States serving from 1973 to 1974. He was the first person appointed to the vice-presidency under the terms of the 25th Amendment, and became President upon Richard Nixon's resignation on August 9, 1974. Ford was the fifth U.S. President never to have been elected to that position, and the only one never to have won any national election. Currently, he is also the longest-lived president in U.S. history, living to age 93.", "Franklin D. Roosevelt took office as US President and stayed in office until his death in 1945", "*According to author Edward J. Renehan, Jr., no less than five members of the extended Roosevelt clan served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy: Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin Roosevelt, Theodore Roosevelt Jr. who served from 1921 through 1924 under Harding and Coolidge, Theodore Douglas Robinson (the son of Corinne Roosevelt) who served from 1924 through 1929 under Coolidge, and finally Henry Latrobe Roosevelt, a descendant of Robert Fulton's old friend \"Steamboat Nicholas\" Roosevelt, who served from 1933 through 1936 under FDR. ", "ATTRIBUTION: Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882–1945), U.S. president. FDR Speaks authorized edition of speeches, 1933-1945 (recordings of Franklin Roosevelt’s public addresses), side 4, address at Bonneville Dam (Sept. 28, 1937), ed. Henry Steele Commager, Introduction by Eleanor Roosevelt, Washington Records, Inc. (1960).", "Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr. (July 14, 1913 – December 26, 2006) was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977, and the fortieth Vice President of the United States serving from 1973 to 1974. He was the first person appointed to the vice presidency under", "A, J, B, C, G, T, C, V, J, T, D, F, K, B, H, J.  Vice Presidents.", "Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the thirty-seventh President of the United States (1969–1974) and the only American president to resign from that office. He was also Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961." ]

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[ "\"The car collection wasn't self-supporting,\" Gene Evans, marketing director of the William F. Harrah Automobile Museum, said Friday. The museum is situated in Sparks, Nev., just east of Reno. In three previous sales of cars from the collection, Harrah's, now a subsidiary of Memphis, Tenn.-based Holiday, has grossed about $40 million, Evans said.", "The taxpayer, plaintiff Harrah's Club of Reno, operates hotels and gambling casinos in Reno, Nevada. To attract patrons, taxpayer maintains a museum of antique automobiles and other vehicles, known as Harrah's Automobile Collection (HAC). Approximately 1,000 antique vehicles are exhibited, many of them restored to original or near original condition. HAC employs 150 people, and is housed in a 10-acre complex which includes showrooms, restoration workshops and an extensive research library for use in restoration planning.", "The remaining nine Ghia Turbines were dispersed to museums around the country. Chrysler Corporation retained three of the coupes, number 50, number 42, and number 47. The Harrah Collection in Reno, Nevada, got car number 31 which has since passed through the Domino Collection to Frank Kleptz, the only turbine car now in private hands [this may have changed]. Car number 11 is in the National Museum of Transportation at St. Louis, car number 25 is in Detroit at the Detroit Historical Collection on Woodward Avenue, car number 34 resides in the Henry Ford Museum at Dearborn, and car number 44 at the Natural History Museum in Los Angeles. The last car, number 45, resides at the Smithsonian in Washington, D.C.", "The Ford Motor Company (commonly referred to simply as Ford) is an American multinational automaker headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16, 1903. The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand. Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer, Troller, and Australian performance car manufacturer FPV. In the past it has also produced tractors and automotive components. Ford owns a 2.1% stake in Mazda of Japan, an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom, and a 49% stake in Jiangling of China. It also has a number of joint-ventures, one in China (Changan Ford Mazda), one in Taiwan (Ford Lio Ho), one in Thailand (AutoAlliance Thailand), one in Turkey (Ford Otosan), and one in Russia (Ford Sollers). It is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family, although they have minority ownership. ", "In the end, all these efforts fell apart. But a nonprofit organization was formed, and this eventually led to the construction of the museum. Holiday Inns donated 175 Harrah cars and Harrah's vast research library to the group. Private donations brought in another 60 cars. The museum opened in downtown Reno in 1989. As to the bulk of the original Harrah collection, the cars were sold off in three colorful auctions in the mid-1980s.", "The MGM Grand Las Vegas is a hotel casino located on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada. The MGM Grand is the second largest hotel in the world by number of rooms and the largest hotel resort complex in the United States, ahead of The Venetian. When it opened in 1993, the MGM Grand was the largest hotel in the world. Owned and operated by MGM Resorts International, the 30-floor main building is 293 ft high. The property includes five outdoor pools, rivers, and waterfalls that cover 6.6 acres, a 380,000 sq ft convention center, the MGM Grand Garden Arena, and the Grand Spa. It also houses numerous shops and night clubs, restaurants, the Grand Garden Arena and the largest casino in Clark County, which occupies 171,500 sq ft. Located on the Tropicana - Las Vegas Boulevard intersection, pedestrians are not allowed to cross at street level. Instead, the MGM Grand is linked by overhead pedestrian bridges to its neighboring casinos: to the south across Tropicana Avenue, the Tropicana, and to the west across the Strip, the New York-New York.", "MOTORXXMUSIUM_1039 There are four authentic street scenes, representing each quarter of the 20th century, with facades, autos, artifacts and sounds from each era. One side of each street contains building facades and the other side a timeline of events and achievements chronicling the history and progress of the automobile. A jeep Wagoner powered by a Ferrari engine is one of the 230 cars on display at Bill Harrah�s National Automobile Museum in Reno are housed in what has to be called a spectacular building just a few blocks from his famous hotel-casino Harrah�s on Virginia Street in downtown Reno. AUGUST 3, 2006. RENO. By Lance Iversen/San Francisco Chronicle less", "Jerraris, Ferraris. There are many other cars worth seeing in the museum, which came about after Harrah died and his vast collection became the subject of huge controversy in the rarefied world of collector cars. Harrah had cobbled together some 1,450 cars that were in a collection of warehouses in nearby Sparks. The collection was open to the public and became known as the world's largest assemblage of collector cars. After Harrah died, Holiday Inns acquired the Harrah's casino and hotel empire.", "In the summer of 1981, after Holiday Inns said it was going to put the entire collection up for sale, there was a big brouhaha in Nevada over the possible loss of the collection. Nevada's then-Gov. Robert List even entered the fray, trying to stall the sale, possibly by getting the state's congressional delegation to enact some kind of car-saving legislation. At one point, Bay Area venture capitalist Thomas Perkins headed a group interested in acquiring the collection.", "In February 1980, Holiday Inns acquired Harrah's, Inc. for $300 million. Liquidation of Harrah's collection of almost 7,000 antique automobiles reportedly returned the full purchase price of the company to Holiday Inn. Holiday Inn at the time had interests in two casinos: the under-construction Holiday Inn Marina Casino in Atlantic City, and a 40 percent stake in the Holiday Casino, adjacent to the Holiday Inn hotel on the Las Vegas Strip.", "In the film Reality Bites (set in Houston, Texas), some of the characters are seen drinking 7-Eleven Slurpees -- at the time of the film's release, 7-Eleven does not operate their stores in the Houston, Texas metro area; the company sold its Houston-area stores to National Convenience Stores (which owns the Stop n Go brand, now part of Valero Energy Corporation) in late 1987.", "The sale is the fourth--and probably the last--of the Harrah collection. Before his death in 1978, William Fisk Harrah, founder of the casino and restaurant business that bears his name, had acquired 1,800 classic autos--a collection believed at one time to be the largest in the world. When Holiday Corp. bought Harrah's in 1980, the car collection was included.", "Antique and Collectible Autos Inc. 35 Dole Street Buffalo, NY 14210 (800) 245-1310 (716) 823-0007 www.acautos.com Manufactures Cobra 427, 41 Willys, 41 Willys Pickup, 34 Ford 3 window coupe, 32 Ford HiBoy Roadster, 34-35 Chevy 3 window coupe, 34-35 Chevy pinched nose coupe and roadster, 33 Ford Pinched Nose Coupe, 37 Ford Convertible, chopped 49-50 Mercury, and 57 Corvette kits, bodies and frames.", "For Christmas 1980, A DeLorean/American Express promotion planned to sell one hundred 24k-Carat Gold Plated DMC-12s for $85,000 each to its gold card members, but only two were sold. One of these was purchased by Roger Mize, president of Snyder National Bank in Snyder, Texas. VIN #4301 sat in the bank lobby for over 20 years before being loaned to the Petersen Automotive Museum of Los Angeles. It has a black interior, and an automatic transmission. ", "Twenty plus dealers in 8,000 sq. ft. of unique antiques and collectibles, including 50s and 60s mid-century modern, furniture and loads of Florida art plus a courtyard full of patio stuff. Open 10-5, Closed Sunday Plenty of parking on 10th Street", "19th HOLE | JUNE 15 - 21 | 5 - 8 pm Special golf cart display, complimentary beverage and commemorative gift 2702 East D Street, Tacoma, WA 98421 | 253.779.8490 | americascarmuseum.org", "YesterDave’s Auto Museum 10601 Montgomery Boulevard NE Albuquerque, New Mexico 505-293-0033 Inspired by the legendary Carroll Shelby, creator of the Cobra, the Ford Cobra Mustang, and the Dodge Viper, the museum is home to many celebrity and collector automobiles, from John Lennon’s Rolls Royce and Elvis Presley’s Mercedes Lime to Carroll Shelby’s team race car.", "During the 1990s, Campbell’s leadership decided its collection needed better care than they were able to provide. They found a willing partner in Winterthur, the lavish museum of American decorative arts located on the du Pont estate in Delaware. Winterthur already housed an impressive collection of nearly 100,000 art objects, and in 1997 added the 300-piece Campbell donation to a specially designed gallery. The collection is one of Winterthur’s most popular attractions.", "Wanderone owned various limousines throughout his career. He once toured the country in a colorful Lincoln limo, with his extended moniker painted along the side panels in translucent paint, changing colors as it moved with the reflections from the sun: \"Minnesota Fats, King of Pool\". His 1980 Cadillac Fleetwood limo was later in the Nashville auto museum, until the facility closed.", "The Las Vegas Car Museum on Las Vegas Boulevard features exotic cars from the 1920s to the 1980s. Go online, select a desired date and arrival time, and buy your museum access ticket. For an extra fee, you can arrange to test drive one of these speed-loving vehicles.", "And the stamp comes in ways subtle -- and not so subtle. To me, the most obvious and whimsical example of Harrah, the legendary casino tycoon who died in 1978 at age 67, is the Jerrari -- a combination Ferrari and Jeep Wagoneer. It's on display in a corridor between some of the museum's galleries.", "2012 BUICK VERANO 4 cyl, red, good condition, leather, only 7000 miles, 1301 Sixth Avenue, Sidney, $23,500. (937)622-5747 Auto Classic /Antiques 1928 Model A Ford, 2 door Sedan, all original. runs & drives, $7000, (937)658-1946", "Harrah’s Resort, 777 Harrah’s Blvd. 4415402. sammyds.com. Open 24 hours. Retro coffee shop with wines by the glass, half bottle or bottle, specialty cocktails. Happy hour daily.", "Kohl and Middleton decided there was an opening in Chicago for a dime museum, so they formed a co-partnership and Middleton went on to Chicago to find a location, which he found at 150 West Madison Street, just east of Halstead. It was an instantaneous success, and operated there many years. The next year they opened a Dime Museum at 150 Clark Street, which was also very successful.", "Nelson's Garage Car Museum, 629 Main Street (Located in the Celebrity Hotel & Casino), ☎ +1-(605)-578-1909, [5] . This museum has collected some of the world's most recognized automobiles such as the jeep from TV's M*A*S*H, Magnum P.I.'s Ferrari and James Bond's Aston Martin. Free admission.   edit", "The Mossman Collection is located in Stockwood Park and exhibits original vehicles from the 18th Century through to the 20th Century. It is the largest and most significant vehicle collection of its kind in the country.", "Hwy 10 at Lincoln, by AOK Engines (218) 575-2765 Mon-Sat: 10-5 • Sun: Noon-4 STORE CLOSING! LAST DAY: Sunday, May 24th", "One of the better-mounted of the increasingly numerous Mother Road museums. In 2015 the \"Route 66 Electric Vehicle Museum\" was added to the building.", "A tribute to the Cadillac Ranch was featured in the Walt Disney and Pixar film Cars. The fictional town of Radiator Springs sits at the edge of an area referenced on a map as the \"Cadillac Range\", and throughout the movie, rock formations shaped like the upended cars can be seen as a horizon backdrop. General Motors is eying to launch Cadillac in the Indian market soon, as per a statement given by a top company official \"We are looking at introducing our premium brand, Cadillac over the next couple of years.\"", "RICE LAKE - 54868 SIREN - 54872 Siren Antiques Collectibles & Gifts 24530 State Road 35/70 (715) 349-7573 OPEN DAILY: 10am - 5pm The coffee’s on... we’re waiting for you!", "The “Umbrellas of Harbert” event features a display of original, hand-painted 9 ft. market umbrellas designed by various artists displayed along Red Arrow Hwy. throughout the summer. Every third Saturday in August, the umbrellas are sold at a charity auction which takes place at the Center of the World Showroom located at 13400 Red Arrow Hwy. beginning at 5:00pm. The event features live music, wine tasting and hors d’oeuvres. Guests have the opportunity to bid on their favorite umbrella. At the end of the evening the silent auction results are revealed, and the top bidders redeem their purchase.", "The car in the foreground on the back of a $10 bill is a 1925 Huptmobile." ]

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[ "Gene Autry's horse was Champion known as \"The Wonder Horse of the West.\" Champion was a sorrel gelding with a white blaze and white stockings. There were several Champions that served as stand-ins for some appearances.", "Champion was the horse of American cowboy singer/actor Gene Autry. From 1955-1956 Champion was the star of a CBS children's show called \"The Adventures Of Champion\". This show starred Barry Curtis as 12 year old Ricky North, who was always getting into serious scrapes and being rescued by his Wonder Horse, Champion, and his faithful German shepherd dog called Rebel.", "Gene Autry’s horse was named Champion… It’s said Autry was encouraged to go into show business by Will Rogers … While Autry was away flying planes during the war, Roy Rogers took over as Hollywood’s top singing cowboy… Some sources say his birth name was Orvon Grover Autry, but the Autry Center says it was Orvon Gene Autry… Gene’s sidekicks in his movies were Smiley Burnett and Pat Buttram.", "From 1940 to 1956, Autry had a huge hit with a weekly radio show on CBS, Gene Autry's Melody Ranch, and his horse, Champion, also had a radio-TV series The Adventures of Champion.", "Champion the Wonder Horse, was the onscreen companion of the singing cowboy Gene Autry. Originally belonging to Tom Mix, Autry likely purchased Champion after working with him in The Phantom Empire series. Several horses bore the name Champion; the first died while Autry was serving in the Army Air Force during World War II.", "Champion the Wonder Horse was the on-screen companion of singing cowboy Gene Autry in 79 films between 1935 and 1952, and 91 television episodes of The Gene Autry Show between 1950 and 1955. In addition, Champion starred in 26 episodes of his own television series The Adventures of Champion in 1955 and 1956. Throughout these years, Autry used three horses to portray \"Champion\": the original Champion who appeared in Autry films from 1935 to 1942, Champion Jr. who appeared in Autry films from 1946 to 1950, and Television Champion, who appeared in Autry's films from 1950 to 1953, and in the television series during the 1950s. Several other \"Champion\" horses were used as stunt doubles and for personal appearances throughout the years.", "There were three official Champions that appeared in Gene Autry films. The original Champion was a dark sorrel with a blaze face and white stockings on all his legs except the right front. The original Champion first appeared on screen with Autry in Melody Trail (1935) and went on to co-star in 51 additional Autry films. The horse was previously owned by Tom Mix and was used during the filming of The Phantom Empire series; he was one of several horses that Autry rode in that production. After learning about the horse through stunt man and movie horse wrangler Tracey Layne, Autry paid $75 for the original Champion, whose sire was a Morgan trotting horse from Ardmore, Oklahoma. Trained to perform numerous tricks, Champion could untie knots, fall, roll over and play dead, come at Autry's whistle, bow, and shake his head yes and no. In one film he pushes Autry into the arms of his leading lady June Storey. By 1939 his reported worth was $25,000. The original Champion died in 1943, at the age of 17, from apparent heart attack while Gene was in the army. He was buried at Melody Ranch by Autry's horse trainer John Agee, who had previously worked for 14 years for Tom Mix.", "Above is Gene and TV Champion. This was the last of Gene's three main horses and was used in the feature films of the 1950s and THE GENE AUTRY SHOW and THE ADVENTURES OF CHAMPION television programs.", "Gene Autry Astride His Famous Horse Champion on Bent Front Knees, Touching Head to Floor, on Stage", "Gene Autry was a very smart businessman. As early as 1942 he had a string of rodeo stock so he became a partner in the World Championship Rodeo Company which furnished livestock for many of the country's major rodeos. In 1954 he acquired Montana's top bucking string, moved it to a 24,000 acre ranch in Colorado and continued to provide livestock for most of the major rodeos in Texas, Colorado, Montana, and Nebraska. For his work as a livestock contractor, Gene Autry was inducted into the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Associations ProRodeo Hall of Fame in 1979.", "Some of the honors bestowed upon Gene Autry include induction into the Western Performers Hall of Fame at the National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City, OK in 1972. He was also a life member of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, Burbank Lodge #1497. His autobiography, \"Back in the Saddle Again\", was published in 1976 and CMT ranked him #38 in their \"40 Greatest Men of Country Music\" in 2003. In 2007 he became a charter member of the Gennett Records Walk of Fame in Richmond, IN. In 1978 Johnny Cash recorded a song called \"Who is Gene Autry\", and Gene autographed Johnny's famous black Martin D-35 guitar. He was inducted into the Radio Hall of Fame in 2003 and in 2004 the Starz Entertainment Corporation (working with the Gene Autry estate) restored all of his films which can now be seen regularly on Starz's Encore Western Channel on cable TV.", "In 1952, Autry bought the old Monogram Ranch in Placerita Canyon (Newhall-Santa Clarita, California,) and renamed it Melody Ranch. Numerous \"B\" Westerns and TV shows were shot there during Autry's ownership, including the initial years of Gunsmoke with James Arness. The world mourned when the legendary cowboy passed away in 1998.", "Orvon Grover Autry (September 29, 1907 – October 2, 1998), better known as Gene Autry, was an American performer who gained fame as a singing cowboy on the radio, in movies, and on television for more than three decades beginning in the early 1930s. Aut...", "Gene Autry, through a multi-faceted career spanning more than 50 years in entertainment, won two Grammy Hall of Fame awards and five stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame (one each for radio, music, film, television and live theatrical performances), as well as induction into the Country Music Hall of Fame.  In total, Autry completed 93 movies, starred in 91 television productions and wrote hundreds of songs including well-known hits “Tumbling Tumbleweeds,” “Here Comes Santa Claus,” “You Are My Sunshine,” “Frosty the Snowman” and “Back in the Saddle Again.”", "Gene was born in Texas but grew up in Oklahoma, working on the family ranch. He left high school early and went to work as a telegrapher for the St. Louis-San Francisco Railway. While working there, Will Rogers heard him singing and playing the guitar and encouraged Gene to sing professionally. With that confidence he auditioned for RCA Victor around 1928 and spent several years recording music and singing on various radio shows. In 1932 he had his first hit song, \"That Silver Haired Daddy of Mine\", which he sang as a duet with Jimmy Long. He followed that up with \"Back in the Saddle Again\" and a lot of Christmas songs including \"Santa Claus is Coming to Town\", \"Frosty the Snowman\" and his biggest hit ever, \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\". Over his career, Gene Autry made 640 recordings and he wrote, or co-wrote 300 of those. His records sold more than 100 million copies and he has more than a dozen gold and platinum records, including the first record ever certified gold.", "In the Motion Picture Herald Top Ten Money-Making Western Stars poll, Autry was listed every year from 1936 to 1942 and 1946 to 1954 (he was serving in the AAF 1943–45), holding first place 1937 to 1942, and second place (after Roy Rogers) 1947 to 1954. He appeared in the similar Box Office poll from 1936 to 1955, holding first place from 1936 to 1942 and second place (after Rogers) from 1943 to 1952. While these two polls are really an indication only of the popularity of series stars, Autry also appeared in the Top Ten Money Makers Poll of all films from 1940 to 1942, His Gene Autry Flying \"A\" Ranch Rodeo show debuted in 1940. ", "More than 50 years after the last Gene Autry western, he is better known to later generations as a singer. His remastered vintage recordings of \"Here Comes Santa Claus\" and \"Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer\" remain very popular holiday standards into the 21st century.", "\"They¹d have one party, over at Bob Hope¹s. Every year they would do that. The last time they did it, the cowboy singer, the millionaire, Gene Autry, he came in with his wife, Jackie. We all sat at the same table outside, on the patio. I couldn¹t believe I was sitting across from Gene Autry. I said, 'You know, one of my very favorite songs that you recorded was 'The One Rose.' He says, 'Oh yeah, I liked that one.' Well, he started singing and he sang the whole song, right there.\"", "From 1934 to 1953, Autry appeared in 93 films and 91 episodes of The Gene Autry Show television series. During the 1930s and 1940s, he personified the straight-shooting hero—honest, brave, and true—and profoundly touched the lives of millions of Americans. Autry was also one of the most important figures in the history of country music, considered the second major influential artist of the genre's development after Jimmie Rodgers. His singing cowboy movies were the first vehicle to carry country music to a national audience. In addition to his signature song, \"Back in the Saddle Again\", Autry is still remembered for his Christmas holiday songs, \"Here Comes Santa Claus\", which he wrote, \"Frosty the Snowman\", and his biggest hit, \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\".", "Included for many years on Forbes magazine's list of the 400 richest Americans, he slipped to their \"near miss\" category in 1995 with an estimated net worth of $320 million. Gene Autry died of lymphoma at age 91 at his home in Studio City, California and is interred in the Forest Lawn, Hollywood Hills Cemetery in Los Angeles, California. His death on October 2, 1998 came less than three months after the death of another celebrated cowboy of the silver screen, radio, and TV, Roy Rogers.", "As in Gene Autry. The singing cowboy from Texas starred in almost a hundred movie westerns. But from 1940 to 1956, the Autry was host of a national radio show: \"Melody Ranch.\" In later years, Autry left his mark in Southern California broadcasting, owning KMPC, KTLA, and the Angels baseball team.", "In 1972, he was inducted into the Western Performers Hall of Fame at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Autry was a life member of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, Burbank Lodge No. 1497. His 1976 autobiography, co-written by Mickey Herskowitz, was titled Back in the Saddle Again after his 1939 hit and signature tune. He is also featured year after year, on radio and \"shopping mall music\" at the holiday season, by his recording of \"Rudolph, the Red-Nosed Reindeer.\" \"Rudolph\" became the first #1 hit of the 1950s. CMT in 2003 ranked him #38 in CMT's 40 Greatest Men of Country Music.", "On January 1st, 1942, the small town of Berwyn (Carter County, Oklahoma) changed its name and became 'Gene Autry'.", "Gene Autry died of lymphoma at age 91 at his home in Studio City, California and is interred in the Forest Lawn, Hollywood Hills Cemetery in Los Angeles, California. His death on October 2, 1998 came nearly three months after the death of another celebrated cowboy of the silver screen, radio, and TV, Roy Rogers.", "Autry also recorded many âhillbillyâ-style records in 1930 and 1931 in New York City, which were certainly different in style and content from his later recordings. These were much closer in style to the Prairie Ramblers or Dick Justice, and included the âDo Right Daddy Bluesâ and âBlack Bottom Bluesâ, both similar to âDeep Elem Bluesâ. These late-Prohibition era songs deal with bootlegging, corrupt police, and women whose occupation was certainly vice. These recordings are generally not heard today, but are available on European import labels, such as JSP Records.", "Autry went on to become a Country Music Association Hall of Famer, own Golden West Broadcasting and the California Angels baseball team. And he is the only person to have five Hollywood Walk of Fame stars (film, radio, TV, stage, records). He died October 2, 1998.", "Autry retired from show business in 1964, having made almost 100 films up to 1955 and over 600 records. He was elected to the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1969 and to the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1970. After retiring, he invested widely and in real estate, radio, and television. He also invested in ownership of the KOOL-TV CBS-affiliate in Phoenix, Arizona, which created local shows such as the weekly bilingual children's show Ninos Contentos. He also purchased the rights from the dying Republic Pictures for films he had made for the company.", "Orvon Grover Autry was born September 29, 1907 near Tioga in Grayson County in north Texas, the grandson of a Methodist preacher. His parents, Delbert Autry and Elnora Ozment, moved in the 1920s to Ravia in Johnston County in southern Oklahoma. He worked on his father's ranch while at school. After leaving high school in 1925, Autry worked as a telegrapher for the St. Louis–San Francisco Railway. His talent at singing and playing guitar led to performing at local dances.", "Autry made 640 recordings, including more than 300 songs written or co-written by himself. His records sold more than 100 million copies and he has more than a dozen gold and platinum records, including the first record ever certified gold.", "Autry made 640 recordings, including more than 300 songs written or co-written by him. His records sold more than 100 million copies and he has more than a dozen gold and platinum records, including the first record ever certified gold.", "Autry signed a recording deal with Columbia Records in 1929. He worked in Chicago on the WLS-AM radio show National Barn Dance for four years, and with his own show, where he met singer-songwriter Smiley Burnette. In his early recording career, Autry covered various genres, including a labor song, \"The Death of Mother Jones\", in 1931.", "He signed a recording deal with Columbia Records in 1929. He worked in Chicago, Illinois, on the WLS (AM) radio show National Barn Dance for four years with his own show where he met singer/songwriter Smiley Burnette. In his early recording career Autry covered various genres, including a labor song, \"The Death of Mother Jones\" in 1931." ]

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[ "The City of Pittsburgh has long been known as the City of the Champions with our popular sports teams: the Steelers, the Pirates, and the Penguins.", "Heinz Field is a football stadium located in the North Shore neighborhood, just across the Allegheny River from downtown Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It is the home stadium facility of the Pittsburgh Steelers NFL franchise and the University of Pittsburgh Panthers college football team. The stadium sits on approximately 12.4 acres (50,000 m2) of land and has a seating capacity of 64,450, including approximately 6,600 club seats and a capacity of approximately 1,500 in 127 suites[1]. It was built with a mixture of private and public funds to replace Three Rivers Stadium. Three Rivers was also the home of the Pittsburgh Pirates baseball team; they moved into PNC Park before Three Rivers was demolished. One purpose of building the new facilities was to provide each team with a dedicated building rather than a single shared-use stadium. Heinz Field and PNC Park were built opposite each other across the Three Rivers site, which is now a parking lot serving both stadiums and the site of several office building developments. The stadium sits directly across from \"The Point\" which is the confluence of the Allegheny and the Monongahela Rivers to form the Ohio River.", "The Steelers are the oldest franchise in the AFC and the 7th-oldest franchise in the NFL. The team was founded as the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1933 by Art Rooney, taking its original name from the baseball team of the same name, then switched to Steelers in 1940 to better represent the city's steel industry. The ownership of the Steelers has remained within the Rooney family since its founding. The current owner is Art's son, Dan Rooney, who has given much control of the franchise to his son Art Rooney II.", "Pittsburgh may be known for steel, but its sports franchises are know for championships. Pittsburgh teams have won multiple championships in all three of the major sports the city competes in. While the Pittsburgh Pirates have been perennial basement dwellers for over 20 years now, (never finishing above .500 since 1992), the team has won 5 MLB championships, its last coming in 1979. On the ice, the Pittsburgh Penguins have had some great teams and some awful teams, but they’ve also had some of the most talented players ever to play hockey help them win their three Stanley Cup titles. Mario Lemieux and Sidney Crosby in particular are synonymous with the Penguins and their success. As if not to be out done, the Pittsburgh Steelers are the NFL’s most decorated team with a total of six Super Bowl titles, making the ‘Steel City’ a force in pro sports.", "The Pittsburgh Steelers of the NFL first took to the field as the Pittsburgh Pirates on September 20, 1933, taking its original name from the National League baseball team of the same name, as was common practice for NFL teams to do at the time. Prior to the 1940 season, owner Art Rooney Sr. changed the team name to Steelers to more properly represent the city’s dominant steel industry.", "Despite having some notable fans including former part-owner Bing Crosby, Michael Keaton and Regis Philbin,[http://www.wtae.com/r/23211796/detail.html Regis Philbin Pulling For Pirates To End Pitiful Streak – Pittsburgh News Story – WTAE Pittsburgh] the Pirates are considered by most to be a distant third in Pittsburgh behind the Pittsburgh Steelers and Pittsburgh Penguins in popularity among Pittsburgh's three major professional sports teams. Many surveys have backed up this finding as well. However, due to their long history in Pittsburgh dating back to the 1882 season, the team has retained a strong loyal following in the Pittsburgh region.", "Pittsburgh’s football team shared the same nickname as the city’s baseball team, the Pirates, from 1933 to 1940. Before the 1940 season, owner Art Rooney held a rename-the-team contest. A change couldn’t hurt, as Pittsburgh had failed to post a winning season in its first 7 years. Joe Santoni, who worked in a mill for Pittsburgh Steel, was one of several fans who suggested Steelers. Santoni received a pair of season tickets, which he would renew every year until his death in 2003.", "In 2001, the Steelers moved into Heinz Field. The franchise dating back to 1933 has had several homes. For thirty-one seasons, the Steelers shared Forbes Field with the Pittsburgh Pirates from 1933 to 1963. In 1958, though they started splitting their home games with the football only Pitt Stadium three blocks away at the University of Pittsburgh. From 1964 to 1969, the Steelers played exclusively at the on campus facility before moving with the Pirates to Three Rivers Stadium on the city's Northside. Three Rivers is remembered fondly by the Steeler Nation as where Chuck Noll and Dan Rooney turned the franchise into a powerhouse, winning four Super Bowls in just six seasons and making the playoffs 11 times in 13 seasons from 1972 to 1984, the AFC title game seven times. Since 2001 however a new generation of Steeler greats has made Heinz Field legendary with multiple AFC Championship Games being hosted and two Super Bowl championships.", "The fifth-oldest franchise in the NFL, the Steelers were founded as the Pittsburgh Pirates on July 8, 1933, by Art Rooney. The ownership of the Steelers has remained within the Rooney family since its founding. The current owner is Art’s son, Dan Rooney, who has given much control of the franchise to his son Art Rooney II.", "*Pittsburgh Pirates (now Pittsburgh Steelers), previously the Rooneys of the Western Pennsylvania Senior Independent Football Conference, join the league", "The city's most popular team is the NFL's Pittsburgh Steelers, named after the distribution company the Pittsburgh Steeling company established in 1927. News of the team has preempted news of elections and other events and are more than a sports team to the region and its diaspora. The Steelers have been owned by the Rooney family since the team's founding in 1933, show consistency in coaching (only three coaches since the 1960s all with the same basic philosophy) and are noted as one of sports' most respectable franchises. The Steelers have a long waiting list for season tickets, and have sold out every home game since 1972. The team won four Super Bowls in a six-year span in the 1970s, a fifth Super Bowl in 2006, and a league record sixth Super Bowl in 2009. Since the AFL-NFL merger in 1970 they have qualified for the most NFL playoff berths (28) and have played in (15) and hosted (11) the most NFL conference championship games.", "Das Three Rivers Stadium war ein Stadion in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Es diente von 1970 bis 2000 als Austragungsort für die NFL-Spiele der Pittsburgh Steelers und die MLB-Spiele der Pittsburgh Pirates.Nach der Schließung des Three Rivers Stadium 2001, wurde das Stadion abgerissen und die Pirates und Steelers zogen in neu gebaute Stadien. Die Pittsburgh Steelers und die Pittsburgh Panthers spielten ab 2001 im neu erbauten Heinz Field. Die Pittsburgh Pirates zogen in den PNC Park.", "Pittsburgh, Forbes Field: Pirates and Steelers, 1933-63. The Steelers then played at Pitt Stadium, before rejoining the Buccos at...", "In the late 1970s, the Steelers became the first NFL dynasty of the post-merger era by winning four Super Bowls (IX, X, XIII, and XIV) in six years. They were led by head coach Chuck Noll, the play of offensive stars Terry Bradshaw, Franco Harris, Lynn Swann, John Stallworth, and Mike Webster, and their dominant \"Steel Curtain\" defense, led by \"Mean\" Joe Greene, L.C. Greenwood, Ernie Holmes, Mel Blount, Jack Ham, and Jack Lambert. The coaches and administrators also were part of the dynasty's greatness as evidenced by the team's \"final pieces\" being part of the famous 1974 draft. The selections in that class have been considered the best by any pro franchise ever, as Pittsburgh selected four future Hall of Famers, the most for any team in any sport in a single draft. The Steelers were the first team to win three and then four Super Bowls and appeared in six AFC Championship Games during the decade, making the playoffs in eight straight seasons. Nine players and three coaches and administrators on the team have been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Pittsburgh still remains the only team to win back-to-back Super Bowls twice and four Super Bowls in a six-year period.", "The Steelers hold more Super Bowl victories than any other franchise, the Penguins enjoy the highest TV ratings for any NHL team since 2000 and the Pirates are experiencing a surge in popularity following their first winning season in 21 years.", "The Pittsburgh Steelers ' rivalry with the Raiders was extremely intense during the 1970s. The Steelers knocked the Raiders out of the playoffs in three of four consecutive seasons in the early 1970s (the first loss was the \" Immaculate Reception \" game) until the Raiders finally beat the Steelers in the 1976 AFC Championship (and went on to win Super Bowl XI). During the 1975 AFC Championship game, Raiders strong safety George Atkinson delivered a hit on Pittsburgh wide receiver Lynn Swann that gave him a concussion. When the two teams met in the 1976 season opener, Atkinson hit Swann again and gave him another concussion. After the second incident, Steelers head coach Chuck Noll referred to Atkinson as part of the \"criminal element\" in the NFL. Atkinson subsequently filed a $2 million defamation lawsuit against Noll and the Steelers, which he lost. [66] Most recently, Oakland was beaten 35-3 by Pittsburgh on November 21, 2010.", "Since 2001, the Pittsburgh Steelers have called Heinz Field their home. Before Heinz Stadium, the team played its home games at Three River Stadium, which was demolished. The new stadium seats 65,050 people and it is located in Pittsburgh’s North Shore neighborhood. 960 1280", "The team enjoys a fanbase nicknamed Steeler Nation and currently play their home games in Heinz Field on Pittsburgh’s North Side, which also hosts the University of Pittsburgh Panthers. Built in 2001, the stadium replaced Three Rivers Stadium which hosted the Steelers for 31 seasons. Prior to Three Rivers, the Steelers had played their games in Pitt Stadium and Forbes Field.", "Founded in 1933, Pittsburgh has won more Super Bowl titles (6), won more AFC Championship Games (7) and hosted more conference championship games (10) than any other AFC or NFC team. They have played in more AFC conference championship games than any other team and are tied with the Dallas Cowboys with 14 championship game appearances in either the NFC or AFC contests. The Steelers are the current National Football League champions, having won Super Bowl XLIII on February 1, 2009.", "The outfits were a tribute to the first Steelers team in 1933, when the franchise was originally known as the Pirates.", "The last time baseball mattered this much in late September, Jim Leyland was 47 and Merrill Hoge was the city's beloved starting fullback. (Brett Favre was in his first year with the Packers and Derek Jeter was in rookie ball.) Since then it's been all Steelers with some Penguins on the side. Now the Pirates are headed to the playoffs and the Steelers look lost. This town is upside down.", "There's no shortage of piracy at Pittsburgh sporting events -- just buy a beer and you'll see -- but when the Pirates began play in 1887, they started as the Pittsburgh Alleghenies. But two years later, they were caught up in a sports scandal when they stole a player, Louis Bierbauer, from the Philadelphia Athletics. The Athletics only had themselves to blame, having forgotten to put Bierbauer's name on a list of protected players, but nevertheless Philly sports boosters accused Pittsburgh of being \"piratical\" for filching their player.", "* The Pittsburgh Steelers won two consecutive Super Bowls (IX and X); the following season they were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual Super Bowl champion Oakland Raiders.", "** The Pittsburgh Steelers win their first ever post-season NFL game, defeating the Oakland Raiders 13–7, on a last second play that becomes known as The Immaculate Reception.", "After founding the Pirates in 1933, Art Rooney watched his club struggle through its first seven seasons with just 22 wins and five different head coaches. While home games were played at Forbes Field, Rooney often took his team to such cities as Johnstown, Latrobe, Youngstown, New Orleans, and Louisville in the 1930s due to competition with baseball and college football.", "In 1944, the Steelers were once again the team nickname. The colors were taken from the city's emblem. The franchise has won six NFL titles (fourth most) - all Super Bowls. The team is known as “The Team of the 1970s” due to their four Super Bowl victories and seven division titles.  ", "1970 - The Pittsburgh Pirates played their first game at Three Rivers Stadium. The Bucs had spent 61 baseball seasons at Forbes Field. Cincinnati�s Reds spoiled the housewarming for the Pirates with a 3-2 win. The game also marked the first time the Pirates wore new double-knit uniforms which became commonplace throughout both the American and National Leagues.", "Why is our baseball team called the Pittsburgh Pirates? What do Pirates have to do with Pittsburgh? ", "Pittsburgh boasts several professional teams and in 2009 the city has won the Sporting News title of \"Best Sports City\" in the United States. and Sperling's Best Places \"top 15 cities for baseball\" in 2013. College sports also have large followings with the University of Pittsburgh in football and sharing Division I basketball fans with Robert Morris and Duquesne. Nearby Penn State and West Virginia University have sizable fanbases in the city.", "Pittsburgh is a sports town. You can see it in the streets. And every fan in Pittsburgh is everyone you meet.", "Football is the most popular and tradition laden sport in the region with the nation's first professional game being played in the city on November 12, 1892, between the Allegheny Athletic Association and the Pittsburgh Athletic Club, the first pro-team in nearby Latrobe and first organized league, the NFL and their inaugural champions: the Pittsburgh Stars.", "*The Dark Knight Rises in 2012 features several Steelers players as the fictional Gotham Rogues, which was filmed in Heinz Field" ]

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[ "On March 9, 1803, Henry Dearborn, the Secretary of War, wrote to Colonel Jean Hamtramck, the commandant of Detroit, instructing him to have an officer and six men survey the route from Detroit to Chicago, and to make a preliminary investigation of the situation at Chicago. Captain John Whistler was selected as commandant of the new post, and set out with six men to complete the survey. The survey completed, on July 14, 1803, a company of troops set out to make the overland journey from Detroit to Chicago. Whistler and his family made their way to Chicago on a schooner called the Tracy. The troops reached their destination on August 17. The Tracy was anchored about half a mile offshore, unable to enter the Chicago River due to a sandbar at its mouth. Julia Whistler, the wife of Captain Whistler's son, Lieutenant William Whistler, later related that 2000 Indians gathered to see the Tracy. The troops had completed the construction of the fort by the summer of 1804; it was a log-built fort enclosed in a double stockade, with two blockhouses (see diagram above). The fort was named Fort Dearborn, after U.S. Secretary of War Henry Dearborn, who had commissioned its construction.", "Most recently, it’s been called the Fort Dearborn Battle after having been for nearly two centuries called the Fort Dearborn Massacre. Even today, 200 years after the event that cost the lives of 52 white settlers and soldiers as well as 15 Indians on August 15 at the beginning of the War of 1812, people continue to argue both about what happened and about the meaning of it.", "Following the war, a second Fort Dearborn was built (1816). This fort consisted of a double wall of wooden palisades, officer and enlisted barracks, a garden, and other buildings. The American forces garrisoned the fort until 1823, when peace with the Indians led the garrison to be deemed redundant. This temporary abandonment lasted until 1828, when it was re-garrisoned following the outbreak of war with the Winnebago Indians. In her 1856 memoir Wau Bun, Juliette Kinzie described the fort as it appeared on her arrival in Chicago in 1831:", "FORT DEARBORN - Built in 1803 by Captain John Whistler on the windswept west shore of Lake Michigan where the Chicago River empties into the lake, Fort Dearborn occupied a site today incorporated within Chicago's famous \"Loop\" section. The basic design of the fort, named for Secretary of War Henry Dearborn, was much like that of earlier forts in the East and of others erected in Illinois, such as Fort Armstrong and Fort Clark.", "The senior British officer in Upper Canada, Major General Isaac Brock, felt that he should take bold measures to calm the settler population in Canada, and to convince the aboriginals who were needed to defend the region that Britain was strong. He moved rapidly to Amherstburg near the western end of Lake Erie with reinforcements and immediately decided to attack Detroit. Hull, fearing that the British possessed superior numbers and that the Indians attached to Brock's force would commit massacres if fighting began, surrendered Detroit without a fight on August 16. Knowing of British-instigated indigenous attacks on other locations, Hull ordered the evacuation of the inhabitants of Fort Dearborn (Chicago) to Fort Wayne. After initially being granted safe passage, the inhabitants (soldiers and civilians) were attacked by Potowatomis on August 15 after travelling only 2 mi in what is known as the Battle of Fort Dearborn. The fort was subsequently burned.", "Fort Dearborn, at the mouth of the Chicago River, was built there as the westernmost outpost of the United States in 1803 on landed ceded under coercion. It was a combination of fortress and trading post in a land sparsely populated by frontiersmen and white settlers amid thousands of Indians of several tribes, many of them refugees and exiles of the Iroquois wars further east. The Potawatomi (in their own Algonquian language, Bodéwadmi, “keepers of the fire”) had lived in the region for at least 175 years when Fort Dearborn was built, having originally inhabited areas north of Lake Huron and Superior. They were closely allied with the Ojibwa and Ottawa.", "Fort Dearborn was an United States fort built in 1803 beside the Chicago River, in what is now Chicago, Illinois. It was constructed by troops under Captain John Whistler and named in honor of Henry Dearborn, then United States Secretary of War. The original fort was destroyed following the Battle of Fort Dearborn during the War of 1812, and a new fort was constructed on the same site in 1816. By 1837, the fort had been de-commissioned. Parts of the fort were lost to both the widening of the Chicago River in 1855, and a fire in 1857. The last vestiges of Fort Dearborn were destroyed in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. The site of the fort is now a Chicago Landmark, located in the Michigan–Wacker Historic District.", "The outbreak of the War of 1812 with Great Britain heightened an already tense situation as some Indians saw the war as chance to join forces with the British to push out the Americans. Concerned about the safety of the Americans at Fort Dearborn (in Chicago), where his niece was married to the fort commander, Wells quickly raised a rescue party of 30 Miami Indians who were loyal to him and the United States and headed north. When he arrived on August 13, he found the fort surrounded by hostile Indians. Wells argued for staying at the fort and making a stand until a larger force of American soldiers could arrive. But the commander insisted on evacuation.", "At the end of the French and Indian War, when the French ceded the region east of the Mississippi River, excepting New Orleans, to England, the French abandoned the fort. It was soon largely destroyed by Indians, and its ruins were left untouched by the British. In 1794 General Anthony Wayne rebuilt the fort to guard against Spanish aggression and slightly anglicized its French name to Fort Massac. During the following tumultuous score of years, the fort survived the confederated Indian uprising led by the great Tecumseh and his brother, the Shawnee Prophet, and became a popular stopover for an ever increasing number of soldiers, travelers, and prospective settlers entering the Ohio River Valley. Around the fort there developed a settlement, now the town of Metropolis.", "During the War of 1812, General William Hull ordered the evacuation of Fort Dearborn in August 1812. Heald oversaw the evacuation, but on August 15 the evacuees were ambushed along the trail by about 500 Potawatomi Indians in the Fort Dearborn Massacre. The Potawatomi captured Heald and his wife, Rebekah, and ransomed them to the British. Of the 148 soldiers, women, and children who evacuated the fort, 86 were killed in the ambush. The Potawatomi burned the fort to the ground the next day.", "On August 15, 1812, after nine relatively peaceful years, Fort Dearborn's garrison was making last-minute preparations to abandon the fort. Six days earlier Captain Nathan Heald, the post commander, had received an urgent letter from Brigadier General William Hull, commander of American forces in Michigan Territory. Hull's letter was a positive command to evacuate the fort immediately and to proceed to Fort Wayne in Indiana. The captain was informed that this necessary because there were not sufficient provisions to supply the fort.", "Except for the panhandle, which remained a no-man's-land until 1890, all of present-day Oklahoma became part of US territory with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Under the Indian Removal Act of 1830, Indian tribes from the southeastern US were resettled in what was then known as Indian Country. Although 4,000 Indians died along the \"Trail of Tears\" (from Georgia to Oklahoma) between the time of removal and the Civil War, the Five Civilized Tribes—Cherokees, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole—prospered in the new land. The eastern region that they settled, comprising not quite half of modern Oklahoma and known as Indian Territory since the early 19th century (although not formally organized under that name until 1890), offered rich soil and luxurious vegetation. White settlers also came to farm the land, but their methods depleted the soil, preparing the way for the dust bowl of the 1930s. Meanwhile, the increasing movement of people and goods between Santa Fe and New Orleans spurred further growth in the region. Military posts such as Ft. Gibson, Ft. Supply, and Ft. Towson were established between 1824 and the 1880s, with settlements growing up around them.", "    The first road westward also was a military road, designed to connect Detroit with Fort Dearborn. It followed the path of the Old Sauk Trail and is the approximate route of the present US 12. It ran westward from Detroit to Ypsilanti, then veered to the southwest, and continued through the southernmost tier of Michigan counties. The eastern portions of this road were in use by the latter 1820s, and by 1835 two stagecoaches a week operated between Detroit and Fort Dearborn. This highway, known then as the Chicago Road, became \"practically an extension of the Erie Canal and...a great axis of settlement in southern Michigan\". Another road westward was known as the Grand River Road. It generally followed the route of the present I-96 freeway, and in places is still known as \"Grand River Avenue\".  It followed an old Indian trail.", " In post-war treaties, the US government also acquired land in the western part of the territory and access rights for railroads to be built across Indian Territory. Choctaw chief, Allen Wright, suggested Oklahoma (red man, a portmanteau of the Choctaw words okla \"man\" and humma \"red\") as the name of a territory created from Indian Territory in 1890. ", "After the War of 1812, the U.S. government decided to remove Indian tribes from the settled eastern lands of the United States and move them west to the unsettled lands of Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska. In 1828, Congress reserved Oklahoma for Indians and in 1834 formally ceded it to five southeastern tribes as Indian Territory. Many Cherokees refused to abandon their homes east of the Mississippi, and so the U.S. Army moved them west in a forced march known as the “Trail of Tears.” The uprooted tribes joined Plains Indians that had long occupied the area, and Indian nations with fixed boundaries and separate governments were established in the region.", "Indian Territory later came to refer to an unorganized territory whose general borders were initially set by the Indian Intercourse Act of 1834, and was the successor to Missouri Territory after Missouri received statehood. The borders of Indian Territory were reduced in size as various Organic Acts were passed by Congress to create incorporated territories of the United States. The 1907 Oklahoma Enabling Act created the single state of Oklahoma by combining Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory, ending the existence of an Indian Territory.", "The state's name means \"Land of the Indians\", or simply \"Indian Land\". It also stems from Indiana's territorial history. On May 7, 1800, the United States Congress passed legislation to divide the Northwest Territory into two areas and named the western section the Indiana Territory. In 1816, when Congress passed an Enabling Act to begin the process of establishing statehood for Indiana, a part of this territorial land became the geographic area for the new state. ", "During the French and Indian War (1754–63), the North American front of the Seven Years' War between Britain and France, British troops gained control of the settlement in 1760. They shortened the name to Detroit. Several Native American tribes launched Pontiac's Rebellion (1763), and conducted a siege of Fort Detroit, but failed to capture it. In defeat, France ceded its territory in North America east of the Mississippi to Britain following the war.", "Tribes in the Old Northwest were far smaller and more fragmented than the Five Civilized Tribes, so the treaty and emigration process was more piecemeal. Bands of Shawnee, Ottawa, Potawatomi, Sauk, and Meskwaki (Fox) signed treaties and relocated to the Indian Territory. In 1832, a Sauk leader named Black Hawk led a band of Sauk and Fox back to their lands in Illinois. In the Black Hawk War, the U.S. Army and Illinois militia defeated Black Hawk and his warriors, resulting in the Sauk and Fox being relocated into what would become modern-day Iowa.Lewis, James. [http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/blackhawk/page2d.html \"The Black Hawk War of 1832\"] , Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, Northern Illinois University, p. 2D. Retrieved July 12, 2011.", "As general terms, Indian Territory, the Indian Territories, or Indian country describe an evolving land area set aside by the United States Government for the relocation of Indians who held aboriginal title to their land. In general, the tribes ceded land they occupied in exchange for land grants in an area purchased by the United States federal government from Napoleon, the Louisiana Purchase. The concept of an Indian Territory was an outcome of the 18th- and 19th-century policy of Indian removal. After the Civil War, the policy of the government was one of assimilation. ", "It is claimed that only Fort Lernoult survived the 1805 fire which destroyed Detroit, so presumably no parts of the original Fort Detroit remained after this time. Fort Lernoult was renamed Fort Detroit in 1805, then renamed Fort Shelby in 1813.", "In January 1813 American General William Henry Harrison set out to recapture Detroit from the British. Part of his force was defeated by British General Henry Proctor at Frenchtown on January 22nd. After this defeat, Harrison built Fort Meig as a strong point from which he could liberate Michigan and invade Upper Canada.[12] During May, Proctor and Tecumseh laid siege to the fort and American forces sent to relieve Harrison were defeated by native warriors. However, the fort held, the natives began to disperse, and Proctor and Tecumseh were forced to fall back. In July, a second attempt to subdue the fort also failed. To improve native morale, an additional attempt was made in August to storm Fort Stephenson, a small American post on the Sandusky River, but it was repulsed by the Americans with significant loss to the British and natives. This ended the Michigan campaign for the British and the natives.[13]", "Contenders seeking designation as the new capitol included Ann Arbor , Jackson , Grand Rapids , and Shiawassee Township in Shiawassee County . At one point during the debate, Marshall officials were so certain of its selection that they built a governor's mansion. After extensive debate, State Senator Joseph H. Kilbourne of Ingham County proposed that the nearly-uninhabited Lansing Township be made the seat of government. The legislature agreed, with the location north of Ann Arbor, west of Detroit, and east of Grand Rapids being deemed a suitable compromise. The legislature renamed it as the Town of Michigan, though by 1848 the original name of Lansing was restored", "Fort St. Joseph (the site of present-day Niles , Michigan) was captured on May 25, 1763, by the same method as at Sandusky. Potawatomis seized the commander and killed most of the 15-man garrison outright. [50] Fort Miami (on the site of present Fort Wayne , Indiana) was the third fort to fall. On May 27, 1763, the commander was lured out of the fort by his Native mistress and shot dead by Miami Native Americans. The nine-man garrison surrendered after the fort was surrounded. [51]", "In 1805, the US War Department sent Lt. Zebulon Pike and a detachment of troops to explore the Mississippi to its source. Pike failed to locate the source, but he concluded a treaty with a band of Dakota for two parcels of land along the river. Later, additional troops were sent in to establish US control, and in 1819, a military post was established in part of Pike's land, on a bluff overlooking the junction of the Mississippi and Minnesota rivers. First called Ft. St. Anthony, it was renamed in 1825 for Col. Josiah Snelling, who supervised the construction of the permanent fort. For three decades, Ft. Snelling served as the principal center of civilization in Minnesota and the key frontier outpost in the northwest.", "In 1819, Lewis Cass, in the Treaty of Saginaw, negotiated the prerogative for the United States to own and settle the area with the leaders of the Ojibwe. In 1820, Campau attempted to expand across to the east bank of the river but was rejected by the Chippewas. In 1822, the United States Army established a fort on the west bank of the Saginaw River and named it Fort Saginaw. Two companies were station at the fort. A group of investors purchased some land near the fort and had it platted under the name, Town of Sagana. Due to the extremely harsh seasons and illnesses, Fort Saginaw was abandoned by 1824.", "Indiana got its name from the many Indians who came here to live when their lands were taken over by white men.", "1819: The Treaty of Saginaw cedes nearly 6 million acres of Indian lands to Michigan settlers. Michigan sends a delegate to Congress.", "The settlement of Frenchtown, Michigan Territory, was incorporated as the Village of Monroe, and the newly-formed surrounding county named Monroe County, following President James Monroe 's visit to the territory in 1817. The Frenchtown name remains an important part of the region, however, due to the Battle of Frenchtown in the The War of 1812 , and the township north of the present City of Monroe is named Frenchtown.", "August 3rd, 1975 Occurred in Greenville, Ohio after the battle of Fallen Timbers. Indians handed over to “Mad Anthony” Davis the lands of Ohio, Indiana, Current area of Chicago, and Detroit.", "Finally, Joseph H. Kilbourne of Meridian Township in Ingham County proposed the Township of Lansing which was, at the time, little more than a \"hole in the woods\" and unknown to most legislators. Accepting the site as a compromise, the House and then the Senate approved the location which the legislature named the Town of Michigan.", "Numerous men from Detroit volunteered to fight for the Union during the American Civil War, including the 24th Michigan Infantry Regiment (part of the legendary Iron Brigade), which fought with distinction and suffered 82% casualties at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863. When the First Volunteer Infantry Regiment arrived to fortify Washington, DC, President Abraham Lincoln is quoted as saying \"Thank God for Michigan!\" George Armstrong Custer led the Michigan Brigade during the Civil War and called them the \"Wolverines\". " ]

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[ "William Thomas \"Bill\" Berry (born July 31, 1958) is a retired American musician and multi-instrumentalist, best known as the drummer for the alternative rock band R.E.M. In addition to his drumming duties, Berry played many other instruments including guitar, bass guitar, and piano, both for songwriting and on R.E.M. records. After 17 years with the band, Berry left the music industry to become a farmer, and has since maintained a low profile, making sporadic reunions with R.E.M. and appearing on other artists' records.", "Bill Berry Net Worth is $30 Million. Bill Berry is a Minnesota-born multi-instrumentalist with an estimated net worth of $30 million dollars. Bill Berry was the original drummer for R.E.M., performing with the group for 17 years until he decided to William \"Bill\" Thomas Berry is a retired American musician, multi-instrumentalist, best known as the drummer for the alternative rock band R.E.M. In addition to his drumming duties, Berry played many other instruments including guitar, bass guitar, and piano, both for songwriting and on R.E.M. records. After 17 years with the band, Berry retired to become a farmer, and has since maintained a low profile, making sporadic reunions with R.E.M. and appearing on other artists' records.", "Sticksman Bill Berry was born on this date in Duluth, Minnesota, one day after Kate Bush. After several years of building their own fan base, his group REM eventually made a breakthrough with the guitar-driven 'The One I Love'. Soon Georgia's finest foursome would be crossing the frontier from respected outfit to internationally acclaimed rock band. Then in 1997, Berry walked away from REM after seventeen years of distinguished service behind the drums.", "The band hadn’t toured since supporting 1988’s Green, their Warner Brothers debut. While Stipe was reluctant to mount a world tour for Monster, drummer Bill Berry was very enthusiastic — an ironic fact given the next episode in the Monster curse, which took place on March 1, 1995, when he suffered a brain aneurysm.", "1989: R.E.M. drummer Bill Berry collapses due to a bronchial infection during the group’s European tour. Four shows in Germany are canceled.", "Bill Berry Net Worth is $30 Million. Bill Berry is a Minnesota-born multi-instrumentalist with an estimated net worth of $30 million dollars. Bill Berry was the original drummer for R.E.M., performing with the group for 17 years until he decided to. William \"Bill\" Thomas Berry (...", "Berry continued to write and record in the late 1950s, including such numbers as \"Have Love, Will Travel\" (which would later become a local hit for The Sonics), but with little commercial success, and also continued as a performer. His other songs also included \"Crazy Lover\", recorded on their 1987 debut album by the Rollins Band.", "If you Google \"greatest drummers of all time,\" the list of names you'll find is pretty consistent: Buddy Rich; Neal Peart (Rush); John Bonham (Led Zeppelin); Lars Ulrich (Metallica); Keith Moon (The Who); Stephen Dale, Mark McAlister; J. Conly Brewer (sorry â I had to add my three favorites to this list!). One name you wonât see is Scot Halpin...but one could argue that there has never been a more valuable percussionist in the history of rock music. On November 20, 1973, The Who were in San Francisco for a concert promoting their latest album. The Who had met with tremendous success...but their drummer, Keith Moon, was battling an addiction to alcohol and drugs. And on that day the demons won as Moon passed out on his drum kit. As stage hands dragged the unconscious drummer away, guitarist Pete Townshend looked to the crowd and yelled, \"Can anyone play the drums?!?!?!\" Iâm sure the scene was surreal. After all, The Who were arguably to hottest band in the world at the time...and here was their gui . ...", "7. B. While the brother of Robert Cray’s drummer Kevin Hayes was guitarist in Huey Lewis & The News, the man in the drum seat from the start has been that bespectacled groover with a smile, Bill Gibson. 8. A. and B. Listen to Billy Kreutzmann and Mickey Hart’s rolling interplay during the Grateful Dead’s “Alligator” (cue @ 43:00) on Anthem Of The Sun, and discover the dual drumming and jam band concept later heard with the Allman Brothers Band.", "Drummer Tell-Alls From Bill Kreutzmann, Rick Buckler, & Dennis Bryon With the fiftieth anniversary of the Grateful Dead this year and the accompanying performances with record-setting ticket prices, the timing was perfect for founding drummer Bill Kreutzmann to deliver his official tell-all. You don’t need faded dancing bear stickers on your Volkswagen bus to enjoy Deal: My Three Decades Of Drumming, Dreams, And Drugs With The Grateful Dead (St. Martin’s Press; 400 pages hard cover). Beyond the epic jams, the Dead was at the nexus of the 1960s political and social upheavals, so anybody remotely interested in that decade could use this book as a fly -on-the-wall glimpse of that time. Music-wise the band’s innovations cannot be overstated, from its recording approach to the advent of double drumming. Surprisingly little is devoted to interactions", "Bill Bruford was the original drummer for YES from 1968-1972. Bill has performed for numerous acts since the early 1970s, including Genesis and Gong. Following his departure from YES and at various times until 1997, Bill was the drummer for progressive rock band King Crimson. He latterly moved away from progressive rock to concentrate on jazz, leading his own jazz group, Earthworks, for several years. He retired from public performance in 2009, but continues to run his two record labels and to speak about music. Bill Bruford: The Autobiography was published in early 2009.", "After releasing three studio albums and one live album in five years, each accompanied by heavy media promotion and lengthy concert tours, the band lost two of its core members to fatigue and tension in 1986. After Live Aid and Arcadia, drummer Roger Taylor retired to the English countryside, suffering from exhaustion. [25] This was originally announced as a one year sabbatical , but it soon became clear that he would not be returning to the band. An official press release was issued in April 1986 confirming his departure. In a 2004 interview with Live Daily, Roger confirmed his reasons for leaving: \"I was burned out. I think I was just exhausted. It was a very intense five years. We didn't stop. It was constant touring, constant writing, recording. We broke internationally, as well—instantly, pretty well. It's a nonstop schedule, really. I had lost myself somewhere\".", "1948 ● John Henry “Bonzo” Bonham → Original drummer for influential hard rock Led Zeppelin , “Whole Lotta Love” (#4, 1970), #1 on Rolling Stone magazine’s readers’ poll of the “best drummers of all time”, died after choking on his own vomit on 9/25/1980", "in 1990 - Charley Charles (HUGH GLENN MORTIMER CHARLES) dies at age 45. English drummer; after many sessions and years in the studios, in 1974, Radio Caroline boss Ronan O'Rahilly set up a group called The Loving Awareness Band, comprising of Charley on the drums, John Turnbull playing guitar, keyboardist Mickey Gallagher and funkie bassist Norman Watt-Roy. In 1976, The Loving Awareness Band released their only album, Loving Awareness, after which the band broke up in 1977. Charlie and Norman then joined up with Ian Dury to form the Blockheads scoring several hit singles, including \"What a Waste\", \"Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick\", which was a UK number one at the beginning of 1979, selling just short of a million copies, \"Reasons to be Cheerful, Part 3\", and the rock and roll anthem, \"Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll\". Died at London. (cancer). - Born 1945.", "In August, bass guitarist Clint Warwick who disliked touring, left the Moody Blues at the end of an American tour. As the only married band member, he quit the music business and went back to Birmingham to work as a carpenter. Clint Warwick passed away in 2004 (see the Brum Beat Clint Warwick story). He was replaced temporarily by Rod Clark (from Carter-Lewis and The Southerners) who later joined The Rockin' Berries .", "Longtime drummer Billy Hinds retired from the road in 1984. He was first succeeded by Merle Bregante (also ex-Loggins & Messina and Nitty Gritty Dirt Band) and then by Joel Rosenblatt (1985-1986) and Steve Speelman (ex-Steele) (1987-1988). Sax player Dan Clawson took over for Garth in 1985 and Gary Burr (vocals, guitars) was there from 1984 to 1985.", "1974: The Who's drummer Keith Moon collapses on stage during a concert. His drink had been spiked with horse tranquilizer.", "The original configuration of the Band ended its touring career in 1976 with an elaborate live ballroom performance featuring numerous musical celebrities. This performance was immortalized in Martin Scorsese ‘s 1978 documentary The Last Waltz . The Band recommenced touring in 1983 without guitarist Robbie Robertson, who had found success with a solo career and as a Hollywood music producer. Following a 1986 show, Richard Manuel was found dead of suicide, but the remaining three members continued to tour and record albums with a revolving door of musicians filling Manuel’s and Robertson’s respective roles, before finally settling on Richard Bell , Randy Ciarlante , and Jim Weider . Danko died of heart failure in 1999, after which the group broke up for good. Levon Helm was diagnosed with throat cancer in 1998, and after a series of treatments was able to regain use of his voice. He continued to perform and released several successful albums until he succumbed to the disease in 2012.", "August 9, 1974: Bill Chase, leader of the jazz band Chase died at the age of 39 along with keyboardist Wally Yohn, drummer Walter Clark and guitarist John Emma when their plane went down in Minnesota.", "The original line-up, formed in Houston, Texas in 1969, included Billy Gibbons, organist Lanier Greig and drummer Dan Mitchell. Greig was replaced by bassist Billy Ethridge, a band mate of Stevie Ray Vaughan, and Mitchell was replaced by Frank Beard of the American Blues. Eventually Ethridge quit the band and Dusty Hill joined", "Bill Cowsill (THE COWSILLS): lead singer for The Cowsills, died February 17, 2006 at the age of fifty eight. He had been suffering from emphysema, osteoporosis and other ailments. News", "Bill Eyden - the session drummer hired to play on Procol Harum's 1967 hit \"A Whiter Shade Of Pale\", died after a lengthy illness on October 15th, 2004 at the age of 74", "Drummer Keith moon died in 1978, and bass player John Entwistle died in 2002. The band has announced a 50th anniversary tour starting in November 2014.", "Drug addiction and internal conflict took their toll on the band, which resulted in the departures of Perry and Whitford in 1979 and 1981 respectively; Jimmy Crespo and Rick Dufay replaced them. The band did not fare well between 1980 and 1984, releasing a lone album - Rock In A Hard Place - which went gold but failed to match their previous successes.", "In the fall of 1980, Tyler was injured in a motorcycle crash that left him hospitalized for two months and unable to tour or record for much of 1981. When the band re-convened in the studio, Tyler formed a writing partnership with Crespo, co-writing and producing the album Rock in a Hard Place (1982). Brad Whitford had left in 1981, shortly after recording the guitar parts for the album's lead single, \"Lightning Strikes.\" Whitford was replaced by Rick Dufay, and the band continued to tour into 1983. Tyler's drug abuse increased. His heroin addiction was at its worst between 1979 and 1982, when he would roam the streets of New York City looking for dealers.", "On January 28, 2009, keyboardist Billy Powell died of a suspected heart attack at age 56 at his home near Jacksonville, Florida. No autopsy was carried out. Powell's death left Gary Rossington as the sole pre-crash member still in the band, unless Rickey Medlocke's brief stint with the band in the early 1970s is counted.", "2014: Drummer Bobby Gregg, who played on Bob Dylan's 'Like a Rolling Stone' and Simon and Garfunkel's hit rock version of 'The Sound of Silence,' dies at age 78 in Las Vegas from reasons unknown. Gregg would go on to play drums with Paul Simon, Peter, Paul & Mary, and John Cale. He also worked as a producer and A&R man for CBS and Epic Records.", "Billy Adamson, the band's drummer from 1970 to 1998, died in France on 11 November 2013. He was 69. ", "1987: One of the greatest jazz drummers of all time, Buddy Rich died aged 69 due to complications caused by a brain tumor.", "in 2011 - Chuck Berry cut short a concert at Congress Theater, Chicago, Illinois after collapsing on stage an hour into the show. Berry slumped over a keyboard and did not move for a couple of minutes before being helped off stage, he returned 15 minutes later only to be forced off again almost immediately. The 84 year-old later re-emerged on stage but told fans he had no strength to continue performing.", "Bill Walker led a quartet, with a guitarist, a bassist, and a trumpet player (who kept his mute in on the two sides we that were released). Walker was fleet and slick at the piano and his bandmates were solid instrumentalists. The combo's main fault was a tendency toward the herky at brigher tempos.", "* Bill Gibson (born William Scott Gibson, November 13, 1951, in Sacramento, California) – drums, percussion (1979–)" ]

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[ "Airplane, Naked Gun series, Poseidon Adventure and others (over 100 films). Nielsen enlisted in the Royal Canadian Air Force and was trained as an aerial gunner during the latter part of World War II (but was too young to be fully trained and sent overseas).", "The elder Nielsen was a troubled man who beat his wife and sons, and Leslie longed to escape. As soon as he graduated from high school at 17, he joined the Royal Canadian Air Force, even though he was legally deaf (he wore hearing aids most of his life.)", "Leslie Nielsen is a veteran of over 100 motion pictures and more than 1500 television appearances. He built a reputation portraying manly authority figures (including the Space Ship Commander in the sci-fi classic Forbidden Planet and the Captain of the ill-fated cruise ship in The Poseidon Adventure) before he turned his image inside out with a hysterically funny deadpan performance as the loopy doctor in Zucker, Abrahams and Zucker's Airplane! (1980). He continued to team with the ZAZ comedy team on the TV series Police Squad! on which he originated the role of police Lt. Frank Drebin, which he re-created in The Naked Gun, in the 1991 sequel Naked Gun 2 1/2 and again in Naked Gun 33 1/3: The Final Insult. Born in Regina, Saskatchewan, the son of a Canadian Mounted Policeman, Nielsen spent his earliest years living near the Arctic Circle, and later served as an aerial gunner in the Royal Canadian Air Force.", "This 1988 photo shows actor Leslie Nielsen as Lt. Frank Drebin in the movie \"The Naked Gun: From the Files of Police Squad!\" The Canadian-born Nielsen, who went from drama to inspired bumbling as a hapless doctor in \"Airplane!\" and the accident-prone detective Frank Drebin in \"The Naked Gun\" comedies, has died. His agent John S. Kelly said the actor died Sunday, Nov. 28, 2010, at a hospital near his home in Florida where he was being treated for pneumonia. He was 84.", "1926 – Leslie Nielsen, Canadian actor. He is well known for his roles as Frank Drebin in The Naked Gun, Dr. Rumack in “Airplane!” and most recently President Harris in the “Scary Movie” series.", "Nielsen was born in Regina, Saskatchewan. He enlisted in the Royal Canadian Air Force and later worked as a disc jockey before receiving a scholarship to study theatre at the Neighborhood Playhouse. Making his acting debut in 1948, he made more than 50 television appearances two years later. Nielsen made his film debut in 1956, with supporting roles in several drama, western, and romance films produced between the 1950s and the 1970s, with Nielsen crossing genres in both television and films.", "Leslie Nielsen, the actor best known for playing the accident-prone detective Frank Drebin in The Naked Gun comedy films, has died. He was 84.", "Leslie Nielsen portrayed Sergeant Frank Drebin, Detective Lieutenant Police Squad. Jerry Zucker explained that the name Drebin was picked blindly from the phone book. Zucker, Abrahams and Zucker had met Nielsen when working on Airplane! (1980) and felt their kind of humor matched. The team felt Nielsen would be perfect as Drebin as the character lampooned the roles Nielsen had played in television dramas such as The Bold Ones: The Protectors and S.W.A.T.. Ed Williams co-starred as lab technician Ted Olson; Williams had been a science teacher for many years and had done a little acting. Zucker, Abrahams and Zucker were amazed by his performance.", "Leslie Nielsen was born on February 11, 1926 in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. Nielsen died on November 28, 2010.", "Bob Hope, KBE , KCSG , KSS , born Leslie Townes Hope (May 29, 1903 – July 27, 2003), was an English-born American comedian, vaudevillian, actor, singer, dancer, author, and athlete who appeared on Broadway, in vaudeville , movies, television, and on the radio. He was noted for his numerous United Service Organizations (USO) shows entertaining American military personnel—he made 57 tours for the USO between 1941 and 1991. Throughout his long career, he was honored for this work. In 1997, the U.S. Congress declared him the \"first and only honorary veteran of the U.S. armed forces.\" [2]", "In Britain, in the spring of 1944, Allied forces are preparing for the D-Day invasion. Among them are Major John Reisman (Lee Marvin), an OSS officer; his commander, Regular Army Major General Sam Worden (Ernest Borgnine); and his former commander Colonel Everett Dasher Breed (Robert Ryan). Early in the film, the personalities of the three men are shown to clash and the characters of the individualistic Reisman and the domineering Breed are established. Reisman is aided by his friend, the mild-mannered Major Max Armbruster (George Kennedy).", "Shortly before the Second World War, Horne enlisted in the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve on a part-time training scheme. He was commissioned as an acting Pilot Officer , and on the outbreak of war he served in the RAF full time. [9] In between carrying out his RAF duties, Horne formed a concert party from his friends and colleagues. [10] On the strength of this he was invited by the BBC to take part in a programme for the armed forces, Ack-Ack, Beer-Beer (the title taken from the then-current phonetic alphabet ), which he compered. It eventually ran to 324 episodes. [3] Within a year, Horne was promoted to Squadron Leader , and in 1943 he was posted to the Air Ministry in London with the rank of Wing Commander . In his spare time he made more BBC broadcasts, during the course of which he met Flight Lieutenant Richard Murdoch . They quickly formed a friendship, and Horne arranged for Murdoch to be promoted and posted to his department at the Ministry. [11] Murdoch, a professional actor and entertainer for 12 years before the war, recognised Horne's talent as a performer, and used his contacts to secure him more broadcasting work. The principal result of this was their joint invention of Much-Binding-In-The-Marsh, a fictitious Royal Air Force station .", "After his role in the 1955 film Blackboard Jungle, he entered the United States Army for two years, serving overseas in Japan and Korea. His service in Korea was after the hostilities had ended. In his M*A*S*H role as Max Klinger, he can be seen wearing his actual issued set of U.S. Army dog tags.", "In 1967, during the Vietnam War, a group of new United States Marine Corps recruits arrives at Parris Island for training. After having their heads shaved, they meet their senior drill instructor, Gunnery Sergeant Hartman (R. Lee Ermey). Hartman employs draconian tactics to turn the recruits into hardened marines prepared for combat. Among the recruits are Privates “Joker” (Matthew Modine), “Cowboy” (Arliss Howard), and the overweight, bumbling Leonard Lawrence (Vincent D’Onofrio), who earns the nickname “Gomer Pyle” after attracting Hartman’s wrath.", "Leslie Nielsen passed away on November 28, 2010, less than three months away from what would haven been his 85th birthday on February 11, 2011.", "*Two of the cast members, Jamie Farr (Klinger) and Alan Alda (Hawkeye Pierce), served in the U.S. Army in Korea in the 1950s after the Korean War, Alda as a junior officer, Farr as enlisted. The dog tags Farr wears on the show are his actual dog tags. Farr served as part of a USO tour with Red Skelton. Furthermore, Wayne Rogers served as a Naval Reserve officer in the mid-1950s after the end of Korean War, and Mike Farrell (B.J. Hunnicut) served in the U.S. Marine Corps as a younger man from 1957-1960.", "Actor who served in both World War 2 & VietNam. Actor who took flying lessons at his own expense, sure U.S. would go to war, after Pearl Harbor commissioned 1/Lt. Flew as observer in B-17s on anti-sub patrol off the Atlantic coast. Promoted to Assistant Operations Officer in the 8th Bomber Command. During these difficult years of frequent separation, Jeanette constantly wore a pair of his flying wings pinned to her dress. In 1943, Gene returned to the U.S. and flew B-17s, B-25s, B-26s, and P-39s. After the war, he was released from active duty as a Major on Oct. 22, 1945. He remained in the USAF Reserve, taking jet training and flying the T-33, T-39, KC-97, KC-135, and C-141. He logged more than 5,000 hours and received his command pilot wings before his retirement from the USAF on August 13, 1968 as a Colonel", "Two of the cast members, Jamie Farr (Klinger) and Alan Alda (Hawkeye Pierce), served in the U.S. Army in Korea in the 1950s after the Korean War, Alda as a junior officer, Farr as enlisted. The dog tags Farr wears on the show are his actual dog tags. Farr served as part of a USO tour with Red Skelton. Furthermore, Wayne Rogers served as a Naval Reserve Officer in the mid-1950s after the end of Korean War, and Mike Farrell (B.J. Hunnicut) served in the U.S. Marine Corps as a younger man from 1957-1960.", "* Actor Jimmy Stewart flew B-24s as commanding officer of the 703rd Bomber Squadron, 445th Bombardment Group, out of RAF Tibenham, UK. (He was later promoted to operations officer of the 453rd BG.) From 1943 to 1944, Stewart was credited with 20 combat missions as a pilot, including one over Berlin. Stewart flew several (possibly as many as 20) additional uncredited missions, filling in for pilots as duties and space would allow. Stewart's leadership qualities were highly regarded; the men who served under him praised his coolness under fire. He entered service as a private in early 1941 and rose to the rank of colonel by 1945.", "During World War II, the bombshell also became the pin-up favorite of the armed forces, especially singer-dancer Betty Grable whose shapely legs were insured by Lloyds of London. She was such a favorite of the G.I.’s she even starred in a 1944 musical comedy called “Pin-Up Girl.”", "Hagman began his career in 1950 acting in productions at Margaret Webster's school at The Woodstock Playhouse in Woodstock, New York. That summer, during a break from his one year at Bard College, he worked in Dallas as a production assistant and acting in small roles in Margo Jones's theater company. He appeared in The Taming of the Shrew in New York City, followed by numerous tent show musicals with St. John Terrell's Music Circus in St. Petersburg, Florida, and Lambertville, New Jersey. In 1951, Hagman appeared in the London production of South Pacific with his mother, and stayed in the show for nearly a year. In 1952, during the Korean War, Hagman enlisted in the United States Air Force.", "The film depicts a unit of medical personnel stationed at a Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (MASH) during the Korean War; the subtext is about the Vietnam War. It stars Donald Sutherland, Tom Skerritt, and Elliott Gould, with Sally Kellerman, Robert Duvall, René Auberjonois, Gary Burghoff, Roger Bowen, Michael Murphy, and in his film debut, professional football player Fred Williamson.", "Fonda starred in The Return of Frank James (1940) with Gene Tierney. He then played opposite Barbara Stanwyck in Preston Sturges' The Lady Eve (1941), and again teamed with Tierney in the successful screwball comedy Rings on Her Fingers (1942). She was one of Fonda's favorite co-stars, and they appeared in three films together. He was acclaimed for his role in The Ox-Bow Incident (1943).<br /><br /> Fonda enlisted in the United States Navy to fight in World War II, saying, \"I don't want to be in a fake war in a studio.\" Previously, Stewart and he had helped raise funds for the defense of Britain. Fonda served for three years, initially as a Quartermaster 3rd Class on the destroyer. He was later commissioned as a Lieutenant Junior Grade in Air Combat Intelligence in the Central Pacific and was awarded the Navy Presidential Unit Citation and the Bronze Star. Read Less", "Fonda enlisted in the United States Navy to fight in World War II, saying, \"I don't want to be in a fake war in a studio.\" Previously, he and Stewart had helped raise funds for the defense of Britain. Fonda served for three years, initially as a Quartermaster 3rd Class on the destroyer USS Satterlee. He was later commissioned as a Lieutenant Junior Grade in Air Combat Intelligence in the Central Pacific and was awarded the Navy Presidential Unit Citation and the Bronze Star.", "Fonda enlisted in the Navy to fight in World War II, saying, \"I don't want to be in a fake war in a studio.\" Previously, he and Stewart had helped raise funds for the defense of Britain. Fonda served for three years, initially as a Quartermaster 3rd Class on thedestroyer USS Satterlee. He was later commissioned as a Lieutenant Junior Grade in Air Combat Intelligence in the Central Pacific and was awarded the Navy Presidential Unit Citation and the Bronze Star.", "A veteran of more than 150 live TV dramas, Nielsen graduated to supporting and starring roles in movies like The Poseidon Adventures and Forbidden Planet. He played many, many roles on television shows of the 50s and 60s including guest shots on The Fugitive , Peyton Place , The Wild Wild West , and the pilot of Hawaii Five-0 . Later TV appearances include those on Murder, She Wrote , Who’s the Boss , Kung Fu , M*A*S*H , Fantasy Island , and the finale of The Golden Girls .", "* 1945 – World War II: Audie Murphy in action for which he will be awarded the Medal of Honor.", "During WWII, Kaye supported the troops by performing overseas, in New York nightclubs and on Broadway. In 1944, he accepted a movie contract with Samuel Goldwyn and subsequently appeared in a string of popular Technicolor musicals, including the hit film The Secret Life of Walter Mitty. He is also starred on his own wildly popular variety show on CBS Radio from 1945 to 1946.", "Dana Andrews (January 1, 1909 – December 17, 1992) was an American film actor. He was one of Hollywood's major stars of the 1940s, and continued acting, though generally in less prestigious roles, into the 1980s. One of his best-known roles, and the one for which he received the most praise, was as war veteran Fred Derry in The Best Years of Our Lives (1946).", "During the Second World War, Crosby made numerous live appearances before American troops fighting in the European Theater. He also learned how to pronounce German from written scripts and would read propaganda broadcasts intended for the German forces. The nickname \"Der Bingle\" was common among Crosby's German listeners and came to be used by his English-speaking fans. In a poll of U.S. troops at the close of World War II, Crosby topped the list as the person who had done the most for G.I. morale, ahead of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, General Dwight Eisenhower, and Bob Hope.", "This show covers 1943 and 1944. 1943 ushered in the 4th year of World War Two with the Allies feeling that victory was within reach.  On the homefront, Hollywood provided escape with feel good musicals and a little picture called Casa Blanca.", "Character Actor Mr. Kimbell of Green Acres, saw action in Pacific at Battle of Iwo Jima" ]

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