Datasets:

juanluisdb

/

triviaqa-bge-m3-logits

like 0

[ "Burmese Days is a novel by British writer George Orwell. It was first published in the UK in 1934. It is a tale from the waning days of British colonialism, when Burma was ruled from Delhi as a part of British India – \"a portrait of the dark side of the British Raj.\" At its centre is John Flory, \"the lone and lacking individual trapped within a bigger system that is undermining the better side of human nature.\" Orwell's first novel, it describes \"corruption and imperial bigotry in a society where, \"after all, natives were natives—interesting, no doubt, but finally...an inferior people\". ", "George Orwell is the pen name of Eric Arthur Blair: essayist, novelist, literary critic, advocate and fighter for political change, and man of contradictions. Blair was born on June 25, 1903, in the Bengal region of Eastern India, which was a British territory. He was the son of Richard Walmesley Blair, a civil servant, and Ida Mabel Blair. Their only son was the middle child. He moved to England with his mother and sisters at the age of one. He displayed academic talent from a young age, so his mother took pains to ensure his attendance at a well-known boarding school called St. Cyprian’s. His family was neither poor nor wealthy, and Blair attended St. Cyprian’s on a scholarship.", "George Orwell was born Eric Arthur Blair on June 25, 1903 in Motihari in Bengal, India and later studied at Eton College for four years. He was an assistant superintendent with the Indian Imperial Police in Burma. He left that position after five years and moved to Paris, where he wrote his first two books: Burmese Days and Down and Out in Paris and London. He then moved to Spain to write but decided to join the United Workers Marxist Party Militia. After being decidedly opposed to communism, he served in the British Home Guard and with the Indian Service of the BBC during World War II. After the war, he wrote for the Observer and was literary editor for the Tribune.", "Orwell was born Eric Arthur Blair on 25 June 1903 in eastern India, the son of a British colonial civil servant. He was educated in England and, after he left Eton, joined the Indian Imperial Police in Burma, then a British colony. He resigned in 1927 and decided to become a writer. In 1928, he moved to Paris where lack of success as a writer forced him into a series of menial jobs. He described his experiences in his first book, 'Down and Out in Paris and London', published in 1933. He took the name George Orwell, shortly before its publication. This was followed by his first novel, 'Burmese Days', in 1934.", "George Orwell ( 25 June 1903  – 21 January 1950 ) was the pen name of British novelist, essayist, and journalist Eric Arthur Blair.", "Published in 1938, Homage to Catalonia contains a passionate account of Orwell's experiences during the Spanish Civil War and is one of his most noteworthy novels. In the opening pages, we find a colourful description of Barcelona that is experiencing the exceptional conditions of a revolutionary city in the hands of the workers; in the end he returns to England and recounts his arrival in London. Two cities, one at its beginning and one at its end: two good places to start our study.", "George Orwell, with an international reputation based on his two finest works, Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four, has emerged as a prominent prose stylist and perhaps the twentieth century’s most important political writer. Born Eric Arthur Blair on June 25, 1903, at Motihari in Bengal, India, he was the second child of Richard Walmesley Blair and Ida Mabel Limouzin Blair. Richard Blair, an administrator in the Opium Department of the government of India, had a singularly undistinguished career, and in 1905 his wife and two young children returned to England, where he did not permanently join them until his retirement in 1911.{$S[A]Blair, Eric Arthur;Orwell, George}", "In 1928, perhaps to erase guilt from his colonial experiences, he chose to live amongst the poor of London, and later, Paris. In Paris, he published articles in local newspapers, but his fiction was rejected. His own life finally provided the material for his first book, published in 1933. Down and Out in Paris and London, which combined fictional narrative based on his time spent in those two cities with social criticism, was his first work published as George Orwell. The pseudonym was used so his parents would not be shocked by the brutal living conditions described in the book. The next year, Orwell published Burmese Days, a novel based on his stay in Burma. Subsequent novels, including A Clergyman's Daughter, Keep the Aspidistra Flying and Coming Up for Air, all contain autobiographical references and served as vehicles for Orwell to explore his growing political convictions.", "Young George decided that he would rather travel and join a government office instead of going to university, even though he had won various scholarships for a few of his early writings. He joined the British Imperial Police and was immediately sent to Burma, where he stated later that he saw the truth behind the matter. The natives of the land despised Britain’s presence and the strife it caused didn’t appeal to Orwell as much as writing did. This experience is discussed in Orwell’s early novels, entitled, Burmese Days.", "George Orwell, under his real name of Eric Blair, served in the Indian Imperial Police, in Burma, from October 1920 to December 1927, eventually resigning while on leave in England, having attained the rank of Assistant District Superintendent at District Headquarters, first in Insein, and later at Moulmein. He wrote of how having been in contact with, in his own words, \"the dirty work of Empire at close quarters\" had affected his personal, political and social outlook. Some of the works referring to his experiences include \"A Hanging\" (1931), set in the notorious Insein Prison, and his novel Burmese Days (1934). Likewise, although he wrote that, \"I loved Burma and the Burman and have no regrets that I spent the best years of my life in the Burma police.\", in \"Shooting an Elephant\" (1936), he pointed out that \"In Moulmein in Lower Burma, I was hated by large numbers of people–the only time in my life that I have been important enough for this to happen to me.\"", "George Orwell was stationed at Mandalay for a time while working for the Indian Imperial Police in Burma, and his first novel, Burmese Days (1934), was based on his experiences in Burma. He also wrote a number of short non-fiction essays and short stories about Burma, such as \"A Hanging\" (1931) and \"Shooting an Elephant\" (1936). John Masters wrote a book about his wartime experiences in Burma called The Road Past Mandalay (1961).", "1933: On 9 January Down and Out in Paris and London (a compromise title between Blair's choice, “The Confessions of a Dishwasher,” and Gollancz's, “The Confessions of a Down and Out”) is published under Blair's pseudonym, George Orwell. In March, an untitled poem by Orwell (as Blair) on pessimism and faith appears in The Adelphi. In June, Harper publishes Down and Out in Paris and London in the United States. Two more untitled poems by Orwell (as Blair) are published in The Adelphi this year. He completes the revised manuscript of Burmese Days (1934) in December. That same month, Orwell develops pneumonia, the first of his protracted battles with lung problems, after a motorcycle ride in an icy storm; he recovers in Southwold.", "Burmese Days is, in some ways Orwell’s personal reaction to life in Burma; in some ways a counterpart to E.M. Forster’s A Passage to India, and to a degree, Orwell’s indictment of ‘Empire’ coupled with his love for Burma’s forests and people.  This is not the place for a full study of the novel but some aspects are worth mentioning for they are often passed over. They encapsulate what lies behind Orwell’s response to his time in Burma and his attitude to Empire building. The novel is sometimes too lightly dismissed as being very much inferior to Forster’s, but it is, I believe, a much more interesting and more subtle novel than it is given credit for being.", "Jeffrey Meyers, in a 1975 guide to Orwell's work, wrote of the E. M. Forster connection that, \"Burmese Days was strongly influenced by A Passage to India, which was published in 1924 when Orwell was serving in Burma. Both novels concern an Englishman's friendship with an Indian doctor, and a girl who goes out to the colonies, gets engaged and then breaks it off. Both use the Club scenes to reveal a cross-section of colonial society, and both measure the personality and value of the characters by their racial attitudes...But Burmese Days is a far more pessimistic book than A Passage to India, because official failures are not redeemed by successful personal relations.\" ", "Even in Burma, Orwell’s limited finances as well as his own inclination to solitariness led him to remain by himself, reading as usual and spending what money he could on books and subscriptions, mostly on history and politics. He wrote some poetry during his five years in Burma, but Orwell was still Eric Blair and had no pretensions toward a career as a writer until recurring bronchitis, a complaint which had appeared as early as his school days, forced his return to England in 1927. It was at this time that he resigned from the service, much to his family’s dismay, not so much for health reasons as from a distaste for the nature of his work. He could not see himself as a preserver of the British Empire. This theme would ultimately emerge in his novel Burmese Days (1934) and essays such as “Shooting an Elephant.”", "Burmese Days was several years in the writing. Orwell was drafting it in Paris during the time he spent there from 1928 to 1929. He was still working on it in 1932 at Southwold while doing up the family home in the summer holidays. By December 1933 he had typed the final version, and in 1934 he delivered it to his agent Leonard Moore for publication by Victor Gollancz, who had published his previous book. Gollancz, smarting from fears of prosecution from another author's work, turned it down because he was worried about charges of libel. Heinemann and Cape turned it down for the same reasons. After demanding alterations, Harpers were prepared to publish it in the United States, where it made its debut in 1934. In the spring of 1935, Gollancz declared that he was prepared to publish Burmese Days provided that Orwell was able to demonstrate it was not based on real people. Extensive checks were made in colonial lists that no British individuals could be confused with the characters. Many of the main European names have since been identified in the Rangoon Gazette and U Po Kyin was the name of a Burmese officer with him at the Police Training School in Mandalay. Gollancz brought out the English version on 24 June 1935. ", "Down and Out in Paris and London published by Victor Gollancz under the pen name of George Orwell (a pen name indebted to the River Orwell in East Anglia).", "1935: Gollancz publishes A Clergyman's Daughter on 11 March. That spring, Orwell meets Eileen O'Shaughnessy, a graduate student in psychology at University College, London. On 24 June, Gollancz publishes Burmese Days, with changes to the characters' names. Orwell begins a regular column of book reviews for The New English Weekly in August. That same month, he moves into an apartment with two other writers, Michael Sayers and Rayner Heppenstall, in the Camden area of north London.", "Orwell spent five formative years in his twenties in Burma, joining the Indian Imperial Police in 1922. He acquired considerable responsibilities; when posted to Twante as a subdivisional officer, he was responsible for the security of 200,000 people. His experiences would form the basis of his debut novel, Burmese Days (1934), and two key essays, A Hanging (1931), and Shooting an Elephant (1936). The latter, written from a policeman's perspective, describes conflicted attitudes – disgust at the Empire and at the native population – that many have ascribed to Orwell: ''With one part of my mind I thought of the British Raj as an unbreakable tyranny, as something clamped down, in saecula saeculorum, upon the will of prostrate peoples; with another part I thought that the greatest joy in the world would be to drive a bayonet into a Buddhist priest's guts.''", "Having returned from Burma, Orwell went to Paris in 1928, living in a working-class area there and working as, among other things, a dishwasher. This was to be the background of Down and Out in Paris and London, which is a book about poverty.", "Following in his father�s footsteps, Blair went to Burma (now Myanmar) to join the Indian Imperial Police, much like author H. H. Munro or �Saki� had done in 1893. During the next five years he grew to love the Burmese and resent the oppression of imperialism and decided to become a writer instead. Works he wrote influenced by this period of his life are his essay �A Hanging� (1931); �It is curious, but till that moment I had never realized what it means to destroy a healthy, conscious man.� and �Shooting an Elephant� (1936); �It is a serious matter to shoot a working elephant � it is comparable to destroying a huge and costly piece of machinery.�. His novel Burmese Days was first published in the United States in 1934 and then London in 1935, also based on his days in service.", "Eric A. Blair was born in Mohitari, India, in 1903 to parents in the Indian Civil Service. His education brought him to England where he would study at Eton College (\"college\" in England is roughly equivalent to a US high school). However, he was unable to win a scholarship to continue his studies at the university level. With few opportunities available, he would follow his parents' path into service for the British Empire, joining the Indian Imperial Police in 1922. He would be stationed in what is today Burma (Myanmar) until 1927 when he would quit the imperial civil service in disgust. His experiences as a policeman for the Empire would form the basis of his early writing, including the novel Burmese Days as well as the essay \"Shooting an Elephant.\" These experiences would continue to influence his world view and his writing until his death in 1950.", "From January to June 1922 he attended a cramming establishment in Southwold to prepare for his Indian Police Service exams and his career in Burma. In 1929 after eighteen months in Paris he returned to the family home at Southwold and spent most of the next five years based at Southwold. He tutored a disabled child and a family of three boys during this time and wrote reviews and developed Burmese Days. During this period he spent nearly eighteen months teaching in West London until he had a serious bout of pneumonia. His mother then insisted that he stay at home instead of carrying on teaching and he spent the time writing A Clergyman's Daughter. The novel is partly set in a fictionalised East Anglian town called \"Knype Hill\". His final visit to Southwold was in 1939.[citation needed]", "In April 1926 he moved to Moulmein, where his grandmother lived. At the end of that year, he went to Katha , where he contracted Dengue fever in 1927. He was entitled to leave in England that year, and in view of his illness, was allowed to go home in July. While on leave in England in 1927, he reappraised his life and resigned from the Indian Imperial Police with the intention of becoming a writer. His Burma police experience yielded the novel Burmese Days (1934) and the essays \" A Hanging \" (1931) and \" Shooting an Elephant \" (1936).", "In April 1926 he moved to Moulmein, where his maternal grandmother lived. At the end of that year, he was assigned to Katha in Upper Burma , where he contracted dengue fever in 1927. Entitled to a leave in England that year, he was allowed to return in July due to his illness. While on leave in England and on holiday with his family in Cornwall in September 1927, he reappraised his life. Deciding against returning to Burma, he resigned from the Indian Imperial Police to become a writer. He drew on his experiences in the Burma police for the novel Burmese Days (1934) and the essays \" A Hanging \" (1931) and \" Shooting an Elephant \" (1936).", "In July, Burmese Days was published and following Connolly's review of it in the New Statesman, the two re-established contact. In August Blair moved into a flat in Kentish Town , which he shared with Michael Sayer and Rayner Heppenstall . He was working on Keep the Aspidistra Flying, and also tried to write a serial for the News Chronicle , which was an unsuccessful venture. By October 1935 his flat-mates had moved out, and he was struggling to pay the rent on his own.", "\"Mandalay\" is a poem by Rudyard Kipling that was first published in the collection Barrack-Room Ballads, and Other Verses, the first series, published in 1892. The poem colourfully illustrates the nostalgia and longing of a soldier of the British Empire for Asia's exoticism, and generally for the countries and cultures located \"East of Suez\", as compared to the cold, damp and foggy climates and to the social disciplines and conventions of the UK and Northern Europe.", "Arthur Evelyn St. John Waugh (; 28 October 1903 – 10 April 1966) was an English writer of novels, biographies and travel books. He was also a prolific journalist and reviewer of books. His most famous works include the early satires Decline and Fall (1928) and A Handful of Dust (1934), the novel Brideshead Revisited (1945) and the Second World War trilogy Sword of Honour (1952–61). Waugh is recognised as one of the great prose stylists of the English language in the 20th century. ", "The Decline and Fall of Lloyd George was published in 1963. Favourable reviewers included Clement Attlee , Roy Jenkins , Robert Blake , Lord Longford , Sir Charles Snow , Lady Violet Bonham Carter , Richard Crossman and Denis Brogan . [29] Kenneth Young said the book was \"the finest of all his writing\". [29]", "James Clavell (10 October 1921 – 6 September 1994), born Charles Edmund Dumaresq Clavell, was an Australian-born British (later naturalized American) novelist, screenwriter, director, and World War II veteran and prisoner of war. Clavell is best known for his epic Asian Saga series of novels and their televised adaptations, along with such films as The Great Escape (1963) and To Sir, with Love (1967).", "An Indian-born novelist, poet, and travel writer, he is best known for his Alexandria Quartet, which includes the novels Justine (1957), Balthazar (1958), Mountolive (1958), and Clea (1960). Between 1931 and 1980, he also published nearly a dozen poetry collections, such as A Private Country (1943) and Cities, Plains and People (1946).", "The London-born author died in Spain where he had a home in the coastal town of Llafranc." ]

[ 8.3828125, 7.5, 7.37109375, 6.81640625, 5.98046875, 5.0703125, 4.53125, 4.37890625, 3.625, 3.28515625, 3.130859375, 2.892578125, 2.60546875, 1.5927734375, 1.150390625, 0.90234375, 0.703125, 0.397216796875, 0.298095703125, -0.14013671875, -0.31005859375, -0.6396484375, -2.654296875, -3.001953125, -3.359375, -3.376953125, -6.79296875, -7.10546875, -7.21484375, -7.46484375, -8.546875, -9.7734375 ]

[ "The front or face of a single sheet of paper, or the right-hand page of an open book is called the recto. The back or underside of a single sheet of paper, or the left-hand page of an open book is known as the verso.", "In a book, the side of a leaf one reads first is called the recto page, and the back side of that leaf is called the verso page. In a spread, one reads the verso page first and then reads the recto page of the next leaf. In English-language books, the recto page is on the right and the verso page is on the left. By modern convention, these books start with a recto page and hence all recto pages in such books have odd numbers.", "FOLIO: A term from the early production of paper and vellum in the medieval period. When a single large sheet is folded once and sewn to create two leaves, or four pages, and then bound together, the resulting text is called a \"folio.\" On a single sheet, the page visible on the right-hand side of an open book or the \"top\" side of such a page is called the recto side (Latin for \"right\"), and the reverse or \"bottom\" side of such a page (the page visible on the left-hand side of an open book) is called the verso side ( click here to see this visually). Folios are typically large books, twice the size of a quarto and four times the size of an octavo printing. Compare folio with quarto and octavo .", "The recto and verso are respectively the \"front\" and \"back\" sides of a leaf of paper in a bound item such as a codex, book, broadsheet, or pamphlet. In languages written from left to right the recto is the right-hand page and the verso the left-hand page. These are terms of art in the binding, printing, and publishing industries, and can be applied more broadly to any field where physical documents are exchanged. The term recto-verso describes two-sided text. The terms are important in the field of codicology, where each physical sheet of a manuscript is numbered and the sides are referred to as recto and verso. Critical editions of manuscripts will often mark the position of text in the original manuscript, or manuscripts, in the style '42r.' or '673vº'. Often \"recto\" is implied if no \"v\" for \"verso\" is given, so that the pages are numbered: f1, f1v, f2, f2v ....\". The terms 'recto' and 'verso' find their origins in the use of papyrus. Papyrus, the earliest form of paper, was used to make books in Egypt, Greece and Rome. Papyrus sheet consisted of two superimposed layers. A different grain ran across each side, hence the 'recto' where the grain ran horizontally and 'verso' where the grain ran vertically. Usually, however, papyrus carried writing only on the smooth side.", "Book designers call these two pages by the Latin terms “recto” for the right-hand page and “verso” for the reverse or left-hand page. This usage may help you remember that each new section always starts on the recto or right-hand page, not on the ‘reverse’.", "a page on the left side of a book. The page on the right side is the recto.", "Part titles always start on a right-hand page. The chapter following a part title begins on the next right-hand page. Chapters may start on left- or right-hand pages. However, many authors prefer to begin all chapters on right-hand pages. Either method is acceptable, but once a system is chosen, it must be used throughout the entire book. It is necessary to stress that all even-numbered pages are left-hand pages (or verso pages) and that all odd-numbered pages are right-hand pages (or recto pages). It is important that you follow this standardized publishing rule.", "One of the units formed when a sheet or half-sheet of paper , parchment , etc., is fold ed in half to become part of a book , pamphlet , or periodical . Of single thickness, each leaf consists of two page s, one on each side, either blank or printed . In early books, the leaves were consecutively numbered only on the recto or right-hand page of an opening ( foliation ), but in modern book production, the recto usually bears an odd page number and the verso or left-hand page an even number ( pagination ), a convention sometimes reversed in reprint s. As a general rule, blank leaves are not numbered. Rare book s and manuscript s are sometimes broken up and sold as individual leaves (see the Donald Jackson Collection of Original Leaves , courtesy of the Tutt Library, Colorado College). See also: double leaf and folio .", "Verso: The second, or rear, side of a leaf in a book; in other words, the left-hand page of an opened book.", "* A leaf (often wrongly referred to as a folio) typically has two pages of text and/or images, front and back, in a finished book. The Latin for leaf is folium, therefore \"folio\" should be followed by a number to distinguish between recto and verso. Thus \"folio 5r\" means \"on the recto of the leaf numbered 5\", although technically not accurate, it is normal to say \"on folio 5r\". In everyday speech it is common to refer to \"turning the pages of a book\", although it would be more accurate to say \"turning the leaves of a book\"; this is the origin of the phrase \"to turn over a new leaf\" i.e. to start on a fresh blank page.", "Even-numbered, left-hand ( l.h.s. ) page in a book. From Late Latin verso folio `on the turned [opposite] side.' Cf. recto .", "And if you turn the open book upside down, which page is the verso? Is it now on the right, or have the pages swapped roles, as it were?", "The page faces themselves are called folium rectum and folium versum in Latin, and the ablative recto, verso already imply that the text on the page (and not the physical page itself) are referred to. ", "In printing , a \"list of works by the same author \" appearing in some books on the verso of the leaf immediately preceding the title page , which may include titles out of print or even issue d by other publisher s.", "Then go to the “Facing Pages” tab to define the verso header and footer. I have put the book name here.", "A series of numbers or letters printed on the verso of the title page to indicate the press run of a book .", "** The recto side of a leaf faces left when the leaf is held straight up from the spine (in a paginated book this is usually an odd-numbered page).", "Because new sections of a book always start on a right-hand page, that’s where the page numbering starts too.", "A page that would be on the right if it is part of a pair of facing pages as typically laid out. Page layouts for documents using a right-to-left page progression have the earlier of the facing pages on the right. Rules specific to the right page can be specified using the :right page selector .", "Two facing pages of newspaper or magazine where the textual material on the left hand side continues across to the right hand side. Abbreviated to DPS.", "1*. In the printed text the word is “left”, but from the context it is clear that it should be “right”.", "@page { ... } @page :left { ... } @page :right { ... } @page LandscapeTable { ... } @page CompanyLetterHead:first { ... } /* identifier and pseudo page. */ @page:first { ... } @page toc, index { ... } @page :blank:first { ... }", "Page orientation is the way in which a rectangular page is oriented for normal viewing. The two most common types of orientation are portrait and landscape. The specific word definition comes from the fact that a close-up portrait of a person's face and upper body is more fitting for a canvas or photo where the height of the display area is greater than the width, and is more common for the pages of books. Landscape originally described artistic outdoor scenes where a wide view area is needed, but the upper part of the painting would be mostly sky and so is omitted.", "The title page, near the beginning of the book, lists the title and subtitle of the book, the authors, editors, and/or contributors, the publisher or printer, and sometimes the place and date of publication. The title page information should be used for cataloging (not the half-title page or covers).", "The right angles on the unbound edges of the front and back covers of a hardcover book.", "the page at the front of a book that shows its title , the name of the writer etc", "To recognize the Title, Author, Illustrator, along with the front, back and title page of a book", "Close up of pages for M entries in the Folio and Abridged Dictionaries of 1755 and 1756 by Samuel Johnson", "A device printed in a book to identify its publisher , in the same way that a printer's mark represents the printer (see this example on the title page of a 17th-century book and this 19th-century example , courtesy of the University of Pittsburgh). Some early publisher's marks included a motto (see this 16th-century example used by the Parisian printer/publisher Antoine Verard). Synonymous with publisher's device.", "1. The publisher must be listed as Bloomsbury at the bottom of the title page. See photo below:", "A section of text marked off by rules or white space and presented separately from the main text and illustrations. Longer boxed sections in magazines are sometimes referred to as sidebars.", "The running head can incorporate the page number. Or, the page number can be set at the bottom of the page by itself." ]

[ 3.373046875, 3.333984375, 2.498046875, 2.052734375, 1.9482421875, 1.3349609375, 1.22265625, 0.67431640625, 0.1396484375, 0.1243896484375, -0.050994873046875, -0.435546875, -1.43359375, -2.927734375, -3.140625, -3.421875, -4.16796875, -4.82421875, -4.890625, -5.0546875, -5.3046875, -5.3125, -5.62109375, -5.76171875, -5.94921875, -6.09765625, -6.31640625, -7.1328125, -7.1640625, -7.84375, -8.09375, -8.5390625 ]

[ "Sonic the Hedgehog, first introduced in 1991, is a blue anthropomorphic hedgehog which is the title character in several videogames, comic strips and animated cartoons by Sega.", "Sonic is the protagonist of the Sonic the Hedgehog series and was created by programmer Yuji Naka and artist Naoto Oshima. Sonic the Hedgehog video game character was introduced by Sega on June 23, 1991.", "Sonic the Hedgehog (ソニック・ザ・ヘッジホッグ, Sonikku za Hejjihoggu ? , born June 23 [6] ) is the title character and main protagonist of the Sonic the Hedgehog series and Sega 's mascot. He is an anthropomorphic hedgehog born with the ability to run faster than the speed of sound, hence his name, and possesses lightning fast reflexes to match. As his species implies, Sonic can also roll up into a concussive ball, primarily to attack enemies.", "Sonic the Hedgehog (ソニック・ザ・ヘッジホッグ Sonikku za Hejjihoggu?) is a platform video game developed by Sonic Team and published by Sega for the Sega Genesis/Mega Drive. First released in North America, Europe, and Australia on June 23, 1991, the game is the first installment in the Sonic the Hedgehog series, chronicling the adventures of the titular character in his quest to defeat the series' antagonist Dr. Robotnik. The game's story focuses on Sonic's efforts to stop Dr. Robotnik's plans for world domination, release the animals Dr. Robotnik has trapped, and collect six magical emeralds known as the Chaos Emeralds. Development of Sonic the Hedgehog began in 1990, when Sega ordered its AM8 development team to develop a game featuring a mascot for the company. After a hedgehog was decided on as the main character, the development group was renamed Sonic Team. Sonic the Hedgehog received positive reviews from critics, who praised the game's visuals and its sense of speed. It was commercially successful, increasing the popularity of the Genesis and establishing Sonic the Hedgehog as the company's mascot. Its success led to the development of subsequent games in the Sonic the Hedgehog series, as well as the creation of a media franchise of spin-off products featuring the character.", "Sonic the Hedgehog, a game released in 1991, features a speedy blue hedgehog as the protagonist. This series' characters are almost all anthropomorphic animals such as foxes, cats, and other hedgehogs who are able to speak and walk on their hind legs like normal humans. As with most anthropomorphisms of animals, clothing is of little or no importance, where some characters may be fully clothed while some wear only shoes and gloves.", "Sonic is an anthropomorphic hedgehog with blue fur that covers most of his body, peach skin that covers his arms, muzzle and torso, and emerald-green eyes. He has six head quills on his head, two spines protruding from his back and a short tail.", "The Sonic series has a great many characters; the most frequently appearing are titular protagonist Sonic the Hedgehog, a wisecracking blue hedgehog able to run at supersonic speeds, and recurring villain Dr. Eggman, an evil scientist whose ambition is to conquer the world. Among Sonic's many allies, the most well-known include: Miles \"Tails\" Prower, a twin-tailed, highly intelligent yellow fox who is Sonic's sidekick and best friend; Amy Rose, a pink hedgehog who is Sonic's self-proclaimed girlfriend and a hero in her own right; Knuckles the Echidna, a coolheaded red echidna who is the guardian of the Master Emerald; Shadow the Hedgehog, an antiheroic doppelganger of Sonic with a dark past; and Rouge the Bat, a female spy and treasure hunter who has a longstanding rivalry with Knuckles.", "Sega's Iconic mascot made his first appearance on the Sega Genesis in June 23, 1991, with the game Sonic the Hedgehog 1. It went on to become Sega's second highest selling Genesis game with 4 million copies sold, second only to Sonic 2, selling 6 million copies. He went on to be featured in several games, cartoons, books, and in two ongoing comic book series. Sonic has also been featured in Super Smash Bros. Brawl along with Snake, and competing with long tome rival Mario in Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games.", "The game's development began in 1990, when Sega ordered its AM8 development team to create a game featuring a mascot for the company. After considering a number of suggestions, the developers decided on a blue hedgehog with spikes along his head and spine and renamed themselves \"Sonic Team\" to match their character. Sonic the Hedgehog, designed for fast gameplay, was influenced by the games of Super Mario series creator, Shigeru Miyamoto. Sonic the Hedgehog uses a novel technique that allows Sonic's sprite to roll along curved scenery, which originated in a tech demo created by the game's programmer, Yuji Naka.", "Sonic the Hedgehog (ソニック・ザ・ヘッジホッグ Sonikku za Hejjihoggu?) is a platform video game developed by the Sonic Team division of Sega and originally released for the Sega Mega Drive/Genesis in June 1991. The first installment in the Sonic the Hedgehog series, the game chronicles the adventures of the titular character, in his quest to defeat the series antagonist Doctor Ivo Robotnik. The game's story focuses on Sonic's efforts to stop Dr. Robotnik's from taking over South Island and save the animals Dr. Robotnik has trapped.", "Game-package illustrator Akira Watanabe said that his goal was to make the characters \"colorful\", using clear lines and gradation to \"finish them neatly\". According to Watanabe, the developers asked him to create a package design \"similar to pop art ... without being particular to conventional packages\" – something \"original\" and \"stylish\". The game was released in North America, Europe, and Australia on June 23, 1991, and in Japan on July 26. Sega of America packaged it with American Genesis consoles, replacing Altered Beast. Genesis owners who bought their consoles before the switch could request free copies of Sonic the Hedgehog by mail. Sega of America created a large-scale marketing campaign to promote the game and Sonic as a mascot for the company.", "Development of Sonic the Hedgehog began in 1990. Sega ordered its AM-8 team to develop a game featuring a mascot for the company. The AM-8 team's name was changed to Sonic Team after a hedgehog was decided as the main character.", "Sonic the Hedgehog (ソニック・ザ・ヘッジホッグ, Sonikku za Hejjihoggu) is a platform game developed in Japan by Sega and published for the Sega Mega Drive/Genesis. It is the first installment in Sega's flagship Sonic the Hedgehog video game series and the first title developed by Sonic Team. The game was released in 1991 in North America, Europe, and Japan.", "A version of Sonic the Hedgehog was developed by Ancient and released in 1991 for Sega's 8-bit consoles, the Master System and Game Gear. Its plot and gameplay mechanics are similar to the 16-bit version, with different level themes and digital assets. The level design is flatter, with no vertical loops, and Sonic cannot re-collect his rings after being hit. The game has a different soundtrack, composed by chiptune musician Yuzo Koshiro and including his compositions and adaptations of music from the 16-bit version. It was the final game released for the Master System in North America. The Master System version was re-released for Wii's Virtual Console service in North America on August 4, 2008, and in Europe on August 8. The Game Gear version was re-released for the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console on June 13, 2013, and included as an unlockable game in Sonic Adventure DX: Director's Cut for GameCube and Windows and Sonic Mega Collection Plus for PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Windows.", "Sonic's success sparked a flood of comparably zoomorphic avatars featuring in their own releases, ostensibly much the same gameplay wise as Sega's breakthrough, featuring a whole lot of leaping, landing, and enemy lamping. On the Mega Drive itself, Aero the Acrobat (a bat) and Bubsy (a bobcat) in Claws Encounters of the Furred Kind both came out in 1993, made by Iguana and Accolade respectively, looking to cash in while platforming games featuring attitude-laden mascots were in their post-Sonic pomp. Both were decent and enjoyed some commercial success, but neither could step out from the spiky shadow of SEGA's market leader. And so, while sequels followed each debut, both Aero and Bubsy remain relics of the 1990s, with the latter last seen in action during the days of the original PlayStation.", "Eventually, Naoto Ohshima's spiky teal hedgehog, initially codenamed \"Mr. Needlemouse\", was chosen as the new mascot. Sonic's blue pigmentation was chosen to match Sega's cobalt blue logo, and his shoes evolved from a design inspired by Michael Jackson's boots with the addition of the color red, which was inspired by both Santa Claus and the contrast of those colors on Jackson's 1987 album Bad; his personality was based on Bill Clinton's \"Get it done\" attitude. ", "A flood of \"animal with attitude\" platformers, each featuring a cartoon mascot, were released after Sonic the Hedgehog: Bubsy, Aero the Acro-Bat, James Pond 3, Earthworm Jim, Zero the Kamikaze Squirrel, Awesome Possum, Ty the Tasmanian Tiger, Gex. This carried into the PlayStation era with games like Punky Skunk and Crash Bandicoot.", "Critics generally favored titles such as 2001’s Sonic Adventure 2 and its follow-up, 2003’s Sonic Heroes. Continuing with intertwining stories, the games introduced players to series’ newcomers like Shadow the Hedgehog and Rouge the Bat, as well as lesser known spin-off characters such as Charmy Bee and Espio the Chameleon, both introduced in the spin-off Knuckles’ Chaotix, released in 1995 for the Sega 32X.", "The very first time Sonic the Hedgehog was shown to the public was at the Tokyo Toy Show in June 1990. This build of the game shows a very early version of Green Hill Zone, with large mountains and some odd blue structures in the background. It had seven layers of parallax scrolling, including trees and giant rocks in the foreground. Sonic also had a different, more open standing pose.", "While Sega was seeking a flagship series to compete with Nintendo's Mario series with a character to replace Alex Kidd as the company's mascot, several character designs were submitted by its Sega AM8 research and development department. Many results came forth from their experiments with character design, including an armadillo (who was later developed into Mighty the Armadillo), a dog, a Theodore Roosevelt look-alike in pajamas (who would later be the basis of Dr. Robotnik/Eggman's design), and a rabbit (who would use its extendable ears to collect objects, an aspect later incorporated in Ristar). ", "At one point in the demo, a blue creature wearing red gloves would have attacked Sonic. This creature was one of the original ideas for an enemy that Sonic would have to fight, and was seen in a piece of concept art featuring Madonna, Sonic's scrapped love interest.", "A two-episode OVA series, based upon the game Sonic the Hedgehog CD and the video game series as a whole, was released in Japan in 1996. The episodes were combined and released in North America in 1999 under the name Sonic the Hedgehog: The Movie. Unlike the games, this takes place on a world named Planet Freedom. It was the first to introduce an animated appearance of Knuckles the Echidna.", "Vector, Mighty, Ray, Espio, Charmy, Heavy and Bomb (or Big Grizz and Big Mike) - Sonic the Hedgehog", "Sonic the Hedgehog is a 2D, side-scrolling platformer, whose gameplay centers around Sonic's ability to run at high speed through levels incorporating springs, slopes, high falls, and loop-the-loops. The levels contain hazards in the form of robots (\"badniks\" in the Western game manuals) inside of which Dr. Robotnik has trapped animals. Although destroying a robot frees the animal within, this is not required to complete the game. The player must avoid rows of sharp spikes, falling into bottomless pits, being crushed by moving walls or platforms, and drowning (which can be avoided by breathing air bubbles periodically released from vents). Sonic's main attack is his spin, where he curls into a ball and rotates rapidly (damaging enemies and some obstacles). This can be performed by jumping in the air or rolling on the ground. ", "In March 2011, Sonic the Hedgehog was released on the PlayStation Network first as exclusively to PlayStation Plus subscribers and later released March 29, 2011 for non subscribers.", "Sonic the Hedgehog greatly increased the popularity of the Genesis in North America. After it was released, it eventually replaced Altered Beast as the game bundled with the console. In large part due to the popularity of this game, the Genesis outsold the Super Nintendo nearly 2 to 1 during the 1991 holiday season. This success led to Sega overtaking Nintendo in January 1992 with control of 65% of the 16-bit console market, making it the first time Nintendo was not the console leader since December 1985. The game featured many novel elements which contributed to its popularity and helped to promote the uptake of 16-bit consoles. The game is widely considered to be one of the greatest games of all time, placing #63 on IGN's 2007 list.", "Knack the Weasel, the gun wielding character from Sonic: Triple Trouble, was originally called Fang the Sniper, and instead of a pop-gun, the character was to wield a silver magnum. SEGA deemed this too serious for younger audiences and changed his weapon in all versions along with his name in the American version. Later, certain promotional materials would display Nack’s name as, “Nack the Weasel a.k.a. Fang the Sniper” another piece of skillful SEGA retconning. This would allow SEGA to refer to him as Fang in American games from that point on. Unfortunately, Fang hasn’t had a Sonic game appearance since Sonic the Fighters and may never have another one again.", "Sega opened things up to their staff members, asking for employees to submit their own ideas for a new mascot. Artist Naoto Ohshima submitted a series of entries, one of which featured a man who looked more than a little like Mario, with a large moustache and a round belly. While Sega ultimately went with another of Oshima’s submissions, Sonic himself, they enjoyed the Mario lookalike so much that they included him as the main villain of the game.", "The origins of Sonic can be traced farther back to a tech demo created by Yuji Naka, who had developed an algorithm that allowed a sprite to move smoothly on a curve by determining its position with a dot matrix. Naka's original prototype was a platform game that involved a fast-moving character rolling in a ball through a long winding tube, and this concept was subsequently fleshed out with Oshima's character design and levels conceived by designer Hirokazu Yasuhara. ", "What came next was Sonic Adventure, released for the Dreamcast in North America on September 9, 1999. The game introduced players to a redesigned, edgier Sonic, whose attitude increased as the character was given a voice and three dimensions to explore within. Emphasis was put on the game’s visuals and large levels in an attempt to make the game the breadwinner Sega needed to re-enter the console market.", "Paired with a new gameplay prototype created by programmer Yuji Naka, the game put an emphasis on speed, something largely unseen at the time. When employees at Sega of America, such as CEO Tom Kalinske, Marketing Director Al Nilsen and Product Manager Madeline Schroeder, saw this prototype, they felt it had the potential to be a revolutionary game. But some at the branch weren't sure that Sonic was the right fit as the company’s mascot in his current state.", "Sonic's transition to the Game Boy Advance was completed with Sonic Advance, the first original Sonic title released for a Nintendo console. The game featured 2D platforming, similar to the original Genesis titles, and new gameplay mechanics from more recent Sonic titles as well, such as grinding on rails. It was released in late 2001 in Japan and early 2002 elsewhere, and ported to Nokia's N-Gage on October 7, 2003, as SonicN. Two sequels, Sonic Advance 2 and Sonic Advance 3, followed in March 2003 and June 2004, respectively." ]

[ 5.67578125, 5.515625, 5.4609375, 4.13671875, 3.7578125, 3.158203125, 2.904296875, 1.921875, 1.7138671875, 1.4873046875, 1.1962890625, 0.54638671875, 0.388916015625, 0.186767578125, 0.0230255126953125, -0.63427734375, -1.181640625, -1.2587890625, -1.337890625, -1.625, -1.6279296875, -2.009765625, -2.056640625, -2.30859375, -2.314453125, -2.45703125, -4.48828125, -5.2734375, -5.8671875, -6.5078125, -6.64453125, -6.9765625 ]

[ "Grover Cleveland is the only U.S. President to serve two non-consecutive terms. He was the 22nd AND the 24th U.S. President.", "Grover Cleveland is most famous for being the only president to serve two non-consecutive terms. This means he was president for one term (four years), lost the next election (to Benjamin Harrison ), then came back to win again in the following election.", "Grover Cleveland was the only president to serve two non-consecutive terms. He was inaugurated in 1885 (seen here) and 1893.", "Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837 – June 24, 1908) was the 22nd and 24th President of the United States. Cleveland is the only president to serve two non-consecutive terms (1885–1889 and 1893–1897) and therefore is the only individual to be counted twice in the numbering of the presidents. He was the winner of the popular vote for president three times—in 1884, 1888, and 1892—and was the only Democrat elected to the presidency in the era of Republican political domination that lasted from 1860 to 1912.", "101.  Grover Cleveland is the only US president to serve two non-consecutive terms.  Who served the term in between his two presidencies (1889-1893)? Harrison (Benjamin)", "President Grover Cleveland (1837-1908) is the only president to be elected to two nonconsecutive terms. He was the 22nd and 24th president.[10]", "Not every US president who served more than one term served them consecutively, however. Grover Cleveland was the only president who served two terms that were not in a row. He goes down in the American history books as both the 22nd and 24th president of the United States.", "Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837 – June 24, 1908) was both the twenty-second and twenty-fourth President of the United States. Cleveland is the only President to serve two non-consecutive terms (1885–1889 and 1893–1897). He was the winner of the popular vote for President three times—in 1884, 1888, and 1892—and was the only Democrat elected to the Presidency in the era of Republican political domination that lasted from 1860 to 1912. Cleveland's admirers praise him for his honesty, independence, integrity, and commitment to the principles of classical liberalism. As a leader of the Bourbon Democrats, he opposed imperialism, taxes, subsidies and inflationary policies, but as a reformer he also worked against corruption, patronage, and bossism.", "There have been 43 people sworn into office, and 44 presidencies, as Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms and is counted chronologically as both the 22nd and 24th president. Of the individuals elected as president, four died in office of natural causes (William Henry Harrison,[3] Zachary Taylor,[4] Warren G. Harding,[5] and Franklin D. Roosevelt), four were assassinated (Abraham Lincoln,[6] James A. Garfield,[6][7] William McKinley,[8] and John F. Kennedy) and one resigned (Richard Nixon).", "Stephen Grover Cleveland was the 22nd and 24th President of the United States. Cleveland is the only president ever to have served two non-consecutive terms. The first stamp issued honoring Cleveland was unveiled in 1923. This precious philatelic item was modeled after the engraving that is listed by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing as “unknown.” The 12-cent Cleveland was reprinted and issued again in 1931. The other stamps appeared in 1938 and in 1986.", "Since 1789, there have been 43 people sworn into office as President of the United States, and 44 presidencies, as Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms and is counted chronologically as both the 22nd and 24th president. Of the individuals elected as president, four (William Henry Harrison, Zachary Taylor, Warren G. Harding, and Franklin D. Roosevelt) died in office of natural causes, four (Abraham Lincoln, James A. Garfield, William McKinley, and John F. Kennedy) were assassinated, and one (Richard Nixon ) resigned.", "Grover Cleveland was the only president to be elected to two non-consecutive terms. A staunch political and social conservative, Grover Cleveland was known for his integrity and reformist activities. When he was elected governor of New York in 1882, he went after the corrupt Democratic political machine of Tammany Hall, courageously defying the \"Bosses\" who controlled the party. Nominated on the second ballot at the 1884 Democratic convention, Cleveland won election by the smallest popular margin in American history.", "Birthday - Grover Cleveland (1837-1908) the 22nd and 24th U.S. president was born in Caldwell, New Jersey. He was the only president to serve two nonconsecutive terms and was also the only president to be married in the White House.", "Seriously, Cleveland is the only President to serve two non-consecutive terms.  He is our 22nd and 24th President.  Cleveland’s terms were 1885 to 1889 and 1893 to 1897.  Cleveland lost the 1888 election to Benjamin Harrison.", "24. Grover Cleveland: No formal education. President March 4, 1885 to March 3, 1889. Cleveland is the only president to serve two non-consecutive terms. See notes under 22ndPresident. Ran for an unprecedented 3rd term but lost the Democratic presidential nomination to Williams Jennings Bryan.", "Barack Obama is the nation’s 44rd president but in reality there have only been 43 presidents. Grover Cleveland is counted twice as our 22nd and 24th president because he was elected for two nonconsecutive terms.", "22nd and 24th President, 1885–89 and 1893–97: Born in New Jersey, he was the maternal grandson of merchant Abner Neal, who emigrated from County Antrim in the 1790s. He is the only president to have served non-consecutive terms.", "Take a gander at any U.S. history textbook and you’ll see the rotund Democrat cited as our 22nd and 24th President . As everybody knows, Cleveland was the only Oval Office denizen to serve two non-consecutive terms , occupying the White House from 1885 to 1889 before winning another stint in 1893.", "On this day in 1940, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who first took office in 1933 as America�s 32nd president, is nominated for an unprecedented third term. Roosevelt, a Democrat, would eventually be elected to a record four terms in office, the only U.S. president to serve more than two terms.", "On this day in 1940, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who first took office in 1933 as America's 32nd president, is nominated for an unprecedented third term. Roosevelt, a Democrat, would eventually be elected to a record four terms in office, the only U.S. president to serve more than two terms.", "Only 12 U.S. Presidents have been elected to office for two terms and served those two terms. Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected to office four terms prior to the Twenty-second Amendment.", "Cleveland ran for reelection in 1888. However, the Tammany Hall group from New York City caused him to lose the presidency. When he ran again in 1892, they tried to keep him from winning again. However he was able to win by only ten electoral votes. This would make him the only president to serve two non-consecutive terms. ", "1892 --- 1st (and only) US President to win election to nonconsecutive terms. He defeated Benjamin Harrison.", "As the first President, George Washington  (April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797) couldn't help but set precedents that were followed by later Presidents. His lack of a desire to be seen as a 'monarch' was an extremely important part of creating a citizen President. Also, the fact that he retired after two terms set a precedent only broken by Franklin Roosevelt . After Roosevelt's death, the two-term limit was added as the 22nd amendment to the Constitution. More »", "Roosevelt became the 32nd U.S. president in 1932 at the height of the Great Depression. Roosevelt ushered in several economic recovery measures during his tenure that became known as \"The New Deal.\" The United States entered World War II during his unprecedented third term. Early in his fourth term, Roosevelt died of a massive cerebral hemorrhage at the age of 63. In 1947, Congress passed the Twenty-second Amendment to the Constitution, which set a two-term limit for election to the position of president of the United States.", "Thus, most historians count Grover Cleveland as two separate Presidents. But should we? The usual justification goes as follows: Thanks to that pesky four-year gap, first and second-term Cleveland weren’t the same President, despite the minor technicality of being the exact same person.", "James Abram Garfield (November 19, 1831 – September 19, 1881) was the 20th President of the United States, serving from March 4, 1881, until his assassination later that year. Garfield had served nine terms in the House of Representatives, and had been elected to the Senate before his candidacy for the White House, though he declined the senatorship once he was president-elect. He is the only sitting House member to be elected president. ", "Although James Garfield, the 20th President of United States of America, was one of the shortest serving American presidents after William Henry Harrison, he achieved several milestones in his career. He was considered as one of the most hawkish Republicans during the Reconstruction era which followed after the American Civil War ended.", "James Abram Garfield (November 19, 1831 – September 19, 1881) was the 20th President of the United States, serving from March 4, 1881 until his death on September 19, 1881, a mere 200 days in office.", "James Abram Garfield (November 19, 1831 – September 19, 1881) was the twentieth President of the United States, and, as a result of his assassination, served only six months in that office—the second shortest administration in United States history.", "The shortest term in office was William Henry Harrison, who served for only a month. Only he and James Garfield served as President for less than a year.", "James Abram Garfield (November 19, 1831 - September 19, 1881) was the 20th President of the United States. His death, two months after being shot and six months after his inauguration, made his tenure, at 199 days." ]

[ 6.53515625, 6.44921875, 6.375, 5.265625, 4.8515625, 4.29296875, 4.2109375, 3.869140625, 3.6875, 3.32421875, 3.2109375, 3.154296875, 3.09765625, 3.033203125, 2.15625, 2.03125, 0.7275390625, 0.44091796875, -0.873046875, -1.123046875, -1.3408203125, -1.3896484375, -1.4638671875, -2.18359375, -3.46484375, -3.6484375, -3.828125, -4.1015625, -4.2578125, -4.3046875, -4.3515625, -4.4140625 ]

[ "Freemasonry requires its members to believe in the existence of a Supreme Being and also to believe that there is only One God. Freemasonry refers to its god as the Great Architect of the Universe. It teaches that all men, of all the various religions, worship the one God, simply using a variety of different names. It is on that basis that Masons may be Hindus, Moslems, Buddhists, or men who profess to follow Jesus. Freemasonry requires a belief in the existence of A Supreme Being, but does not define that being.", "The Great Architect of the Universe (also Grand Architect of the Universe or Supreme Architect of the Universe) is a conception of God discussed by many Christian theologians and apologists. As a designation it is used within Freemasonry to represent deity neutrally (in whatever form, and by whatever name each member may individually believe in). It is also a Rosicrucian conception of God, as expressed by Max Heindel. The concept of the demiurge as a grand architect or a great architect also occurs in gnosticism and other religious and philosophical systems.", "Although Freemasonry requires members to acknowledge a \"god\" in order to be accepted into the Lodge, the god of Freemasonry and the God of the Bible are not the same. There is a great difference between the two concepts of God. The Masonic god, \"The Great Architect of the Universe\" (G.A.O.T.U), or the \"Grand Artificer of the Universe,\" is an all-inclusive \"Life Principle\" that lies within all living things. In Freemasonry, god is not a personal being, but an impersonal force, an energy that has no substance. In theistic terms, this belief is known as pantheism.", "     The altar arrangement for the Masonic Holy Royal Arch degree ceremony identifies the name JAH-BUL-ON as the secret name of The Great Architect Of The Universe, who is the deity worshiped by the Freemasons.", "It has been claimed that the word \"Great Architect\" was introduced into Freemasonry in 1723 by the Presbyterian minister, James Anderson, and that he got it from the works of John Calvin, one of the founders of Presbyterianism. Also the idea of geometry comes from the physics of Isaac Newton who showed that the movement of planets was caused by scientific laws and not by the hand of God as previously thought. Newton used geometry to calculate the movement of planets so if we replace geometry with God we would then assume that Freemasonry is a atheistic organization. As the physics of Isaac Newton along with the later Darwin's theory of evolution was used by atheists to prove that God didn't exist and the world was created by blind chance. Though the irony of this, is that Isaac Newton was a very religious man and would completely reject this claim.", "Wagner, Freemasonry: an Interpretation, pg. 286, 309, 310: \"In its doctrines concerning the divine eminence Freemasonry is dedicated pantheistic, partaking of the various shades of that view of the divine God 'The Great Architect Of The Universe ' is the great soul of the universe and the universe is the garment in which he is clothed. The Masonic view of the revelation of God, in the lower degrees is deistic, but in the higher degrees it becomes pantheistic. The writings of Garrison, Buck Pike, and other eminent Masons show this unmistakably. It is this particular pantheistic conception of deity, which has passed from India through the secret doctrines of the Cabala into modern speculative Freemasonry. In Masonry, a god distinct from the life of nature has no existence.\"", "We read again from the above quote, \"Masons believe there is one God and one God only.\" (SOURCE: California Freemason Online , The Meaning of \"the Great Architect of the Universe\")", "\"Every Mason must believe in God and in the immortality of the soul. The Volume of sacred Law must be open on every Lodge Altar. A candidate takes his Obligations upon his knees. Before engaging in any important undertaking a Mason seeks aid and guidance through prayer from the Sovereign Grand Architect of the Universe. This is religion, but it is not a religion. It is faith, but it is not a faith confined to any one creed. It is worship, but it is not a worship chained to any one Altar. In the great words of the First Book of Constitutions it is the religion in which all good men agree. It is the ground which underlies all religions, all churches, all creeds...\"", "The concept of God as the (Great) Architect of the Universe has been employed many times in Christianity. Illustrations of God as the architect of the universe can be found on Bibles from the Middle Ages[1] and regularly employed by Christian apologists and teachers. Wayne Jackson, editor of the Christian Courier [2], for example, talks about reflecting \"upon the existence, power, and wisdom of the grand Architect of the universe\". A Beka Books from Pensacola Christian College[3], for another example, state that \"No subject matter better reflects the glory of God than mathematics. To study mathematics is to study God's thoughts after Him, for He is the great Engineer and Architect of the universe.\".", "Thus Freemasons worship the Great Architect of the Universe – a symbol of Deity as named and worshiped in all lodges.", "Freemasonry is certainly not a atheist society and they even banned people from joining it who are atheists. In my opinion both the Great Architect and Geometry are really very poor names for the Creator. After all there is a vast difference in planning a building and creating life. They are names that wouldn't satisfy a person who has the imagination to wonder at the diversity and complexity of life and the universe. A better explanation comes from Gerald Gardner who was not only a Freemason but the originator of modern Witchcraft. At the end of a article about Witchcraft he was to write.-", "The cornerstones of all these buildings and many more (Denver Airport especially) have been laid in true Masonic ritual and dedicated to �The Great Architect Of The Universe,� the demonic god of Masonry � JaoBulOn.  That is the secret name of the Masonic god, the \"Lost Word\" learned in the ritual of the Royal Arch degree. \"JAO\" is the Greek for Jehovah, \"BUL\" is a rendering of the name, BAAL, and \"ON\" is the Babylonian name of OSIRIS.", "Masonic historians such as William Bissey, Gary Leazer (quoting Coil's Masonic Encyclopaedia), and S. Brent Morris, assert that \"the Masonic abbreviation G.A.O.T.U., meaning the Great Architect of the Universe, continues a long tradition of using an allegorical name for the Deity.\" They trace how the name and the abbreviation entered Masonic tradition from the Book of Constitutions written in 1723 by the Reverend James Anderson. They also note that Anderson, a Calvinist minister, probably took the term from Calvin's usage.", "This title \"Great Architect of the Universe\" was coined, not by a Mason, but by an Alchemist Rosicrucian named Hesse Komensky. See Conspiracy Against God and Man, by Clarence Kelly, p. 47.", "Despite its Orientalist theme, the Shrine is a men's fraternity, not connected to either Arab culture or Islam. Its only religious requirement is indirect: all Shriners must be Masons (with the exception being in the State of Arkansas) and petitioners to Freemasonry must profess a belief in a Supreme Being. To further minimize confusion with religion, the use of the words \"temple\" and \"mosque\" to describe Shriners' buildings has been replaced by \"Shrine Center\", although some individual local chapters are still called Temples.", "Let us be quite clear: Freemasonry does NOT have a \"god\" of any kind. Freemasons however do profess a belief in a Supreme Being.", "5. The Masonic Lodge represents the Universe and the religion practiced there is Naturalism or Nature Worship. The Candidate himself impersonating the sun-god Osiris (Hiram) in the third degree.", "In 1951 after being contacted by Ascended Master El Morya in 1944 and anointed as a Messenger for the Great White Brotherhood, Geraldine Innocente (-1961) founds the Bridge to Freedom New Age church; in 1952 she claims to receive the following message from Sanat Kumara: \"I had nothing to work with but Light and Love, and many centuries passed before even two lifestreams applied for membership - One, later became Buddha (now, Lord of the World, the Planetary Logos Gautama Buddha) and the Other, became the Cosmic Christ (Lord Maitreya, now the Planetary Buddha). The Brotherhood has grown through these ages and centuries until almost all the offices are held now by those belonging to the evolution of Earth and those who have volunteered to remain among her evolution.\" After she passes on June 21, 1961, Elizabeth Clare Wulf (Prophet) claims to be contacted by Master Morya and selected as the next Messenger.", "Hare Krishna (the International Society for Krishna Consciousness) is a Hindu cult that worships Krishna as the supreme deity. Hinduism has many gods, but the most important three are Brahma (god of creation), Shiva (god of destruction), and Vishnu (god of preservation). Vishnu, it is believed, had many incarnations on earth, the most popular one of which is Krishna. In the 1930s a follower of a cult of Krishna in India was commissioned to spread the cult's teaching to the West. He was given the name Swami Prabhupada. He came to the United States in 1965 and started Hare Krishna in New York City.", "Jehovah's Witnesses is a restorationist, chiliastic Christian religion. They consider the Bible to be the ultimate authority for their teachings and practices. This denomination emerged from the Bible Student movement, founded in 1872 by Charles Taze Russell, with the creation of the Watch Tower Society. It underwent significant structural alterations between 1917 and the 1940s, having its authority organization centralized and its preaching techniques brought under greater regimentation. The religion reports international membership of over 7 million adherents involved in preaching; they report annual convention and memorial attendance between 12 and 18 million.", "Ordo Templi Orientis is a mystic organization that was started in the early twentieth century. The group was established along the same lines as the less secretive Freemasons, and supposedly relies on ritual and occult  practices as a means for members to move from one level of prestige to another within the organization. The general philosophy of the group was a belief in new age esoteric principles and practices as a method of realizing one’s true identity. Famed occultist and all-around eccentric Aleister Crowley composed much of the group’s lore, including a manifesto called the Mysteria Mystica Maxima, and he later became its head. After his death, the influence and popularity of Ordo Templi Orientis began to wane, but it still exists today and has various chapters scattered across the world, chiefly in the United States, the U.K., and other parts of Europe.", "The Knights of Columbus is the world's largest Catholic fraternal service organization. It was founded by the Venerable Father Michael J. McGivney in New Haven, Connecticut, in 1882, and named in honor of the navigator Christopher Columbus. Originally serving as a mutual benefit society to low-income immigrant Catholics, it developed into a fraternal service organization dedicated to providing charitable services, promoting Catholic education and actively defending Catholicism in various nations. There are more than 1.8 million members in 15,000 councils, with nearly 200 councils on college campuses. Membership is limited to \"practical Catholic\" men aged 18 or older. Membership consists of 4 different degrees, each exemplifying a different principle of the Order. The Order is a member of the International Alliance of Catholic Knights. Most meetings follow a strict protocol based on guidelines from the National Home Office. Councils have been chartered in the United States, Canada, Mexico, the Caribbean, Guatemala, Panama, the Dominican Republic, the Philippines, Guam, Spain, Japan, Cuba, and most recently in Poland and Ukraine. The Knights' official junior organization, the Columbian Squires, has over 5,000 Circles.", "The Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, also commonly known as Shriners and abbreviated A.A.O.N.M.S., established in 1870, is an appendant body to Freemasonry. In 2010, the Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, as well as Shriners North America, changed its name to Shriners International, now covering nearly 200 temples (chapters) across North America, South America, Europe and Southeast Asia. The organization is best known for the Shriners Hospitals for Children it administers, and the red fezzes that members wear. The organization is headquartered in Tampa, Florida. Shriners International describes itself as a fraternity based on fun, fellowship and the Masonic principles of brotherly love, relief and truth. There are approximately 340,000 members from 195 temples (chapters) in the U.S., Canada, Brazil, Mexico, the Republic of Panama, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, Europe and Australia. On July 6, 2011, Shriners International commissioned Emirat Shriners of Heidelberg, Germany, as its 194th temple, and took the first steps toward forming a new temple in Mindanao, Philippines. Eventually on July 3, 2012, Agila Shriners of Mindanao, Philippines was chartered as the 195th temple.", "Francis Bacon is believed to have undergone a physical Ascension without experiencing death (he then became the deity St. Germain) by members of various Ascended Master Teachings, a group of New Age religions based on Theosophy. They also believe numerous others have undergone Ascension; they are called the Ascended Masters and are worshipped in this group of religions. The leaders of these religions claim to be able to receive channeled messages from the Ascended Masters, which they then relay to their followers. ", "Jehovah's Witnesses is a restorationist, millenialist Christian religious movement. Sociologists of religion have classified the group as an Adventist sect. The religion emerged from the Bible Student Movement, founded in the late 19th century by Charles Taze Russell. It underwent significant changes between 1917 and the 1940s as its authority structure was centralized and its preaching methods brought under greater regimentation. The religion today claims an active worldwide membership of approximately 7 million.", "History: �New York physician Walter M. Fleming and actor Billy Florence, both Masons, created the Shrine fraternity in the late-19th century. According to Shrine legend, Florence chose the Arabian theme after attending an Arab diplomat�s party in France. Party guests became members of a secret society after an ornate ceremony. Florence made note of the ceremony�s pageantry, and later worked with Fleming to create Shrine rituals, titles and costumes that followed suit. The founders thought giving the fraternity a bit of mystery would help draw new members�. [47]", "But although on was really the name of a city, the founders of the Royal Arch had, with the lights then before them, assumed that it was the name of a god, and had so incorporated it with their system. With better light than theirs, we can no longer accept their definition; yet the word may still be retained as a symbol of the Egyptian god. We know not who has power to reject it; and if scholars preserve, outside of the symbolism, the true interpretation, no harm will be done. It is not the only significant word in Freemasonry whose old and received meaning has been shown to be incorrect, and sometimes even absurd. Referring to the expressions by Doctor Mackey. \"This is a significant word in Royal Arch Masonry and has generally been explained, as being the name by which Jehovah was worshiped among the Egyptians.\" . . . \"But although on was really the name of a city, the founders of the Royal Arch had, with the lights then before them, assumed that it was the name of a god and had so incorporated it with their system,\" Brother David E. W. Williamson writes as follows:", "The Masons, in order to protect themselves from the persecution of the Christian church, have always spoken in a mystical manner of the figure of the Sun in their Lodges, or, like the astronomer Lalande, who is a Mason, been silent upon the subject. It is their secret, especially in Catholic countries, because the figure of the Sun is the expressive criterion that denotes they are descended from the Druids, and that wise, elegant, philosophical religion, was the faith opposite to the faith of the gloomy Christian church.", "1534 Church of Gesu. ( aka Society of Jesus, Jesuits the power behind Freemasonry) Also headquarters of the Knights of Malta.", "In August 1945 Hubbard moved into the Pasadena mansion of John \"Jack\" Whiteside Parsons. A leading rocket propulsion researcher at the California Institute of Technology and a founder of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Parsons led a double life as an avid occultist and Thelemite, follower of the English ceremonial magician Aleister Crowley and leader of a lodge of Crowley's magical order, Ordo Templi Orientis (OTO). He let rooms in the house only to tenants who he specified should be \"atheists and those of a Bohemian disposition\". ", "Having established that Freemasonry is indeed a religion, it should not surprise us that \"worship\" is conducted within the walls of the Lodge. However, since we are told that \"Freemasonry is not Christianity,\" the question before us is, Just who is worshipped as \"God\" by Masons?", "What is the name of the belief system that deals with designing buildings and placing objects on the landscape in accordance with the spiritual powers that course through the local topography?" ]

[ 5.5390625, 4.453125, 4.01953125, 2.2734375, 1.4638671875, 1.359375, 1.0087890625, 0.85888671875, 0.498779296875, 0.3974609375, 0.28759765625, -0.0272369384765625, -0.70068359375, -2.015625, -3.58203125, -5.265625, -5.73046875, -5.859375, -7.24609375, -7.33203125, -7.69140625, -7.8828125, -8.03125, -8.765625, -9.03125, -9.5625, -9.7265625, -10.2578125, -10.2578125, -10.328125, -10.8671875, -10.890625 ]

[ "Another solution to the implausibility issue is celebrity. Some amateurs, like Sherlock Holmes and Nero Wolfe, become so well known to the public that they are sought out from far and wide to solve crimes. Wolfe rarely leaves his orchid festooned New York apartment, but must rely on the legwork of his able assistant Archie Goodwin.", "Rex Todhunter Stout (; December 1, 1886 – October 27, 1975) was an American writer noted for his detective fiction. His best-known characters are the detective Nero Wolfe and his assistant Archie Goodwin, who were featured in 33 novels and 39 novellas between 1934 and 1975.", "Nero Wolfe is a fictional character, an armchair detective created in 1934 by American mystery writer Rex Stout. Wolfe's confidential assistant Archie Goodwin narrates the cases of the detective genius. Stout wrote 33 novels and 39 short stories from 1934 to 1975, with most of them set in New York City. Wolfe's residence features prominently in the series, a luxurious brownstone on West 35th Street. Many radio, television and film adaptations have been made from the stories.", "In 1929 Noblesville, Ind.-born Rex Todhunter Stout (1886-1975) pub. How Like a God . In 1934 he pub. The President Vanishes ; thriller; Fer-de-Lance (Oct.); introduces detective Nero Wolfe and his asst. Archie Goodwin. In 1949 he pub. The Second Confession ; anti-Communist. In 1965 he pub. The Doorbell Rang ; based on the 1964 Fred J. Cook book \"The FBI Nobody Knows\"; Nero Wolfe takes on the FBI for trying to harass a woman for pub. a book critical of them; pisses-off J. Edgar Hoover (1895-1972), who tries to kill it.", "In the 1930s, Stout turned to writing detective fiction. In 1933-34, he wrote Fer-de-Lance, which introduced Nero Wolfe and his assistant Archie Goodwin. The novel was published by Farrar & Rinehart in October 1934, and in abridged form as \"Point of Death\" in The American Magazine (November 1934). The characters of Wolfe and Goodwin are considered among Stout's main contributions to detective fiction. Wolfe was described by reviewer Will Cuppy as \"that Falstaff of detectives.\" ", "After he returned to the U.S. Stout turned to writing detective fiction. The first work was Fer-de-Lance, which introduced Nero Wolfe and his assistant Archie Goodwin. In 1937, Stout created Dol Bonner, a female private detective who would reappear in his Nero Wolfe stories and who is an early and significant example of the woman PI as fictional protagonist, in a novel called The Hand in the Glove. After 1938 Stout focused solely on the mystery field. Stout continued writing the Nero Wolfe series for the rest of his life, publishing at least one adventure per year through 1966. Though Stout's rate of production declined somewhat after 1966, he still published four further Nero Wolfe novels and a cookbook prior to his death in 1975, aged 88.", "Most of the EQMM authors wrote very pure armchair detective tales. One or more people would bring a problem to the detective character, who would then ask a few questions, then immediately solve the case. There would be no lapse of time, and the detective would not send the other characters out to do further sleuthing. Furthermore, the solution would be very carefully based on reasoning about the crime. Deduction would reign supreme. This is in contrast to another approach, earlier employed before 1940 by such writers as Vincent Starrett and Rex Stout . Starrett's George Washington Troxell and Stout's Nero Wolfe would sit at home, directing investigations carried out by their legmen, Fred Dellabough and Archie Goodwin. Because of this, both sleuths are related to the tradition of armchair detection. However, they are very different in approach to most of the writers discussed above.", "* Saul Panzer — top-notch private detective who is frequently hired by Nero Wolfe either to assist Archie Goodwin, or to carry out assignments Wolfe prefers that Archie not know about. Archie often comments on Saul's exceptional memory, especially his talent for recalling people's faces.", "Paramount Television remounted Nero Wolfe as a weekly one-hour series that ran on NBC TV from January through August 1981. The project was recast with William Conrad stepping into the role of Nero Wolfe and Lee Horsley portraying Archie Goodwin. Although it was titled \"Rex Stout's Nero Wolfe\", the production departed considerably from the originals. All 14 episodes were set in contemporary New York City.", "Many reviewers and critics regard Archie Goodwin as true protagonist of the Nero Wolfe corpus. Compared to Wolfe, Archie is the man of action, tough and street smart. His narrative style is breezy and vivid. Some commentators see this as a conscious device by Stout to fuse the hard school of Dashiell Hammett's Sam Spade with the urbanity of Sherlock Holmes or Agatha Christie's Hercule Poirot. But there is no doubt that Archie was an important addition to the genre of detective fiction. Previously, foils such as Dr. Watson or Arthur Hastings were employed as confidants and narrators, but none had such a fully developed personality or was such an integral part of the plot as Archie.", "Columbia Pictures adapted the first Nero Wolfe novel, Fer-de-Lance, for the screen in 1936. Meet Nero Wolfe was directed by Herbert Biberman, and featured a cast led by Edward Arnold as Nero Wolfe, and Lionel Stander as Archie Goodwin. A young Rita Hayworth (then Rita Cansino) portrays Maria Maringola, who sets the story in motion when she asks for Wolfe's help in finding her missing brother, Carlo.", "On September 15, 1949, Rex Stout wrote a confidential memo to Edwin Fadiman, who represented his radio, film and television interests. The memo provided detailed character descriptions of Nero Wolfe and Archie Goodwin, and a physical description and diagram of Wolfe's office. Stout's biographer John McAleer inferred the memo was guidance for the NBC Nero Wolfe radio series that began in October 1950, but in summarizing the memo's unique revelations he remarked, \"A TV producer could not have hoped for more specifics.\"", "This detective was about thirty-seven years of age and came from the pen of Rex Stout, the creator of Nero Wolfe. Foxs name was apt, for at first sight he seemed to walk like a fox, with quick light steps, and he had a slightly pointed face and brown eyes. He never achieved the same fame as his authors other detective, but still was an interesting character. He appeared in several novels including Double for Death (1939).", "Rex Stout 's fictional detective Nero Wolfe is described as fond of solving the London Times ' crossword puzzle at his New York home, in preference to those of American papers.", "Commenting on Nero Wolfe's prolongs struggle with the powerful crime boss Arnold Zeck, Michael Dirda — book critic forThe Washington Post — wrote \"I was thrilled when Wolfe finally encountered his own Moriarty in the archvillain Arnold Zeck\".[28] British author and literary critic David Langford noted that the relationship between Zeck and Wolfe may be seen as comparable to that of Moriarty and Holmes.[29]", "Stout, Rex. Fer-de-Lance. New York: Farrar & Rinehart, (1934). Original black cloth. The first appearance of Nero Wolfe and Archie Goodwin.", "* Wolfe maintains a rigid schedule in the brownstone. He has breakfast in his bedroom while wearing yellow silk pajamas; he hates to discuss work during breakfast, and if forced to do so insists upon not uttering a word until he has finished his glass of orange juice (Murder by the Book). Afterwards, he is with Horstmann in the plant rooms from 9 a.m. to 11 a.m. Lunch is usually at 1:15 p.m. He returns to the plant rooms from 4 p.m. to 6 p.m. Dinner is generally at 7:15 or 7:30 p.m. (although in one book, Wolfe tells a guest that lunch is served at 1 o'clock and dinner at 8). The remaining hours, 11 a.m. to 1 p.m., 2 p.m. to 4 p.m., and after dinner, are available for business, or for reading if there is no pressing business (even if, by Archie's lights, there is). Sunday's schedule is more relaxed; Theodore, the orchid-keeper, usually goes out.", "\"When Columbia pictures bought the screen rights to Fer-de-Lance for $7,500 and secured the option to buy further stories in the series, it was thought the role would go to Walter Connolly. Instead Edward Arnold got it,\" McAleer reported in Rex Stout: A Biography. \"Columbia's idea was to keep Arnold busy with low-cost Wolfe films between features. Two films presently were made by Columbia, Meet Nero Wolfe (Fer-de-Lance) and The League of Frightened Men. Connolly did portray Wolfe in the latter film, after Arnold decided he did not want to become identified in the public mind with one part. Lionel Stander portrayed Archie Goodwin. Stander was a capable actor but, as Archie, Rex thought he had been miscast.\"", "Stout was a longtime friend of British humorist P. G. Wodehouse, writer of the Jeeves novels and short stories. Each was a fan of the other's work, and parallels are evident between their characters and techniques. Wodehouse contributed the foreword to Rex Stout: A Biography, John McAleer's Edgar Award-winning 1977 biography of the author (reissued in 2002 as Rex Stout: A Majesty's Life). Wodehouse also mentions Rex Stout in several of his Jeeves books, as both Bertie and his Aunt Dahlia are fans.", "Wolfe's office becomes nearly soundproof when the doors connecting it to the front room and the hallway are closed. There is a small hole in the office wall covered by what Archie calls a \"trick picture of a waterfall.\" A person in an alcove at the end of the hallway can open a sliding panel covering the hole, so as to see and hear conversations and other events in the office without being noticed. The chair behind Wolfe's desk is custom-built, with special springs to hold his weight; according to Archie, it is the only chair that Wolfe really enjoys sitting in. Near the desk is a large chair upholstered in red leather, which is usually reserved for Inspector Cramer, a current or prospective client, or the person whom Wolfe and Archie want to question. In the short story \"The Squirt and the Monkey,\" Wolfe and Archie have a hidden tape recorder and microphone installed in the office, with controls in the kitchen. In the story \"Eeny Meeny Murder Mo,\" the system is modified to transmit sound to a speaker in the front room.", "* Wolfe does not invite people to use his first name and addresses them by honorific and surname. Aside from his employees, one of the only two men whom Wolfe addresses by their first names is his oldest friend, Marko Vukčić; Marko calls him Nero. In Death of a Doxy Julie Jaquette refers to Wolfe as Nero in a letter to Archie; and Lily Rowan has addressed Wolfe using an assumed first name. But these are exceptions. In \"The Rodeo Murder\" Wolfe finds it objectionable when Wade Eisler addresses him as Nero; and in \"Door to Death\" Sybil Pitcairn's disdainful use of his first name makes Wolfe decide to solve the case. Men nearly always address him as Wolfe, and women as Mr. Wolfe.", "1943 - The Adventures of Nero Wolfe debuted on the NBC Blue radio network. Nero Wolfe was �the detective genius who rates the knife and fork the greatest tools ever invented by man.� The �gargantuan gourmet� continued on the air until 1951.", "The Rex Stout Archive anchors Boston College's collection of American detective fiction. The collection was donated by the Stout family and includes manuscripts, correspondence, legal papers, personal papers, publishing contracts, photographs, and ephemera. It also includes first editions, international editions, and archived reprints of Stout's books, as well as volumes from Stout's personal library, many of which found their way into Nero Wolfe's office. The comprehensive archive at Burns Library also includes the extensive personal collection of Stout's official biographer John McAleer, and the Rex Stout collection of bibliographer Judson C. Sapp. ", "* McBride, O.E., Stout Fellow: A Guide Through Nero Wolfe's World (2003, iUniverse; Hardcover ISBN 0-595-65716-8 / Paperback ISBN 0-595-27861-2). Pseudonymous self-published homage.", "In an interview May 27, 1967, Rex Stout told author Dick Lochte that Orson Welles had once wanted to make a series of Nero Wolfe movies, and Stout had turned him down. Disappointed with the Nero Wolfe movies of the 1930s, Stout was leery of Nero Wolfe film and TV projects in America during his lifetime: \"That's something my heirs can fool around with, if they've a mind to,\" he said. In 1976, a year after Stout's death, Paramount Television purchased the rights for the entire set of Nero Wolfe stories for Orson Welles. Paramount paid $200,000 for the TV rights to eight hours of Nero Wolfe. The producers planned to begin with an ABC-TV movie and hoped to persuade Welles to continue the role in a mini-series. Frank D. Gilroy was signed to write the television script (\"The Doorbell Rang\") and direct the TV movie on the assurance that Welles would star, but by April 1977 Welles had bowed out. Thayer David was cast as Wolfe in the 1977 TV movie. ", "Jeeves is a valet , not a butler —that is, he serves a man and not a household. However, Bertie Wooster has lent out Jeeves as a butler on several occasions, and notes: \"If the call comes, he can buttle with the best of them.\" [3]", "Augustus \"Gussie\" Fink-Nottle ('Spink-Bottle' to Bertie's Aunt Dahlia) is a fictional character in the Jeeves novels of British comic writer P. G. Wodehouse, being a lifelong friend of Jeeves's master Bertie Wooster and a possible member of the Drones Club. Described as \"a teetotal bachelor with a face like a fish\", he wears horn-rimmed spectacles and is a noted newt fancier.", "* Gloria LeRoy as Mildred \"Boom-Boom\" Turner, a buxom, middle-aged secretary at the plant where Archie works, who is not initially fond of Archie due to his and Stretch's leering and sexist behavior, but later becomes friendly with him, occasionally working as a barmaid at Archie's Place.", "Chief Inspector Japp : [giving a speech] The professional private detective, ladies and gentlemen, is not the glamorous figure of fiction. He is a man who, failing in more worthy walks of life and being of meddlesome and troublemaking disposition, finally comes to rest in a dingy office over the chip shop, where he plies for hire in the sordid world of petty crime and divorce.", "Gloria LeRoy as Mildred \"Boom-Boom\" Turner, a buxom, middle-aged secretary at the plant where Archie works, who is not initially fond of Archie due to his and Stretch's leering and sexist behavior, but later becomes friendly with him, occasionally working as a barmaid at Archie's Place.", "If the Jeeves should appear in a work of Mystery Fiction , expect copious Lampshade Hanging on the idea that The Butler Did It .", "Reader, never mind whether the butler did it. Here’s a real mystery for you: Who wrote the first detective novel?" ]

[ 7.87890625, 7.828125, 6.98046875, 3.95703125, 3.765625, 3.11328125, 2.068359375, 0.494873046875, -0.25244140625, -0.64599609375, -0.6474609375, -0.82861328125, -0.87744140625, -0.96435546875, -1.439453125, -1.564453125, -1.9169921875, -2.068359375, -2.076171875, -2.314453125, -2.65625, -2.787109375, -2.955078125, -3.166015625, -3.666015625, -4.6328125, -7.55078125, -7.77734375, -7.828125, -8.0703125, -8.1875, -9.765625 ]

[ "1795 – The 11th Amendment to the United States Constitution is passed. This Amendment deals with each State’s sovereign immunity from being sued in federal court by someone of another state or country. This Amendment was adopted in response to, and in order to overrule, the United States Supreme Court decision in Chisholm v. Georgia, 2 U.S. 419 (1793).", "1794 – The 11th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was passed by the U.S. Congress. This amendment deals with each state’s sovereign immunity from being sued in federal court by someone of another state or country. This amendment was adopted in response to, and in order to overrule, the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Chisholm v. Georgia, 2 U.S. 419 (1793).", "1794 - The 11th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was passed by the U.S. Congress. The Amendment limited the jurisdiction of the federal courts to automatically hear cases brought against a state by the citizens of another state. Later interpretations expanded this to include citizens of the state being sued, as well.", "Section 1983 Civil Rights Violation. 42 U.S.C. Section 1983, which addresses civil actions for deprivation of rights, could be used as a basis to allege civil rights violations in the context of an emergency response scenario. Local, state, and federal officials can be sued in their individual capacities if they used their position to deprive individuals of their U.S. Constitutional and other legal rights. State governments as entities are protected from Section 1983 claims by the 11th Amendment to the Constitution, which prohibits lawsuits against state governmental entities by private individuals. Local governments as entities can be sued under Section 1983 because they are not covered by 11th Amendment protections.", "(The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority; to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls; to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction ; to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party; to Controversies between two or more States; between a State and Citizens of another State; between Citizens of different States; between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects.) (This section in parentheses is modified by the 11th Amendment .)", "Section 1 of Article 3 of the Constitution provides for vesting the judicial power of the United States in one supreme court and in such inferior courts as Congress establishes. Section 2 defines the scope of U.S. judicial power and establishes the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. The judicial power extends to all cases arising under the Constitution, laws, and treaties of the United States; to cases concerning foreign diplomats and admiralty practice; and to diversity cases (those between citizens of different states) and cases in which the United States or a state is a party (however, the Eleventh Amendment, adopted in 1798, forbids federal cognizance of cases brought against a state by citizens of another state or by citizens of a foreign state).", "In 1998, the United States intervened in the lawsuits on behalf of the plaintiffs in the claim. This was to allow the claim to proceed against New York; the state had asserted that it was immune from suit under the Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution. After extensive negotiations and pre-trial procedures, all parties to the claim moved for judgment as a matter of law.", "The Constitution does not mention corporations.*8 To claim legal status, nineteenth century lawyers argued that corporations should be considered “citizens” or “persons” for application of various constitutional provisions. The Supreme Court has examined whether corporations are citizens under the following provisions: article III diversity jurisdiction,*9 article IV privileges and immunities clause,*10 and the fourteenth [*580] amendment. *11 Most of these cases were decided early in the nineteenth century — before significant government economic regulation — and involved the corporation’s right to sue or be sued.", "Scalia took a broad view of the Eleventh Amendment, which bars certain lawsuits against states in the federal courts. In his 1989 dissent in Pennsylvania v. Union Gas Co., Scalia stated that there was no intent on the part of the Framers to have the states surrender any sovereign immunity, and that the case that provoked the Eleventh Amendment, Chisholm v. Georgia, came as a surprise to them. Professor Ralph Rossum, who wrote a survey of Scalia's constitutional views, suggests that the justice's view of the Eleventh Amendment is actually contradictory to the language of the Amendment.", "State governments are immune from lawsuits under sovereign immunity conferred by the 11th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. Like the federal government, some states have waived this immunity in certain circumstances through state tort claims or state claims acts. These acts generally immunize government employees from tort liability for acts or omissions committed within their scope of employment. Some states cap the amount of money damages available from a judgment against the state and frequently prohibit the recovery of punitive damages against the state. Some states extend these protections to volunteers; others declare them unpaid state employees during an emergency.", "It would seem anomalous or inconsistent for a State both (1) to invoke federal jurisdiction, thereby contending that the \"Judicial power of the United States\" extends to the case at hand, and (2) to claim Eleventh Amendment immunity, thereby denying that the \"Judicial power of the United States\" extends to the case at hand. And a Constitution that permitted States to follow both claims in the same case could generate seriously unfair results.", "The Court, however, has refused to apply the procedural protections of the Constitution to our government's treatment of foreign citizens in foreign countries. See, e.g., Johnson v. Eisentrager, 339 U.S. 763, 771, 70 S.Ct. 936, 940, 94 L.Ed. 1255 (1950) (“[I]n extending constitutional protections beyond the citizenry, the Court has been at pains to point out that it was the alien's presence within its territorial jurisdiction that gave the Judiciary power to act.”); United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp., 299 U.S. 304, 318, 57 S.Ct. 216, 220, 81 L.Ed. 255 (1936) (“Neither the Constitution nor the laws passed in pursuance of it have any force in foreign territory unless in respect of our own citizens.”). The Court has also refused to apply our notions of due process to foreign court proceedings against American citizens who have committed foreign crimes outside the United States. See, e.g., Neely v. Henkel, 180 U.S. 109, 123, 21 S.Ct. 302, 307, 45 L.Ed. 448 (1901) ( “When an American citizen commits a crime in a foreign country, he cannot complain if required to submit to such modes of trial and to such punishment as the laws of that country may prescribe for its own people.”).", "On August 10, 2012, Todd House, a doctor and presidential write-in candidate, filed a lawsuit alleging Obama was born in Kenya and not a natural-born citizen. In dismissing the suit, the court ruled that Congress, and not it, was empowered under the U.S. Constitution to determine the president's eligibility. ", "The post-Civil War fourteenth amendment granted the rights of persons to former slaves, though mostly in theory.  At the same time, it created a new category of persons with rights: corporations.  In fact, almost all the cases brought to the courts under the fourteenth amendment had to do with corporate rights, and by a century ago, they had determined that these collectivist legal fictions, established and sustained by state power, had the full rights of persons of flesh and blood; in fact, far greater rights, thanks to their scale, immortality, and protections of limited liability.  Their rights by now far transcend those of mere humans.  Under the “free trade agreements,” Pacific Rim can, for example, sue El Salvador for seeking to protect the environment; individuals cannot do the same.  General Motors can claim national rights in Mexico.  There is no need to dwell on what would happen if a Mexican demanded national rights in the United States.", "Months later, a federal lawsuit was filed in the Federal District Court of the Virgin Islands in 2011. The lawsuit claimed that the United States had to provide U.S. Virgin Islanders with the ability to be represented in Congress and vote for U.S. President. The case is Civil No. 3:11-cv-110, Charles v. U.S. Federal Elections Commission et al. (3:11-cv-00110-AET-RM). It alleged that racial discrimination present in an all-white and segregated U.S. Congress of 1917 was the impetus to deny the right to vote to a majority non-white constituency. The case was ultimately dismissed and closed on August 16, 2012 by District Judge Anne E. Thompson from the Federal District Court of the Virgin Islands, Division of St. Croix. ", "...the United States or any of its branches, departments, or agencies is a defendant. The court has jurisdiction over money claims against the United States based on the U.S. Constitution, federal laws, executive regulations, or express or implied contract with the government. The court assumed the original jurisdiction formerly exercised by the United States Court of Claims, concurrently...", "Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.*", "The Sixth Amendment guarantees jury trials and establishes the rights of a defendant. The Seventh Amendments guarantees jury trials in federal civil cases. The Eighth Amendment forbids excessive bail. The Ninth Amendment protects rights not specifically spelled out in the Constitution, while the Tenth Amendment reserves rights to the states.", "Activists filed a lawsuit on September 20, 2011 in the federal US District Court of the Virgin Islands seeking the right to be represented in Congress and to vote for U.S. President. The case is Civil No. 3:11-cv-110, Charles v. U.S. Federal Elections Commission et al. The case alleges the 1917 Congress, with all-white members, denied the right to vote to island residents due to racial discrimination, as the island had a majority of people of color. The case was dismissed on August 20, 2012. ", "Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. ", "Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.", "Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.", "If a citizen’s speech were not protected an untenable circumstance would arise.  During an election, an incumbent Congressman could freely criticize his opponent.  Absent restrictions on governmental interference with a private citizen’s speech, a citizen candidate could not criticize his opponent, the sitting Congressman, without fear of punishment.  The broad coverage of American free speech sprung from the confluence of Natural Law, individual sovereignty, the need for free and open debate in Congress and the right to serve in Congress.  Its origins were uniquely American.", "*10. See Bank of Augusta v. Earle, 38 U.S. (13 Pet.) 519 (1839) (Corporations are not citizens within the meaning of article IV privileges and immunities clause; therefore, a state does not have to give extraterritorial effect to corporation charters granted by another state.); See also Paul v. Virginia, 75 U.S. (8 Wall.) 168, 177 (1868) (“[t]he term citizens . . . applies only to natural persons . . . not to artificial persons created by the legislature”).", "In criminal law, in certain jurisdictions, criminal prosecutions are brought in the name of the People. Several U.S. states, including California, Illinois, and New York, use this style. Citations outside the jurisdictions in question usually substitute the name of the state for the words \"the People\" in the case captions. Four states — Massachusetts, Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Kentucky — refer to themselves as the Commonwealth in case captions and legal process. Other states, such as Indiana, typically refer to themselves as the State in case captions and legal process. Outside the United States, criminal trials in Ireland and the Philippines are prosecuted in the name of the people of their respective states.", "Then in 1922 the Supreme Court decided in Balzac v. Puerto Rico that Congress can confer in unincorporated territories statutory territorial classifications of “citizenship” that fall short of full or equal constitutional nationality/citizenship.    Thus, whether an American Samoa resident has statutory “nationality” or a Puerto Rican has statutory “citizenship,” both have a territorial law based status and classification that exists outside the scope and operation of the 14th Amendment’s citizenship rights provisions.", "Since Americans claiming the original class of citizenship have \"inalienable rights\", what rights have 14th Amendment citizens? The answer is as clear as it is unfortunate: mere civil rights.", "Instead, birth in the territories triggers federal statutes sounding in immigration and nationality law that confer a class of territorial U.S. nationality and citizenship, securing only narrow and provisional citizenship rights based on federal statute and court made law.  Any rights or privileges conferred may be protected individually from gross discrimination as long as the conferring statute is not changed, but Congress retains the power and residual sovereignty going forward to discontinue prospective conferral of even those limited rights at any time by simply repealing the federal statute under which territorial citizenship is defined.", "where a plaintiff’s claim is “based upon” “an act performed in the United States in connection with a commercial activity of the foreign state elsewhere”; or", "ARTICLE 123. Equality of rights of citizens of the U.S.S.R., irrespective of their nationality or race, in all spheres of economic, state, cultural, social and political life, is an indefeasible law.", "We have already explained who the 14th Amendment citizen really is, so we will not cover that again. However, who is it that is \"within the jurisdiction thereof\" as stated in §1983?", "The privileges and immunities clause of the 14th Amendment protects very few rights because it neither incorporates the Bill of Rights nor protects all rights of individual citizens. Instead, this provision protects only those rights peculiar to being a citizen of the federal government; it does not protect those rights which relate to state citizenship." ]

[ 4.25390625, 4.2421875, 3.943359375, 0.50537109375, -0.04156494140625, -0.262451171875, -0.5458984375, -0.95068359375, -1.3603515625, -1.580078125, -2.478515625, -2.8046875, -3.1171875, -3.767578125, -4.12109375, -4.22265625, -4.28125, -4.71484375, -4.7890625, -5.1171875, -5.1171875, -5.15234375, -5.390625, -5.44140625, -5.51171875, -6.00390625, -6.12109375, -6.34375, -6.64453125, -6.66015625, -6.68359375, -6.8125 ]

[ "Rhodesian Ridgeback is a compound animal: looks like a dog combined with a rare species of dragon. Their eggs are black.", "The Rhodesian ridgeback is a breed of hound dog known for the distinctive ridge of hair that grows on its back in a direction opposite to the rest of its hair. Its coat is golden red, short, dense, and very glossy and is able to withstand a harsh climate and deadly tropical parasites. Its ears are medium-sized, wide, and are carried flopped forward and close to the head. Its tail is long, thin, and tapers toward the end. Its large, round eyes are amber or yellow in color. An adult Rhodesian ridgeback stands 24-27 inches (61-69 centimeters) tall at the shoulders and weighs 65-75 pounds (29-34 kilograms), The breed was once also called the African lion hound. The dogs are known for their clean, quiet, and obedient nature. They have been used to hunt big cats, deer, and birds and to protect farmers’ livestock.", "Rhodesian ridgeback, also called African lion hound, South African hound dog breed characterized by a narrow band of hair that grows forward along its back, against the direction of the rest of the coat. This ridge is inherited from a half-wild native hunting dog that, by breeding with various European dogs, formed the stock that gave rise to the Rhodesian ridgeback. Typically strong, active, and of great endurance, the Rhodesian ridgeback is a trim, shorthaired dog, with hanging ears and a glossy, yellowish brown to reddish brown coat. It stands 24 to 27 inches (61 to 69 cm) and weighs 70 to 85 pounds (32 to 39 kg). A versatile dog, it has distinguished itself as a hunter (especially of lions), as a guard, and as a companion.", "The Rhodesian Ridgeback, once known as the African Lion Hound, was developed in South Africa by Boer farmers. The farmers needed a versatile hunting dog who could withstand the extreme temperatures and terrain of the bush, survive when water rations were low, protect property, and be a companion to the entire family.", "The Rhodesian Ridgeback comes from Zimbabwe ( previously known as Rhodesia) in Africa and was bred originally to hunt large game. The Rhodesian Ridgeback is also known by the other name of the Lion Dog.", "Back when Zimbabwe was called Rhodesia, the European colonists in Africa faced a daunting landscape filled with wondrous and dangerous animals unlike anything they'd seen before. Naturally, they wanted to get right down to the business of hunting those animals and mounting their heads on walls. But the dogs they brought along with them were used to chasing things like foxes and deer, not big game. So they crossed their collection of various pooches with the half-wild Khoikhoi dogs kept by the local Hottentots , and the result was the Rhodesian ridgeback, also known as the African lion hound.", "The Rhodesian ridgeback is a dog breed developed in Southern Africa, Zimbabwe. Its European forebears can be traced to the early pioneers of the Cape Colony of southern Africa, who crossed their dogs with the semi-domesticated, ridged hunting dogs of the Khoikhoi. The Rhodesian ridgeback’s distinguishing feature is the ridge of hair running along its back in the opposite direction from the rest of its coat. Male ridgebacks usually stand 25–27 in (64–69 cm) at the withers and weigh about 85 lb (39 kg). Rhodesian ridgebacks are loyal, intelligent, and somewhat aloof to strangers. This is not to be confused with aggression; a ridgeback of proper temperament will be more inclined to ignore, rather than challenge, a stranger", "Rhodesian ridgeback South African hound dog breed characterized by a narrow band of hair that grows forward along its back, against the direction of the rest of the coat. This ridge is inherited from a half-wild native hunting dog that, by breeding with various European...", "Rhodesian Ridgebacks are an intelligent, sensitive, protective and affectionate...not to mention good-natured. Not convinced yet? They excel in nearly all athletic events and likely have the highest endurance of any dog breed making them a runner's dream dog as the breed can run a distance of 30 miles in 60-90 minutes. This low maintenance dog is easily trained and an excellent choice for families with children and other pets.", "The Rhodesian Ridgeback takes his name from both the part of the world from which he originates and the distinctive hair that runs down his back. (Although if you’re counting on that ridge you may be disappointed: A lot of purebred Ridgebacks don’t have them!) A sleek and powerful dog, the Ridgeback has transitioned from African farm dog and hunter to popular companion dog in American homes of all types and sizes.", "The young Rhodesian Ridgeback is energetic and active, but with maturity and training, he generally becomes a calm and quiet dog. He needs at least a half hour of daily exercise .", "Rhodesian ridgebacks are loyal, intelligent, and somewhat aloof to strangers. This is not to be confused with aggression; a ridgeback of proper temperament will be more inclined to ignore, rather than challenge, a stranger. This breed requires positive, reward-based training, good socialization and consistency; it is often not the best choice for inexperienced dog owners. Ridgebacks are strong-willed, intelligent, and many seem to have a penchant for mischief, though loving. They are protective of their owners and families. If trained well, they can be excellent guard dogs. Like any dog, they can become aggressive when they are not socialized properly.", "The first thing people notice about the Rhodesian Ridgeback is usually the characteristic ridge that runs down his spine and gives him his name. The ridge reveals part of his heritage, which is a mix of European hunting dogs and African dogs who had the distinctive ridge.", "The Rhodesian Ridgeback temperament is usually very stable and a well socialized one that has been through obedience training is an excellent family companion. They may look proud (and are) but they are also quite sensitive to harsh tones and treatment. This breed is extremely intelligent too and they will excel at obedience training, housebreaking, etc. very quickly. Praise, treats and consistency are the best motivators for these guys; training is VERY important because a bored, disobedient Ridgeback will be a big strong-willed, mischievous pain in the butt!", "While the hunting instinct is strong in the Rhodesian Ridgeback, their double ability of sight and scent have proven extremely beneficial in a number of search and rescue programs. The Ridgeback can be found worldwide in drug sniffing dog programs but they are used more often in rescue efforts and for tracking down lost persons and sometimes even escapees. Their ability to sniff out quarry plus chase it down comes from their days of hunting in the African bush. Being developed to hunt the African savannahs has also given the Ridgeback a strong self confidence, allowing it to go anywhere in any situation with little fear. More than anything, search and rescue trainers say it is the attitude of the dog itself and not the breed that matters most. However, the Rhodesian Ridgeback has become a favorite because when out in the field, the breed is all business. They do not often give up or give in unless and until they have accomplished their task.", "As puppies, Rhodesian Ridgebacks are very energetic, but they calm down as they get older. Rhodesian Ridgebacks are naturally athletic and need regular exercise. Without enough activity, they can grow bored and become destructive. Rhodesian Ridgebacks need a long daily walk in addition to regular time in the yard or at the dog park to run around.", "In the 16th and 17th centuries, Europeans immigrated to South Africa and brought with them numerous dogs including the Greyhound, Bloodhound, various terriers, mastiffs and danes. Despite this  wide mix of dogs, the European settlers found they were missing a versatile hunting dog that could withstand the African landscape and temperature extremes. As a result, they bred their existing dogs with native, half-wild dogs that had unique ridges on their backs. The African dog was known as the Hottentot and is considered to be the foundation stock for the Rhodesian Ridgeback.", "Perhaps you've had a chance meeting with someone that has a Rhodesian Ridgeback, or maybe an aquaintance owns one that you found especially appealing, or maybe you have seen cute puppy photos - or possibly you have just heard about them. For these - and various other reasons - many people have become attracted to Rhodesian Ridgebacks. However, before the final decision is made to aquire one of these admittedly magnificent animals, make certain that you carefully consider all he has to offer - and what demands he'll make on your time and energy.", "Other dog breeds also have a reverse line of fur along the spine, including the Phu Quoc ridgeback dog and Thai ridgeback. The Thai ridgeback is a crossbreed of the Phu Quoc; historians have speculated the relationship between the Rhodesian ridgeback and the Phu Quoc with suggestions that historically one breed may have been imported to the other's location. ", "The Rhodesian Ridgeback has a short coat that sheds very little. The Rhodesian Ridgeback only needs to be brushed once a week and bathed when needed. Like all dogs, the Rhodesian Ridgeback also needs basic grooming. Brush their teeth, clean their ears and trim their nails on a regular basis.  ", "The Rhodesian Ridgeback does well with other pets if he's raised with them. Males tend to be aggressive to other males , especially if they're not neutered . It's important to properly socialize a Rhodesian Ridgeback to other dogs and animals — expose him to lots of other creatures beginning in puppyhood — because the tolerance he shows animals in his home is often not extended to animals outside his family.", "The Rhodesian Ridgeback's head is broad but of reasonable length; the ears closely frame the face and are medium in size overall, but broader at the base and ending at a point. Interestingly, eye color will vary from dark brown to amber based upon nose color; the more common black nosed individuals usually have dark brown eyes while the recessive, liver/brown nosed dogs often possess amber eyes. They have very straight, lightly muscled legs that end in small, compact paws with arched toes. The feet are one of the areas where a small amount of white coloring is allowed, however, the less the better for competitive purposes.", "Reverend Charles Helm (1844 - 1915), son of Reverend Daniel Helm of the London Missionary Society, was born in the Cape Colony, joined the London Missionary Society himself, and moved from the Zuurbraak (now Suurbraak) mission station just east of Swellendam (modern Western Cape Province, South Africa) to the Hope Fountain Mission in Matabeleland, Southern Rhodesia, travelling from October 1874 to December 1875, then bringing two ridged dog bitches from somewhere between Kimberley (modern Northern Cape Province, South Africa) and Swellendam with him to Hope Fountain in 1879 en route to becoming, as it would turn out, a political advisor to King Lobengula, house-host to hunter-explorer Frederick Courteney Selous, postmaster of Bulawayo and well-appreciated tooth-extractor. At Hope Fountain, now part of the city of Bulawayo, fellow South African transplant Cornelius van Rooyen (b. 1860, Uitenhage, modern Eastern Cape Province, South Africa), a big–game hunter, was married to Maria Vermaak of Bloemhof by Reverend Helm in 1879 the same year Helm brought his two rough-coated grey-black bitches to the Mission. Van Rooyen saw Helm's pair of bitches and decided to breed his own dogs with them to incorporate their guarding abilities. Maddeningly, we are not sure these two first direct ancestors of Rhodesian ridgebacks had dorsal hair pattern ridges themselves, but they founded the Rhodesian ridgeback bloodline, so either carried the trait or it was added from other Boer dogs and hybrids with Khoikhoi ridgebacks which van Rooyen bred into his lines over many trials then generations.", "Give your Rhodesian Ridgeback a couple of 15- to 20-minute walks or playtimes daily, plus opportunities to run in a safely fenced area a couple of times a week. Because of the breed's strong prey drive, keeping him on leash in unfenced areas is a must. Your Ridgeback will take off after a cat, rabbit, or bicyclist, no matter how well you think he's trained.", "When it comes to grooming , the Rhodesian Ridgeback is pretty low-maintenance. Give him a good going over with a rubber curry brush weekly to remove loose or dead hair, then wipe him down with a damp cloth. Voila! A clean Ridgeback.", "If a Rhodesian Ridgeback is raised with other pets, he'll be accepting of them. However, he can still be aggressive toward strange animals outside the family, even if he's well socialized and trained. Males can be aggressive toward other males , especially if they're not neutered .", "Rhodesian Ridgebacks can adapt to a number of living situations, including apartments, if they're properly exercised. The ideal is a home with a large fenced yard.", "RRCUS H&G - the Rhodesian Ridgeback Club of the United States maintains a web site devoted to the breed's health issues that also gathers ongoing research for their Health & Genetics Committee. This group recommends that breeders perform at least four health screenings: hips, elbows, thyroid and eyes, with cardiac and hearing tests optional.", "The Ridgeback was created to help big game hunters go after lions, which is why he’s sometimes called the African Lion Hound.", "Of all 19 species, the springbok is the gazelle's principal representative in Southern Africa, where it is found in most parks throughout the region. Springboks are mostly associated with their joyous jumping displays, especially in celebration of the rains. They are prolific sprinters and can reach speeds of up to 50 mph (80 kph), and are honoured in as the national symbol of South Africa. In fact, the South African national rugby team is proudly named after this agile antelope.", "The Springbok is the most abundant antelope in the central and western parts of South Africa. Some herds are still free roaming within some of its natural range, but most are now confined to farmlands and reserves. They are a common feature in most of South Africa's national, provincial and private reserves.", "The fleet-footed Thomson’s gazelle or ‘Tommy’ is a characteristic grazer of the Serengeti, where it is the favoured prey of the even faster cheetah. Like most gazelles, it is light chestnut with pale underparts, and it has a distinctive black flank stripe. Endemic to East Africa, it has a range centred on Serengeti-Ngorongoro, but also occurs in Arusha and Tarangire." ]

[ 6.57421875, 6.46875, 6.37109375, 3.712890625, 3.017578125, 2.927734375, 2.703125, 2.654296875, 2.607421875, 2.451171875, 1.673828125, 1.5595703125, 1.3212890625, 1.0146484375, 0.65771484375, 0.6318359375, 0.61474609375, 0.521484375, 0.0260772705078125, -0.03753662109375, -0.07293701171875, -0.08843994140625, -0.69287109375, -0.8671875, -1.7294921875, -2.015625, -2.689453125, -2.85546875, -3.189453125, -6.38671875, -6.63671875, -7.75390625 ]

[ "A video game series based on his skateboarding, with the title Tony Hawk's Pro Skater, debuted in 1999. Since then, the series has spawned 18 titles so far, including ten main series titles, four spin-offs, and four repackages.", "But, almost as abruptly as it died, skating’s popularity surged skyward, and the Hawk became the Phoenix. Birdhouse grew into one of the biggest and best-known skate companies in the world, and Tony signed a wide range of endorsement deals. In 1998, he and his family started a children’s skate clothing company called Hawk Clothing. A year later, skating rocketed to unprecedented heights, from which it has yet to descend. Tony’s career came with it; in fact, he provided much of the fuel. In 1999 Tony teamed up with Activision to create the Tony Hawk’s Pro Skater video game franchise. The Tony Hawk video game series became one of the most popular game franchises in history and continues to this day. His life would never be the same. In a stroke of good timing, at the X Games that year, Tony also became the first skateboarder to ever land a 900, a maneuver that had eluded (and occasionally hobbled) him for 10 years . It was one of skating’s most gripping moments, playing out in front of a collection of his peers and fans, and on national TV. That exposure, along with his successful video game, helped establish Tony’s mainstream celebrity", "In 1999, Tony teamed up with Activision to create the Tony Hawk’s Pro Skater video game franchise. The Tony Hawk video game series became one of the most popular game franchises in history and continues to this day. His life would never be the same. In a stroke of good timing, at the X Games that year, Tony also became the first skateboarder to ever land a 900, a maneuver that had eluded (and occasionally hobbled) him for 10 years . It was one of skating’s most gripping moments, playing out in front of a collection of his peers and fans, and on national TV. That exposure, along with his successful video game, helped establish Tony’s mainstream celebrity", "Skateboarding video games have also become very popular in skateboarding culture. Some of the most popular are the Tony Hawk series and Skate series for various consoles (including hand-held) and personal computer.", "In 2002, he created the \"Boom Boom HuckJam\", an extreme sports exhibition and tour that was launched in Las Vegas. Throughout his career, Hawk has made numerous appearances in films, other media, and his own series of video games. He has also been involved in various philanthropic activities, including his own Tony Hawk Foundation that helps to build skateparks in underprivileged areas. In 2014, Hawk was named one of the most influential skateboarders of all time by FoxWeekly. ", "publish products based on franchises such as DreamWorks' Animation LLC (\"DreamWorks\"), Harrah's Entertainment, Inc. (\"Harrah\"), Hasbro Properties Group (\"Hasbro\"), MGM Interactive and EON Productions Ltd. (\"MGM & EON\"), Mattel, Inc. (\"Mattel\"), Marvel Entertainment, Inc. (\"Marvel\"), and professional skateboarder Tony Hawk, to develop video games based on their intellectual property.", "Under the \"CONS\" name, Converse launched its skateboarding program in 2009 with a team of \"ambassadors\": Kenny Anderson, Anthony Pappalardo, Nick Trapasso, Sammy Baca, Ethan Fowler, Raymond Molinar, and Rune Glifberg. [7]", "The legendary skateboarder, Tony Hawk provided the defining moment of X Games V -- not to mention his career -- on one magical night when he executed the first '900' in skateboarding history.", "After the 900, it seemed that Hawk could do no wrong, especially in business, where he became a one-man marketing phenomenon. Birdhouse and Blitz took off, becoming two of the largest skate-boarding companies in the world. In 1999, however, Hawk ventured into what would become his most lucrative enterprise—video games. He had been trying to interest companies in a skateboarding game since the mid-1990s, but executives did not bite. \"They just didn't get it,\" Hawk explained to Sports Illustrated. Finally Activision, a California-based company, approached Hawk in September of 1998 about developing a video game. Computer engineers mocked up a working version and Hawk tinkered with it for months, providing feedback and offering suggestions for improvement. When Tony Hawk's Pro Skater was introduced in the fall of 1999, it created an immediate buzz. By Christmas it had zoomed to the top of the video sales charts.", "** Skateboarder Andy Macdonald won his 15th X Games medal, surpassing Tony Hawk as the all-time leader in skateboarding medals.", "* Chris Senn wins the gold medal in Skateboard Street beating Tony Hawk who took the silver.", "*In Skateboard Vert, Tony Hawk took home the gold by completed the first of many of his history-making moments at the X Games: the \"Perfect Run\".", "There were several artistic skateboarding pioneer's that had an influence on the culture of skateboarding during the 1980s, that transformed skateboard-deck art like Jim Phillips, who's edgy comic-book style \"Screaming Hand\", not only became the main logo for Santa Cruz Skateboards, but eventually transcended into tattoos of the same image for thousands of people & vinyl collectable figurines over the years. Artist Vernon Courtlandt Johnson is said to have used his artwork of skeletons and skulls, for Powell Peralta, during the same time that the music genres of punk rock and new wave music were beginning to mesh with the culture of skateboarding. Some other notable skateboard artists that made contribrutions to the culture of skateboarding also include Andy Jenkins, Todd Bratrud, Neil Blender, Marc McKee, Tod Swank, Mark Gonzales, Lance Mountain, Natas Kaupas and Jim Evans. ", "Skateboarding is a popular action sport wherein a rider balances and performs tricks using a skateboard.  A skateboard is a flat board with rollers attached at the bottom.", "20 Skateboarding Skateboarding is the act of riding and performing tricks using a skateboard. A person who skateboards is most often referred to as a skateboarder, or just skater. Skateboarding can be a recreational activity, an art form, a job, or a method of transportation. Skateboarding has been shaped and influenced by many skateboarders throughout the years. A 2002 report by American Sports Data found that there were 18.5 million skateboarders in the world. 85 percent of skateboarders polled who had used a board in the last year were under the age of 18, and 74 percent were male. Skateboarding is relatively modern. A key skateboarding maneuver, the ollie, was developed in the late 1970s by Alan \"Ollie\" Gelfand as a half-pipe maneuver. Freestyle skateboarder Rodney Mullen was the first to take it to flat ground and later invented the kickflip and its variations", "Skateboarding is an action sport which involves riding and performing tricks using a skateboard. Skateboarding can also be considered a recreational activity, an art form, a job, or a method of transportation. Skateboarding has been shaped and influenced by many skateboarders throughout the years. A 2009 report found that the skateboarding market is worth an estimated $4.8 billion in annual revenue with 11.08 million active skateboarders in the world. ", "*In the 2001 video game, Tony Hawk Pro Skater 3, the song \"I'm a Swing It\" was used.", "Red Faction: Guerrilla, Infamous, Prototype , and Skate 2. All of these games have a unique approach to how they tell a", "Raised in San Diego, California, Hawk was described as being \"hyperactive\" as a child. His parents supported his skateboarding because it served as an outlet for his excessive energy, and as Hawk's skills developed, he became a professional skateboarder at age fourteen. In 1999, he became the first skater to land a 900. In 2002, he created the Boom Boom HuckJam, an extreme sports exhibition and tour which launched in Las Vegas.", "In this move, the back truck grinds a rail while the front truck hangs over the rail's far side. Professional skateboard legend Josh Nelson is the inventor of this grind back in 1986 at the Del Mar skate ranch in Del Mar, California. The name feeble grind came from Josh Nelson's friend and fellow skateboarder Sean Donnelley. Sean used to call Josh \"the feeb\" which was short for feeble, because Nelson was so skinny and often had broken limbs and injuries from skateboarding. Many people watched Josh create this unique type of grind on the parking blocks that were mounted in the reservoir at the Del Mar Skate Ranch. ", "*Rob Dyrdek's MTV show Rob & Big featured MacArthur Park in an episode where Rob broke two skateboarding world records bringing his total that day to a total of 21 separate skateboarding world records.", "Ville brings ten more games for your enjoyment: Spike's Peak, Square Out, Stalag 1, Surfchamp, Think Cross, The Transformers [Activision], Transformers [Ocean], Wallie Goes to Rhymeland, Welcome Aboard, and Wheelin' Wallie. Enjoy �", "But while many of his peers moved on to other, more traditional pursuits, Tony never gave up on the sport he loved. The next few years flew by in a blur of financial uncertainty. Confident that skating would rebound, Tony refinanced his first house and with a friend launched his own skateboard company, Birdhouse Projects. The first few years were rough: Birdhouse wasn’t making money, and Tony’s future was sketchy.", "Not even atrocities like Tony Hawk Ride or Downhill Jam can ever take away from the greatness of this skate-or-die classic. THPS3 is the pinnacle of the franchise, with ludicrously smooth controls and a playful, over-the-top mentality that hasn't yet veered into Bam Margera worship. Each of the wildly varied stages is full of sick combo lines and nifty secrets, but the two-minute time limit keeps you focused on what really matters: racking up points.", "Layden, Tim. \"What Is This 34-Year-Old Man Doing On A Skateboard? Making Millions.\" Sports Illustrated (June 10, 2002): pp. 80+.", "*Vert skateboarding: skating on ramps and other vertical structures like empty bowl-shaped swimming pools and occasionally storm drains and such.", "Go Skateboarding Day was created in 2004 by a group of skateboarding companies to promote skateboarding and help make it more noticeable to the world. It is celebrated every year on June 21st.", "The skateboards are made in collaboration with The Skateroom, a platform for promoting, selling and producing art on skateboards that supports youth-empowerment and development. Proceeds from this project will benefit Skateistan, an award-winning, international NGO with projects in Afghanistan, Cambodia and South Africa. Skateistan is the first international development initiative to combine skateboarding with educational outcomes.", "But, almost as abruptly as it died, skating’s popularity surged skyward, and the Hawk became the Phoenix. Birdhouse grew into one of the biggest and best-known skate companies in the world, and Tony signed a wide range of endorsement deals. In 1998, he and his family started a children’s skate clothing company called Hawk Clothing. A year later, skating rocketed to unprecedented heights, from which it has yet to descend. Tony’s career came with it; in fact, he provided much of the fuel.", "Grand Theft Auto Vice City has Lance Vance, which he got mocked for in high school. Tommy Vercetti says it all: \"Lance Vance. Poor bastard.\"", "In August 2012, Lee participated in the 9th annual Stand-Up for Skateparks Event, at which he was co-chair with Tony Hawk. The event is held annually by the Tony Hawk Charitable Foundation and seeks to \"help create free, quality public skateparks for youth in low-income communities.\" ", "A common feature found in skateparks, stunt demos and competitions. It consists of two ramps separated by a 10-foot \"deck\" (flat section) in the middle (top)." ]

[ 2.44921875, 2.041015625, 1.8037109375, 1.0732421875, 1.03515625, 0.43798828125, 0.32421875, 0.186279296875, -0.71142578125, -1.1708984375, -2.89453125, -2.990234375, -3.26171875, -3.765625, -4.078125, -4.08203125, -4.203125, -4.91015625, -5.1171875, -5.21875, -5.61328125, -5.88671875, -6.00390625, -6.02734375, -6.8125, -7.203125, -7.45703125, -7.83984375, -8.03125, -8.203125, -8.453125, -10.328125 ]

[ "All 150 knights of the Round Table are said to have gone forth in search of the sacred vessel after it appeared at Camelot during Pentecost [a feast celebrated each year on the 50th day after the Great and Holy Feast of Pascha (Easter) and 10 days after the Feast of the Ascension of Christ]. Of those who went forth only three succeeded in their quest to find the grail: the saintly knight Sir Galahad, the simple Sir Percival, and the honest, plain-spoken Sir Bors.", "Curiously, one seat in particular always remained empty at the Round Table, and it was reserved for the one who would find the Holy Grail. When that brave knight arrived in King Arthur's court and took his place in the Siege Perilous at the Round Table, the Quest for the Holy Grail began officially began. This knight was Sir Galahad. King Arthur, however, was not very excited for he feared the loss of many of his bravest and best knights. Indeed, many knights set forth on this noble quest, but only a few returned.", "  / ˈ ɡ æ l ə h æ d / ; Middle Welsh : Gwalchavad, sometimes referred to as Galeas ( / ɡ ə ˈ l iː ə s / ) or Galath ( / ˈ ɡ æ l ə θ / ), in Arthurian legend , is a knight of King Arthur 's Round Table and one of the three achievers of the Holy Grail . He is the illegitimate son of Lancelot and Elaine of Corbenic , and is renowned for his gallantry and purity. Emerging quite late in the medieval Arthurian tradition, he is perhaps the knightly embodiment of Jesus in the Arthurian legends. Sir Galahad first appears in the Lancelot–Grail cycle, and his story is taken up in later works such as the Post-Vulgate Cycle and Sir Thomas Malory 's Le Morte d'Arthur .", "Despite Lancelot Du Lac\"s flaws, he is still regarded as the noblest knight of the round table. ... This tore the Knights of the Round Table asunder and King Arthur when he tried to rescue Guinevere. ... When Arthur invited Lancelot not just as a knight of the round table but first knight, Guinevere had more contact with Lancelot than any of the other knights. ... They had a son named Galahad, who later became the purest knight of the round table. Lancelot searched for the Holy Grail, along with many other Knights of the Round Table. ...", "quest was of paramount importance to the Knights of the Round Table, one seat was always kept empty at the table, reserved for the knight who would find the Grail. Sir Galahad was the only knight to occupy the seat, the other knights were swallowed by the earth. Galahad was the son of Sir Lancelot, lover of Queen Guinevere, Arthur’s wife. Twelve nuns who raised Galahad told his father he should make him a knight, because no man was more deserving. After Sir Galahad had taken his place at the round table a mysterious lady announced that the sacred vessel would feed all the knights, this happened without anyone at the meal seeing or touching the Grail. Sir Gawain vowed to find the Grail’s home, along with most of the Knights of the Round table. King Arthur attempted to stop them, fearing this would be their final quest, the knights set off in different directions with Sir Percival and Sir Bors encountering the Grail together. They received the sacrament from the dead, Joseph of Arimathea, who told Sir Galahad to take a bleeding spear to the castle of the “Maimed King” and rub it on his crippled body and limbs. The task was carried out and the king restored to health.", "Sir Galahad (; sometime referred to as Galeas or Galath), in Arthurian legend, is a knight of King Arthur's Round Table and one of the three achievers of the Holy Grail. He is the illegitimate son of Sir Lancelot and Elaine of Corbenic, and is renowned for his gallantry and purity. Emerging quite late in the medieval Arthurian tradition, Sir Galahad first appears in the Lancelot–Grail cycle, and his story is taken up in later works such as the Post-Vulgate Cycle and Sir Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur.", "Sir Galahad (; sometime referred to as Galeas or Galath ), in Arthurian legend, is a knight of King Arthur's Round Table and one of the three achievers of the Holy Grail. He is the illegitimate son of Sir Lancelot and Elaine of Corbenic, and is renowned for his gallantry and purity. Emerging quite late in the medieval Arthurian tradition, Sir Galahad first appears in the Lancelot–Grail cycle, and his story is taken up in later works such as the Post-Vulgate Cycle and Sir Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur.", "Centuries later, the location of the Great Castle of Corbenic became forgotten. At the Court of King Arthur, however, it was prophesied that the Grail would one day be rediscovered by a descendant of St. Joseph: the best knight in the land, the only man capable of sitting in the mysterious Siege Perilous. When such a man arrived in the form of Galahad, the son of Lancelot, along with a miraculous, though brief, vision of the Grail itself, a quest to find this holiest of relics began. Through many adventures and many years, the Knights of the Round Table crossed Britain from one end to another in their search. Perceval (Peredyr) discovered the castle in a land that was sickly like its spear-wounded King. When entertained by this \"Fisher\" or \"Grail King\", however, he failed to ask of the grail and left empty-hand. Lancelot next reached Corbenic, but was prevented from entering because of he was an adulterer. Finally Galahad arrived. He was permitted entry to the Grail Chapel and allowed to gaze upon the great cup. His life became complete and together grail and man were lifted up to heaven.", "The Roundtable takes its name from the legendary knight of King Arthur, whose tale of the Holy Grail is paramount to the Illuminati notion of Sangreal or holy blood.", "Galahad's conception is later glossed by Malory: \"And so by enchantment [Elaine] won the love of Sir Lancelot, and certainly she loved him again passing well.” Galahad was conceived for the divine purpose of seeking the Holy Grail. But Galahad's conception happened through pure deceit; under a cloak of deception that was very similar, in fact, to that which led to the conception of Arthur and of Merlin himself. Despite this, Galahad is the knight who is chosen to find the Holy Grail. Galahad, in the Lancelot-Grail cycle and in Malory's retelling, is exalted above all the other knights; he is the one worthy enough to have the Holy Grail revealed to him and to be taken into heaven.", "Upon reaching adulthood, Galahad is reunited with his father Lancelot, who knights him even though Lancelot is not a king. He is then brought to King Arthur's court at Camelot during Pentecost. Galahad is accompanied by a very old knight, who immediately leads him over to the Round Table, and unveils his seat at the Siege Perilous. This place had been kept vacant for the sole person who would accomplish the quest of the Holy Grail; for anyone else sitting there, it would prove to be immediately fatal. Sir Galahad survives the event, witnessed by King Arthur and his knights. The king upon realizing the greatness of this new knight leads him out to the river where sword lay in a stone with an inscription reading “Never shall man take me hence but only he by whose side I ought to hang; and he shall be the best knight of the world.” Galahad accomplishes this with ease, and King Arthur swiftly proclaims him to be the greatest knight ever. He is promptly invited to join the Order of the Round Table, and after an ethereal vision of the Holy Grail, the quest to find the famous object is set.", "The subject matter is based on the 15th century text Le Morte D'Arthur (The Death of Arthur) by Sir Thomas Malory. It tells the story of the spiritual quest by the knights of King Arthur's round table for the Holy Grail, the cup from which Jesus and the disciples drank at the Last Supper.", "In Arthurian legend, Sir Bedivere ( or; ; , also spelt Bedevere) is the Knight of the Round Table who returns Excalibur to the Lady of the Lake. He serves as King Arthur's marshal and is frequently associated with Sir Kay. Sir Lucan is his brother and Sir Griflet is his cousin.", "In Le Morte d’Arthur, a collection of Arthurian tales by the fifteenth-century English writer Sir Thomas Malory, the grail becomes the object of a quest among the knights of the Round Table at King Arthur’s castle, Camelot. The quest is eventually accomplished by Sir Galahad, who, as an emblem of Christian virtue, alone achieves the grail.", "Around the year 1470 English writer Sir Thomas Malory presented his Grail legend along with other tales concerning King Arthur and his knights. Malory's work, called Le Morte D'arthur, or \"The Death of Arthur,\" assigns a greater role to the foolish young knight Perceval than did the earlier story, Queste de Saint Graal. Both works, however, elevated him to a new status as one of King Arthur's knights. In Malory's tale Arthur's knights receive a vision of the Grail while assembled in the Great Hall at Camelot. All set out to find the holy vessel, but one by one, their character defects cause them to turn aside from the quest. Only the virtuous Sir Galahad, the ordinary Sir Bors, and the innocent Sir Perceval find the Holy Grail. Here Malory implies that the qualities that they represent - purity, humility, and openness - are the ones that allow us to draw close to God. Malory seems to rank purity the most important of these three virtues, since only Sir Galahad actually looked into the Grail and came to know all its secrets.", "According to legend, Galahad was the purest and noblest knight in King Arthur's court. The son of Sir Lancelot and Elaine of Corbenic, Galahad was raised by nuns. When arrived at the Round Table, the young knight sat down in a seat known as the Siege Perilous. It was so-called because only the knight whose destiny it was to find the Holy Grail would be able to occupy this seat safely; everyone else who had sat there in the past was killed instantly. When Galahad remained unharmed, King Arthur and the other knights knew he would succeed in this quest.", "In literature, the Round Table varies in size according to which author is decribing it. The consensus is that it seated 150, with one chair – the Siège Perilous (‘danger-seat’) – which no-one could occupy safely except for the true Grail-Knight: the knight destined to achieve the Holy Grail, or Sangreal , a symbolism sometimes linked to the Last Supper, which had one place for Judas of ill-omen. The Grail-Knight – it was said that the Siège Perilous was reserved for Sir Perceval, then later, Sir Galahad – was required to be a hero with the purest heart, who was chaste and a virgin without sins (which disqualified Sir Lancelot from the start).", "The most popular Holy Grail stories have been about virtuous Christian knights questing for the lost chalice of Christ. The association with knights and the grail no doubt began with the legend that the Knights Templar discovered the holy vessel (complete with drops of Jesus’s blood) in the rubble of Solomon’s temple in Jerusalem sometime around 1118. Some accounts add that, in addition to this most remarkable holy relic, the knights found ancient documents proving that Jesus married Mary Magdalene. The Holy Grail and the proof of the marital union between Jesus and Mary were kept in Templar custody in Paris until the arrest of Jacques de Molay, the grand master of the Temple, by King Philip of France in 1307. Fugitive Templars spirited the holy treasures to safe haven in Scotland sometime around 1312, and the Grail eventually was hidden in Rosslyn Chapel.", "These predictions are to be fulfilled by Sir Perceval, who becomes the new custodian of the Grail after the death of Bron. But the successful quest marks the beginning of the end of the fellowship of the Knights of the Round Table, now undermined by a lack of common-purpose, and the knights plan to go overseas to seek new challenges. Sir Kay persuades King Arthur that only an invasion of continental Europe will hold the Knights of the Round Table together in his service.", "The history of the Holy Grail is rather complicated. Ostensibly the cup that Jesus drank from during the Last Supper, brought to Glatonsbury by Joseph of Aramathea, it's a Celtic invention that was unknown on the continent before the Arthurian mythos brought it there. It first surfaced in the late 1100s, in an incomplete poem by Chretien De Troyes (whose contributions to Arthurian canon were action packed and unconcerned with spiritual matters), in which a naive Welsh knight named Perceval meets the Fisher King . A grail appears as part of a larger and quite bizarre mystical procession and is referred simply as \"a grail\" with no holy context, apart from carrying a host wafer. Perceval fails in his quest by not asking the Fisher King what the hell's going on (making this story the first ever Sierra adventure game).", "In the English-speaking world, the medieval version best known today is Le Morte Darthur by Sir Thomas Malory , based on the works of his many, many literary predecessors, including multiple layers of retcons and crossovers . This version incorporates many originally separate stories about the Knights of the Round Table, and other legends such as Gawaine and the Green Knight , Courtly Love , and the myth of the Holy Grail. Malory wrote it in The Late Middle Ages , and thus his work is often considered the \"final\" pre-modern form of the myth.", "1. In Arthurian legend, the purest of the Knights of the Round Table who alone succeeded in the quest for the Holy Grail.", "Nine other knights arrived from Gaul, Ireland and Denmark. They joined Galahad and his friends at the Grail table. Josephus , son of Joseph of Arimathea, magically appeared in the bishop outfits before the seated knights. Josephus brought the Grail and the Bleeding Lance with him. Josephus informed the knights they were rewarded for their piety and faith, before the saint vanished.", "Sir Griflet (also called Girflet, Jaufre) is a Knight of the Round Table in Arthurian legend. He is called the son of Do or Don, and he is cousin to Sir Lucan and Sir Bedivere.", "Since the Round Table could seat 150 knights, it was Merlin who help Arthur to chose the last fifty knights. Each seat (sieges) would have the name of knight magically written on the back of the seat, in letters of gold. One seat, however, remained unoccupied until the Grail knight appeared. The Archbishop of Canterbury blessed the members who sat around the Round Table.", "82. In Arthurian legend, what was found by Sir Galahad, Sir Bors and Sir Perceval ? (Holy Grail )", "At the end of the 12th century, French poet Chretien de Troyes further embellished the legend, adding new tales of chivalrous knights as well as the tragic romance of Lancelot and Guinevere. A decade later, Robert de Borron reintroduced the theme of the grail (drawing upon early Celtic folklore) and gave prominence to the magician, Merlin. By now, the stories had taken on greater Christian overtones, although certain pagan elements remained. King Arthur had come to embody the ideal Christian knight. In the 15th century, Sir Thomas Malory reworked the somewhat unwieldy collection of tales into a long unified epic entitled Le Morte d'Artur. Written in a lyrical English prose (rather than Latin), it was an instant hit. Malory's work became the definitive version of the story of King Arthur. Of course, by now the Celtic hero of centuries past had been lost in the long series of transformations.", "According to the text, it was a wedding gift from Guinevere’s father, King Leodagan of Carmelide, after Arthur asked her hand in marriage. At the time, there were already 100 knights (out of 150) who were members of the table. This led Arthur to ask the magician Merlin to choose the remaining members to bring it to full complement, emphasizing that each must be chivalrous.", "Earlier stories, from the mythology of the Celts, can be seen as precursors of the grail: they spoke of “cauldrons of plenty” that provided food for heroes and could even bring the dead to life. But once the links with Christian belief were established in the 12th century, the grail became a holy relic sought by mystics and heroes – and, most famously, by Arthur’s fellowship.", "It is clear from various records that the tenans at a round table of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries sometimes fought under the names of King Arthur's knights, indeed, \"Sir Galehos\" appears among the names of the knights inscribed on the actual round table at Winchester; and they also sometimes adopted the names of other legendary heroes, for at a round table held at Valenciennes in 1344, at which the prize was a peacock, victory was achieved by a band of cavaliers which fought under the names of King Alexander's knights. The accounts given of King Edward's tournament at Windsor, and that of the later Boucicaut's pas d'armes, both of which are called round tables, may be said to define sufficiently what a \"Round Table\" of the fourteenth century really was; and we fail to find any material difference from other meetings of the kind and period.", "), informing him that to cement his name in immortality, he must seek the Holy Grail —the cup used at the Last Supper of Christ, and which caught his blood after the crucifixion. After a long and roundabout search which leads them to the far corners of the Kingdom and past idiosyncratic knights, the world's oldest harem, and a very nasty rabbit , they discover the Grail is supposedly located in a very old castle, which has fallen into the hands of those heathen enemies—the French.", "In the early 12th century, Robert de Boron collected or composed a series of stories about King Arthur and the nights of the Round Table.  He cited the area around Glastonbury as the legendary Isle of Avalon (despite it being inland).  During the rebuilding of the abbey, many scholars looked for Arthur there.  In 1191, the abbot Henry de Sully ordered a search for the mythical king.  According to written accounts, workers dug  a trench 16 feet deep and found an oak log that had been hollowed out.  On top of it was a lead cross with an inscription stating Hic jacet sepultus inclitus rex Arthurus in insula Avalonia (\"Here lies interred the famous King Arthur on the Isle of Avalon\") and his second wife Guinevere.  She was so well preserved that her long blond hair was still attached to her skull.  Until one of the monks pulled it out of the grave.  It turned to dust under his hands.  Arthur and Guinevere were moved near the high altar in an ornate stone sepulchral.  This was destroyed during the English Civil War in the 1600s." ]

[ 6.05078125, 5.09375, 4.56640625, 4.265625, 4.01953125, 3.9609375, 3.947265625, 3.55859375, 3.43359375, 3.4140625, 3.263671875, 3.234375, 3.0234375, 2.8125, 2.802734375, 2.560546875, 2.244140625, 1.328125, 0.96630859375, 0.6123046875, 0.56396484375, 0.50732421875, 0.3955078125, -0.386962890625, -0.4140625, -1.408203125, -2.337890625, -2.47265625, -2.65234375, -2.66015625, -2.966796875, -3.75390625 ]

[ "In rare cases, baseball games are forfeited, usually when a team is no longer able to play. In the event of forfeiture, the score is recorded as 9-0, as stated in rule 2.00 of the Major League Baseball Rules Book. However, the actual game statistics are recorded as they stand at the time of the forfeit; the game is recorded as a loss in the standings for the forfeiting team and a win for the other team, even if the forfeiting team is ahead at that point. The 9-0 score equates to the number of innings in a regulation game. Sports with seven-inning games, such as high school baseball or softball, generally award a rule-based score of 7-0.", "There are nine rooms on a 'Clue' game board. A forfeited baseball game is recorded as a 9-0 score.", "Wikipedia says, \"In the event of forfeiture, the score is recorded as \"9 to 0\", as per rule 2.00 of the Major League Baseball Rules Book.\"", "As for the number 9 - it seems to relate to the number of scheduled innings played out in a professional standard 9 inning game. For softball and little league, for example, the score would be 7-0 since those games schedule only 7 innings of play. I also found something that said that in the event that the forfeiting team is trailing in the score, the score will remain as-is. So, if the team that had to forfeit was behind, say 5-1 - the final score would be recorded as 5-1. I believe the \"9-0\" score is the rule for games that are forfeited and never begin playing out or where the score is tied.", "Baseball scorekeeping is the practice of recording the details of a baseball game as it unfolds. Professional baseball leagues hire official scorers to keep an official record of each game (from which a box score can be generated), but many fans keep score as well for their own enjoyment. Scorekeeping is usually done on a printed scorecard and, while official scorers must adhere precisely to one of the few different scorekeeping notations, most fans exercise some amount of creativity and adopt their own symbols and styles. ", "The score is marked on a scoreboard, of which there are two types. One is the baseball-type scoreboard, which is usually used for televised games. On this scoreboard, the ends are marked by columns 1 through 10 (or 11 for the possibility of an extra end to break ties) plus an additional column for the total. Below this are two rows, one for each team. The number of points each team gets in an end is marked this way.", "The score sheet (not the scoring device) shall be the official record of the game. When possible, contestants are encouraged to pay close attention to the score at all times. If a question or discrepancy occurs regarding the correct score, the contestants may approach the scorekeeper between innings (or during their half inning) to clarify the situation. If the discrepancy cannot be corrected to the satisfaction of both contestants, a judge or Tournament/League Official shall be called to make the final decision before play resumes.", "Umpires cannot make the call for game forfeiture in Little League. Though the umpire can request a forfeiture against a team, the final decision must come from the league’s board of directors,just as in Major League Baseball where an umpire must submit a written request and report to the league president.", "* During the September 15, 1977 game between the Baltimore Orioles and Toronto Blue Jays at Exhibition Stadium, a light rain had been falling, and the grounds crew placed a tarpaulin over the two mounds in the Blue Jays' bullpen, which was in foul territory, outside the left field foul line. Before the start of the bottom of the fifth inning, Orioles manager Earl Weaver came out of the dugout and claimed to umpire Marty Springstead that the tarp endangered his players by exposing them to the risk that they could slip or trip on it when entering the bullpen to catch a fly ball. Weaver removed his team from the field and said that they would not return until the tarp was removed. Springstead ordered the tarp removed from the mound that was closest to fair territory, but refused to order the removal of the tarp from the other mound and told Weaver that he could play the game under protest. After arguing with Springstead for nearly twenty minutes, Weaver returned to the dugout. Springstead then waited five minutes (the period of time specified by the rule book) for the Orioles to retake the field. When they did not do so, he ordered the game forfeited to the Blue Jays. This was the only time since 1914 that a major-league baseball team deliberately forfeited a game.", "* On August 10, 1995, the Los Angeles Dodgers gave out baseballs to paying customers as they entered the Dodger Stadium gates for a game against the St. Louis Cardinals. However, fans interrupted the game in the seventh inning when they threw these baseballs onto the field. In the bottom of the ninth inning, the Cardinals were leading the game 2-1. The first batter, Raúl Mondesí, was called out on strikes and then ejected by home plate umpire Jim Quick for arguing, as was Dodger manager Tommy Lasorda moments later. Dodger fans, fueled by a series of close calls again threw their souvenir baseballs onto the field. The Cardinals left the field due to safety concerns and the field was cleaned up so play could resume. However, when the Cardinals returned to the field, at least one ball sailed out of the center field bleachers and the umpires immediately forfeited the game to St. Louis. As a result of this incident, Major League Baseball decreed that for any future promotional giveaways of baseballs or any other throwable object, the items would be given out as fans exited the stadium.", "G. When a team fails to appear for a game (or appears with fewer than the required number of players as described in Article III, Section 3, Paragraph 1), where the time and place appear in the official DVHL schedule, where the two teams did not agree in advance to reschedule the game and notify the league scheduler or Commissioner accordingly, and where there are not extraordinary circumstances (see above), the game will automatically be a forfeit win for the non‑offending team.", "11.1        Games which are shortened by either rain or darkness shall have the score revert back to the last complete inning and declared official if at least 3-1/2 innings have been played with the home team ahead or 4 innings if the visiting team is ahead.  The only exception to the rule will be in the event that the home team either ties or takes the lead in the bottom half of an inning which is not completed.  In this case (where each team has had an equal number of times at bat) the score shall not revert to the last complete inning, but instead shall stand as played.", "In Major League Baseball , games end with tie scores only because conditions have made it impossible to continue play. A tie game does not count as an official game in the standings unless it is finished later or replayed; however, individual player statistics from tie games are counted. Inclement weather may also shorten games, but at least five innings must be played for the game to be considered official; four-and-a-half innings are enough if the home team is ahead. Previously, curfews and the absence of adequate lighting caused more ties and shortened games.", "After the flip of a shoe(s) or coin(s), the winner will choose who pitches first. If the game is to be played under cancellation scoring, there are two (2) ways to determine who will pitch first in the next inning, once the game has started. The method to be used shall be determined and announced before play begins, by the Tournament/League Officials.", "The match details, including runs and dismissals, are recorded by two official  scorers , one representing each team. The scorers are directed by the hand signals of an umpire. For example, the umpire raises a forefinger to signal that the batsman is out (has been dismissed); he raises both arms above his head if the batsman has hit the ball for six runs. The scorers are required by the Laws of cricket to record all runs scored, wickets taken and overs bowled; in practice, they also note significant amounts of additional data relating to the game.", "The match details, including runs and dismissals, are recorded by two official scorers, one representing each team. The scorers are directed by the hand signals of an umpire. For example, the umpire raises a forefinger to signal that the batsman is out (has been dismissed); he raises both arms above his head if the batsman has hit the ball for six runs. The scorers are required by the Laws of cricket to record all runs scored, wickets taken and overs bowled; in practice, they also note significant amounts of additional data relating to the game.", "In baseball, a stolen base occurs when a runner advances to a base to which he is not entitled and the official scorer rules that the advance should be credited to the action of the runner. The umpires determine whether the runner is safe or out at the next base, but the official scorer rules on the question of credit or blame for the advance under Rule 10. ", "SECTION A – If the game is to be played under cancellation scoring, there are two ways to determine who shall pitch first in the next end once the game has started. The method to be used shall be determined before play begins.", "Each team is responsible for providing a scorekeeper. The home team will keep the official score. The umpire will make the final decision on any discrepancies of the score.", "Finally, you'll notice an area where you can register the statistical totals. Some of these, such as runs and hits, are totaled after each half-inning. Others, such as player and team totals, are tallied after the game has been played. We'll discuss this section later.", "K.  All forfeits and cancellations will be reviewed by the Executive Committee to determine the validity of the forfeit or cancellation.  Forfeits of a league game without league permission will result in a $550 fine to the offending club.", "Involuntary forfeits are generally due to an infraction of the rules, willfully or due to unfortunate circumstances. For instance, Little League teams must field nine players. If a team can’t, it must forfeit the game. A team may substitute a player from a different city or division to complete its roster, but a waiver must be filed before the game. If the team manager doesn’t file such a waiver, his team forfeits the game. Other involuntary forfeits might come about if a suspended player or coach appears in a game, or per MLB rules if a home team’s field is unsafe for play, and the team cannot or will not bring it up to standards before the start of the game.", "A blown save (BS) is charged to a pitcher who enters a game in a save situation but allows the tying run (and perhaps the go-ahead run) to score. If the pitcher's team does not come back to win the game, the pitcher will be charged with both a loss and a blown save. The blown save is not an officially recognized statistic by Major League Baseball. But analysts and sportscasters count blown saves to characterize the \"record\" of closers in a way that's analogous to won-loss records of starters. \"Jones has made 31 out of 34 saves\" or \"Jones has 31 saves and 3 blown saves.\"", "Forfeits were far more common in the early days of the game than they are today. Some seasons in the 19th Century saw 10 or more forfeits, with as many as 13 in 1884 . It was routine to have several forfeits each season through the rowdy 1880s and 1890s . They remained an annual event through the Deadball Era and became less common after. Forfeits became extremely rare after World War II , with just 7 since 1945 .", "*In recent years, the asterisk has come into use on baseball scorecards to denote a \"great defensive play.\" ", "There is one last step before we grab a beer and flip the card over to the home side. We need to tally the simple statistics that appear on the bottom of the scoresheet. Counting up the number of runs scored is easy because we can look at the number of dots in the center of the diamonds. There were 2 runs scored (Jose Hernandez and Mark Grace crossed home plate). By looking at the number of circles on the right side of the boxes, you can see how many hits there were as long as you filter out the walks (BB) and hit by pitches (HP). In this case, Mark Grace, Sammy Sosa, and Gary Gaetti all hit singles. The Cardinals didn't commit any errors in the inning, so write a 0 in the E row. The number left on base when the inning ended was 2 (Glenallen Hill and Gary Gaetti). There were no strikeouts (K) and one walk (BB). For this inning, I counted 14 strikes and a total of 27 pitches. Not an easy inning for Mercker.", "The Cardinals are all on the field, Lance Johnson has stepped into the batter's box, and the umpire has indicated he is ready with the word Play! The first pitch from Mercker is a strike. We write a small 1 in one of the two little boxes on the lower right of the at-bat box for Lance Johnson. The two boxes on top represent strikes, and the three below represent balls. Since we will record either a strikeout, or a base on balls, there is no reason to include a box for a third strike or fourth ball. The next pitch is a ball, so we write a 2 in the first of the lower set of three boxes. The third pitch is a second strike, and we indicate this pitch with a 3 . At this point it is obvious from looking at the scorecard that there is a 1 - 2 count on Johnson. The fourth pitch from Mercker is fouled out of play. We indicate this by placing a small x or plus ( + ) to the left of the balls and strikes boxes. We don't need to use numbers because the numbers in the boxes will tell us which pitches were fouled off.", "score - the act of scoring in a game or sport; \"the winning score came with less than a minute left to play\"", "In the sixth inning of Game Five, \"Happy\" Felsch misplayed a fly ball, then threw poorly to Risberg at second, who allowed the ball to get away from him.  Before the inning was over, Felsch would misplay a second ball hit by Edd Roush, allowing three runs to score.  Chicago sportswriter Hugh Fullerton, watching from the press box commented on the disaster: \"When Felsch misses a fly ball like Roush's--and the one before from Eller--then, well, what's the use?\"", "If a batted ball hits an umpire before it passes an infielder, the ball is dead (award first base to the batter and one base each to any runners that are forced). On any other batted or thrown ball, the ball is live when the umpire is hit with the ball. Umpire interference also occurs when the plate umpire interferes with the catcher's attempt to prevent a stolen base.", "A point is scored when someone makes an error, hits past the opponent, or forces the opponent to make the error. The points are scored in this manner:", "Comment: The umpire has been replaced with two or three person officiating crews. Player disqualifications have been modified to five or six personal fouls." ]

[ 4.76171875, 3.990234375, 3.431640625, 0.08154296875, -0.58447265625, -2.607421875, -2.837890625, -2.935546875, -3.080078125, -3.328125, -3.556640625, -3.734375, -3.890625, -4.109375, -4.109375, -4.125, -4.1328125, -4.2890625, -4.5390625, -4.91796875, -5.1796875, -5.21875, -5.25390625, -6.44140625, -6.4765625, -6.53125, -7.44140625, -7.45703125, -7.5625, -7.61328125, -7.8984375, -9.03125 ]

[ "The various lens aperture settings are called \"F Stops\". The aperture settings with the lower F Stop numbers allow more light to reach the image sensor than the settings with the higher F Stop numbers.", "When it comes to depth of field, the most important tool you have is the f-stop, or aperture setting. The size of the aperture controls how much light enters the camera. In turn, the aperture affects how much of the image appears sharp. A higher number, like f/8 or f/16, means the camera will use a smaller aperture opening and, therefore, deliver a broader depth of field, with more of the image appearing in focus. A lower number, like f/2, gives you a larger aperture opening and a shallower depth of field, softening the background (which creates an often-desired effect called bokeh ).", "Given a low f stop number means a wider aperture which in turn means more light being allowed through the lens, changing the aperture for a particular evenly-exposed shot means you need to shoot faster to compensate (or increase the ISO ). This is because shooting faster reduces the amount of light going through the lens. This is the relationship between aperture and shutter speed. And because both are based on logarithms and standardised, there is a direct link to how much compensation is necessary.", "As you can see from the above, an f stop of f/1.4 is really wide. It is letting a lot more light into the lens and ultimately onto the sensor than, say, f/8. Thus:", "As you open the lens aperture wider, you narrow the depth of field. That’s why, all other things being equal, a lens set to f/2 has much shallower depth of field than a lens set to f/16. While every experienced SLR photographer knows this, what’s different today is that more compact digital cameras have a lens aperture that you can manually set to f/2 or less. If blurring backgrounds with a compact camera is important to you, shop for a camera with that capability. (Remember, a lower f/stop value indicates a larger aperture.)", "The effective aperture is expressed by an f-number or f-stop (derived from focal ratio), which is proportional to the ratio of the focal length to the diameter of the aperture. Longer focal length lenses will pass less light through the same aperture diameter due to the greater distance the light has to travel; shorter focal length lenses will transmit more light through the same diameter of aperture.", "It’s the same with lens aperture: the larger the aperture, the more light gets through to the sensor. Obviously this affects the exposure of your image.", "The mathematical relationships among D, F, N, and A are continuous (for N > 0 and D > 0 and F > 0). However, photographers and camera makers wanted to note special points in these relationships. These special points are the f stops. F stops are set up so that the area of the lens pupil openings are in a sequence where the area doubles with each successive f stop down (reduced f number) on the camera controls and changes by half with each successive f stop up (larger f number). We saw this in our previous example: if we change the Av setting of f4 to f5.6 for our 50 mm lens, we increase the area of the circle of the lens pupil by about two. In other words, we changed \"one stop\" from f5.6 to f4, and this doubled our lens pupil area. Here is an important point: our \"one stop\" went down from f5.6 to f4. As a new user, I wondered why \"one stop\" was not a difference of 1, such as from f5.6 to f4.6. The answer is because the relationship of one stop to another is in terms of successive areas which double or halve based on reducing or increasing the f number in the camera controls, not f numbers separated by 1.", "The red highlighted portion of the lens above is the aperture, which can be adjusted to either let in more or less light", "The size of the aperture and the brightness of the scene control the amount of light that enters the camera during a period of time, and the shutter controls the length of time that the light hits the recording surface. Equivalent exposures can be made with a larger aperture and a faster shutter speed or a corresponding smaller aperture and with the shutter speed slowed down.", "So, if someone tells you to “stop down”, they are referring to decreasing the size of the aperture, which is achieved by increasing the f stop number. If I could wave a wand and get everyone to remember just one thing from this Tutorial, that principle would be it. Remember it and you have 95% “got it”.", "If you want to take an image with a softer focused background, a shallower DOF, you may use a larger aperture, a longer focal length lens, or get closer to your subject with a given lens. To get an image where the background appears more in focus, a longer DOF, you should narrow your lens’s aperture, use a shorter focal length lens, or get further away from your subject.", "The f-number accurately describes the light-gathering ability of a lens only for objects an infinite distance away. This limitation is typically ignored in photography, where objects are usually not extremely close to the camera, relative to the distance between the lens and the film. In optical design, an alternative is often needed for systems where the object is not far from the lens. In these cases the working f-number is used. A practical example of this is, that when focusing closer, the lens' effective aperture becomes smaller, from e.g. f/22 to f/45, thus affecting the exposure.", "Changing apertures is referred to as \"stopping down\" (if you are making your aperture smaller), or \"opening up\" (if you are making your aperture larger). ", "A photographic objective images a distant object onto a photographic plate or film. The amount of light reaching the light-sensitive layer depends on the aperture of the optical system, which is equivalent to the ratio of the lens diameter to the focal length. The larger the aperture (the smaller the f-number), the less adequate may be the scene luminance required to expose the film. Therefore, if pictures of objects in dim light are desired, the f-number must be small. On the other hand, for a lens of given focal length, the depth of field is inversely proportional to the aperture.", "As a general proposition, it is also possible that Auto Focus is more precise the larger the maximum aperture. Canon, for example, certainly make this claim in relation to their EF lenses.", "In most consumer digital cameras, you may not be able to directly control the aperture. Many, however, provide a Portrait scene mode and a Landscape scene mode that basically do what we are after, i.e. use a large and small aperture, respectively.", "If we frame an object the same way with two different lenses, i.e. M is the same both situations, the shorter focal length lens will have less front depth of field and more rear depth of field at the same effective f-stop. (To a first approximation, the depth of field is the same in both cases.)", "Matthew is correct with an important qualification: aperture f-number is the focal length divided by the effective aperture diameter which may or may not be the actual aperture diameter. More precisely, it's the \"entrance pupil\" diameter formed by the aperture diaphragm as seen from the front of the lens. This is not the actual physical diameter of the aperture hole, but the apparent, or \"effective\" diameter. The hocus-pocus inside the zoom that varies entrance pupil diameter with focal length is performed by moving the position of the aperture diaphragm. When the entrance pupil equals the diameter of the focusing group (multiple elements of glass inside the lens), it cannot get any larger resulting in an \"f drop\" and variable aperture. Photographic variable aperture zooms are designed to spread this \"f drop\" evenly across the entire focal length range. Constant aperture zooms are not just bigger in diameter because they're faster lenses. That's only part of it. The focusing group is more than proportionately larger for the speed increase so that it's larger than the required entrance pupil diameter needed to remain constant aperture. It's why the barrel on them is a large diameter from front objective to just in front of the lens mounting flange.", "The larger the aperture, the shallower the DOF. The smaller the aperture, the longer the DOF.", "Aperture , the relative size of the opening of the lens, not only controls how much light enters a lens, it has an effect on DOF.", "The first SLR cameras with internal (“through-the-lens” or “TTL”) meters (e.g., the Pentax Spotmatic) required that the lens be stopped down to the working aperture when taking a meter reading. With a small aperture, this darkened the viewfinder, making viewing, focusing, and composition difficult. Subsequent models soon incorporated mechanical coupling between the lens and the camera body, indicating the working aperture to the camera while allowing the lens to be at its maximum aperture for composition and focusing; this feature became known as automatic aperture control or automatic diaphragm control.", "The opening, usually circular, through which light enters an optical system, such as a camera lens. It is often adjustable in diameter by means of an iris diaphragm to control the intensity of light transmitted - the stop of a lens system. In some contexts, especially in photography and astronomy, aperture refers to the diameter of the aperture stop rather than the physical stop or the …", "When you see someone describe their lens as, say, the Canon EF 50mm f/1.4, they are telling you the image was shot with a lens with a maximum possible aperture of f/1.4. It doesn’t mean they shot the image at that aperture, but it is a way of specifying which particular lens was used.", "What do lenses have to do with aperture and f stop? Isn’t that what a camera does?", "The aperture stop is an important element in most optical designs. Its most obvious feature is that it limits the amount of light that can reach the image/film plane. This can be either unavoidable, as in a telescope where one wants to collect as much light as possible; or deliberate, to prevent saturation of a detector or overexposure of film. In both cases, the size of the aperture stop is constrained by things other than the amount of light admitted; however:", "Does this mean that a constant-aperture F4 zoom actually has an increasing absolute aperture (in square mm) as you zoom in? And that a normal kit lens, say f/3.5-5.6 has the same absolute aperture (in square mm) throughout the zoom range, and the reduction in the aperture as measured as f/something is only due to the increase in f as you zoom in? –  Vaddadi Kartick Jan 5 '14 at 16:02", "I never understood what the f really stands for in the f-stop values, like f/1.8. Wikipedia explains it in various articles, but I still find it very confusing. What I understand, though, is that it has something to do with focal length.", "As previously mentioned, the camera lens aperture, the camera shutter, and the ISO function work together to produce a correctly exposed image. Lets take a look at each of these functions individually, and then how they work in relation to each other.", "One thing that I also used to find confusing is that the amount of light collected at the sensor with the same shutter speed by different lenses with the same f-number is the same. How comes if one lens is clearly larger than the other?", "Note that the greater the curvature of the lens surface the greater is its refractive power and the closer is the focused image to the lens. Note also that the image formed is inverted and left-right reversed (Figure 14.7).", "This seems very recursive. Why does the aperture article refers to both the focal length and the f-number, when the latter article claims that f-number already carries the property of focal length?" ]

[ 5.09765625, 4.19140625, 4.140625, 2.1015625, 1.82421875, 0.55078125, -0.7041015625, -0.7783203125, -1.2216796875, -1.26953125, -1.353515625, -1.3994140625, -1.509765625, -1.548828125, -2.076171875, -2.853515625, -2.984375, -3.103515625, -3.24609375, -3.630859375, -3.755859375, -3.775390625, -3.880859375, -4.15625, -4.32421875, -4.62109375, -5.140625, -5.23828125, -5.25, -6.390625, -7.00390625, -7.578125 ]

[ "Apple Records is a record label founded by the Beatles in 1968, as a division of Apple Corps Ltd. It was initially intended as a creative outlet for the Beatles, both as a group and individually, plus a selection of other artists including Mary Hopkin, James Taylor, Badfinger, and Billy Preston. In practice, by the mid-1970s, the roster had become dominated with releases by the former Beatles as solo artists.", "Apple Records is a record label founded by the Beatles in 1968, as a division of Apple Corps Ltd . It was initially intended as a creative outlet for the Beatles, both as a group and individually, plus a selection of other artists including Mary Hopkin , James Taylor , Badfinger , and Billy Preston . In practice, by the mid-1970s, the roster had become dominated with releases by the former Beatles as solo artists. Allen Klein managed the label from 1969 to 1973. It was then managed by Neil Aspinall on behalf of the four Beatles and their heirs. He retired in 2007 and was replaced by Jeff Jones.", "Apple Records is a record label founded by The Beatles in 1968, as a division of Apple Corps Ltd . It was initially intended as a creative outlet for the Beatles, both as a group and individually, plus a selection of other artists including Mary Hopkin , James Taylor , Badfinger , and Billy Preston . In practice, by the mid-1970s, the roster had become dominated with releases from the former Beatles. Allen Klein ran the label in 1969. It was then run by Neil Aspinall on behalf of the four Beatles and their heirs. He retired in 2007 and was replaced by Jeff Jones.", "In January 1968, The Beatles launched Apple Corps., a disastrously mismanaged entertainment company that included a recording studio, a record label (Apple Records), a film division and clothing store. In addition to Beatles records, Apple released albums by James Taylor, Mary Hopkin, Billy Preston, Badfinger, Ravi Shankar and other artists.", "It was 40 years ago today that The Beatles launched Apple Records. The label's trademark green Apple logo appeared on albums by The Beatles and other artists the band helped discover. It didn't take the group long to show that it was better at making music than running a business, but Apple did hint at what was to come.", "Peter Asher recounts the creation of The Beatles' Apple Records which brought together some of the most eclectic sounds and talents of the time.", "In 1931, the year the company was formed, it opened the legendary recording studios at Abbey Road, London. During the 1930s and 1940s, its roster of artists included Arturo Toscanini, Sir Edward Elgar, and Otto Klemperer, among many others. During this time EMI appointed its first A&R managers. These included George Martin, who later brought the Beatles into the EMI fold.", "The hit song \"Hey Jude\" was a first for The Beatles. At 7 minutes, 11 seconds, it was the longest number-one single ever. The song was also the first record on the group's own new label, Apple Records.", "As the Beatles' late-1967 single \"Hello Goodbye\" went to Number One in both the U.S. and Britain, the group launched the Apple clothes boutique in London. McCartney called the retail effort \"Western communism\"; the boutique closed in July 1968. Like their next effort, Apple Corps Ltd. (formed in January 1968 and including Apple Records, which signed James Taylor, Mary Hopkin, and Badfinger), it was plagued by mismanagement. In July the group faced its last hysterical crowds at the premiere of Yellow Submarine, an animated film by Czech avant-garde designer and artist Heinz Edelmann featuring four new Beatles songs; a revised soundtrack featuring nine extra songs was released in 1999 (Number 15).", "1968: Apple Music, the Beatles’ new label, runs their famous ‘This Man Has Talent’ ads in Britain’s New Musical Express, seeking demo tapes from unknown artists. Most are never heard but pile up in Apple’s offices, and the majority of the label’s signings are acquired through more conventional means.", "1968: The Beatles Apple Corps Ltd. record company, management and publishing firm, opened their offices in London.", "Initially, Apple Records and Apple Publishing signed a number of acts whom the Beatles personally discovered or supported, and in most cases one or more of the Beatles would be involved in the recording sessions. Several notable artistes were signed in the first year including Mary Hopkin, Billy Preston, the Modern Jazz Quartet and The Iveys (who later became Badfinger). In 1969, the Beatles were in need of financial and managerial direction and Lennon was introduced to Allen Klein through Mick Jagger, as Klein was managing The Rolling Stones at the time.", "1962 - The Beatles inked their first recording contract. George Martin was hired to be the group�s producer and the band would record for EMI Parlophone.", "This record was the first Beatles album release on their new label, Apple, and the record labels indicated that the album was manufactured by Capitol but issued by Apple. Finally, the albums were numbered, with each factory numbering differently. There were reportedly 12 copies of #1 (I know of two), and they numbered over 3,200,000 of them. Collecting variations in numbering style can be an interesting sideline.", "In 1960 Allan Williams arranged for the band, now calling themselves the Beatles, to play at the Kaiserkeller club in Hamburg, owned by Bruno Koschmider. The impromptu musical education Harrison received while playing long hours with the Beatles, as well as the guitar lessons he took from Tony Sheridan while they briefly served as his backing group, laid the foundations of his sound and of his quiet, professional role within the group; he was later known as “the quiet Beatle”.The band’s first residency in Hamburg ended prematurely when Harrison was deported for being too young to work in nightclubs. When Brian Epstein became their manager in December 1961, he polished their image and secured them a recording contract with EMI. The group’s first single, “Love Me Do”, peaked at number seventeen on the Record Retailer chart, and by the time their debut album, Please Please Me, was released in early 1963, Beatlemania had arrived. Their second album, With the Beatles (1963), included “Don’t Bother Me”, Harrison’s first solo writing credit.", "In the summer of 1968, the Beatles issued their first release on their own Apple imprint with the single ‘Hey Jude.’ A few months later, the idea for a side label, existing solely for the ...", "The Beatles was the group's first album to appear on the Apple label. The change from Parlophone to Apple had first taken place with the release of the \"Hey Jude\" single in August, 1968.", "The Beatles was recorded between 30 May and 14 October 1968, largely at Abbey Road Studios in London, with some sessions at Trident Studios. The group block-booked time at Abbey Road through to July, and their times at Rishikesh were soon forgotten in the atmosphere of the studio, with sessions occurring at irregular hours. The group's self-belief that they could do anything led to the formation of a new multimedia business corporation Apple Corps, an enterprise that drained the group financially with a series of unsuccessful projects. The open-ended studio time led to a new way of working out songs. Instead of tightly rehearsing a backing track, as had happened in previous sessions, the group would simply record all the rehearsals and jamming, then add overdubs to the best take. Harrison's song \"Not Guilty\" was left off the album despite recording 102 takes.", "In America, an album called Hey Jude (originally titled \"The Beatles Again\") was released in 1970 containing this and several other Beatles songs that were released as singles or B-sides. The album has not appeared as a CD because Apple Records made the decision to copy only the British LP releases onto CD. In the '60s the American record company managed to get extra LPs off the British releases by cutting down the number of tracks, then putting them out with singles and B-sides as additional albums. >>", "Apple Records has sporadically over the years issued out-takes, a few hits compilations, and the original American vinyl LPs on CD, but left those original UK albums untouched. Not until September 1999 did the fans get a taste of what was to come when Apple released the Beatles “Yellow Submarine Songbook”. Each cut on this CD release benefited greatly from the meticulously reconstructed digital stereo remixing. Little did the fans realize at the time that the wait would be another ten long years.", "Live at the BBC, the first official release of unissued Beatles performances in seventeen years, appeared in 1994. That same year McCartney, Harrison and Starr collaborated on the Anthology project. Anthology was the culmination of work begun in 1970, when Apple Corps director Neil Aspinall, their former road manager and personal assistant, had started to gather material for a documentary with the working title The Long and Winding Road. Documenting their history in the band's own words, the Anthology project included the release of several unissued Beatles recordings. McCartney, Harrison and Starr also added new instrumental and vocal parts to two songs recorded as demos by Lennon in the late 1970s.", "When the band's studio albums were released on CD by EMI and Apple Corps in 1987, their catalogue was standardized throughout the world, establishing a canon of the twelve original studio LPs as issued in the United Kingdom plus the US LP version of Magical Mystery Tour (1967), which had been released as a shorter double EP in the UK. All of the remaining material from the singles and EPs which had not appeared on the original studio albums was gathered on the two-volume compilation Past Masters (1988). Except for the Red and Blue albums, EMI deleted all its other Beatles compilations—including the Hollywood Bowl record—from its catalogue.", "The Beatles were an English rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960 and one of the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed acts in the history of popular music. From 1962 the group consisted of John Lennon (rhythm guitar, vocals), Paul McCartney (bass guitar, vocals), George Harrison (lead guitar, vocals) and Ringo Starr (drums, vocals). Rooted in skiffle and 1950s rock and roll, the group later worked in many genres ranging from folk rock to psychedelic pop, incorporating classical and other elements in innovative ways. During their studio years, The Beatles produced what critics consider some of their finest material, including the album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967), widely regarded as a masterpiece. Nearly four decades after their breakup, The Beatles' music continues to be popular. Moulded into a professional outfit by music", "John Lennon and Paul McCartney, the Beatles' primary songwriters, did something slightly more complicated. The publishing agreement they signed was with a company of which they were also part owners. That company, called Northern Songs, Ltd., was formed in 1964 expressly to generate revenues from the growing catalog of Lennon-McCartney compositions. In this way, every sale or other commercial use of the song \"Yesterday\" earned Lennon and McCartney a songwriting royalty that they split with Northern Songs. And part of Northern Songs' share would then come back to Lennon and McCartney as part owners of the company.", "Since Apple's inception, McCartney and Lennon had been very interested in launching a budget-line label to issue what would essentially be known three decades later as \"audio books\". In October 1968, Apple hired Barry Miles, who co-owned the Indica bookshop with John Dunbar and Peter Asher, to manage the proposed spoken-word label. The initial idea of Zapple Records was that it would release avant-garde and spoken word records at a reduced price that would be comparable to that of a paperback novel. While the idea looked good on paper, the reality was that when the few records actually put out by Zapple finally made it into the shops, they were priced like any other full-priced music album. [44] Zapple Records was started on 3 February 1969, but after Klein was brought in to run Apple Corps' affairs, it was closed down after just two releases: Lennon's and Yoko Ono's Life with the Lions , and Harrison's Electronic Sound . [45]", "\"My Bonnie\" was to bring the Beatles to the attention of a key figure in their subsequent development and commercial success, Brian Epstein. In September 1961, Harrison had a German copy of the record, which Sutcliffe had sent to him, as he was still in Hamburg. Harrison loaned it to Bob Wooler (The Cavern Club DJ) who played it at various venues, when the members of the group lent it to him. On 28 October 1961, the 27-year-old Epstein, manager of the record department in his father's NEMS music store in Whitechapel Street, Liverpool, was asked for the record by an 18-year-old boy, Raymond Jones. Epstein could find nothing on his files about the Beatles or the record, but the following day it was requested again by two girls, this time mentioning that the Beatles had been seen playing at the Cavern, a club in nearby Mathew Street. Alistair Taylor (Epstein's assistant) later said that the story had been invented and that he had used the name Jones to order copies of the record himself.", "Brian Epstein, a record store owner in London, was asked by a customer for a copy of the record, \"My Bonnie\", by a group known as The Silver Beatles. He didn't have it in stock so he went to the Cavern Club to check out the group. He signed to manage them in a matter of days and renamed them The Beatles.", "The Beatles, collectively and individually, have also appeared on several other labels over the years.  However, most of these releases failed to stay in production long enough to experience significant label design changes.  The relatively few that did, are thoroughly identified in their respective sections.", "In January 1994 Goldmine magazine reported that McCartney, Harrison, and Starr had begun recording music for a long-rumored Beatles documentary the previous August, with more secret sessions scheduled. There were other signs that the three band members were on the mend — when Lennon was inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a solo artist in 1994, for instance, McCartney did the honors (McCartney himself was inducted in 1999). Later in 1994 Live at the BBC was released, featuring 56 songs the Beatles performed on the British radio between 1962 and 1965. It debuted at Number One in the U.K.; in the U.S., it debuted and peaked at Number Three.", "The first Lennon-McCartney song debuted by another artist, “I’ll Be on My Way,” was released on April 26, 1963, as the B-side to Billy J. Kramer and the Dakotas’ first single. (The A-Side was “ Do You Want to Know a Secret ,” which the Beatles had put out on Please Please Me a month earlier.) One of the most popular singers on the Liverpool scene, Kramer had also been signed by Brian Epstein; George Martin produced his singles, as he did with all Epstein’s artists. The single reached No. 2 on the U.K. charts, blocked from the top by the Fab Four’s “ From Me To You .”", "Several months later, a soundtrack album was released, with six Beatles songs on the first side and a collection of George Martin instrumentals on side two. Of the Beatles songs, two had been previously released, but it should be noted that “All You Need Is Love” was not yet available on an album in England. Because the band were not particularly interested in the project, the songs that were given to the producers had been previously recorded and left on the cutting room floor. There were two exceptions, Paul’s tossed off “All Together Now” and John’s brutal “Hey Bulldog”, but both of George’s songs were Sgt. Pepper outtakes.", "The Beatles' third album, A Hard Day's Night, was released on July 10, 1964. It was the first Beatles album to feature all original Lennon and McCartney originals. The first seven songs were from the soundtrack to the Beatles' first movie, A Hard Day's Night." ]

[ 6.76171875, 6.125, 6.11328125, 4.02734375, 2.541015625, 1.9853515625, 1.2890625, 1.1025390625, 1.056640625, 0.95556640625, 0.6240234375, 0.255859375, 0.146484375, 0.042510986328125, 0.03912353515625, -0.9658203125, -1.103515625, -1.1875, -1.2685546875, -1.392578125, -1.830078125, -1.875, -2.85546875, -3.21484375, -3.294921875, -3.451171875, -3.83203125, -4.48046875, -4.75, -5.3125, -5.76171875, -6.453125 ]

[ "Yellowstone National Park is located in the western United States. It spans 3,472 square miles (8,987 square km). Ninety-six percent of the park is located in the state of Wyoming, another three percent is in Montana, and one percent is in Idaho.", "Yellowstone National Park is so large that is covers three states, Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana. The majority of the national park is located in Wyoming and is truly one of America’s greatest treasures.", "Yellowstone National Park is located primarily in the U.S. state of Wyoming, although it also extends into Montana and Idaho.", "Yellowstone National Park, established by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1, 1872, is a national park located primarily in the U.S. state of Wyoming, though it also extends into Montana and Idaho. Yellowstone was the first national park in the world, and is known for its wildlife and its many geothermal features, especially Old Faithful Geyser, one of the most popular features in the park. It has many types of ecosystems, but the subalpine forest is dominant.", "On March 1st (that’s today!), 1872, President Ulysses S. Grant signed the bill that gave America its first national park. Yellowstone National Park spans a whopping 3,468.4 square miles located primarily in Wyoming, and extends into portions of Montana and Idaho as well. The park is the core of one of the last natural ecosystems in the Earth’s temperate zone and houses the world’s largest collection of geysers. Many creatures call Yellowstone home, and the land teems with hundreds of species of mammals, birds, fish, and reptiles, including grizzly bears, wolves, herds of bison and elk, and more. With this historic act, Congress would go on to designate dozens of other national parks, spreading the idea of preservation of Earth’s wild-places to other nations around the world.", "Yellowstone National Park covers nearly 3,500 square miles in the northwest corner of Wyoming (3% of the park is in Montana and 1% is in Idaho). Yellowstone is open all year, though some areas of the park are inaccessible by car in the winter.", "The Yellowstone National Park is located in northwestern Wyoming, encroaching slightly upon Montana and Idaho.1 It is our largest national park. The central portion is essentially a broad, elevated, volcanic plateau, between 7,000 and 8,500 feet above sea level, and with an average elevation of about 8,000 feet. Surrounding it on the south, east, north, and northwest are mountain ranges with culminating peaks and ridges rising from 2,000 to 4,000 feet above the general level of the inclosed table-land.", "Yellowstone National Park is a national park located primarily in the U.S. state of Wyoming, although it also extends into Montana and Idaho. It was established by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1, 1872. Yellowstone, widely held to be the first national park in the world, is known for its wildlife and its many geothermal features, especially Old Faithful Geyser, one of the most popular features in the park. It has many types of ecosystems, but the subalpine forest is dominant. Native Americans have lived in the Yellowstone region for at least 11,000 years. The region was bypassed during the Lewis and Clark Expedition in the early 19th century. Aside from visits by mountain men during the early-to-mid-19th century, organized exploration did not begin until the late 1860s. The U.S. Army was commissioned to oversee the park just after its establishment. In 1917, administration of the park was transferred to the National Park Service, which had been created the previous year. Hundreds of structures have been built and are protected for their architectural and historical significance, and researchers have examined more than 1,000 archaeological sites.²", "The vast natural forest of Yellowstone National Park covers nearly 9,000 km2 ; 96% of the park lies in Wyoming, 3% in Montana and 1% in Idaho. Yellowstone contains half of all the world's known geothermal features, with more than 10,000 examples. It also has the world's largest concentration of geysers (more than 300 geyers, or two thirds of all those on the planet). Established in 1872, Yellowstone is equally known for its wildlife, such as grizzly bears, wolves, bison and wapitis.", "Once government-sponsored expeditions to the Yellowstone country began, reports by Colter and Bridger, previously believed to be apocryphal, were found to be true. This led to the creation of Yellowstone National Park, which became the world's first national park in 1872. Nearly all of Yellowstone National Park lies within the far northwestern borders of Wyoming.", "By the Act of March 1, 1872 , Congress established Yellowstone National Park in the Territories of Montana and Wyoming \"as a public park or pleasuring-ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people\" and placed it \"under exclusive control of the Secretary of the Interior.\" The founding of Yellowstone National Park began a worldwide national park movement. Today more than 100 nations contain some 1,200 national parks or equivalent preserves.", "1872 – President Ulysses S. Grant signed a measure creating Yellowstone National Park (Idaho, Montana, Wyoming). The act of Congress creating Yellowstone National Park was based on a report from an expedition led by Ferdinand Hayden.It was established as the world’s first national park.", "Other protected lands in the region include Caribou-Targhee, Gallatin, Custer, Shoshone and Bridger-Teton National Forests. The National Park Service's John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Memorial Parkway is to the south and leads to Grand Teton National Park. The famed Beartooth Highway provides access from the northeast and has spectacular high altitude scenery. Nearby communities include West Yellowstone, Montana; Cody, Wyoming; Red Lodge, Montana; Ashton, Idaho; and Gardiner, Montana. The closest air transport is available by way of Bozeman, Montana; Billings, Montana; Jackson; Cody, Wyoming, or Idaho Falls, Idaho. Salt Lake City, 320 mi to the south, is the closest large metropolitan area.", "Early in 1872, Congress moved to set aside 1,221,773 acres of public land straddling the future states of Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho as America’s first national park. President Grant signed the bill into law on this day in 1872. The Yellowstone Act of 1872 designated the region as a public “pleasuring-ground,” which would be preserved “from injury or spoilation, of all timber, mineral deposits, natural curiosities, or wonders within.”", "Yellowstone Country – South Central Montana, the gateway to Yellowstone National Park , Including the cities of Bozeman and Red Lodge.", "Location:In northwestern Wyoming, with sections in eastern Idaho and southern Montana. Park includes five main entrances: the north entrance is on US 89, near the gateway community of Gardiner, MT; the northeast entrance is on US 212, 69 miles from Red Lodge, WY; the west entrance is on US 20, near the town of West Yellowstone, MT; the east entrance is on US 20 and US 14/16, 53 miles from Cody, WY; and the south entrance is on US 89, 191 and 287, 64 miles from Jackson, WY.", "The Lower Falls of the Yellowstone River in Wyoming are the largest by volume in the Rocky Mountains of the western United States, and they stand more than 300 feet tall-- almost twice as high as Niagara Falls.", "Yellowstone is the world’s first national park and has one of the largest remaining intact wild ecosystems on Earth. It is the only place in the U.S. where bison have existed in the wild since primitive times. It also protects the gray wolf, grizzly bear, bald eagle, lynx and home to the world’s largest concentrations of elk. Containing the world’s most extraordinary collection of geysers and hot springs, it is the perfect backdrop to any honeymoon.", "Yellowstone National Park spans an area of 3,468.4 square miles (8,983 km2), comprising lakes, canyons, rivers and mountain ranges. Yellowstone Lake is one of the largest high-elevation lakes in North America and is centered over the Yellowstone Caldera, the largest supervolcano on the continent. The caldera is considered an active volcano. It has erupted with tremendous force several times in the last two million years. Half of the world's geothermal features are in Yellowstone, fueled by this ongoing volcanism. Lava flows and rocks from volcanic eruptions cover most of the land area of Yellowstone. The park is the centerpiece of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, the largest remaining nearly-intact ecosystem in the Earth's northern temperate zone.", "Yellowstone National Park spans an area of 3,468.4 square miles (8,983 km2), comprising lakes, canyons, rivers and mountain ranges . Yellowstone Lake is one of the largest high-altitude lakes in North America and is centered over the Yellowstone Caldera , the largest supervolcano on the continent. The caldera is considered an active volcano. It has erupted with tremendous force several times in the last two million years. Half of the world's geothermal features are in Yellowstone, fueled by this ongoing volcanism. Lava flows and rocks from volcanic eruptions cover most of the land area of Yellowstone. The park is the centerpiece of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem , the largest remaining, nearly intact ecosystem in the Earth's northern temperate zone.", "United States . The city is located about 170 mi (270 km) south of the US-Canadian border, between Yellowstone and Glacier National Parks, close to the Missouri River in Prickly Pear Valley in the central-western part of the state, near the foothills of a portion of the Rocky Mountains.", "Yellowstone National Park spans an area of , comprising lakes, canyons, rivers and mountain ranges. Yellowstone Lake is one of the largest high-elevation lakes in North America and is centered over the Yellowstone Caldera, the largest supervolcano on the continent. The caldera is considered an active volcano. It has erupted with tremendous force several times in the last two million years. Half of the world's geothermal features are in Yellowstone, fueled by this ongoing volcanism. Lava flows and rocks from volcanic eruptions cover most of the land area of Yellowstone. The park is the centerpiece of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, the largest remaining nearly-intact ecosystem in the Earth's northern temperate zone. ", "Yellowstone National Park spans an area of over 3,450 square miles that is made up of lakes, geysers, canyons, rivers, and mountain ranges.", "Hundreds of species of mammals, birds, fish and reptiles have been documented, including several that are either endangered or threatened. The vast forests and grasslands also include unique species of plants. Yellowstone Park is the largest and most famous megafauna location in the Continental United States. Grizzly bears, wolves, and free-ranging herds of bison and elk live in the park. The Yellowstone Park bison herd is the oldest and largest public bison herd in the United States. Forest fires occur in the park each year; in the large forest fires of 1988, nearly one third of the park was burnt. Yellowstone has numerous recreational opportunities, including hiking, camping, boating, fishing and sightseeing. Paved roads provide close access to the major geothermal areas as well as some of the lakes and waterfalls. During the winter, visitors often access the park by way of guided tours that use either snow coaches or snowmobiles.", "The Yellowstone Caldera is one of nature’s most awesome creations and sits atop North America’s largest volcanic field.", "Yellowstone is a huge national park covering a land area of nearly 3,472 square miles. It was declared a national park in 1872 by President Ulysses S. Grant. Yellowstone is famous for its wildlife and geothermal springs. Yellowstone is also a recreational park that offers opportunities for kayaking, river rafting, hiking, camping, boating and fishing. It has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage site.", "Glacier National Park is a national park located in the U.S. state of Montana, on the Canada–United States border with the Canadian provinces of Alberta and British Columbia. The park encompasses over 1,000,000 acres and includes parts of two mountain ranges, over 130 named lakes, more than 1,000 different species of plants and hundreds of species of animals. This vast pristine ecosystem is the centerpiece of what has been referred to as the \"Crown of the Continent Ecosystem\", a region of protected land encompassing 16,000 square miles. The region that became Glacier National Park was first inhabited by Native Americans and upon the arrival of European explorers, was dominated by the Blackfeet in the east and the Flathead in the western regions. Soon after the establishment of the park on May 11, 1910, a number of hotels and chalets were constructed by the Great Northern Railway. These historic hotels and chalets are listed as National Historic Landmarks, and a total of 350 locations are on the National Register of Historic Places. By 1932, work was completed on the Going-to-the-Sun Road, later designated a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark, which provided greater accessibility for automobiles into the heart of the park.", "Yellowstone is actually a massive caldera of a supervolcano. The Yellowstone Caldera is the largest volcanic system in North America. It has been termed a \"supervolcano\" because the caldera was formed by exceptionally large explosive eruptions. The magma chamber that lies under Yellowstone is estimated to be a single connected chamber, about 37 miles long, 18 miles wide, and 3 to 7 miles deep. The current caldera was created by a cataclysmic eruption that occurred 640,000 years ago. This eruption was more than 1,000 times larger than the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens.", "Yellowstone National Park spans an area of 3,468 square miles, comprising lakes, canyons, rivers and mountain ranges. Yellowstone Lake is one of the largest high-altitude lakes in North America and is centered over the Yellowstone Caldera, the largest supervolcano on the continent. The caldera is considered an active volcano; it has erupted with tremendous force several times in the last two million years. Half of the world's geothermal features are in Yellowstone, fueled by this ongoing volcanism Lava flows and rocks from volcanic eruptions cover most of the land area of Yellowstone. The park is the centerpiece of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, the largest remaining, nearly intact ecosystem in the Earth's northern temperate zone.", "2)  beautiful Yellowstone (super volcano) National Park, whos caldera (volcanic crater) measures  34 miles by 44 miles", "The park also has petrified forests, lava formations, and the \"black glass\" Obsidian Cliff. Eagle Peak, 11,370 ft (3,466 m), is the highest point. Yellowstone Lake, the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone, and waterfalls are notable features on the Yellowstone River, which crosses the park. The park has a wide variety of flowers and other plant life. Bears, mountain sheep, elk, bison, moose, many smaller animals, and more than 200 kinds of birds inhabit Yellowstone, which is one of the world's largest wildlife sanctuaries. Fires in 1988 burned about 36% of the park, but animal and plant life rebounded quickly, as the nutrient influx in the ash nourished the soil.", "Originally Yellowstone Lake was a hundred and sixty feet higher and very much larger than it is to-day. It extended from the headwaters of the present Yellowstone River, far in the south, northward past the present Great Fall and Inspiration Point. It included a large part of what is now known as the Hayden Valley. At that time the Continental Divide, which now cuts the southwest corner of the park, encircled the lake on its north, and just across the low divide was a small flat-lying stream which drained and still drains the volcanic slopes leading down from Dunraven Peak and Mount Washburn." ]

[ 6.953125, 6.9453125, 6.91015625, 6.28515625, 5.5, 5.0625, 4.8984375, 4.71875, 4.640625, 3.828125, 3.021484375, 2.013671875, 1.67578125, 1.30859375, 0.8876953125, 0.599609375, -0.435791015625, -1.046875, -2.34375, -2.494140625, -2.611328125, -2.9453125, -2.98828125, -3.03125, -3.076171875, -3.494140625, -3.51171875, -3.689453125, -3.79296875, -6.16015625, -6.2578125, -6.3671875 ]

[ "The first ten amendments to the US Constitution are known collectively as the Bill of Rights.", "The first ten amendments to the US Constitution are known collectively as \"The Bill of Rights.\"", "The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution are collectively known as the Bill of Rights. They are guarantees of some of the most basic freedoms in American society , such as freedom of speech , religion, freedom from unreasonable search and seizure and the right to bear arms . Largely authored by James Madison, the Bill of Rights went into effect in 1791.", "Following ratification by the state of Virginia, the first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution, known collectively as the Bill of Rights, become the law of the land.", "The Bill of Rights is the collective name for the first ten amendments to the US Constitution and they guarantee certain liberties.", "In 1791, the first ten amendments, collectively known as the Bill of Rights, were added to the Constitution. These ten amendments define and protect the rights of the American people. Each of the 16 amendments that followed over the course of the next two centuries reflects, in its own way, the needs and desires of the ever-changing American society. The power to amend the Constitution is the primary reason the document has been able to survive the turbulent changes throughout the past two hundred years.", "Thirty-three amendments to the United States Constitution have been proposed by the United States Congress and sent to the states for ratification since the Constitution was put into operation on March 4, 1789. Twenty-seven of these, having been ratified by the requisite number of states, are part of the Constitution. The first ten amendments were adopted and ratified simultaneously and are known collectively as the Bill of Rights. Six amendments adopted by Congress and sent to the states have not been ratified by the required number of states. Four of these amendments are still technically open and pending, one is closed and has failed by its own terms, and one is closed and has failed by the terms of the resolution proposing it.", "The Constitution has a total of 27 amendments. The first ten, collectively known as the Bill of Rights, were ratified simultaneously. The following seventeen were ratified separately.", "The Constitution has twenty-seven amendments. Structurally, the Constitution's original text and all prior amendments remain untouched. The precedent for this practice was set in 1789, when Congress considered and proposed the first several Constitutional amendments. Among these, Amendments 1–10 are collectively known as the Bill of Rights, and Amendments 13–15 are known as the Reconstruction Amendments. Excluding the Twenty-seventh Amendment, which was pending before the states for , the longest pending amendment that was successfully ratified was the Twenty-second Amendment, which took . The Twenty-sixth Amendment was ratified in the shortest time, days. The average ratification time for the first twenty-six amendments was 1 year, 252 days, for all twenty-seven, 9 years, 48 days.", "Some of the original framers and many delegates in the state ratifying conventions were very troubled that the original Constitution lacked a description of individual rights. In 1791, Americans added a list of rights to the Constitution. The first ten amendments became known as The Bill of Rights.", "(The first ten amendments were ratified December 15, 1791, and form what is known as the \"Bill of Rights.\")", " Bill of Rights - The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution. These amendments deal with basic individual liberties such as freedom of speech, assembly, religion, and the press; protection against self-incrimination in a legal proceeding, unreasonable search and seizure, and cruel and unusual punishment; and the right to a speedy and fair trial.", "The Anti-Federalist outcry was not without its effects, however. By 1791, in response to Anti-Federalist sentiments, state legislatures voted to add the first ten amendments to the Constitution. Those ten amendments are also called the Bill of Rights, and they have become an important part of the Constitution and its heritage of liberty.", "Bill of Rights: The lack of a bill of rights like that found in most state constitutions and in, for example, the Virginia Declaration of Rights became a rallying cry for the Anti-Federalists during the ratification debate. The advocates of the Constitution (led by Madison) agreed to add one in the first session of Congress. Ratified on December 15, 1791, the first ten amendments—the Bill of Rights—include sweeping restrictions on the federal government and its ability to limit certain fundamental rights and procedural matters. The Ninth and 10th Amendments briefly encapsulate the twofold theory of the Constitution: the purpose of the Constitution is to protect rights which stem not from the government but from the people themselves, and the powers of the national government are limited to only those delegated to it by the Constitution on behalf of the people.", "The Bill of Rights, drafted by a group led by James Madison, consisted of the first ten amendments to the Constitution, which guaranteed the civil rights of American citizens.", "The Bill of Rights: The first ten amendments to the United States’ Constitution, each of which was intended to safeguard the individual or the group from self-serving aggressions of the government, at least in the sense that each one forbade one form or another of intrusion into public or private lives, a philosophy inconsistent with the idea of prohibiting forms of marriage or reproductive freedom. ", "Bill of Rights (a statement of fundamental rights and privileges (especially the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution))", "The first 10 amendments to the US Constitution. served to protect the natural rights of liberty and property. Introduced by James Madison to the 1st US congress. Were adopted by the HOR in 1789.", "Added to the Constitution in 1791, the first 10 amendments protected freedom of speech, freedom of press, the right to bear arms, and other basic rights of American citizens.", "For example, it has been ruled more than once that the first 10 Articles of Amendment of the Constitution of the United States�the so-called Bill of Rights�do not apply to such �persons.� (They have their own , found in  Title 48 � 1421b  \"Bill of rights!!\"� without the 10thAmendment of the Constitution of the U.S., together with many other changes. However, being in the code, and therefore statutory and alterable, I believe that it would be more correctly termed a �Bill of Privileges.�)", "The first ten amendments to the Constitution of the United States (and two others, one of which failed of ratification and the other which later became the 27th amendment) were proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the First Congress on September 25, 1789. The first ten amendments were ratified by the following States, and the notifications of ratification by the Governors thereof were successively communicated by the President to Congress: New Jersey, November 20, 1789; Maryland, December 19, 1789; North Carolina, December 22, 1789; South Carolina, January 19, 1790; New Hampshire, January 25, 1790; Delaware, January 28, 1790; New York, February 24, 1790; Pennsylvania, March 10, 1790; Rhode Island, June 7, 1790; Vermont, November 3, 1791; and Virginia, December 15, 1791.", "The first ten amendments to the U. S. Constitution. Many states made the promise of the prompt addition of a bill of rights a precondition for their ratification of the Constitution.", "The first ten Amendments of the U.S. Constitution are ones many individuals are taught when they are kids, but forget as they grow older. Simply stated, these 10 Amendments are: ", "When: By 1791, the first Ten Amendments were in ratified Where: Written in PA, ratified in states Who/What/Did what: James Madison, a member of the House of Representatives at this point, submitted 19 amendments to the Constitution, and 10 were ratified by 1791. This was instrumental in getting support from the Anti-federalists, who opposed ratification of the Constitution at first. The Bill of Rights secured fundamental American freedoms, such as freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, and trial by jury. So what: It secured the support of the Anti-federalists. It also provided citizens with their most basic freedoms. The Bill of Rights also addressed the proper balance of authority of the national and state governments. Basically, it made America into the most free nation in the world, a tradition we carry on today (or however you would like to frame it)", "DURING and after the Revolution, the loosely allied States were governed by the Continental Congress under the Articles of Confederation, which delegated severely limited powers to the central government, and reserved the rest to the states. The lack of central authority, combined with economic chaos and political confusion, spurred the call for a convention to consider a new form of government. On September 17, 1787, a new Constitution was drawn up, and was ratified by all the States of the Union by May 29, 1790. The Constitution outlined the machinery of government, defining the relationship of the central government to the Several States, and of the States to each other, but did not address the issues defining the relationship of those governments to their individual citizens. To remedy this, the first Ten Amendments to the Constitution were adopted in 1791. They were patterned on the British \"Bill of Rights,\" of 1689, which we should examine before proceeding.", "The First Amendment protected the freedoms of speech, press, assembly, and religion from federal legislation. The Second and Third amendments guaranteed the right to bear arms and made it difficult for the government to house soldiers in private homes�provisions favoring a citizen militia over a professional army. The Fourth through Eighth amendments defined a citizen�s rights in court and when under arrest. The Ninth Amendment stated that the enumeration of these rights did not endanger other rights, and the Tenth Amendment said that powers not granted the national government by the Constitution remained with the states and citizens.", "Amendments to the Constitution subsequent to the Bill of Rights cover a wide range of subjects. Several have added significant content to the original document. One of the most far-reaching is the Fourteenth, ratified in 1868, which establishes a clear and simple definition of citizenship and guarantees equal treatment under the law. Also significant are the Fifteenth, Nineteenth, Twenty-fourth, and Twenty-sixth, which were enacted to extend the right to vote to persons previously considered ineligible and also to protect their exercise of that right. One Amendment, the Eighteenth, which criminalized the production, transport and sale of alcohol nationwide, was later repealed by another, the Twenty-first. Nine ratified amendments (11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 20, 22, and 25 ) have explicitly superseded or modified the text of the original Constitution.", "The Sixth Amendment guarantees jury trials and establishes the rights of a defendant. The Seventh Amendments guarantees jury trials in federal civil cases. The Eighth Amendment forbids excessive bail. The Ninth Amendment protects rights not specifically spelled out in the Constitution, while the Tenth Amendment reserves rights to the states.", "    Seventeen Amendments were approved by the House.  This number was later reduced to twelve by a conference committee of the House and Senate.  Ten were eventually ratified on December 15, 1791.  The first eight were taken from the Virginia Declaration of Rights written by George Mason in 1776.  Amendment nine and ten were addressed specifically to meet the demands of Sam Adams and others who wished to see the rights of the people and the states preserved.  The tenth, which states that \"powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.\"  This language was taken almost verbatim from the Articles of Confederation.", "The Ninth Amendment (1791) declares that individuals have other fundamental rights, in addition to those stated in the Constitution. During the Constitutional ratification debates Anti-Federalists argued that a Bill of Rights should be added. One of the arguments the Federalists gave against the addition of a Bill of Rights was that, because it was impossible to list every fundamental right, it would be dangerous to list just some of them, for fear of suggesting that the list was explicit and exhaustive, thus enlarging the power of the federal government by implication. The Anti-Federalists persisted in favor of a Bill of Rights, and consequently several state ratification conventions refused to ratify the Constitution without a more specific list of protections, so the First Congress added what became the Ninth Amendment as a compromise. Because the rights protected by the Ninth Amendment are not specified, they are referred to as \"unenumerated\". The Supreme Court has found that unenumerated rights include such important rights as the right to travel, the right to vote, the right to keep personal matters private and to make important decisions about one's health care or body. ", "The 17 Additional amendments to the United States Constitution ratified after the Bill of Rights cover many subjects. The majority of the seventeen later amendments stem from continued efforts to expand individual civil or political liberties, while a few are concerned with modifying the basic governmental structure drafted in Philadelphia in 1787.", "Apparently when the proposed amendments were passed by the Senate on September 9, 1789, what is now the first amendment read as follows:" ]

[ 10.359375, 10.1875, 9.8203125, 7.7109375, 7.3203125, 7.21484375, 7.00390625, 6.2109375, 5.58203125, 5.22265625, 4.76171875, 4.6484375, 4.61328125, 4.44921875, 3.5078125, 3.31640625, 3.140625, 2.896484375, 2.80078125, 2.76171875, 2.1484375, 2.046875, 1.6767578125, 1.2998046875, 0.267333984375, 0.2021484375, -0.1962890625, -1.53515625, -1.947265625, -2.25, -2.8515625, -5.23828125 ]

[ "Gwyneth Paltrow and Coldplay frontman Chris Martin bizarrely chose the baby names Apple Blythe Alison Martin and Moses Bruce Anthony for their offspring.", "Hollywood star Gwyneth Paltrow and her former husband Coldplay singer Chris Martin called their daughter Apple.", "At least one person in Britain isn't happy movie star Gwyneth Paltrow ( search ) and her rock-star husband, Coldplay's Chris Martin ( search ), decided to name their newborn daughter \"Apple.\"", "EXPLAINED: Forget the computer company and the Beatles’ publishing company as influences. Gwyneth Paltrow, 31, and Coldplay’s Chris Martin, 27, were inspired by a friend to name their new baby girl (born Friday) Apple, reports Access Hollywood. Apparently, Martin’s North American booking agent, Marty Diamond, has a daughter named Apple, and the couple asked his permission to give their child the same first name if they had a girl. As previously deciphered, the baby’s middle names, Blythe and Alison, are the names of Paltrow’s and Martin’s mothers, respectively.", ": The daughter of Coldplay frontman Chris Martin and actor Gwyneth Paltrow's name isn't too weird, save for her first name, Apple -- no doubt inspired by The Beatles' record label, more so than the fruit. The couple had a baby boy in April of 2006. Rather than name him Orange or Banana, they went with Moses Bruce Anthony Martin.", "Gwyneth is a low profile person. In an earlier interview she regretted for the break up with Brad Pitt. However life goes on. So on 5th December 2003 she married Chris Martin in Southern California at a five star hotel and on May 14th she delivered her first baby child. The couple named her Apple Blythe Alison Martin. She explained during her interview on Oprah saying, “It sounded so sweet and it conjured such a lovely picture for me – you know, apples are so sweet and they're wholesome and it's biblical – and I just thought it sounded so lovely and … clean! And I just thought, “Perfect!”", "A spokesman for Martin, Murray Chalmers, said: \"Gwyneth Paltrow and Chris Martin are delighted to announce the birth of their first child, Apple Blythe Alison Martin, who was born in London, after a long labour, on May 14, and weighed 9lb 11oz.", "This point was driven home again last week, when Gwyneth Paltrow and her husband, Chris Martin, the frontman of the band Coldplay, named their newborn son Moses. It was an unlikely enough name for a baby boy born in 2006, but perhaps less startling than the much discussed (and mocked) handle his sister, Apple, born two years ago, will carry through life.", "May 14, 2004: Gwyneth gives birth to their first child, daughter Apple Blythe Alison Martin, in London. Their unusual baby name makes headlines with the blonde later telling Oprah Winfrey, \"It conjured such a lovely picture for me – you know, apples are so sweet and they're wholesome and it's biblical – and I just thought it sounded so lovely and ... clean.\"", "The name of Gwyneth Paltrow and Coldplay frontman Chris Martin's daughter, Apple, was inspired by the Bible. As Paltrow said, \"Apples are so sweet, and they're wholesome, and it's biblical — and I just thought it sounded so lovely and … clean!\"", "Actress Gwyneth Paltrow and Coldplay frontman Chris Martin have often opted to be low-key, keeping their relationship out of the spotlight. But they went for attention-grabbing names for their two offspring - Moses and Apple.", "Daughter, with Gwyneth Paltrow , Apple Martin (Apple Blythe Alison Martin), was born on 14 May 2004, in London, England, UK.", "She and her singer husband Chris Martin, of the band Coldplay, named their daughter Apple Blythe Alison Martin.", "This is one of a few songs singer Chris Martin has dedicated to his now-estranged wife Gwyneth Paltrow. (\"Fix You\" is also rumored to have been written for her.) \"Moses\" gets special distinction since it later served as the namesake for the couple's second child. âXFINITY Entertainment Staff (Photo by Dave J Hogan/Getty Images)", "The unusual celebrity baby name is not new. Decades ago, Anthony Perkins named his sons Osgood and Elvis, and Marlon Brando named his daughter Cheyenne. And Ms. Paltrow, the daughter of the actress Blythe Danner and the director and producer Bruce Paltrow, is named Gwyneth, after all.", "Gwyneth Paltrow and Chris Martin met at one of Coldplay’s concerts in 2002. Not long into their relationship, Paltrow’s father died and Martin ended up writing hit single “Fix You” from album “X&Y.” Paltrow’s mother Blythe Danner said in an interview that Martin “wrote the song for Gwyneth when her father died and I weep every time I hear it”. When writing the song, Martin actually used an old keyboard that his late father-in-law, Bruce Paltrow, gave to daughter Gwyneth. Martin has called the song the most important music he has ever written.", "It feels like only yesterday actress Gwyneth Paltrow was making headlines for naming her daughter after a fruit. ", "Paltrow and Martin married in 2003. In 2014, the Iron Man actress announced their \"conscious uncoupling\" on her blog, Goop .", "As an aside, Chris Martin is now married to Gwyneth Paltrow, a famous Hollywood actress, who has starred in a string of blockbuster movies, like Emma .", "She was initially dating Brad Pitt but things didn’t work for marriage. So in 2003 she married Chris Martin and has a kid before the second child. It is said that Gwyneth had taken a long break since her pregnancy till the kid was a bit grown up.", "Gwyneth Paltrow & Chris Martin Split: Actress Gwyneth Paltrow and her husband, Coldplay frontman Chris Martin announced this week that they were splitting up. Well, instead they described their split as a \"conscious uncoupling,\" a phrase that drew scorn and mockery from the internet. The pair had reportedly been testing their separation for a year and finally decided to go public. In an entry on the Iron Man star's website, the couple explained that being parents to their two children was the priority for them right now.", "Gwyneth Paltrow and ex-husband Chris Martin were married for well over a decade before they decided to call it quits. Fans know Paltrow from her many award-winning movies like Shakespeare In Love, Great Expectations, and The Talented Mr. Ripley. She also had a stint on the musical show Glee. Get the details on Paltrow and her marriage to Martin below.", "Affleck's former squeeze Gwyneth Paltrow continued her hush-hush romance with Coldplay's Chris Martin. But while the mild-mannered rocker had clearly unlocked her box, Gwyneth did her best to avoid the subject despite rumors that the couple are to have a baby.", "As a daughter of the late director Bruce Paltrow and actress Blythe Danner, not to mention a family friend of Steven Spielberg, success in Hollywood came easier to Gwyneth Paltrow than others—in fact, her connections got her one of her first film roles, as Wendy in the 1991 Peter Pan update Hook.", "Gwyneth Paltrow and Chris Martin have managed to stay friends ever since they announced their split last week, even taking their two children on a trip to the Bahamas.", "Actress Blythe Danner is the mother of Academy Award winner Gwyneth Paltrow. Gwyneth's father is director Bruce Paltrow. âXFINITY Entertainment Staff (Photo: Frederick M. Brown/Getty)", "In their 10 years of marriage, Gwyneth Paltrow and Chris Martin have made it their mission to stay mostly under the radar.", "Her name can be heard over the P.A. system in many episodes of the medical drama \"St. Elsewhere\" (1982). Gwyneth's dad, Bruce Paltrow, was the producer of the series.", "Gwyneth Paltrow, Chris Martin announce their separation And they revealed the news on her website GOOP. Check out this story on USATODAY.com: http://usat.ly/Qdc6Wq", "Gwyneth Paltrow and Chris Martin treat their kids to food truck fare | Daily Mail Online", "1/15 No.15: Ignatius Martin Upton - Cate Blanchett and Martin Upton chose a very serious name for their son. Who now joins Dashiell and Roman, his two siblings.", "He and daughter Amanda Plummer have both appeared in adaptation of Stephen King novels. Amanda appeared in Needful Things (1993), while Christopher appeared in Dolores Claiborne (1995)." ]

[ 5.13671875, 4.7734375, 4.75, 4.21484375, 4.01171875, 3.8671875, 3.171875, 2.75, 2.638671875, 2.498046875, 2.353515625, 1.892578125, 1.845703125, -0.435546875, -0.8642578125, -1.4345703125, -1.5888671875, -2.3828125, -2.72265625, -2.724609375, -2.896484375, -3.08203125, -3.333984375, -3.712890625, -3.751953125, -4.015625, -4.7890625, -5.3359375, -5.5625, -5.5859375, -6.8828125, -8.4921875 ]

[ "Halley's Comet or Comet Halley, officially designated 1P/Halley, [3] is a short-period comet visible from Earth every 75–76 years. [3] [10] Halley is the only known short-period comet that is regularly visible to the naked eye from Earth, and the only naked-eye comet that might appear twice in a human lifetime. [11] Halley last appeared in the inner parts of the Solar System in 1986 and will next appear in mid-2061. [12]", "Halley's Comet or Comet Halley ( or, named after astronomer Edmond Halley), officially designated 1P/Halley, is a short-period comet visible from Earth every 75–76 years. Halley is the only known short-period comet that is clearly visible to the naked eye from Earth, and the only naked-eye comet that might appear twice in a human lifetime. Halley last appeared in the inner parts of the Solar System in 1986 and will next appear in mid-2061.", "Every 76 years, Halley's Comet makes an appearance in the night sky. Here are ten facts about Halley's Comet.", "Halley's comet is one of the most famous; it has a period of 76 years and has been observed since antiquity.  Its most recent visit, in 1986 was not spectacular.", "The most famous comet is Halley's Comet, named after the astronomer who discovered its regular orbit. Halley's Comet orbits around the Sun in approximately 76 years. It is visible from the Earth when close to the Sun. Halley's Comet last came closest to the Sun in 1986, and will return in 2061.", "Comets are astronomical objects that are visible to the unaided for only a month or so. They were a serious problem for early astronomers as they would appear without warning, hang around in the sky for a while, and then disappear never to be seen again. Halley was studying historical records of cometary appearances when he noticed four comets with nearly the same orbit separated in time by approximately 76 years. He reasoned that the comets of 1456, 1531, 1607, and 1682 were sightings of a single comet and that this comet would reappear in the winter of 1758. When it did as predicted, sixteen years after his death, it became known as Comet Halley. It should be noted that Halley did not discover the comet that bears his name, he was just the one who identified it as a celestial body with a definite period in orbit around the sun. Halley's comet has probably been seen since the dawn of civilization when humans first looked up and they sky and wondered how it all worked. Historical records from India, China, and Japan record its appearance as far back as 240 BCE (with one appearance not recorded). Its most recent appearances were in 1833, 1909, and 1985 and its next will be in 2061.", "Halley's Comet last appeared in the inner Solar System in 1986 and will next appear in mid-2061.", "May 5, 2015:  As May of 2015 unfolds, Halley's Comet is more than 5 billion kilometers from Earth, receding into the inky blackness of the outer solar system, where its looping orbit takes it every 76 years.  Dim and distant, history's most famous comet won't be back until sometime in 2061.", "So that's the earliest known record of Halley's Comet, at least for now. The comet has probably been in its current orbit for anything from 16,000 to 200,000 years. Indeed, if it's the latter, then Halley's Comet has been visiting Earth since the first emergence of anatomically modern humans, which would be another really cool coincidence. Either way, Halley's Comet has been visiting humanity for a long time, and writing predates the 466 BCE apparition by at least three millennia, so it's possible an even earlier sighting will turn up in the records of ancient Sumer or Egypt.", "Comets orbit as around the Sun on elliptical orbits until all of their volatile material has evaporated away. The orbital periods vary between a few years (like comet Encke ) and tens of millions of years. While we can observe Halley's Comet every 75 years we need to wait 106 000 more years until we see Comet Panstarrs (C/2011 L4) , our guest in 2013, the next time.", "• What comet, last spotted in 1986, is visible from Earth once every 75 or 76 years? Halley's Comet", "Comet Halley is a fine example of a short-period comet, taking about 76 years to make one orbit around the Sun. At its closest point (perihelion), the comet is only 88 million kilometers from the Sun (about 60% of the Earth's distance from our star.) At its most distant point (aphelion), Halley is 5.2 billion kilometers from the Sun and thus beyond the orbit of Neptune.", "Like all comets that take less than about 200 years to orbit the Sun, Halley’s Comet is believed to have originated from the Kuiper Belt . Periodically, some of these blocks of rock and ice – which are essentially leftover matter from the formation of the Solar System some 4.6 billion years ago – are pulled deeper into the Solar System and becomes active comets.", "Comet Halley was visible in 1910 and again in 1986. Its next perihelion passage will be in early 2062.", "It has sometimes been speculated that Halley's Comet is the Star of Bethlehem that the Wise Men saw around the time of the birth of Jesus. Records of Halley's Comet appearances suggest it was observed in 12 BC, but a record of another possible comet was made in 5 BC. This second object appeared in the same place for seventy days with no movement recorded, as if hovering over somewhere, quite possibly Bethlehem.", "Newton was friends with English astronomer Edmond Halley , who used Newton’s methods to determine the orbits for 24 observed comets, which he published in 1705. All the orbits were fit with parabolas because the quality of the observations at that time was not good enough to determine elliptical or hyperbolic orbits (eccentricities greater than 1). But Halley noted that the comets of 1531, 1607, and 1682 had remarkably similar orbits and had appeared at approximately 76-year intervals. He suggested that it was really one comet in an approximately 76-year orbit that returned at regular intervals. Halley predicted that the comet would return again in 1758. He did not live to see his prediction come true, but the comet was recovered on Christmas Day, 1758, and passed closest to the Sun on March 13, 1759. The comet was the first recognized periodic comet and was named in Halley’s honour, Comet Halley .", "The next predicted perihelion of Halley's Comet is 28 July 2061, [1] when it is expected to be better positioned for observation than during the 1985–1986 apparition, as it will be on the same side of the Sun as Earth. [31] It is expected to have an apparent magnitude of −0.3, compared with only +2.1 for the 1986 apparition. [103] It has been calculated that on 9 September 2060, Halley will pass within 0.98 AU (147,000,000 km) of Jupiter, and then on 20 August 2061 will pass within 0.0543 AU (8,120,000 km) of Venus. [104] In 2134, Halley is expected to pass within 0.09 AU (13,000,000 km) of Earth. [104] Its apparent magnitude is expected to be −2.0. [103]", "Halley's 1986 apparition was the least favorable on record. The comet and Earth were on opposite sides of the Sun in February 1986, creating the worst viewing circumstances for Earth observers for the last 2,000 years. [87] Halley's closest approach was 0.42 AU. [88] Additionally, with increased light pollution from urbanization, many people failed to even see the comet. It was possible to observe it in areas outside of cities with the help of binoculars. [89] Further, the comet appeared brightest when it was almost invisible from the northern hemisphere in March and April. [90] Halley's approach was first detected by astronomers David Jewitt and G. Edward Danielson on 16 October 1982 using the 5.1 m Hale telescope at Mount Palomar and a CCD camera . [91] The first person to visually observe the comet on its 1986 return was amateur astronomer Stephen James O'Meara on 24 January 1985. O'Meara used a home-built 24-inch telescope on top of Mauna Kea to detect the magnitude 19.6 comet. [92] On 8 November 1985, Stephen Edberg (then serving as the Coordinator for Amateur Observations at NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory ) and Charles Morris were the first to observe Halley's Comet with the naked eye in its 1986 apparition. [93] [94]", "The famous Halley's Comet , last seen in early 1986, flared in the sky during August and September in the year 11 B.C. However, most authorities dismiss it due to the poor time fit. Although it seems unlikely that another Great Comet could have appeared nearer to the accepted time frame of the Star's appearance and went unrecorded, we can never really be sure. ", "Halley's prediction of the comet's return proved to be correct, although it was not seen until 25 December 1758, by Johann Georg Palitzsch , a German farmer and amateur astronomer. It did not pass through its perihelion until 13 March 1759, the attraction of Jupiter and Saturn having caused a retardation of 618 days. [23] This effect was computed prior to its return (with a one-month error to 13 April) [24] by a team of three French mathematicians, Alexis Clairaut , Joseph Lalande , and Nicole-Reine Lepaute . [25] The confirmation of the comet's return was the first time anything other than planets had been shown to orbit the Sun. It was also one of the earliest successful tests of Newtonian physics , and a clear demonstration of its explanatory power. [26] The comet was first named in Halley's honour by French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille in 1759. [26]", "In 1995 the IAU implemented a new identification system for each appearance of a comet, whether it is periodic or long-period . The system uses the year of the comet’s discovery, the half-month in the year denoted by a letter A through Y (with I omitted to avoid confusion), and a number signifying the order in which the comet was found within that half-month. Thus, Halley’s Comet is designated 1P/1682 Q1 when Halley saw it in August 1682, but 1P/1982 U1 when it was first spotted by astronomers before its predicted perihelion (point when closest to the Sun) passage in 1986. This identification system is similar to that now used for asteroid discoveries, though the asteroids are so designated only when they are first discovered. (The asteroids are later given official catalog numbers and names.) Formerly, a number after the name of a periodic comet denoted its order among comets discovered by that individual or group, but for new comets there would be no such distinguishing number.", "Astronomers recently modeled the comet's approach in 466 BC, then looked for ancient texts that matched its probable appearance. The previous earliest recorded appearance - or, as it's more technically known, apparition - was by Chinese scholars noting the passage of the comet in 240 BC, which is three apparitions later than the 466 BC event. The model suggests the comet would have been visible for about 82 days in 466 BC, from the ancient equivalent of June 4 to August 25.", "The most crucial advance in the understanding of comets came over one hundred years after Brahe's work. The English astronomer Edmond Halley (right) was very interested in the comet which he had seen in 1682. A close friend of Isaac Newton, Halley persuaded Newton to publish his work on gravitation; in fact, Halley paid for Newton's writings to be published. He then used Newton's theories of planetary motion to work out the motions of several different comets which had been seen in past years, and noticed that three of the comets - those of 1531, 1607 and the one he'd seen in 1682 - had very similar orbital paths. Halley believed that these three objects were just seperate appearances of one comet, and he predicted that, if his theory was correct, the same comet would return once again in 1759. Unfortunately, Halley died on January 14th, 1742, before he could put his prediction to the test. But on Christmas day, 1758, a German amateur astronomer called Palitzsch spotted a comet in the sky, just as Halley had predicted. So the work of Edmond Halley and Isaac Newton had finally shown that comets are not just mysterious objects which appear randomly in the sky - they follow orbits, similar to those of the planets.", "Some comets swing around the sun every few years. Others, like Hale-Bopp, may take thousands of years. Most can be seen only with a telescope. But every once in a while—a few times a century, perhaps—an impressive one is visible to the naked eye. And in the past two years the world has witnessed not one but two of them.", "On July 23, 1995, an unusually large and bright comet was seen outside of Jupiter's orbit by Alan Hale of New Mexico and Thomas Bopp of Arizona. Careful analysis of Hubble Space Telescope images suggested that its intense brightness was due to its exceptionally large size. While the nuclei of most comets are about 1.6 to 3.2 km (1 to 2 miles) across, Hale-Bopp's was estimated to be 40 km (25 miles) across. It was visible even through bright city skies, and may have been the most viewed comet in recorded history. Comet Hale-Bopp holds the record for the longest period of naked-eye visibility: an astonishing 19 months. It will not appear again for another 2,400 years.", "Perhaps no other heavenly body commands more attention when it comes within view of our planet than Halley’s Comet . There are probably few among us indeed who didn’t catch at least a brief glimpse of the storied comet when it made its last appearance just a few years ago.", "Our data about Comet Halley may not be representative of comets in general. When will the next spacecraft encounter a comet?", "What changes will be visible in Comet Halley on its next pass near the Sun in 2061?", "Halley's masterpiece on comets, A Synopsis of the astronomy of comets (Astronomiae cometicae) published in 1705 laid the foundation of modern cometary study. Halley predicted with considerable accuracy the path of totality of the solar eclipse visible over England in 1715. after a long and careful study he was the first to realise in 1693 that the Moon's mean motion had a secular acceleration. An apparent gradual acceleration of the Moon's motion in its orbit, as measured relative to mean solar time. He was the first to predict extraterrestrial nature of the precursors of meteors. He was the first to suggest that observations of transits of Venus could be used to measure the distance of the Sun. However, this was first done long after his death. He offered the first proof of motions of stars by showing that they had moved since Ptolemy's time. In 1721 he raised the problem of what has come to be called Olbers' paradox_the apparent contradiction between the simple observation that the night sky is dark and the theoretical expectation that an infinite, static Universe, consisting of stars and galaxies more or less uniformly distributed, should be as bright as a star.", "1995 Comet Hale-Bopp is discovered and is visibly seen with a naked eye nearly a year later", "As it passed perihelion on April 1, 1997 the comet developed into a spectacular sight. It shone brighter than any star in the sky except Sirius, and its dust tail stretched 40–45 degrees across the sky. The comet was visible well before the sky got fully dark each night, and while many great comets are very close to the Sun as they pass perihelion, comet Hale–Bopp was visible all night to northern hemisphere observers. ", "The sky, for the most part, is predictable; the Sun rises and sets, the Moon goes through its phases, and the constellations appear pretty much the same on the day that you are born as the day you die. The appearance of a great comet, however, offers a wonderful exception; though many are on periodic orbits, many others enter our inner solar system unannounced, putting on dazzling displays. A bright comet may even be visible in the daytime. The recent discovery of comet C/2012 S1 (ISON) has raised some speculation that we may just be in for such an event in late 2013, with some scientists predicting that comet could be as bright as the full Moon. Here’s a compilation of 10 remarkable comets from the past few hundred years." ]

[ 6.9765625, 6.78125, 6.64453125, 4.48828125, 4.44921875, 4.33203125, 3.92578125, 3.853515625, 3.765625, 3.720703125, 3.26171875, 3.193359375, 3.076171875, 2.517578125, 2.484375, 2.169921875, 1.5703125, 1.2255859375, 1.130859375, 0.1588134765625, -0.456298828125, -0.548828125, -0.62548828125, -0.84228515625, -1.3427734375, -2.435546875, -2.7890625, -2.95703125, -3.173828125, -3.83203125, -4.1875, -5.85546875 ]

[ "America’s oldest soft drink is Vernors Ginger Ale, created in 1866 by Detroit pharmacist James Vernor, who mixed ginger, vanilla and other ingredients in an oak cask, then enlisted to fight in the Civil War. When he returned and opened the cask, the aging process had created the famous ginger-flavored soda.", "Dr. Pepper is the oldest soft drink in America, and it's packaging even says \"Est. 1885\". It was created by pharmacist Charles Alderton who worked at drug store in Waco, Texas. The \"23\" on its packaging is a reference to the 23 authentic flavors that make up the soda.", "Vernors ginger ale shares the title of America’s oldest surviving soft drink with Hires Root Beer. It was invented in 1866 by James Vernor, a Detroit pharmacist.", "But here's a story: The other day I was playing a round of Jeopardy! on my phone when up popped a question about the oldest soft drink in America. Ah, simple, I thought to myself. Everybody knows that Dr. Pepper was first served at the 1885 Louisiana Purchase Exposition a full year before Coca-Cola was introduced to the market, making it the oldest soda still available in the world.", "Vernors is a ginger flavored soft drink and the oldest surviving ginger ale brand in the United States. It was created in 1866 by James Vernor, a Detroit pharmacist. ", "By the 1890s two beverages had changed the character of the soft-drink industry. In 1885 Charles Alderton, a Waco pharmacist, originated Dr Pepper Phos-Ferrates (see DR PEPPER COMPANY ), and in 1886 John Pemberton concocted Coca-Cola in Atlanta, Georgia. In 1885 Wade B. Morrison, who owned the Old Corner Drug Store in Waco, arranged with Robert Sherman Lazenby, owner of a small bottling plant, to mix and ship Dr Pepper Phos-Ferrates syrup to area drugstores. In 1891 a feed-store operator in Dublin, Texas, began bottling soda waters, including Dr Pepper. Other plants in Central Texas followed suit. However, during the 1890s no Texas bottling plant advertised a franchised soft drink and no company listed such a product in its company or corporate name. In 1898, during the Spanish-American War, Lazenby had an exclusive War Department contract to bottle and ship his Circle A Ginger Ale to servicemen in foreign lands. He supplied both army and navy installations until World War I . In 1900 Texas had 139 soda-water bottling plants. Lemon, ginger, ale, vanilla, orange, sarsaparilla, and raspberry were the principal flavors. The state also had seventy-seven ice plants, more than any other. Only one bottling plant used power-a four-horsepower central motor which delivered power by belts to carbonators and bottle-washing machines.", "In New Orleans, the Hurricane is a popular cocktail, but did you know about the Sazerac -- sometimes referred to as the oldest American cocktail? Mixologists believe this drink originated in the period before the American Civil War. This stiff drink is a mixture of cognac or rye whiskey, absinthe or Herbsaint, sugar and Peychaud’s Bitters. 960 1280", "Some of the soft drinks we know today originally started as patent medicines in the late 19th century — including Coca-Cola, which infamously contained cocaine . But when Caleb Bradham invented a drink in 1893 he set out to make it free of stimulants. It didn't even contain caffeine. He originally called it Brad's Drink, but by 1898 it would be trademarked using the name we call it today: Pepsi.", "Cognac or rye, absinthe, Peychaud's Bitters, and sugar, although bourbon whiskey or Herbsaint are sometimes substituted. Some claim it is the oldest known American cocktail, with origins in pre–Civil War New Orleans, although drink historian David Wondrich is among those who dispute this, and American instances of published usage of the word cocktail to describe a mixture of spirits, bitters, and sugar can be traced to the dawn of the 19th century. ", "Coca-Cola (often abbreviated to \"Coke\") is a cola drink, and is the world's most popular carbonated soft drink . The Coca-Cola Company 's headquarters are located in Atlanta, Georgia, where the drink was first concocted around 1884. Although Coke's inventor, John Pemberton, was not a shrewd marketer of his drink, the ownership of Coke eventually passed to Asa Candler, whose company remains the producer of Coke today. Candler's successful marketing, continued by his successors such as Robert Woodruff, established Coke as a major soft drink first in the United States and later around the world.", "Coca-Cola is a carbonated soft drink sold in stores, restaurants, and vending machines in more than 200 countries. It is produced by The Coca-Cola Company of Atlanta, Georgia, and is often referred to simply as Coke (a registered trademark of The Coca-Cola Company in the United States since March 27, 1944). Originally intended as a patent medicine when it was invented in the late 19th century by John Pemberton, Coca-Cola was bought out by businessman Asa Griggs Candler, whose marketing tactics led Coke to its dominance of the world soft-drink market throughout the 20th century.", "Dr Pepper is a carbonated soft drink marketed as having a unique flavor. The drink was created in the 1880s by Charles Alderton in Waco, Texas and first served around 1885. Dr Pepper was first nationally marketed in the United States in 1904, and is now also sold in Europe, Asia, Canada, Mexico, Australia, New Zealand (as an imported drink), South Africa (also as an imported drink), and South America. Variants include a version without high fructose corn syrup, Diet Dr Pepper, as well as a line of additional flavors, first introduced in the 2000s.", "Sassafras was an original, major ingredient in many recipes for root beer, which was brewed in the eighteenth century as a mildly alcoholic beverage. Reportedly, in 1870 an unknown pharmacist created a formula that he billed as a cure-all and offered to the public. However, it was not actually marketed until Philadelphia pharmacist Charles Hires produced a liquid concentrate in small bottles (see figure 3), introducing it at the Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition in 1876. By 1893 the Hires family was selling bottled versions of their carbonated drink, thus securing a place in soft drink history (“History” 2010; “Root beer” 2010). One slogan was “Join Health and Cheer/Drink Hires Rootbeer [sic]” (Munsey 1970, 274).", "Apparently Alex disagrees with me—it turns out that the answer was Vernors. Surprised, I decided to do a little research. The latter half of the 19th century was perhaps the boomingest time for soft drinks, producing several of the brands and features we're familiar with today. Originally sold mostly as cure-alls and tonics purported to stave off everything from stomachaches to scurvy, sweetened flavored sodas eventually made their way into ice cream parlors, which is where they really came into their own as soda jerks and drugstore owners experimented with their own flavored syrups.", "The drinking of either natural or artificial mineral water was considered a healthy practice. The American pharmacists selling mineral waters began to add medicinal and flavorful herbs to unflavored mineral water. They used birch bark, dandelion, sarsaparilla, and fruit extracts. Some historians consider that the first flavored carbonated soft drink was that made in 1807 by Doctor Philip Syng Physick of Philadelphia. Early American pharmacies with soda fountains became a popular part of culture. The customers soon wanted to take their \"health\" drinks home with them and a soft drink bottling industry grew from consumer demand.", "Although Vernors is the oldest surviving ginger ale sold in the United States, there were a number of brands of ginger ale, ginger soda, and ginger beer sold in commerce prior to 1866. ", "In the UK, Lucozade Energy was originally introduced in 1929 as a hospital drink for \"aiding the recovery;\" in the early 1980s, it was promoted as an energy drink for \"replenishing lost energy.\" One of the first post-Forty Barrels energy drinks introduced in America was Dr. Enuf. Its origins date back to 1949, when a Chicago businessman named William Mark Swartz was urged by coworkers to formulate a soft drink fortified with vitamins as an alternative to sugar sodas full of empty calories. He developed an \"energy booster\" drink containing B vitamins, caffeine and cane sugar. After placing a notice in a trade magazine seeking a bottler, he formed a partnership with Charles Gordon of Tri-City Beverage to produce and distribute the soda. Dr. Enuf is still being manufactured in Johnson City, Tennessee and sold sparsely throughout the nation.", "The Coca-Cola company has the most widely distributed and well-known soft drinks in the world. John S. Pemberton originally invented the drink as a medicine in 1885. The Coca-Cola logo was created by Frank Mason Robinson in 1885.", "Soda is as integral a part of American history as the hamburger or Nicolas Cage's repeated attempts to thwart it, and while most soft drinks under the sun are now owned and bottled by one of three major companies, there's still a rich tapestry of \"hand-crafted\", mom-and-pop soda companies out there doing what they've been doing for the last hundred years or so -- and doing it damn well.", "By the late 1890s, Coca-Cola was one of America's most popular fountain drinks. With another Atlanta pharmacist, Asa Griggs Candler, at the helm, the Coca-Cola Company increased syrup sales by over 4000% between 1890 and 1900. ", "By the late 1890s, Coca-Cola was one of America's most popular fountain drinks. With another Atlanta pharmacist, Asa Griggs Candler, at the helm, the Coca-Cola Company increased syrup sales by over 4000% between 1890 and 1900. ", "Another early type of soft drink was lemonade, made of water and lemon juice sweetened with honey, but without carbonated water. The Compagnie des Limonadiers of Paris was granted a monopoly for the sale of lemonade soft drinks in 1676. Vendors carried tanks of lemonade on their backs and dispensed cups of the soft drink to Parisians. ", "Today, Mountain Dew is the fourth most-popular soda in America, a relatively recent phenomena considering it’s been around since the 40s (when its name was a reference to moonshine).", "The term \"tonic\" used to refer to soft drinks in Massachusetts, but these days, you're unlikely to hear anyone under the age of 60 or so use the term seriously. It's usually simply called \"soda.\"", "Growing up in Michigan, I am quite familiar with Vernors and the following it has.  Everyone is familiar with old wives tales and remedies and, of course, many are regional.  During the early days of the soda fountain, soda was considered to have health benefits, although today we do not usually think of soda this way.  In Michigan, Vernors was no exception to this and was considered to have many health benefits.  Today, Vernors is still considered to be a cure-all, the best medicine for anything from a stomach ache to a hangover, not to mention just an overall tasty pop.  So how did this drink become so popular?  To examine this, we will briefly look at the history of Vernors.", "Recent archeological findings suggest that a caffeinated beverage was consumed in North America centuries before the continent was discovered. Ceramic beakers found at the ancient city of Cahokia, outside what's currently St. Louis, MO, contain traces of a highly caffeinated black drink brewed from a species of holly and hint at the popularity and cultural significance of the beverage. It turns out the beakers were found 400 kilometers from the nearest source of holly plants and 500 years before the Europeans described the brew in their journals. This suggests elaborate trade routes existed to supply the crop, while the high quality finish of the beakers indicates that the drink was highly valued.", "Sassafras root beverages were made by Native Americans for culinary and medicinal reasons before the arrival of Europeans in North America, but European culinary techniques have been applied to making traditional sassafras-based beverages similar to root beer since the 16th and 17th centuries. Root beer was sold in confectionery stores since the 1840s, and written recipes for root beer have been documented since the 1860s. It is possible that it was combined with soda as early as the 1850s, and root beer sold in stores was most often sold as a syrup rather than a ready-made beverage. The tradition of brewing root beer is thought to have evolved out of other small beer traditions that produced fermented drinks with very low alcohol content that were thought to be healthier to drink than possibly tainted local sources of drinking water, and enhanced by the medicinal and nutritional qualities of the ingredients used. Beyond its aromatic qualities, the medicinal benefits of sassafras were well known to both Native Americans and Europeans, and druggists began marketing root beer for its medicinal qualities. ", "This simple, refreshing mix of lemon juice, sugar, gin, and seltzer has been around for at least a century and a half.", "Hires marketed his drink as a flavorful and healthy alternative to alcohol in the early days of the temperance movement, and his efforts were quite successful. The prohibition against alcohol in the United States during the 1920s cemented the popularity of root beer, and many breweries that had formerly produced beer began manufacturing this alternative instead. The beverage also rose to popularity in England in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with many local varieties, using roots other than sassafras, in existence.", "This can be a difficult question to answer, as it depends on exactly what you mean. Here are a few of the oldest fizzy drinks in the world listed by date.", "As city state marks 50 years, its most famous drink is officially turning 100. But some are convinced its origins date to two years earlier, at least", "Used to drink it in the sixties and being a kid back then, it was my favorite. Recently found it again at Publix and still has a great flavor." ]

[ 8.4375, 7.7578125, 6.2421875, 5.3203125, 2.716796875, 0.77197265625, 0.132568359375, 0.083251953125, -0.031646728515625, -0.11279296875, -0.68310546875, -0.81005859375, -1.26953125, -1.37109375, -1.3916015625, -1.4951171875, -1.57421875, -1.6904296875, -2.158203125, -2.29296875, -2.29296875, -2.697265625, -2.822265625, -3.1640625, -3.25, -3.421875, -3.46484375, -4.671875, -4.8984375, -5.2734375, -6.55078125, -10.234375 ]

[ "The speculative medieval philosophical art of changing objects from one element into another, principally (historically) attempting to turn lead and other base metals into gold; pseudo-science", "Medieval form of speculative thought that aimed to transform base metals (lead or copper) into silver or gold and to discover a means of prolonging life", "- speculative philosophy practiced in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance that involved the process of transmutation of the base metals into gold.", "Gold has been known from prehistoric times and was possibly the first metal used by humans. It was valued for ornaments (see goldwork ), and magical efficacy was attributed to it. In the Middle Ages alchemists sought to transmute baser metals into gold. The quest for gold stimulated European explorations and conquests in the Western Hemisphere, and its discovery has led to many a gold rush . Much of the gold now extracted is used for jewelry. The chief producers are China, Australia, the United States (especially in Nevada and Alaska), South Africa, Peru, Russia, Indonesia, and Canada. For a discussion of the monetary function of gold, see bimetallism ; coin ; international monetary system ; money .", "With little knowledge of the laws of optics but with immense practical experience, mosaic makers of the Early Christian period gave the art a completely new direction with the exploitation of gold and silver glass tesserae. Like a mirror, the glass from which this kind of tesserae was made had a metal foil applied or, better, encased in it. The metal was gold leaf or, for the “silver,” probably tin. These pieces of mirror glass gave golden or white reflections of high intensity and could be used to depict objects of precious metal or to heighten the effect of other colours; but, above all, it was used as a means of rendering the light emanating from God.", "During this period the practice of manuscript illumination gradually passed from monasteries to lay workshops, so that according to Janetta Benton \"by 1300 most monks bought their books in shops\", [210] and the book of hours developed as a form of devotional book for lay-people. Metalwork continued to be the most prestigious form of art, with Limoges enamel an option for reliquaries and crosses. [211] In Italy the innovations of Cimabue , followed by the Trecento masters Giotto (d. 1337) and Duccio (d. around 1318), greatly increased the sophistication and status of panel painting and fresco . [212] In the 12th century secular art increased with the growing prosperity and many carved ivory objects such as gaming-pieces, combs, and small religious figures survive. [213]", "Medieval England produced art in the form of paintings, carvings, books, fabrics and many functional but beautiful objects.Kessler, pp. 14, 19. A wide range of materials were used, including gold, glass and ivory, the art usually drawing overt attention to the materials utilised in the designs. Anglo-Saxon artists created carved ivories, illuminated manuscripts, embroidered cloths, crosses and stone sculpture, although relatively few of these have survived to the modern period. They produced a wide range of metalwork, frequently using gold and garnets, with brooches, buckles, sword hilts and drinking horns particularly favoured designs. Early designs, such as those found at the Sutton Hoo burial, used a zoomorphic style, heavily influenced by German fashions, in which animal shapes were distorted into flowing shapes and positioned alongside geometric patterns. From the 7th century onwards more naturalistic designs became popular, showing a plasticity of form and incorporating both animals and people into the designs. In the 10th century, Carolingian styles, inspired by Classical imagery, began to enter from the continent, becoming widely used in the reformed Benedictine monasteries across the south and east of England. ", "European art from the 8th and 9th centuries, its beginning was with the reign of Charlemagne and the ending with Louis the Pious. This Middle Age period, inspired by the vision of Charlemagne who wanted to revive the fine arts styles of ancient Rome, was unique because of the focus on Classical Roman art. The center was the court of the Emperor at Aachen. The movement was much reflected in monasteries with illuminated manuscripts that reflected Roman and Byzantine models. The Carolingian workshops became known for their workmanship in gold, silver and gems. Sources: Kimberley Reynolds & Richard Seddon, \"Illustrated Dictionary of Art Terms\"; Ralph Mayer, \"A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques\"", "Reliquaries are containers used to protect and display relics. While frequently taking the form of caskets, they have many other forms including simulations of the relic encased within (e.g., a gilded depiction of an arm for a relic consisting of arm bones). Since the relics themselves were considered valuable, they were enshrined in containers crafted of or covered with gold, silver, gems, and enamel. Ivory was widely used in the Middle Ages for reliquaries; its pure white color an indication of the holy status of its contents. These objects constituted a major form of artistic production across Europe and Byzantium throughout the Middle Ages.", "Objects in precious materials such as ivory and metal had a very high status in the period, much more so than monumental sculpture — we know the names of more makers of these than painters, illuminators or architect-masons. Metalwork, including decoration in enamel, became very sophisticated, and many spectacular shrines made to hold relics have survived, of which the best known is the Shrine of the Three Kings at Cologne Cathedral by Nicholas of Verdun. The bronze Gloucester candlestick and the brass font of 1108–17 now in Liège are superb examples, very different in style, of metal casting, the former highly intricate and energetic, drawing on manuscript painting, while the font shows the Mosan style at its most classical and majestic. The bronze doors, a triumphal column and other fittings at Hildesheim Cathedral, the Gniezno Doors, and the doors of the Basilica di San Zeno in Verona are other substantial survivals. The aquamanile, a container for water to wash with, appears to have been introduced to Europe in the 11th century, and often took fantastic zoomorphic forms; surviving examples are mostly in brass. Many wax impressions from impressive seals survive on charters and documents, although Romanesque coins are generally not of great aesthetic interest.", "A few words must be added as to the granulated work. Such decoration consists of minute beads, globules of gold, soldered to form patterns on a metal surface. Its use is rare in Egypt. [9] It occurs in Cyprus at an early period, as for instance on a gold pendant in the British Museum from Enkomi in Cyprus (10th century BC). The pendant is in the form of a pomegranate, and has upon it a pattern of triangles, formed by more than 3000 minute globules separately soldered on. It also occurs on ornaments of the 7th century BC from Camirus in Rhodes . But these globules are large, compared with those found on Etruscan jewelry . Fortunato Pio Castellani , who had made the antique jewelry of the Etruscans and Greeks his special study, with the intention of reproducing the ancient models, found it for a long time impossible to revive this particular process of delicate soldering. He overcame the difficulty at last, by the discovery of a traditional school of craftsmen at St Angelo in Vado, by whose help his well-known reproductions were executed.", "In the East, the circular church of Áyios Geórgios at Thessaloníki, Greece , shows Byzantine mosaic at its earliest flourishing (c. 400 ce). Its partly preserved mosaics display a disposition related to that of the Baptistery of the Orthodox at Ravenna, with a lower zone containing Paradisiac architecture; above this a zone with standing and walking figures and in the centre of the cupola a medallion with a figure of Christ. A uniform gold background dominates the two lower zones, at a time well before it had come into general use in the West. Silver is found in profusion, used for the background in the central medallion as well as a means to enhance the radiation of light from all parts of the mosaic. In the figures of saints the material for faces and hands is chiefly natural stone, its gentle gradations contrasting spectacularly with the violent juxtapositions of coloured glass tesserae of the hair and the garments.", "Byzantine art , though producing superb ivory reliefs and architectural decorative carving, never returned to monumental sculpture, or even much small sculpture in the round. [6] However, in the West during the Carolingian and Ottonian periods there was the beginnings of a production of monumental statues, in courts and major churches. This gradually spread; by the late 10th and 11th century there are records of several apparently life-size sculptures in Anglo-Saxon churches, probably of precious metal around a wooden frame, like the Golden Madonna of Essen . No Anglo-Saxon example has survived, [6] and survivals of large non-architectural sculpture from before 1,000 are exceptionally rare. Much the finest is the Gero Cross , of 965–70, which is a crucifix , which was evidently the commonest type of sculpture; Charlemagne had set one up in the Palatine Chapel in Aachen around 800. These continued to grow in popularity, especially in Germany and Italy. The rune stones of the Nordic world, the Pictish stones of Scotland and possibly the high cross reliefs of Christian Great Britain, were northern sculptural traditions that bridged the period of Christianization.", "The early history of Irish art is generally considered to begin with early carvings found at sites such as Newgrange and is traced through Bronze Age artefacts, particularly ornamental gold objects, and the religious carvings and illuminated manuscripts of the medieval period", "In European art history, enamel was at its most important in the Middle Ages, beginning with the Late Romans and then the Byzantines, who began to use cloisonné enamel in imitation of cloisonné inlays of precious stones. Byzantine enamel style was widely adopted by the \"barbarian\" peoples of Migration Period northern Europe. The Byzantines then began to use cloisonné more freely to create images; this was also copied in Western Europe. The champlevé technique was considerably easier and very widely practiced in the Romanesque period. In Gothic art the finest work is in basse-taille and ronde-bosse techniques, but cheaper champlevé works continued to be produced in large numbers for a wider market.", "Etching by goldsmiths and other metal-workers in order to decorate metal items such as guns, armour, cups and plates has been known in Europe since the Middle Ages at least, and may go back to antiquity. The elaborate decoration of armour, in Germany at least, was an art probably imported from Italy around the end of the 15th century—little earlier than the birth of etching as a printmaking technique.", "      The old Roman fashion for small bronze ( metalwork ) figures was revived during the Renaissance, and the fashion for these in interior decoration continued almost to the end of the 19th century. The earliest were fairly exact copies of excavated classical bronzes and may have been forgeries intended for sale at the time as genuine Roman work. The art developed rapidly. Before the 16th century, bronzework was done by the goldsmiths, and, as in most goldsmiths' work, general effect was subordinated to meticulous detail. After 1500, when bronze became popular for lamps, candlesticks, sconces, inkstands, small freestanding decorative figures, and furniture mounts, treatment of suitable subjects developed along the lines laid down for full-sized sculpture. Many small bronzes were made, some of them in the grotesque style.", "From about 1000 there was a general rebirth of artistic production in all Europe, led by general economic growth in production and commerce, and the new style of Romanesque art was the first medieval style to be used in the whole of Western Europe. The new cathedrals and pilgrim's churches were increasingly decorated with architectural stone reliefs, and new focuses for sculpture developed, such as the tympanum over church doors in the 12th century, and the inhabited capital with figures and often narrative scenes. Outstanding abbey churches with sculpture include in France Vézelay and Moissac and in Spain Silos. ", "From about 1000 there was a general rebirth of artistic production in all Europe, led by general economic growth in production and commerce, and the new style of Romanesque art was the first medieval style to be used in the whole of Western Europe. The new cathedrals and pilgrim's churches were increasingly decorated with architectural stone reliefs, and new focuses for sculpture developed, such as the tympanum over church doors in the 12th century, and the inhabited capital with figures and often narrative scenes. Outstanding abbey churches with sculpture include in France Vézelay and Moissac and in Spain Silos . [6]", "With the fall of the Roman Empire, the tradition of carving large works in stone and sculpting figures in bronze died out, as it effectively did (for religious reasons) in the Byzantine world. Some life-size sculpture was evidently done in stucco or plaster, but surviving examples are understandably rare. The best-known surviving large sculptural work of Proto-Romanesque Europe is the life-size wooden Crucifix commissioned by Archbishop Gero of Cologne in about 960–65. During the 11th and 12th centuries, figurative sculpture flourished. It was based on two other sources in particular, manuscript illumination and small-scale sculpture in ivory and metal. The extensive friezes sculpted on Armenian and Syriac churches are have been proposed as another likely influence. These sources together produced a distinct style which can be recognised across Europe, although the most spectacular sculptural projects are concentrated in South-Western France, Northern Spain and Italy.", "The Louvre ( 83 ) possesses a magnificent gold Boite d'evangeliaire (pl. XIV), which was in the Treasury of St.-Denis in Doublet's time, who thus (p. 346) describes it: 'Un riche livre en parchemin, couvert d'or à petits rameaux d'or à filets torts, avec plusieurs beaux esmaux d'applique, et images d'argent doré bien industrieusement enlevées de demie bosse, entaillees dedans ledit esmail dapplique. Ce livre enrichy de presmes d'esmeraudes, de saphirs, amatistes, grenats, cassidoines, agathes, aulnisses, et quantité de perles d'Escosse et d'Orient.' The centre of the front is occupied by a repoussé group of the Crucifixion surmounted by a round arch. The sides and spandrils of this arch are later restorations and include some of the Palermo enamel buttons, the like of which are on the sardonyx vase. In the corners of the cover are four splendid translucent enamels of the emblems of the Evangelists. The rest of the area is covered with filigree, jewels, and eight pieces of enamel set like jewels but evidently not made for their present positions. This binding is usually described as French, but merely because no one knows where it was made. Other enamels of the same character as those on this book-cover are the following:", "In addition to this massive predilection for gold, the Christian East began to use silver to depict the symbolic light emanating from Christ. First, it was used for the entire disc of his halo, later only for the cross arms. The archangels were the only figures besides Christ for whom the silver halo was used. The light of God, appearing as rays from above in scenes of the Annunciation , Nativity , Baptism , and Transfiguration , was also depicted with silver tesserae. Finally, silver and gold were used together in Byzantine representations of the infant Jesus, whose golden robes are highlighted with silver cubes (the apse and south vestibule of Hagia Sophia, Istanbul; both 9th century).", "A metalworking process for the inlaying of decorative metals, such as gold and silver, into other metallic surfaces.", "The Middle Ages and the Renaissance brought improvements to both the art of metal making and to", "* St Piran 'rediscovered' tin-smelting (tin had been smelted in Cornwall since before the Romans' arrival, but the methods had since been lost) when his black hearthstone, which was evidently a slab of tin-bearing ore, had the tin smelt out of it and rise to the top in the form of a white cross (thus the image on the flag).", "Although the texts and the monuments which have survived give us a full idea of the materials used in sculpture, they tell us little about the methods of working them. Classical literature provides almost no information on the subject, and votive inscriptions still less; finds of tools are rare, and so are depictions of sculptors at work. And it is not easy to interpret the depictions that do exist. For instance, the bottom of a cup now in Copenhagen, dating from the earliest period of red-figure pottery (late sixth to the early fifth century), shows a sculptor carving a herm, and the two outer sides of a cup now in Berlin depict several bronzesmiths working around a furnace, while others are finishing off a large statue. Such sparse information is complemented chiefly by what study of the works themselves can tell us. Moreover, technique varied from period to period.", "Even older than some of the paintings in the museum is the metalwork. There are some pieces there that date back to the 1100s. The metal in at least one of the metalwork sculptures is said to be made out of gold brought to Portugal from Africa in the early 1500s by famed explorer Vasco de Gama.", "The northern European tradition of Gothic Art was greatly affected by the technical and philosophical advancements of the Renaissance in Italy. While less concerned with studies of anatomy and linear perspective, northern artists were masters of technique, and their works are marvels of exquisite detail. The great artists who inspired the Northern Renaissance included Jan van Eyck (and his brother Hubert, about whom little is known), Robert Campin and Rogier van der Weyden . As Italy moved into the High Renaissance, the north retained a distinct Gothic influence. Yet masters like Albrecht D�rer , Hieronymus Bosch , Pieter Bruegel and Hans Holbein were the equal of the greatest artists of the south. In the 16th century, as in the south, the Northern Renaissance eventually gave way to highly stylized Mannerist art.", "A technique dating from the 6th century AD, in which the various colours are separated by metal wire or strips soldered to the plaque.", "High Gothic book painting was greatly influenced by contemporary sculpture. In a 4-gospel manuscript at Louis IX's chapel of Sainte Chapelle (1241-48), one can see a style of drapery incorporating the large, angular folds of the Joseph Master (Bibliotheque Nationale). At the same time there was a growing focus on detail, which gave rise to instances of virtuoso penmanship. High Gothic illustrations also exhibited improved rendition of light and shade, like that associated with the celebrated Parisian illuminator known as Master Honore, who was active about 1288-1300. Other works include: the Mannesse Codex (1310-20, University of Heidelberg Library), Psalter of Bonne of Luxembourg (c.1345-49, Metropolitan Museum, New York).", "A European style developed in France in the late eleventh century. Its sculpture is ornamental, stylized and complex. Some Romanesque frescoes survive, painted in a monumental, active manner.", "The Coronation of the Virgin or Coronation of Mary is a subject in Christian art, especially popular in Italy in the 13th to 15th centuries, but continuing in popularity until the 18th century and beyond. Christ, sometimes accompanied by God the Father and the Holy Spirit in the form of a dove, places a crown on the head of Mary as Queen of Heaven. In early versions the setting is a Heaven imagined as an earthly court, staffed by saints and angels; in later versions Heaven is more often seen as in the sky, with the figures seated on clouds. The subject is also notable as one where the whole Christian Trinity is often shown together, sometimes in unusual ways. Although crowned Virgins may be seen in Orthodox Christian icons, the coronation by the deity is not. Mary is sometimes shown, in both Eastern and Western Christian art, being crowned by one or two angels, but this is considered a different subject." ]

[ 2.703125, 2.517578125, 1.36328125, 0.496826171875, -2.962890625, -3.267578125, -3.275390625, -3.30859375, -3.44921875, -3.490234375, -3.775390625, -3.92578125, -3.93359375, -4.12109375, -4.23046875, -4.55859375, -4.76171875, -4.9140625, -5.0625, -5.26171875, -5.32421875, -5.3515625, -5.4296875, -5.8359375, -5.953125, -6.63671875, -7.765625, -8.2734375, -8.71875, -9.1953125, -9.640625, -10.390625 ]

[ "A lactometer measures the density of milk. It tells the user how much water is in the milk that is being sampled. This is an instrument used to determine the richness of milk. Lactometer indirectly measures the cream content of milk. The more cream, the lower the lactometer floats in the milk.", "A lactometer is an instrument that is used to check for the purity of milk by measuring its density.", "A Lactometer is a little glass instruments that tests the purity of milk based on density/buoyancy and works on the principle of the specific gravity of milk.", "Lactometer and hydrometer are based on density of substance. Lactometer examine the purity of milk by density of milk. If we added water into the milk, lactometer shows the least readings. [ - ]", "Hydrometers may be calibrated for different uses, such as a lactometer for measuring the density (creaminess) of milk, a saccharometer for measuring the density of sugar in a liquid, or an alcoholometer for measuring higher levels of alcohol in spirits.", "Lactometer is a device used for finding the purity of a milk sample. It works on the principle of Archimede's principle that a solid suspended in a fluid will be buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced. If the milk sample is pure, then the lactometer floats on it and if it is adulterated or impure, then the lactometer sinks.", "Operation of the hydrometer and lactometer is based on Archimedes' principle that a solid suspended in a fluid is buoyed by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the submerged part of the suspended solid. Thus, the lower the density of the substance, the further the hydrometer or lactometer sinks. Thus, it is based on the principle of floatation", "People can see this video in little more details with scientific explanation of Lactometer (How to check Water Adulteration in Milk by using Lactometer in Home (Hindi)) : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MV7lO...", "Scientists describe development of a special sensor that uses maglev to meet those needs, suspending solid or liquid samples with the aid of magnets to measure their density. About the size of an ice cube, the sensor consists of a fluid-filled container with magnets at each end. Samples of different materials can be placed inside, and the distance they migrate through the fluid provides a measure of their density. Scientists showed that the device could quickly estimate the salt content of different water samples and the relative fat content in different kinds of milk, cheese, and peanut butter. Potential applications of maglev may include evaluating the suitability of water for drinking or irrigation, assessing the content of fat in foods and beverages, or monitoring processing of grains (e.g., removing husk or drying) (see Figure 28 ) [ 37 ].", "• Hydrometer: an instrument used to check the specific gravity of the mead (that is, how dense it is compared to the normal density of water).", "Relative density can be calculated directly by measuring the density of a sample and dividing it by the (known) density of the reference substance. The density of the sample is simply its mass divided by its volume. Although mass is easy to measure, the volume of an irregularly shaped sample can be more difficult to ascertain. One method is to put the sample in a water-filled graduated cylinder and read off how much water it displaces. Alternatively the container can be filled to the brim, the sample immersed, and the volume of overflow measured. The surface tension of the water may keep a significant amount of water from overflowing, which is especially problematic for small samples. For this reason it is desirable to use a water container with as small a mouth as possible.", "If we consider a homogenous body then the density would be equal to total mass divided by total volume. The mass can be measured by any weighing instrument. The volume can be measured using the instrument called Hydrometer. The volume can also be measured using the displacement of the fluid. For a non homogenous body, the measurement process is quite different, the density is dependent on the location where it is measured. Hence at a particular location density can be found by calculating the density of the tiny volume around that particular location.", "There are various types of equipment that can measure the presence of hydrogen. Alternatively, the presence of hydrogen can be measured by determining the density of a metal sample.", "an instrument for measuring the opacity of milk so that its cream content can be determined.", "If the flask is weighed empty, full of water, and full of a liquid whose relative density is desired, the relative density of the liquid can easily be calculated. The particle density of a powder, to which the usual method of weighing cannot be applied, can also be determined with a pycnometer. The powder is added to the pycnometer, which is then weighed, giving the weight of the powder sample. The pycnometer is then filled with a liquid of known density, in which the powder is completely insoluble. The weight of the displaced liquid can then be determined, and hence the relative density of the powder.", "c. To mark off or apportion, usually with reference to a given unit of measurement: measure out a pint of milk.", "Density is a characteristic property of pure substances so density can help identify a particular pure substance.", "It can be used for the determination of the density of the substance by using another substance density which is known.", "What is the term used to describe the test that measures the amount of dirt in milk?", "The flow of milk is divided into two equal flows, each of which enters a loop where it is fractionated into a bacteria-rich concentrate (retentate), comprising about 5 % of the flow, and a bacteria-reduced phase (permeate).", "Pete Hunt dt09pjh@my.brunel.ac.uk BSc Product Design Alo Breastfeeding Volume Monitor Introducing the Breastfeeding Monitor, a new and exciting product innovation in the medical consumer product sector. The product measures how much milk a baby is consuming during breastfeeding to give the mother peace of mind and ensure that they have a healthy feeding baby. The device gives real time feedback of how much a baby is consuming without interfering with the", "33.  Kirk AB, Martinelango PK, Tian K, Dutta A, Smith EE, Dasgupta PK. Perchlorate and iodide in dairy and breast milk. Environ Sci Technol. 2005;39(7):2011-2017.  (PubMed)", "In the name of science, I decided to do an experiment. I usually make homemade yogurt with a Bulgarian culture and the best quality milk I can find. Raw milk is ideal, but sometimes I have to settle for pasteurized, un-homogenized milk. Both raw and pasteurized, un-homogenized milk produce a firm-textured yogurt with a delectable layer of cream on the top. This time, I bought a quart container of organic Horizon UHT whole milk and cultured it exactly the same way. It took a few hours longer to set up and it never attained the consistency I have come to expect and enjoy. When I tried to spoon some out of the jar, it dissolved into small curds instead of staying in a firm mass on the spoon. It became very watery and unappetizing–and ended up down the sink instead of in my family’s stomach.", "107. Allen, J.C., Keller, R.P., Archer, P. & Neville, M.C. 1991. Studies in Human lactation: milk composition and daily secretion rates of macronutrients in the first year of lactation. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 54: 69-80.", "In America we use gallons, quarts and pints for liquid measures. Here are some of the measures that were used in Bible times:", "In the examination of the MGD, the longest and shortest acinar unit diameter, periglandular inflammatory cell density, and acinar unit density have been recommended and found to be efficient parameters to evaluate the morphologic changes in the meibomian glands. 304 , 305 The density of glandular acinar units and inflammatory cell density can be measured with an internal software. Clearly visible acinar units are all counted in a 400 × 400-μm frame, and the acinar density is described as the number of units per square millimeter. The longest and shortest diameters in micrometers can be calculated by using Image J software (developed by Wayne Rasband, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/index.html ). Three randomized, nonoverlapping, high-quality digital images of the nasal, middle, and temporal lower eyelid (total of nine images per eyelid or more) can be used for calculation of the confocal microscopy parameters. A recent report concluded that acinar unit density and diameter seem to be two promising new confocal microscopy parameters, which are believed to aid in the diagnosis and evaluation of simple MGD. 304  ", "Suarez F.L., Savaiano D.A. and Levitt M.D. A comparison of symptoms after the consumption of milk or lactose-hydrolyzed milk by people with self-reported severe lactose intolerance. New England Journal of Medicine. 333: 1-4, 1995.", "Of those techniques described in the literature, the most consistently reported are those that quantify gland dropout and grade the quality or expressibility of meibum. Although the volume of expressed secretions has been proposed as an additional gradable parameter, 90 the technique is not widely recommended, as this is a measurement of volume expressed, recorded as the diameter of expressed meibum, and is dependent both on the force applied and the duration of the force. Quantification of MGD is important, to assess its severity and monitor the response to therapy. It is also essential for application in clinical trials and in tracking its natural history. The diagnostic criteria for obstructive MGD proposed by the Japanese MGD Working Group can be seen in Appendix 17. ", "The cuisine of ancient Greece included a dairy product known as oxygala () which is believed to have been a form of yogurt. Galen (AD 129 – c. 200/c. 216) mentioned that oxygala was consumed with honey, similar to the way thickened Greek yogurt is eaten today.", "^ Franz Soxhlet (1886) \"Über Kindermilch und Säuglings-Ernährung\" (On milk for babies and infant nutrition), Münchener medizinische Wochenschrift (Munich Medical Weekly), vol. 33, pages 253, 276.", "^ Pakkanen and Aalto: (1997) Growth Factors and Antimicrobial Factors of Bovine Colostrum, International Dairy Journal", "Posted in Ingredients , Reports Comments Off on Prebiotic infant formula yields breast milk-like infant microbiota: Study" ]

[ 4.40234375, 4.0234375, 3.646484375, 2.9375, 2.759765625, 1.0673828125, -0.28564453125, -1.591796875, -1.912109375, -2.494140625, -2.91796875, -3.072265625, -3.103515625, -3.109375, -3.478515625, -4.4609375, -4.515625, -4.75, -5.06640625, -5.1953125, -5.48046875, -6.4765625, -6.5859375, -6.77734375, -6.81640625, -6.8671875, -7.07421875, -7.88671875, -8.171875, -8.1875, -8.3984375, -9.484375 ]

[ "Throughout the 1950s the company extended its cereals product line and started to create more powerful and enduring brands such as: Kellogg's® Corn Pops®, Kellogg's Frosted Flakes®, Kellogg's® Honey Smacks™, Kellogg's® Cocoa Krispies™ and Kellogg's® Special K®, (which was the first high-protein breakfast cereal ever offered to consumers). Sales of Kellogg's Frosted Flakes were boosted by the introduction of its ‘spokesperson’ Tony the Tiger® who made his first appearance in the 1950s. In the 1960s Kelloggs strengthened its position with the introduction of even more new consumer products: Froot Loops®, Kellogg's Apple Jacks®, Kellogg's Frosted Mini-Wheats®, Kellogg's Bran Buds®, Kellogg's Product 19®, Kellogg's Pop-Tarts®, and Kellogg's® Croutettes™ croutons.", "Tony was created when ad men at the Leo Burnett Company were tasked with introducing Kellogg’s Sugar Frosted Flakes in 1951. Originally, there were four animal characters that were looked at for the brand: Katy the Kangaroo, Newt the Gnu and Elmo the Elephant in addition to Tony. In 1953 packages with both Tony (and his son, Tony, Jr.) along with alternative packages with Katy the Kangaroo were placed into stores. People chose Tony over Katy hands-down, and Tony the Tiger became the official spokes-cat for Sugar Frosted Flakes. Newt and Elmo never made it to a box.", "Tony the Tiger has been the spokes-animal for Kellogg's Frosted Flakes cereal since he was selected over other contenders proposed by an ad agency—Katy the Kangaroo, Newt the Gnu and Elmo the Elephant—in the early 1950s. Originally an orange cat that walked on all fours and featured a geometric look, Tony has been updated several times throughout the years. His football-shaped head has become rounder, his eyes changed from green to gold, and he has a blue nose. He now walks on his hind legs and sports an athletic, animated build. Photo: Courtesy of Kellogg's", "Tony The Tiger has been the mascot for Frosted Flakes Cereal since 1952 when it was called Sugar Frosted Flakes. The cereal has had a few memorable taglines over the years, including \"They bring out the tiger in you\" and \"The taste adults have grown to love.\" But the most popular line, by far, was Tony's deep-throated \"They're not good. They're Gr-r-reat!\"", "cereal as we know it was born out of a desire to produce something that would stop us masturbating!  Not. Kidding. Seeking to provide sanitarium patients with meatless anti-aphrodisiac breakfasts in 1894, surgeon and anti-masturbation activist John Kellogg developed the process of flaking cooked grains. Hence Corn Flakes. And Rice Crispies.", "Battle Creek today is a small backwater in Michigan three hours drive from Chicago. There is not much sign now of the cereal gold rush that changed the British palate, and the flake factories working day and night have mostly gone. But the legacy lives on. In their place alongside Kellogg airport and the Kellogg Foundation is Kellogg's Cereal City. Built in the shape of an old American grain store, it is a museum testament to the power of marketing that so maddened Choate. Walking through the collection I too was struck by how much our breakfast today is the child of advertizing. Trading on our insecurity about health, manipulating our emotions and selling to us through health professionals has always been part of the great puff.", "Kix cereal has been produced by General Mills since 1937. While its original claim to fame was that it could stay crisper in milk than non-puffed cereal, the push towards healthier cereals for children took the world by storm in the 1960s. Frosted Flakes was known as \"Sugar Frosted Flakes\" until the mere mention of sugar became verboten. General Mills wanted to be able to aim their cereals at both kids and their parents and somehow please both.", "In September 2008, Vickery began advertising food products and promoting special offers for supermarket chain Aldi, after signing a two-year deal with the chain. He is also the current spokesperson for Unilever's Stork brand margarine. He was appointed Food Ambassador in March 2010 by Coeliac UK. He became interested in the subject of gluten-free food when a Christmas pudding company he owned switched to using rice flour, and he noticed an increase in orders due to the niche position the product occupied. ", "He is also the current spokesperson for Unilever’s Stork brand margarine and was appointed Food Ambassador in March 2010 by Coeliac UK.", "He is also the current spokesperson for Unilever's Stork brand margarine and was appointed Food Ambassador in March 2010 by Coeliac UK.", "Tesco's main advertising slogan is \"Every little helps\". Its advertisements in print and on television mainly consist of product shots (or an appropriate image, such as a car when advertising petrol) against a white background, with a price or appropriate text (e.g., \"Tesco Value\") superimposed on a red circle. On television, voiceovers are provided by recognisable actors and presenters, such as  Barbara Windsor ,  James Nesbitt ,  Jane Horrocks ,  Terry Wogan ,  Dawn French ,  Ray Winstone ,  Neil Morrissey ,  Martin Clunes ,  David Jason ,  David Tennant ,  Richard Aitken  and  Kathy Burke  amongst others. In 2012, Pop Singer, Ellie Goulding, along with Polydor Records, released a special \"Tesco Edition\" of Ellie Goulding's sophomore album, Halcyon, sold only in Tesco stores, which included two new bonus tracks. This was in an effort to promote Tesco, and Ellie Goulding.", "In 2000, Turner received negative publicity from tabloid newspapers when photographs of her wedding reception, published in the magazine OK! in an exclusive deal worth £450,000, showed the couple (apparently) using their wedding to publicise a new Cadbury chocolate bar, Snowflake. OK! issued the photo to the media with the caption \"Anthea Turner and Grant Bovey: exclusive OK! wedding photograph, enjoying Cadbury's new Snowflake. For the complete wedding coverage and a free Cadburys Snowflake, buy OK! magazine this weekend. OK! First for celebrity news.\" The Sun described it as \"the most sickening wedding photo ever\", and the event is now referred to as \"Flakegate\". Turner, Bovey, Cadbury's and OK! all denied that the chocolate was part of a sponsorship deal.", "Cadbury launched Flake in 1920, and the first TV adverts aired in 1959. In the late Sixties the brand went full-throttle erotic, hiring Hoima MacDonald as the first Flake girl. Possibly the most memorable was the 1991 advert featuring Rachel Brown, who luxuriated in an overflowing bath, lost in a moment of chocolate ecstasy.", "used to be this at least in the USA and Canada, but the word \"sugar\" was dropped in the 1980s making it less of an example. There's also the frosting-free version, Corn Flakes. A lot of store-brand versions of popular cereals follow this trope. Averted in other markets where they are simply known as \"Frosties\".", "In 2000, Turner received negative ad publicity from the tabloids when photographs of her wedding reception, published in the magazine OK! in an exclusive deal worth £450,000, showed the couple (apparently) using their wedding to publicise a new Cadbury chocolate bar, Snowflake . OK! issued the photo to the media with the caption \"Anthea Turner and Grant Bovey: exclusive OK! wedding photograph, enjoying Cadbury's new Snowflake. For the complete wedding coverage and a free Cadburys Snowflake, buy OK! magazine this weekend. OK! First for celebrity news.\" The Sun described it as \"the most sickening wedding photo ever\", and the event is now referred to as \"Flakegate\". [7] Turner, Bovey, Cadbury's and OK! all denied that the chocolate was part of a sponsorship deal. [8] The wedding was rumoured to have cost in excess of £150,000 which was paid for by OK! magazine. Pictures of their wedding and their subsequent honeymoon were in the magazine for the next two weeks. Turner and Bovey insist that someone had stuck the chocolate bar in her hand and snapped a picture before she knew what was happening. Richard Desmond the proprietor of OK! and his wife were sitting next to the newly married Boveys at the time.", "The prevailing theme of quick-service chain Culver’s “Welcome to Delicious” campaign of the past several years is ingredient quality, which often involves founder and chief executive Craig Culver sharing the screen with the nearly 500-unit brand’s farmer suppliers in commercials. To promote its featured frozen-custard Concrete Mixer this summer, Culver’s is extending that same treatment to its signature treat’s most popular topping, Reese’s Peanut Butter Cups.", "In November 2010, Aherne appeared, in the special The Royle Family: Behind the Sofa shown on Gold, featuring clips of The Royle Family and interviews with Aherne, Cash and the cast, which was followed by another Christmas Day special, Joe's Cracker. She narrated a BBC1 documentary series Pound Shop Wars broadcast in November 2012. She also appeared in The Fast Show internet specials, sponsored by the lager brand Fosters, which reunited most of the original principal cast; only Mark Williams was unable to participate. ", "In 1992, future First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton said during a 60 Minutes interview either \"I'm not sitting here as some little woman standing by my man like Tammy Wynette\". or \"I'm not sitting here like some little woman standing by my man like Tammy Wynette\". (The end of this quotation has also appeared as \"some little woman, standing by my man and baking cookies, like Tammy Wynette.\" However, the reference to cookie baking more likely comes from an unrelated remark by Hillary Clinton: \"I suppose I could have stayed home and baked cookies and had teas, but what I decided to do was to fulfill my profession which I entered before my husband was in public life.\" ) The remark set off a firestorm of controversy. Wynette wrote to Clinton, saying, \"With all that is in me, I resent your caustic remark. I believe you have offended every true country-music fan and every person who has made it on their own with no one to take them to the White House.\" Clinton then called to apologize after she saw the large negative reaction she received, and asked Wynette to perform at a fundraiser. Wynette agreed to do so.", "Jenner unabashedly accepted every offer: sports commentating gigs, a clothing line, an autobiography, motivational speeches. Of course his picture was on the Wheaties box. And when the San Francisco district attorney sued the cereal company for false advertising, Jenner held a news conference to declare that Wheaties really, truly were an important part of his training diet.", "However, Stevens was one of the celebrities to appear in an advertising campaign for Heineken in the late-1980s. The slogan \"refreshes the parts other beers can not reach\" was confirmed in the advert as he stops shakin' after consuming the product.", "In 2010 Merrygold alongside Gill, Humes and Williams endorsed Nintendo Wii Party appearing in 7 different TV adverts. JLS were also part of the Walkers crisps \"Make sandwich more exciting\" advertising campaign. This resulted in the band doing a surprise performance at Sandwich Technology School, which appeared on the TV advert alongside other celebrities such as Gary Lineker, Pamela Anderson and Jenson Button. ", "This all sounds plausible, but Brown does not inform us of her sources. I would love to know who it was who decided that a celebration cake was required. Until Catherine Brown can point out the primary sources for these statements, I am inclined to believe that she is simply repeating a popular anecdote which appears to have surfaced fairly recently and has no basis in fact. In a recent Great British Bake Off programme, the television historian Kate Williams repeated the same myth.", "2. What food manufacturer headquartered in Battle Creek MI’s cereal said: “Snap! Crackle! Pop!” (Kellogg’s Rice Krispies)", "In a 2008 comparison of the nutritional value of 27 cereals, U.S. magazine Consumer Reports found that both Honey Smacks and Post Cereals' Golden Crisp were the two brands with the highest sugar content, more than 50 percent (by weight), commenting \"There is at least as much sugar in a serving of Kellogg's Honey Smacks [...] as there is in a glazed doughnut from Dunkin' Donuts\". (The cereals are both sweetened puffed wheat.) Consumer Reports recommended parents choose cereal brands with better nutrition ratings for their children. ", "From the 1980s Stephenson campaigned to raise awareness of food additives and colors, particularly in children's confectionery. She appeared on the daily variety show Midday with Ray Martin (hosted by Ray Martin) and painted a picture using the colors she extracted from children's lollies in order to demonstrate how many are contained in them. She became involved in the Parents for Safe Food Movement. In 2010, Stephenson travelled to the Democratic Republic of Congo with the international medical aid charity Merlin to meet the survivors of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV).", "Sykes first came to public attention as the bikini-clad girl in the Boddingtons Brewery beer advertisements with the broad \"Northern\" accent in the mid-1990s. Amongst other work, Sykes also modelled for Berlei lingerie. ", "5. Celebrity endorsements began way back in 19th century when Queen Victoria endorsed a product. The brand is still in existence today. Name it. 6. What was created by the bakery to commemorate this lady’s wedding?", "Sweetened.  Our sweetened products include Pebbles, a leading brand among children and adolescents, Honeycomb, Golden Crisp, Alpha-Bits and Waffle Crisp. These products appeal to consumers seeking a wholesome sweet or sweet treat product and contain colorful, eye-catching packaging and graphics.", "There was a 160% increase in this category in 2007 due to an unfortunate ingredient listing error on a new flavor of ice cream. The word “wheat” did not appear on the first run of the packaging on the Willie Nelson’s Country Peach Cobbler ice cream. The mistake was discovered quickly and corrected. Our consumers let us know how much they appreciated our efforts to get that information out to the general public, efforts which received invaluable assistance from support organizations such as the Food Allergy Network and the Celiac Sprue Association USA. The large increase in contacts was the direct result of our offer of a replacement coupon.", "Lucky Charms is a popular brand of breakfast cereal produced by the General Mills cereal company. The cereal consists of toasted bits of oat and multicolored marshmallows in various shapes.", "General Mills: Cookie Crisp, Golden Grahams Honey Graham, Lucky Charms, Cocoa Puffs, Cinnamon Toast Crunch, Trix, Reese's Puffs.", "The Frosties advert (\"They're gonna taste great\") was one of my favourite ads of the year. I can see why so many people found it irritating but the tune was really catchy!" ]

[ 4.41796875, 3.439453125, 2.9765625, -1.904296875, -6.0234375, -6.09375, -6.19140625, -6.203125, -6.21875, -6.234375, -6.5234375, -7.59765625, -7.91796875, -7.94140625, -8.046875, -8.984375, -9.1640625, -9.171875, -9.2109375, -9.296875, -9.3125, -9.53125, -9.6484375, -9.890625, -10.03125, -10.25, -10.4609375, -10.8671875, -10.8671875, -10.8828125, -10.9296875, -10.9765625 ]

[ "There are 12 troy ounces per troy pound, (373.24 g) rather than the 16 ounces per pound (453.59 g) found in the more common avoirdupois system. The troy ounce is 480 grains, compared with the avoirdupois ounce, which is grains. Both systems use the same grain defined by the international yard and pound agreement of 1959 as exactly 0.064 798 91 gram. Although troy ounces are still used to weigh gold, silver, and gemstones, troy weight is no longer used in most other applications.", "A troy pound is equal to 12 troy ounces and to 5,760 grains, that is exactly grams. Troy weights were used in England by jewellers. Apothecaries also used the troy pound and ounce, but added the drachms and scruples unit in the Apothecaries' system of weights.", "Here is where it can become confusing. Recall how we said that the troy system was indirectly derived from the Roman monetary system, using 12 troy ounces to make up one troy pound. This makes a troy pound lighter than a regular pound, even though troy ounces are heavier. This is only possible because fewer troy ounces are needed to make a pound — 12 as opposed to 16 ounces for a regular pound.", "A troy pound is equal to .3732 kilograms, whereas a standard pound (avoirdupois) is equal to .4536 kilograms. So you see that they are not the same, a standard pound weighing considerably more than a troy pound. Also, please take note that there are only 12 troy ounces to a troy pound, as opposed to the 16 ounces it takes to make up an avoirdupois pound. The result is that a troy ounce weighs slightly more than a standard ounce.", "Yet, and this is what can add to the confusion or what is often times forgotten, one troy pound weighs less than one avoirdupois pound. What… How!? Well, that’s ONLY because a troy pound has its own definition. One troy pound is defined as having 12 ounces – not the 16 ounces as defined in an avoirdupois pound.", "Variant pounds evolved in different regions and for different purposes, with inevitable difficulties caused by the discrepancies. The Troy pound was originally one of these pounds and was believed to originate from the Fair of Troyes, in Champaign, France - one of the largest and most important fairs of medieval times. It is a completely different weight to the Avoirdupois pound, which came later. The Troy pound weighs 5760 grains and contains twelve troy ounces. A troy ounce is 31.1034768 grams (373.2417216 grams in total).", "a version of the troy weight system formerly used by apothecaries (pharmacists). The troy pound, equal to 373.242 grams or 13.165 72 avoirdupois ounces, is always divided into 12 ounces, each ounce being equal to 480 grains . In the apothecary system, the ounce is divided into 8 drams (60 grains) each containing 3 scruples (20 grains). There is a parallel system of liquid volume measure in which the fluid ounce is divided into 8 fluid drams (or fluidrams) each containing 3 fluid scruples. The apothecary system continued in use into the early twentieth century, but it has been replaced everywhere in pharmacy by the use of metric units. The abbreviation \"ap.\" indicates apothecaries' units, as in \"oz. ap.\" or \"dr. ap.\"", "There are some similarities in naming between imperial and troy weights, both use pounds, ounces and grains, but although the grain is the same in both systems the pound and the ounce are of different weights and there are only 12 ounces to the troy pound whereas there are 16 ounces to the imperial pound.", "Troy Ounce: A unit in the Troy system of weights used for precious metals, based on a pound of 12 ounces and an ounce of 20 pennyweights or 480 grains. Gold is widely measured in Troy ounces. 1 Troy oz. = 31.1035 grams.", "Troy Ounce - From the troy system of weight used for measuring precious metals, based on a pound of 12 ounces and an ounce of 20 pennyweights or 480 grains. Precious metals are measured in troy ounces worldwide.", "The conversion factor from pounds to ounces is 16 (for troy weight, it is 12). To find out how many ounces in a pound, multiply by the conversion factor or simply use the converter below.", "a traditional unit of weight. The grain, equal to 1/480 troy ounce (see also pound [2]), or exactly 64.798 91 milligrams, was the legal foundation of traditional English weight systems, with various pounds being defined as a specified number of grains: 5760 grains in a troy pound and 7000 grains in an avoirdupois pound, for example. In the version of the troy system used by jewelers, there are 24 grains in a pennyweight and 20 pennyweight in an ounce. In the version used by apothecaries, there are 20 grains in a scruple , 3 scruples in a dram , and 8 drams in an ounce. Originally the grain was defined in England as the weight of a barleycorn. This made the English grain larger than the corresponding grain units of France and other nations of the Continent, because those units were based on the weight of the smaller wheat grain.", "TROY WEIGHT: The system of units of mass customarily used for weighing precious metals and gemstones. It derives from the troy system of mass, which dates back to before the time o William the Conqueror. Us name comes from the city of Troyes, in France, an important trading city in the Middle Ages. The system -is based on the troy pound of 5760 grains. The pound was divided into 12 ounces (480 grains) each containing 20 pennyweight (24 grains). (See Table 3)", "Weight units ounces to pounds conversion factor is 0.0625 (for troy weight, it is 0.083333). To find out how many pounds in an ounce, multiply by the conversion factor or use the converter below.", "From the Latin \"Uncia\" (or a twelfth part), an ounce is 1/12 Pound (or was originally, and is still in \"troy\" weight). A measurement of weight.", "Unfortunately, the two English ounce units don't agree: the avoirdupois ounce is 7000/16 = 437.5 grains while the troy ounce is 5760/12 = 480 grains. Conversion between troy and avoirdupois units is so awkward, no one wanted to do it. The troy system quickly became highly specialized, used only for precious metals and for pharmaceuticals, while the avoirdupois pound was used for everything else.", "apothecaries' ounce , ounce , troy ounce - a unit of apothecary weight equal to 480 grains or one twelfth of a pound", "Sorry, but you are confused by the fact that there are several kinds of ounces. The avoirdupois ounce is a measure of weight, 1/16 of an av. pound, about 28.35 g. There is also a troy ounce, 1/12 of a troy pound, about 31.1 g. There is also a fluid ounce, 1/128 of a US gallon, about 29.57 mL and an Imperial fluid ounce, 1/160 of an Imperial gallon, about 28.41 mL.", "Obviously, then, a troy ounce is a bit heavier than a regular ounce. One regular ounce is 28.35 grams, while a troy ounce is 31.1 grams. The weights are close, but the difference becomes very noticeable when you’re trading in larger quantities of precious metals.", "How many pennyweights of gold are in 1 ounce (troy)? The answer is: The change of 1 oz t ( ounce (troy) ) unit of a gold amount equals = to 20.00 dwt ( pennyweight ) as the equivalent measure for the same gold type.", "Whilst various definitions have been used throughout history, two remain in common use: the avoirdupois ounce equal to approximately 28.3 g [grams] and the troy ounce of about 31.1 g [grams]. The avoirdupois ounce is widely used as part of the United States customary and British imperial systems, but the troy ounce is now only commonly used for the mass of precious metals such as gold, silver, platinum, palladium, rhodium, etc..", "The system can seem confusing at first if you aren’t very familiar with it, but it does get easier. At JM Bullion, we already list all precious metals using the troy system; however, if you ever come across an item that is being weighed in avoirdupois ounces, you can easily convert it to troy ounces. Simply multiply the given amount by .91 to find the equivalent weight in troy ounces. You may also want to take note that copper, being a base metal, is weighed using the avoirdupois ounce. If you are going to be buying copper bullion , be sure to keep this in mind.", "* a standard ounce is a troy ounce of 22 carat gold, 91.66% pure (an 11 to 1 proportion of gold to alloy material)", "Troy weight, avoirdupois weight, and apothecaries' weight are all built from the same basic unit, the grain, which is the same in all three systems. However, while each system has some overlap in the names of their units of measure (all have ounces and pounds), the relationship between the grain and these other units within each system varies. For example, in apothecary and troy weight, the pound and ounce are the same, but are different from the pound and ounce in avoirdupois in terms of their relationships to grains and to each other. The systems also have different units between the grain and ounce (apothecaries' has scruple and dram, troy has pennyweight, and avoirdupois has just dram, sometimes spelled drachm). The dram in avoirdupois weighs just under half of the dram in apothecaries'. The fluid dram unit of volume is based on the weight of 1 dram of water in the apothecaries' system.", "Today, the troy ounce is the only unit of measure of the troy weights system that we use. Just like the traders of Troyes in France, buyers and sellers today need a good, standardized form of measurement for precious metals.", "The basic unit of weight used in dealing with gold is the troy ounce, the \"troy ounce\" comes from the French town of Troyes, which created a system of weights in the Middle Ages used for precious metals and gems:", "Prior to the adoption of the metric system, French-born King Henry II of England adjusted the British coinage system to be more reflective of the French troy system. The system was adjusted periodically, but troy weights as we know them today were first used in England in the 1400s. By 1527, the troy ounce became the official standard measurement for gold and silver in Britain, and the U.S. finally followed suit in 1828.", "Troy weight is a system of units of mass customarily used for precious metals and gemstones.", "The US fluid ounce is based on the US gallon, which is based on the wine gallon of 231 cubic inches that was used in England prior to 1824. With the adoption of the international inch, the US fluid ounce became 29.5735295625 ml exactly, or about 4% larger than the imperial unit.", "What is a Troy Ounce? Troy vs. Avoirdupois Weight and Weighing Precious Metals | Coin News", "No one knows for sure when and where the Troy weight system was born, but the most commonly held explanation is that its name is derived from Troyes, a trade market in France. Merchants came from all over the world to buy and sell goods, so a standardized weight system would have made doing business much easier. Later, many places in Europe came up with their own version of the troy ounce, but the French troy is believed to be the system most closely related to the one that we use today.", "Troy weight - A system of units of mass customarily used for precious metals, black powder, and gemstones." ]

[ 7.5546875, 7.4765625, 7.421875, 6.4609375, 6.171875, 6.08203125, 5.8984375, 5.7109375, 5.640625, 5.46875, 4.5859375, 4.25390625, 3.8515625, 2.3671875, 2.060546875, 1.7626953125, 1.650390625, 1.5419921875, 0.459228515625, -0.1025390625, -1.1103515625, -1.1201171875, -1.759765625, -3.623046875, -3.640625, -4.2734375, -4.828125, -5.1953125, -5.24609375, -5.296875, -5.44140625, -6.19140625 ]

[ "The Gulf War (2 August 1990 – 28 February 1991), codenamed Operation Desert Shield (2 August 1990 – 17 January 1991), for operations leading to the buildup of troops and defense of Saudi Arabia and Operation Desert Storm (17 January 1991 – 28 February 1991) in its combat phase, was a war waged by coalition forces from 34 nations led by the United States against Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion and annexation of Kuwait.", "Acting on the policy of the  Carter Doctrine , and out of fear the Iraqi army could launch an invasion of Saudi Arabia, U.S. President George H. W. Bush quickly announced that the U.S. would launch a “wholly defensive” mission to prevent Iraq from invading Saudi Arabia under the codename Operation Desert Shield. Operation Desert Shield began on 7 August 1990 when U.S. troops were sent to Saudi Arabia due also to the request of its monarch,  King Fahd , who had earlier called for U.S. military assistance. This “wholly defensive” doctrine was quickly abandoned when, on 8 August, Iraq declared Kuwait to be the 19th province of Iraq and Saddam Hussein named his cousin, Ali Hassan Al-Majid as its military-governor.", "Acting on the Carter Doctrine's policy, and out of fear the Iraqi Army could launch an invasion of Saudi Arabia, U.S. President George H. W. Bush quickly announced that the U.S. would launch a \"wholly defensive\" mission to prevent Iraq from invading Saudi Arabia under the codename Operation Desert Shield. Operation Desert Shield began on 7 August 1990 when U.S. troops were sent to Saudi Arabia due also to the request of its monarch, King Fahd, who had earlier called for U.S. military assistance. This \"wholly defensive\" doctrine was quickly abandoned when, on 8 August, Iraq declared Kuwait to be Iraq's 19th province and Saddam named his cousin, Ali Hassan Al-Majid, as its military-governor.", "On this day in 1990, President George Herbert Walker Bush orders the organization of Operation Desert Shield in response to Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait on August 2. The order prepared American troops to become part of an international coalition in the war against Iraq that would be launched as Operation Desert Storm in January 1991. To support Operation Desert Shield, Bush authorized a dramatic increase in U.S. troops and resources in the Persian Gulf.", "President George H. W. Bush quickly announced that the US would launch a \"wholly defensive\" mission to prevent Iraq from invading Saudi Arabia - Operation Desert Shield, and US troops moved into Saudi Arabia on August 7. On August 8, Iraq declared parts of Kuwait to be extensions of the Iraqi province of Basra and the rest to be the 19th province of Iraq.", "Powell was also highly visible during Operation Desert Shield. This was a joint effort by the United States and several other nations to pressure Saddam Hussein (1937–), the president of the Middle Eastern nation Iraq , into removing his forces from the neighboring country of Kuwait . Iraq had occupied Kuwait in August 1990. It soon became apparent that this operation, unlike the one in Panama, would take months to decide and involved the risk of high casualties (deaths of soldiers) if war broke out between the Iraqis and the international forces.", "..... Click the link for more information. . After Iraq invaded Kuwait on Aug. 2, 1990, Bush announced the commencement of Operation Desert Shield, which included a naval and air blockade and the steady deployment of U.S. military forces to Saudi Arabia. In November the United Nations Security Council approved the use of all necessary force to remove Iraq from Kuwait and set Jan. 15, 1991, as the deadline for Iraq to withdraw. A few days before the deadline Congress narrowly approved the use of force against Iraq. By this time the United States had amassed a force of over 500,000 military personnel as well as thousands of tanks, airplanes, and personnel carriers. Less than one day after the deadline, the U.S.-led coalition began Operation Desert Storm, beginning with massive air attacks on Baghdad. Iraqi troops were devastated by continual air and naval bombardment, to the point that it took only 100 hours for coalition ground forces to recapture Kuwait. On Feb. 27, with the Iraqi army routed, Bush declared a cease-fire.", "On 2 August 1990 the army of Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein invaded the neighboring nation of Kuwait. President George H.W. Bush immediately began sending troops to defend Saudi Arabia while getting the U.N. to demand the Iraqis leave Kuwait. For the next five-months American and Allied forces continued to build up in the Saudi desert. By the beginning of 1991 it was apparent Hussein was not going to leave willingly, but that he would have to be forced out. During this five-month period, designated as “Operation Desert Shield” (to protect Saudi Arabia) eight VAARNG units were mobilized and deployed to the Gulf. Two more VAARNG units were mobilized but not deployed as the war ended before they could arrive. No VAANG units were mobilized but about 20 individual airmen volunteered for active duty.", "On August 2, 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait, its tiny oil-rich neighbor, and within hours had occupied most strategic positions in the country. One week later, Operation Shield, the American defense of Saudi Arabia, began as U.S. forces massed in the Persian Gulf. Three months later, the United Nations Security Council passed a resolution authorizing the use of force against Iraq if it failed to withdraw from Kuwait by January 15, 1991.", "U.S. President George H.W. Bush immediately condemned the invasion, as did the governments of Britain and the Soviet Union. On August 3, the United Nations Security Council called for Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait; three days later, King Fahd met with U.S. Secretary of Defense Richard Cheney to request U.S. military assistance. On August 8, the day on which the Iraqi government formally annexed Kuwait–Hussein called it Iraq’s “19th province”–the first U.S. Air Force fighter planes began arriving in Saudi Arabia as part of a military buildup dubbed Operation Desert Shield. The planes were accompanied by troops sent by NATO allies as well as Egypt and several other Arab nations, designed to guard against a possible Iraqi attack on Saudi Arabia.", "Bush also authorized military operations in Panama and the Persian Gulf. In December 1989, the United States invaded Panama and overthrew the nation’s corrupt dictator, Manuel Noriega (1934-), who was threatening the security of Americans who lived there and trafficking drugs to the United States. Then, after Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein (1937-2006) launched an invasion and occupation of Kuwait in August 1990 and threatened to invade Saudi Arabia, Bush organized a military coalition of more than 30 countries who began a U.S.-led air assault against Iraq in mid-January 1991. After five weeks of the air offensive and 100 hours of a ground offensive, Operation Desert Storm ended in late February with Iraq’s defeat and Kuwait’s liberation.", "The Persian Gulf War (August 2, 1990 – February 28, 1991), commonly referred to as the Gulf War, also known as the First Persian Gulf War (not to be confused with the Iraq War or the Second Gulf War), and by Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein as The Mother of all Battles, and commonly as Desert Storm for the military response, was the final conflict, which was initiated with United Nations authorization, by a coalition force from 34 nations against Iraq, with the expressed purpose of expelling Iraqi forces from Kuwait after its invasion and annexation on 2 August 1990.", "In August 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait, a neighboring country. Iraq's leader, Saddam Hussein, had long argued with Kuwait over the rights to certain oil-rich lands. He had been preparing to invade Kuwait for several weeks, but when the attack came-on August 2, 1990-it nevertheless surprised much of the world. Several countries in the Middle East had assured the United States that Hussein was massing his troops only to bluff Kuwait into meeting his demands. When the Iraqi leader sent 140,000 troops storming toward-and quickly taking-the Kuwaiti capital, President George H.W. Bush responded.", "On August 1, 1990, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein sent the invading Iraqi forces into neighboring Kuwait, a small petroleum-rich state long claimed by Iraq as part of its territory. This invasion sparked the initiation of the Persian Gulf War and it brought worldwide condemnation. An estimated 140,000 Iraqi troops quickly took control of Kuwait City and moved on to the Saudi Arabia/Kuwait border. The United States had already begun to develop contingency plans for the defense of Saudi Arabia by the U.S. Central Command, headed by General Norman Schwarzkopf, because of its important petroleum reserves.", "After Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990, the United Nations intervened with a stern resolution warning Iraq to withdraw or United States and UN forces would drive them out. Iraq refused, and Operation Desert Storm began.", "The invasion of Kuwait by Iraqi troops that began 2 August 1990 was met with international condemnation, and brought immediate economic sanctions against Iraq by members of the UN Security Council. U.S. President George H. W. Bush deployed American forces to Saudi Arabia and urged other countries to send their own forces to the scene. An array of nations joined the Coalition of the Gulf War. The great majority of the military forces in the coalition were from the United States, with Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom and Egypt as leading contributors, in that order. Around US$40 billion of the US$60 billion cost was paid by Saudi Arabia.", "Within ten years, Saddam invaded into Kuwait (1990) in a move that precipitated a coalition of international countries of the world under the leadership of President George H.W. Bush to invade Iraq in the Second Gulf War. On January 17, 1991, �Operation Desert Storm� began with an Apache helicopter strike at 2:38 a.m.� The next day, the first scuds hit Israel while the first American air attack was launched from Turkey.� In seven days, the US 101st Airborne Division had cut Highway 8 in the Euphrates Valley.� Three days later, on February 28, 1991 a cease-fire took place at 8 a.m. and the war with Iraq was over.�", "On January 16, 1991, Operation Desert Storm began. The conflict, as know as the Gulf War, was waged by a U.N.-authorized coalition force from 34 nations led by the United States, in response to Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait. On February 28, 1991, President Bush declared suspension of offensive combat and laid out conditions for permanent cease-fire. Check out the timeline below for a snapshot of events that took place during this time:", "The Persian Gulf War, or simply the Gulf War, also known as the First Gulf War (August 2nd, 1990 - February 28th, 1991) was a United Nations-authorized military conflict between Iraq and a coalition force from 34 nations commissioned with expelling Iraqi forces from Kuwait after Iraq's occupation and annexation of Kuwait in August 1990. Though there were nearly three dozen member states of the coalition, the overwhelming majority of the military forces participating were from the United States, with Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom and Egypt as leading contributors, in that order.", "17 Jan – Operation Desert Storm began, in which US and Allied forces smashed Iraq armies in response to their invasion of Kuwait in August 1990 (1991).", "Operation Desert Storm 1990: \"The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in August 1990 led to the largest movemen", "In August 1990, Iraq invaded and annexed Kuwait. This subsequently led to military intervention by United States-led forces in the First Gulf War. The coalition forces proceeded with a bombing campaign targeting military targets and then launched a 100-hour-long ground assault against Iraqi forces in Southern Iraq and those occupying Kuwait.", "On 2 August, 1990 Iraqi forces invaded and annexed Kuwait. Saddam Hussein, then President of Iraq, deposed the emir of Kuwait, Jaber Al-Sabah, and installed Ali Hassan al-Majid as the new governor of Kuwait. After a series of failed diplomatic negotiations, the United States-led coalition of thirty-four nations fought the Persian Gulf War to remove the Iraqi forces from Kuwait. On February 26, 1991, the coalition succeeded in driving out the Iraqi forces, restoring the Kuwaiti emir to power. Kuwait paid the coalition forces US$17 billion for their war efforts.", "1990 – Iraq invades Kuwait, eventually leading to conflict with coalition forces in the Gulf War.", "The Persian Gulf War (August 2, 1990 – February 28, 1991), commonly referred to as simply the Gulf War, was a war waged by a  U.N. -authorized coalition force  from thirty-four nations led by the United States, against  Iraq .", "Operation Desert Shield continued from August 1990 into early 1991 before Operation Desert Storm commenced, Jan. 17. The 101st Airborne Division fired the first shots of the war to destroy Iraqi radar sites. Then-Lt. Col. Richard \"Dick\" Cody led a force of six Apache helicopters from 1st Battalion, 101st Aviation Regiment, that took out the air defense around Baghdad.", "1990: Iraq invades Kuwait. More than 100,000 Iraqi soldiers backed up by 700 tanks invade the Gulf state of Kuwait in the early hours of this morning.", "In 1990, the octogenarian Hope was in the Middle East cheering troops in Operation Desert Shield and then Operation Desert Storm, the first U.S.-led campaigns against Saddam Hussein.", "Operation Desert Storm: The Invasion of Kuwait and the Second Gulf War History in August 1990, Kuwait Was Invaded by", "The Iraq War, also known as the Occupation of Iraq, The Second Gulf War Operation Iraqi Freedom, or Operation New Dawn is an ongoing military campaign which began on March 20, 2003, with the invasion of Iraq by a multinational force led by troops from the United States and the United Kingdom.", "1990 - USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN-71) and USS America (CV-66) Carrier Battle Groups deploy from Norfolk, VA, for Middle East to join Operation Desert Shield.", "The United States Invasion of Panama, codenamed Operation Just Cause, was the invasion of  Panama by the  United States in December 1989. It occurred during the  administration of U.S. President  George H. W. Bush , and ten years after the Torrijos–Carter Treaties were ratified to transfer control of the  Panama Canal from the United States back to Panama by the year 2000." ]

[ 5.5546875, 5.328125, 5.2890625, 4.765625, 4.5078125, 3.732421875, 3.640625, 3.49609375, 3, 2.67578125, 1.5947265625, 0.833984375, 0.724609375, 0.45654296875, 0.38427734375, 0.369384765625, 0.312255859375, 0.241455078125, -0.80712890625, -0.82861328125, -0.8330078125, -0.8984375, -0.919921875, -2.23828125, -2.5703125, -2.673828125, -2.75390625, -2.80078125, -3.12109375, -3.15234375, -3.66796875, -5.21484375 ]

[ "The Mojave Desert is a vast and varied dust bowl occupying swathes of California and other south-eastern states. Boasting sweeping sand dunes, dense Joshua Tree forests, dramatic canyons and abandoned mines, the region is popular among visitors seeking seclusion and serenity. The majority of the Mojave Desert is sparsely populated, though it is located between two of the most popular and conventional tourist cities in the world, Los Angeles and Las Vegas.", "The Mojave Desert is located in the southwest United States in California, Nevada, and Arizona. It sits between the Great Basin Desert to the north and the Sonoran Desert to the south.", "The Mojave Desert covers the southernmost 150 miles of Nevada, a tiny area of southwest Utah, lower elevation regions of northwest Arizona (bordering the Colorado River) and most of southeast California. The topography is generally similar to the Great Basin, with isolated mountains and wide, flat plains, but temperatures are hotter, vegetation sparser, and the hills are less numerous. Las Vegas is the one major city in this region, which includes some of California's most famous parks, namely Death Valley , Mojave , Anza Borrego and the northern half of Joshua Tree , together with some lesser known places like Pinnacles National Natural Landmark , Rainbow Basin , Red Rock Canyon , a long stretch of former Route 66 and Saddleback Butte .", "The Mojave Desert occupies a significant portion of Southern California and parts of Utah, Nevada, and Arizona. Named after the Mojave Native Americans it occupies roughly 54,000 square miles in a typical Basin and Range topography.", "The Great Basin Desert is largest in area, covering southeast Oregon, a small portion of northeast California, most of west Utah, part of southeast Idaho, and the majority of Nevada - all except the southernmost 150 miles which are within the Mojave Desert, and some northern mountain ranges bordering Idaho. All this land is characterized by long, thin, parallel mountain ridges running north-south, separated by wider valleys, often containing dry lake beds (playas) or salt basins. The few rivers run inwards, with no outlet to the ocean; their waters ultimately either sink below ground or evaporate.", "One of the famous desert biomes out there is called Death Valley. It is located in the Mojave Desert which is in the United States. It spans through three states – Arizona, Nevada, and California. It is 25,000 square miles of sand as far as the eyes can see.", "to glacial valleys, which are U-shaped. One famous valley is Death Valley, in the Mojave Desert, California. It is the lowest and driest area in North America, with average summer temperatures exceeding 37 °C. The valley is home to the Native American Timbisha tribe, who have inhabited the valley for over 1000 years. This landform has been designated a National Park. If you look at the first page of this chapter, there is a photograph of the Grand Canyon, which is a steep-sided canyon carved by the Colorado River. For thousands of years, the area has been continuously inhabited by Native Americans and was considered a holy site by the Pueblo people. The Grand Canyon is a National Park and a popular tourist site.", "Great Basin, also called Great Basin Desert, distinctive natural feature of western North America that is equally divided into rugged, north-south–trending mountain blocks and broad intervening valleys. It covers an arid expanse of about 190,000 square miles (492,000 square km) and is bordered by the Sierra Nevada range on the west, the Wasatch Mountains on the east, the Columbia Plateau on the north, and the Mojave Desert on the south. With the Sonoran, Chihuahuan, and Mojave deserts, the Great Basin forms one of four divisions of the North American Desert . Most of the U.S. state of Nevada , the western half of Utah , and portions of other nearby states lie within its boundaries. The Great Basin is the largest subdivision—consisting of the northern half—of the Basin and Range Province, a physiographic feature extending southward to include southern Arizona , southeastern and central New Mexico , the western tip of Texas, and northwestern Mexico .", "Nevada attractions within the Mojave Desert are Lake Mead , Red Rock Canyon NCA , Tule Springs Fossil Beds National Monument , Valley of Fire State Park , Whitney Pockets and Ash Meadows NWR , while Utah has the Sand Hollow & Snow Canyon state parks, and Arizona includes the Beaver Dam Mountains Wilderness , Lake Havasu and a scenic section of old Route 66 . The most recognizable plant of the Mojave is the Joshua tree ; cacti are not so numerous but still include multiple species of opuntia , cylindropuntia (cholla), echinocereus and others.", "Lake Havasu City, city , Mohave county, western Arizona , U.S. , in the Chemhuevi Valley along the Colorado River , west of the Mohave Mountains. A planned community , Lake Havasu City was founded in 1964 and promoted by the industrialist Robert P. McCulloch as the focal point of a recreational and retirement development. It soon became the county’s largest community. It centres on the 45-mile- (72-km-) long Lake Havasu. One of the focal points of tourism, the lake is impounded by Parker Dam and is 3 miles (4.8 km) across at its widest point. Many visitors are drawn to the region by the presence of the historic London Bridge , which was purchased by McCulloch for a sum of $2.5 million. Designed by John Rennie with multiple masonry arches and completed in 1831 over the River Thames in London, the bridge (which is not the London Bridge of the nursery rhyme) was transplanted stone by stone and re-erected to span a man-made inlet on the Colorado River. It was dedicated in 1971, and a replica of an English village was built near it. Havasu National Wildlife Refuge is to the north, and Lake Havasu State Park is across the lake in San Bernardino county, California. In addition to tourism and services, manufacturing is a major source of employment. Inc. 1978. Pop. (2000) 41,938; Lake Havasu City–Kingman Metro Area, 155,032; (2010) 52,527; Lake Havasu City–Kingman Metro Area, 200,186.", "River s sometimes provide water in a desert. The Colorado River, for instance, flows through three deserts in the American Southwest: the Great Basin, the Sonoran, and the Mojave. Seven states—Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Nevada, Arizona, and California—rely on the river for some of their water supply.", "1874- Mohave County, Arizona- Jackson McCracken discovers a silver deposit that will yield $800,000 over 30 years.", "Nevada is largely desert and semiarid, much of it located within the Great Basin. Areas south of the Great Basin are located within the Mojave Desert, while Lake Tahoe and the Sierra Nevada lie on the western edge. About 86% of the state's land is managed by various jurisdictions of the U.S. federal government, both civilian and military. ", "The Great Basin Desert is the largest desert in the United States occupying approximately 190,000 square miles (490,000 square kilometers). Covering much of the southwestern US, the Great Basin desert borders the Sierra Nevada Range on the west and the Rocky Mountains to the east. To the north lies the Columbia Plateau – an expansive flood basalt plateau that covers the US states of Washington, Oregon, and parts of Idaho. To the south, you will find other, smaller deserts of the southwestern US: the Mojave and Sonoran. The Great Basin exists primarily as a result of the great mountains that surround it, which cool the air and strip it of its moisture. It is a cold desert mainly as a result of its elevation and latitude. Its 7-12 inches of annual participation primarily fall as snow – even in the warm summers! The Great Basin is also home to the world’s oldest living organisms according to the National Park Service: 5,000-year-old trees called bristlecone pines. Return to Top", "This ecoregion roughly corresponds to Bailey’s Mojave Desert Section, which falls within the American Semi-desert and Desert Province, though the Bailey section extends somewhat further to the east, into the Sonoran desert and Colorado Plateau, and to the west into the Southern California Montane scrub. Omernik places the Mojave in the Southern Basin and range, a region which also includes much of the area we classify as the Sonoran Desert. We feel the communities within these desert ecosystems are distinct enough to warrant separate classifications and conservation planning.", "Southwest of the Colorado Plateau, in a counterclockwise direction within the general limits of the Southwestern quadrant, lies the region physiographers have termed the Basin and Range Province. However, most people would recognize this area simply as \"desert.\" The Sierra Nevada Range and the Pacific Border Province form the western boundary of the Basin and Range Province and, therefore, form the western border of the physiographic Southwest. Composed of nearly parallel block-faulted mountains and valleys, the Basin and Range Province includes the most extreme desert region of the Southwest--and of North America. The major desert valleys in the Basin and Range Province, which lie between the 109th and 120th Meridians and south of the 39th Parallel, have specific designations: the Mohave Desert (37° N. to 34° N.) and the Sonoran Desert (34° N. to 30° N.).", "Leave the pretty town of Williams and the Grand Canyon behind as you make your way to Seligman, the first stop heading west on the longest uninterrupted stretch of Route 66. Continue through Kingman whose old Route 66 cafés and motels still flourish, to one of Arizona’s hidden treasures, Hoover Dam. Considered the largest single public works project in the history of the U.S., The Hoover Dam straddles the mighty Colorado River, which forms the border between Nevada and Arizona and brings much-needed water and power to the", "The Chihuahuan Desert is located along the border between Mexico and the United States. It occupies portions of southwest Texas, southern New Mexico, and southeast Arizona. The largest part of the desert is in Mexico.", "Arizona is located in the Southwestern United States as one of the Four Corners states. Arizona is the sixth largest state by area, ranked after New Mexico and before Nevada. Of the state's 113998 sqmi, approximately 15% is privately owned. The remaining area is public forest and park land, state trust land and Native American reservations.", "The Great Basin Desert is the largest desert area of North America. It is also the most northerly, covering most of Nevada (Ne), the western third of Utah (U) and parts of Idaho (Id) and Oregon (Or). It is a cold desert because of its northerly location and its relatively high altitude - most of the land lies above 1200 metres (4000 ft), but in the 'rain shadow' of the higher mountain ranges. Much of the precipitation occurs as winter snowfall, but not all of this melts into the ground because some of it evaporates in spring. The vegetation tends to be very uniform over large areas of this desert. It is dominated by various types of sagebrush , or by saltbush where the soil has a high salt concentration. In fact, the soils often have a high salt content (sodium and calcium ions) caused by evaporation of water in the hot summer months, and no vegetation can grow in the saltiest regions.", "The Sonoran Desert is located in North America and covers the southwestern parts of the state of Arizona, southeastern parts of the state of California in the United States and the state of Sonora in Mexico. The Sonoran Desert's location is at latitude 25° to 33° North and longitude 105° to 118° West.", "The Painted Desert extends roughly from Cameron–Tuba City southeast to past Holbrook and the Petrified Forest National Park. The desert is about 120 mi long by about 60 mi wide, making it roughly 7500 mi2 in area. Bordering southwest and south is the Mogollon Plateau, and on the plateau's south border the Mogollon Rim, the north border of the Arizona transition zone.", "The largest city in the Sonoran Desert is Phoenix, Arizona, with a 2013 metropolitan population of about 4.3 million. Located on the Salt River in central Arizona, it is one of the fastest-growing metropolitan areas in the United States. In 2007 in the Phoenix area, desert was losing ground to urban sprawl at a rate of approximately 4000 m2 per hour. ", "Painted Desert, section of the high plateau in north-central and northeast-central Arizona , U.S. The Painted Desert extends from the Grand Canyon in a southeasterly direction along the north side of the Little Colorado River to Holbrook. It is approximately 150 miles (240 km) long and 15 to 50 miles (25 to 80 km) wide and covers an area of some 7,500 square miles (19,400 square km).", "The Kaibab-Paiute Reservation is located along Kanab Creek in the grasslands and plateaus of northern Arizona. The Kaibab-Paiute people are members of the Southern Paiute Nation. Three national parks, one national monument, and Glen Canyon National Recreation Area all rest within a two hour drive of the Reservation. Arizona Highway 389 crosses the Kaibab-Paiute Reservation and is a main thoroughfare between Las Vegas and Lake Powell, making the Kaibab-Paiute economy centered on tourism along with livestock. Additionally, the Tribe is involved in agriculture and owns a 1,300 tree fruit orchard.", "Arizona is home to the largest number of speakers of Native American languages in the 48 contiguous states, as over 85,000 individuals reported speaking Navajo, and 10,403 people reported Apache, as a language spoken at home in 2005. Arizona's Apache County has the highest concentration of speakers of Native American Indian languages in the United States. ", "Yuma () is a city in and the county seat of Yuma County, Arizona, United States. It is located in the southwestern corner of the state, and the population of the city was 93,064 at the 2010 census, up from the 2000 census population of 77,515.", "Under the auspices of the National Park Service, 1.5-million-acre Lake Mead National Recreation Area was created in 1936 around Lake Mead (the reservoir lake that is the result of the construction of Hoover Dam) and later Lake Mohave to the south (formed by the construction of Davis Dam). Before the lakes emerged, this desert region was brutally hot, dry, and rugged—unfit for human habitation. Today, it’s one of the nation’s most popular playgrounds, attracting millions of visitors annually. The two lakes comprise 247 square miles. At an elevation of just over 1,000 feet, Lake Mead itself extends some 110 miles upstream toward the Grand Canyon. Its 700-mile shoreline, backed by spectacular cliff and canyon scenery, forms a perfect setting for a wide variety of watersports and desert hiking.", "41.Name the desert that covers much of the area between Los Angeles and Death Valley. Sonoran,Atacama,Mojave", "California's Colorado Desert is a part of the larger Sonoran Desert. It encompasses approximately 7 e6acre including the heavily irrigated Coachella and Imperial Valleys. The Colorado Desert is home to many unique flora and fauna, many of which can be found nowhere else on the planet.", "Great Basin desert We'll gamble on your knowing that almost all of this state is in the Great Basin Desert", "The Colorado Desert is a subdivision of the larger Sonoran Desert encompassing approximately 7 e6acre The desert encompasses Imperial County and includes parts of San Diego County, Riverside County, and a small part of San Bernardino County. " ]

[ 6.05859375, 4.8046875, 4.453125, 3.638671875, 2.2890625, 2.267578125, 1.7724609375, 1.1943359375, 0.96533203125, -0.0202789306640625, -0.10302734375, -0.53076171875, -0.775390625, -0.7783203125, -0.90234375, -1.0810546875, -2.5703125, -2.751953125, -2.859375, -3.197265625, -3.71875, -4.2578125, -4.99609375, -5.09375, -5.16796875, -5.38671875, -5.38671875, -6.00390625, -6.046875, -6.0546875, -7.4140625, -7.8046875 ]

[ "June 28, 1997: Mike Tyson bites off chunk of Evander Holyfield’s ear in world title fight", "June 28, 1997: Mike Tyson bites off chunk of Evander Holyfield’s ear in world title fight - BT", "On June 28, 1997, Mike Tyson bites Evander Holyfield’s ear in the third round of their heavyweight rematch. The attack led to his disqualification from the match and suspension from boxing, and was the strangest chapter yet in the champion’s roller-coaster career.", "Evander Holyfield vs. Mike Tyson II, billed as \"The Sound and the Fury\" and afterwards infamously referred to as \"The Bite Fight\", was a professional boxing match contested on June 28, 1997 for the WBA Heavyweight Championship. It achieved notoriety as one of the most bizarre fights in boxing history, after Tyson bit off part of Holyfield's ear. Tyson was disqualified from the match and lost his boxing license, though it was later reinstated.", "A close-up of the injury to the right ear of Evander Holyfield of the USA after Mike Tyson Of the USA bit off a piece of it in the third round of their World Heavweight title fight on June 28, 1997 at the MGM Grand Garden in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.", "Back when Mike Tyson bit off a piece of Evander Holyfield's ear in 1997, it seemed unlikely the two boxers could ever reconcile. But apparently, time heals all wounds.", "The reputation of boxing’s heavyweight division sank to an all-time low in 1997 with the disqualification of former undisputed world champion Mike Tyson for biting the ears of Evander Holyfield (see BIOGRAPHIES) during a World Boxing Association (WBA) heavyweight title bout in Las Vegas, Nev., on June 28. Tyson received a warning from referee Mills Lane after biting a chunk out of Holyfield’s right ear in the third round. When the fight resumed, Tyson sank his teeth into Holyfield’s other ear, and Lane was forced to disqualify him.", "Retired heavyweight boxer Evander Holyfield displays a little less ear than he was born with. Holyfield, who had part of his ear bitten off by Mike Tyson in 1997, sympathizes with Dodgers infielder Alex Guerrero, who recently had a larger part of his ear bitten off by a teammate.", "This is the fight that stunned the world. Not because it was so good, but rather for its shocking conclusion. June 28, 1997, MGM Grand Garden in Las Vegas: Tyson is being battered when he bites off a hunk of Evander Holyfield's ear. Accident? Tyson did it again, the fight is stopped by referee Mills Lane and an infamous and indelible mark is made. (Getty Images)", "One of the most horrific celebrity-anger incidents was when former boxing World champion Mike Tyson bit off Evander Holyfield's ear during a bout.", "Mike Tyson bit off Evander Holyfield's ear. You never hear about how he set records for being the youngest boxer to win many world championships. It's always the ear and if not, it's these inglorious moments instead:", "1997 - The headlines screamed: �Fight Bites into MGM Earnings,� �Bit Part for Tyson,� �Pay-Per-Chew Bout,� and the one that said it all, �Tyson Disqualified After Ripping Piece of Holyfield�s Ear.� Needless to say (but we will anyway), Evander Holyfield retained his World Boxing Association heavyweight championship after Mike Tyson was disqualified for biting Holyfield, not once, but twice. The Nevada Athletic Commission revoked Mike Tyson�s boxing license for a year and fined him $3 million.", "Jeff Powell's Greatest Fights: Evander Holyfield vs Mike Tyson on June 28, 1997, MGM Grand, Las Vegas was 'The Bite Fight' | Daily Mail Online", "In 1992, Mr. Tyson's successful boxing career was interrupted by a prison sentence of six years. Mr. Tyson was released in three years due to a reduction in sentence for good behavior while incarcerated. Upon release from prison he returned to boxing. His career was once again interrupted on June 28, 1997. On that date, during a bout with Evander Holyfield, Mr. Tyson committed a major foul by biting Mr. Holyfield on the ear. After a two-point deduction, the fight resumed and Mr. Tyson again bit Mr. Holyfield. After the end of the round, Mr. Tyson was disqualified as a result of the second biting.", "He did go back to fighting for the heavyweight championship after his release but in 1997 was again in trouble when he fought Evander Holyfield in Vegas and was disqualified for biting Holyfield on both ears. One bite was severe enough to remove a piece of Holyfield's right ear, which was found on the ring floor after the fight.", "In the years that have followed the ear-biting, Holyfield and Tyson have been on better terms. They've even been in a recent television commercial together. In a humorous Foot Locker ad, Tyson says, \"I'm sorry, Evander,\" handing him a box that is supposed to have the piece of Holyfield's ear in it, saying he kept it in formaldehyde.", "Evander Holyfield (born October 19, 1962) is a retired American professional boxer. He is a former Undisputed World Champion in both the cruiserweight and heavyweight divisions, earning him the nickname \"The Real Deal.\" He is the only four-time World Heavyweight Champion, winning the WBA, WBC, and IBF titles in 1990, the WBA and IBF titles in 1993, and the WBA title in 1996 and 2000.", "Evander Holyfield (born October 19, 1962) is an American former professional boxer. He held the undisputed world championship in both the cruiserweight and heavyweight divisions, earning him the nickname \"The Real Deal\". He is the only four-time world heavyweight champion, having won the WBA, WBC, IBF and lineal titles in 1990; the WBA, IBF and lineal titles again in 1993; and WBA and IBF titles in 1996; and the WBA title for a fourth time in 2000.", "grabbed Holyfield and bit both of the boxer’s ears, completely severing a piece of Holyfield’s right ear. Tyson claimed", "Back where it belongs: Evander reaches out to take the 'ear' which has been missing since the 1997 match", "Jose Canseco was at one time one of the best players in baseball. A former MVP and Rookie of the Year, the first man ever to steal forty bases and hit forty homers in a season, and six-time All-Star, he is now better known for: his heavy use of steroids, being such a jerk that he was traded while he was on the on-deck circle, letting a catchable ball hit his head and bounce off for a home run, blowing out his elbow in a pitching appearance just a few days after the last incident, and now he's blown off one of his fingers while cleaning his gun .", "Aspiring mascots are aware of many of the occupational hazards associated with pulling on a costume for a professional sports team. Those include occasional abuse from rowdy fans, unintentional low... blows from adoring children and, of course, the unrelenting heat of the gear. But there are, apparently, certain risks that no one can know about until they've seen the world through the mouth of an oversized plush baseball. Count being informed about the circumstances in which one would become the target of a \"kill shot\" by a sniper working with the Secret Service as one of those unexpected parts of the job. In this excerpt from \"Yes, It's Hot in Here: Adventures in the Weird, Woolly World of Sports Mascots,\" AJ Mass recounts President Bill Clinton's visit to Shea Stadium on April 15, 1997 to...", "*September 19, 2002: Kansas City Royals First base coach Tom Gamboa was attacked on the field by two fans, William Ligue, Jr. and son, during a game against the White Sox. The father and son, highly intoxicated, ran onto the field unprovoked, tackled Gamboa, and threw several punches before being restrained by players and security. Ligue, Jr. was later found to have been possessing a knife. Gamboa suffered permanent hearing loss as a result of the attack. The Royals defeated the White Sox 2–1. Attendance: (10,354) ", "He gained further notoriety on Jan. 20, 1982, when he bit the head off a bat he thought was rubber while performing at the Veterans Memorial Auditorium (Des Moines) in Des Moines , Iowa . Rolling Stone magazine in 2004 ranked this incident number two on its list of \"Rock's Wildest Myths.\" [26] While the Rolling Stone article stated the bat was alive, the person who threw it onto the stage said it was brought to the show dead. [27]", "Holyfield was again linked to HGH in September 2007, when his name came up following a raid of Signature Pharmacy in Orlando, Florida. As of September 2007, Signature Pharmacy is under investigation for illegally supplying several professional athletes with steroids and HGH.", "1983 - New York Yankee outfielder Dave Winfield threw a baseball during warmups and accidentally killed a seagull! After the game, Toronto police surrounded the slugger and arrested him for �causing unnecessary suffering to an animal.�", "Robert Fisk - now revealed, as if there were any doubt, to be pathologically incapable of accuracy - might be using something special as well. Imagine if he was a sports writer: \"The Anaheim Angels have won the 2002 World Series after a 620-mile David Eckstein centerfield blast drove in all 36 base runners late in the 89th innings. The diminutive (3' 2\") Eckstein punched the air with all four fists as he rounded 17th base, his interstate swat having delivered the series to the Angels and earning Eckstein the MVHA (Most Valuable Human Alive) award for the 110th consecutive year. He celebrated by invading Palestine.\"", "Fogerty returned with Centerfield (1985), and while its title track became a staple at baseball stadiums, the album brought more legal woes. Fantasy head Saul Zaentz, who owned the CCR catalogue, claimed that the single \"The Old Man Down the Road\" plagiarized \"Run Through the Jungle,\" and the matter was settled in Fogerty's favor only after a lengthy, costly court battle. Embittered by the experience and his old bandmates' allegiance to Zaentz, Fogerty refused to play with them when CCR was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1993.", "Fortunately, there have been few cases of fans getting onto the field and directly assaulting athletes since then. Perhaps the most notable was an incident in 2002 when a father and a son ran onto the field during a White Sox game and tackled Kansas City Royals coach Tom Gamboa; a pocketknife was found at the scene of the incident. But the players' vulnerability remains.", "\"Concerning BALCO and Major League Baseball I requested interviews of all the major league players who had been publicly implicated in the BALCO case: Marvin Benard; Barry Bonds; Bobby Estalella; Jason Giambi; Jeremy Giambi; Armando Rios; Benito Santiago; Gary Sheffield; and Randy Velarde. Jason Giambi agreed to be interviewed, and Randy Velarde provided information through his attorney. All the other players implicated in the BALCO case refused my requests to be interviewed or did not respond to them. Gary Sheffield initially declined my request for an interview. Sheffield later said that he would agree to an interview, subject to the availability of his lawyer who was undergoing medical treatments.\"", "Drug scandals in sports – An Olympian and renowned longball hitter, Mark McGwire spent his entire career with the Oakland A's and St. Louis Cardinals, breaking the single-season home run record in 1998. In 2010, he admitted using steroids over the course of a decade but told Bob Costas in an interview he took them only for health reasons.", "By mid-season, he had produced hitting streaks of 15 and 23 games, been on the cover of Sports Illustrated , and created a media storm on both sides of the Pacific. 2001 was also an exceptionally successful regular season for the Seattle Mariners as a team, as they matched the 1906 Chicago Cubs ' Major League record of 116 wins. [4] In Seattle, ticket sales (and wins) were higher than ever, fans from Japan were taking $2,000 baseball tours to see the games, more than 150 Japanese reporters and photographers were clamoring for access, and \"Ichirolls\" were being sold at sushi stands in the ballpark. Flight agencies also benefited from Ichiro, as many Ichiro fans were flying in and out of the country just to see him play. [5]" ]

[ 8.25, 7.59375, 7.234375, 6.578125, 6.4453125, 6.28125, 6.171875, 5.85546875, 5.0625, 4.890625, 4.32421875, 3.544921875, 1.94921875, 1.10546875, -0.0699462890625, -0.7607421875, -0.91259765625, -1.0390625, -1.1162109375, -3.365234375, -7.95703125, -7.98046875, -8.234375, -8.484375, -8.6953125, -8.921875, -8.9765625, -9.296875, -10.2578125, -10.34375, -10.390625, -10.5546875 ]

[ "The crossed buttonhole stitch, like the blanket stitch , is a versatile stitch that can be worked freehand on the surface or counted, to ensure accurate spacing. Work the design along a hemmed edge, to outline a shape or create a decorative band. More »", "The buttonhole stitch (which is actually the blanket stitch, technically, but both terms are used interchangeably today) is used in many types of hand embroidery – general surface embroidery, crazy quilting, whitework and cutwork, Mountmellick embroidery, needle lace, filet work – you name it, buttonhole stitch fits in somehow.", "Buttonholes are holes in fabric which allow buttons to pass through, securing one piece of the fabric to another. The raw edges of a buttonhole are usually finished with stitching. This may be done either by hand or by a sewing machine. Some forms of button, such as a frog, use a loop of cloth or rope instead of a buttonhole. Buttonholes can also refer to flowers worn in the lapel buttonhole of a coat or jacket, which are referred to simply as \"buttonholes\" or boutonnières.", "Blanket – A large rectangular piece of soft fabric, often with bound edges, primarily used for warmth as a bed covering.", "BLANKET CLOTH – a woven fabric, characteristically raised during finishing to give a soft, brushed nap. There are two main types: one made from wool and used as an overcoating fabric, and the other made from cotton and used for bathrobes.", "A cross is a geometrical figure consisting of two lines or bars intersecting each other at a 90° angle, dividing one or two of the lines in half. The lines usually run vertically and horizontally; if they run diagonally, the design is technically termed a saltire.", "Another great find in a used book store is the Good Housekeeping New Complete Book of Needlecraft by Vera P. Guild (published in 1959). The two stitches are shown correctly illustrated and labeled. However, in a section on adding picots to buttonhole stitches, it is the blanket stitch being used.", "*A bound buttonhole is one which has its raw edges encased by pieces of fabric or trim instead of stitches.", "Flannel is a soft woven fabric, of various fineness. Flannel was originally made from carded wool or worsted yarn, but is now often made from either wool, cotton, or synthetic fibre. Flannel may be brushed to create extra softness or remain unbrushed. The brushing process is a mechanical process where a fine metal brush rubs the fabric to create fine fibers from the loosely spun yarns. Typically, flannel has either a single~ or double~sided nap. Double~napped flannel refers to a fabric that has been brushed on both sides. If the flannel is not napped, it gains its softness through the loosely spun yarn in its woven form. Flannel is commonly used to make tartan clothing, blankets, bed sheets, and sleepwear.", "The blanket stitch is commonly used as a decorative stitch on an array of garments. Besides blankets, it is used on sweaters, outerwear, swimsuits, home furnishings, and much more. There are many styles of production blanket stitching, including rolled, narrow, with elastic, and traditional (see photos below).", "A fabric with a crosswise rib made from textile fibers (as rayon, nylon, cotton, or wool) often in combination.", "\"The Button Blanket is post-European contact regalia and is worn for ceremonies, such as Feasts, Naming Ceremonies, Memorials, Totem Pole Raisings, Weddings, and given as gifts within the Haida, Tsimshian, Tlingit, Nuxulk, Kwakuitl, and Nisg�a tribes. A widely used term for the blankets is Feast Wear. Dancing in the firelight the dancer will come alive portraying a particular figure or event.  Although the red, black and white colours have spiritual meanings (see below), the button blanket was really designed for \"temporal reasons rather than spiritual - in other words, they represent family crests, proclaim rank, and the social status of the wearer. That status was and is reinforced by the robe's acclamation of cosmic support - power - the history of which has been validated properly and perpetuated through time.\" (Robes of Power, by D. Jensen and P. Sargeant)", "The most common texture for a knitted garment is that generated by the flat stockinette stitch—as seen, though very small, in machine-made stockings and T-shirts—which is worked in the round as nothing but knit stitches, and worked flat as alternating rows of knit and purl. Other simple textures can be made with nothing but knit and purl stitches, including garter stitch, ribbing, and moss and seed stitches. Adding a \"slip stitch\" (where a loop is passed from one needle to the other) allows for a wide range of textures, including heel and linen stitches as well as a number of more complicated ", "TICKING: A tightly woven, very durable fabric, usually made of cotton. It is usually striped and can be made by using a plain, satin, or twill weave construction. Often used for covering mattresses, box springs, pillows, and work clothes.", "The fold of cloth that covers a fastening or opening, i.e. zipper, buttons at an opening.", "Blouses, dresses, suits, scarves, and lingerie. Found in fabrics such as crepe, brocade, satin, and taffeta.", "A soft, thick, slightly textured fabric so named because it has a rough surface like that of a tree bark. It is usually made of densely woven cotton fibers. Historically, the fabric has been used in home furnishings, such as curtains, drapery, upholstery and slipcovers. It is often associated with 1950s and 1960s home fashions.", "Most other turn-of-the-century authorities didn�t mention fringed ends and suggested plain white silk.  In fact, wearing white garments was a point of pride owing to the considerable laundering expense required to keep them clean in soot-filled cities of the time.  Said one 1894 newspaper report: �The London dandy prides himself as much on the spotless purity and the expanse of his white silk neck scarfs as the dandy of forty years ago did on his many-colored waistcoats.�   ", "cross paty / cross pate / cross patee / cross pattee / cross patte / cross formy / cross formee. cross formed out of a square with slit or notched corners", "A type of cloth of which both warp and weft were twisted gold thread. Much used for altar clothes and church vestments.", "    Cross Stitch - A popular needlework stitch that uses 2 stitches that cross over to produce an X in shape.", "Fabric with cut-outs, around which stitching or embroidery may be applied in order to prevent the fabric from ravelling. Often referring to metal rings used to reinforce the hole In the case of curtains.", "fabric eliminate the need to search for coordinating jewelry and fit any body type. A printed scarf draped over the neckline dresses up a casual T-shirt, while a long, skinny silk scarf adds texture and panache to a dress. Scarves made from wool and silk blends work well in colder weather because they keep the body warm without adding excessive layers of clothing.", "Corduroy is a cotton pile fabric known for its strength and durability. Extra sets of filling yarns are woven into the fabric to form vertical ridges on the surface. These ridges, called wales, are usually made in one of three widths. The narrowest width is called \"fine wale\" (sometimes \"pinwale\"), the medium width is usually called \"regular,\" and the widest is simply called \"wide wale.\" Choosing a wale width is more a matter of personal preference than of function.", "Flannel Flannel is a cloth that is commonly used to make clothing and bedsheets. It is usually made from either wool, wool and cotton, or wool and synthetic fabric.", "You can see a pectoral cross over an alb or over a cassock and surplice .", "In sewing and haberdashery, notions is an umbrella term for a variety of small objects or accessories. Notions can include items that are sewn or otherwise attached to a finished article, such as buttons, snaps, and collar stays, but the term also includes small tools used in sewing, such as thread, pins, marking pens, and seam rippers. The noun is almost always used in the plural. The term is chiefly found in the United States, and was formerly used in the construction Yankee notions.", "The diagonal of fabric is known as bias.  Strips cut from the bias of fabric are extremely stretchy with plenty of “give.” Excellent for appliquéd stems, binding, etc.", "58 What, on a clothing care label, is meant by the symbol of a triangle with a cross through it?'", "The first methods used to keep clothes fastened were buttons . Buttons worked well for the most part, but eventually clever inventors searched for even better ways to keep clothes closed.", "death's head button A thread-covered button with the threads wrapped in a particular four-quartered pattern. Other patterns are possible but much less common. The origin of the term is obscure. Death's head buttons were extremely common on good-quality civilian men's coats.", "Button pack includes 6 assorted buttons to coordinate with the bertie's spring pattern series by all through the night." ]

[ 0.78515625, 0.487548828125, -0.1778564453125, -0.75927734375, -1.7119140625, -2.33203125, -2.341796875, -2.541015625, -3.392578125, -3.423828125, -3.5546875, -3.921875, -4.69140625, -4.81640625, -5.0234375, -5.046875, -5.20703125, -5.21484375, -5.24609375, -5.33984375, -5.65234375, -5.79296875, -5.90625, -5.98828125, -6.046875, -6.58203125, -6.671875, -7.1796875, -7.4140625, -7.51953125, -7.58203125, -8.953125 ]

[ "In 1948, following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new German currency, Stalin instituted the Berlin Blockade, preventing food, materials and supplies from arriving in West Berlin.[10] The United States, Britain, France, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and several other countries began a massive \"Berlin airlift\", supplying West Berlin with food and other supplies.[11] The Soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein,[12] while 300,000 Berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue.[13] In May 1949, Stalin lifted the blockade, permitting the resumption of Western shipments to Berlin.[14][15]", "The deepening Cold War conflict between the Western Powers and the Soviet Union over the unresolved status of West Berlin led to the Berlin Blockade (24 June 1948 – 12 May 1949). The Soviet army initiated the blockade by halting all Allied rail, road, and water traffic to and from West Berlin. The Allies countered the Soviets with the Berlin Airlift (1948–49) of food, fuel, and supplies to West Berlin. ", "In June 1948, the Soviet Union began a blockade of Berlin, which had been divided into occupation zones by the victorious Allies at the end of the war. They hoped to drive the western Allies out of Berlin. The following month, British and American aircraft began to airlift supplies to West Berliners. In total, there were more than 277,000 flights to deliver food, fuel and medicine. In May 1949, the Soviets backed down and lifted their blockade.", "The airlift started that provided supplies to the allied part of Berlin, which was under blockade by the Soviet Union", "In 1948, following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new German currency, Stalin instituted the Berlin Blockade , preventing food, materials and supplies from arriving in West Berlin . [18] The United States, Britain, France, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and several other countries began a massive \" airlift \", supplying West Berlin with food and other supplies. [19] The Soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the Western policy change. Communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948, preceding large losses therein, [20] while 300,000 Berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue. [21] In May 1949, Stalin lifted the blockade, permitting the resumption of Western shipments to Berlin. [22] [23]", "June 1948: The Soviet Union attempts to control all of Berlin by cutting surface traffic to or from the Allied zones. U.S. and British forces respond with the Berlin Airlift, code-named \"Operation Vittles,\" flying food, fuel and other supplies to the population of Berlin from airfields at Wiesbaden and Rhein-Main. The Soviets lift the blockade in May 1949, though airlift missions continue until September.", "1948 : The Berlin Airlift began in earnest after the Soviet Union cut off land and water routes to the isolated western sector of Berlin.", "In response to the Berlin Blockade http://walled-in-berlin.com/j-elke-ertle/berlin-blockade-and-the-cold-war/ the Western Allies (United States, Great Britain and France) organized the Berlin Airlift. The miles flown to supply Berlin from the air between 24 June 1948 and 12 May 1949 equaled almost the distance between the earth and the sun.", "With surface traffic between West Germany and West Berlin severed and in the absence of negotiated ground access rights to the city, the only remaining possibility was to try to supply West Berlin from the air. On June 26, 1948, American military commander Lucius D. Clay http://walled-in-berlin.com/j-elke-ertle/lucius-d-clay-berlins-defender-of-freedom/ had the first planes in the air. The Berlin Airlift began and the Cold War heated up. The Berlin Blockade lasted from 24 June 1948 to 12 May 1949.", "In 1948, the Soviet Union tried to force the Western powers out of Berlin by blockading all land routes to West Berlin until full control of the city was handed over to the Soviets. The Western powers overcame this by airlifting supplies to Berlin, until the   Soviets ended the blockade in 1949.", "On June 24, 1948, the Soviet Union blocked access to the three Western-held sectors of Berlin . The Allies had never negotiated a deal to guarantee supply of the sectors deep within the Soviet-occupied zone. The commander of the American occupation zone in Germany, General Lucius D. Clay , proposed sending a large armored column driving peacefully, as a moral right, down the autobahn across the Soviet zone to West Berlin , with instructions to defend itself if it were stopped or attacked. Truman, however, following the consensus in Washington, believed this would entail an unacceptable risk of war. He approved a plan to supply the blockaded city by air. On June 25, the Allies initiated the Berlin Airlift , a campaign that delivered food and other supplies, such as coal, using military airplanes on a massive scale. Nothing remotely like it had ever been attempted before, and no other nation had the capability, either logistically or materially, to have accomplished it. The airlift worked; ground access was again granted on May 11, 1949. The airlift continued for several months after that. The Berlin Airlift was one of Truman's great foreign policy successes as president; it significantly aided his election campaign in 1948. [93]", "The success of the currency reform angered the Soviets, who cut off all road, rail, and canal links between the western zones and West Berlin. This was the Berlin Blockade, which lasted from 24 June 1948 to 12 May 1949. In response, the U.S. and Britain launched an airlift of food and coal and distributed the new currency in West Berlin as well. The city thereby became economically integrated into West Germany. ", "The Soviet Blockade had convinced the three Western Allies that remaining in Berlin was essential to stemming the spread of Communism. Since all surface routes to West Berlin were blockaded, the only alternative was to supply West Berlin by air. There were three previously negotiated air corridors. But the task was enormous. Never before had a population this large (2 million) been supplied from the air. Estimates indicated that about 4,000 to 5,000 tons per day would have to be airlifted to supply the city. And those were summer figures when there was no need for heat. During the winter months the total tonnage required to be airlifted would be closer to 6,000 tons per day. Nonetheless, the American and British military agreed to try a joint operation. The U.S. part of the operation was named Operation Vittles; the British one was dubbed Operation Plainfare. In September 1948, the Australian military joined with Operation Pelican.", "1948 – Berlin: Wikipedia:Berlin Airlift After the Soviet Union established a land blockade of the U.S., British, and French sectors of Berlin on June 24, 1948, the United States and its allies airlifted supplies to Berlin until after the blockade was lifted in May 1949. Template:Ref label", "American leaders feared that losing Berlin was but a prelude to losing Germany and subsequently all of Europe. Therefore, in a successful demonstration of Western resolve known as the Berlin Airlift, Allied air forces took to the sky, flying supplies into Berlin. U.S., French and British planes delivered nearly 2,250,000 tons of goods, including food and coal. Stalin lifted the blockade after 231 days and 277,264 flights.", "The United States launched “Operation Vittles” on June 26, with the United Kingdom following suit two days later with “Operation Plainfare.” Despite the desire for a peaceful resolution to the standoff, the United States also sent to the United Kingdom B-29 bombers, which were capable of carrying nuclear weapons. The beginning of the airlift proved difficult and Western diplomats asked the Soviets to seek a diplomatic solution to the impasse. The Soviets offered to drop the blockade if the Western Allies withdrew the Deutschmark from West Berlin.", "Western powers decided to unify zones of control; Soviets responded with blockade, blocking rail and water travel into Berlin; Allies announced Airlift, American and British ran flights for eleven months, did not expect soviets to attack flights; soviet leadership called off the blockade in May 1949.", "Berlin Crisis (1948-1949) - The Soviet blockade of West Berlin during the Cold War; abated after the Soviet Union did not act to stop American, British and French airlifts of food and other provisions to the Western-held sectors of Berlin", "The Berlin Blockade (24 June 1948 – 12 May 1949) was one of the first major international crises of the Cold War . During the multinational occupation of post–World War II Germany , the Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies ' railway, road and canal access to the sectors of Berlin under Allied control. Their aim was to force the western powers to allow the Soviet zone to start supplying Berlin with food and fuel, thereby giving the Soviets practical control over the entire city.", "The Soviets, trying to push the west out of Berlin, countered this move by requiring that all Western convoys bound for Berlin travelling through Soviet Germany be searched. The Trizone government, recognizing the threat, refused the right of the Soviets to search their cargo. The Soviets then cut all surface traffic to West Berlin on June 27. American ambassador to Britain, John Winnant, stated the accepted Western view when he said that he believed \"that the right to be in Berlin carried with it the right of access.\" The Soviets, however, did not agree. Shipments by rail and the autobahn came to a halt. A desperate Berlin, faced with starvation and in need of vital supplies, looked to the West for help. The order to begin supplying West Berlin by air was approved later by U.S. General Lucius Clay on June 27. President Truman, wishing to avoid war or a humiliating retreat, supported the air campaign, against many advisors wishes. Surviving a normally harsh German winter, the airlift carried over two million tons of supplies in 270,000 flights. The blockade of Berlin was finally lifted by the Soviets on May 12, 1949. Berlin became a symbol of the United States resolve to stand up to the Soviet threat without being forced into a direct conflict.", "The Berlin Blockade (24 June 1948 – 12 May 1949) was one of the first major international crises of the Cold War. During the multinational occupation of post–World War II Germany, the Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies' railway, road, and canal access to the sectors of Berlin under Western control. The Soviets offered to drop the blockade if the Western Allies withdrew the newly introduced Deutsche mark from West Berlin.", "[i] Blockade and Airlift: Legend or Lesson? The Berlin Crisis of 1948-1949, ed. Heinz-Gerd Reese and Michael Schroeder (Benedict Press: 1988), 16. ", "The Soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the policy change. Once again the East Berlin communists attempted to disrupt the Berlin municipal elections (as they had done in the 1946 elections), which were held on 5 December 1948 and produced a turnout of 86.3% and an overwhelming victory for the non-communist parties. The results effectively divided the city into East and West versions of its former self. 300,000 Berliners demonstrated and urged the international airlift to continue, and US Air Force pilot Gail Halvorsen created \"Operation Vittles\", which supplied candy to German children. In May 1949, Stalin backed down and lifted the blockade. ", "(June 1948 – May 1949): Instigated by Stalin and the E. German leadership, sought to force Western powers to abandon their plans for a W. German state and abolish the new currency they had introduced into W. Berlin. Cut off all land supplies to W. Berlin. Result of airlift was to accelerate division of Germany; accelerated German and W. European demands for military protection.", "The Soviets lifted the blockade in May 1949, having earned the scorn of the international community for subjecting innocent men, women and children to hardship and starvation. The airlift–called die Luftbrucke or “the air bridge” in German–continued until September 1949, for a total delivery of more than 1.5 million tons of supplies and a total cost of over $224 million. When it ended, the eastern section of Berlin was absorbed into Soviet East Germany, while West Berlin remained a separate territory with its own government and close ties to West Germany. The Berlin Wall, built in 1961, formed a dividing line between East and West Berlin. Its destruction in 1989 presaged the 1991 collapse of the Soviet Union and marked the end of an era and the reemergence of Berlin as the capital of a new, unified German nation.", "5. The airlift proved embarrassing for the USSR, which in April 1949 agreed to negotiations for the re-opening of Berlin. Rail access was eventually granted in May 1949 and supply flights continued until late July 1949.", "1948 - The Soviet Union tightened its blockade of Berlin by intercepting river barges heading for the city.", "Initially the Soviet authorities thought the plan was working. \"Our control and restrictive measures have dealt a strong blow at the prestige of the Americans and British in Germany. \" The Soviet authorities reported. But the Western Allies responded immediately by mounting a tremendous airlift. Under the leadership of General Curtis LeMay, ten-ton capacity C-54s began supplying the city on July 1. By the fall the airlift, code-named \"Operation Vittles \"and often referred to as \"LeMay's feed and coal company ,\" was bringing in an average of 5,000 tons of supplies a day.", "1949: The Russian blockade of Berlin ended after 11 months. It had cost the Allies $200 million to fly in food and essential supplies.", "The Soviets eased their restrictions on Allied military trains on 10 April 1948, but continued periodically to interrupt rail and road traffic during the next 75 days, while the United States continued supplying its military forces by using cargo aircraft. [28] Some 20 flights a day continued through June, building up stocks of food against future Soviet actions, [29] so that by the time the blockade began at the end of June, at least 18 days supply per major food type, and in some types, much more, had been stockpiled that provided time to build up the ensuing airlift. [30]", "The Soviets eased their restrictions on Allied military trains on 10 April 1948, but continued periodically to interrupt rail and road traffic during the next 75 days, while the United States continued supplying its military forces by using cargo aircraft. Some 20 flights a day continued through June, building up stocks of food against future Soviet actions, so that by the time the blockade began at the end of June, at least 18 days supply per major food type, and in some types, much more, had been stockpiled that provided time to build up the ensuing airlift. ", "The dropping of thousands of tons of food and medical supplies to starving West Berliners after Joseph Stalin closed off all highway and railway access to the city in mid-1948. Stalin hoped to cut off British, French, and American access to the conquered German city, but President Harry S Truman, determined not to lose face or the city, ordered American military planes to drop provisions from the air. The blockade was foiled, and Stalin finally lifted it in 1949." ]

[ 5.02734375, 4.91796875, 4.90625, 4.375, 4.30859375, 4.19140625, 4.04296875, 3.97265625, 3.908203125, 3.857421875, 3.39453125, 3.390625, 3.154296875, 3.095703125, 2.892578125, 2.884765625, 2.6875, 2.623046875, 2.248046875, 1.9453125, 1.87890625, 1.087890625, 0.994140625, 0.94384765625, 0.491943359375, -0.3271484375, -1.0986328125, -2.759765625, -2.908203125, -3.56640625, -3.853515625, -4.484375 ]

[ "Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837 – June 24, 1908) was the 22nd and 24th President of the United States. Cleveland is the only president to serve two non-consecutive terms (1885–1889 and 1893–1897) and therefore is the only individual to be counted twice in the numbering of the presidents. He was the winner of the popular vote for president three times—in 1884, 1888, and 1892—and was the only Democrat elected to the presidency in the era of Republican political domination that lasted from 1860 to 1912.", "Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837 – June 24, 1908) was the 22nd and 24th President of the United States. Cleveland is the only president to serve two non-consecutive terms (1885–1889 and 1893–1897) and therefore is the only individual to be counted twice in the numbering of the presidents.", "Stephen Grover Cleveland was the 22nd and 24th President of the United States; and, therefore was the only US president to serve two terms not in a row and to be counted twice in the numbering of the presidents.Lived: Mar 18, 1837 - Jun 24, 1908 (age 71). Spouse: Frances Folsom Cleveland Preston (1886 - 1908). President of the United States (1893 - 1897) · President of the United States (1885 - 1889) · Governor of New York (1883 - 1885) Vice Presidents: Adlai Stevenson I · Thomas A…", "24. Grover Cleveland (March 4, 1893—March 4, 1897). Democratic. See a couple ranks above. Cleveland was the only president to be ranked twice, due to his non-consecutive service as president.", "Since the amendment's adoption, four presidents have served two full terms: Dwight D. Eisenhower , Ronald Reagan , Bill Clinton , and George W. Bush . Barack Obama has been elected to a second term. Jimmy Carter and George H. W. Bush sought a second term, but were defeated. Richard Nixon was elected to a second term, but resigned before completing it. Lyndon B. Johnson was the only president under the amendment to be eligible to serve more than two terms in total, having served for only fourteen months following John F. Kennedy's assassination . However, Johnson withdrew from the 1968 Democratic Primary , surprising many Americans. Gerald Ford sought a full term, after serving out the last two years and five months of Nixon's second term, but was not elected.", "Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first and only American president to break Washington's tradition successfully. He died in office a few months after starting his fourth term. This gave rise to a successful move in Congress to formalize the traditional two-term limit by amending the U.S. Constitution. As ratified in 1951, the Twenty-Second Amendment provides that \"no person shall be elected to the office of President more than twice\".", "Sir Charles Mansfield Tobias Clarke is also the 2nd cousin 3xremoved of Franklin Delano Roosevelt , 32nd President of the United States. “FDR”, as he was widely known, held office from 1933 until his death in 1945 and was the only American president elected to more than two terms. A link also exists to his wife, Eleanor Roosevelt , who was a second cousin 1xremoved of her husband.", "Franklin D. Roosevelt spent the longest with over twelve years, but died shortly into his fourth term in 1945 and is the only president to have served more than two terms.", "Bill Clinton is the only President ever to be elected twice without ever receiving 50% of the popular vote. He had 43 percent in 1992 and 49 percent in 1996.", "13 -- Number of U.S. presidents who served two full terms in office. This includes Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was elected four times but died before finishing his fourth term. Making up the distinguished group are: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, Andrew Jackson, Ulysses S. Grant, Grover Cleveland, Woodrow Wilson, Franklin Roosevelt, Dwight Eisenhower, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush.", "Not every US president who served more than one term served them consecutively, however. Grover Cleveland was the only president who served two terms that were not in a row. He goes down in the American history books as both the 22nd and 24th president of the United States.", "The 22nd Amendment was passed in Congress in 1947, immediately following Franklin Delano Roosevelt's presidency. Roosevelt served three full terms and part of a fourth before his death; he was the first and only president to serve more than two terms.", "William McKinley, Jr. (January 29, 1843 – September 14, 1901) was the 25th President of the United States. He was elected twice, in 1896 and 1900, but served only part of his second term, as he was assassinated in 1901.", "Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837 – June 24, 1908) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 22nd and 24th President of the United States. He was the winner of the popular vote for president three times – in 1884, 1888, and 1892 – and was one of the three Democrats (with Andrew Johnson and Woodrow Wilson) to serve as president during the era of Republican political domination dating from 1861 to 1933. He is the only President in American history to serve two non-consecutive terms in office.", "Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837June 24, 1908) was the 22nd and 24th President of the United States. He was the winner of the popular vote for president three timesin 1884, 1888, and 1892and was one of the three Democrats (with Andrew Johnson and Woodrow Wilson) to serve as president during the era of Republican political domination dating from 1861 to 1933. He is the only President in American history to serve two non-consecutive terms in office.", "Grover Cleveland is the only candidate ever to be elected to one term, defeated for a second term, and then elected again four years later. Thus, he became both the 22nd president and the 24th president.[3]", "4. President Grover Cleveland is the only president to be elected to two nonconsecutive terms. He was the 22nd and 24th president.", "*Democrat Grover Cleveland was the 22nd and 24th president of the United States, having served from 1885 to 1889, and 1893 to 1897. So he doesn't technically qualify as a one term president. But because Cleveland is the only president to serve two non-consecutive four-year terms, he holds an important place in U.S. history, having lost his initial bid for re-election in 1888 to Republican Benjamin Harrison .", "Grover Cleveland was the only president to serve two non-consecutive terms. He was inaugurated in 1885 (seen here) and 1893.", "Of all the Democrat and Republican presidents, only one served two non-consecutive terms. This was Grover Cleveland, who served as both the 22nd and 24th president of the United States. This is why there have been 44 presidencies but only 43 people who have held the office. Of all presidents between 1789 and 2013, 16 have served more than one consecutive term in office.", "Congress passed the 22nd Amendment on March 21, 1947. It was ratified by 41 states and rejected by only two. It limits each president to two terms, but did not apply to the sitting president, former President Harry Truman, who withdrew as a candidate for re-election in 1952.", "Grover Cleveland (1885-1889; 1893-1897) was the first and only commander-in-chief to serve two non-consecutive terms. He was also the first bachelor President to be married at the White House.", "Grover Cleveland stepped into office as the 22nd president. He served for two non-consecutive terms. This means the terms weren't back to back.", "Lyndon Baines Johnson ( August 27, 1908 � January 22, 1973), often referred to as LBJ , was the thirty-sixth (1961 - 1963) Vice President and the thirty-seventh ( 1963 - 1969 ) President of the United States, succeeding to the office after the assassination of John F. Kennedy. ", "James Abram Garfield (November 19, 1831 – September 19, 1881) was the twentieth President of the United States, and, as a result of his assassination, served only six months in that office—the second shortest administration in United States history.", "First president to be elected for more than two terms; he served four terms. A few years later, in 1951 the 22nd amendment was passed limiting presidents to just two terms.", "American law does not permit presidents to serve more than two terms. So, in 1988, the country prepared to elect a new one.", "As a result of that proposal, the Twenty-Second Amendment to the Constitution was formed limiting the number of terms that the president may serve to two. The amendment was passed by Congress on March 21, 1947, and was ratified on February 27, 1951.", "This man was the only president to serve non-consecutive terms and is the first president to live into the 20th century.", "The 22nd Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified, limiting the President to two terms in office", "* February 27 – The Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution, limiting Presidents to two terms, is ratified.", "            1951 –Monday-  The 22nd Amendment to the Constitution, limiting a president to two terms of office, was ratified as" ]

[ 7.83984375, 7.77734375, 6.83203125, 4.91015625, 4.8671875, 3.857421875, 3.79296875, 3.56640625, 3.267578125, 3.201171875, 3.037109375, 2.982421875, 2.93359375, 2.876953125, 2.798828125, 2.134765625, 1.490234375, 1.3984375, 1.3974609375, 0.78759765625, 0.68408203125, -0.11761474609375, -1.1298828125, -1.419921875, -2.103515625, -2.353515625, -2.869140625, -3.935546875, -4.0703125, -4.546875, -5.0859375, -5.4140625 ]

[ "NASA's Voyager 1 space probe makes history by advancing past the solar system - becoming the first man-made object to reach interstellar space.", "NASA data from its Voyager 1 spacecraft show the venerable deep-space explorer, launched in 1977, has nearly reached the edge of the Solar System.", "Voyager 1 is a space probe launched by NASA on September 5, 1977. Part of the Voyager program to study the outer Solar System, Voyager 1 launched 16 days after its twin, Voyager 2. Having operated for , the spacecraft still communicates with the Deep Space Network to receive routine commands and return data. At a distance of from the Sun as of June 2016, it is the farthest spacecraft from Earth and the only one in interstellar space.", "Space probes have also been aimed at the outer planets, with spectacular results. One such probe, Pioneer 10, passed through the asteroid belt in 1973, then became the first object made by human beings to move beyond the orbits of the planets. In 1974, Pioneer 11 photographed Jupiter's equatorial latitudes and its moons, and in 1979 it made the first direct observations of Saturn. Voyagers 1 and 2, which were launched in 1977, took advantage of a rare alignment of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune to explore all four planets. Passing as close as 3,000 mi (4,800 km) to each planet's surface, the Voyagers discovered new rings, explored complex magnetic fields, and returned detailed photographs of the outer planets and their unique moons. They subsequently moved toward the heliopause, the boundary between the influence of the sun's magnetic field and the interstellar magnetic field, and in 2013 NASA reported that Voyager 1 most likely crossed the heliopause in 2012 and entered interstellar space, becoming the first spacecraft to do so.", "The Voyager 1 space probe, launched in 1977, photographed Saturn and its moons. Titan, with its thick, orange atmosphere, frustrated scientists eager to see the moon's surface.", "The first probe to explore the outer planets was Pioneer 10, which flew by Jupiter in 1973. Pioneer 11 was the first to visit Saturn, in 1979. The Voyager probes performed a grand tour of the outer planets following their launch in 1977, with both probes passing Jupiter in 1979 and Saturn in 1980 - 1981. Voyager 2 then went on to make close approaches to Uranus in 1986 and Neptune in 1989. The Voyager probes are now far beyond Neptune's orbit, and astronomers anticipate that they will encounter the Heliopause which defines the outer edge of the solar system in the next few years.", "1977 – NASA launched the robotic space probe Voyager 1, currently the man-made object most distant from Earth.", "In addition to major human spaceflight programs, there have been significant scientific probes that have explored the Moon, the planets, and other areas of our solar system. In particular, the 1970s heralded the advent of a new generation of scientific spacecraft. Two similar spacecraft, Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11, launched on March 2, 1972 and April 5, 1973, respectively, traveled to Jupiter and Saturn to study the composition of interplanetary space. Voyagers 1 and 2, launched on September 5, 1977 and August 20, 1977, respectively, conducted a \"Grand Tour\" of our solar system.", "As of May 18, 2008, Voyager 1 is over 15.91 terameters (15.80×1012 meters, or 15.80×109 km, 106.3 AU, 14.64 light-hours, or 9.84 billion miles) from the Sun, and has thus entered the heliosheath, the termination shock region between the solar system and interstellar space, a vast area where the Sun's influence gives way to the other bodies in the galaxy. If Voyager 1 is still functioning when it finally passes the heliopause, scientists will get their first direct measurements of the conditions in the interstellar medium. At this distance, signals from Voyager 1 take more than fourteen hours to reach its control center at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a joint project of NASA and Caltech near Pasadena, California. Voyager 1 is on a hyperbolic trajectory and has achieved escape velocity, meaning that its orbit will not return to the inner solar system. Along with Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, Voyager 2, and New Horizons, Voyager 1 is an interstellar probe.", "On June 13, 1983, more than 11 years after launch, Pioneer 10 became the first man-made object to leave the solar system. With seven of its instruments still sending back data about interstellar space, though, its career was far from over.", "Launched in 1972, the aptly named Pioneer was the first spacecraft to visit the outer solar system. After completing its study of Jupiter, Pioneer 10's trajectory carried it outside of the solar system and into interstellar space, the first craft to do so. Pioneer 10 continued transmitting data back to Earth until 23 January 2003 when its power source became too weak. At that time, the space probe was over 7.6 billion miles from Earth. In about 2 million years, Pioneer 10 should reach the closest star on its trajectory, the red giant Aldebaran, which lies some 71 light years away ( learn more ).", "Whilst the Voyager and Pioneer probes have travelled into local interstellar space, the purpose of these unmanned craft was specifically interplanetary and they are not predicted to reach another star system (although Voyager 1 will travel to within 1.7 light years of AC +79 3888 in approximately 40,000 years ). Several preliminary designs for starships have been undertaken through exploratory engineering, using feasibility studies with modern technology or technology thought likely to be available in the near future.", "Voyager 2 encountered Uranus on January 24, 1986, returning detailed photos and other data on the planet, its moons, magnetic field and dark rings. Voyager 1, meanwhile, continues to press outward, conducting studies of interplanetary space. Eventually, its instruments may be the first of any spacecraft to sense the heliopause -- the boundary between the end of the Sun's magnetic influence and the beginning of interstellar space.", "This is an unmanned space probe that was initially launched to get closer to Jupiter. It was the first man-made aircraft to successfully make it through the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. It successfully completed this mission taking around 500 pictures of Jupiter and some of its satellites between 1973 and 1974.  After exiting the shadow of Jupiter it continued out further into the solar system on its ‘Pioneer Interstellar mission’. It has since crossed the orbit of Neptune and Pluto and became the first man-made object to leave the solar system. It was also the most distant man-made object from the sun until the Voyager 1 probe passed it in 1998. When connection was lost with it in 2003 it was about 12 billion km away from earth.", "Pioneer 10 crossed the orbit of Saturn in 1976 and the orbit of Uranus in 1979. On June 13, 1983, the craft crossed the orbit of Neptune, the outermost planet, and so became the first human-made object to leave the proximity of the major planets of the Solar System. The mission came to an official end on March 31, 1997, when it had reached a distance of 67 AU from the Sun, though the spacecraft was still able to transmit coherent data after this date.", "The possibility of using interstellar messenger probes in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence was first suggested by Ronald N. Bracewell in 1960 (see Bracewell probe ), and the technical feasibility of this approach was demonstrated by the British Interplanetary Society's starship study Project Daedalus in 1978. Starting in 1979, Robert Freitas advanced arguments [13] [14] [15] for the proposition that physical space-probes are a superior mode of interstellar communication to radio signals. See Voyager Golden Record .", "2005 – Voyager 1, the most distant man-made object, has entered the heliosheath and is on the cusp of leaving the Solar System and entering the interstellar medium.", "Since the start of the space age, a great deal of exploration has been performed by unmanned space missions that have been organized and executed by various space agencies. The first probe to land on another solar system body was the Soviet Union's Luna 2 probe, which impacted on the Moon in 1959. Since then, increasingly distant planets have been reached, with probes landing on Venus in 1965, Mars in 1976, the asteroid 433 Eros in 2001, and Saturn's moon Titan in 2005. Spacecraft have also made close approaches to other planets: Mariner 10 passed Mercury in 1973.", "Since the start of the space age, a great deal of exploration has been performed by Unmanned space missions that have been organized and executed by various space agencies. The first probe to land on another solar system body was the Soviet Union's Luna 2 probe, which impacted on the Moon in 1959. Since then, increasingly distant planets have been reached, with probes landing on Venus in 1965, Mars in 1976, the asteroid 433 Eros in 2001, and Saturn's moon Titan in 2005. Spacecraft have also made close approaches to other planets: Mariner 10 passed Mercury in 1973.", "Robot Explorers. Saturn has been visited by several interplanetary probes from Earth. The first was Pioneer 11 in 1979.", "NASA then collaborated with the United States Army's Ballistic Missile Agency to fly two extremely small cone-shaped probes on the Juno ICBM, carrying only photocells which would be triggered by the light of the Moon and a lunar radiation environment experiment using a Geiger-Müller tube detector. The first of these reached an altitude of only around , serendipitously gathering data that established the presence of the Van Allen radiation belts before reentering Earth's atmosphere. The second passed by the Moon at a distance of more than 60000 km, twice as far as planned and too far away to trigger either of the on-board scientific instruments, yet still becoming the first U.S. spacecraft to reach a solar orbit.", "Pioneer 10 was the first spacecraft to pass through the thick belt of asteroids that orbit the sun, and in 1973 it was the first to obtain close-up images of Jupiter. In 1983, it became the first man-made object to leave the solar system when it passed the orbit of distant Pluto.", "Pioneer 10 was the first probe to travel through the Asteroid Belt and the first craft to explore Jupiter. On June 13, 1983, it became the first space probe ever to travel further than the Sun's most distant planet.", "1972 – The Pioneer 10 space probe is launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida with a mission to explore the outer planets. It carried a plaque designed by Carl Sagan and Frank Drake showing some details of human civilization on Earth. Pioneer is expected to reach the red star Aldebaran in Taurus in about 2 million years.", "1971 - Mars Orbiter / Mariner 9 - November 13th, 1971: \" Mariner 9 becomes the first space probe to orbit another planet, Mars; after waiting out a global dust storm it takes 7329 revealing pictures of Mars' surface, including the polar caps and volcanoes.\" [Links: 1 , 2 ]", "American space probe Mariner 9 is launched May 30, 1971. Six months later it arrives at the planet Mars and becomes the first spacecraft to orbit another planet. Over the next year, it maps 100 percent of the Martian surface.", "If successful, Falcon will be the first probe to make a round trip to an asteroid. NASA's Eros probe collected data for two weeks from the surface of the asteroid Eros in 2001, but did not return to Earth with samples. NASA's Stardust probe is on its way to visit Comet Wild-2 in January 2004 and return samples to Earth. That package will parachute into Utah in January 2006.", "Luna 18 was launched on Sept. 2, 1971. While in orbit, the probe carried out maneuvers for the purpose of working out methods of unmanned circumlunar navigation and making a lunar landing. Luna 18 completed 54 revolutions and made 85 radio broadcasts (testing the operation of systems and the measurement of trajectory parameters). On September 11 the retro-rocket was fired and the probe left its orbit and reached the moon in the continental area surrounding Mare Foecunditatis. The landing site was selected in mountainous terrain, a region of great scientific interest. As measurements showed, a successful landing of the probe under these complex topographical conditions proved to be unfeasible.", "Mariner 4 flew past Mars on July 14, 1965, providing the first close-up photographs of another planet. The pictures, gradually played back to Earth from a small tape recorder on the probe, showed impact craters. It provided radically more accurate data about the planet; a surface atmospheric pressure of about 1% of Earth's and daytime temperatures of −100 °C (−148 °F) were estimated. No magnetic field or Martian radiation belts were detected. The new data meant redesigns for then planned Martian landers, and showed life would have a more difficult time surviving there than previously anticipated. ", "The Apollo 10 mission (in May 1969) was a complete staging of the upcoming Apollo 11 mission without actually landing on the Moon. It was the second one to orbit the Moon and the first to travel to the Moon with the entire Apollo spacecraft configuration. Astronauts Thomas Stafford and Eugene Cernan descended inside the Lunar Module to within 14 kilometers of the lunar surface achieving the closest approach to date to the Moon. Their mission paved the final way to the Apollo 11 landing on the Moon.", "1997 – NASA sent a Delta rocket aloft with the Ace solar observatory, Advanced Composition Explorer. The 5-year $110 million project will go into orbit at a point 1 million miles from Earth and 92 million miles from the Sun where the gravity of Earth and Sun balance.", "Edwin \"Buzz\" Aldrin carries scientific experiments to a deployment site south of the lunar module Eagle. One experiment involved the inner composition of the moon, and another tried to determine the exact distance from Earth. Photo was taken by Neil Armstrong of the Apollo 11 mission on July 20, 1969. (AP Photo/NASA/Neil Armstrong)" ]

[ 7.96875, 6.5078125, 6.1953125, 5.6015625, 5.3125, 4.63671875, 4.203125, 3.53515625, 3.154296875, 2.92578125, 2.130859375, 2.037109375, 1.9013671875, 1.83984375, 1.4560546875, 0.99755859375, 0.255126953125, 0.08416748046875, 0.03466796875, -0.1326904296875, -0.6025390625, -0.8017578125, -0.88671875, -1.6416015625, -2.240234375, -2.4921875, -3.3359375, -3.6640625, -3.6796875, -4.03515625, -4.06640625, -4.15625 ]

[ "Nathaniel \"Natty\" Bumppo is the protagonist of James Fenimore Cooper's pentalogy of novels known as the Leatherstocking Tales. ", "The Leatherstocking Tales is a series of five novels by American writer James Fenimore Cooper, each featuring the main hero Natty Bumppo, known by European settlers as \"Leatherstocking,\" 'The Pathfinder\", and \"the trapper\" and by the Native Americans as \"Deerslayer,\" \"La Longue Carabine\" and \"Hawkeye\".", "James Fenimore Cooper (September 15, 1789 -- September 14, 1851) was a prolific and popular American writer of the early 19th century. He is best remembered as a novelist who wrote numerous sea-stories and the historical novels known as the Leatherstocking Tales, featuring frontiersman Natty Bumppo. Among his most famous works is the Romantic novel The Last of the Mohicans, often regarded as his masterpiece.", "James Fenimore Cooper lived here in 1833, when the street was called Carroll Place. James Fenimore Cooper (September 15, 1789 - September 14, 1851) was a prolific and popular American writer of the early 19th century. He is best remembered as a novelist who wrote numerous sea-stories and the historical novels known as the Leatherstocking Tales, featuring frontiersman Natty Bumppo. Among his most famous works is the Romantic novel The Last of the Mohicans, which many consider to be his masterpiece.", "  Deerslayer frontiersman Natty Bumppo is the protagonist of pentalogy of novels known as the Leatherstocking Tales. he adopts life of natives.", "Boone's adventures, real and mythical, formed the basis of the archetypal hero of the American West, popular in 19th-century novels and 20th-century films. The main character of James Fenimore Cooper's Leatherstocking Tales, the first of which was published in 1823, bore striking similarities to Boone; even his name, Nathaniel Bumppo, echoed Daniel Boone's name. As mentioned above, The Last of the Mohicans (1826), Cooper's second Leatherstocking novel, featured a fictionalized version of Boone's rescue of his daughter. After Cooper, other writers developed the Western hero, an iconic figure which began as a variation of Daniel Boone. ", "James Fenimore Cooper (1789 1851) was born in Burlington, New Jersey, and his family moved to Cooperstown, New York, while he was still an infant. He attended Yale College until he was expelled for bad behavior. He served in the U.S. Navy, resigning in 1811 to get married. With his story \"The Pilot\" (1823), Cooper set the style for a new genre of sea fiction. His most famous novels are the Leather-Stocking Tales (\"The Pioneers,\" 1823; \"The Last of the Mohicans,\" 1826; \"The Prairie,\" 1827; \"The Pathfinder,\" 1840; and \"The Deerslayer,\" 1841), featuring the quintessential American hero Natty Bumppo. Cooper, a keen social critic, wrote several well-regarded naval histories. Richard Hutson is an associate professor of English and director of the American Studies Program at the University of California, Berkeley. His teaching and writing have been primarily on American popular culture of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, especially on the American West. Hugh C. MacDougall, a graduate of Harvard, Columbia Law School and Columbia School of International Affairs, served in the State Department for twenty-eight years, including postings in tropical Africa, Brazil, and Burma. He is a founder of the James Fenimore Cooper Society, and has presented many papers on Cooper and his writings.\" show more", "The book is the second in a five-novel series known as the Leatherstocking Tales and starring a hero called Natty Bumppo, a child of white parents who grew up among Natives. Bumppo, nicknamed “Hawkeye” in The Last of the Mohicans, is a fearless warrior who carries a long rifle and wanders across the frontier, often accompanied by a Native friend or brother.", "1823. James Fenimore Cooper’s frontier adventure The Pioneers. Ace frontiersman Natty Bumppo first appears in this novel. One of the Leatherstocking series.", "James Fenimore Cooper, whose writing has evoked both admiration and disdain, is considered to be the first true American novelist. His most popular work, The Last of the Mohicans, has remained one of the most widely read novels throughout the world and it, along with the other four novels that make up The Leatherstocking Tales, has tremendously impacted the way many view both the American Indians and the frontier period of American history. The romanticized image of the strong, fearless, and ever resourceful frontiersman (i.e. Natty Bumppo), as well as the stoic, wise, and noble \"red man\" (i.e. Chingachgook) was borne more from Cooper's characterizations than any other source.", "In 1820, Cooper's wife Susan wagered that he could write a book better than the one that she was reading. In response to the wager, Cooper wrote the novel Precaution (1820). Its focus on morals and manners was influenced by Jane Austen's approach to fiction. He anonymously published Precaution and it received favorable notice from the United States and England. By contrast, his second novel The Spy (1821) was inspired by a tale related to him by neighbor and family friend John Jay. It was more successful and became a bestseller; the setting of this Revolutionary War tale is widely believed to have been John Jay's family home \"The Locusts\" in Rye, New York. In 1823, Cooper published The Pioneers, the first of the Leatherstocking series. The series features Natty Bumppo, a resourceful American woodsman at home with the Delaware Indians and their chief Chingachgook. Bumppo was also the main character of Cooper's most famous novel The Last of the Mohicans (1826), written in New York City where Cooper and his family lived from 1822 to 1826. The book became one of the most widely read American novels of the 19th century. ", "The Pioneers was the first of his Leatherstocking Tales, a series in which he inserted The Last of the Mohicans , a novel which features Natty Bumppo (Hawkeye), a pioneering scout.  Ending his Leatherstocking Tales series are  The Pathfinder (1840) and the The Deerslayer  (1841).", "The Natty Bumppo character is generally believed to have been inspired, at least in part, by the real-life Daniel Boone or the lesser known David Shipman. ", "The two collected texts of the Leatherstocking Saga currently in print assume differing \"orders of reading.\" The scrupulous Library of America edition prints the books in the order of publication, fitting the five novels into two fat volumes. Allan Nevin's admirable one-volume abridgement (granted, it explicitly focusses on the life story of Natty Bumppo) moves the hero from youth to death in the fiction's chronological order. Other texts in print -- the authoritative edition from the State University of New York, the widely-used Signet volumes, and the recent, elegant Penguin texts -- are in single hooks, for the reader to read or put on the shelf in whatever order he or she wishes. But the question, what is the proper order of reading? is critically valid.", "The Deerslayer was Cooper's favorite of the five romances he shaped around the figure of Natty Bumppo, perhaps because the tale is the last of the \"Leatherstocking Tales\" and his final, attentive effort to create an American hero. Critics usually have been kind to The Deerslayer since its publication in 1841. It is true that The Last of the Mohicans always has been the most popular of the \"Leatherstocking Tales\" because it is at heart a boy's book. Although Cooper's ideas are already in evidence in The Last of the Mohicans and the tale is justifiably acclaimed as a dynamic, suspenseful story, The Deerslayer offers a structurally more sound and logical plot. There is a strong use of the three unities in The Deerslayer, as all the action, concentrated in a few days around Natty Bumppo's \"first warpath,\" takes place in the vicinity of Otsego Lake.", "Cooper is not, however, classified as a realistic author (such as Balzac), but as a romantic writer. The realistic novelist tries to reproduce life exactly, and the romantic author lends forcefully his own interpretations and impressions to characters. Cooper did not base his creation of Natty Bumppo on a single person known to him; he apparently drew upon various individuals recalled from his youth. Cooper then contributed his theory of \"a moral sense\" or \"a moral point of view\" to delineate his hero of the New World. Cooper's insistence upon morality is of course a reflection of the Puritan tradition — and his own forceful ideas. However, his originality lies in the creation of Natty Bumppo as an American epic hero.", "The five Leatherstocking novels chronicle the life of Nathaniel \"Natty\" Bumppo, who lives in the frontier (which moves steadily westward with each successive novel,) at the intersection of European and Native American culture. Bumppo is a hybrid of these cultures; in each book, he has a different Native American name, and it is by these names that he is known. These books are a lucid and insightful study of the encounter between the two cultures, from the point of view of a man who manages to straddle the divide between them.", "Soon after publication of The Last of the Mohicans in 1826, Cooper, now a national hero, left America for a European sojourn of seven years. In 1827 he published from Paris what he must have thought was the concluding volume in the Leather-stocking series, The Prairie. In this novel, Natty Bumppo has become a fully mythic figure leading the nation�s westward movement.", "The two loveable characters, the kids who captured the attention of American readers in the fourth quarter of the 19th century, were the products of Mark Twain, who was correctly recognized as possibly the foremost writer of his time.", "Others have decided favorably that Cooper, in a \"Preface\" for The Deerslayer as well as in the \"Preface to the Leatherstocking Tales,\" succeeded in his aims. Cooper expressed his intentions principally as the creation of the \"beau ideal'' or highest possible embodiment of his characters, especially Natty Bumppo. Cooper's desire to present this 11 poetical view of the subject\" is, however, tempered by his hope \"to preserve the vrai-semblable.\" In short, he idealizes Natty Bumppo, but he balances this idealization with \"traits derived from the prejudices, tastes, and even the weaknesses of his youth.\" If, as Cooper implies, the depiction of Natty Bumppo only emphasized the good side of his character, the reader would have perhaps rejected the hero as unrealistic, false, and unbelievable. Cooper's portrayal of characters has always been a point of controversy in any analysis of his art. For example, Honore de Balzac, the French novelist of La Comedie Humaine (The Human Comedy) and one of Cooper's friends in Paris, commented: \"If Cooper had succeeded in the painting of character to the same extent that he did in the painting of the phenomena of nature, he would have uttered the last word of our art.\"", "Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910), [3] well-known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American author and humorist . Twain is noted for his novels Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884), which has been called \"the Great American Novel \", [4] and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876). He is extensively quoted. [5] [6] Twain was a friend to presidents , artists, industrialists, and European royalty.", "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain is an 1876 novel about a young boy growing up along the Mississippi River. It is set in the fictional town of St. Petersburg, inspired by Hannibal, Missouri, where Twain lived. Tom Sawyer lives with his Aunt Polly and his half-brother Sid. He skips school to swim and is made to whitewash the fence the next day as punishment. He cleverly persuades his friends to trade him small treasures for the privilege of doing his work. He then trades the treasures for Sunday School tickets which one normally receives for memorizing verses, redeeming them for a Bible, much to the surprise and bewilderment of the superintendent who thought \"it was simply preposterous that this boy had warehoused two thousand sheaves of Scriptural wisdom on his premises—a dozen would strain his capacity, without a doubt.\"... Mark Twain Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910), better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American author and humorist. He wrote The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885), the latter often called \"The Great American Novel\".", "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (or, in more recent editions, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn) is a novel by Mark Twain, first published in the United Kingdom in December 1884 and in the United States in February 1885. Commonly named among the Great American Novels, the work is among the first in major American literature to be written throughout in vernacular English, characterized by local color regionalism. It is told in the first person by Huckleberry \"Huck\" Finn, a friend of Tom Sawyer and narrator of two other Twain novels (Tom Sawyer Abroad and Tom Sawyer, Detective). It is a direct sequel to The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.", "Gioia: Of all the great literary figures in American history, none has been so widely and continually popular as Mark Twain. He was a witty humorist, a wise political voice, an internationally admired lecturer, and a sharp-eyed travel writer. But most importantly, Twain was a brilliant storyteller. His real name was Samuel Langhorne Clemens, and perhaps his greatest achievements in fiction were his tributes to boyhood along the Mississippi River—The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.", "Mark Twain lived at this address in 1900, shortly after returning to the United States from Europe. Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 - April 21, 1910), better known by the pen name Mark Twain, was an American humorist, satirist, lecturer and writer. Twain is most noted for his novels Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, which has since been called the Great American Novel, and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.", "Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910), better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American writer. Among his novels are The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885), the latter often called \"The Great American Novel\".", "Samuel Langhorne Clemens (1835-1910), better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American author and humorist. He is most noted for his novel The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885), the latter often called \"the Great American Novel.\"", "In \"The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County, Mark Twain creates some memorable characters. The longer a character appears, the more sides you see of them and the more believable they become. They contrasted with what Easterners of the era expected, which made them even more appropriate, realistic, and likable. The main protagonist in the story is a man in Simon Wheeler’s narration named Jim Smiley. Showing many sides to his character, Jim is obviously a round character, showing emotions...", "“There is only one good substitute for the endearments of a sister, and that is the endearments of some other fellow’s sister.” – Josh Billings, the pen name of Henry Wheeler Shaw, American writer, humorist, lecturer, and friend of Mark Twain, who was born 21 April 1818.", "better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American author and humorist. He wrote The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885), the latter often called \"the Great American Novel.\"", "Once home again in Hartford, Twain began writing The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, a novel about a boy living near the Mississippi River. The eponymous hero of this work is an enterprising youth who rises to wealth and, thus, integration into Southern high society through a series of unlikely adventures and escapades. Early in the novel, Tom courts the favors of neighborhood newcomer Becky Thatcher, who reciprocates his affection only to learn that he had previously been tied to another girl, whereupon she ends the romance. Tom then travels with his friend, young vagrant Huckleberry Finn, to a cemetery, where their efforts to cure warts are thwarted when they witness grave robbing and a murder. The boys and another friend eventually run away and live on a nearby island. Once missing, they are believed dead, and the townsfolk hold the boys' funerals, which are interrupted by the boys themselves.", "Mark Twain, aka Samuel Clemens (1835; d.1910), American humorist.  \"The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County\", was first published in the New York Saturday Press on November 18, 1865. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876), Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885), A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, (1889). November 30" ]

[ 10.5078125, 7.51953125, 7.4765625, 7.375, 6.3828125, 4.5625, 3.607421875, 3.26171875, 3.04296875, 2.482421875, 2.078125, 1.6865234375, 0.53857421875, -0.0386962890625, -0.2310791015625, -0.456298828125, -0.767578125, -0.88330078125, -1.4921875, -1.5078125, -2.330078125, -3.95703125, -4.16015625, -4.9453125, -5.1015625, -5.51171875, -5.89453125, -6.63671875, -6.63671875, -6.7109375, -6.7578125, -6.9296875 ]

[ "A gear that is in the form of a screw. The screw thread engages the teeth on a worm wheel. When rotated, the worm pulls or pushes the wheel, causing rotation.", "‘Bug’ is a name that is given to many invertebrate animals, or animals that do not have a backbone. Mostly it is used to describe those invertebrate animals that have a segmented, hard outer skeleton and jointed legs. These animals are called arthropods and include insects, spiders, mites, scorpions, millipedes, centipedes and crustaceans.", "Worms resemble screws. A worm is meshed with a worm wheel, which looks similar to a spur gear.", " We have a whole selection of software that may come bundled under the name of malware . Short for malicious software, malware is any software that has been designed (programmed) specifically to damage or disrupt a computer system. The most common forms of malware are computer viruses, worms, and Trojan horses.", "Worms are independent virus programs that send themselves around the Internet and launch themselves silently on computers of unsuspecting victims. Trojan horses are malicious programs that appear to be a useful application, such as a screen saver, handy utility or a nifty game. Once executed they can make a computer vulnerable to hackers or even destroy critical files on the hard drive. Like the immune system of animals (including T-cells, B-cells and antibodies), antivirus software identify potential viruses and destroy them before they spread rampantly throughout the infected computer's boot sectors and hard drive. Updating the antivirus dat files is like maintaining up-to-date vaccinations and booster innoculations against new viral strains. Unfortunately, in humans there is no way to back up your entire healthy body data and then simply restore it when you become infected.", "The term \"computer virus\" may be used as an overarching phrase to include all types of true viruses, malware, including computer worms, Trojan horses, most rootkits, spyware, dishonest adware and other malicious and unwanted software (though all are technically unique), and proves to be quite financially lucrative for criminal organizations, offering greater opportunities for fraud and extortion whilst increasing security, secrecy and anonymity. Worms may be utilized by organized crime groups to exploit security vulnerabilities (duplicating itself automatically across other computers a given network), while a Trojan horse is a program that appears harmless but hides malicious functions (such as retrieval of stored confidential data, corruption of information, or interception of transmissions). Worms and Trojan horses, like viruses, may harm a computer system's data or performance. Applying the Internet model of organized crime, the proliferation of computer viruses and other malicious software promotes a sense of detachment between the perpetrator (whether that be the criminal organization or another individual) and the victim; this may help to explain vast increases in cyber-crime such as these for the purpose of ideological crime or terrorism. In mid July 2010, security experts discovered a malicious software program that had infiltrated factory computers and had spread to plants around the world. It is considered \"the first attack on critical industrial infrastructure that sits at the foundation of modern economies,\" notes the New York Times. ", "Malware Malicious software that's been developed to damage or destroy a device or steal information without permission.", "Viruses are not the only type of programs that are written solely to cripple computer systems or to use a computer in an unauthorized way. Other malicious programs are Logic Bombs, Trojan Horses, and Worms.", "Worm - A screw-like attachment to a ramrod or cleaning rod, designed to bore into a lead ball previously loaded into a muzzle-loader's barrel, with which to extract the ball and unload the gun without firing it. Also: Ball Screw   Photo", "On the other hand, some malware can be highly destructive to the functioning of a system. Trojans can take over control of a computer, obviously a dangerous capability in the hands of an adversary. Viruses and worms are the most easily spread forms of malware as they can replicate on their own. Among their more malicious capabilities, viruses and worms can disable computers by deleting critical data and preventing correct operation. 121", "The worm's effects stirred several people to action. One positive outcome from this experience was development in the United States of an infrastructure for reporting and correcting malicious and nonmalicious code flaws. The Internet worm occurred at about the same time that Cliff Stoll [STO89] reported his problems in tracking an electronic intruder (and his subsequent difficulty in finding anyone to deal with the case). The computer community realized it needed to organize. The resulting Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) at Carnegie Mellon University was formed; it and similar response centers around the world have done an excellent job of collecting and disseminating information on malicious code attacks and their countermeasures. System administrators now exchange information on problems and solutions. Security comes from informed protection and action, not from ignorance and inaction.", "These design issues combined with programming errors (e.g. buffer overflows) and the popularity of Windows means that it is a frequent target of computer worm and virus writers. In June 2005, Bruce Schneier's Counterpane Internet Security reported that it had seen over 1,000 new viruses and worms in the previous six months. In 2005, Kaspersky Lab found around 11,000 malicious programs—viruses, Trojans, back-doors, and exploits written for Windows. ", "virus. A program which secretly alters other programs to include a copy of itself, and executes when the host program is executed. The execution of a virus program compromises a computer system by performing unwanted or unintended functions which may be destructive. See: bomb, trojan horse, worm.", "A Trojan Horse is a deceptively labeled program that contains at least one function that is unknown to the user and that harms the user. A Trojan Horse does not replicate, which distinguishes it from viruses and worms.", "A technique used by some malware to cause an error in a program and make it easier to run malicious code.", "worm. An independent program which can travel from computer to computer across network connections replicating itself in each computer. They do not change other programs, but compromise a computer system through their impact on system performance. See: bomb, trojan horse, virus.", "We in the PC and web worlds have a lot to learn from this, too. We have a lot of bad design floating around that is just as perverse as fuel valves that face the wrong way, hidden behind firewalls. And it is not all to be found in freeware and shareware programs, where one might argue that, as with experimental aircraft, \"let the user beware.\" Indeed, some of the most egregious examples of design are apparent in the most expensive, mainstream operating systems and applications. Fortunately for the corporations behind them, our screw-ups generally don't kill people outright. Instead, we specialize in driving our users slowly insane.", "A worm is a program that copies itself. The distinction between a virus and worm, is that a virus never copies itself a virus is copied only when the infected executable file is run.", "There is a certain amount of confusion regarding the name for that three-legged, long-handled frying pan we call a \"spider.\" Collectors of kitchenware tell us that its shape evokes the arachnid-high stilty legs holding up a round black body. With a bit of a stretch, the long handle appendage is also somehow lifelike. The opening at the shaped tip of the handle, usually a hook or a rattail, suggests an eye. The organic nature of the image is carried into its name, as was typical of early technology terminology. It?s like the common use of the word \"dogs,\" (originally work animals,) and the terms \"firedogs\" (andirons,) or \"spit dogs\" (mechanical spit turners.)", "RT - Several computer viruses have been detected in a German nuclear power plant in Bavaria, the station operator said. The malware can steal login credentials and allow a remote attacker to access the cracked computer. The incident took place at Gundremmingen plant about 100km from Munich. In Gundremmingen nuclear power plant so-called office-malware has been found during testing work in Unit B, a statement released by the power plant said. Germany's Federal Office for Information Security (BSI) was immediately informed. The statement initially didn�t mention what kind of malware was involved, only saying this software has been �known for a few years� and is designed to make �an unwanted connection to the internet.�", "A: It might be a small insect called “No-see’ums”.  No, I am not making this up", "Joe Trela, Mar. 23 ’00: What insect shorted out an early supercomputer and inspired the term “computer bug”? A. Moth B. Roach C. Fly D. Japanese beetle", "Another trend is the development of targeted malware to infect certain systems. This malware may not have been seen by the anti-virus vendor, and therefore is unlikely to be caught.", "Interestingly though, there does appear to be a grain of truth in the accusations, with the anti-virus software giant confirming that harmless malware was in fact created and uploaded. However, this was part of a test of its own software systems, not an attempt to discredit rivals. The statement issued explained the experiment:", "Big thanks to MaLisa Spring for suggesting this week’s critter. You can browse the full Absurd Creature of the Week archive here . Know of an animal you want me to write about? Are you a scientist studying a bizarre creature? Email matthew_simon@wired.com or ping me on Twitter at @mrMattSimon .", "Sometimes the controller doesn't only control insects but is also made of them, in which case this overlaps with The Worm That Walks . They may also be Friend to Bugs (especially for the insects version), but not always.", "In February 2015, after media reported the hidden pre-installation of Superfish adware on some Lenovo notebooks, a researcher found a trusted root certificate on affected Lenovo machines to be insecure, as the keys could easily be accessed using the company name, Komodia, as a passphrase. The Komodia library was designed to intercept client-side TLS/SSL traffic for parental control and surveillance, but it was also used in numerous adware programs, including Superfish, that were often surreptitiously installed unbeknownst to the computer user. In turn, these potentially unwanted programs installed the corrupt root certificate, allowing attackers to completely control web traffic and confirm false web sites as authentic.", "There are also web pages out there that purport to tell you how to remove a virus, but in doing so, you install another virus. Caveat emptor!", "Analyzer: detects an activity that it is programmed to deem as fishy and sends an alert to the administrative interface.", "Zoos have found that providing food unpredictably in time can also be highly beneficial. Shepherdson9 devised a simple 'mealworm dispenser' which releases mealworms at random. Its design is simple (see Figure 1), consisting of a transparent acrylic tube with holes drilled in it; the tube is filled with mealworms and sawdust and corked at each end. The mealworms from time to time fallout and are found by the predator.", "Both ends of the case are identical, and are used by the larva to hide. When disturbed, it encloses itself in the case by pulling the bottom-most side up. This closing mechanism is very difficult to open from the outside.", "Style of plastic worm that has a long ribbon type tail that ripples when the worm is retrieved." ]

[ 0.30859375, -1.80078125, -2.17578125, -2.5078125, -2.681640625, -2.984375, -3.38671875, -4.6875, -4.875, -5.71484375, -5.87890625, -5.96875, -5.99609375, -6.28515625, -6.5, -6.54296875, -6.6171875, -6.875, -7.11328125, -7.31640625, -7.796875, -7.85546875, -8.1015625, -8.1171875, -9.0234375, -9.0234375, -9.0546875, -9.359375, -9.515625, -9.5546875, -10.2578125, -10.4140625 ]

[ "Benjamin Harrison has the distinction of being the president who served between Grover Cleveland's two separate terms, and his presidency has also been treated with a disdain accorded to the other chief executives of the Gilded Age. Yet, as is true with the other presidents who preceded and followed him, he was a decent man who tried to conduct the office according to what he believed was good for the country.", "President Barack Obama is the 44th President of the United States. He is, however, only the 43rd person ever to serve as President; President Grover Cleveland served two nonconsecutive terms, and thus is recognized as both the 22nd and the 24th President. Today, the President is limited to two four-year terms, but until the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution, ratified in 1951, a President could serve an unlimited number of terms. Franklin Delano Roosevelt was elected President four times, serving from 1932 until his death in 1945; he is the only President ever to have served more than two terms.", "Grover Cleveland is the only man to serve two, non-consecutive terms as President of the United States, occupying the Oval Office from 1885 to 1889 and from 1893 to 1897. He was the sole Democrat to serve as First Magistrate of the Republic from 1861 through 1913, when Woodrow Wilson, also a Democrat, was inaugurated as the 28th President.", "101.  Grover Cleveland is the only US president to serve two non-consecutive terms.  Who served the term in between his two presidencies (1889-1893)? Harrison (Benjamin)", "Grover Cleveland is most famous for being the only president to serve two non-consecutive terms. This means he was president for one term (four years), lost the next election (to Benjamin Harrison ), then came back to win again in the following election.", "*Democrat Grover Cleveland was the 22nd and 24th president of the United States, having served from 1885 to 1889, and 1893 to 1897. So he doesn't technically qualify as a one term president. But because Cleveland is the only president to serve two non-consecutive four-year terms, he holds an important place in U.S. history, having lost his initial bid for re-election in 1888 to Republican Benjamin Harrison .", "* 2012 had Chester Arthur, Grover Cleveland (1st term), Benjamin Harrison, and Grover Cleveland (2nd term)", "Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837June 24, 1908) was the 22nd and 24th President of the United States. He was the winner of the popular vote for president three timesin 1884, 1888, and 1892and was one of the three Democrats (with Andrew Johnson and Woodrow Wilson) to serve as president during the era of Republican political domination dating from 1861 to 1933. He is the only President in American history to serve two non-consecutive terms in office.", "Not every US president who served more than one term served them consecutively, however. Grover Cleveland was the only president who served two terms that were not in a row. He goes down in the American history books as both the 22nd and 24th president of the United States.", "Grover Cleveland stepped into office as the 22nd president. He served for two non-consecutive terms. This means the terms weren't back to back.", "Cleveland vetoed a bill that would have allowed American Civil War veterans to collect pensions for disabilities that occurred after the war, and he stood against protective tariffs on imported goods. During his first term, he married Frances Folsom, becoming the only President to wed while in the White House. Although he received the majority of popular votes, he lost the 1888 election to Benjamin Harrison.", "Grover Cleveland was the only president to serve two non-consecutive terms. He was inaugurated in 1885 (seen here) and 1893.", "Grover Cleveland is best remembered as the only president to serve two non-consecutive terms. He had been perceived as a reform governor of New York, yet came to the White House amid controversy in the election of 1884 . He was the first Democrat elected president following the Civil War.", "* Grover Cleveland (1837–1908), 22nd and 24th President of the United States, retired to, died in, and buried in Princeton. ", "22. Grover Cleveland – As well as being the only President to serve two non-consecutive terms Cleveland was a fan of the telephone and would personally answer the White House phone.", "Republican William Howard Taft  was the 27th president of the United States, serving from 1909 to 1913. He lost a campaign for re-election in 1912 to Democrat Woodrow Wilson , who went on to serve two full terms.", "In 1892 Grover Cleveland was re-nominated, and this time he beat Harrison. This made him the only US President to serve nonconsecutive terms. He took office again just as the nation was entering a depression. His second administration was beset by political and industrial unrest. He invoked the Monroe Doctrine and threatened, if necessary, to use force to arbitrate a dispute with Britain over a South American boundary. He recognized the new government American settlers had established in Hawaii, and he prevented expeditions from leaving the US to assist the rebels in Cuba.", "The only president to serve two non-consecutive terms; a bachelor when elected, he married in the White House. He is: A. Grover Cleveland.", "Grover Cleveland was the only president to be elected to two non-consecutive terms. A staunch political and social conservative, Grover Cleveland was known for his integrity and reformist activities. When he was elected governor of New York in 1882, he went after the corrupt Democratic political machine of Tammany Hall, courageously defying the \"Bosses\" who controlled the party. Nominated on the second ballot at the 1884 Democratic convention, Cleveland won election by the smallest popular margin in American history.", "Grover Cleveland became the 22nd president in 1885 as a Democrat.  He was unable to be re-elected in 1888, but he was re-elected in 1892, making him the only man to serve two non-consecutive terms as president.  During the campaign of 1884, his morality was questioned when it was discovered that he had had an illegitimate child, and he confessed to this.  He was the only president ever to be married in the White House.  As president, he had the most vetoes (414) of any president so far.  He supported the gold standard, but the economy became even worse in the Panic of 1893.  He was not re-nominated by his own party.", "March 4, 1893: Grover Cleveland was inaugurated as president of the United States for the second time.", "Theodore Roosevelt became the 26th President of the United States in September of 1901 and he stayed in office until 1909. Prior to becoming the Vice President when President McKinley was elected in March of 1901, Theodore Roosevelt served as the Governor of New York. President Roosevelt is best known for leading the Progressive Movement. Unlike all other Presidents, who are limited to only two terms, President Roosevelt was eligible to run for another term because he had technically only been elected once. President Roosevelt decided not to run after his term ended in 1909,  but he did attempt to run again in 1912 against current President William Taft. Roosevelt failed to grab the Republican nomination from Taft, which led to his creation of the Bull Moose Party.", "James Abram Garfield (November 19, 1831 - September 19, 1881) was the 20th President of the United States. His death, two months after being shot and six months after his inauguration, made his tenure, at 199 days.", "Thus, most historians count Grover Cleveland as two separate Presidents. But should we? The usual justification goes as follows: Thanks to that pesky four-year gap, first and second-term Cleveland weren’t the same President, despite the minor technicality of being the exact same person.", "James Garfield (1831-81) was sworn in as the 20th U.S. president in March 1881 and died in September of that same year from an assassin’s bullet, making his tenure in office the second-shortest in U.S. presidential history, after William Henry Harrison (1773-1841). Born in an Ohio log cabin, Garfield was a self-made man who became a school president in his mid-20s. During the U.S. Civil War (1861-65), he fought for the Union and rose to the rank of major general. Garfield, a Republican, went on to represent his home state in the U.S. House of Representatives, where he served from 1863 to 1881. In 1880, a divided Republican Party chose Garfield as its dark horse presidential nominee. After winning the general election, his brief time in office was marked by political wrangling. In July 1881, Garfield was shot by a disgruntled constituent and died less than three months later.", "In the end, Cleveland won the popular vote by a margin of more than 4,000 votes, but Harrison won the Electoral College vote 233 to 168, and thus the presidency. The next presidential election in 1892 was a rematch, and Cleveland defeated Harrison and reclaimed the presidency. He thus became the only President to serve nonconsecutive terms, winning the office once again after losing as the incumbent.", "The Republicans re-nominated President Harrison, making the 1892 election a rematch of the one four years earlier. Unlike the turbulent and controversial elections of 1876, 1884, and 1888, the 1892 election was, according to Cleveland biographer Allan Nevins, \"the cleanest, quietest, and most creditable in the memory of the post-war generation,\" in part because Harrison's wife, Caroline, was dying of tuberculosis. Harrison did not personally campaign at all. Following Caroline Harrison's death on October 25, two weeks before the national election, Cleveland and all of the other candidates stopped campaigning, thus making Election Day a somber and quiet event for the whole country as well as the candidates.", "Grover Cleveland (1893-1897) Cleveland returned as president in 1893. He was still moustachioed, overweight and even more bald.", "20th President of the United States of America Serving the second shortest term in U. S. history (only 6 months), James Garfield was the second President of the United States to be assassinated.", "In his first election for president, 1882 (Began serving in March of 1883., Cleveland won by a small margin of 24,000 votes. He had 219 electoral votes to Blaine's 182 electoral votes. In three years he had gone from being the Mayor of Buffalo, to Governor of the state of New York, to President of the United states.", "James Garfield, a distinguished Civil War veteran, may have been one of the most promising presidents following the war. But his time in the White House was cut short when he was wounded by an assassin four months after taking office on July 2, 1881.", "Cleveland lost the 1888 election over his proposal to reduce tariffs on foreign goods, but was reelected in 1893 on a platform of economy in government--and tariff reduction. Soon after his reelection, the country suffered a severe economic depression, the Panic of 1893; despite the suffering of the unemployed, Cleveland stayed true to his \"hands off\" government policy and would not intervene. However, when Pullman railroad workers went on strike over a pay cut in 1894, interfering with the delivery of the U.S. mail, Cleveland sent in federal troops to break it up. Cleveland did better with foreign affairs, citing the Monroe Doctrine to force arbitration of a boundary between Venezuela and British Guiana." ]

[ 6.72265625, 4.34375, 3.8515625, 3.310546875, 3.216796875, 2.935546875, 2.73046875, 2.61328125, 0.489990234375, -0.3046875, -0.50341796875, -0.5390625, -0.9404296875, -1.0859375, -1.154296875, -1.3701171875, -1.5087890625, -1.5732421875, -1.78125, -2.05078125, -2.572265625, -2.58203125, -2.64453125, -2.978515625, -3.052734375, -3.33203125, -3.748046875, -3.970703125, -4.0078125, -4.03125, -5.5625, -5.92578125 ]

[ "On June 25, 1876, Native American warriors led by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull defeated Lt. Col. George Custer and his forces near Montana Territory’s Little Bighorn River.", "In the early spring of 1876, a Hunkpapa Lakota chief and holy man known as Sitting Bull (1831-1890) has a vision that foretells a victory over American soldiers attempting to march into a Lakota camp. On June 25 and 26, on the Greasy Grass River (which is now known as the Little Bighorn), 2,000 Lakota and Cheyenne, who are defending their summer hunting camp, fight and defeat U.S. troops led by Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer. Custer and the 209 soldiers fighting under him are killed. The Indians lose just 32 men.", "In the ensuing conflict, General George Armstrong Custer and 300 troops were killed at Little Bighorn on June 25, 1876, by the Sioux Chief Sitting Bull and his warriors.", "On June 25, 1876, an alliance of Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho defeat ed the U.S. Army under the leadership of Gen. George Armstrong Custer at the Battle of the Little Bighorn, Montana. The defeat is sometimes called “Custer’s Last Stand.”", "On June 25, 1876, Sitting Bull's warriors had joined with other Indians in the Battle of the Little Big Horn in Montana , which resulted in the massacre of George Custer and five troops of the 7th Cavalry. Worried that their great victory would provoke a massive retaliation by the U.S. military, the Indians scattered into smaller bands. During the following year, the U.S. Army tracked down and attacked several of these groups, forcing them to surrender and move to reservations.", "25-26 Jun – Civil War hero George Armstrong Custer and his detachment of the 7th US Cavalry were annihilated by Sioux, Cheyenne and Arapaho in the Battle of the Little Bighorn (1876).", "In der Schlacht am Little Bighorn am 25. Juni 1876 wurde das 7. US-Kavallerieregiment unter George Armstrong Custer von Indianern der Lakota-Sioux, Arapaho und Cheyenne unter ihren Führern Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse und Gall am Little Bighorn River im heutigen Montana vernichtend geschlagen. Es war einer der wenigen größeren indianischen Siege gegen die U.S. Army. Die Niederlage ist laut heutigen Analysen maßgeblich der falschen Lageeinschätzung Custers zuzuschreiben, der nicht damit rechnete, auf ein gewaltiges Kriegslager der Indianer zu treffen. Custers Aufteilung seines Regiments in kleinere Gruppen schwächte zudem seine konzertierte Kampfkraft.", "The 7th Cavalry, Custer commanding, departed from Fort Abraham Lincoln on May 17, 1876, part of a larger army force planning to round up remaining free Indians. Meanwhile, in the spring and summer of 1876, the Hunkpapa Lakota holy man Sitting Bull had called together the largest ever gathering of Plains Indians at Ash Creek, Montana (later moved to the Little Bighorn River) to discuss what to do about the whites. It was this united encampment of Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho Indians that the 7th met at the Battle of the Little Bighorn.", "Lieutenant Colonel Custer and his U.S. Army troops are defeated in battle with Native American Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne, on the Little Bighorn Battlefield, June 25, 1876 at Little Bighorn River, Montana.", "The battle, near the Little Bighorn River in eastern Montana Territory, was the most prominent action of the Great Sioux War of 1876. It was an overwhelming victory for the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho, led by several major war leaders, including Crazy Horse and Chief Gall, inspired by the visions of Sitting Bull.", "The Battle of the Little Bighorn, which occurred on June 25 and 26, 1876, and commonly referred to as Custer's Last Stand, was an armed engagement between combined forces of Lakota, Northern Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes, against the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army. Battle of Little Bighorn", "When Custer attacked on June 25, 1876 Crazy Horse led his warriors against Custer’s men from the north and west, while Gall charged Custer from the south and east. Custer’s force, including Custer himself was completely destroyed. After the battle the Sioux encampment split up with Sitting Bull heading to Canada and Crazy Horse and his followers traveling back to the Rosebud River. However, despite winning several battles, Crazy Horse band could not win the war. Intense harassment by the military and the loss of their food source, the buffalo, finally forced Crazy Horse and his followers to surrender on May 6, 1877 at Ft. Robinson in northwest Nebraska.", "Over the course of the first half of 1876, Sitting Bull's camp continually expanded, as natives joined him for safety in numbers. His leadership had attracted warriors and families, creating an extensive village estimated at more than 10,000 people. Lt. Col. Custer came across this large camp on June 25, 1876. Sitting Bull did not take a direct military role in the ensuing battle; instead he acted as a spiritual leader. A week prior to the attack, he had performed the Sun Dance, in which he fasted and sacrificed over 100 pieces of flesh from his arms.", "The village that Custer's Crow scouts saw was one of the largest ever gatherings of Plains Native Americans. Called together by the Hunkpapa Lakota holy man Sitting Bull, the encampment consisted of several tribes and numbered as high as 1,800 warriors and their families. Among the noted leaders in the village were Crazy Horse and Gall. Despite the size of the village, Custer moved forward on faulty intelligence provided by Indian Agents which suggested that the hostile Native American force in the region numbered around 800, only slightly more than the 7th Cavalry's size.", "In 1873, in what would serve as a preview of the Battle of Little Bighorn three years later, an Indian military coalition featuring the leadership of Sitting Bull skirmished briefly with Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer. In 1876, Sitting Bull was not a strategic leader in the U.S. defeat at Little Bighorn, but his spiritual influence inspired Crazy Horse and the other victorious Indian military leaders. He subsequently fled to Canada, but in 1881, with his people starving, he returned to the United States and surrendered.", "On June 25, 1876, the Custer myth got its start as Sioux and Cheyenne warriors clashed with the U.S. Army’s Seventh Cavalry in Medicine Tail Coulee and the surrounding area on the Greasy Grass River (Little Big Horn) in Montana Territory. When the shooting was over, five companies of Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer’s command had been wiped out, with 262 men dead and 55 wounded, half the battalion. So startling was the Indian victory that when Crow scouts who had been riding with Custer met up with Gen. Alfred Terry the day after the fight and told him what they had seen, he refused to believe them.", "Inspired by this vision, the Oglala Lakota war chief, Crazy Horse , set out for battle with a band of 500 warriors, and on June 17 he surprised Crook's troops and forced them to retreat at the Battle of the Rosebud. To celebrate this victory, the Lakota moved their camp to the valley of the Little Bighorn River , where they were joined by 3,000 more Indians who had left the reservations to follow Sitting Bull. Here they were attacked on June 25 by the Seventh Cavalry under George Armstrong Custer, whose badly outnumbered troops first rushed the encampment, as if in fulfillment of Sitting Bull's vision, and then made a stand on a nearby ridge, where they were destroyed.", "In March General George Crook took the field against the hostiles, and Sitting Bull responded by summoning the Sioux, Cheyenne , and certain Arapaho to his camp in Montana Territory. There on June 17 Crook’s troops were forced to retreat in the Battle of the Rosebud. The Indian chiefs then moved their encampment into the valley of the Little Bighorn River. At this point Sitting Bull performed the Sun Dance , and when he emerged from a trance induced by self-torture, he reported that he had seen soldiers falling into his camp like grasshoppers from the sky. His prophecy was fulfilled on June 25, when Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer rode into the valley and he and all the men under his immediate command were annihilated in the Battle of the Little Bighorn .", "*1876 – Battle of the Little Bighorn and the death of Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer.", "On the morning of June 25, 1876, Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer and the 7th Cavalry charged into battle against Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne Indians. Custer's orders were to wait for reinforcements at the mouth of the Little Big Horn River before attacking the Indians, but Chief Sitting Bull had been spotted nearby, and Custer was impatient to attack.", "George Custer was born in New Rumley, Ohio, in 1839. During the Civil War he commanded several different cavalry divisions and distinguished himself with his bravery in some of its most important battles. In 1866 Custer joined the 7th Cavalry in Kansas, and on June 25, 1876, he led 210 men against Lakota and Cheyenne warriors at the Battle of Little Bighorn, where he and all of his men were killed.", "On the 25th June 1876, the Battle of Little Bighorn began when American Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer led federal troops against the combined forces of the Lakota Sioux, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho Plains Indians..... . .", "He was the Lakota Indian Chief who helped defeat General Custer in the Battle of Little Big Horn in 1876, and whose arrest help to set off the 1890 massacre at Wounded Knee.", "After the Civil War, Custer remained a major general in the United States Volunteers until they were mustered out in February 1866. He reverted to his permanent rank of captain and was appointed a lieutenant colonel in the 7th Cavalry Regiment in July 1866. He was dispatched to the west in 1867 to fight in the American Indian Wars. On June 25, 1876, while leading the 7th Cavalry Regiment at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in Montana Territory against a coalition of Native American tribes, he and all of his regiment—which included two of his brothers—were killed. The battle is popularly known in American history as \"Custer's Last Stand.\" Custer and his regiment were defeated so decisively at the Little Bighorn that it has overshadowed all of his prior achievements.", "Low Dog, a chief from the Oglala tribe, described the Battle of Little Bighorn saying, “They came on us like a thunderbolt…. We retreated until our men got all together, and then we charged upon them. I called to my men, ‘This is a good day to die; follow me.’ We massed our men, and that no man should fall back, every man whipped another man’s horse and we rushed right upon them.” Although we don’t know the details of the Battle of the Little Bighorn, an archaeological survey of the battlefield confirms that the soldiers stood their ground and died fighting. In recounting the battle, Low Dog said of Custer “he was a brave warrior and died a brave man.”", "Beginning in July, the 7th Cavalry was assigned new officers [77] and recruiting efforts begun to fill the depleted ranks. The regiment, reorganized into eight companies, remained in the field as part of the Terry Expedition, now based on the Yellowstone River at the mouth of the Big Horn and reinforced by Gibbon's column. On August 8, 1876, after Terry was further reinforced with the 5th Infantry, the expedition moved up Rosebud Creek in pursuit of the Lakota. It met with Crook's command, similarly reinforced, and the combined force, almost 4,000 strong, followed the Lakota trail northeast toward the Little Missouri River . Persistent rain and lack of supplies forced the column to dissolve and return to its varying starting points. The 7th Cavalry returned to Fort Lincoln to reconstitute.", "Former Civil War general; leader in the Battle of Little Big Horn against the Sioux Native Americans in the Dakotas . He and all of his men were killed in that battle in 1876. ", "A highly fictionalized account of the life of George Armstrong Custer from his arrival at West Point in 1857 to his death at the battle of the Little Big Horn in 1876. He has little ... See full summary  »", "The Battle of the Little Bighorn took place on July 25, 1876. U.S. cavalrymen attacked a camp of Lakota and Cheyenne Indians.", "c.1831–1890, Native American chief, Sioux leader in the battle of the Little Bighorn. He rose to prominence in the Sioux warfare against the whites and the resistance of the Native Americans under his command to forced settlement on a reservation led to a punitive expedition. In the course of the resistance occurred the Native American victory on the Little Bighorn, where George Armstrong Custer Custer, George Armstrong,", ". Following the Battle of Washita River in November 1868, Custer was alleged (by Captain Frederick Benteen, chief of scouts Ben Clark, and Cheyenne oral tradition) to have married Monaseetah, daughter of the Cheyenne chief Little Rock (killed in the Washita battle), during the winter and early spring of 1868–1869. Monaseetah gave birth to a child in January 1869, two months after the", "But the economic depression following the Civil War revived American fantasies of finding gold in the west. Under the pretense of surveying the Black Hills for the US Army, George Armstrong Custer violated the Treaty of 1868 when he led an expedition into the Paha Sapa in search of gold. Custer, who graduated last in his class at West Point but made general at age twenty-three, brought newspaper reporters, a photographer, a botanist, a geologist, and several professional miners with him. Halfway through the trip Custer dispatched a scout with a telegram declaring he had “found gold in the roots of the grass.” Later, Custer's geologist denied any knowledge of gold in the Paha Sapa." ]

[ 7.609375, 7.00390625, 6.6953125, 5.1796875, 3.4765625, 3.287109375, 2.796875, 2.5546875, 2.15625, 2.09765625, 1.9296875, 1.876953125, 1.84765625, 1.61328125, 1.5185546875, 1.244140625, 1.1474609375, 0.91015625, 0.71337890625, 0.453125, 0.079833984375, -0.62451171875, -0.93212890625, -1.234375, -1.984375, -2.119140625, -2.556640625, -3.279296875, -3.361328125, -4.35546875, -6.265625, -6.32421875 ]

[ "Erle Stanley Gardner, the prolific pulp fiction writer best known for creating the fictional lawyer Perry Mason; Della Street, Mason's secretary; private detective Paul Drake, Mason's favorite investigator; and Hamilton Burger, the district attorney with the worst won-lost record in the history of fictional jurisprudence, was born in in Malden, Massachusetts, in 1889, the son of a mining engineer. The family soon moved to Portland, Oregon, and later to the Klondike during the Gold Rush. Eventually, the Gardners settled in Oroville, California, a small mining town.", "Della Street is the fictional secretary of Perry Mason in the long-running series of novels, short stories, films, and radio and television programs featuring the fictional defense attorney created by Erle Stanley Gardner.", "Erle Stanley Gardner 1889-1970 the case of Perry Mason, Della Street was the fictional secretary of Perry Mason in the long-running seriesof novels, films, and radio and television programs", "Erle Stanley Gardner not only kept Perry Mason frozen for 40 years, he depicted Los Angeles in as non-specific a manner as possible, keeping not only defense attorney Mason, super-secretary Della Street, and indefatigable PI Paul Drake ageless, but the world around them, too. Gardner wanted to keep the novels timeless, so they could stay in print forever -- for many decades, he got his wish.", "A hallmark of the stories is that Perry Mason (with the assistance of his secretary Della Street and private investigator Paul Drake), once embarked on a case, will juggle the evidence using unusual (even bizarre) tactics to mislead the police – but (except for the very earliest novels) always in an ethical fashion:", "Perry Mason based on a fictional defense attorney \"Perry Mason\" played by the actor Raymond Burr and his faithful secretary, \"Della Street\" . Series ran from 1957 till 1966.", "Perry Mason is a fictional character, a defense attorney who originally was the main character in numerous pieces of detective fiction authored by Erle Stanley Gardner. Perry Mason was featured in more than 80 novels and short stories, most of which had a story line which involved his client being put on trial for murder. Typically, Mason was able to establish his client's innocence by demonstrating the guilt of another character. The character of Perry Mason was portrayed each weekday on a long running radio series, followed by the well-known depictions on film and television. Before Perry Mason debuted on the 'small screen' in the long running television series, Erle Stanley Gardner's crafty defense lawyer had appeared in some mostly ignored Hollywood films. In 1934, Warner Brothers, who had bought the rights to the Mason books, released The Case of the Howling Dog starring Warren William in the role of Perry Mason. Warner Brothers later recast the role of Perry with actor Ricardo Cortez in 1936's The Case of the Black Cat . Despite Cortez' Latin lover good looks, the film was a complete failure. One year later a third Mason film, The Case of the Stuttering Bishop , premiered starring a forgettable Donald Woods.", "On the other hand, English crime writer Edgar Wallace, who was immensely popular with the English readership during the early decades of the 20th century (and who achieved fame in German-speaking countries due to the many B movies made in the 1950s, 60s, and 70s that were based on his novels), had almost been forgotten in his home country until House of Stratus eventually started republishing many of his 170 books around the turn of the millennium. Similarly, the books by the equally successful American author Erle Stanley Gardner (1889–1970), creator of the lawyer Perry Mason, which have frequently been adapted for film, radio, and TV, were only recently republished in the United Kingdom—books such as The Case of the Stuttering Bishop (1937), The Case of the Green-Eyed Sister (1953), etc.", "* The Case of the Curious Bride (1935), with Warren William and Claire Dodd as Della Street. Notable for the first-released American screen appearance of Errol Flynn as the corpse, who is seen alive but not speaking in a brief flashback.", "In 1933 Hyde Park, N.Y.-born Erle Stanley Gardner (1889-1970) (AKA A.A. Fair et al.) pub. The Case of the Velvet Claws , and The Case of the Sulky Girl , the first Perry Mason stories; 1-3 new stories appear every year through 1973. On Oct. 16, 1963 Perry Mason loses his only case, The Case of the Deadly Verdict ; the reason is that his client withheld evidence - a signal to the JFK assassins to go ahead with their plans? On May 22, 1966 The Case of the Final Fade-Out , the final episode of the Perry Mason TV series appears, becoming the only episode in color; the Man Himself Erle Stanley Gardner (1889-1970) appears in it; a 2nd Perry Mason series starring Monte Markham and Sharon Acker appears on TV in 1973, but only lasts 13 weeks.", "Dorothy B. Hughes (1904 - 1993) - Dorothy B. Hughes wrote crime novels and was a reviewer of mystery novels. She was born in Kansas City, Missouri. She graduated from the University of Missouri with a journalism degree. She wrote 14 mystery novels, some of which such as The Fallen Sparrow, and In a Lonely Place were made into films. From 1940 - 1979, she reviewed mystery novels for the Los Angeles Times, The New York Herald Tribune and other papers. In 1978, she wrote Erle Stanley Gardner: The Case of the Real Perry Mason which is a biography of that author. Hughes received two Edgar Awards, and was named a Grand Master of Mystery in 1978. Several of her novels have been reissued and are available at Amazon.", "The world most famous literary lawer.Gardner's first Perry Mason stories THE CASE OF THE VELVET CLAWS and THE CASE OF THE SULKY GIRL appeared in 1933. \"The character I am trying to create for him is that of a fighter who is possessed of infinite patience,\" he explained to his publisher. Perry comes off as a particularly hardboiled lawyer/detective, throwing his weight around, duking it out with suspects, breaking and entering, and other private eye shenanigans.Readers were enthusiastic and he gave up law and wrote eighty more Masons.", "Argosy began in 1882 as a magazine for children and ceased publication ninety-six years later as soft-core porn for men, but for ten years in between it was the home of a true-crime column by Erle Stanley Gardner, the man who gave the world Perry Mason. In eighty-two novels, six films, and nearly three hundred television episodes, Mason, a criminal-defense lawyer, took on seemingly guilty clients and proved their innocence. In the magazine, Gardner, who had practiced law before turning to writing, attempted to do something similar—except that there his “clients” were real people, already convicted and behind bars. All of them met the same criteria: they were impoverished, they insisted that they were blameless, they were serving life sentences for serious crimes, and they had exhausted their legal options. Gardner called his column “The Court of Last Resort.”", "Jane Marple, usually referred to as Miss Marple, is a fictional character appearing in 12 of Agatha Christie 's crime novels and in 20 short stories. Miss Marple is an elderly spinster who lives in the village of St. Mary Mead and acts as an amateur consulting detective . Alongside Hercule Poirot , she is one of the most loved and famous of Christie's characters and has been portrayed numerous times on screen. Her first appearance was in a short story published in The Royal Magazine in December 1927, \" The Tuesday Night Club \", [3] which later became the first chapter of The Thirteen Problems (1932). Her first appearance in a full-length novel was in The Murder at the Vicarage in 1930.", "On television, Della Street was played by Barbara Hale in the series, for which she received an Emmy Award, and in the 30 made-for-TV movies. Sharon Acker played Della Street in the short-lived revival series The New Perry Mason, starring Monte Markham as Mason.", "Fair, A. A. (Erle Stanley Gardner). The Bigger They Come. New York: William Morrow, 1934. Original black cloth, dust wrapper. Detectives: Bertha Cool and Donald Lamb, in their first appearance.", "NOTE // ABSTRACT --- ill. ; 27 cm. v. 1. Batman: the Herculean detective -- James Bond: the byronic spy -- Father Brown: the clerical sleuth -- Charlie Chan: \"the first nonwhite popular detective\" -- Agatha Christie: creator of Hercule Poirot, the foreign sleuth, and Miss Jane Marple, the elderly sleuth -- Inspector Clouseau: the detective as buffoon -- Columbo: the disheveled detective -- Dragnet: television's most famous police drama -- Nancy Drew: the girl detective -- Jessica Fletcher: the mystery writer snoop -- Mike Hammer: a very imperfect, far from gentle knight -- Dirty Harry: the vigilante cop -- v. 2. Tony Hillerman : creator of ethnic detectives Joe Leaphorn and Jim Chee -- Alfred Hitchcock : cinemas master of suspense -- Sherlock Holmes : the genius detective -- Inspector Jules Maigret : the gallic gumshoe -- Philip Marlowe : the detective as knight errant -- Perry Mason : the legal sleuth : Edgar Allan Poe : The father of detective fiction -- Dorothy L. Sayers : creator of Lord Peter Wimsey, the aristocratic sleuth -- Sam Spade : the hard-boiled private eye -- Dick Tracy : the first comic strip police detective hero -- Nero Wolfe : the armchair sleuth -- Zorro : the masked avenger. Includes bibliographical references and index. //", "Jane Marple, usually referred to as Miss Marple, is a fictional character appearing in 12 of Agatha Christie's crime novels and in 20 short stories. Miss Marple is an elderly spinster who lives in the village of St. Mary Mead and acts as an amateur consulting detective. Alongside Hercule Poirot, she is one of the most loved and famous of Christie's characters and has been portrayed numerous times on screen. Her first appearance was in a short story published in The Royal Magazine in December 1927, \"The Tuesday Night Club\", which later became the first chapter of The Thirteen Problems (1932). Her first appearance in a full-length novel was in The Murder at the Vicarage in 1930.", "Although completed in 1916, it took four more years for her debut, The Mysterious Affair at Styles , to finally see print. With it the book introduced one of the most famous literary figures of all time, the former Belgian Police Officer turned detective, Hercule Poirot. Standing at just five foot four inches tall, pompous, incurably vain, with famously full and expertly coifed moustaches, Poirot preferred to outwit his opponents purely by use of his ‘little grey cells’, rapidly cementing the sleuth into the public consciousness. 33 novels, a play and more than 50 short stories followed, with Christie ultimately killing off her most enduring creation in the final novel Curtain . Poirot remains the only fictional character to have ever had an obituary in The New York Times.", "(Question:  Which famous detective is most like you?  Sherlock Holmes ?  Miss Marple ?  Philip Marlowe ?  Sam Spade ?  Nancy Drew ?  Perry Mason ?  Columbo ?  TJ Hooker ?)", "While the Perry Mason books were by far Gardner's most successful works, they were by no means his only ones. Nor was Mason his only character. One of his early pulp creations was a human fly detective named Speed Dash. He also wrote a series of books starring a district attorney named Doug Selby and other characters named Bertha Cool and Donald Lam. He worked with pen names; A. A. Fair was just one. He also wrote short stories and novelettes, plus many nonfiction works such as his books on the Baja region of California and the Sacramento delta, as well as authoritative books on crime. But it was when Gardner was writing about what he knew", "While authors from this period, like Christie and Sayers, continued to write stories well into the 1960’s, the Golden Era began to ebb with the onset of WWII. During this period, patriotism throughout many countries encouraged the idolization of men in uniform—which led to the later development and popularity of police detectives. Despite the end of this era, many of these titles are still in print today and many of the featured detectives during this period, including Poirot and Miss Marple, have starred in their own television series or film adaptations.", "Written in 1916, during World War I, The Mysterious Affair at Styles is Agatha Christie’s first published novel. The story introduces the author’s world-famous Belgian detective, Hercule Poirot, as well as Lieutenant (later Captain) Hastings and Inspector (later Chief Inspector) Japp. The mystery begins with Poirot settling in England near the home of Emily Inglethorp. When Emily is killed, Poirot must apply his detective skills to solve the mystery based on a few seemingly random clues. The book includes maps of the house, the murder scene, and a drawing of a fragment of a will.", "Agatha Christie began writing during World War I while employed as a nurse. The Mysterious Affair at Styles, her first novel, was written at this time although not published until 1920. Christie's sly, solipsistic Belgian supersleuth, Hercule Poirot, makes his debut in this book. Captain Arthur Hastings, a guest at Styles Court, the family manor of his old friend John", "\"The Mysterious Affair at Styles\" is a detective novel by Agatha Christie. It was written in the middle of World War I, in 1916, and first published by John Lane in the United States in October 1920 and in the United Kingdom by The Bodley Head on 21 January 1921. Styles was Christie's first published novel, introducing Hercule Poirot, Inspector (later, Chief Inspector) Japp, and Arthur Hastings. The story is told in first person by Hastings and features many of the elements that have become icons of the Golden Age of Detective Fiction, largely due to Christie's influence. It is set in a large, isolated country manor. There are a half-dozen suspects, most of whom are hiding facts about themselves. The book includes maps of the house, the murder scene, and a drawing of a fragment of a will, as well as a number of red herrings and surprise plot twists. \"The Secret Adversary\" is a work of detective fiction by Agatha Christie, first published in the United Kingdom by The Bodley Head in January 1922. The book introduces the characters of Tommy and Tuppence who feature in three other Christie books and one collection of short stories written throughout her writing career.", "Like many mystery writers, Gardner tried to differentiate some of his writing by taking a variety of pen names. A.A. Fair was the one used for his Cool and Lam series", "Nero Wolfe is a fictional character, an armchair detective created in 1934 by American mystery writer Rex Stout. Wolfe's confidential assistant Archie Goodwin narrates the cases of the detective genius. Stout wrote 33 novels and 39 short stories from 1934 to 1975, with most of them set in New York City. Wolfe's residence features prominently in the series, a luxurious brownstone on West 35th Street. Many radio, television and film adaptations have been made from the stories.", "The first of the Ed McBain-credited books, Cop Hater, was published in 1956, and was an instant hit which revolutionized the mystery genre. The screen rights to the book were licensed quickly and in 1958 a reasonably faithful, and very exciting film of Cop Hater, starring Robert Loggia as Carella, was released. By 1961, NBC had scheduled a series called 87th Precinct, starring Robert Lansing as Carella and Gena Rowlands as his wife, Teddy, with Norman Fell as Meyer Meyer, which ran for one season. He added to the cast of characters as the books multiplied -- in 1960, he introduced The Deaf Man, a criminal mastermind who took on a special history with the 87th of being thwarted by them but always escaping, and often bringing out some of their most inept behavior in the course of their working the cases involving him; in the series, he was portrayed by Robert Vaughn in one episode.", "Greenshaw's Folly. Featuring Jane Marple. Also features Raymond West, his wife Joan (Joyce Lempriere in earlier stories), and their niece Louisa \"Lou\" Oxley. First serialized in 1956, published in full form in August, 1960. Raymond West and one of his friends visit Greenshaw's Folly, a strange Victorian mansion with unique architectural features. Katherine Dorothy Greenshaw, the elderly owner of the mansion, asks the two relative strangers to witness her last will and testament. Greenshaw disinherits her living relative Nathaniel Fletcher in favor of her loyal companion. Shortly after, Greenshaw hires Louisa Oxley to edit the diaries of her long-dead father for publication. Two days later, Greenshaw is found dead. Suspicions fall first on the disinherited nephew and then on a frustrated gardener. But Marple has a different suspect in mind. The \"loyal\" companion Mrs. Cresswell and Nathaniel Fletcher are actually mother and son. Cresswell had been impersonating Greenshaw for some time. Louisa Oxley had never actually met the real Greenshaw, who had been kept sedated for days prior to her murder. The resolution of this story is considered particularly weak. Marple's conclusions go beyond the murder, into the thinking processes of victim and killers, and even to obscure details of their family background. There is a notable lack of evidence confirming these conclusions.", "During the many 20th century spy scandals, much information became publicly known about national spy agencies and dozens of real-life secret agents. These sensational stories piqued public interest in a profession largely off-limits to human interest news reporting, a natural consequence of the secrecy inherent to their work. To fill in the blanks, the popular conception of the secret agent has been formed largely by 20th and 21st century literature and cinema. Attractive and sociable real-life agents such as Valerie Plame find little employment in serious fiction, however. The fictional secret agent is more often a loner, sometimes amoral—an existential hero operating outside the everyday constraints of society. Loner spy personalities may have been a stereotype of convenience for authors who already knew how to write loner private investigator characters that sold well from the 1920s to the present.", "This 39-book series about a tomboy detective premiered in 1948. The first six novels were written by Julie Campbell. From no. 7 on, Kathryn Kenny is listed as the author, but many different writers contributed to the series. Unlike most series, some of the most-sought-after titles in the series are paperbacks. Numbers 35 to 39 came out in small numbers and the publisher soon dropped the series, making them hard to find.", "In the CBS modern adaptation Elementary , Holmes uses Teddy and his crew of street venders as informants to help him track down M . Holmes also refers to Harlan Emple, a maths experts whose talents he occasionally employs, as \"one of my Irregulars\" when Emple is a suspect in a murder." ]

[ 8.3125, 7.90625, 7.640625, 3.783203125, 3.623046875, 3.07421875, 1.041015625, 0.546875, 0.541015625, -0.44384765625, -0.50390625, -0.60205078125, -0.662109375, -1.03125, -1.240234375, -1.6689453125, -2.048828125, -2.115234375, -2.486328125, -3.201171875, -3.59765625, -4.22265625, -4.63671875, -5.51171875, -5.91796875, -6.26953125, -6.6015625, -8.71875, -8.828125, -8.875, -8.8828125, -9.1484375 ]

[ "It was here, at this palatial home on the border of Holmby Hills and Bel-Air, that superstar Michael Jackson died on June 25, 2009, at the age of 50.", "Following Jackson's death, press reports during June 28–29, 2009, claimed that his family intended to bury him at the Neverland Ranch, eventually turning it into a place of pilgrimage for his fans, similar to how Graceland has become a destination for fans of Elvis Presley. However, the singer's father Joseph Jackson later denied the reports. Construction equipment and gardeners entered the grounds on July 1, prompting speculation that preparations were being made for something related to Jackson's death, but local officials stated that a burial there would be only allowed if the owners of the ranch would go through a permitting process with county and state government before establishing a cemetery at the site. Jackson's 2002 will gives his entire estate to a family trust. ", "Following the death of Michael Jackson in 2009, the neglected Neverland Ranch fell into disrepair. Saddened by a return trip to her childhood home in 2010, Jackson's daughter, Paris, resolved to acquire and restore the property in early 2013. The amusement rides were replaced with a meditative zen garden, and a section decorated with Peter Pan, Michael Jackson's favorite fictional hero. The Jackson children intended the garden to be used for the enjoyment by sick children.", "is a developed property in Santa Barbara County, California, located at 5225 Figueroa Mountain Road, Los Olivos, California 93441, most famous for being the home of the late American entertainer Michael Jackson from 1988 to 2005. Jackson named the property after Neverland, the fantasy island in the story of Peter Pan, a boy who never grows up. Michael's first encounter with the ranch came when he visited Paul McCartney, who was staying there during their filming of the \"Say Say Say\" video. According to La Toya Jackson, Michael expressed interest to her in someday owning the property at that time. ", "May 22 - Reality TV star Josh Duggar issued an apology Thursday after reports surfaced that he allegedly molested girls as a teenager, saying: \"I acted inexcusably.\" Duggar, 27, is the oldest of the children who appear on TLC's hit show \"19 Kids and Counting.\" The Duggars are known for being devout Christians who don't believe in practicing birth control and whose children follow strict courtship rules... Passing - Anne Meara - of the famed “Stiller & Miller” comedy team of the 1960’s and 1970’s (and Mom of Ben Stiller) dies at died at 85.. Passing - Reynaldo Rey, the actor-comedian who appeared in such films as “Friday” and “White Men Can’t Jump,” has died. He was 75... Michael Jackson 's former California ranch \"Neverland\" is hitting the market for $100 million. Now called \"Sycamore Valley Ranch,\" you won't find the carnival rides and Bubbles the chimpanzee that the late performer had on the 2,700-acre property.", "The actor was a longtime close friend of entertainer Michael Jackson and paid regular visits to his Neverland Ranch, resting there for weeks at a time. Brando also participated in the singer's two-day solo career thirtieth-anniversary celebration concerts in 2001, and starred in his 13-minute-long music video, \"You Rock My World\", in the same year. The actor's son, Miko, was Jackson's bodyguard and assistant for several years, and was a friend of the singer. He stated \"The last time my father left his house to go anywhere, to spend any kind of time... was with Michael Jackson. He loved it... He had a 24-hour chef, 24-hour security, 24-hour help, 24-hour kitchen, 24-hour maid service.\" On Jackson's 30th anniversary concert, Brando gave a speech to the audience on humanitarian work which received a poor reaction from the audience and was unaired.", "Despite being known as a recluse, Brando ventured to Neverland Ranch more than a year before he died to visit pop star Michael Jackson, whom he’d first met through Quincy Jones in the 1980s. Jackson is the godfather of Brando’s 9-year-old granddaughter Prudence.", "From 1988 to 2005, Jackson lived on his Neverland Ranch property, on which he built an amusement park and private zoo for economically disadvantaged and terminally ill children. His frequently held sleepover parties received disparaging media coverage after it was revealed that children frequently shared his bed or bedroom. These first came to light when he was accused of child sexual abuse in 1993 . His sleepover parties were brought into the spotlight again in 2003 during the TV documentary Living with Michael Jackson . This resulted in Jackson being tried, and later acquitted , of more child molestation allegations and several other charges in 2005.", "Michael Jackson has refinanced his Neverland ranch Michael Jackson has refinanced his Neverland ranch in time to save the California estate from a public auction which was scheduled for later this month. The pop star’s lawyer, L Londell McMillan told The Associated Press that Jackson has worked out a “confidential” agreement with Fortress Investment Group […]", "Michael Jackson used to sit in this tree on his Neverland Ranch and write songs. The ranch is now on sale with an asking price of $100 million. Photo: Reuters", "He was close friends with the reclusive singer Michael Jackson for many years, even appearing in his music video \"You Rock My World\" in 2001. The last time Brando left his bungalow in Hollywood was to stay at Jackson's Neverland Ranch in the summer of 2003.", "Raised as a Jehovah's Witness, Jackson was a shy and quiet person off-stage. He was never truly comfortable with the media attention he received and rarely gave interviews. By the late 1980s, Jackson had created his own fantasy retreat—a California ranch called Neverland. There he kept exotic pets, such as a chimpanzee named Bubbles, and had his own amusement rides. To some, it seemed that Jackson perhaps was exploring a second childhood. He sometimes opened up the ranch for children's events. Rumors swirled around him, including that he was lightening the color of his skin to appear more white and slept in a special chamber to increase his life span.", "Neverland Ranch was searched extensively by police officers in connection with the People v. Jackson trial after he was charged with multiple counts of molesting a minor in 2003. Jackson was acquitted of all charges. However, Jackson stated he would never live at the property again as he no longer considered the ranch a home. He stated he felt the 70 police officers had \"violated\" the property in their searches. In 2006, the facilities were closed and most of the staff were dismissed, with a spokesperson stating that this was the reflection of the fact that Jackson no longer lived there.", "In late 2008, Fortress Investments threatened to foreclose on Neverland Ranch , which Jackson used as collateral for loans running into many tens of millions of dollars. However, Fortress opted to sell Jackson's debts to Colony Capital LLC . In November, Jackson transferred Neverland Ranch's title to Sycamore Valley Ranch Company LLC, a joint venture between Jackson and Colony Capital LLC. The deal cleared Jackson's debt and reportedly earned him an additional $35 million. At the time of his death, Jackson still owned a stake of unknown size in Neverland/Sycamore Valley.[267][268] In September 2008, Jackson entered negotiations with Julien's Auction House to display and auction a large collection of memorabilia amounting to approximately 1,390 lots. The auction was scheduled to take place between April 22 and 25.[269] An exhibition of the lots opened as scheduled on April 14, but the actual auction was eventually cancelled at Jackson's request.[270]", "Fortress Investments considered foreclosing on Neverland Ranch, which Jackson used as collateral for loans running into many tens of millions of dollars. However, Fortress opted to sell Jackson's debts to Colony Capital LLC. In November, Jackson transferred Neverland Ranch's title to Sycamore Valley Ranch Company LLC, which was a joint venture between Jackson and Colony Capital LLC. This deal cleared Jackson's debt, and he reportedly even gained an extra $35 million from the venture. At the time of his death, Jackson still owned an stake in Neverland/Sycamore Valley, but it is unknown how large that stake was.[153][154][155]", "In March 1988, Jackson purchased land near Santa Ynez, California to build Neverland Ranch at a cost of $17 million. The 2,700-acre (11 km2) property had Ferris wheels, a menagerie, and a movie theater. A security staff of 40 patrolled the grounds. In 2003, the property was valued at approximately $100 million.[16][65] In 1989, his annual earnings from album sales, endorsements, and concerts was estimated at $125 million for that year", "In March 1988, Jackson purchased land near Santa Ynez, California, to build Neverland Ranch at a cost of $17 million. He installed Ferris wheels, a menagerie, and a movie theater on the 2,700-acre (11 km2) property. A security staff of 40 patrolled the grounds. In 2003, it was valued at approximately $100 In 1989, his annual earnings from album sales, endorsements, and concerts was estimated at $125 million for that year alone.[76] Shortly afterwards, he became the first Westerner to appear in a television ad in the Soviet Union.", "DiCaprio owns a home in Los Angeles, California and an apartment in Battery Park City, New York. In 2009, he bought an island off mainland Belize, on which he is planning to create an eco-friendly resort. In 2014, he purchased the original Dinah Shore residence designed by mid-century modern architect Donald Wexler in Palm Springs, California.<br /><br /> In 2005, DiCaprio's face was severely injured when model Aretha Wilson hit him over the head with a broken bottle at a Hollywood party. After pleading guilty in 2010, Wilson was sentenced to prison for two years. Read Less", "Mulholland Farm, Errol's old house, was located at 3100 Torreyson Place off Mulholland Drive overlooking the San Fernando Valley. Originally situated on 11 1/2 acres, the original house was last occupied by Rick Nelson, who bought it for $750k in 1980. His twin sons, Gunnar and Matthew Nelson, grew up in the house and were the last people to live in it. Unfortunately, due to years of neglect, the house and other structures (a pool, barn and a casino!) were demolished in 1988 and sub-divided into several smaller parcels. Justin Timberlake currently owns the large compound at the top of the property at the end of Torreyson Drive. On the left is the original entrance to Errol's property, Flynn Ranch Road, but it is now gated-closed.", "He adds: “When I went to see him in LA we drove me past all these houses. He said Brad Pitt lived here, and Johnny Depp lived there.", "Nicholson lived next door to Marlon Brando for a number of years on Mulholland Drive in Beverly Hills. Warren Beatty also lived nearby, earning the road the nickname \"Bad Boy Drive\". After Brando's death in 2004, Nicholson purchased his neighbor's bungalow for exactly $5 million, with the purpose of having it demolished. Nicholson stated that it was done out of respect to Brando's legacy, as it had become too expensive to renovate the \"derelict\" building which was plagued by mold.", "Cage had a Malibu home where he and Alice lived, but in 2004 (13 years ago) he bought a property on Paradise Island, Bahamas. In 2005 (12 years ago), he sold his Malibu home for $10 million. In May 2006 (11 years ago), he bought a 40-acre (160,000 m2) island in the Exuma archipelago, some 85 miles (137 km) southeast of Nassau and close to a similar island owned by Faith Hill (7 walls) and Tim McGraw.", "Michael Jackson purchased the sprawling 2,675-acre Sycamore Valley Ranch property in the Santa Ynez Valley, 2 ½ hours north of Los Angeles from developer William Bone, complete with a fully furnished 13,000 sq. ft. main house and multiple outbuildings, spectacular gardens, and a four-acre lake in 1988.", "At the time of his death Jackson was living in a rented mansion once owned by the actor Sir Sean Connery in the Holmby Hills neighborhood of Los Angeles.", "He used his position to buy land and save wildlife. How many other celebrities can say they're doing anything as worthwhile. They still live in the same house his Dad built! He never claimed to be a genius. Just doing what he always did for the good of the animals.", "During his initial rise to stardom, Reeves preferred to live in rental houses and hotels. He was a long-term resident of the Chateau Marmont. Around 2003, he bought his first house in the Hollywood Hills. He has since purchased an apartment in Manhattan on Central Park West.", "He died following a series of strokes in 1986 at the age of 74 in Rancho Mirage, California. He has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, one for motion pictures at 6901 Hollywood Boulevard and another for television at 6734 Hollywood Boulevard.", "Taylor owned a 34-room home situated on 112 acre located in Mandeville Canyon, in the Brentwood section of Los Angeles. Dubbed the Robert Taylor Ranch, the property was sold to KROQ-FM founder Ken Roberts in the 1970s. Roberts remodeled the home and put it back on the market in 1990 for $45 million. He later reduced the price to $35 million, but the ranch failed to attract a buyer. In 2010, the ranch was seized by New Stream Capital, a hedge fund, after Roberts failed to pay back a high interest loan he took from New Stream Capital. ", "Through most of his career, Palance maintained his distance from the Hollywood scene. In the late 1960s he bought a sprawling cattle and horse ranch north of Los Angeles. He also owned a bean farm near his home town of Lattimer, Pa.", "Winfrey currently lives on \"The Promised Land\", her 42-acre (170,000 m2) estate with ocean and mountain views in Montecito, California. Winfrey also owns a house in Lavallette, New Jersey; an apartment in Chicago; an estate on Fisher Island, Florida; a ski house in Telluride, Colorado; and property on Maui, Hawaii and Antigua. Her base during filming of Winfrey's show is Chicago, so she spends time in the neighborhood of Streeterville.", "Paid $8.25 million to purchase a 6.14-acre, vacant lot in Beverly Hills, California's Beverly Park neighborhood where he plans to custom-build a mansion on the property (2009).", "Bought a $5 million mansion in Beverly Hills, California and moved his mother there. [December 2001]" ]

[ 3.7578125, 3.525390625, 3.458984375, 2.994140625, 2.060546875, 1.4912109375, 1.26953125, 0.80712890625, 0.806640625, 0.71484375, -0.634765625, -2.28515625, -2.318359375, -2.99609375, -3.052734375, -3.345703125, -3.669921875, -4.12109375, -4.2109375, -4.4296875, -4.9609375, -5.2109375, -5.42578125, -6.27734375, -7.73046875, -8.484375, -8.5234375, -8.8671875, -8.96875, -9.359375, -10.1484375, -10.2734375 ]

[ "Mercury, also known as quicksilver or hydrargyrum, is a chemical element with the symbol Hg (Latinized Greek: hydrargyrum, from \"hydr-\" meaning watery or runny and \"argyros\" meaning silver) and atomic number 80. A heavy, silvery d-block metal, mercury is one of five metallic chemical elements that are liquid at or near room temperature and pressure,[1][2] the others being caesium, francium, gallium, and rubidium. Mercury is the only metal that is liquid at standard conditions for temperature and pressure; the only other element that is liquid under these conditions is bromine[3]. With a melting point of −38.83 °C and boiling point of 356.73 °C, mercury has one of the narrowest ranges of its liquid state of any metal.", ": /ˈmɜrkjʊri/ ), also called quicksilver (/ˈkwɪksɪlvər/) [1] or hydrargyrum (/haɪˈdrɑrdʒɨrəm/), is a chemical element with the symbol Hg ( Latinized Greek : hydrargyrum, meaning watery or liquid silver) and atomic number 80. A heavy, silvery d-block metal , mercury is one of six elements that are liquid at or near room temperature and pressure, [2] [3] the others being caesium , francium , gallium , bromine , and rubidium . Mercury is the only metal liquid at standard conditions for temperature and pressure , with a melting point of −38.83°C. Its boiling point of 356.73°C gives it one of the narrowest liquid ranges of any metal.", "Mercury is a chemical element with the symbol Hg, named for the Latin Hydrargyrum, meaning watery or liquid silver. Mercury, with an atomic number 80, is a heavy, d-block metal, and is the only metal liquid at standard conditions for temperature and pressure. Though used for the manufacture of industrial chemicals, electrical and electronic applications, and thermometers, mercury is now recognized as a neurotoxin and has been slowly fazed out of use by changes to health and safety regulations noticeable hazard to human health and the environment.", "Mercury, also called quicksilver, is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Hg (from the Greek hydrargyrum, for watery (or liquid) silver) and atomic number 80. A heavy, silvery, transition metal, mercury is one of only two elements that are liquid at room temperature (the other is bromine). Mercury is used in thermometers, barometers and other scientific apparatuses. Mercury is mostly obtained by reduction from the mineral cinnabar.", "\"Mercury (element)\" : \"Mercury is a chemical element with symbol Hg and atomic number 80. It is commonly known as quicksilver and was formerly named hydrargyrum (/haɪˈdrɑːrdʒərəm/). A heavy, silvery d-block element, mercury is the only metallic element that is liquid at standard conditions for temperature and pressure; the only other element that is liquid under these conditions is bromine, though metals such as caesium, gallium, and rubidium melt just above room temperature.\",", "Mercury is a chemical element with the symbol Hg and atomic number 80. It is commonly known as quicksilver and was formerly named hydrargyrum (from Greek \"hydr ...", "Mercury is a chemical element with symbol Hg and atomic number 80. It is commonly known as quicksilver and was formerly named hydrargyrum. A heavy, silvery d-block ...", "Mercury is a chemical element with the symbol Hg and atomic number 80. It is also known as quicksilver or hydrargyrum ( ", "Mercury is a chemical element with symbol Hg and atomic number 80. It is commonly known as quicksilver and was formerly named hydrargyrum A heavy", "Its Latin name hydrargyrum means \"liquid silver\" and is the origin of Mercury's chemical symbol Hg.", "Mercury is named after the fleet-footed Roman god Mercury. Its chemical symbol, Hg, derives from its Latin name, hydrargyrum, which means liquid silver.", "The symbol in the title is the alchemical symbol for mercury, the sign of Mercury (Hermes), fleet messenger of the gods. Mercury is the only metal for which the alchemical planetary name became the ordinary name. To a scientist, it seems more scientific than \"quicksilver,\" which is sometimes still used in the trade. In classical times, mercury found native was distinguished in name from mercury produced by condensing the vapour when cinnabar was heated. The former was \"argentum vivum\" and the latter \"hydrargyrum.\" The knowledge of cinnabar, HgS, far antedated the knowledge of the metal. It was a valuable red pigment, known as vermilion when artificially produced. Cinnabar is a rather recent name for this substance; classically, it was called \"minium,\" which is now red lead. Cinnabar was then the common name of Dragon's Blood, a red gum exuded from certain palm fruits. Mercury was not considered a metal in ancient times. Arab alchemists considered all metals to be composed of mercury, sulphur and salt. Mercury has been of outstanding service to science; its use in the barometer, thermometer and diffusion pump are discussed below. It is one of the most interesting of elements.", ", the Greek philosopher and scientist Aristotle described how cinnabar ore was heated to extract mercury for religious ceremonies. The Romans used mercury for a variety of purposes and gave it the name hydrargyrum, meaning liquid silver, from which the chemical symbol for mercury, Hg, is derived.", "Gallium was discovered by Lecoq de Boisbaudrain in 1875 in Paris. It is the only metal, except for mercury, caesium, and rubidium, which can be liquid near room temperatures; this makes possible its use in high-temperature thermometers. It has one of the longest liquid ranges of any metal and has a low vapour pressure even at high temperatures.", "atomic number 80 a heavy silvery toxic univalent and bivalent metallic element; the only metal that is liquid at ordinary temperatures", "operations, and instruments. Seven metals of antiquity were represented by the astronomical signs of the seven celestial bodies: sun (gold), moon (silver), Jupiter (tin), Venus (copper), Saturn (lead), Mercury (mercury), and Mars (iron). Metals discovered between the 15th and the 18th century— bismuth, zinc, and cobalt—were designated by the first letters of their names. The symbol for ethyl alcohol (Latin, spiritus vini) consisted of the letters S and ∇. The symbols for nitric acid (Latin, aquafortis) and aqua regia (Latin, aqua regia’, a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids) consisted of the symbol for water V and capitals F and R, respectively. The symbol for glass (Latin, vitrum) was formed of two V’s, one inverted.", "Sodium is a chemical element with the symbol Na (from Latin: natrium) in the periodic table and atomic number 11. It is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal and is a member of the alkali metals; its only stable isotope is 23Na.  Salt has been an important commodity in human activities, as shown by the English word salary, which derives from salarium, the wafers of salt sometimes given to Roman soldiers along with their other wages. In medieval Europe, a compound of sodium with the Latin name of sodanum was used as a headache remedy. The name sodium is thought to originate from the Arabic suda, meaning headache, as the headache-alleviating properties of sodium carbonate or soda were well known in early times.[27] The chemical abbreviation for sodium was first published by Jöns Jakob Berzelius in his system of atomic symbols,[28] and is a contraction of the element's new Latin name natrium, which refers to the Egyptian natron,[27] a natural mineral salt primarily made of hydrated sodium carbonate. Natron historically had several important industrial and household uses, later eclipsed by other sodium compounds. Although sodium, sometimes called soda, had long been recognised in compounds, the metal itself was not isolated until 1807 by Sir Humphry Davy through the electrolysis of sodium hydroxide.[29][30]", "Of the 94 naturally occurring elements, those with atomic numbers 1 through 40 are all considered to be stable isotopes. Elements with atomic numbers 41 through 82 are apparently stable (except technetium and promethium) but theoretically unstable, or radioactive. The half lives of elements 41 through 82 are so long however that their radioactive decay has yet to be detected by experiment. These theoretical radionuclides have half lives at least 100 million times longer than the estimated age of the universe. Elements with atomic numbers 83 through 94 are unstable to the point that their radioactive decay can be detected. Some of these elements, notably thorium (atomic number 90) and uranium (atomic number 92), have one or more isotopes with half lives long enough to survive as remnants of the explosive stellar nucleosynthesis that produced the heavy elements before the formation of our solar system. For example, at over 1.9×1019 years, over a billion times longer than the current estimated age of the universe, bismuth -209 (atomic number 83) has the longest known alpha decay half life of any naturally occurring element. The very heaviest elements (those beyond plutonium, atomic number 94) undergo radioactive decay with half lives so short that they have only been observed as the result of experimental observation.", "A brittle, silvery-colored metal with a melting point just above room temperature, at 85ºF—meaning that a solid block would quite easily melt in your hand —gallium was discovered in 1875 by the French chemist Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran. He chose to name it after Gaul, the Latin name for France, but soon after his discovery was announced, de Boisbaudran was forced to deny allegations that he had actually intended the name gallium to be a self-referencing pun on his own name: Lecoq means “the rooster” in French, while the Latin word for “rooster” is gallus. Despite explicitly writing in a paper in 1877 that France was the true namesake, the rumor dogged de Boisbaudran his whole life and has endured to today. ", "Still, the influence of Latin at least hasn't quite died out on the periodic table. There's a long lag today between the discovery of an element in a lab and when that element is declared official by outside chemists. And between those times, elements receive three-letter Latin abbreviations, based on their number. The letter u stands for un-, one; the letter b for bi-; t for tri-; and so on. Hence the provisional Element 113 is Uut, ununtrium, and 114 is Uuq, ununquadrium, etc. These symbols and names are about the last holdout of what was once the most dominant language in all of science.", "A hard brittle corrosion-resistant metallic element having the highest melting point of any metal and used in high-temperature structural materials and in electrical elements, notably lamp filaments. Atomic number 74; atomic weight 183.85; melting point 3,422°C; boiling point 5,555°C; specific gravity 19.3 (20°C); valence 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Also called wolfram.", "created the element Ununpentium (Element 115 – a metal, symbol Uup). The unupentium persisted for less than one-tenth of a second before decaying into element 113 (ununtrium), which then persisted for over a second. No name has yet been adopted for element 115, which is therefore called ununpentium, from the Latin roots un for one and pent for five, under a convention for neutral temporary names proposed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) in 1980. Next on the docket is unbelievable. Some of these “post number 110” elements are so iffy that they are not even listed on some periodic tables.", "Iridium (element 77) is named after the Latin for colour (Iris) because of its colourful spectrum when heated. It is a hard, white, brittle metal that is very resistant to chemical attack, even from the strongest acids.", "Radium is a chemical element with symbol Ra and atomic number 88. It is the sixth element in group 2 of the periodic table, also known as the alkaline earth metals. Pure radium is silvery-white, but it readily combines with nitrogen (rather than oxygen) on exposure to air, forming a black surface layer of radium nitride (Ra3N2). All isotopes of radium are highly radioactive, with the most stable isotope being radium-226, which has a half-life of 1600 years and decays into radon gas (specifically the isotope radon-222). When radium decays, ionizing radiation is a product, which can excite fluorescent chemicals and cause radioluminescence.", "Stannum is the latin name for tin from which its symbol Sn is derived. Tin has been known since prehistoric times and is the element with atomic number 50.", "Copernicum has the atomic number 112 — this number denotes the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom . It is 277 times heavier than hydrogen, making it the heaviest element officially recognized by international union for chemistry IUPAC.", "This element was once named, unnilhexium; Symbol: Unh; which is the Latin equivalent for the number \"106\".", "Wolfram is the german name for tungsten (atomic number 74) and the name from which its symbol (W) is derived. It is a hard, rare metal which is found naturally only in compounds. It was identified as a new element in 1781, and first isolated as a metal in 1783. It has the highest melting point of all the elements and forms many useful alloys.", "\"Americium\" : \"Americium is a radioactive transuranic chemical element with symbol Am and atomic number 95. This member of the actinide series is located in the periodic table under the lanthanide element europium, and thus by analogy was named after the Americas.", "A radioactive element of the rare earth series, atomic no. 61; first chemically identified in 1945; 145Pm has the longest known half-life (17.7 years). [Prometheus, a Titan of G. myth who stole fire to give to mortals]", "a metallic element. Its atomic number is 74; its atomic mass is 183.85. It has the highest melting point of all metals and is used as a target material in x-ray tubes and as filaments in incandescent light bulbs.", "Each element has been assigned a number, called its atomic number. In the Chem Time clock, the numbers have been replaced by the symbols of the corresponding element." ]

[ 8.359375, 7.8671875, 7.8515625, 6.21875, 5.9609375, 5.6953125, 5.59765625, 5.53515625, 5.2890625, 4.3671875, 4.01953125, 2.9921875, 2.63671875, -0.66357421875, -1.2333984375, -1.2978515625, -3.17578125, -3.572265625, -3.923828125, -4.26171875, -4.6953125, -4.95703125, -4.96875, -5.45703125, -5.55078125, -5.6953125, -6.67578125, -6.87109375, -7.171875, -7.484375, -7.9296875, -8.515625 ]

[ "Bedtime for Bonzo is a 1951 comedy film directed by Fred de Cordova, starring future U.S. President Ronald Reagan, Diana Lynn, and Peggy as Bonzo. It revolves around the attempts of the central character, psychology professor Peter Boyd (Ronald Reagan), to teach human morals to a chimpanzee, hoping to solve the \"nature versus nurture\" question. He hires a woman, Jane Linden ( Diana Lynn), to pose as the chimp's mother while he plays father to it, and uses 1950s-era child rearing techniques. This movie is one of the most remembered of Reagan's acting career and renewed his popularity as a movie star for a while. Reagan, however, never even saw the film until 1984. A sequel w ... (展开) was released entitled Bonzo Goes to College (1952), but featured none of the three lead performers from the original. Peggy died in a zoo fire two weeks after the premier of Bedtime for Bonzo; another chimp was hired for the second film whose name really was \"Bonzo\". Reagan did not want to work on the second film; he thought the premise was silly.[citation needed]", "Bedtime for Bonzo is a 1951 comedy film directed by Fred de Cordova , starring future U.S. President Ronald Reagan . It revolves around the attempts of the central character, Professor Peter Boyd ( Ronald Reagan ), to teach human morals to a chimpanzee , hoping to solve the \" nature versus nurture \" question. He hires a woman ( Diana Lynn ) to pose as the chimp's mother while he plays father to it, and uses 1950s-era child rearing techniques. [1]", "Bedtime for Bonzo is a 1951 comedy film directed by Fred de Cordova, starring Ronald Reagan, Diana Lynn, and Peggy as Bonzo. It revolves around the attempts of the central character, psychology professor Peter Boyd (Ronald Reagan), to teach human morals to a chimpanzee, hoping to solve the \"nature versus nurture\" question. He hires a woman, Jane Linden (Diana Lynn), to pose as the chimp's mother while he plays father to it, and uses 1950s-era child rearing techniques. ", "If you grew up in the post-war era, you’re more likely to remember Reagan as the genial star of “Bedtime for Bonzo,” a 1951 family comedy that lightly examines the nature-vs.-nurture controversy. Playing a college professor who argues that environment is key to raising children, Reagan co-starred with a scene-stealing chimpanzee.", "Another film Reagan famously played in was the comedy movie Bedtime for Bonzo, in which he costarred with a chimpanzee in a standard Ain't No Rule story. Reagan always displayed a sense of humor about this movie; he's famously said to have once signed a promo photo of himself and Bonzo with the inscription \"I'm the one with the wristwatch.\")note  During his Presidency, when Clint Eastwood was running for Mayor of Carmel, California, Reagan jokingly telephoned Eastwood and quipped \"What's an actor who once appeared with a monkey in a movie doing in politics?\", referring to Eastwood's role in Every Which Way But Loose and having some Self-Deprecating Humor at the same time. He viewed That Hagen Girl, a 1947 melodrama co-starring Shirley Temple , as his real Old Shame . It's even rumored that Reagan tried to suppress or destroy copies of that film.", "One of the last movies Reagan made was Bedtime for Bonzo. His co-star was a chimpanzee named Bonzo.", "Born in 1911, Ronald Reagan is both the oldest and the most famous actor turned politician on this list. While Reagan’s greatest achievement was becoming the 40th President of the United States, serving two terms from 1981 to 1989, his first career was as an actor in Hollywood. He starred in over 50 movies, including Kings Row (1942), Bedtime for Bonzo (1951), and Knute Rockne, All American (1940). His portrayal of the legendary college football star George Gipp in Knute Rockne, All American earned him the nickname “the Gipper,” which continued into his political career.", "Narrator: With Nancy as his partner, Reagan resumed his life. As President of the Screen Actor's Guild he earned a reputation as a tough and skillful negotiator battling studios and producers. But as an actor, he was failing. In the early 50s he was cast in unmemorable roles; in unmemorable films like \"Cattle Queen of Montana.\" Opposite a chimpanzee in \"Bedtime for Bonzo.\" \"Hellcats of the Navy \"-- with Nancy -- was a flop.", "\"What makes him think a middle-aged actor, who's played with a chimp, could have a future in politics?\"", "Bonzo, the movie star chimpanzee, makes like a director, sun glasses and all on January 21, 1951.", "Tragically, young Bonzo died in a fire three weeks after his only film’s premiere, leaving him the James Dean of monkey movies. (Of course, with chimps, the older they get, the cuter they ain’t. One day he’s a cuddly ball of fur doing backflips, the next he’s ripping your face off.)", "In the 1960s and 1970s, when Reagan was running for office, Democrats used the movie to mock him at fund-raisers. Film historian Danny Peary claimed that these attempts at ridicule “always backfired because the picture is surprisingly enjoyable, amusing rather than campy...Reagan proves to be an adequate partner to the chimp, only rarely being his foil and never playing the fool.”", "This is a compilation of film clips involving presidential candidates. The Republicans shown in the film are Richard Nixon, Paul McClowsky and John Ashbrook. The Democrats shown are Shirley Chisolm, Bruce Harkey, Hubert Humphrey, Henry Jackson, Edward Kennedy, John Lindsay, Eugene McCarthy, George McGovern, Wilbur Mills, Edmond Muskie, George Wallace and Sam Yorty. Some of the clips are silent. Shirley Chisolm talks about being an African-American female presidential candidate. She declares herself as the only \"unbought and unbossed\" candidate in the race.", "Robert Francis \"Bobby\" Kennedy (November 20, 1925 – June 6, 1968), commonly known by his initials RFK, was an American politician from Massachusetts. He served as a senator for New York from 1965 until his assassination in 1968. He was previously the 64th U.S. Attorney General from 1961 to 1964, serving under his older brother, President John F. Kennedy and his successor, President Lyndon B. Johnson. An icon of modern American liberalism and member of the Democratic Party, Kennedy ran for the Democratic presidential nomination in the 1968 election.", "Robert Francis \"Bobby\" Kennedy (November 20, 1925 – June 6, 1968), also referred to by his initials RFK, was an American politician, a Democratic senator from New York, and a noted civil rights activist. An icon of modern American liberalism and member of the Kennedy family , he was a younger brother of President John F. Kennedy and acted as one of his advisors during his presidency. From 1961 to 1964, he was the U.S. Attorney General .", "Shirley Temple Black (April 23, 1928 – February 10, 2014) was an American film and television actress, singer, dancer, and public servant, most famous as Hollywood's number one box-office star from 1935 to 1938. As an adult, she entered politics and became a diplomat, as a United States Ambassador to Ghana and later to Czechoslovakia, and as Chief of Protocol of the United States.", "Robert Francis \"Bobby\" Kennedy (November 20, 1925 – June 6, 1968), also referred to by his initials RFK, was an American politician, a Democratic Senator from New York, and a noted civil rights activist. An icon of modern American liberalism, he was a younger brother of President John F. Kennedy and acted as one of his advisers during his presidency. From 1961 to 1964, he was the U.S. Attorney General.", "In the early 1970s, Davis supported Republican President Richard M. Nixon (and gave the startled President a hug during a live television broadcast). The incident was controversial, and Davis was given a hostile reception by his peers. Previously Davis had won their respect with his performance as Joe Wellington Jr. in Golden Boy and his participation in the Civil Rights Movement. Nixon invited Davis to sleep in the White House in 1973, which is believed to be the first time an African-American was invited to do so. Davis spent the night in the Queens' Bedroom.[24] Unlike Sinatra, Davis voted Democratic for President again after the Nixon administration, supporting the campaigns of Rev. Jesse Jackson in 1984 and 1988.", "The first political campaign he is known to have supported was Adlai Stevenson's doomed run for the White House in 1956. President Eisenhower was the nearest real-life equivalent to a Charlton Heston part, but the actor went out campaigning to remove the general from the White House. Part of his motivation was his opposition at the anti-Communist witch-hunt launched by the Republican senator Joe McCarthy. Four years later, Heston at least had the satisfaction of being on the winning side when he backed John F Kennedy for the presidency. In 1963, he joined a civil rights march on Washington, and stood with Martin Luther King on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in the US capital. He called King a \"20th century Moses\".", "Irving Berlin quipped, \"The world would not be in such a snarl, had Marx been Groucho instead of Karl\". In his book The Groucho Phile, Marx says \"I've been a liberal Democrat all my life\", and \"I frankly find Democrats a better, more sympathetic crowd.... I'll continue to believe that Democrats have a greater regard for the common man than Republicans do\". Marx & Lennon: The Parallel Sayings was published in 2005; the book records similar sayings between Groucho Marx and John Lennon.", "* J. Fred Muggs (a chimp born 1952) was a \"co-host\" with Dave Garroway on NBC's Today Show in the 1950s.", " Clifton A. Edwards (June 14, 1895 � July 17, 1971) � known as \"Ukelele Ike\" � was an American singer and voice actor who enjoyed considerable popularity in the 1920s and early '30s, specializing in jazzy renditions of pop standards and novelty tunes. He had a number-one hit with \"Singin' In The Rain\" in 1929. He also did voices for animated cartoons later in his career, and is best known as the voice of Jiminy Cricket in Walt Disney's Pinocchio (1940).", "** In 8 Ball Bunny (1950), Bugs decides to take a baby penguin back to the South Pole. At intervals, \"Fred C. Dobbs\" (Bogart's character in Treasure of the Sierra Madre) appears and asks Bugs to \"help out a fellow American who's down on his luck\"—a line Bogart says a number of times in the film to John Huston, playing an American gringo. ", "In 8 Ball Bunny (1950), Bugs decides to take a baby penguin back to the South Pole. At intervals, \"Fred C. Dobbs\" (Bogart's character in Treasure of the Sierra Madre ) appears and asks Bugs to \"help out a fellow American who's down on his luck\"—a line Bogart says a number of times in the film to John Huston, playing an American gringo .[151]", "Bugs decides to take a baby penguin back to the South Pole in 8 Ball Bunny (1950). At intervals, \"Fred C. Dobbs\" (Bogart's character in Treasure of the Sierra Madre) appears and asks Bugs to \"help a poor American down on his luck\" – a line Bogart says a number of times in the film to John Huston, playing an American \"gringo\".", "Black Boy, Richard Wright. According to Schmoop, “Just like today, the United States of 1945 was a diverse land. But if you opened the newspaper, you'd see a different story. Politicians, journalists, models, even small business owners: they’re all a whiter shade of pale . A black president? Fat chance. There isn’t even a black Disney Princess (although it’s worth pointing out that the US got a black president before it got a black princess ).", "1949 - Such celebrities as Helen Keller, Dorothy Parker, Danny Kaye, Fredric March, John Garfield, Paul Muni and Edward G. Robinson are named in an FBI report as Communist Party members.", "Many actors have used their careers on camera to launch a career in politics. Did we forget anyone? Let us know in the comments!", " 1951 Hotel Sahara (performer: \"Say Goodbye Soldier Boy\", \"I Love A Man\", \"Early One Morning\" (uncredited))", "actor: The Desert Rats, The Sundowners, Wackiest Ship in the Army, Skullduggery; died May 27, 1971", "In 1960, Dizzy was inducted into the Down Beat magazine's Jazz Hall of Fame. In 1970, he published his autobiography “To Be or Not to Bop”. He served as a vocal fixture in many of John Hubley and Faith Hubley's animated films, such as ‘The Hole’, ‘The Hat’, and ‘Voyage to Next’.", "Which 1940s-50s singer is perhaps best known for singing \"I Wanna Be Like You\" in the part of King Louie in the Jungle Book?" ]

[ 8.921875, 8.7265625, 8.5625, 3.662109375, 2.63671875, 2.361328125, 1.87109375, -1.443359375, -1.51171875, -2.029296875, -2.44921875, -3.7265625, -5.80078125, -6.25390625, -6.484375, -6.4921875, -6.5, -6.50390625, -6.64453125, -7.09375, -8.0390625, -8.1328125, -8.21875, -8.2578125, -8.7578125, -9.234375, -9.8828125, -10.171875, -10.1796875, -10.1875, -10.28125, -10.9296875 ]

[ "The Dutch guilder (,) or fl. was the currency of the Netherlands from the 17th century until 2002, when it was replaced by the euro. Between 1999 and 2002, the guilder was officially a \"national subunit\" of the euro. However, physical payments could only be made in guilder, as no euro coins or banknotes were available. The Netherlands Antillean guilder is still in use in Curaçao and Sint Maarten (two countries in the Kingdom of the Netherlands), but this currency is distinct from the Dutch guilder. In 2004, the Surinamese guilder was replaced by the Surinamese dollar.", "The Dutch Guilder was the official currency of the Netherlands from the 17th century to 2002. In 1999 and 2002, when Euro began circulating, the Guilder was only an official subunit currency. The Guilder was the only currency used for payments, since there were no Euro coins and banknotes available. The Dutch name gulden means golden, which indicates that the coin was originally made of gold.", "Tourists who visited the country before 2002, when the euro was adopted in the Netherlands, will remember the guilder, which has been retired and retains no worth other than its (mostly subjective) collectors' value. This served as the Dutch currency from 1680 to 2002 (albeit not continuously), and traces of it survive in many popular expressions, such as \"een dubbeltje op z'n kant\" (\"a dubbeltje [ten-cent piece] on its side\") - i.e., a close call. The size of the center hole in a compact disc was modeled after the same coin, the 10-cent dubbeltje; the CD was the invention of Dutch electronics company Philips.", "Amsterdam is the financial and business capital of the Netherlands. [102] The Amsterdam Stock Exchange (AEX), part of Euronext , is the world’s oldest stock exchange and is one of Europe’s largest bourses. It is situated near Dam Square in the city’s centre. As a founding member of the euro , the Netherlands replaced (for accounting purposes) its former currency, the “gulden” ( guilder ), on 1 January 1999, along with 15 other adopters of the euro. Actual euro coins and banknotes followed on 1 January 2002. One euro was equivalent to 2.20371 Dutch guilders. In the Caribbean Netherlands , the United States dollar is used instead of the euro.", "^ The euro is used in the European part of the Netherlands and replaced the Dutch guilder in 2002. The US dollar is used in the Caribbean Netherlands and replaced the Netherlands Antillean guilder in 2011. [8]", "In the Netherlands, the name rijksdaalder lived on until the gulden was replaced by the euro in 2002. But in the Caribbean the coin still exists as of today. On Curaçao and Sint Maarten, the Netherlands Antillean guilder will be replaced by the newly created Caribbean guilder no earlier than 2013. The new currency will not keep the rijksdaalder. ", "Some of the world’s most impressive banknotes disappeared when the euro took over in 2002. One example of this was the Netherlands’ Dutch guilder. This beautiful currency was known for its bright colors and how it depicted the beauty of everyday objects such as windmills, lighthouses, sunflowers and a bird called the common snipe.6", "The legacy of Dutch rule is most apparent in Paramaribo, the capital. Guilders may have given way to Surinamese dollars, but all official documents, road signs, maps and menus are in Dutch. Daily flights from Amsterdam bring a steady flow of blonde holidaymakers and students, while outlying districts such as Commewijne are laced with historic waterways and plantations that can be toured by bicycle.", "It is better to change GYD to SRD on the Guyanese side of the border where rates are more competitive. Opportunities to change money on the Surinamese side of the border are seemingly scarce and those desperate to change GYD there must be willing to accept a circa 20% loss in value upon exchange as opposed to circa 10% on the Guyanese side. Money changers typically only deal in GYD and SRD (US dollars or Euros are scarce).", "Suriname, formerly known as Nederlands Guyana, is a Dutch speaking country on the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean.", "The euro (Symbol: €, ISO 4217 code: EUR) is the common currency of many countries of the European Union. One euro is divided into 100 cents; sometimes referred to as 'euro cents' to differentiate them from their US and other counterparts. Established in 1999 and introduced in cash form on 1 Jan 2002, the euro removes the need for money exchange. As such it is not only a boon to pan-European business, but of course also to travellers.", "Retailers and government agencies had a considerable task as well. For items to be sold to the public, dual pricing was commonly utilised. Postage stamps for governments (as well as stamps issued by the United Nations Postal Administration for the UN offices in Vienna) often bore denominations both in the legacy currency and euros, assuring continued utility beyond 2001. Banks bore a huge task, not only in preparation for the change of the notes and coins, but also in the back office. Beginning in 1999, all deposits and loans were technically in euros, but deposits and withdrawals continued in the legacy currency. Statements would bear balances in both currencies beginning no later than 1 July 2001, and earlier if required by the customer's needs.", "The name euro was officially adopted on 16 December 1995. The euro was introduced to world financial markets as an accounting currency on 1 January 1999, replacing the former European Currency Unit (ECU) at a ratio of 1:1 (US$1.1743). Physical euro coins and banknotes entered into circulation on 1 January 2002, making it the day-to-day operating currency of its original members, and by May 2002 had completely replaced the former currencies. While the euro dropped subsequently to US$0.8252 within two years (26 October 2000), it has traded above the U.S. dollar since the end of 2002, peaking at US$1.6038 on 18 July 2008. Since late 2009, the euro has been immersed in the European sovereign-debt crisis which has led to the creation of the European Financial Stability Facility as well as other reforms aimed at stabilising the currency. In July 2012, the euro fell below US$1.21 for the first time in two years, following concerns raised over Greek debt and Spain's troubled banking sector. , the euro–dollar exchange rate stands at ~ US$1.1137. ", "Sint Maarten is a centralised unitary state , with similar administrative characteristics to Aruba. It has the Netherlands Antillean guilder as its currency.", "For many years Suriname was known as Dutch Guiana. In 1975 became a republic, gaining fully independence from the Netherlands.", "In 1992, banknotes were introduced in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 100 and 500 krooni. Some of the 5, 10, 25, 100 and 500 krooni notes were dated 1991. In 1994, a 50 krooni note was introduced. Unlike others, the 1 kroon and 50 krooni notes were issued only once.", "The federation's currency was the West Indies dollar (though Jamaica continued to use the pound), which was later succeeded by the East Caribbean dollar, the Barbadian dollar, and the Trinidad and Tobago dollar. Successor organisations included the West Indies Associated States and CARICOM.", "Suriname, situated on the north-eastern coast of South America, was a former Dutch colony. When Suriname achieved its independence in 1975, one-third of the country's population migrated to the Netherlands, with many settling in The Hague due to its location on the coast.", "De riyal is de munteenheid van Saoedi-Arabië. Eén riyal is honderd halalat.De volgende munten worden gebruikt: 1 (nauwelijks gebruikt) 5, 10, 25, 50 en 100 halalat. Het papiergeld is beschikbaar in 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 en 500 riyal.De riyal is gekoppeld aan de Amerikaanse dollar tegen een koers van 1 dollar is 3,75 riyal.In Iran, Jemen, Oman en Qatar heet de nationale munteenheid rial. In het Arabisch is de spelling gelijk (ريال); het is onduidelijk waarom de Nederlandse Taalunie in de Woordenlijst Nederlandse Taal een onderscheid maakt.", "In Suriname today, Dutch is the sole official language, and over 60 percent of the population speaks it as a mother tongue. Dutch is the obligatory medium of instruction in schools in Suriname, even for non-native speakers. A further twenty-four percent of the population speaks Dutch as a second language. Suriname gained its independence from the Netherlands in 1975 and has been an associate member of the Dutch Language Union since 2004. The lingua franca of Suriname, however, is Sranan Tongo, spoken natively by about a fifth of the population. ", "* ƒ100 – admiral Michiel de Ruyter (This being the most profitable note to counterfeit it was first replaced by a note featuring the common snipe. This note was of a similar design as the newly introduced 50 and 250-guilder notes; and was again replaced by an abstract design in the last series of guilder notes)", "Dutch is the sole official language,[1] and is the language of education, government, business and the media. Over 60% of the population speak it as a mother tongue,[26] and most of the rest speak it as a second language. In 2004, Suriname became an associate member of the Dutch Language Union.[27] It is the only Dutch-speaking country in South America, and one of the two non Romance-speaking countries on the continent, the other being English-speaking Guyana .", "Suriname is considered to be a culturally Caribbean country, and is a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). While Dutch is the official language of government, business, media and education, Sranan, an English-based creole language, is a widely used lingua franca. Suriname is the only territory outside Europe where Dutch is spoken by a majority of the population. The people of Suriname are among the most diverse in the world, spanning a multitude of ethnic, religious, and linguistic groups.", "When the territory was taken over by the Dutch, it became part of a group of colonies known as Dutch Guiana. The official spelling of the country's English name was changed from \"Surinam\" to \"Suriname\" in January 1978, but \"Surinam\" can still be found in English. A notable example is Suriname's national airline, Surinam Airways. The older English name is reflected in the English pronunciation, or. In Dutch, the official language of Suriname, the pronunciation is, with the main stress on the third syllable and a schwa terminal vowel.", "Suriname's democracy gained some strength after the turbulent 1990s, and its economy became more diversified and less dependent on Dutch financial assistance. Bauxite (aluminium ore) mining continues to be a strong revenue source, but the discovery and exploitation of oil and gold has added substantially to Suriname's economic independence. Agriculture, especially of rice and bananas, remains a strong component of the economy, and ecotourism is providing new economic opportunities. More than 80% of Suriname's land-mass consists of unspoiled rain forest, and with the establishment of the Central Suriname Nature Reserve in 1998, Suriname signalled its commitment to conservation of this precious resource. The Central Suriname Nature Reserve became a World Heritage Site in 2000.", "On 25 November 1975, Suriname seceded from the Dutch Kingdom and became independent. Representing the Queen at the independence ceremony in the Surinamese capital, Paramaribo, were her daughter and heir presumptive, Princess Beatrix, and her husband, Prince Claus.", "The Capital City of Suriname (officially named Republic of Suriname) is the city of Paramaribo. The population of Paramaribo was 250,000.", "Dutch trading posts and plantations in the Americas precede the much wider known colonization activities of the Dutch in Asia. While the first Dutch fort in Asia was built in 1600 (in present-day Indonesia), the first forts and settlements on the Essequibo River in Guyana date from the 1590s. Actual colonization, with Dutch settling in the new lands, was not as common as with other European nations. Many of the Dutch settlements were lost or abandoned by the end of the 17th century, but the Netherlands managed to retain possession of Suriname until it gained independence in 1975, as well as the Netherlands Antilles, of which the islands remain within the Kingdom of the Netherlands today.", "Suriname experienced political turmoil during the 80’s and 90’s, but has stabilized somewhat in the 21st century. Suriname’s revenue comes mainly from bauxite (aluminum ore), oil and gold. Tourism, due to the many protected areas of pristine rainforest is also an important industry in Suriname.", "After assuming power in the fall of 1996, the Wijdenbosch government ended the structural adjustment program of the previous government, claiming it was unfair to the poorer elements of society. Tax revenues fell as old taxes lapsed and the government failed to implement new tax alternatives. By the end of 1997, the allocation of new Dutch development funds was frozen as Surinamese Government relations with the Netherlands deteriorated. Economic growth slowed in 1998, with decline in the mining , construction , and utility sectors. Rampant government expenditures, poor tax collection, a bloated civil service, and reduced foreign aid in 1999 contributed to the fiscal deficit, estimated at 11% of GDP. The government sought to cover this deficit through monetary expansion, which led to a dramatic increase in inflation .", "96. The Guyana-Suriname Ferry, jointly operated by both countries, began operation in 1998. The European Union facilitated funding for its operation.", "The hotel industry is important to Suriname's economy. The rental of apartments, or the rent-a-house phenomenon, is also popular in Suriname." ]

[ 6.58203125, 3.24609375, 2.98828125, 2.251953125, 2.005859375, 1.6865234375, 0.97021484375, -0.313232421875, -1.2412109375, -1.357421875, -1.4892578125, -2.373046875, -2.38671875, -3.41015625, -4.02734375, -4.16015625, -4.1796875, -4.29296875, -4.7421875, -4.8359375, -5.27734375, -5.53125, -6.15625, -6.33203125, -6.890625, -7.1953125, -7.3984375, -7.77734375, -7.8203125, -7.8203125, -8.8203125, -9.7734375 ]

[ "The Gurkhas are warriors native to Nepal who are famous for their unquestionable loyalty, ambition, ferocity and resolve. They first gained fame during the Gurkha War in 1814, when the British East India Company tried to invade Nepal and failed. Impressed by their combat skills and bravery (which was unlike anything the British had ever encountered in their enemies), the British offered to hire the Gurkhas to fight for them. Gurkhas went on to fight for the British in both World Wars.", "Gurkhas are human beings first then, soldiers and fighters . They are originally from Nepal; a small land-locked country that exists between the two giant nations, India and China. Nepal is the birth place of Buddha and the place where the highest peak in the world; Mount Everest (Sagarmatha) stands tall.", "Sherpa (Tibetan: \"eastern people\", from shar \"east\" and pa \"people\") are an ethnic group from the most mountainous region of Nepal, high in the Himalayas. ", "SHERPAS - Sherpas live in the Solu Khumbu region of glacial valleys at the southern approaches to Everest. Their name tells of the origin ( Sha - east, pa - people) and has come to be almost synonymous with great peak that dominates their country. They immigrated from Tibet about 600 years ago. Earlier they were traders and porters, carrying butter, meat, rice, sugar, paper and dye from India, and salt, wool, jewellery, Chinese silk and porcelain from Tibet and beyond. The closure of the border between India and China undermined their economy. Fortunately, with the mountaineering expeditions and trekkers, the Sherpa's found their load carrying skills, both on normal treks and high altitudes in great demand. The Kumbu region has provided a valuable contingent of able bodied, hardy and seemingly fearless Sherpa porters and guides. Sherpas major occupations include agriculture, animal husbandry, trade and have become famous for trekking and mountaineering. Today they are know worldwide for their skill and hardiness. They follow Buddhism as their major religion.", "Sherpas are a Nepalese ethnic group numbering around 150,000. They are renowned for their climbing skills and superior strength and endurance at high altitudes. Perhaps the most famous Sherpa was Tenzing Norgay, who in 1953 was one of the first two men — Edmund Hillary was the other — to climb Mount Everest.", "Courage, Steadfastness, Loyalty, Neutrality and Impartiality come from the Gorkha, a small hilly town in mid - west Nepal. Now, most of the people say for the legendary Gurkhas - \"When his rifle misfires, or when his bullets have run out, a Gurkha draw out his Khukuri and makes his final 'do - or -die' run on the enemy in a fury to finish the business.\"", "The most famous among the Himalayan people are the Sherpas. Because of their impeccable mountaineering skills , they are an indispensable part of mountain expeditions as leader, guide and porter. As an individual or in groups , they have set records many ' firsts' in the mountaineering world. Due to their close affinity to Tibet, in trade, tradition and tongue, the Tibetan influence in their living style is quite distinct. They come, however, from Solu and Khumbu region of eastern Nepal , in the vicinity of Mt. Everest, along the Arun Valley, the Dudh Koshi river and its tributary areas.", "Sherpa , in literal terms, means people of the east in the Tibetan language. Originally from Tibet about 500 years ago they have a close affinity with the Tibetan language, culture and religion. Sherpas major occupations include agriculture, animal husbandry, trade and have become famous for trekking and mountaineering. Today they are know worldwide for their skill and hardiness. They follow Buddhism as their major religion.", "Now, don't worry, we're not going to try and cover all 125 of the Nepalese ethnic groups in this lesson. What we can do is look at some major groupings. For the most part, all of these ethnic groups are descended from either the Tibeto-Burman, Mongoloid, or Indo-Aryan ethnic families. So, ethnic groups in Nepal tend to be loosely related within greater linguistic and ethnic families, and are divided geographically, and in fact by altitude. Living around 1300 feet above sea level are the Alpine ethnic groups. Perhaps the most well known of these ethnic groups are the Sherpa. Sherpas are very closely tied to Tibetan customs, and are commonly used as alpine guides for mountaineers from around the world. However, even they aren't as high up the mountains as the Dolpa people, who are considered to be the highest-elevation ethnic group in the world, and have settlements up to around 20,000 feet above sea level. For the most part, the Alpine groups are Buddhists and live on herds of animals they pasture in the mountains. Some of these groups still live in very similar fashions to their ancestors centuries before, as Nepal has been unable to bring much to this area in the way of healthcare or technology. In general, however, people of the Alpine like their ways of doing things, and are proud to maintain their traditions.", "Nanga Parbat , peak, 26,660 ft (8,126 m) high, in the W Himalayas, located in Pakistan-held Azad Kashmir; 7th highest peak in the world. Six expeditions—almost all ending disastrously—were sent to climb it. James Hilton mentioned about Mummery’s death while climbing Nanga Parbat. Albert Frederick Mummery (1855–1895), was a highly respected British mountaineer. In 1895, Collie, Hastings and Mummery headed off for the Alps for the world's first attempt at a Himalayan 8000m peak, Nanga Parbat. They were years ahead of the time, and the mountain claimed the first of its many victims: Mummery and two Ghurkas, Ragobir and Goman Singh were killed by an avalanche and never seen again. The story of this disastrous expedition is told in Collie's book \"From the Himalaya to Skye\".", "Tenzing Norgay was born on May 15, 1914 in Solo Khumbu, Nepal, a member of the Sherpa tribe. Sherpas have long been known for their positive spirit, strength, and mountain skills. When Europeans began exploring the Himalayas in the early part of the 20th century, they usually came to Darjeeling, India, and hired Sherpas to assist with their expeditions. Before long, this custom became an official system. Sherpas were registered as an elite force of expedition assistants. In Nepal, where Westerners were forbidden to go, Sherpas heard about this work and each year more young men headed to Darjeeling in search of jobs with mountaineering expeditions.", "Sherpas & Gurkhas are native to which country ? - Quizonaire - General Knowledge - 14 - YouTube", "The Sherpas belong to the Nyingmapa sect of Buddhism. The oldest Buddhist sect in Tibet, it emphasizes mysticism and incorporates shamanistic practices and local deities borrowed from the pre-Buddhist Bon religion. Thus, in addition to Buddha and the great Buddhist divinities, the Sherpa also have believe in numerous gods and demons who are believed to inhabit every mountain, cave, and forest. These have to be worshiped or appeased through ancient practices that have been woven into the fabric of Buddhist ritual life. Indeed, it is almost impossible to distinguish between Bon practices and Buddhism.", "Now the owner of a successful trekking company, Ang Phurba - a Horatio Alger with forearms as big as Popeye's - says the mountaineering industry is the reason why the Sherpas (a Nepalese ethnic minority) are steadily becoming self-sufficient in one of the planet's poorest countries.", "Legendary: The first conquerors of Everest, Edmund Hillary (left) and Sherpa Tenzing Norgay (right), with expedition leader Colonel John Hunt (centre) in Katmandu, Nepal, after descending from the peak", "Brower, Barbara. Sherpa of Khumbu: People, Livestock, and Landscape . Delhi, India: Oxford University Press, 1991.", "Even to this day, Chomolungma (Tibetan for Goddess Mother of the World), a peak in the Himalayan range and several other peaks en route to Everest and Mt. Everest itself are held sacred by the Tibetans and Nepalese. It is recorded that Norkay Tensing and his sherpa clansmen who accompanied Edmund Hillary in his successful expedition to Mt. Everest in 1953, offered a sacrifice of food to the mountain goddess Chomolungma invoking her blessings for success of the expedition. Hillary himself buried a small crucifix given him by the leader, Colonel John Hunt. Tradition is hard to die!", "The language of the Sherpas, called Sherpa or Sherpali, is a dialect of Tibetan, although it has borrowed heavily from neighboring languages. It belongs to the Tibeto-Burman branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. The Sherpas use the Tibetan script for writing. Sherpas use Nepali in their dealings with other peoples.", "But a younger generation of Sherpas has been influenced by Western mountaineers. In some ways the Sherpas of the Khumbu villages who depend on seasonal work on Everest are analogous to the residents of a western American mining town where old-timers want to get out of the mines and young people are eager to have a crack at a high-paying job.", "Sherpas are highly regarded as elite mountaineers and experts in their local terrain. They were immeasurably valuable to early explorers of the Himalayan region, serving as guides at the extreme altitudes of the peaks and passes in the region, particularly for expeditions to climb Mt. Everest. Today, the term is often used casually—and incorrectly—by foreigners to refer to almost any guide or porter hired for mountaineering expeditions in the Himalayas. Sherpas are renowned in the international climbing and mountaineering community for their hardiness, expertise, and experience at high altitudes. It has been speculated that a portion of the Sherpas' climbing ability is the result of a genetic adaptation to living in high altitudes. Some of these adaptations include unique hemoglobin-binding enzymes, doubled nitric oxide production, hearts that can utilize glucose and lungs with an increased sensitivity to low oxygen.", "Sherpas are highly regarded as elite mountaineers and experts in their local area. They were immeasurably valuable to early explorers of the Himalayan region, serving as guides at the extreme altitudes of the peaks and passes in the region, particularly for expeditions to climb Mount Everest. Today, the term is often used by foreigners to refer to almost any guide, climbing supporter hired for mountaineering expeditions in the Himalayas, regardless of their ethnicity. Because of this usage, the term has become a slang byword for a guide or mentor in other situations. Sherpas are renowned in the international climbing and mountaineering community for their hardiness, expertise, and experience at very high altitudes. It has been speculated that a part of the Sherpas' climbing ability is the result of a genetic adaptation to living in high altitudes. Some of these adaptations include unique hemoglobin-binding capacity and doubled nitric oxide production. ", "Early expeditions took Sherpas from Darjeeling to climb in far-flung places in the Himalaya. They were often reffered to as ‘Tigers’, but they were rearly accorded the recognition of their full worth. Sherpa Tenzing, the well-known Sherpa guide for his involvement with the first western expedition to reach the summit of Everest, received an award for bravery.", "It wasn't until the 1920s that Sherpa became involved in climbing. The British, who controlled the Indian subcontinent at the time, planned mountain climbing expeditions and hired Sherpa as porters. Though numerous expeditions made the attempt, it wasn't until 1953 that Edmund Hillary and a Sherpa named Tenzing Norgay managed to reach the 29,028 foot (8,848 meter) peak of Mount Everest. Due to their willingness to work and ability to climb the world's highest peaks, mountaineering became part of the Sherpa culture.", "A decade ago Anker, with his wife, Jenni, founded the Khumbu Climbing Center (KCC) in the village of Phortse to improve the mountaineering skills of Sherpas and thereby increase the safety margin for everyone on Everest. Many of the center’s 700-plus graduates are now working for outfitters on the mountain. The Sherpas, after all, are the ones who perform most of the rescues. Danuru Sherpa, a KCC graduate who has summited Everest 14 times, told me he has dragged at least five people off the mountain to save their lives.", "They are an ethnic group who are typically employed as guides for climbing Mt Everest. They are elite mountaineers who have grown up on the low-oxygen Tibetan Plateau making them immune to altitude sickness. They have amazing physical endurance,seem to be the happiest people on earth, and are quick with a smile. ", "Last spring the Sherpa news that dominated the headlines was a brawl that took place on Everest when a group of Sherpas fixing ropes got into a fight with three Western climbers. That incident, which was reported all over the world with much hand-wringing about its significance, set off a wider discussion about who the Sherpa people are and how their roles on the mountain have changed since Tenzing Norgay accompanied Sir Edmund Hillary to the summit in 1953.", "The Khumbu region has provided a valuable contingent of able bodied, hardy and seemingly fearless Sherpa porters and Guides. Over 80 years they have built up a mountaineering reputation as the elite of Himalayan porters.", "\"I think that the tourism is a very big economic benefit to the Sherpa people and also they have very strong ties to their own social attitudes and their own religion, so fortunately they�re not too influenced by many of our western attitudes � they have a very strong culture and very strong village spirit. They work together on projects and so on and much of this is very admirable.\"", "But just who are Sherpas, and what exactly do they do that makes them so invaluable to mountaineering? Here are some answers.", "Climbers on the Khumbu Glacier. The increase in climbing activity has made the Sherpas wealthy, but put them in harm's way.", "It then switches to the climbing team as they trek with the porters passing verdant green fields, waterfalls, villages and the local people. They climb to Shepherds Kharka with a spectacular view of Dhaulagiri and Tukuche Peak, and then cross the Top Of The World Ridge with perfect views of Annapurna North Face before descending into the Miristi Khola and continuing to base camp. After the puja they climb above base camp and see the full view of the north face. Maurice Herzog then arrives at base camp in a helicopter, where he presents Juanito with the message to take to the summit.", "Just short of the Hinku Cave (3170m), an overhanging rock where langur monkeys sometimes congregate, there’s a small shrine in the middle of the path to a local Gurung guardian deity, Pojo Nim Baraha; the tradition is that meat should not be brought above here. The tree cover thins out substantially at this point, and the avalanche risk from the steep slopes above is at its worst – especially in the areas immediately below the cave and above and below Deurali (3239m), though for the most part avalanches are only something to really worry about after heavy snows (typically Jan to Feb), or during the spring melt (March and April). If conditions are dangerous, the trail may be diverted to the opposite bank or shut altogether – ask before proceeding up. Once beyond this sanctuary “gate”, you reach high pasture and Machapuchare Base Camp (3700m). A good tip is to sleep at the more comfortable, larger lodges here and do the final ascent and descent (alongside the glacial moraine) in one long day, thus avoiding an uncomfortable high-altitude night at Annapurna Base Camp (4100m). Note too that lodges at both get impossibly crowded in peak season, and shut altogether after heavy snowfall, especially from early December." ]

[ 4.02734375, 3.703125, 3.51953125, 1.845703125, 1.2568359375, 1.107421875, 0.96875, 0.82177734375, 0.1214599609375, -0.1685791015625, -0.199462890625, -0.42431640625, -0.9443359375, -1.212890625, -2.6796875, -3.09375, -3.671875, -4.37890625, -4.390625, -4.69140625, -5.421875, -5.6484375, -6.40234375, -7.34765625, -7.3671875, -7.53125, -7.76171875, -8.203125, -8.3828125, -8.6953125, -10.28125, -10.8125 ]

[ "Parker Brothers is an American toy and game manufacturer and brand. Since 1883, the company has published more than 1,800 games; among their best known products are Monopoly, Cluedo (licensed from the British publisher and known as Clue in North America), Sorry!, Risk, Trivial Pursuit, Ouija, Aggravation, Bop It and Probe. Parker Brothers is currently a subsidiary of the multinational entertainment company Hasbro.", "If you are not familiar with the Parker Brothers board game called CLUE, it is a game where winning involves figuring out which suspect committed the murder, what weapon they used, and in what room the murder took place.  In the classic version of the game, there are six suspects (Miss Scarlet, Colonel Mustard, Mrs. White, Mr. Green, Mrs. Peacock, and Professor Plum).  There are also six weapons (knife, rope, lead pipe, candlestick, revolver, and wrench) and nine rooms (hall, lounge, dining room, kitchen, ballroom, conservatory, billiard room, library, and study).  At the beginning of the game, one suspect, one weapon, and one room are randomly (and secretly) removed from the deck and “hidden” during the game.  The game involves determining which three items are “hidden” by trying to find out the rest of the cards in play.", "If you are not familiar with the Parker Brothers board game called CLUE, it is a game where winning involves figuring out which suspect committed the murder, what weapon they used, and in what room the murder took place. In the classic version of the game, there are six suspects (Miss Scarlet, Colonel Mustard, Mrs. White, Mr. Green, Mrs. Peacock, and Professor Plum). There are also six weapons (knife, rope, lead pipe, candlestick, revolver, and wrench) and nine rooms (hall, lounge, dining room, kitchen, ballroom, conservatory, billiard room, library, and study). At the beginning of the game, one suspect, one weapon, and one room are randomly (and secretly) removed from the deck and �hidden� during the game. The game involves determining which three items are �hidden� by trying to find out the rest of the cards in play.", "Monopoly is a board game published by Parker Brothers , a subsidiary of Hasbro . The game is named after the economic concept of monopoly , the domination of a market by a single entity.", "Classic Parker Brothers games include BOGGLE, CHIVALRY, FLINCH, THE MAD MAGAZINE GAME, MASTERPIECE, MILLE BOURNE (based on the game of TOURING acquired by Parker), OUIJA (an 1890s fortune-telling device acquired in 1966), PAYDAY, PENTE (an ancient game revived in 1977 and purchased by Parker in 1984), RISK, and SORRY, a PARCHEESI-variant acquired from England.", "Based on the board game of the same name by Parker Brothers, six guests, Colonel Mustard, Mrs. White, Mr. Green, Mrs. Peacock, Professor Plum and Miss Scarlet are invited to a Victorian mansion for a dinner party. The host later reveals they are all being blackmailed and wanted to get everybody together to confront the perpetrator, the alleged Mr. Boddy, who later is murdered by one of the guests. What follows is an exciting and intriguing series of events of finger-pointing, revealing secrets, and motives - all leading to the thrilling investigation of the entire house for clues and Butler Wadsworth's reenactment of the night's events.", "Famous fictional wearers include Wilkins Micawber, Mr. Peanut, Edgar Bergen's dummy Charlie McCarthy, Batman's nemesis The Penguin, Colonel Klink (played by actor Werner Klemperer, who once admitted his was held in place with spirit gum), most incarnations of Colonel Mustard from the game Cluedo/Clue. The fictional Lord Peter Wimsey, an amateur detective from an upper-class background, possessed a set of detecting tools disguised as more gentlemanly accessories, including a powerful magnifying glass disguised as a monocle. The DC Comics supervillain The Monocle gains his powers from a mystic version of his namesake. The P.G. Wodehouse character Psmith also has a well-documented fondess for the Monocle.", "Parker Brothers created a few accessories and licensed a few products shortly after it began publishing the game in 1935. These included a money pad and the first stock exchange add-on in 1936, a birthday card, and a song by Charles Tobias (lyrics) and John Jacob Loeb (music). At the conclusion of the Anti-Monopoly case, Kenner Parker Toys began to seek trademarks on the design elements of Monopoly. It was at this time that the game's main logo was redesigned to feature \"Rich Uncle Pennybags\" (now \"Mr. Monopoly\") reaching out from the second \"O\" in the word Monopoly. To commemorate the game's 50th anniversary in 1985, the company commissioned artist Lou Brooks to redesign and illustrate the main logo as a red street sign-like banner, as well as the character Rich Uncle Pennybags reaching out of the \"O.\" Brooks was also hired at the time to develop and illustrate the game's special \"Commemorative Edition\" embossed tin box packaging. The art was also carried over onto the more traditional cardboard game box which was revised for the anniversary. ", "Parker Brothers was founded by George S. Parker. Parker's philosophy deviated from the prevalent theme of board game design; he believed that games should be played for enjoyment and did not need to emphasize morals and values. He created his first game, called Banking, in 1883 when he was 16.[http://www.history.com/exhibits/toys/inventors.html The History of Toys] Banking is a game in which players borrowed money from the bank and tried to generate wealth by guessing how well they could do. The game included 160 cards which foretold their failures or successes. The game was so popular among family and friends that his brother, Charles Parker, urged him to publish it. George approached two Boston publishers with the idea, but was unsuccessful. Not discouraged, he spent $40 to publish 500 sets of Banking. He eventually sold all but twelve copies, making a profit of $100.", "In 1936, Parker Brothers published four further editions along with the original two: the Popular Edition, Fine Edition, Gold Edition, and Deluxe Edition, with prices ranging from US$2 to US$25 in 1930s money. After Parker Brothers began to release its first editions of the game, Elizabeth Magie Phillips was profiled in the Washington D.C. Evening Star newspaper, which discussed her two editions of The Landlord's Game. In December 1936, wary of the Mah-Jongg and Ping-Pong fads that had left unsold inventory stuck in Parker Brothers' warehouse, George Parker ordered a stop to Monopoly production as sales leveled off. However, during the Christmas season, sales picked up again, and continued a resurgence. In early 1937, as Parker Brothers was preparing to release the board game Bulls and Bears with Darrow's photograph on the box lid (though he had no involvement with the game), a Time magazine article about the game made it seem as if Darrow himself was the sole inventor of both Bulls and Bears and Monopoly:", "Robert Barton, president of Parker Brothers, bought the rights to Finance from Knapp Electric later in 1935. Finance would be redeveloped, updated, and continued to be sold by Parker Brothers into the 1970s. Other board games based on a similar principle, such as a game called Inflation, designed by Rudy Copeland and published by the Thomas Sales Co., in Fort Worth, Texas, also came to the attention of Parker Brothers management in the 1930s, after they began sales of Monopoly. Copeland continued sales of the latter game after Parker Brothers attempted a patent lawsuit against him. Parker Brothers held the Magie and Darrow patents, but settled with Copeland rather than going to trial, since Copeland was prepared to have witnesses testify that they had played Monopoly before Darrow's \"invention\" of the game. The court settlement allowed Copeland to license Parker Brothers' patents. Other agreements were reached on Big Business by Transogram, and Easy Money by Milton Bradley, based on Daniel Layman's Finance. Another clone, called Fortune, was sold by Parker Brothers, and became combined with Finance in some editions. ", "Other companies studied Milton Bradley's success with the teen-oriented Twister, and came up with goofier variations on the theme. Parker Brothers created Funny Bones, a \"social interaction\" game that had cards with nursery rhyme commands like \"head bone connected to the elbow bow,\" or \"back bone connected to the hand bone.\" Players did what the cards said, often resulting in comical poses.", "Parker Brothers acquires the U.S. rights to Cluedo and renames it Clue. It is still called Cluedo in the U.K and many countries.", "The company Parker Brothers, now Hasbro within the multinational, has maintained that the author of the game is only Charles Darrow (in 1935) for marketing reasons. But the original authorship Maggie Elizabeth (in 1903) and the origin and evolution of Monopoly previous games (all derived from The Landlord’s Game), has even been recognized by U.S. courts in the case of Parker v.. Ralph Anspach, during the long judicial process occurred between 1975 and 1986 following the publication of a board game called Anti-Monopoly.", "Cluedo was originally marketed as \"The Great New Detective Game\" upon its launch in 1949 in North America, and quickly made a deal to license \"The Great New Sherlock Holmes Game\" from the Sir Arthur Conan Doyle estate. Advertising at the time suggested players would take on the guise of \"Sherlock Holmes following the path of the criminal\", however no depictions of Holmes appears in the advertising or on the box. By 1950 the game was simply marketed as \"The Great Detective Game\" until the 1960s, at which time it became: \"Parker Brothers Detective Game\". But the association with Sherlock Holmes was far from over. With the launch of the US 1972 edition, a television commercial showed Holmes and Watson engaged in a particularly competitive game. Adjusting with the times, in 1979 US TV commercials a detective resembling a bumbling Inspector Clouseau from the popular Pink Panther film franchise, looks for clues. In 1986, the marketing slogan added \"Classic Detective Game\" which persists through the last 2002/2003 edition.", "Parker Brothers’ big break came when the company bought MONOPOLY in 1935.  No proprietary game (one owned by a particular company) ever gained such popularity around the world (see “The Big Business of MONOPOLY”).  The story is that the Depression paved the way for a game that allowed people to buy property and make millions, but one wonders why a similar game from a few years earlier, Milton Bradley’s EASY MONEY, didn’t meet with equal success.", "Also in the 1970s, Professor Ralph Anspach, who had himself published a board game intended to illustrate the principles of both monopolies and trust busting, fought Parker Brothers and its then parent company, General Mills, over the copyright and trademarks of the Monopoly board game. Through the research of Anspach and others, much of the early history of the game was \"rediscovered\" and entered into official United States court records. Because of the lengthy court process, including appeals, the legal status of Parker Brothers' copyright and trademarks on the game was not settled until 1985. The game's name remains a registered trademark of Parker Brothers, as do its specific design elements; other elements of the game are still protected under copyright law. At the conclusion of the court case, the game's logo and graphic design elements became part of a larger Monopoly brand, licensed by Parker Brothers' parent companies onto a variety of items through the present day. Despite the \"rediscovery\" of the board game's early history in the 1970s and 1980s, and several books and journal articles on the subject, Hasbro (Parker Brothers' current parent company) did not acknowledge any of the game's history before Charles Darrow on its official Monopoly website as recently as June 2012. Nor did Hasbro acknowledge anyone other than Darrow in materials published or sponsored by them, at least as recently as 2009. ", "A third edition of The Landlord’s Game was published by Parker Brothers in 1939, but the company did nothing to promote it. In fact, the game was almost immediately recalled from stores and almost every unsold copy destroyed. Today, very few copies survive. Consistent with the agreement with Elizabeth, the game came with two sets of rules. However, only the rules copyrighted by Parker Brothers were actually sold with the game. Purchases were required to contact Elizabeth Magie Phillips to obtain the alternative rules. Remarkably, Elizabeth’s rules were made available by Hasbro on the company’s website.", "Darrow games did not include player pieces with the game but Parker Brothers figured that was a pretty important oversight so they bought metal tokens from the same folks who supplied metal tokens for Cracker Jack prizes. This game has 6 different player tokens, and each of these can also be found as period Cracker Jack prizes. As demand for the game increased, availability of metal player pieces dried up, so Parker Brothers used wooden pieces in some of these games.", "If you rack your memory, you might recall the original Monopoly top hat, thimble, iron, shoe, battleship, and cannon. Players often call the cannon the howitzer, but the howitzer disappeared from the token lineup without so much as a fan vote. Parker Brothers did not bother to replace it. Fans consider the top hat among the most memorable pieces, serving as a symbol for business excellence during the 1930s.", "The character first appeared on  Chance  and  Community Chest cards  in U.S. editions of Monopoly in 1936. The identity of the artist who designed the character has remained a mystery. Historian and author  Philip Orbanes wrote in 2004 that it is believed that the character is based on either the calling cards of Albert Edward Richardson (Parker Brothers' first traveling salesman), the character of \"Little Esky\" from  Esquire  magazine, or a combination of the two. Orbanes later wrote, in 2006, that the character was also partially influenced by the stature and dress of financier and banker  J. P. Morgan .", "1935 monopoly game. Its reg. Us patent office 2,026,082. Copyrighted in 1936 by parker brothers inc.", "Parker founded his game company, initially called the George S. Parker Company, in his hometown of Salem, Massachusetts in 1883. When George's brother Charles joined the business in 1888, the company's name was changed to its more familiar form. In 1898 a third brother, Edward H. Parker, joined the company. For many years, George designed most of the games himself, and wrote all the rules. Many games were based on important events of the day: Klondike was based on the Alaskan gold rush, and War in Cuba was based on the impending Spanish–American War.", "The unnamed character made his first appearance outside of Monopoly within the Parker Brothers' game Dig, released in 1940, before the U.S. entered World War II. The character did not receive a name until 1946 when the game Rich Uncle was published by Parker Brothers. His likeness appeared on that game's box lid, game instructions, and currency.", "Magie's role in the genesis of Monopoly was uncovered by a economics professor during a long legal battle against Parker Brothers. Ralph Anspach found Magie's patents after the company tried to stop him producing his own Anti-Monopoly game in 1973. ", "The current eight tokens are an iron, racecar, Scottie dog, a shoe, thimble, top hat, wheelbarrow and battleship. Most of the pieces were introduced with the first Parker Brothers iteration of the game in 1935, and the Scottie dog and wheelbarrow were added in the early 1950s.", "It is the first to be wholly manufactured by parker brothers and is very similar to the darrow version, except for the addition of player pieces and a redesign of darrow's black box. It was produced in limited numbers for only a few months in mid-1935. Estimates are that about 24,000 games might have been produced. The 'trade mark' version was also produced in the long box no 9 version.", "Variation: When all the players have shot and missed, any marble between the wall and the line is a target. Players still shoot in order, from where their marbles lie, but hitting a mib only wins that player that one marble. The game continues until all the marbles are gone. Whoever won the most marbles wins.", "The game received a huge boost in 1969, when The Who released the world's first rock opera: the story of a pinball wizard named Tommy. When the album was made into a movie in 1975, pinball soared once more. (The two games used in the film--Elton John played a 1965 Gottlieb Buckaroo and Roger Daltrey had \"such a soulful wrist\" on a 1965 Gottlieb Kings and Queens--and the two games inspired by the movie, Bally's Wizard (1975) and Captain Fantastic (1976) have all become hot collectibles.) In 1975, pinball was grossing 80 percent of the coin-op amusement industry income.", "What was Dorothy Parker’s priceless offering when the gang at the James Gleason party were playing one of those “make a sentence with a word” games and someone suggested “horticulture”?", "Milton Bradley has released board games based on everything from Pac-Man to Family Feud . A few of their more surprising adaptations have included the detective show  Columbo , the movie  Jumanji  (which features a board game that sucks players into another dimension), and a huge range of Disney movies.", "The game board pictured above is the popular version from Selchow & Righter Co., 1934. This is the game I remember playing with my family growing up." ]

[ 4.54296875, 4.37890625, 4.25, 2.021484375, 1.0791015625, 0.436767578125, 0.363525390625, 0.108154296875, -0.0308074951171875, -0.335693359375, -0.34033203125, -0.68212890625, -0.791015625, -0.87158203125, -0.990234375, -1.6845703125, -2.19921875, -2.3046875, -2.5234375, -2.7890625, -2.990234375, -3.126953125, -3.26953125, -3.376953125, -3.73046875, -4.2578125, -4.34765625, -8.734375, -8.953125, -9.0546875, -9.2890625, -9.546875 ]

[ "Prime meridian: Meridian of longitude 0 degrees, used as the origin for measurements of longitude. The meridian of Greenwich, England, is the internationally accepted prime meridian on most charts. However, local or national prime meridians are occasionally used.", "Meridian of longitude 0 degrees, used as the origin for measurements of longitude. The meridian of Greenwich, England, is the internationally accepted prime meridian on most charts. However, local or national prime meridians are occasionally used.", "Meridian of longitude 0 degrees, used as the origin for measurements of longitude. The meridian of Greenwich, England, is the internationally accepted prime meridian on most charts. However, local or national prime meridians are occasionally used.", "On Earth, the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England, is defined as the 'prime meridian,' or zero degrees longitude. Locations on Earth are measured in degrees east or west from this position, but where is the equivalent position on Mars?", "Longitude lines are a numerical way to show/measure how far a location is east or west of a universal vertical line called the Prime Meridian. This Prime Meridian line runs vertically, north and south, right over the British Royal Observatory in Greenwich England, from the North Pole to the South Pole. As the vertical starting point for longitude, the Prime Meridian is numbered 0 degrees longitude.", "The line which runs through Greenwich in London is called the Greenwich Meridian or Prime Meridian. The Prime Meridian is 0° longitude.", "The line along which that plane meets the surface of the Earth, on the side of the point P, is called the meridian of P, or its \"line of longitude. \" Divide the circle of the equator into 360 degrees, with zero at the point where the \"Prime Meridian\" of Greenwich, England (at the eastern edge of London) crosses it.", "Lines of longitude circle the globe from the North Pole to the South Pole.  The 0° line of longitude is called the prime meridian.  It runs through Greenwich, England.  Locations east and west of the prime meridian are measured by degrees between 0° and 180° east and west. ", "The meridian, designated as zero degrees longitude, that passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England", "Longitude measures the west-east position of locations on the Earth's surface relative to a circular arc called the Prime Meridian (Figure 2b-2). The position of the Prime Meridian was determined by international agreement to be in-line with the location of the former astronomical observatory at Greenwich, England. Because the Earth's circumference is similar to circle, it was decided to measure longitude in degrees. The number of degrees found in a circle is 360. The Prime Meridian has a value of zero degrees. A line of longitude or meridian of 45° West has an angle that is 45° west of the plane represented by the Prime Meridian (Figure 2b-3). The maximum value that a meridian of longitude can have is 180° which is the distance halfway around a circle. This meridian is called the International Date Line . Designations of west and east are used to distinguish where a location is found relative to the Prime Meridian. For example, all of the locations in North America have a longitude that is designated west.", "In October 1884 the Greenwich Meridian was selected by delegates (forty-one delegates representing twenty-five nations) to the International Meridian Conference held in Washington, D.C., United States to be the common zero of longitude and standard of time reckoning throughout the world. The modern prime meridian, the IERS Reference Meridian, is placed very near this meridian and is the prime meridian that currently has the widest use.", "The prime meridian, on the other hand, is an imaginary line, created by people to mark zero degrees longitude. It just happens to pass through Greenwich, but it could have been located anywhere.", "Your location on Earth is expressed through your latitude (your north-south position; see above) and longitude, which gives your east-west position. Draw a circle called a meridian from the north pole through your location to the south pole, then do the same through Greenwich, England to define the prime meridian, and note where they cross the equator. Your longitude (given by lower case Greek letter lambda) is the angle between the two intersections (of the meridians and the equator). In the illustration, the latitude of Greenwich is 51° 29' North (the longitude is by definition zero); those of Buenos Aries are 34° 35' South, 58° 29' West. There are 60 minutes (') in a degree of angle, 60 seconds (\") in a minute.", "The graticule formed by the lines of constant latitude and constant longitude is constructed with reference to the rotation axis of the Earth. The primary reference points are the poles where the axis of rotation of the Earth intersects the reference surface. Planes which contain the rotation axis intersect the surface in the meridians and the angle between any one meridian plane and that through Greenwich (the Prime Meridian) defines the longitude: meridians are lines of constant longitude. The plane through the centre of the Earth and orthogonal to the rotation axis intersects the surface in a great circle called the equator. Planes parallel to the equatorial plane intersect the surface in circles of constant latitude; these are the parallels. The equator has a latitude of 0°, the North Pole has a latitude of 90° north (written 90° N or +90°), and the South Pole has a latitude of 90° south (written 90° S or −90°). The latitude of an arbitrary point is the angle between the equatorial plane and the radius to that point.", "The Prime Meridian passes through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, UK . Meridians are drawn in such a way that at the equator, the angle between the lines connecting both meridians to the center of the earth is one degree.", "has a longitude of 0 degrees; separates Western Hemisphere from Eastern Hemisphere; passes through Greenwich, England", "Prime meridian is located at 0 degree longitude(reference).India is located 82.5 degrees east of Great Britain.", "On a globe the earth will be shown as divided into lines of latitude and longitude: the latitude is measured in degrees north (+) or south (-) of the equator (0°), the longitude is measured in degrees east (+) or west (-) of the Greenwich meridian (0°) which passes through London. The North Pole is at latitude 90° north, while the International Date Line is at longitude 180° west.", "The equator marks zero degrees latitude and the prime meridian marks zero degrees longitude, but where do these two lines meet? The simple answer is that they intersect in the Gulf of Guinea, just off the western coast of Africa.", "The prime meridian is the line of 0 longitude, the starting point for measuring distance both east and west around the Earth.", "All of the above are lines of latitude and longitude, which form a grid system for locating places on the earth. The equator circles the planet at dead center between the poles, running in an east-west direction through South America, Africa and Southeast Asia. It marks the zero degree spot for lines of latitude. The Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn run parallel to the equator at 23.5 degrees north and south. The Prime Meridian is the starting point for lines of longitude.", "The latitude and longitude of the capital of North Korea , Pyongyang, is 39° North and 125° 45'East. The longitude of North Korea is to the extreme east of the Prime Meridian. The standard time of North Korea thus is about nine hours ahead of the Greenwich Mean Time. There is only one time zone in North Korea . The Washington DC standard time runs in fourteen hours delay than the North Korea.", "A prime meridian is a meridian (a line of longitude) in a geographical coordinate system at which longitude is defined to be 0°. Together, a prime meridian and its antimeridian (the 180th meridian in a 360°-system) form a great circle. This great circle divides the sphere, e.g., the Earth, into two hemispheres. If one uses directions of East and West from a defined prime meridian, then they can be called Eastern Hemisphere and Western Hemisphere.", "In October 1884, at the behest of the President of the U.S.A., 41 delegates from 25 nations met in Washington, D.C., for the International Meridian Conference. They decided to adopt a single world meridian, passing through the principal Transit Instrument at the observatory at Greenwich, as the basis of calculation for all longitude and a worldwide 24-hour clock. The Greenwich motion passed 22-1; San Domingo voted against it; France and Brazil abstained. Greenwich Village quarter of New York City has been symbolic of \"American bohemia\" at least since 1903.", "The most important longitudes are the Prime Meridian (0°) and the International Date Line (180°). They are at opposite sides of the Earth. The International Date Line marks the place where each day officially begins. So at the International Date Line, the west side of the line is always one day ahead of the east side. This is because the direction of rotation of the Earth is west to east. The Prime Meridian marks the location for the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) or Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) . Other time zones are denoted with offsets (positive or negative) from GMT/UTC.", "In 1884 the Prime Meridian was defined by the position of the large 'Transit Circle' telescope in the Observatory’s Meridian Observatory. The transit circle was built by Sir George Biddell Airy, the 7th Astronomer Royal, in 1850. The cross-hairs in the eyepiece of the Transit Circle precisely defined Longitude 0° for the world. As the Earth’s crust is moving very slightly all the time the exact position of the Prime Meridian is now moving very slightly too, but the original reference for the prime meridian of the world remains the Airy Transit Circle in the Royal Observatory, even if the exact location of the line may move to either side of Airy’s meridian.", "Bianchini's sundial was built along the meridian that crosses Rome, at longitude 12° 30' E. At solar noon, which varies according to the equation of time from around 10:54 a.m. UTC in late October to 11.24 a.m. UTC in February (11:54 to 12:24 CET), the sun shines through a small hole in the wall to cast its light on this line each day. At the summer solstice, the sun appears highest, and its ray hits the meridian line at the point closest to the wall. At the winter solstice, the ray crosses the line at the point furthest from the wall. At either equinox, the sun touches the line between the these two extremes. The longer the meridian line, the more accurately the observer can calculate the length of the year. The meridian line built here is 45 meters long and is composed of bronze, enclosed in yellow-white marble.", "Lines of latitude are measured in degrees north or south of the Equator, 0° latitude. In order to more easily understand how this angle is measured it is best to imagine that the Earth has been sliced in half along a great circle. The line connecting the North and South Poles is the Earth's axis of rotation. This is perpendicular, or at 90°, to the Equator. At the surface of the Earth, at a given latitude, draw a line from that location to the center of the Earth. The angle between this line and the Equator is the latitude measurement. The drawing below shows two examples - one for 30° N and one for 60° S. As with longitude, it is important to place the letter designations of \"N\" or \"S\" on the measurements. Only the Equator, 0°, does not have a north or south direction. Latitude measurements can only go from 0° to 90°.", "Airy's Transit Circle lies at Longitude 0°, by the original definition, and Latitude 51° 28' 38'' N.", "The hour lines for your EarthDial will be unique to your latitude.  Find the latitude and longitude of the spot where your EarthDial will be set up.  For example, the latitude and longitude of Seattle, USA is 47° 41' (47.68°) North, 122° 21' (122.35°) West.  You can find your latitude and longitude by inspecting a good map, or by visiting one of these websites:", "A latitude circle is an imaginary ring around the Earth made up of all the points that have the same particular value for their latitude. They are based on the  rotation of the Earth in relationship to the sun. The five major circles of latitude are the ARCTIC CIRCLE  (66.5 degrees N), the Tropic of Cancer (23.5 degrees N), the equator (0 degrees N), the Tropic of Capricorn (23.5 degrees S), and the ANTARCTIC CIRCLE (66.5 degrees S). A circle of latitude is known as a parallel because the circles of latitude are at set distances apart and on some maps they appear parallel. This parallel marks the farthest point north at which the sun can be seen directly overhead at noon; north of the parallel the sun appears less than 90 degrees from the southern horizon at any time of the year. The sun reaches its vertical zenith over the Tropic of Cancer on June 21–22, which is the summer solstice in the Northern Hemisphere . This parallel was so named the Tropic of Cancer because the sun was in the constellation of Cancer at the time of the summer solstice. The tropics or Torrid Zone comprise the area situated between the Tropic of Cancer at the latitude of 23.5 degrees N and the Tropic of Capricorn at the latitude of 23.5 degrees S.", "Macapa, Brazil, which lies at the northern mouth of the Amazon River, actually sits directly on the equator. Visitors to the city can straddle the equator marker line, or marco zero, that runs directly along the equator as it passes through the city." ]

[ 6.0859375, 5.7421875, 5.7421875, 4.921875, 4.203125, 3.625, 3.466796875, 3.408203125, 3.369140625, 3.259765625, 2.994140625, 2.73046875, 2.177734375, 1.7333984375, 1.677734375, 1.595703125, 1.2529296875, 0.6953125, 0.5859375, 0.048553466796875, -0.5009765625, -0.64990234375, -0.693359375, -0.8681640625, -0.8779296875, -2.078125, -3.306640625, -5.22265625, -5.2265625, -5.63671875, -5.66796875, -6.88671875 ]

[ "The first Wal-Mart ( NYSE:WMT ) opened its doors in Rogers, Arkansas on July 2, 1962. ", "On July 2, 1962, Walton opened the first Wal-Mart Discount City store located at 719 Walnut Ave. in Rogers, Arkansas . The building is now occupied by a hardware store and an antique mall. Within five years, the company expanded to 24 stores across Arkansas and reached $12.6 million in sales. [8] In 1968, it opened its first stores outside Arkansas, in Sikeston, Missouri and Claremore, Oklahoma . [9]", "The first true Wal-Mart opened on July 2, 1962, in Rogers, Arkansas. Called the Wal-Mart Discount City store, it was located at 719 West Walnut Street. He launched a determined effort to market American-made products. Included in the effort was a willingness to find American manufacturers who could supply merchandise for the entire Wal-Mart chain at a price low enough to meet the foreign competition. ", "Sam Walton opened the first Walmart Discount City in Rogers, Arkansas in 1962. He originally wanted to buy a department store in St. Louis, Missouri, but his wife Helen insisted she wanted to live in a small town. By 1979, Walmart opened 276 stores, had 21,000 employees, and reached $1 billion in sales. Today, Walmart has nearly 11,000 stores in 28 countries. The company’s best-selling item (out of more than $405 billion in annual sales)? The humble banana has earned this honor for the past few years.", "Since the first Walmart store opened in 1962 in Rogers, Arkansas, we've been dedicated to making a difference in the lives of our customers. Our business is the result of Sam Walton's visionary leadership, along with generations of associates focused on helping customers and communities save money and live better. This rich heritage defines who we are and what we do today.", "External Environment Analysis MGT/488 October 21, 2010 Patti Berlin External Environment... Analysis Sam Walton began Wal-Mart in 1962 and opened the first store in Rogers, Arkansas (History, 2010, p. 1). Walton was not new to the retail industry and had traveled the United States to learn as much as possible about the industry. Walton knew that customer needs were important to success and he wanted to know as much as possible about the industry to meet those demands. Sam Walton experienced strong...", "In 1887 he brought in his brother Evan Giesen (1868–1952) to serve as manager of his new business. In 1891 H.L. Stroud moved his business into a storefront on the north side of the 100 block of Walnut Street. Stroud's continued to prosper, and in 1899 H.L. built the brick building at 114–116 West Walnut Street. Stroud's continued to be the leading retail business in Rogers up into the 1960s, when in 1962 Sam Walton opened the first location of what would become the retail giant Walmart just seven blocks away. Walton's new store combined with the nationwide movement of retail centers from aged downtowns to malls and shopping centers slowly eroded Stroud's customer base, leading the locally beloved retailer to permanently close in 1993 after 109 years in business. In 1912 the city council formed a commission of local businessmen to facilitate the paving of downtown Rogers. Despite the constant complaints of dusty and muddy streets, and the enthusiastic support of prominent citizens such as Coin Harvey, bickering over the cost and method of paving delayed the start of the project until July, 1924. The downtown area was paved with concrete and overlaid with bricks in rows, changing to a basket weave pattern at the intersections of streets. The work was completed in December, 1924, and the brick pavement remains today, with renovations done to the streets in 2010. ", "From a single store in Rogers, Arkansas, the business exploded, with Wal-Marts cropping up in small towns across the South and the Midwest. By 1976, Wal-Mart had a market capitalization of $176 million. Although Walton didn’t invent the discount store, he developed and perfected the idea. An early adopter of information technology and supply chain management, Wal-Mart quickly gained ground on its main competitors, most notably K-Mart and Sears.", "Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., branded as Walmart /ˈwɒlmɑrt/, is an American multinational retail corporation that runs chains of large discount department stores and warehouse stores. The company is the world's largest public corporation, according to the Fortune Global 500 list in 2014, the biggest private employer in the world with over two million employees, and is the largest retailer in the world. Walmart remains a family-owned business, as the company is controlled by the Walton family, who own over 50 percent of Walmart. It is also one of the world's most valuable companies.", "Walmart, Kmart, and Target all opened their first locations in 1962. Other retail companies branched out into the discount store business around that time as adjuncts to their older store concepts. As examples, Woolworth opened a Woolco chain (also in 1962); Montgomery Ward opened Jefferson Ward; Chicago-based Jewel launched Turn Style; and Central Indiana-based L. S. Ayres created Ayr-Way. J. C. Penney opened discount stores called Treasure Island or The Treasury, and Atlanta-based Rich's owned discount stores called Richway. During the late 1970s and the 1980s, these chains typically were either shut down or sold to a larger competitor. Kmart and Target themselves are examples of adjuncts, although their growth prompted their respective parent companies to abandon their older concepts (the S. S. Kresge five and dime store disappeared, while the Dayton-Hudson Corporation eventually divested itself of its department store holdings and renamed itself Target Corporation).", "The Arkansas-based behemoth is easily the planet's largest retailer and ranks No. 15th on Forbes' Global 2000 list of the world’s biggest and most powerful public companies, as measured by a composite score of revenues, profits, assets and market value.", "The company has been growing steadily since it opened in 1962. Five years later, there were 24 stores in Arkansas, one in Sikeston, Missouri and another in Claremore, Oklahoma. In 1967, the company did $12.6 million in sales revenue. The company incorporated as Wal-Mart Stores Inc. on October 31, 1969. Its home office in Bentonville, Arkansas opened in 1970. Sales first passed the $1 billion mark in 1979, when the company had 276 stores in a total of ten states and employed 21,000 associates.", "At some point Sam Walton made the decision to achieve higher sales volumes by keeping sales prices lower than his competitors by reducing his profit margin. Inspired by the successes of other discount department store chains, Walton opened the second store in Harrison, Arkansas that year. Responsible for the purchase and maintenance of signage, Walton's assistant, Bob Bogle, came up with the name \"Wal-Mart\" for the new chain. By 1967, the company grew to 24 stores across the state of Arkansas, and had reached $12.6 million in sales, and by 1968, the company opened its first stores outside of Arkansas in Sikeston, Missouri and Claremore, Oklahoma. ", "The 1980s were the decade when America woke up to Wal-Mart. The company ended the 70s with 276 stores and 21,000 employees, reaching $1 billion in annual sales after what was then a record-breaking 17 short years of operation. In 1983, Wal-Mart opened its first Sam's Clubs, the massive supercenters named after Wal-Mart's founder. That year would mark the dawn of the warehouse-club retail era just as 1962 marked the beginning of discount retailing -- Costco ( NASDAQ:COST ) also opened its first store in 1983, and would later undermine Sam Walton's efforts to grow in that sector by merging with Price Club, a warehouse chain that Walton had wanted to add to his own corporate empire.", "About: Walmart /ˈwɒlmɑrt/, is an American multinational retail corporation that operates a chain of discount department stores and warehouse stores. Headquartered in Bentonville, Arkansas, United States, the company was founded by Sam Walton in 1962 and incorporated on October 31, 1969. It has over 11,000 stores in 28 countries, under a total 65 banners. The company operates under the Walmart name in the United States and Canada. It operates as Walmart de México y Centroamérica in Mexico, as Asda in the United Kingdom, as Seiyu in Japan, and as Best Price in India. It has wholly owned operations in Argentina, Brazil, and Canada. It also owns and operates the Sam's Club retail warehouses.", "Based out of headquarters in Bentonville, Arkansas, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. controls the largest multinational retail empire in the world. In fact, operating under 71 different names, the firm has retail units in 27 countries – from South Africa to Japan – and employs an incredible 2.2 million people globally. Once described as “the world’s most powerful company,” Wal-Mart had 2013-2014 sales totaling a massive $476.5 billion, netting $16 billion in profit and gaining an impressive market value of $247.9 billion. In 2013 Forbes ranked Wal-Mart 18th on its “The World’s Most Valuable Brands” list, with a brand value of $21.7 billion and brand revenue of $299.5 billion. Current Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. president and CEO Doug McMillon – who once acted as a U.S. China Business Council board director – assumed command in February 2014.", "The company has tried out various colors and variation of the word Walmart over the years. In 1962, when Sam Walton started, the company, the logo had simply the word spelled in a very basic design.", "A month after receiving the Presidential Medal of Freedom in Wal-Mart's home office in Bentonville from President George Bush, Walton dies of bone cancer. At the time of his death, Walton is the world's second-richest man, and Wal-Mart's annual revenue is $43 billion. The company operates 1,714 stores and 208 Sam's Clubs in the U.S., and eight stores in Mexico and Puerto Rico.", "Sam Walton, in full Samuel Moore Walton (born March 29, 1918, Kingfisher, Oklahoma , U.S.—died April 5, 1992, Little Rock , Arkansas ), American retail magnate who founded Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., and developed it, by 1990, into the largest retail sales chain in the United States .", "PepsiCo Inc. was founded in 1965 through the merger of Pepsi-Cola Company and Frito-Lay, Inc. By the 1990s it was the second-largest maker of soft drinks in the United States and among the most successful consumer products companies in the world, with annual revenues of more than $20 billion and about 140,000 employees. PepsiCo had achieved a leadership position in each of its two major packaged goods businesses: beverages and snack foods. The company was a world leader in soft drink bottling and the world's largest producer of snack chips. PepsiCo's brand names were some of the best known and most respected in the world.", "The first Kmart opened in 1962 in Garden City, Michigan. Kresge died in 1966. In 1977, the S. S. Kresge Corporation changed its name to the Kmart Corporation. In 2005 Sears Holdings Corporation became the parent of Kmart and Sears, after Kmart bought Sears, and formed the new parent.", "Over the next few years several Wal-Mart stores sprung up all over the nation and by 1967, the Walton family owned 24 stores, registering up to $12.7 million in sales! Within a couple of years Walton officially incorporated his company as Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.", "In January 1997, PepsiCo, Inc. announced the spin-off of its quick service restaurants -- KFC, Taco Bell and Pizza Hut -- into an independent restaurant company. The spin-off should be completed during the fourth quarter 1997. The new restaurant company, TRICON Global Restaurants, Inc., will be the world's largest restaurant system with more than 29,500 KFC, Pizza Hut and Taco Bell restaurants in nearly 100 countries and territories.", "In 1999 PepsiCo divested itself of another low-margin, capital-intensive business when it spun off Pepsi Bottling Group, the largest Pepsi bottler in the world, to the public in a $2.3 billion IPO. PepsiCo retained a 35 percent stake. PepsiCo was now focused exclusively on the less capital-intensive businesses of beverages and snack foods.", "In 1991, the company expanded into Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and New York. Walmart expanded worldwide this year, with the opening of their first store outside the United States in Mexico City. They also acquired Western Merchandisers, Inc. of Amarillo, Texas. 1991 also saw the launch of the Sam's American Choice brand of products.", "Sears, Roebuck and Company, commonly known as Sears, is an American mid-range chain of department stores founded by Richard Warren Sears and Alvah Roebuck From its mail order beginnings, the company grew to become the largest retailer in the United States by the mid-20th century, and its catalogs became famous. Competition and changes in the demographics of its customer base challenged the company after World War II as its rural and inner city strongholds shrank and the suburban markets grew. Eventually its catalog program was largely discontinued. Sears merged with Kmart in early 2005, creating the Sears Holdings Corporation.", "Based in Cincinnati, Ohio, Procter & Gamble Co. (P&G) is the most sizable consumer goods multinational in the world, serving some 4.8 billion people globally. In 2014 P&G placed 31st on the “Fortune 500,” with revenues of $84.167 billion, and the magazine explained that CEO Alan G. Lafley is still determined to reduce costs and refine productivity. Lafley – who achieved his MBA at Harvard Business School – has instilled new life into the company, advancing his “consumer is boss” mantra while emphasizing existing mega-brands and adding new ones to the fold. P&G describes its portfolio as “trusted, quality, leadership brands,” and in 2014 the Reputation Institute included the firm on its list of the most reputable companies in the world. With operations in around 70 countries, P&G employs a global staff of 121,000 and boasts a market value of $217.8 billion.", "MasterCard Incorporated () or MasterCard Worldwide (stylized as mastercard) is an American multinational financial services corporation headquartered in the MasterCard International Global Headquarters, Purchase, New York, United States, in Westchester County. The Global Operations Headquarters is located in O'Fallon, Missouri, United States, a suburb of St. Louis, Missouri. Throughout the world, its principal business is to process payments between the banks of merchants and the card issuing banks or credit unions of the purchasers who use the \"MasterCard\" brand debit and credit cards to make purchases. MasterCard Worldwide has been a publicly traded company since 2006. Prior to its initial public offering, MasterCard Worldwide was a cooperative owned by the more than 25,000 financial institutions that issue its branded cards.", "On March 2, 1955, Kroc formed McDonald's Systems, Inc. (which was renamed McDonald's Corporation in 1960). On April 15, 1955, the very first McDonald's franchise operation opened for business in Des Plaines, a suburb of Chicago, Illinois ; the store did $366.12 worth of business that day.", "Col. Harlan Sanders, who operates Kentucky Fried Chicken stands across the country, meets employees on a visit to the Sahara Hotel in Las Vegas, January 21, 1969. Sanders was in town for the company's convention.", "Under the new owners, Kentucky Fried Chicken Corporation grew rapidly. It went public on March 17, 1966, and was listed on the New York Stock Exchange on January 16, 1969. More than 3,500 franchised and company-owned restaurants were in worldwide operation when Heublein Inc. acquired KFC Corporation on July 8, 1971, for $285 million.", "Sam Walton , a businessman from Arkansas, began his retail career when he started work on June 3, 1940, at a J. C. Penney store in Des Moines, Iowa where he remained for 18 months. In 1945, he met Butler Brothers , a regional retailer that owned a chain of variety stores called Ben Franklin and that offered him one in Newport, Arkansas . [5]" ]

[ 9.921875, 8.859375, 8.4375, 6.47265625, 6.2734375, 5.984375, 5.62890625, 3.39453125, 3.3671875, 0.86474609375, 0.73974609375, 0.442138671875, -0.486328125, -0.73974609375, -1.3046875, -1.9609375, -3.107421875, -3.353515625, -3.404296875, -3.892578125, -4.16796875, -4.7109375, -4.828125, -4.93359375, -5.0859375, -5.57421875, -5.82421875, -6.44140625, -6.53515625, -6.69140625, -6.73828125, -7.22265625 ]

[ "The Battle of San Juan Hill (1 July 1898), also known as the battle for the San Juan Heights, was a decisive battle of the Spanish–American War. The San Juan heights was a north-south running elevation about 2 km east of Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. The names San Juan Hill and Kettle Hill were given to the location by the Americans. This fight for the heights was the bloodiest and most famous battle of the war. It was also the location of the greatest victory for the Rough Riders, as claimed by the press and its new commander, Theodore Roosevelt, who was to eventually become first vice-president and then president, and who was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor in 2001 for his actions in Cuba. The American press at the time overlooked the fact that the Buffalo Soldiers of the 10th Cavalry and 24th Infantry Regiments had actually done much of the heaviest fighting.", "1898 - During the Spanish-American War, Theodore Roosevelt and his \"Rough Riders\" waged a victorious assault on San Juan Hill in Cuba.", "NARRATOR: On the morning of July 1, 1898, American troops in Cuba prepared to make their assault on the Spanish forces holding San Juan Hill. In the jungles below, Colonel Theodore Roosevelt and his Rough Riders waited impatiently. ''The instant I received the order,'' Roosevelt remembered, ''I sprang on my horse and then my crowded hour began.'' ''Gentlemen,'' he shouted, ''the Almighty God and the just cause are with you. Gentlemen, charge.'' What happened that day in the Cuban jungles would make Theodore Roosevelt one of the most famous men in America, and catapult him into the presidency.", "Aside from a brief skirmish upon landing in Cuba, the Rough Rider's greatest challenge came on July 1, 1898, at San Juan Hill outside the city of Santiago, Cuba. A Spanish entrenchment at the top of the hill, which protected the city, had to be captured in order to take Santiago. In what he later described as the \"greatest day of [his] life\", Colonel Theodore Roosevelt charged forth on horseback to lead the Rough Riders up the hill. The battle was thick, and by the end, fifteen of Roosevelt's men were dead and seventy-three more were wounded. Over the course of the war, the Rough Riders suffered more casualties than any other unit. Santiago was taken, and the war eventually ended after another American fleet, under Admiral Sampson's command, defeated the Spanish Navy in Santiago Harbor. Similar to the attack in Manila, this battle was also over within a matter of hours.", "Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt distinguished himself by acts of bravery on 1 July 1898, near Santiago de Cuba, Republic of Cuba, while leading a daring charge up San Juan Hill. Lieutenant Colonel Roosevelt, in total disregard for his personal safety, and accompanied by only four or five men, led a desperate and gallant charge up San Juan Hill, encouraging his troops to continue the assault through withering enemy fire over open countryside. Facing the enemy's heavy fire, he displayed extraordinary bravery throughout the charge, and was the first to reach the enemy trenches, where he quickly killed one of the enemy with his pistol, allowing his men to continue the assault. His leadership and valor turned the tide in the Battle for San Juan Hill. Lieutenant Colonel Roosevelt's extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit upon himself, his unit, and the United States Army.", "When the Spanish-American War began, Roosevelt resigned as assistant secretary of the Navy and volunteered for service as commander the 1st U.S. Volunteer Cavalry, a unit known as the Rough Riders—an elite company comprised of Ivy League gentlemen, western cowboys, sheriffs, prospectors, police officers, and Native Americans. Once in Cuba, Roosevelt distinguished himself by leading them on a charge—on foot—up San Juan Hill (actually Kettle Hill) on the outskirts of Santiago. The contingent suffered heavy casualties. The Rough Riders returned to the United States as war heroes. Their varied backgrounds, colorful leader, and bravery on the battlefield brought them considerable attention. Roosevelt personally reveled in his time in the military. He later wrote about his military exploits: \"I would rather have led that charge and earned my colonelcy than served three terms in the United States Senate. It makes me feel as though I could now leave something to my children which will serve as an apology for my having existed.\"", "Roosevelt was included with Presidents George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln at the Mount Rushmore Memorial, designed in 1927 with the approval of Republican President Calvin Coolidge. For his gallantry at San Juan Hill, Roosevelt's commanders recommended him for the Medal of Honor. In the late 1990s, Roosevelt's supporters again recommended the award. On January 16, 2001, President Bill Clinton awarded Theodore Roosevelt the Medal of Honor posthumously for his charge on San Juan Hill, Cuba, during the Spanish–American War. ", "With the Spanish-American War Pershing and the Buffalo Soldiers acquitted themselves with valour on San Juan Hill in Cuba.  In a battle better known for Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough Riders, the 10th Cavalry took much of the brunt of the fighting.  It’s interesting to think that Roosevelt, who witnessed the Buffalo Soldiers in action, had that in mind when he invited Booker T. Washington to the White House during his presidency.", "The Rough Riders began as a motley group of hunters, college athletes, miners, cowboys and other volunteers mostly from Arizona, Texas, New Mexico and Oklahoma. The Rough Riders were very well supplied, thanks to the influence that Roosevelt, who had been Assistant Secretary of the Navy, wielded among the nation's military elite. Therefore, unlike many other volunteer units in the Spanish-American War, the Rough Riders actually saw action. The unit departed for Cuba in June 1898, where they joined up with other units. They first saw action in the Battle of Las Guasimas, a Spanish outpost. The victory there, despite disadvantageous positions and difficult terrain, confirmed the group's ability to fight. This courage under fire also displayed itself at the famous Battle of San Juan Hill. At that battle, the Rough Riders, assisted by the Buffalo Soldiers, charged up Kettle Hill in the face of a strong Spanish attack, taking the Spanish fortifications and helping to secure the victory for the United States. This attack filled the newspapers at home, bringing fame to Roosevelt and his scrappy group of volunteers. After helping at the Siege of Santiago, the Rough Riders came home. The group was officially disbanded on September 15, 1898.", "Colonel Teddy Roosevelt and his Rough Riders, The 1st U.S. Cavalry Regiment, pose at the top of the hill which they captured in the Battle of San Juan. Roosevelt resigned his position as assistant Secretary of the Navy to join the Spanish-American War as a soldier. Roosevelt was awarded the medal of Honor posthumously in 2001 for his service in Cuba.", "In 1886, Roosevelt ran unsuccessfully for mayor of New York City. Two years later, President Benjamin Harrison rewarded Roosevelt’s service to the Republican Party with a job on the U.S. Civil Service Commission; he was reappointed by Harrison’s successor, Grover Cleveland . In 1895, Roosevelt became president of the New York City Board of Police Commissioners, and in 1897 William McKinley named him as assistant secretary of the U.S. Navy. Upon the outbreak of the Spanish-American War in 1898, Roosevelt left his post as naval secretary to become colonel of the First U.S. Volunteer Cavalry, known as the “Rough Riders.” Once in Cuba, Roosevelt led the Rough Riders in a brave, costly uphill charge in the Battle of San Juan; he returned home as one of the war’s most visible heroes.", "After his legendary exploits with the Rough Riders' charge up San Juan Hill, outside Santiago de Cuba, and the Spanish surrender soon afterward, Roosevelt was determined to get his suffering soldiers home quickly. In fact, he openly criticized the War Department for delaying the withdrawal of the soldiers. Already a national hero, Roosevelt became even more popular for his outspokenness. He arrived with the first troops on the transport ship Miami, which docked in mid-August at Fort Pond Bay, where today stands the -- what else? -- Rough Riders Landing condominium complex, which will be dedicating a plaque in honor of Roosevelt on Saturday. (Other organizations are also marking the centennial of the camp.)", "U.S. troops attacked the San Juan heights on July 1, 1898. Dismounted troopers, including the African-American Ninth and Tenth cavalries and the Rough Riders commanded by Lt. Col. Theodore Roosevelt went up against Kettle Hill while the forces led by Brigadier General Jacob Kent charged up San Juan Hill and pushed Spanish troops further inland while inflicting 1,700 casualties. While U.S. commanders were deciding on a further course of action, Admiral Cervera left port only to be defeated by Schley. On July 16, the Spaniards agreed to the unconditional surrender of the 23,500 troops around the city. A few days later, Major General Nelson Miles sailed from Guantánamo to Puerto Rico. His forces landed near Ponce and marched to San Juan with virtually no opposition.", "America's conflict with Spain was later described as a \"splendid little war\" and for Theodore Roosevelt it certainly was. His combat experience consisted of one week's campaign with one day of hard fighting. \"The charge itself was great fun\" he declared, and \"Oh, but we had a bully fight.\" His actions during the battle earned a recommendation for the Congressional Medal of Honor but politics intervened and the request was denied. The rejection crushed Roosevelt. As though in consolation, the notoriety from the charge up San Juan Hill was instrumental in propelling him to the governorship of New York in 1899. The following year Roosevelt was selected to fill the Vice Presidential spot in President McKinley's successful run for a second term. With McKinley's assassination in September 1901, Roosevelt became President.", "May, 1898: Passage of the Teller Amendment. July 1, 1898: San Juan Hill taken by \"Rough Riders\"", "Under his leadership, the Rough Riders became famous for dual charges up Kettle Hill and San Juan Hill on July 1, 1898 (the battle was named after the latter \"hill,\" which was the shoulder of a ridge known as San Juan Heights). Out of all the Rough Riders, Roosevelt was the only one with a horse, and used it to ride back and forth between rifle pits at the forefront of the advance up Kettle Hill; an advance which he urged in absence of any orders from superiors. However, he was forced to walk up the last part of Kettle Hill on foot, due to barbed wire entanglement and after his horse, Little Texas, became tired.", "As the troops of the various units began slowly creeping up the hill, firing their rifles at the opposition as they climbed, Roosevelt went to the captain of the platoons in back and had a word with him. He stated that it was his opinion that they could not effectively take the hill due to an insufficient ability to effectively return fire, and that the solution was to charge it full-on. The captain reiterated his colonel's orders to hold position. Roosevelt, recognizing the absence of the other Colonel, declared himself the ranking officer and ordered a charge up Kettle Hill. The captain stood hesitant, and Colonel Roosevelt rode off on his horse, Texas, leading his own men uphill while waving his hat in the air and cheering. The Rough Riders followed him with enthusiasm and obedience without hesitation. By then, the other men from the different units on the hill became stirred by this event and began bolting up the hill alongside their countrymen. The 'charge' was actually a series of short rushes by mixed groups of regulars and Rough Riders. Within twenty minutes Kettle Hill was taken, though casualties were heavy. The rest of San Juan Heights was taken within the hour following.", "The first of these were the Battle of Las Guasimas on 24 June 1898 where the 10th Cavalry saved a portion of the Rough Riders from annihilation when their lead companies were ambushed and pinned down. This was where Harper's Weekly war correspondent Frederic Remington experienced the true horror of combat and heard the whistle of bullets near his head. Remington later painted the \"Scream of the Shrapnel\" in 1899 that represented this event. [20] The second was the Battle of El Caney in the early morning hours of 1 July where stubborn Spanish forces held the Americans at bay for almost twelve hours. Then came the famous Battle of San Juan Hill in the late afternoon. [20]", "Meanwhile, President McKinley called for 100,000 volunteers to fight the Spanish in the Caribbean. The Secretary of War, General Russell Alger, offered the command of one of the three volunteer regiments to Roosevelt. Many of Roosevelt's friends begged him not to accept the offer, and to instead retain the prestigious political post of Assistant Secretary of the Navy. Roosevelt, however, did not listen. He resigned his position at the Navy Department and volunteered to fight as a soldier. He was granted the rank of Lieutenant Colonel in one of the most motley, if not most famous, Army divisions in history. Known as the Rough Riders, the 1,000 men in this battle group came from all walks of life from throughout America. Many were ranchers, cowboys, gamblers, and even outlaws. Others from the East had given up college and high society for a little excitement. All were adventurous to say the least, and all were willing to fight.", "Called the most integrated battle force of the 19th century, the troops of the 24th Infantry and the 9th and 10th Cavalry fought up the slope of San Juan Hill along with White regular army regiments and the 1st Volunteer Cavalry (the Rough Riders) led by Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt. Twenty-six Buffalo Soldiers died that day, and several men were officially recognized for their bravery. Quarter Master Sergeant Edward L. Baker, Jr., 10th Cavalry emerged from the battle wounded by shrapnel, but was awarded the Medal of Honor for his heroism. (16)", "The troops on Kettle Hill under the orders of Sumner and the inspiration of Theodore Roosevelt started down the west slope of the hill and up the northern extension of San Juan Hill. The cavalry encountered trenches filled with dead Spaniards or those who wished to surrender. Some of the bolder enemy were shot in full flight by the Rough Riders and other regiments now firmly in place on San Juan Hill. The assaults against Kettle and San Juan Hills were against Spanish troops that had already begun pulling back. Around noon their two field artillery pieces had been depleted of ammunition, and their infantry had been decimated by the Gatling gun, artillery, and rifle fire. Those who remained in the trenches when the U.S. cavalry appeared were either dead or wounded. The Rough Riders did charge San Juan Hill, but only after the assault on the more strategically important Kettle Hill. ", "Then there were the last words of William “Buckey” O’Neil, an Arizona lawyer, miner, cowboy, gambler, newspaperman, sheriff and congressman. He was also one of the most important members of Teddy Roosevelt’s Rough Riders during the Spanish-American War. Just prior to the famous charge up Kettle Hill, O’Neil was standing up, smoking a cigarette, and joking with his troops while under withering fire from the ridge. One of his sergeants shouted to him above the noise, “Captain, a bullet is sure to hit you!”", "ROBB: Would Teddy have been elected president if he hadn’t organized and ridden up San Juan Hill with the Rough Riders? ", "Kettle Hill was a smaller part of the San Juan Heights with San Juan Hill Script error and its main blockhouses being the highest point with a dip or draw in between the two hills on a north-south axis. The heights are located about a mile east of Santiago. Elements of the 10th Cavalry (\"black\" regulars) took Kettle Hill on the American right with assistance from Col. Theodore Roosevelt's 1st Volunteer Cavalry (Rough Riders) and the entire 3rd Cavalry (\"white\" regulars). Most of the 10th supported by elements of the 24th and 25th colored infantry on the left took San Juan Hill.", "Lt. Col. Theodore Roosevelt & members of the \"Rough Riders\" on the San Juan Heights, 1898. Photograph Courtesy of the Library of Congress", "Twelve miles away, the Spanish were fortifying the hills surrounding the city of Santiago. An American victory on the hills overlooking the city would end the war. As Roosevelt led the Rough Riders inland through the dense undergrowth, they were caught in an ambush. Roosevelt gave chase, and the Spanish retreated. Eight Rough Riders were killed, 34 more were wounded. Roosevelt was enjoying every minute of it.", "Richard Harding Davis was a reporter who observed the charge up San Juan Hill. We join his account as American forces have massed at the bottom of the hill - the Spanish entrenched in a dominate position on its top. Behind the Americans, advancing troops have clogged the roads preventing an escape. The Americans appear to be stymied - unwilling to move forward and unable to retreat. Suddenly, Theodore Roosevelt emerges on horseback from the surrounding woods and rallies the men to charge:", "Richard Harding Davis was a reporter who observed the charge up San Juan Hill. We join his account as American forces have massed at the bottom of the hill - the Spanish entrenched in a dominate position on its top. Behind the Americans, advancing troops have clogged the roads preventing an escape. The Americans appear to be stymied - unwilling to move forward and unable to retreat. Suddenly, Theodore Roosevelt emerges on horseback from the surrounding woods and rallies the men to charge:", "First part of battle (on Kettle Hill) *victory for the Rough Riders & two African-American regiments... cleared the way for the San Juan Hill battle *Roosevelt declared the hero of San Juan Hill", "Atop Kettle Hill, Roosevelt attempted to lead an attack forward against San Juan, but was followed by only five men. Returning to his lines, he met with Sumner and was given permission to take the men forward. Storming forward, the cavalrymen, including the African-American \"Buffalo Soldiers\" of the 9th and 10th Cavalry, broke through lines of barbed wire and cleared the heights to their front. Many sought to pursue the enemy to Santiago and had to be recalled. Commanding the extreme right of the American line, Roosevelt was soon reinforced by infantry and repulsed a half-hearted Spanish counterattack.", "Critics have complained that Roosevelt erroneously and undeservedly claimed credit for the victory at San Juan Hill, when he actually was involved in the assault on Kettle Hill. In fact, he did play a prominent role in the fight for Kettle Hill. His volunteers, part of Sumner’s dismounted cavalry force, reached the top of Kettle Hill alongside black and white regulars. The actions of Color Sgt. George Berry of the 10th Cavalry, who carried the colors of the white 3d Cavalry up that hill along with his own regiment’s standard, reflected the shared nature of the operation, with black and white regulars and Rough Riders fighting side by side and with one group sometimes indistinguishable from the others.", "Critics have complained that Roosevelt erroneously and undeservedly claimed credit for the victory at San Juan Hill, when he actually was involved in the assault on Kettle Hill. In fact, he did play a prominent role in the fight for Kettle Hill. His volunteers, part of Sumner�s dismounted cavalry force, reached the top of Kettle Hill alongside black and white regulars. The actions of Color Sgt. George Berry of the 10th Cavalry, who carried the colors of the white 3d Cavalry up that hill along with his own regiment�s standard, reflected the shared nature of the operation, with black and white regulars and Rough Riders fighting side by side and with one group sometimes indistinguishable from the others." ]

[ 7.58203125, 4.796875, 4.57421875, 3.923828125, 3.896484375, 3.123046875, 2.390625, 1.955078125, 0.78955078125, 0.499267578125, -0.10980224609375, -0.2125244140625, -1.5244140625, -2.080078125, -2.431640625, -2.767578125, -2.990234375, -4.26953125, -4.390625, -4.6015625, -4.78125, -5.05078125, -5.09375, -5.125, -5.15234375, -6.01171875, -6.15234375, -6.15234375, -6.16015625, -6.234375, -6.3984375, -6.47265625 ]

[ "The blue agave ( Agave tequilana ) plant is the only source for making tequila. The plant resembles a cactus and is known in the United States as the century plant. It is native to the desert areas of Mexico and the southwestern United States and has grown wild for thousands of years. On labels, you may also see it referred to as Weber agave, which is a specific variety of blue agave.", "tequila   Pronunciation:  teh-KEE-luh  Notes:   This fiery liquor is produced in Mexico from the fermented sap of the blue agave cactus.  Mexicans like to drink it straight after licking salt from the back of their hands (which they squirt first with lime juice to help the salt adhere). Tequila is also used in several cocktails, including the Tequila Sunrise.  Gold tequilas and white tequilas are very similar.  Tequilas añejas are aged--and more expensive. The very finest tequilas are labeled \"100 percent blue agave.\"  José Cuervo is a well-regarded brand.  Tequila should always be served ice cold.   Substitutes: mezcal (similar, but stronger-tasting) OR gin OR white rum OR vodka ", "Tequila is an agave-based spirit made primarily in the area surrounding Tequila, Jalisco, 65 kilometers (40 miles) in the northwest of Guadalajara and in the highlands (Los Altos) of the western Mexican state. The volcanic soil in the region surrounding Tequila is particularly well suited to the growing of the cactus-like blue-agave, and more than 300 million of the plants are harvested there each year.[1] However, Mexican laws state that tequila can be produced only in the state of Jalisco and limited regions in the states of Guanajuato, Michoac&#225n, Nayarit, and Tamaulipas", "If reading about pies is making you thirsty how about some Tequila? Maybe unexpected here but the the area between the Tequila Volcano and the Rio Grande River in Mexico is part of an expansive landscape of Blue Agave, used since the 16th century to produce Tequila and for 2000 years to produce fermented drinks and cloth.", "Tequila is a spirit that is made exclusively from a specific agave plant, the blue agave or Agave Tequilana Weber. It is only produced in the region of western Mexico around the town of Santiago de Tequila, Jalisco , about 40 miles (65 km) northwest of Guadalajara. Over 90,000 acres of blue agave are under cultivation in this region of Mexico, which is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site .", "Tequila is an alcoholic beverage, made from the agave plant, a native of Mexico. The heart of a mature plant (around 12 years old) is extracted, and fermented to create tequila. Tequila is the basis for the margarita, which combines tequila and lime juice (and often an orange liqueur), usually served in a salt-rimmed glass. However, tequila is traditionally consumed straight from a shot glass.", "Tequila is a distilled beverage made from the blue agave plant, primarily in the area surrounding the city of Tequila, which is northwest of Guadalajara, and in the highlands.", "There are a number of common misconceptions surrounding Tequila. First, worms are not traditionally placed inside bottles. If they are present, it is usually a marketing gimmick. It would generally be considered bad luck to find a worm naturally in Tequila, because it would actually be the larva of a moth that feeds on agave. Nor is Tequila made from cactus, as is commonly believed. The blue agave is not a cactus, but a succulent related to the yucca, with leaves that can grow up to seven feet (2.1m) long.", "Recognizing the value of the “liquid gold” from the blue agave, the Mexican government took initiatives to protect tequila as early as the 1970s. Tequila became the country’s first appellation of origin (AO) in 1974, and in 1978 it was internationally registered for protection under the Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their International Registration . The AO defines the area in which tequila can be produced, essentially the area home to the blue agave from which it is derived. Under the AO, selected municipalities within only five Mexican states can grow the agave and produce tequila. These municipalities were selected based on geographical factors (such as climate, altitude and soil characteristics) and human factors (the use of traditional techniques of producing tequila that have been passed on from generation to generation).", "Tequila is intrinsically associated with Mexico and the state of Jalisco, a state located in the west of the country which includes the cities of Guadalajara and Puerto Vallarta. This spirit is obtained by the distillation of fermented juice from only the Blue Agave plants. Just like Champagne and Cognac tequila takes its name from the area of origin (Appellation of Origin) which is the town of Tequila.", "Tequila is one of Mexico’s most famous exports. It is a distilled beverage that is made from the blue agave plant, which is sometimes referred to as the century plant.", "Tequila: Mexican spirit distilled from the blue agave plant, a succulent. Tequila can only be made in the state of Jalisco. Generally available in three categories: Blanco (no wood aging), Reposado and Anejo.", "Tequila is a geographically protected category of spirit, and can only be made (\"hecho\") in Jalisco, a state in southwest Mexico, or in one of a handful of small towns outside Jalisco that are granted permission by the Mexican government to call their distilled spirits \"tequila.\" This is the general region where the agave plant grows best; the spirit is in fact named after the small town of Tequila, near Guadelajara, the capital of Jalisco.", "Agave is a succulent plant that is native to Mexico, and prospers in sandy soil and high altitudes. Characterized by long spiky leaves (as pictured on many brands of tequila), the plant averages a spread of two meters when fully mature. Due to the popularity of tequila over the past two centuries, there are both commercial and wild varieties of the agave plant.", "Another common misunderstanding is that tequila is made from a cactus. The reality is that tequila is made from distilled sap from hearts of the agave plant. This plant is actually related to the lily and amaryllis. It is known as a succulent and, although it shares a common habitat with many cacti, it is not one itself. A mature agave has leaves 58 feet tall, is 712 feet in diameter and has a life span of 815 years.", "While tequila is made from the blue agave, mezcal can be made from a wide variety of the agave plants that grow in the Oaxaca region. Most mezcal is made from the espadin agave, but using other varieties means that you can have almost as many types of mezcal as you can wine.", "Tequila is actually a type of mezcal, and is prepared similarly. Tequila is distinct from other mezcals, however, because it can only be made from blue agave, and can only be produced in specific places, such as Jalisco. Distillers bake agave in steam ovens or autoclaves until the starch is converted into sugars.", "In the mid-1600s, the Mexican village of Tequila began shipping out its local brand of Mezcal, which was made from the blue agave and had a better taste than other forms of Mezcal. The roots of modern-day tequila can be traced back to this village.", "All Tequila is Mezcal, but not all Mezcal is Tequila. While tequila enjoys its status as Mexico’s most famous spirit – made from at least 51% blue agave extract – mezcal is its country cousin that uses the fermented juice of other agave species. Though mezcal is a lesser-known alcohol, it is now gaining popularity and is mass-produced throughout Mexico.", "Tequila has remained a source of national pride. Its production, regulated both by the industry and the national government, is held to the strictest standards of quality and labeling requirements. The process culminating in the bottle of Tequila found on any supermarket shelf has been a decade in the making. The blue agave requires eight to fourteen years to grow its spiked leaves outward sufficiently to tap the rarefied moisture of the arid highlands and produce a succulent center from which the honey-water can be extracted. No irrigation methods are used; growth depends on waters supplied during the rainy season from June to September. The center of the agave is called the pi�a, Spanish for pineapple, whose appearance it closely resembles. The longer the pi�a matures, the better the quality of the drink.", "Tequila is a spirit made by fermenting and distilling the juice of the blue agave plant", "By law, 51 percent of the fermented sugars in Tequila must come from the blue agave, which means that some proportion of the Tequila may come from other sources; the best Tequilas will always state their contents on the bottle and many will have used only blue agave.", "American producer J. B. Wagoner grew blue agave around his California home, then created Skyrocket Distillery to make an agave spirit from it, which he called Temequila. The CRT complained that the name was too close to \"tequila\" and violated several trade agreements that protected tequila's denomination of origin. Wagoner was forced to rename his product to \"100% Blue Agave Spirits.\"", "The red volcanic soil in the surrounding region is particularly well suited to the growing of the blue agave, and more than 300 million of the plants are harvested there each year. Agave tequila grows differently depending on the region. Blue agaves grown in the highlands region are larger in size and sweeter in aroma and taste. Agaves harvested in the lowlands, on the other hand, have a more herbaceous fragrance and flavor.", "The blue agave is a spiky plant which, when stripped of its spiny leaves, looks like a giant pineapple. This part of the plant, the heart or core, is called piña. Piñas can weigh quite a bit, sometimes all the way up to 150 or 200 pounds! Before the agave can be harvested it must reach its peak, which may occur any time between 8 and 14 years. For tequila distillers, patience is certainly a virtue and is key for making fine tequila. Jimadores, the agave harvesters, have an important job because if they harvest too early, the agave will not be sweet enough; if they harvest too late, the agave will have matured and sprouted a quiote, a 25-40 foot stem that releases its seeds in the air, and is no longer suitable for tequila production. Once the piña is cleaned of its leaves it is chopped in half and thrown into the oven for roasting.", "The blue agave tequila weber var. azul has specific characteristics that separate it from the other varieties of agave. A fleshy rosette shape made up of fibrous grayish blue leaves which turn green when handled due to the loss of the wax coating.", "Description: Tequila dates back about two thousand years when Indian tribes in central Mexico discovered that, if the juice of the agave plant was exposed to air, it would ferment and produce a thick, slightly alcoholic drink. The Aztecs called the fermented agave juice \"octilli poliqhui.\" The Spanish later called it \"pulque.\"", "In the Southwestern states specifically, the soil and climate conditions are primed for agave production. According to author and agave expert Greg Starr, agave tequilana could be feasibly harvested in the warmest areas of Southern California and Arizona, as it needs a frost-free environment to thrive. Alternatively, agave palmeri, commonly used to produce Mexican bacanora, grows fruitfully in Arizona, and dasylirion wheeleri, which is not an agave but rather a cousin of the plant used to make Mexican sotol, is abundant throughout West Texas and Eastern New Mexico. In South Africa, Starr says, there are producers making a beverage from the agave americana plant, which also grows in Arizona and Texas.", "Q4: Blue Agave is a plant used in the production of which type of distilled drink?                                                                                                                                                                                      A: Tequila.", "Raicilla (rye-see-ya) originates from the state of Jalisco, and is made in the region around Puerto Vallarta. It is made from the agave Inaequidens, commonly known as \"lechugilla\" or Agave lechuguilla. it is also known as Agave Maximiliana, commonly known as \"Pata de Mula\" (Mules Foot). Agave Lechugilla is somewhat smaller than the agaves from whcih pulque and tequila are made. This variety of agave is originally from the Sierra Madre Occidental in Jalisco, from the Ameca River to the Cuale River. ", "The fields of blue agave enhance Mexico's landscape with its blue rosette shape and long sword like leaves. A variety of alcoholic beverages are produced in Mexico,", "The term \"Tequila\" is legally protected, and spirits bearing the name must be produced in certain parts of the Mexican states of Jalisco, Tamaulipas, Guanajuato, Michoacan and Nayarit. The town of Tequila, where the spirit was first made in the 16th Century, lies in the shadow of the Tequila volcano 35 miles (55km) northwest of Guadalajara city in Jalisco." ]

[ 5.296875, 4.8984375, 4.84375, 3.23046875, 2.826171875, 2.5703125, 2.5390625, 2.525390625, 2.267578125, 2.15234375, 2.025390625, 1.9345703125, 1.6494140625, 1.4453125, 1.375, 1.2216796875, 1.123046875, 1.0302734375, 1.0234375, 0.98046875, 0.74951171875, 0.57763671875, 0.1859130859375, -0.65576171875, -0.80908203125, -1.0400390625, -1.060546875, -1.34765625, -1.349609375, -2.09375, -2.25, -4.44921875 ]

[ "The Pac-12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference that operates in the Western United States. It participates in 22 NCAA sports in the NCAA's Division I; its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS; formerly Division I-A), the higher of two levels of NCAA Division I football competition. The conference's 12 members are located in Arizona, California, Colorado, Oregon, Utah, and Washington. They include each state's flagship public university, four additional public universities, and two private research universities. The conference was created after the disbanding of the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC), whose principal members founded the Athletic Association of Western Universities (AAWU) in 1959, and went by the names Big Five, Big Six, Pacific-8, Pacific-10. It became the Pac-12 in 2011 with the addition of the University of Colorado and the University of Utah.", "On July 27, 2010, the conference unveiled a new logo and announced that the Pac-10 would be renamed the Pac-12 when Utah and Colorado formally joined. On October 21, the Pac-12 announced that football scheduling would be divided into two divisions in football—a North Division comprising the Pacific Northwest and Bay Area schools and a South Division comprising the Mountain Time Zone and Southern California schools. On July 1, 2011, the Pac-12 assumed its current alignment when both Colorado and Utah officially joined as full members.", "Washington played its first 26 seasons of college football from 1889 to 1915 as an independent. In 1916, Washington and three others joined to create the Pacific Coast Conference which evolved into the modern day Pac-12 Conference. Membership includes the PCC (1916–1958), Athletic Association of Western Universities or AAWU (1959–1968), Pacific-8 (1969–1978), Pacific-10 (1979–2010), Pac-12 (2011–Present). The Pac-12 Conference claims the history of each of these preceding conferences as its own. Washington and Cal are the only founding and continuous members in each of these successive conferences.", "On October 21, 2010 the Pacific-10 announced the football divisions to be used when Utah and Colorado move from the Mountain West Conference and Big 12 Conference respectively, forming the new Pac-12 effective July 1, 2011. Divided into \"North\" and \"South\" divisions, each has the following schools in the divisions only for football – a North Division comprising the Pacific Northwest and Bay Area schools, and a South Division comprising the Mountain Time Zone and Los Angeles schools. However, the four California schools (gray background below) will still play each other every season.", "Before the addition of Colorado and Utah in 2011, only one Division I conference, the Ivy League, had maintained its membership for a longer time than the Pac-10. Commissioner Larry Scott said on February 9, 2010, that the window for expansion by the conference was open for the next year as the conference began negotiations for a new television deal. Speaking on a conference call to introduce former Big 12 commissioner Kevin Weiberg as his new deputy, Scott talked about possibly adding new teams to the conference and launching a new television network. Scott, the former head of the Women's Tennis Association, took over the conference in July 2009. In his first eight months on the job, he saw growing interest from the membership over the possibility of adding teams for the first time since Arizona and Arizona State joined the conference in 1978.", "On June 10, 2010, the University of Colorado Boulder officially accepted an invitation to join the Pac-10 Conference, effective in the 2012–2013 academic year. The school later announced it would join the conference a year earlier than previously announced, in the 2011–2012 academic year.", "Additionally, these member schools are also highly ranked nationally and globally by various groups, including the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) and Times Higher Education World University Rankings (Times). As of 2014, four Pac-12 institutions are ranked in the top 20 universities in the world, the most out of all conferences outside the Ivy League with Stanford ranked 2nd, UC Berkeley ranked 4th (the highest ranking of any public university), UCLA ranked 12th, and the University of Washington ranked at 15th. In 2014, of the twelve member schools, nine were ranked in the top 100 universities in the world. ", "The game's famed partnership between the now 12-team Big Ten and the Pac-12 began in 1946, back when the conferences were known as the Big Nine and the PCC, respectively.", "* November 17, 2012 – The Rose Bowl press box became known as the Terry Donahue Pavilion in the fall, 2013. Donahue is the winningest coach in the history of the Pac-12 Conference (known as the Pacific-10 during his coaching career).", "The following universities and colleges participate in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I. The most popular college sports program is the University of Colorado Buffaloes, who used to play in the Big-12 but now play in the Pac-12. They have won the 1957 and 1991 Orange Bowl, 1995 Fiesta Bowl and 1996 Cotton Bowl Classic.", "On July 1, 1959, the new Athletic Association of Western Universities was launched, with California, UCLA, USC, and Washington as the four charter members. Stanford joined during the first month. Hamilton left Pittsburgh to become the first commissioner of the AAWU, and remained for a dozen years. The conference also was popularly known as the Big Five from 1960 to 1962; when Washington State joined in 1962, the conference was then informally known as the Big Six.", "Beginning with the 1947 Rose Bowl, the Pacific Coast representative was the home team, and the Big Nine representative was the visitor. This arrangement would alternate each year. The stadium seating started with the Big Nine representatives in the end zone, but eventually was set with the Big Ten fans and team on the West (press box) side, and Pacific-10 fans and team on the East side. The home team wears their darkest home jerseys, and the visiting team wears the visiting jerseys. There have been exceptions. UCLA wore their home jerseys in the 1962, 1966, and 1976 Rose Bowl games.", "Oregon and Oregon State rejoined in the summer of 1964. With the addition of the two Oregon schools, the conference was known unofficially as the Pacific Athletic Conference (PAC), and then the Pacific-8 (as there already was a Big Eight Conference). Idaho was never invited to join the AAWU; the Vandals were independent for four years until the formation of the Big Sky Conference in 1963, and were independent in football until 1965.", "Each of the 10 schools that were conference members before 2011 has its own in-state, conference rivalry. One is an intra city rivalry (UCLA-USC), and another is within the same metropolitan area (California-Stanford). The two schools that joined in 2011 were historic rivals in the Rocky Mountain region, prior to 1962 when they suspended the series. These rivalries (and the name given to the football forms) are:", "There are three academic schools that have both undergraduate and graduate students and another four professional schools. Students compete in 36 varsity sports, and the university is one of two private institutions in the Division I FBS Pac-12 Conference. It has gained 109 NCAA team championships, the second-most for a university, 476 individual championships, the most in Division I, and has won the NACDA Directors' Cup, recognizing the university with the best overall athletic team achievement, for 22 consecutive years, beginning in 1994–1995. ", "The sports teams participate in the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I-A and in the Pac-12 Conference . Among its facilities on campus are Husky Stadium (football, track and field), the Alaska Airlines Arena at Hec Edmundson Pavilion (basketball, volleyball, and gymnastics), Husky Ballpark (baseball), Husky Softball Stadium, The Bill Quillian Tennis Stadium , The Nordstrom Tennis Center, Dempsey Indoor (Indoor track and field, football) and the Conibear Shellhouse (rowing). The golf team plays at the Washington National Golf Club and until recently, the swimming team called the Weyerhaeuser Aquatic Center and the Husky pool home. (The university eliminated its men's and women's swim teams in May 2009.) [80]", "No. 2 Oregon (10-1, 7-1 Pac-12 North) will play in the Pac-12 championship game Dec. 5, and is two wins away from a near-certain berth in the inaugural College Football Playoff.", "of parity are actually on the mark. This is a new version of the Pac-12, in which new teams are on the rise and the", "The Big East Conference was a collegiate athletics conference that consisted of as many as 16 universities in the eastern half of the United States from 1979 to 2013. The conference's members participated in 24 NCAA sports. Three members had football programs but were not Big East football schools: Notre Dame football was independent while Georgetown and Villanova competed in the Football Championship Subdivision. Another five schools—DePaul, Marquette, Seton Hall, St. John's, and Providence—discontinued or did not have football programs.", "As WSU prepares for its Pacific-10 Conference and Martin Stadium opener against California tomorrow at 3:30 p.m., lets take a look back on what happened this day in Cougar history.", "The University of Oregon began playing American football in 1894 and played its first game on March 24, 1894, defeating Albany College 44–3 under head coach Cal Young.[http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/div_ia/pac10/oregon/yearly_results.php?year", "The home Huskies, which were winless last season including a 16-13 double-overtime Apple Cup defeat in Pullman, are better at 3-7 overall and 2-5 in the Pac-10. Washington is in the bottom 10 of the NCAA statistics in just one category – kickoff returns – but is in the bottom 20 in three more, including total defense.", "One more link. I was up in Spokane a couple days ago with Larry Scott, the new Pac-10 Commissioner. Commissioner Scott met with members of the media, and John Blanchette had THIS COLUMN stemming from the meeting.", "The home Huskies, who were winless last season, including a 16-13 double-overtime Apple Cup defeat in Pullman, are better at 3-7 overall and 2-5 in the Pac-10. Washington is in the bottom 10 of the NCAA statistics in just one category – kickoff returns – but is in the bottom 20 in three more, including total defense.", "past seven Pac-12 championships. They were picked to win the Pac-12 North Division again this season.", "1896 – The Western Conference was formed by representatives of Midwestern universities. The group changed its name to the Big 10 Conference.", "I wanted to give everyone a heads up on a one-hour special that will be airing on ESPNU during the month of January. The Pac-10 Football Season in Review will air today at 2:30 p.m. (PT), and will be re-aired Jan. 16 (1:30 a.m. PT), Jan. 19 (2 a.m. PT) and Jan. 20 (12:30 p.m. PT).", "In 1968, the AAWU formally renamed itself the Pacific-8 Conference, or Pac-8 for short. The Pac-8 did not allow a second bowl team from the conference until the 1975 season.", "The AAWU signed an agreement with the Rose Bowl that remained in force from the 1961 Rose Bowl until the advent of the BCS era in 1998. In 1962, after Minnesota changed its vote against pursuing a new agreement (resolving a 5–5 voting deadlock which had prevented any new negotiations for years), a Big Ten agreement was finalized, which went into effect with the 1963 Rose Bowl and lasted until the BCS era.", "The first game was a regular season contest on October 28, 1922 when Cal defeated USC 12–0. This was the only loss for USC and California finished the season undefeated. California declined the invitation to the 1923 Rose Bowl game and USC went in their place. The stadium was dedicated officially on January 1, 1923 when USC defeated Penn State 14–3.", "The Ducks are coached by Chip Kelly, who is in his first season in charge in Eugene. Kelly led the Ducks to a 10-2 record, including an 8-1 mark in the Pac Ten, after serving as the Ducks’ offensive coordinator for the previous two seasons.", "Football started at the University of Washington in 1889 under President Thomas Milton Gatch, two years before the school campus in downtown Seattle, Washington was relocated to its current location in the University District. The team's first game was played on November 28, 1889 in Seattle, resulting in a 0-20 defeat to the Eastern College Alumni before a crowd of 400 spectators. This represented the first collegiate football game in the Pacific Northwest." ]

[ 5.50390625, 3.15625, 2.896484375, 0.382080078125, -0.744140625, -0.81787109375, -0.9931640625, -1.52734375, -2.44140625, -2.564453125, -2.6015625, -2.638671875, -2.923828125, -3.65234375, -3.869140625, -4.01171875, -4.28125, -4.3671875, -4.390625, -4.75390625, -4.8671875, -6.09375, -6.09765625, -6.09765625, -6.40625, -6.66015625, -6.66015625, -7.79296875, -8.203125, -8.5390625, -8.8359375, -8.8671875 ]

[ "In 1993, hundreds of people were sickened and four children died after eating at Jack in the Box restaurants. The primary cause of the outbreak was hamburger patties contaminated with E. coli, manufactured and sold to the restaurant chain by one of its suppliers. Litigation that resulted from this outbreak took years, and tens of millions of dollars, to resolve.", "Jack in the Box almost collapsed in 1993 after four children died from eating contaminated and undercooked meat at that chain. The outbreak caused a national panic and the company rebounded by strengthening its food safety systems and investing in a major advertising campaign.", "Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) is a fast food restaurant chain that specializes in fried chicken and is headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky, United States. It is the world's second largest restaurant chain (as measured by sales) after McDonald's, with almost 20,000 locations globally in 123 countries and territories . The company is a subsidiary of Yum! Brands, a restaurant company that also owns the Pizza Hut and Taco Bell chains.", "The McLean seemed perfectly suited for fast-food's future. Critics had accused McDonald's and other chains of contributing to heart disease and other ailments, particularly among children. A retired Nebraska businessman named Phil Sokolof, who had suffered a near-fatal heart attack, crusaded against what he called \"the poisoning of America.\" In newspaper ads, Sokolof, now 70, berated corporate food titans for their products' high cholesterol and fat, and in 1990 he blasted McDonald's specifically with a headline that read: \"Your Hamburgers Have Too Much Fat!\"", "The country's leading Mexican-style fast food restaurant played a major role in the Chihuahua's popularity. If you watched television in the late 1990s, you may recall a series of Taco Bell commercials featuring a talking Chihuahua saying \"¡Yo quiero Taco Bell!\" (translation: \"I want Taco Bell!\"). These commercials were such a hit that it prompted Taco Bell to release toy figures of the dog. More notably, however, the commercials presented the Chihuahua on the television screens of millions of Americans, many of whom had never seen Chihuahuas before.", "In 1982, Burger King's television advertising campaign featured Sarah Michelle Gellar, then aged 4. In the advertisements, Gellar said that McDonald's burgers were 20% smaller than Burger King's. It was arguably the first attack on a food chain by a competitor. The campaign was controversial because prior to it, fast food advertisements only made vague allusions to the competition and never mentioned the name. McDonald's sued and the suit was settled the following year on undisclosed terms.", "In 1997, Jack in the Box, an American fast-food chain restaurant, sought to capitalise on Spice Girl Mania in America, by launching a major advertising campaign using a fictional musical group called the 'Spicy Crispy Chicks' (a take off of the Spice Girls). The comedic national television commercials were used to promote the new 'Spicy Crispy Sandwich', with the girls mimicking the Spice Girls, dancing in \"the Jack groove.\" The Spicy Crispy Chicks concept was used as a model for another successful advertising campaign called the 'Meaty Cheesy Boys'. At the 1998 Association of Independent Commercial Producers (AICP) Show, one of the Spicy Crispy Chicks commercials won the top award for humour.", "Kids' meal tie-ins have been released at fast-food restaurants throughout North America. In May 1999, Burger King distributed a set of six Teletubbies plush toys. They also included chicken nuggets shaped like the characters on their menu for a brief period of time. Keychains modelled after the characters were available at McDonald's in April 2000. These promotions became controversial among adults who believed they were intended to attract toddlers to high-fat food. Psychiatrist Alvin Francis Poussaint considered the deals \"troubling.\" He voiced his opinion on the matter publicly, but did not take action against the companies. ", "In 1991, the KFC name was officially adopted, although it was already widely known by that initialism. Kyle Craig, president of KFC US, admitted the change was an attempt to distance the chain from the unhealthy connotations of \"fried\". The early 1990s saw a number of successful major products launched throughout the chain, including spicy \"Hot Wings\" (launched in 1990), popcorn chicken (1992), and internationally, the \"Zinger\", a spicy chicken fillet burger (1993). By 1994, KFC had 5,149 outlets in the US, and 9,407 overall, with over 100,000 employees. In August 1997, PepsiCo spun off its restaurants division as a public company valued at US$4.5 billion (around US$6.5 billion in 2013). The new company was named Tricon Global Restaurants, and at the time had 30,000 outlets and annual sales of US$10 billion (around US$14 billion in 2013), making it second in the world only to McDonald's. Tricon was renamed Yum! Brands in May 2002.", "In such an environment, standing still was tantamount to shrinking. \"A laurel rested upon quickly wilts\" was a favorite Kroc-ism. So aside from opening new restaurants at a breakneck pace, McDonald's added a new weapon to its arsenal: national advertising. Having labored mightily to create uniform standards throughout the system, Kroc expended capital to forge a uniform image. In 1967, McDonald's spent $2.3 million, or about 1 percent of its sales, on its first national advertising campaign, which was an unheard amount for a fast-food chain. \"What small businessman wouldn't cheerfully give up 1 percent of his gross to get our kind of commercials and things like sponsorship of The Sound of Music on network television to promote his store?\" Kroc asked rhetorically. Expanding the Ronald McDonald campaign created by the Washington franchises, the company outfitted the clown with a gaggle of kid-friendly characters such as Hamburglar, Mayor McCheese, and Grimace, a large purple creature who craved shakes and french fries. \"We're not in the hamburger business; we're in show business,\" Kroc liked to say.", "In 1997,  Jack in the Box , an American fast-food chain restaurant, sought to capitalize on Spice Girl Mania in America, by launching a major  advertising campaign  using a  fictional musical group  called the 'Spicy Crispy Chicks' (a take off of the Spice Girls). The comedic national television commercials were used to promote the new 'Spicy Crispy Sandwich,' with the girls mimicking the Spice Girls, dancing in \"the Jack groove.\" The Spicy Crispy Chicks concept was used as a model for another successful advertising campaign called the 'Meaty Cheesy Boys.' At the 1998 Association of Independent Commercial Producers (AICP) Show, one of the Spicy Crispy Chicks commercials won the top award for humor.", "Since its foundation in 1954, Burger King has employed varied advertising programs, both successful and unsuccessful. During the 1970s, output included its Hold the pickles, hold the lettuce... jingle, the inspiration for its current mascot the Burger King, and several well known and parodied slogans such as \"Have it your way\" and \"It takes two hands to handle a Whopper\". Burger King introduced the first attack ad in the fast food industry with a pre-teen Sarah Michelle Gellar in 1981. The television spot, which claimed BK burgers were larger and better tasting than competitor McDonald's, so enraged executives at McDonald's parent company that they sued all parties involved. Starting in the early 1980s and running through approximately 2001, BK engaged a series of ad agencies that produced many unsuccessful slogans and programs, including its biggest advertising flop \"Where's Herb?\". ", "The present corporation dates its founding to the opening of a franchised restaurant by businessman Ray Kroc in Des Plaines, Illinois on April 15, 1955, the ninth McDonald's restaurant overall; this location was demolished in 1984 after many remodels. Kroc later purchased the McDonald brothers' equity in the company and led its worldwide expansion, and the company became listed on the public stock markets ten years later. Kroc was also noted for aggressive business practices, compelling the McDonald brothers to leave the fast-food industry. Kroc and the McDonald brothers all feuded over control of the business, as documented in both Kroc's autobiography and in the McDonald brothers' autobiography. The San Bernardino restaurant was demolished in 1976 (1971, according to Juan Pollo) and the site was sold to the Juan Pollo restaurant chain. This area now serves as headquarters for the Juan Pollo chain, as well as a McDonald's and Route 66 museum. With the expansion of McDonald's into many international markets, the company has become a symbol of globalization and the spread of the American way of life. Its prominence has also made it a frequent topic of public debates about obesity, corporate ethics and consumer responsibility.", "Among our personal favorites are Tony the Tiger, the animated mascot for Kellogg’s Frosted Flakes who’s been growling “They’re Grrrrreat!” since 1951 and Clara Peller, the properly dressed great grandmotherly type who, after she and 2 friends at the “Big Bun” restaurant were served an enormous hamburger bun with only a tiny meat patty, peevishly shouted “Where’s the Beef?” Wendy’s fast food chain introduced that slogan in 1984 and “Where’s the Beef?” became such a national catchphrase that it was 2011 before Wendy’s advertised “Here’s the Beef.”", "*Fry Kids – Used to promote McDonald's french fries. When they first appeared in 1972, they were called Gobblins and liked to steal and gobble up the other characters' French fries. Accompanying them was the \"Keep Your Eyes on Your Fries\" jingle. Their name was later changed to the Fry Guys in 1983, then the Fry Kids in 1987, as female characters (the \"Fry Girls\") were introduced. They were differently-colored, shaggy, ball-like creatures with long legs and no arms, almost resembling a pom-pon with legs and eyes. The characters were retained after the streamlining of the characters in the 1980s and appeared until 1996. In The Wacky Adventures of Ronald McDonald, the Fry Kids were featured with black noses and visible mouths. The Fry Kids spoke in sped-up voices in the 1980s commercials, were variously voiced in the 1990s commercials, and were voiced by Kath Soucie, Paul Greenberg, and Nika Futterman in The Wacky Adventures of Ronald McDonald.", "The \"Mexican-style fast food Restaurant Chain A\" linked to two 2010 Salmonella Outbreaks was Taco Bell. Who is it this year?", "KFC's original product is pressure fried chicken pieces, seasoned with Sanders' recipe of 11 herbs and spices. The constituents of the recipe represent a notable trade secret. Larger portions of fried chicken are served in a cardboard \"bucket\", which has become a well known feature of the chain since it was first introduced by franchisee Pete Harman in 1957. Since the early 1990s, KFC has expanded its menu to offer other chicken products such as chicken fillet burgers and wraps, as well as salads and side dishes, such as French fries and coleslaw, desserts, and soft drinks, the latter often supplied by PepsiCo. KFC is known for its former and current slogan \"Finger Lickin' Good\", which was replaced by \"Nobody does chicken like KFC\" and \"So good\" in the interim.", "This 1982 ad starred 4-year old Sarah Michelle Gellar, brunette and pre-\"Buffy\" days. She sat in front of a Burger King restaurant, asking the question \"Do I look smaller to you?\" She then proceeded to tell the viewer about how McDonald's used \"Skimpy\" patties, while Burger King used big hamburger patties. The commercial was controversial, and McDonald's sued Burger King for the remarks. Young Gellar even had to appear in court about this, and was not allowed to eat in McDonald's!", "The name \"Liberty Bell\" or \"Liberty Belle\" is commonly used for commercial purposes, and has denoted brands and business names ranging from a life insurance company to a Montana escort service. A large outline of the bell hangs over the right-field bleachers at Citizens Bank Park, home of the Philadelphia Phillies baseball team, and is illuminated whenever one of their players hits a home run. This bell outline replaced one at the Phillies' former home, Veterans Stadium. On April 1, 1996, Taco Bell announced via ads and press releases that it had purchased the Liberty Bell and changed its name to the Taco Liberty Bell. The bell, the ads related, would henceforth spend half the year at Taco Bell corporate headquarters in Irvine, California. Outraged calls flooded Independence National Historical Park, and Park Service officials hastily called a press conference to deny that the bell had been sold. After several hours, Taco Bell admitted that it was an April Fools Day joke. Despite the protests, company sales of tacos, enchiladas, and burritos rose by more than a half million dollars that week. ", "It was hard to watch TV in the late 1990s and not see the commercials starring the pint-sized Chihuahua who famously states, “Yo Quiero Taco Bell”.", "After its successes in the 1970s, Wendy’s restaurants began to struggle during the early 1980s due to stiff competition. To counter this, the company embarked on a new marketing and advertising campaign using Clara Peller, an elderly actress in their “Where’s the Beef?” commercial campaign. These commercials, aired in 1984, proved so successful that the expression “Where’s the beef?” became part of American pop culture.", "At Christmas 1987, Burger King was advertising reindeer as part of kids meal toys. The reindeer were named Rodney, Randy, Rhonda, and Ramona. The slogan at the time was \"Fast Food For Fast Times\".", "When General Foods introduced Crispy Critters in its line of Post Cereals back in 1963, its spokescharacter, Linus the Lionhearted, would get stampeded by the cereal's animal shapes whenever he said \"Cripsy Critters.\" Similarly in 1966, Kellogg's introduced Froot Loops, and Toucan Sam (voiced then by Mel Blanc ) insisted that it be verbally called out in Pig Latin (\"Oot-fray Oops-lay\"). Not doing so gave him conniptions, and one of his nephews would yank Sam's chain by deliberately saying \"Froot Loops.\"", "In 1954, Kroc traveled to San Bernardino, California, home to a small hamburger stand owned by brothers Maurice and Richard McDonald. The McDonalds had ordered eight Mixmasters, and Kroc just had to see what kind of operation needed the ability to make forty milk shakes at one time. What he saw when he arrived was a long line of people waiting to place their order. Looking into the building, he saw an all-male crew, each man clad in white paper hats and white uniforms, working in a squeaky-clean kitchen with great efficiency. There were only nine items on the menu (hamburgers, cheeseburgers, french fries, shakes, soft drinks, and pies), and each item was offered at an incredibly low price (fifteen cents for burgers, and ten cents for fries, for example). And, the brothers had developed an \"assembly line\" process that allowed them to deliver any order in less than sixty seconds. Kroc was greatly impressed.", "The United States also used the short-lived slogan, \"Tastes So Good, You'll Roar\", in the early 1980s. The TV commercial most known from this slogan involves a young man biting into one of the Kit Kat bars in a grocery store, and roaring like a lion so loudly the whole store shakes violently, knocking items from the shelves. Another short-lived US slogan was \"That's What You Want\", whose television adverts showed people pulling unlikely foodstuffs from their pockets or purses, before rejecting them in favour of a Kit Kat.", "I have very found memories of many previously [below] mentioned foods, Farfel's and his famous Nestles pitch, Tang, Space Food Sticks, etc. One of my favorites were Cracker Jacks (wish I could remember all the words to the jingle - \"Lip smacking... peanuts and a prize\") and the commercial of the kid pulling strings, pennies, a yo-yo and numerous other items out of his pockets to purchase a box of Cracker Jacks. Locally, there was an small chain of fried chicken joints around Austin, Texas called the Chicken Shack. For about $1.50/person, a family could get all you could eat fried chicken and fixin's and the kids would get to pick out a toy at the end of the meal! Afterwards, we'd pile in the Impala and go to the Chief or Burnet Drive-In for a double feature with a gallon jug of ice-cold, frothy rootbeer from the local A&W stand. --- Allen Bettis, Austin, Texas, 1959", "Fast food marketing largely focuses on children and teenagers. Popular methods of advertising include television, product placement in toys, games, educational materials, songs, and movies, character licensing and celebrity endorsements, and websites. Advertisements targeting children mainly focus on free toys, movie tie-ins and other giveaways. Fast food restaurants use kid's meals with toys, kid friendly mascots, vibrant colors, and play areas to draw children toward their products. . Children's power over their parents' purchases is estimated to total $300 to $500 billion every year. Fast food has become a part of American culture as a reward for children. To deny a child \"desirable things\" such as the advertised fast food restaurant can cause stigmatization of parents as the \"mean parent\" when it is common among other parents to comply with their child's desires.", "Also, we used to beg our grandparents to take us to Smacks for a Smacky Burger. These were (according to my grandparents) horrible, but as kids we loved Smacky the Seal--the mascot who sold us all on the place. Does anyone remember Smacks?", "Creating a huge loss for the fast food company. I 'think' this was early 1980s (?).", "I know this ad is older than the 90s, but it was the best I could find. I think at a certain point, these defied advertising. They were pretty ubiquitous as a nutrition-free party snack food", "\"You know what makes me really sick to my stomach? It's watching you stuff your face with those Hot Dogs! Nobody - I mean nobody puts ketchup on a Hot Dog!\".  - This is a famous line from the movie Sudden Impact starring Clint Eastwood.", "So if this is what sold pickup trucks in the early '90s, what did the chick-car ads look like?" ]

[ 4.8984375, 3.1171875, 1.509765625, -0.8876953125, -1.12890625, -1.6396484375, -1.7607421875, -1.77734375, -1.7841796875, -1.814453125, -1.8740234375, -2.021484375, -2.298828125, -2.8515625, -3.23828125, -3.32421875, -3.7265625, -4.234375, -4.6328125, -4.6328125, -5.50390625, -5.51171875, -6.26953125, -6.3125, -6.40234375, -6.47265625, -7.1328125, -8.0703125, -8.109375, -8.7890625, -9.4140625, -10.953125 ]

[ "Mike Tyson is disqualified from a championship boxing bout after biting off a large portion of Evander Holyfield's ear. Tyson is later banned from boxing and fined $3 million for the incident.", "1997 - Mike Tyson was disqualified for biting Evander Holyfield's ear after three rounds of their WBA heavyweight title fight in Las Vegas, NV.", "On June 28, 1997, Mike Tyson and Evander Holyfield fought in Las Vegas in one of the most anticipated rematches in heavyweight boxing history. Holyfield was the defending world champion after he had shocked Tyson seven months earlier in an 11th-round knockout. The two had wildly divergent personalities and were categorically different fighters. Holyfield was a warrior and a strategist; Tyson was a fearsome brawler. The events that followed remain some of the most inexplicable, bizarre and disturbing moments in a sport well-accustomed to pandemonium. For several weeks after Tyson bit off a piece of Holyfield's ear and was disqualified (Tyson actually bit Holyfield twice; he was only penalized after the first bite), the world focused on the controversy. Now 15 years later, questions still remain. What drove Mike Tyson to bite Evander Holyfield? And, perhaps more importantly: How did \"The Bite Fight\" affect boxing?", "On June 28, 1997, Mike Tyson bites Evander Holyfield’s ear in the third round of their heavyweight rematch. The attack led to his disqualification from the match and suspension from boxing, and was the strangest chapter yet in the champion’s roller-coaster career.", "Famous fight: Mike Tyson bites off the top of Evander Holyfield's ear during their 1997 fight", "(Photo : Michael Brennan/Getty Images) American boxer Mike Tyson bites Evander Holyfield's right ear during a fight at the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino, Las Vegas, 28th June 1997.", "When Mike Tyson was just 20 years old he held all three major world boxing titles. He remains the sole heavyweight boxer to concurrently hold all three at titles. After twice biting Evander Holyfield’s ears in a match in 1997 he was temporarily suspended from boxing in the United States and fined $3 million. Since retiring in 2005, “Iron Mike” Tyson has made various commercial and movie appearances.", "June 28, 1997: Mike Tyson bites off chunk of Evander Holyfield’s ear in world title fight - BT", "This is the fight that stunned the world. Not because it was so good, but rather for its shocking conclusion. June 28, 1997, MGM Grand Garden in Las Vegas: Tyson is being battered when he bites off a hunk of Evander Holyfield's ear. Accident? Tyson did it again, the fight is stopped by referee Mills Lane and an infamous and indelible mark is made. (Getty Images)", "Mike Tyson bit off Evander Holyfield's ear. You never hear about how he set records for being the youngest boxer to win many world championships. It's always the ear and if not, it's these inglorious moments instead:", "Evander Holyfield vs. Mike Tyson II, billed as \"The Sound and the Fury\" and afterwards infamously referred to as \"The Bite Fight\", was a professional boxing match contested on June 28, 1997 for the WBA Heavyweight Championship. It achieved notoriety as one of the most bizarre fights in boxing history, after Tyson bit off part of Holyfield's ear. Tyson was disqualified from the match and lost his boxing license, though it was later reinstated.", "A close-up of the injury to the right ear of Evander Holyfield of the USA after Mike Tyson Of the USA bit off a piece of it in the third round of their World Heavweight title fight on June 28, 1997 at the MGM Grand Garden in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.", "In 1988, Tyson became the lineal champion when he knocked out Michael Spinks after 91 seconds. Tyson successfully defended the world heavyweight championship nine times, including victories over Larry Holmes and Frank Bruno. In 1990, he lost his titles to underdog James \"Buster\" Douglas, by a knockout in round 10. Attempting to regain the titles, he defeated Donovan Ruddock twice in 1991, but he pulled out of a fight with undisputed heavyweight champion Evander Holyfield due to injury. In 1992, Tyson was convicted of raping Desiree Washington and sentenced to six years in prison but was released after serving three years. After his release, he engaged in a series of comeback fights. In 1996, he won the WBC and WBA titles after defeating Frank Bruno and Bruce Seldon by knockout. After being stripped of the WBC title, Tyson lost his WBA crown to Evander Holyfield in November 1996 by an 11th round TKO. Their 1997 rematch ended when Tyson was disqualified for biting Holyfield's ear.", "On this day in 1997, Mike Tyson lowered the noble art of boxing to a whole new level, by biting the ears of his opponent.   It was a rematch with Evander Holyfield, for Holyfield's WBA heavyweight title, in Las Vegas.   Mike bit Evander's ear in the third round and was warned by referee Mills Lane.   He apparently interpreted the warning as meaning he should not bite that ear again, so later in the same round he bit the other one.   Tyson was disqualified.   When asked to comment, Holyfield said, \"Pardon?\"", "Infamously known as the “The Bite Fight,” the rematch between Holyfield and Tyson on June 28, 1997, was one of the most anticipated fights of the decade. Seven months earlier, Holyfield had scored a major upset by stopping Tyson in the 11th round. In the first fight, Tyson complained about Holyfield head-butting him. Both fighters liked to punch on the inside, leading to numerous head butts. None of it, though, was considered intentional. The rematch was fought at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas. In the second round, an accidental clash of heads resulted in a cut over Tyson’s right eye. As the third round drew to a close, the fighters met in a clinch. It was during the clinch that Tyson bit off a portion of Holyfield’s right ear. The fight was delayed while officials debated what to do. Tyson was penalized two points on the scorecard and the fight resumed. Moments later, the fighters again met in a clinch and again Tyson bit Holyfield’s ear. Once the round ended, Tyson was disqualified. Tyson’s boxing license was revoked by the Nevada State Athletic Commission and he was fined $3 million.", "Holyfield was forced to retire in 1994, only to return a year later. On November 9, 1996, he went on to defeat Mike Tyson by eleventh round technical knockout to win the WBA title, in what was named fight of the year and upset of the year for 1996 by The Ring magazine. Evander Holyfield became the first Heavyweight since Muhammad Ali to win the World title three times. Seven months later, Holyfield won the 1997 rematch against Tyson, when the latter was disqualified in round three for biting off part of Holyfield's ear. During his reign as champion, he also avenged his loss to Michael Moorer, when he stopped him in eight rounds to win the IBF belt.", "In 1992, Tyson was convicted of raping Desiree Washington, for which he was sentenced to six years in prison but was released after serving three years. After his release, he engaged in a series of comeback fights. In 1996, Tyson won the WBC and WBA titles after defeating Frank Bruno and Bruce Seldon by knockout. After being stripped of the WBC title, Tyson lost his WBA crown to Evander Holyfield in November 1996 by an 11th round TKO. Their 1997 rematch ended when Tyson was disqualified for biting off part of Holyfield's ear.", "Following his release from prison in 1995, Tyson resumed boxing and in 1996 regained two of his championship belts with easy victories over Frank Bruno and Bruce Seldon. On November 9, 1996, in a long-anticipated bout with two-time heavyweight champion Evander Holyfield, Tyson lost for the second time in his professional career, by a technical knockout in the 11th round. In a rematch against Holyfield on June 28, 1997, he was disqualified after he twice bit his opponent’s ears, and, as a result of the infraction, he lost his boxing license.", "June 28, 1997 -- Tyson is disqualified after the third round of his rematch with Holyfield after he bites Holyfield twice, once on each ear. Tyson claims he was retaliating for a head butt inflicted by Holyfield that opened up a gash above his right eye. Referee Mills Lane ruled the butt was accidental.", "subsequently earned further notoriety by biting Evander Holyfield’s ear during a rematch in 1997. Tyson has gone on", "\"Iron\" Tyson was declared as the most scarry boxer of the century, following his outrageous KO victories in early rounds. This controversial fighter started his pro career in 1986 and got his world title on November 22, 1986 from Trevor Berbick in Las Vegas (TKO2). He was then inactive for being enjailed (1992-1994), and got again his lost champion belt on March 16, 1996 by defeating Frank Bruno by TKO3. One worst thing in his life was when he was suspended from boxing after he bite Holyfield's ears in an emotional fight in 1997. He's planned to return to the ring in this year.", "Holyfield's rematch with Tyson took place on June 28, 1997. The infamous incident occurred in the third round, when Tyson bit Holyfield on one of his ears and had two points deducted. Referee Mills Lane decided to disqualify Tyson initially, but after Holyfield and the ringside doctor intervened and said Holyfield could continue, he relented and allowed the fight to go on. However, Tyson went on to bite Holyfield again, this time on the other ear. Tyson, with his teeth, tore off the top of his ear, known as the helix, and spit the flesh out on the ring.", "Soon to become one of the most controversial events in modern sports, [73] the fight was stopped at the end of the third round, with Tyson disqualified [74] for biting Holyfield on both ears. The first time he bit him the match was temporarily stopped. Referee Mills Lane deducted two points from Tyson and the fight resumed. However, after the match resumed, Tyson did it again: this time Tyson was disqualified and Holyfield won the match. One bite was severe enough to remove a piece of Holyfield's right ear, which was found on the ring floor after the fight. [75] Tyson later stated that his actions were retaliation for Holyfield repeatedly headbutting him without penalty. [68] In the confusion that followed the ending of the bout and announcement of the decision, a near riot erupted in the arena and several people were injured in the ensuing melee. [76]", "A series of fights with Tyson led to the infamous ear bite that shocked the boxing world. ", "His next fight would also go into the annals of boxing as one of the most bizarre fights in history: He gave Tyson a rematch on June 28, 1997, in what became known as The Bite Fight. In the third round, Tyson bit Holyfield on one of his ears, and he had two points deducted. After biting Holyfield on the other ear and gruesomely removing the top of his earlobe, Tyson was disqualified and a melee ensued. Tyson claimed his bites were a retaliation to Holyfield's unchecked headbutts, which had cut him in both fights.", "The first and second rounds provided the typical crowd-pleasing action expected from the two champions. But the fight took an unexpected turn in the third round of the match. Tyson shocked fans and boxing officials when he grabbed Holyfield and bit both of the boxer's ears, completely severing a piece of Holyfield's right ear. Tyson claimed that the action was retaliation for Holyfield's illegal head butts from their previous match. Judges didn't agree with Tyson's reasoning, however, and disqualified the boxer from the match.", "The ensuing fight would become one of the most controversial events in sports. Tyson bit Holyfield on the ear in the third round, pausing the match and causing the referee to deduct him two points. When the match resumed, though, Tyson did it again -- this time severely enough to remove a piece of Holyfield's right ear (it was found on the ring floor after the fight). Tyson was disqualified immediately, and Holyfield won the fight. Tyson said he did it because Holyfield had gotten away with so many headbutts without punishment.", "Soon to become one of the most controversial events in modern sports, the fight was stopped at the end of the third round, with Tyson disqualified for biting Holyfield on both ears. One bite was severe enough to remove a piece of Holyfield's right ear, which was found on the ring floor after the fight. Tyson later stated that it was retaliation for Holyfield repeatedly head butting him without penalty. In the confusion that followed the ending of the bout and announcement of the decision, a near riot erupted in the arena and several people were injured in the ensuing melee.", "Tyson vs Holyfield II ear bite round 3 1997 06 28 ear bite round 3 - YouTube", "Lane warned Tyson that another bite would result in disqualification. After a few low blows, Tyson went for the left ear right before the bell and Holyfield again jumped up and down in pain. Tyson beckoned Holyfield to \"come on, come on,\" and the three-time champion rushed forward as the bell rang.", "The \"Brixton Bomber\" sent shockwaves through the world of boxing when he knocked out former heavyweight king Mike Tyson in Louisville, Kentucky in July 2004.", "Mike Tyson – Former boxing champ Mike Tyson is also known for having a tattoo on his face. His ink inspired an important storyline in \"The Hangover II.\"" ]

[ 9.1640625, 9, 8.890625, 7.77734375, 7.578125, 6.79296875, 6.609375, 6.3046875, 6.18359375, 6.03515625, 5.97265625, 5.4453125, 5.41015625, 5.15625, 4.6328125, 4.37109375, 3.68359375, 2.9609375, 2.751953125, 2.73046875, 2.607421875, 1.0703125, 1.0517578125, 1.009765625, 0.73291015625, 0.7314453125, -0.15771484375, -0.4912109375, -0.72021484375, -1.533203125, -3.828125, -4.8828125 ]

[ "Juniper, latin name Juniperus communis, is a short evergreen shrub whose fruit and oil provides a flavoring agent used extensively in the food, perfume and soap industries. Juniper berry is probably best known as the unique flavoring agent of gin, an important component of the dry martini, a popular intoxicant and putative calmative revered by western culture for over 300 years. As a medicinal remedy, juniper has a long history of use employed as a treatment for numerous diseases by ancient Greek and Arab healers, as well as native American Indians.", "Juniper berries are a spice used in a wide variety of culinary dishes and best known for the primary flavoring in gin (and responsible for gin's name, which is a shortening of the Dutch word for juniper, genever). Juniper berries are also used as the primary flavor in the liquor Jenever and sahti-style of beers. Juniper berry sauce is often a popular flavoring choice for quail, pheasant, veal, rabbit, venison and other meat dishes.", "Gin is a distilled spirit which derives its distinctive flavour from juniper berries. Gin is distilled from grain mash and then distilled again with botanicals and juniper berries. Sometimes flavouring is added to the distillate to get the gin flavour.", "Juniper berries are most famously known as the flavoring in gin, and in fact the word gin comes from the French genievre, or juniper. flavoring can be very strong and have a slightly turpentine-like finish.", "Juniper berries have many culinary applications. They are the main flavor ingredient in gin. There are also used to flavor meats and sauces, and they make a wonderful addition to sauerkraut.", "Most gins are flavored with juniper berries, coriander, and one or two other botanicals that add different characters. Bombay Sapphire, on the other hand, is made with 10 different herbs and spices (added in secret proportions), which include juniper berries from Tuscany, Moroccan coriander, angelica, lemon peel, cassia bark, cubeb berries, orris root, licorice, almonds and grains of paradise from West Africa. The result is an in-yer-face bouquet and a palate as complex as any Russian novel. Bombay Sapphire may not be to everyone's taste, but real gin freaks keep a bottle in their freezer and drink it straight in a shot glass. Other gin snobs swear by the more refined palate of Beefeater or Gordon's. And the best ingredients for the perfect dry martini is a topic for endless discussion.", "The Singapore Sling is a cocktail that they say was developed sometime before 1915 by Ngiam Tong Boon, a bartender working at the Long Bar in Raffles Hotel Singapore. The original recipe used gin, Cherry Heering, Bénédictine, and fresh pineapple juice, primarily from Sarawak pineapples which enhanced the flavour and created the famous foamy top.", "The Singapore Sling is a South-East Asian cocktail. This long drink was developed sometime before 1915 by Ngiam Tong Boon, a Hainanese bartender working at the Long Bar in Raffles Hotel Singapore. It was initially called the gin sling, - a sling was originally an American drink composed of spirit and water, sweetened and flavoured.", "Invented in Holland by the Dutch physician Dr. Sylvius, gin was an outgrowth of a number of coincidences. The Dutch had noticed that juniper berries, the main flavoring in gin, were quite good at not only clearing up gout, but also at repelling many nasty diseases, most importantly the plague. After a while, they were using juniper berries in everything, including steeping brandy with juniper berries. Because of seasonal limitations, brandy was at times in short supply, but the Dutch were enamored with their juniper creations, and started steeping neutral grain spirits with the berries. The creation was named genever.", "The gin sling, attested from 1790, described an American drink of gin which was flavoured, sweetened and served cold. The Singapore sling has been documented as early as 1930 as a recipe in the Savoy Cocktail Book; Ingredients ¼ lemon juice, ¼ Dry Gin, ½ Cherry Brandy: \"Shake well and strain into medium size glass, and fill with soda water. Add 1 lump of ice\". ", "Let’s start with the gin.  Although it is commonly known as the quintessential English spirit, the history of gin underlines the island’s connections to the outside world. The origin of gin – unlike the drink itself – is quite murky.  Sylvius de Bouve , a sixteenth-century Dutch physician, is the individual associated with the development of gin.  He created a highly-alcoholic medicinal concoction called Jenever.  It featured the essential oils of juniper berries, which the physician believed could improve circulation and cure other ailments.  The berry, deriving from a small coniferous plant, had long been treasured for its medicinal properties, including its use during the plague.", "An alcoholic beverage made from distilled spirits flavored with an extract of the juniperberry or other flavoring botanicals.", "A grain spirit distilled with several distinct botanicals; most notably juniper berries, but also including angelica (root and seed), anise, cassia, coriander, fennel, ginger root, grapefruit peel, licorice root, and orange peel, just to name a few. Created in the Netherlands in the 16th century, the name gin is derived from jenever, which is Dutch for juniper.", "Cocktails frequently have a habit of taking on a life of their own and Singapore Sling is a classic cocktail which has changed from the original version.", "Juniper ’s use in alcoholic drinks and the use of its wood’s smoke are drawn together neatly in the tales of illicit Highland whisky stills hidden away in the glens, which used juniper wood for fuel so that the near absence of smoke would not attract the suspicions of the local excise man. Juniper berries are still used by certain whisky distillers to sweeten the still during the first distillation of a new still, although it is now widely acknowledged that this is more ritualistic than for flavouring.", "Juniper’s use in alcoholic drinks and the use of its wood’s smoke are drawn together neatly in the tales of illicit Highland whisky stills hidden away in the glens, which used juniper wood for fuel so that the near absence of smoke would not attract the suspicions of the local excise man. Juniper berries are still used by certain whisky distillers to sweeten the still during the first distillation of a new still, although it is now widely acknowledged that this is more ritualistic than for flavouring.", "In Singapore, Ngiam Tong Boon, a bartender working at the Long Bar in Raffles Hotel Singapore, created the Singapore Sling sometime prior to 1915. The original recipe used gin, Cherry Heering, Benedictine and pineapple juice. Decades later, the hotel served the premixed drink from an automatic dispenser, but customers can request a shaken version from the bartender.", "The original recipe for Boon's Singapore Sling is long lost, but Raffles head bartender Aron Manzanillo shares the current recipe: gin (30ml), cherry brandy (15ml), Cointreau (7.5ml), DOM Benedictine (7.5ml), Angostura bitters (dash), grenadine (10ml), pineapple juice (120ml) and lime juice (15ml). Perhaps Boon added pineapple juice and coined the phrase Singapore Sling, but it's impossible to say definitively.", "1. an alcoholic drink obtained by distillation and rectification of the grain of malted barley, rye, or maize, flavoured with juniper berries", "You can see the Sling’s influence in the Collins and Rickey of today, as well as the early Sours (balancing citrus and sugar). These drinks are great on a summer’s day, adding zest and length. But the cocktail is also about big flavours, and these came in the form, chronologically speaking, of bitters, liqueurs (the Margarita and the Sidecar) and vermouth as with the Martini. Try them all, and see which you like the best.", "Backstory: Mr. Bond may have made it a household name, but the most famous of all cocktails had been around a century earlier. The Italian vermouth brand Martini appears in 1863, which may lend the drink its name. At the same time, though, in San Francisco, something called the Martinez had become a popular local libation. The Martinez not only had gin and vermouth, but also bitters and Maraschino. Once those latter two ingredients were stripped away, the classic Martini had emerged. It’s a drink so simple that every Martini lover eventually settles on their own preferred recipe, whether it's one that's super-dry, way-dirty, on the rocks or off. ", "Cocktailians debate whether the Singapore Sling originated directly from the Gin Sling, or as a mutation via the Straits Sling. As I listen, I can't help noticing that, amid the flood of Chinese dialect, the words “Gin Sling” stand out.", "You may notice that the Slingshot possesses all of the flavours of the original Sling: Benedictine and cherry in the form of bursting caviar, lemon juice in the form of the candied lemon wedge, and we’ve carbonated the gin and bitters with the Perlini cocktail system to give one the illusion of soda water, but with the alcoholic punch of a shot.", "By the start of the 17th century, Europe was at the beginning of a global explosion driven on the back of powerful merchant conglomerates and a period known as the Spice Race . Over the next century, the Dutch East and West India Companies (V.O.C. and G.W.C. respectively) emerged as new super powers on the back of their huge trading might.  Driven by coffee and sugar in the west and spice in the east, a Dutch merchant and navy man’s affinity for genever was now spread globally. Due to its popularity amongst sailors, genever producers began infusing further spices and herbs into their spirits to aid the sailors poor diets during long voyages. One popular ingredient was the perennial herb known as scurvy-grass (Cochlearia) whose leaves hold naturally high levels of Vitamin C. First used in 1730, the infusion of this plant into genever predated the common  knowledge that Vitamin C held the cure for scurvy, by almost six decades. A commonly quoted gin misnomer is that of Doctor Sylvius Cornelius as the acclaimed “Father of Gin”. Credited with the spirits invention thanks to well documented distribution of juniper tonics from the University of Leiden between 1658 and 1672, the Nationaal Jenevermuseum Hassalt in Belgium has rebutted this fact with evidence aplenty of juniper spirits in production almost 400 years prior to his involvement. Our satirical socialist Bernard Mandeville, would conclude it best when contradicting his ruinous observations of gin by stating that as it;", "Originally, bitters were considered an integral part of any cocktail, as the ingredient that differentiated a cocktail from a sling. Over time, those definitions of cocktail and sling have become archaic, as sling has fallen out of general use (other than in certain drink names), and cocktail can mean any drink that resembles a martini, or simply any mixed drink.", "Singapore is commemorating the 50th anniversary of its independence, and the city state's national drink is also toasting a significant birthday. This year marks the centenary of the Singapore Sling, the cocktail created by a Chinese bartender, at least according to one theory; the history of the tipple is somewhat disputed.", "An English alcoholic drink commonly based in gin and flavored with herbs, spices, fruit or flowers. Available in liquor stores.", "There is evidence in print of a gin-based punch made in England during the late 19th century with nearly identical ingredients to the “Tom Collins” (gin, lemon juice, sugar, ice, and soda water) called a “John Collins”, which was purported to be created and served by one Mr. John Collins, headwaiter at Limmer’s Hotel and Coffee House on Conduit Street, London. The “John Collins” eventually evolved to become a whiskey-based affair. Be that as it may, it is our humble opinion that the historical record does not indicate with incontrovertible accuracy that the “John Collins” pre-dates the “Tom Collins”.", "Other drinks popular in this period and which later influence cocktail culture are: infusions, where botanicals are macerated in wine and spirit; muddled drinks, where leaves and plants are mushed into spirit; shrub, a blend of spirit, fruit, wine, sugar and spices; and the ‘toddy’ – like punch, its name comes from a Hindi word, ‘tadi’, meaning a wine made from palm tree sap, although its European form was spirit diluted with water. “All of the innovations and ideas in this era come from a very base source, called ‘necessity’,” says Brown. “The number one cause of death, and also of discomfort in life, throughout history was water-borne pathogens. And the only known remedy or preventive was daily consumption of alcohol. So there was obviously reason to make that alcohol taste good, because you had to drink it every day. All of this is coming from a medical background and these drinks were made either in apothecaries, or in the home.”", "planter's punch - a cocktail made of rum and lime or lemon juice with sugar and sometimes bitters", "James Brookes has brought us this intensely aromatic, vodka based fruit mixer. Based on the original recipe used in the 20th Century for Regattas in London, this fruity spirit really is a hop back in time. ", "The Tom Collins is a Cocktail which consists of Gin , Fresh Lemon Juice , Sugar, and Soda water." ]

[ 4.09765625, 4.03515625, 2.876953125, 1.9130859375, 1.79296875, 0.5234375, 0.2568359375, 0.1806640625, 0.150634765625, 0.09088134765625, -0.2073974609375, -0.2249755859375, -0.4677734375, -0.52197265625, -0.54052734375, -0.58251953125, -0.83984375, -0.94482421875, -1.2958984375, -1.8486328125, -2.185546875, -2.94921875, -3.1015625, -4.1640625, -4.28125, -4.3515625, -5.9140625, -6.47265625, -7.203125, -7.24609375, -7.6796875, -8.25 ]

[ "Double Dutch, children’s game in which the player must time jumps between two jump ropes twirling in opposite directions.", "Double Dutch is a rope jumping exercise played when two ropes are turned in eggbeater fashion. While the ropes are turned, a third person jumps within. 'Double Dutch' is also translated as 'Strange kind of talking'. In the early days of the 'New USA', as the English, French and Dutch settlers came to the country of unlimited possibilities; the children of the Dutch settlers were jumping their two ropes in front of their houses. During their jumping the children accompanied their jumping games with all kind of songs. Of course the songs were in Dutch; this couldn't be understood by the French nor by the English children. That's why people called it 'Double Dutch'. 'Dutch' is also translated as 'cheap'. In the early days of the 'New USA' jumping a long rope was practiced among the settler's children. But because of the frequent usage of the long rope it started to decrease / flatten in the middle. As the rope broke down OR just before the rope broke down, the Dutch children folded the rope so they had two ropes without a weak part in between and they started jumping these 'two' ropes. In Scotland this type of Rope Skipping is called \"Double French\"!", "Jump rope, also known as skipping rope or skip rope, is a game played primarily by children wherein one or more participants jump over a spinning rope so that it passes under their feet and over their heads. This may consist of one child twirling and jumping the rope, or with a minimum of three children taking turns, two of which twirl the rope while one jumps. Sometimes the latter is played with two twirling ropes, this is called Double dutch and is significantly more difficult.", "The National Double Dutch League holds yearly camps and a Holiday Classic, in which teams from all over the world compete. Double Dutch is also an integral part of USA Jump Rope Tournaments as well as the AAU Junior Olympic Games and [http://worldjumprope.org/# the World Jump Rope Federation]'s worldwide annual competitions.", "Experienced jumpers can make the game more challenging by hopping on one foot, bouncing a ball, picking up and putting down a stone in between jumps, or jumping high enough for the rope to pass twice before they land. The game of double Dutch requires skill, agility, and strength, and it encourages creativity, teamwork, and sportsmanship.", "Devised in Victorian times as a family parlour game, SNAKES & LADDERS quickly caught the imagination of younger children. Climbing the ladders and sliding down the snakes are the classic elements of excitement and disappointment which exemplify all good children's games. Today SNAKES & LADDERS and many variations of it, is played all over the world.", "There is an old children's game called pig, or piggy, in the middle in which two or more players throw a ball to each other, trying hard to keep it out of the reach of the hapless child who has been chosen to be pig in the middle. The frustrated 'pig' shadows the other players, trying all the while to catch the ball.", "janken - A children's game in which one uses the hands to represent stone, paper or scissors.", "Broekhuysen was inspired and when he returned to Amsterdam he decided to teach his students a similar game. He replaced the ring with a basket (for which the Dutch word is \"korf\" or \"mand\"), so it was easier to see if a player had scored or not. Broekhuysen also simplified the rules so children could also understand and play it. Korfball was born. The main idea was the same as ringboll, but it now stood on its own.", "Also known as Double Bug or Double Bughouse is a chess variant played with teams of two or more.", "Pick-up sticks or pick-a-stick is a game of physical and mental skill. A bundle of 'sticks', between 8 and 20 centimeters long, are held in a loose bunch and released on a table top, falling in random disarray. Each player, in turn, must remove a stick from the pile without disturbing the remaining ones. One root of the name \"pick-up sticks\" may be the line of a children's nursery rhyme, \"...five, six, pick-up sticks!\" The game has spawned several variations such as Jackstraws (or Jack Straws), Spellicans, and Spillikins.", "The most widely known edition of Snakes and Ladders in the United States is Chutes and Ladders from Milton Bradley (which was purchased by the game's current distributor Hasbro ). It is played on a 10×10 board, and players advance their pieces according to a spinner rather than a die. The theme of the board design is playground equipment--children climb ladders to go down chutes. The artwork on the board teaches a morality lesson, the squares on the bottom of the ladders show a child doing a good or sensible deed and at the top of the ladder there is an image of the child enjoying the reward. At the top of the chutes, there are pictures of children engaging in mischievous or foolish behavior and the images on the bottom show the child suffering the consequences. There have also been many pop culture versions of the game produced in recent years, with graphics featuring such characters as Dora the Explorer and SpongeBob SquarePants .", "This variant resembles the game Leap Frog. The main difference being that in Leap Frog the board is a square board.", "In Europe, a similar game called \"battledore and shuttlecock,\" or jeu de volant, had been around at least since the 1600s and was popular among children and the rich, i.e., people with some leisure time.", "The game is particularly popular in the Netherlands , Germany , and Belgium , where regular world and national championships are organized. The international Stratego scene has, more recently, been dominated by players from the Netherlands.", "ROCHESTER, N.Y. - A rare and unique early version of Monopoly, used as evidence in a controversial, 10-year legal copyright battle over the iconic American game's true inventor, has been acquired by Strong National Museum of Play - home of the National Toy Hall of Fame.", "Building on the tremendous success of Suspend, the new Junior version brings this blockbuster balance game to younger kids with brighter colors, lighter pieces, and a brand-new spinner. Game play is easy: Simply set up the frame, spin the spinner, and balance the color-coded pieces to create an incredible hanging structure. Race against your opponents to be the first to run out of pieces—but watch out: one wrong move and the whole structure could fall! This thrilling game is perfect for young player as there is no reading required, and the skills required to succeed grow with every game. Kids learn how to balance and counterbalance, take smart risks, and foresee consequences, all the while having lots of fun! For 1-4 players. Suitable from 4 yrs+", "The modern game of Stratego, with its Napoleonic imagery, was originally manufactured in the Netherlands by Jumbo, and was licensed by the Milton Bradley Company for American distribution, and introduced in the United States in 1961 [11] (although it was trademarked in 1960).", "klaberjass two-player trick-taking card game, of Dutch origin but especially popular in Hungary (as klob) and in Jewish communities throughout the world. From it derives belote, the French national card game. Klaberjass is played with a 32-card pack. In nontrump...", "Designed by A.J. Patterson 1901. Later editions by Parker Brothers (1934 and 1963) and Winning Moves. For 2 to 8 players, ages 7 years and up. Consists of a deck of 150 cards made up of ten series, each numbered from 1 through 15, and a plastic card holder. The object of the game is to be the first player to dispose of the cards dealt to him as a \"game pile\" by playing them in proper sequence to the center of the table.", "Checkers (American English and Canadian English), also called American Checkers, Straight Checkers or, English Draughts (British English), is a popular board game all over the world. Unlike International Checkers , it is played on an eight-by-eight squared board (with sixty-four total squares) with twelve pieces on each side. The pieces move and capture diagonally. They may only move forward until they reach the opposite end of the board, when they are crowned or kinged and may henceforth move and capture both backward and forward.", "This game is one of the most entertaining games for youth and adults. As many person can partake of the game as there are colours. The large chips are called nippers and the small one sprinters.", "The modern game, with its Napoleonic imagery, was originally manufactured in the Netherlands by Jumbo, and was licensed by the Milton Bradley Company for American distribution, and first introduced in the United States in 1961. (although it was trademarked in 1960). The Jumbo Company continues to release European editions, including a three- and four-player version, and a new Cannon piece (which jumps two squares to capture any piece, but loses to any attack against it). It also included some alternate rules such as Barrage (a quicker two-player game with fewer pieces) and Reserves (reinforcements in the three- and four-player games). The four-player version appeared in America in the 1990s.", "This game must be earlier than this as the 1958 set is all in one box.  The game dates from the 1940's and was invented by Cecil Whitehouse and Mr. Bull. For two to six players, from c8 years, movement by own decision with cards. Another popular well played game from Andrew's childhood where you sail a ship seeking treasure and try to return to your home port with it before someone waylays you.. The game also stands up fairly well in adulthood if your in the mood for a fun game with people who don't play many games or are not looking for something too intellectual.", "One of the most memorable games was a quiz called \"Double or Drop\", where each of three contestants was given a prize to hold for each question answered correctly, but given a cabbage if they were incorrect. They were out of the game if they dropped any of the items awarded or received a third cabbage. While the winner took his or her pick from a basket of toys, every runner-up won a much-envied marbled propelling pencil as a prize, which became so popular that in 1961 Queen Elizabeth was presented with Crackerjack! pencils for Anne and Charles.", "The show was revived in 1987 with two solo players. The champion represented white while the challenger represented red. On questions in which somebody would win the game on the hexagon that would cause either side to make the connection, Bill Rafferty referred to this situation as a \"dual implication\". Again, the game was best two-out-of-three, with the advantage alternating between players in the first two games. If a tie is achieved, a 4x4 tiebreaker board is used and either player could win in as few as four moves (white still went from left to right, and red still went top to bottom). Each game was worth $100 instead of $500.", "*In the 1970s, there was a two player game made by Tri-ang Toys & Games called Check Lines, in which the board consisted of eleven holes arranged in a geometrical pattern of twelve straight lines each containing three of the holes. Each player had exactly five tokens and played in turn placing one token in any of the holes. The winner was the first player whose tokens were arranged in two lines of three (which by definition were intersecting lines). If neither player had won by the tenth turn, subsequent turns consisted of moving one of one's own tokens to the remaining empty hole, with the constraint that this move could only be from an adjacent hole. ", "Auction pinochle for three players has some similarities with the German game skat, although the bidding is more similar to that of bid whist.", "In studying these diagrams imagine that two children are going to play a game. To determine who shall play first each child lags with their shooter.", "Play then continues with the next player aiming at the marbles in the 2nd ring. If a player hits a marble in the 2nd ring, they are entitled to one extra shot. Even if the second shot hits another marble, their turn is over after the second shot.", "So, it got me thinking – what other games did we play in Britain that perhaps American children would not have played?", "There are two classes of playing pieces: Value pieces represented by dollar signs ($); and special power pieces represented by the symbols \"+\" (Big Mac) and \"K\" (Killer). The value of each \"Value piece\" may be set at $1, $10, $100, or $1000." ]

[ 3.078125, 2.7578125, 2.103515625, -0.017120361328125, -1.625, -1.9013671875, -2.98828125, -3.724609375, -3.97265625, -4.21484375, -4.5625, -4.828125, -5.05078125, -5.5390625, -5.62890625, -5.765625, -5.82421875, -5.94140625, -6.1171875, -6.48828125, -6.63671875, -6.7109375, -6.87890625, -6.90625, -6.96875, -7.73046875, -7.8984375, -8.8359375, -9.0546875, -9.390625, -9.8359375, -10 ]

[ "Early on the morning of July 2, 1961, sixty-one year old Ernest Hemingway, one of America's greatest writers and the winner of the Nobel Prize and Pulitzer Prize, sat in the foyer of his Ketchum, Idaho home and shot himself in the head with a double-barreled shotgun.", "A year after being hospitalized for uncontrolled high blood pressure, liver disease, diabetes, and depression, Hemingway committed suicide on July 2, 1961, in Ketchum, Idaho.", "Born on July 21, 1899, in Cicero (now in Oak Park), Illinois, Ernest Hemingway served in World War I and worked in journalism before publishing his story collection In Our Time. He was renowned for novels like The Sun Also Rises, A Farewell to Arms, For Whom the Bell Tolls, and The Old Man and the Sea, which won the 1953 Pulitzer. In 1954, Hemingway won the Nobel Prize. He committed suicide on July 2, 1961, in Ketchum, Idaho.", "Hemingway attempted suicide in the spring of 1961, and received ECT treatment again; but, some three weeks short of his 62nd birthday, he took his own life on the morning of July 2, 1961 at his home in Ketchum, Idaho, with a shotgun blast to the head. Judged not mentally responsible for his action of suicide, he was buried in a Roman Catholic service. Hemingway himself blamed the ECT treatments for \"putting him out of business\" by destroying his memory; and medical and scholarly opinion has been respectfully attentive to this view.", "Author Ernest Hemingway, who won a Pulitzer Prize for The Old Man in the Sea in 1953 and who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature the following year, died of a self-inflicted shotgun wound in his home in Ketchum on July 2, 1961. A memorial, exhibit and festival held near Sun Valley pay tribute to the renowned author’s accomplishments and time spent in Idaho.", "Suffering from depression, alcoholism, and numerous physical ailments, Ernest Hemingway commits suicide with a shotgun at his home in Ketchum, Idaho. He receives a Catholic burial, as the church judges him not to have been in his right mind at the time of his suicide. He is buried in Ketchum.", "Shortly after the publication of The Old Man and the Sea in 1952, Hemingway went on safari to Africa, where he was almost killed in two successive plane crashes that left him in pain or ill health for much of the rest of his life. Hemingway had permanent residences in Key West, Florida (1930s) and Cuba (1940s and 1950s), and in 1959, he bought a house in Ketchum, Idaho, where he committed suicide in the summer of 1961.", "Shortly after the publication of The Old Man and the Sea (1952), Hemingway went on safari to Africa, where he was almost killed in two successive plane crashes that left him in pain or ill health for much of his remaining life. Hemingway maintained permanent residences in Key West, Florida (1930s) and Cuba (1940s and 1950s), and in 1959, he bought a house in Ketchum, Idaho , where he committed suicide in the summer of 1961.", "Shortly after the publication of The Old Man and the Sea in 1952, Hemingway went on safari to Africa, where he was almost killed in two successive plane crashes that left him in pain or ill health for much of the rest of his life. Hemingway had permanent residences in Key West, Florida (1930s) and Cuba (1940s and 1950s), and in 1959, he bought a house in Ketchum, Idaho , where he committed suicide in the summer of 1961.", "Shortly after the publication of  The Old Man and the Sea  (1952), Hemingway went on  safari to Africa, where he was almost killed in two successive plane crashes that left him in pain or ill health for much of his remaining life. Hemingway maintained permanent residences in Key West, Florida , (1930s) and  Cuba  (1940s and 1950s), and in 1959, he bought a house in Ketchum, Idaho , where he committed  suicide  in the summer of 1961.", "Fifty years ago, in the early hours of Sunday 2 July, 1961, Ernest Hemingway, America's most celebrated writer and a titan of 20th-century letters, awoke in his house in the Sawtooth Mountains of Idaho, rose from his bed, taking care not to wake his wife Mary, unlocked the door of the storage room where he kept his firearms, and selected a double-barrelled shotgun with which he liked to shoot pigeons. He took it to the front of the house and, in the foyer, put the twin barrels against his forehead, reached down, pushed his thumb against the trigger and blew his brains out.", "This book, which played a role in gaining for Hemingway the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954, was as enthusiastically praised as his previous novel, Across the River and into the Trees (1950), the story of a professional army officer who dies while on leave in Venice, had been damned. By 1960 Fidel Castro «p.s revolution had driven Hemingway from Cuba. He settled in Ketchum, Idaho, and tried to lead his life and do his work as before. For a while he succeeded, but, anxiety-ridden and depressed, he was twice hospitalized at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, where he received electroshock treatments. Two days after his return to the house in Ketchum, he took his life with a shotgun. Hemingway had married four times and fathered three sons. He left behind a substantial amount of manuscript, some which has been published. A Moveable Feast, an entertaining memoir of his years in Paris (1921−26) before he was famous, was issued in 1964. Islands in the Stream, three closely related novellas growing directly out of his peacetime memories of the Caribbean island of Bimini, of Havana during World War II, and of searching for U-boats off Cuba, appeared in 1970. Hemingway «p.s characters plainly embody his own values and view of life.", "In 1964 the family relocated to Glen Ellen, California, where Thompson continued to write for the National Observer on an array of domestic subjects. One story told of his 1964 visit to Ketchum, Idaho, to investigate the reasons for Ernest Hemingway's suicide. While there, he stole a pair of elk antlers hanging above the front door of Hemingway's cabin. Thompson severed his ties with the Observer after his editor refused to print his review of Tom Wolfe's 1965 essay collection The Kandy-Kolored Tangerine-Flake Streamline Baby, and moved to San Francisco. He immersed himself in the drug and hippie culture that was taking root in the area, and soon began writing for the Berkeley underground paper The Spyder. ", "the long voyage home. This book, which played a role in gaining for Hemingway the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954, was as enthusiastically praised as his previous novel, Across the River and into the Trees (1950), the story of a professional army officer who dies while on leave in Venice, had been damned.By 1960 Fidel Castro's revolution had driven Hemingway from Cuba. He settled in Ketchum, Idaho, and tried to lead his life and do his work as before. For a while he succeeded, but, anxiety-ridden and depressed, he was twice hospitalized at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, where he received electroshock treatments. Two days after his return to the house in Ketchum, he took his life with a shotgun. Hemingway had married four times and fathered three sons.He left behind a", "Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American novelist, short story writer, and journalist. His economical and understated style had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction, while his life of adventure and his public image influenced later generations. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. He published seven novels, six short story collections, and two non-fiction works. Additional works, including three novels, four short story collections, and three non-fiction works, were published posthumously. Many of his works are considered classics of American literature.", "1899 ~ Ernest Hemingway (d. 1961), American novelist and recipient of the 1954 Noble Prize in Literature.  He committed suicide in 1961 three weeks before his 62nd birthday.", "Ernest Miller Hemingway ( July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American novelist, short-story writer, and journalist. His distinctive writing style is characterized by economy and understatement and had a significant influence on the development of twentieth century fiction writing. Hemingway's protagonists are typically stoics , often seen as projections of his own character—men who must show \"grace under pressure.\" Many of his works are considered classics in the canon of American literature.", "During the early 1930s, Hemingway spent his winters in Key West and summers in Wyoming, where he found \"the most beautiful country he had seen in the American West\" and hunted deer, elk, and grizzly bear. He was joined there by Dos Passos and in November 1930, after bringing Dos Passos to the train station in Billings, Montana, Hemingway broke his arm in a car accident. The surgeon tended the compound spiral fracture and bound the bone with kangaroo tendon. Hemingway was hospitalized for seven weeks, with Pauline tending to him; the nerves in his writing hand took as long as a year to heal, during which time he suffered intense pain. ", "Three months later back in Ketchum, in April 1961, one morning in the kitchen Mary \"found Hemingway holding a shotgun\". She called Saviers who sedated him and admitted him to the Sun Valley hospital; from there he was returned to the Mayo Clinic for more electro shock treatments. He was released in late June, and arrived home in Ketchum on June 30. Two days later, in the early morning hours of July 2, 1961, Hemingway \"quite deliberately\" shot himself with his favourite shotgun. He had unlocked the basement storeroom where his guns were kept, gone upstairs to the front entrance foyer of their Ketchum home, and according to Mellow, with the \"double-barreled shotgun that he had used so most often it might have been a friend\", he shot himself. Mary called the Sun Valley Hospital, and a doctor arrived at the house. Despite his finding that Hemingway \"had passed away of a self-inflicted wound to the head\", the initial storey told to the press was that the death had been \"accidental\".", "Three months later in April 1961, back in Ketchum, one morning in the kitchen Mary \"found Hemingway holding a shotgun\". She called Saviers who sedated him and admitted him to the Sun Valley hospital; from there he was returned to the Mayo Clinic for more electro shock treatments. [144] He was released in late June and arrived home in Ketchum on June 30. Two days later, in the early morning hours of July 2, 1961, Hemingway \"quite deliberately\" shot himself with his favorite shotgun. [145] He unlocked the basement storeroom where his guns were kept, went upstairs to the front entrance foyer of their Ketchum home, and \"pushed two shells into the twelve-gauge Boss shotgun ...put the end of the barrel into his mouth, pulled the trigger and blew out his brains\". [146] Mary called the Sun Valley Hospital, and a doctor quickly arrived at the house. Despite his finding that Hemingway \"had died of a self-inflicted wound to the head\", the story told to the press was that the death had been \"accidental\". [147]", "Kesey was arrested for possession of marijuana in 1965. In an attempt to mislead police, he faked suicide by having friends leave his truck on a cliffside road near Eureka, along with an elaborate suicide note, written by the Pranksters. Kesey fled to Mexico in the back of a friend's car. When he returned to the United States eight months later, Kesey was arrested and sent to the San Mateo County jail in Redwood City, California, for five months where he was introduced to a highly recommended San Francisco lawyer, Richard Potack, who specialized in marijuana cultivation. On his release, he moved back to the family farm in Pleasant Hill, Oregon, in the Willamette Valley, where he spent the rest of his life. He wrote many articles, books (mostly collections of his articles), and short stories during that time.", "Kesey was an American author, best known for his debut novel, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, and as a counter-cultural figure who, some consider, was a link between the Beat Generation of the 1950’s and the hippies of the 1960’s. Kesey was arrested for possession of marijuana in 1965. In an attempt to mislead police, he faked his own suicide by having friends leave his truck on a cliffside road near Eureka, along with a suicide note that said, “Ocean, Ocean I’ll beat you in the end.” Kesey fled to Mexico in the back of a friend’s car. When he returned to the United States eight months later, Kesey was arrested and sent to the San Mateo County jail in Redwood City, California, for five months. On his release, he moved back to the family farm in Pleasant Hill, Oregon, in the Willamette Valley, where he spent the rest of his life. He wrote many articles, books (mostly collections of his articles) and short stories during that time. [ Wikipedia ]", "Ernest Hemingway is interred in the town cemetery in Ketchum, at the north end of town. A memorial, erected in 1966, is just off of Trail Creek Road, one mile northeast of the Sun Valley Lodge.", "Family and friends flew to Ketchum for the funeral, officiated by the local Catholic priest who believed Hemingway's death accidental. Of the funeral (during which an altar boy fainted at the head of the casket), Hemingway's brother Leicester wrote: \"It seemed to me Ernest would have approved of it all.\" ", "Hemingway's family and friends flew to Ketchum for the funeral which was officiated by the local Catholic priest, who believed the death accidental. [147] Of the funeral (during which an altar boy fainted at the head of the casket), his brother Leicester wrote: \"It seemed to me Ernest would have approved of it all.\" [152]", "Over time, Kesey would be seen as one of the primary trendsetters of the counter-culture movement during the 1960s; as a child and young man, however, his dreams and accomplishments were \"all-American.\" He was born Ken Elton Kesey on September 17, 1935, in La Junta, Colorado, the son of Fred A. and Geneve (Smith) Kesey. Beginning in 1941, the family moved several times, eventually settling in Eugene, Oregon, in 1946. Fred Kesey founded Eugene Farmers Cooperative, which marketed Darigold products. Kesey later described his family as \"hard shell\" Baptists, and he retained great respect for the Bible into adulthood. He and his younger brother Joe (known as Chuck) loved the outdoors, and spent their leisure time fishing for salmon and trout, and hunting for duck and deer. Kesey also enjoyed physical sports like boxing and racing, and was active in both wrestling and football at Springfield (Eugene's adjacent city) high school. His classmates voted him most likely to succeed.", "Over time, Kesey would be seen as one of the primary trendsetters of the counter-culture movement during the 1960s; as a child and young man, however, his dreams and accomplishments were \"all-American.\" He was born Ken Elton Kesey on September 17, 1935, in La Junta, Colorado, the son of Fred A. and Geneve (Smith) Kesey. Beginning in 1941, the family moved several times, eventually settling in Eugene, Oregon, in 1946. Fred Kesey founded Eugene Farmers Cooperative, which marketed Darigold products. Kesey later described his family as \"hard shell\" Baptists, and he retained great respect for the Bible into adulthood. He and his younger brother Joe (known as Chuck) loved the outdoors, and spent their leisure time fishing for salmon and trout, and hunting for duck and deer. Kesey also enjoyed physical sports like boxing and racing, and was active in both wrestling and football at Springfield (Eugene's adjacent city) high school. His classmates voted him most likely to succeed.", "Jack Kerouac spent a few days in Big Sur in early 1960 at fellow poet Lawrence Ferlinghetti's cabin in the woods, and wrote a novel, Big Sur, based on his experience there. Big Sur acquired a bohemian reputation with these newcomers. Henry Miller recounted that a traveler knocked on his door, looking for the \"cult of sex and anarchy.\" Apparently finding neither, the disappointed visitor returned home. Miller is referenced in Brautigan's A Confederate General at Big Sur, in which a pair of young men attempt the idyllic Big Sur life in small shacks and are variously plagued by flies, low ceilings, visiting businessmen with nervous breakdowns, and 2,452 tiny frogs whose loud singing keeps everyone awake.", "Kesey was arrested for possession of marijuana in 1965. In an attempt to mislead police, he faked suicide by having friends leave his truck on a cliffside road near Eureka, along with an elaborate suicide note, written by the Pranksters. Kesey fled to Mexico in the back of a friend’s car.", "Death of Ken Kesey, American writer, best known for his novel ‘One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest’", "* Ken Kesey (born in La Junta) – author of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest", "In 1962 American writer Ken Kesey (1935–2001) rose to prominence when Viking Press published his first novel, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest . Kesey" ]

[ 8.1953125, 7.703125, 7.66796875, 4.8828125, 4.4921875, 4.29296875, 4.07421875, 4.04296875, 4, 3.92578125, 2.984375, 2.75390625, 2.4296875, 1.9892578125, 1.4423828125, 0.1341552734375, -0.38037109375, -1.8505859375, -1.974609375, -2.435546875, -3.591796875, -4.54296875, -4.71875, -4.94921875, -5.07421875, -5.6875, -5.6875, -7.57421875, -8.1015625, -10.078125, -10.3671875, -10.90625 ]

[ "Gravenstein () is a variety of apple native to Gråsten in South Jutland, Denmark. The cultivar was discovered in 1669 as a chance seedling.", "Ripening in mid-September, the McIntosh is a large, bright red apple with deep purple overtones and a pectin blush. The McIntosh is the archetype of the American apple complete with a style-perfumed, crisp, juicy, snowy white flesh.", "McIntosh - a bright red apple, is medium sized and round or oval. It tastes mildly acid to sweet. It has tender flesh and is usually eaten fresh.", "Ambrosia is an attractive medium-sized apple, with a pink-tinged orange/red flush over a yellow background.  Ambrosia’s flavor is very sweet with a crisp juiciness. ", "After the many attributes of McIntosh were discovered, plant breeders began crossing it with other varieties to enhance its traits. One of the earliest was Cortland, combined with the Ben Davis variety and released early this century. Its flavor is sweet compared to McIntosh, and it has a flush of crimson against a pale yellow background sprinkled with short, dark red stripes and gray-green dots. Cortland has very white flesh and is an excellent dessert apple.", "Ambrosia - A dessert of chilled fruits combined with coconut. Bananas and citrus fruit like oranges are common ingredients. Ambrosia may also be served as a salad.", "Ambrosia is very closely related to the gods' other form of sustenance, nectar . The two terms may not have originally been distinguished; [3] though in Homer 's poems nectar is usually the drink and ambrosia the food of the gods; it was with ambrosia Hera \"cleansed all defilement from her lovely flesh\", [4] and with ambrosia Athena prepared Penelope in her sleep, [5] so that when she appeared for the final time before her suitors, the effect of the years had been stripped away and they were inflamed with passion at the sight of her. On the other hand, in Alcman , [6] nectar is the food, and in Sappho [7] and Anaxandrides , ambrosia is the drink. [8] When a character in Aristophanes ' Knights says, \"I dreamed the goddess poured ambrosia over your head— out of a ladle\", the homely and realistic ladle brings the ineffable moment to ground with a thump.", "Apples historically were an important crop. Bourdélots are apple dumplings, but the most typical speciality is black butter (lé nièr beurre), a dark spicy spread prepared from apples, cider and spices. Cider used to be an important export. After decline and near-disappearance in the late 20th century, apple production is being increased and promoted. Besides cider, apple brandy is produced. Other production of alcohol drinks includes wine, and in 2013 the first commercial vodkas made from Jersey Royal potatoes were marketed. ", "American native grapevines also make up the entire the subgenera Muscadinia, with only two species: rotundifolia, most prevalent throughout the Southeast, and Munsoniana, confined to Florida. These are commonly known as \"slip-skin\" varieties, for their readily-detachable skins cover juicy, somewhat tough central pulps with firmly embedded pips (seeds). As with the other native American grapes, their vines are also slow-growing and weak. Muscadinia varieties have acquired natural immunity to Pierce's disease .", "The sultana is a \"white\" (pale green), oval seedless grape variety also called the sultanina, Thompson Seedless (United States), Lady de Coverly (England), and oval-fruited Kishmish (Iran, Turkey, Palestine, Russia). It is assumed to originate from the Asian part of the Ottoman Empire. In some countries, especially Commonwealth countries, it is also the name given to the raisin made from it or from larger seedless grapes; such sultana raisins are often called simply sultanas or sultanis. These are typically larger than Zante currants (which are actually a kind of dried grape, not currants in the botanical sense), and the Thompson variety is smaller than many seeded raisins. In the USA and Canada, the name \"raisin\" is applied to all dried grapes, so that the breakfast cereal known as \"Sultana Bran\" in Australia and the United Kingdom is called Raisin Bran in the United States and Canada.", "The sultana is a \"white\" (pale green), oval seedless grape variety also called the sultanina, Thompson Seedless (United States), Lady de Coverly (England), and oval-fruited Kishmish (Iran, Turkey). It is assumed to originate from the Asian part of the Ottoman Empire. In some countries, especially Commonwealth countries, it is also the name given to the raisin made from it or from larger seedless grapes; such sultana raisins are often called simply sultanas or sultanis. These are typically larger than Zante currants (which are actually a kind of dried grape, not currants in the botanical sense), and the Thompson variety is smaller than many seeded raisins. In the USA, the name \"raisin\" is applied to all dried grapes, so that the breakfast cereal known \"Sultana Bran\" in Australia and the United Kingdom is called Raisin Bran in the United States. Other types of raisins like Golden, Sundried and etc are coming from different drying process of Sultana raisins.", "Within each of these broad categories there are many variations, including vinegars flavoured with herbs and fruits.", "The Saint Valery is sometimes considered an intermediate type as expressed by Vilmorin (1885, 167), but it is so variable today that there is little reason to treat it as a separate variety. It is for practical purposes synonymous with the English variety called Long Red Surrey. Some would even equate these with James’s Scarlet Intermediate, a carrot of definite eighteenth-century origin and worthy of cultivation. Grown side by side, these three carrots often appear identical. After they are cooked, there is no telling them apart. Perhaps it would be better to call them distinctive strains rather than separate varieties, bad seed aside.", "Plum, gage and damson all bear the same basic type of fruit but the taste differs between the three, ranging from sweet to tart, often with sweet plums being used for eating fresh and the more tart varieties used in jams or for other culinary purposes. Plums are the largest of the three and are usually soft-fleshed, whereas gages are smaller, often a yellow or green colour, and have a more rounded shape and sweet flavour. Damsons are a hardier fruit and have a spicy, tart flavour.", "notes on botanicals: North American cinnamon of commerce is actually the bark of the cassia tree. True cinnamon is not as easily obtained but it would seem his basic gin is using the cassia bark. Cardamom in this case would be cardamom seeds themselves and not the whole pods. Remember to remove as much pith (the white part) from the lemon peel; it is bitter. Wal writes ... For the history of gin (1650) see: http://cocktails.about.com/library/weekly/aa080899.htm", "Developed in Scotland, the tayberry is a hybrid of the blackberry and the raspberry. It's a large berry, long and conical in shape and deep reddish-purple, with the flavour and scent of the blackberry.", "Food Inspection Decision 141, issued in 1912 under the Food and Drugs Act of 1906, stated that \"maraschino cherries\" should be applied only to marasca cherries preserved in maraschino. This decision further described maraschino as a liqueur or cordial prepared by process of fermentation and distillation from the marasca cherry, a small variety of the European wild cherry indigenous to the Dalmatian Mountains. Products prepared from cherries of the Royal Anne type, artificially colored and flavored and put up in flavored sugar sirup might be labeled \"Imitation Maraschino Cherries\" or, if there was no reference to \"Maraschino,\" might be labeled to show that they are preserved cherries, artificially colored and flavored.", "Brandy from other fruits (such as raspberry, pear and plum) is known technically as eau-de-vie. But we tend to know these brandies better by the names of their different fruit, in the language of their origins. Kirsch, for example, means cherry in German while poire williams is the French name for a Bartlett pear.", "Berries from the pimento tree are commonly called \"allspice berries\" as they are said to combine the taste and aroma of many other spices such as pepper, cloves, nutmeg, ginger and cinnamon. In addition to their use in cooking, essential oils can be extracted from the berries. These oils have been used as flavourings and as ingredients for colognes.", "Tares, Ivraie, Vicia, Vice. Teasel, Card�re, Dipsacus fullonum, Benefit. Thistle, Chardon, Carduus, Harshness. Thornapple, Datur, Datura stramonium, Deceitful charms. Thornapple, purple, Stramoine fastueuse, Datura fastuosa, Suspicion. Thyme, Thym, Thymus, Activity. Tiger-flower, Tigridie, Tigridia, Cruelty. Toad-flax, Muflier, Antirrhinum, Presumption. Touch-me-not, Balsamine, Impatiens, Impatience. Tree Primrose, Onagre, �nothera, Inconstancy. Tuberose, Tub�euse, Polyanthes, Voluptuousness. Tulip Tulipe, Tulipia, Declaration of love. Tulip, virgin, Tulipe vierge,   Literary debut. Turnsol, H�liotrope Heliotropium, The intoxication of love.", "The darkish berries of the juniper tree provide the main flavouring for gin. These spicy, aromatic berries are also used, fresh or dried, crushed or whole, to flavour casseroles, marinades and stuffings, and complement pork, rabbit and beef, especially pork pates. They can also be used in sweet dishes such as fruit cake.", "Ivan Michurin was a famous Russian fruit breeder in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s, known for crossing fruits of quite different geographic regions and ending up with over 300 new species.  He came up with another bigeneric cross in addition to the above, this one between the mountain ash and the hawthorn and known as ‘Ivan’s Belle’.  This too has large, attractive dark green leaves on a small tree.  The sweet, yet tart, berries are wine red and the size of small cherries.  Use them fresh, in jams, and even for wine.  These less common mountain ash with edible fruits are usually found in specialty nurseries and from online sources.", "Bouquet Garni - A bunch of herbs tied together, wrapped in cheesecloth or enclosed in a tea infuser, and used to flavor soups, stocks, stews, and sauces. Any combination of herbs and aromatic vegetables may be considered a bouquet garni, but the classic trio is parsley stems, thyme, and bay leaf. Unlike other herbal combinations (see Fines Herbes and Herbes de Provence), a bouquet garni is meant to be removed from the dish before serving.", "'Black Spanish' or 'Black Spanish Round' occur in both round and elongated forms, and are sometimes simply called the black radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. niger (M.) S.K. or L. ssp. niger (M.). D.C. var. albus D.C) or known by the French name Gros Noir d'Hiver. It dates in Europe to 1548, and was a common garden variety in England and France during the early 19th century. It has a rough, black skin with hot-flavored, white flesh, is round or irregularly pear shaped, and grows to around 10 cm in diameter.", "A variety developed from a chance seedling in New Zealand introduced in 1952, Braeburn has a tangy flavor that straddles sweet and tart.  Skin color varies from orange to red over a yellow background.  Braeburn may have Lady Hamilton & Granny Smith in its parentage. It is available starting in late-October.", "I have heard that when the Spanish arrived in Florida in the early days, they mistook the fragrant sassafras for a cinnamon tree. Sassafras albidum is a native of eastern North America, and is often considered the only spice from this country. It grows in woods, along roadsides and in fields from Ontario south to Florida and Texas and as far west as Missouri. It is an aromatic deciduous tree, averaging 10 to 40 feet tall, with a rough gray bark. It has bright green alternate leaves, and they look much like green suede, but they can light the world with the flame of their colors in autumn. The leaves have one to three lobes, and the greenish yellow flowers bloom from April through June, before the leaves appear. The fruits are bluish and shaped much like peas.", "Mace and nutmeg are 2 slightly different flavored spices, both originating from the fruit of the nutmeg tree, Myristica fragrans . This slow-growing evergreen grows to more than 20 m and is cultivated in India, Ceylon, Malaysia, and Granada. The fruit, which is called a drupe or a nutmeg apple, is similar in appearance to a peach or an apricot. When the mature fruit splits open, the nutmeg (stony endocarp or seed surrounded by a red, slightly fleshy network or aril) is exposed. The dried aril alone is called mace. The nut is removed and dried to produce nutmeg.", "A faux-absinthe liquor called Absente , made with southern wormwood ( Artemisia abrotanum ) instead of grande wormwood ( Artemisia absinthium ), is sold legally in the United States. This was the first US approval referring to \"absinthe\" on the front label; the front label says \"Absinthe Refined\" but the TTB classified the product as liqueur.", "Bouquet garni : a little bundle of herbs, tied together or placed together in in a piece of cheesecloth, used to enhance the flavor of a soup or stew. The classic combination of herbs is parsley, thyme, and bay leaf, but I like to add different herbs that I think will go with dish.", "Atropa belladonna, Atropa acuminata, Baccifère, Belladona, Belladone, Belle-Dame, Belle-Galante, Bouton Noir, Cerise du Diable, Cerise Enragée, Cerise d'Espagne, Deadly Nightshade, Devil's Cherries, Devil's Herb, Divale, Dwale, Dwayberry, Grande Morelle, Great Morel, Guigne de la C ôte, Herbe à la Mort, Herbe du Diable, Indian Belladonna, Morelle Furieuse, Naughty Man's Cherries, Poison Black Cherries, Suchi.", "Baneberry (Actaea spicata) is a nationally scarce species in Great Britain, with mostly small populations restricted to a band of localities across northern England. It is intolerant of competition but highly shade tolerant (Abbott in Stewart et al., 1994) and is frequent in the grikes of a few limestone pavements. Photograph: near Ingleborough, Yorkshire, 1972.", "Wisconsin's AEppleTreow perry is bursting with terroir. The \"pear\" flavor is quite muted; instead, AEppelTreow perry is full of complex, spicy notes. It starts off rustic and earthy but finishes delicate and sweet. We could have used a bit more acidity to balance the sweetness, but overall this is a fantastic American perry that is perfect for the adventurous drinker." ]

[ 3.77734375, 2.087890625, 1.6279296875, 0.73828125, -0.7802734375, -0.86865234375, -1.482421875, -4.9609375, -5.11328125, -5.2265625, -5.5078125, -5.5703125, -5.7734375, -6.30859375, -6.359375, -6.421875, -6.44921875, -6.6796875, -6.9140625, -6.953125, -7.09765625, -7.15625, -7.28515625, -7.74609375, -7.953125, -7.96875, -8.046875, -8.6015625, -8.6953125, -8.8203125, -8.8828125, -8.9375 ]

[ "Sarajevo is the capital of the country of Bosnia and Herzegovina and its sub-entity, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as of the Sarajevo Canton. It is also the de jure capital of another entity, Republika Srpska. Each of these levels of government has their parliament or council, as well as judicial courts, in the city. In addition many foreign embassies are located in Sarajevo.", "Bosnia and Herzegovina, sometimes called Bosnia-Herzegovina or simply Bosnia, is a country in Southeastern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula. Its capital and largest city is Sarajevo with a population of 369,534 people and 438,443 inhabitants across the entire metropolitan area.[7] Bordered by Croatia to the north, west and south, Serbia to the east, and Montenegro to the southeast, Bosnia and Herzegovina is almost landlocked, except for the 20 kilometres (12 miles) of coastline on the Adriatic Sea surrounding the city of Neum.[8][9] In the central and southern interior of the country the geography is mountainous, in the northwest it is moderately hilly, and the northeast is predominantly flatland. The inland is a geographically larger region and has a moderate continental climate, bookended by hot summers and cold and snowy winters. The southern tip of the country has a Mediterranean climate and plain topography.", "Sarajevo (names in other languages) is the capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a population of 275,524. The Sarajevo metropolitan area, including Sarajevo, East Sarajevo and surrounding municipalities, is home to 466,000 inhabitants. Moreover, it is also the capital of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina entity, and the center of the Sarajevo Canton. Nestled within the greater Sarajevo valley of Bosnia, it is surrounded by the Dinaric Alps and situated along the Miljacka River in the heart of Southeastern Europe and the Balkans.", "Sarajevo is Bosnia’s capital and also its largest city. It is surrounded by mountains on all sides (which when climbed give outstanding views of the city), and has been a tactical stronghold since before the Ottoman conquest of the 1400s. It is rich with culture, from its medieval Old Town quarter to its modern and up-and-coming financial district, and is likely to become even more of a destination as the post-civil war restoration continues. It is also the religious center of the country, with plenty of mosques and churches to visit that exemplify the city’s architectural mix of Ottoman and Austrio-Hungarian design. It is one of the best places to discover Bosnia’s history, given that it was here that Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated sparking the First World War, and it is also full of reminders of former Yugoslavia.", "Bosnia and Herzegovina, sometimes called Bosnia-Herzegovina, abbreviated BiH, and in short often known informally as Bosnia, is a country in Southeastern Europe located on the Balkan Peninsula. Its capital and largest city is Sarajevo. Bordered by Croatia to the north, west and south, Serbia to the east, and Montenegro to the southeast, Bosnia and Herzegovina is almost landlocked, except for 20 kilometres (12 miles) of coastline on the Adriatic Sea surrounding the city of Neum. In the central and eastern interior of the country the geography is mountainous, in the northwest it is moderately hilly, and the northeast is predominantly flatland. The inland is a geographically larger region and has a moderate continental climate, bookended by hot summers and cold and snowy winters. The southern tip of the country has a Mediterranean climate and plain topography.", "The virtually landlocked \"cauldron of conflict\" of four million inhabitants is composed of about one-half Muslims, one-third Serbs, and just under one-fifth Croats. While the Winter Olympics of 1984 were held in Bosnia-Herzegovina's capital city of Sarajevo, the city and the rest of the country were devastated by war. The mountainous country is trying to rebuild infrastructure since their 1995 peace agreement; they rely on imports for food and materials. Before the war, Bosnia was home to five of Yugoslavia's largest corporations.", "Sarajevo is located in the central southeast of Bosnia and Herzegovina along the Milijacka River. It is its largest city with a population of approximately 664,000.", "Sarajevo is located near the geometric center of the triangular-shaped Bosnia-Herzegovina and within the historical region of Bosnia proper. It is situated 518 m above sea level and lies in the Sarajevo valley, in the middle of the Dinaric Alps. The valley itself once formed a vast expanse of greenery, but gave way to urban expansion and development in the post-World War II era. The city is surrounded by heavily forested hills and five major mountains. The highest of the surrounding peaks is Treskavica at 2088 m, then Bjelašnica mountain at 2067 m, Jahorina at 1913 m, Trebević at 1627 m, with 1502 m Igman being the shortest. The last four are also known as the Olympic Mountains of Sarajevo (see also 1984 Winter Olympics). The city itself has its fair share of hilly terrain, as evidenced by the many steeply inclined streets and residences seemingly perched on the hillsides.", "Sarajevo is the leading political, social and cultural center of Bosnia and Herzegovina, a prominent center of culture in the Balkans, with its region-wide influence in entertainment, media, fashion, and the arts. ", "Bosnia was once part of Serbia. It's capital is Sarajevo. It is majority Muslim. Sarajevo was home to the 1984 Winter Olympics. There was a major siege in Sarajevo.", "World War I started in the city of Sarajevo, Bosnia, when a Serb advocate assassinated Archduke Ferdinand of the Austria-Hungarian Empire. In the next conflict, World War II, there was also divisiveness within Yugoslavia: Croatia sided with Nazi Germany, but Serbia was an ally with the Communist Soviet Union. The region of Bosnia, with a Muslim majority, faced religious opposition from its mainly Christian neighbors. A group headed by Marshal Tito (a.k.a. Josip Broz) led Yugoslavia after World War II ended in 1945. Tito created a Communist state that attempted to retain its own brand of neutrality between the Warsaw Pact nations led by the Soviet Union and the NATO nations of the West.", "Albania is located along the Adriatic Sea, and its capital city is Tirane. Bosnia and Herzegovina's capital is Sarajevo. That country is located south of Croatia and is mostly landlocked. Bulgaria is located along the Black Sea; its capital is Sofia. Croatia has an hourglass shape squeezed between Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina; its capital is Zagreb. Greece is located on the southwest tip of the Balkan Peninsula; its capital is Athens. Montenegro is located on the Adriatic Sea north of Albania; its capital is Podgorica. Romania has the largest land mass and a western shore on the Black Sea, and its capital is Bucharest. Serbia is landlocked in the center of the peninsula; its capital is Belgrade. The smaller country of Macedonia is landlocked south of Serbia, and its capital is Skopje.", "Republic in southeastern Europe on the west Balkan Peninsula , bordered by Croatia to the west and north, Yugoslavia to the east, with a small outlet to the Adriatic Sea to the west. Sarajevo is the country's capital and largest city.", "Yugoslavia (\"Land of the South Slavs\") was originally Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, created by joining Kingdom of Serbia , Kingdom of Montenegro and parts of Austro-Hungarian Empire inhabited by South Slavs (today comprising Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Slovenia and Vojvodina (i.e. the Northern part of modern Serbia )) . It became Yugoslavia in 1929. It subsequently split into the modern states of Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, Macedonia and Montenegro between 1991-2006. Serbia's autonomous province of Kosovo and Metohija unilaterally declared its independence in 2008.", "A Bosnian teenager carrying containers of water walks in front of destroyed trams at Skenderia square in the besieged Bosnian capital of Sarajevo, in this picture taken June 22, 1993 (top), and a woman passes through the same square, April 1, 2012. Oleg Popov/Reuters /Landov hide caption", "Sarajevo — the national capital; a cosmopolitan European city with a unique Eastern twist as can be seen in its vast diversity of architectural styles; metropolis", "Historically and geographically, the region known as Bosnia (natively Bosna) comprises the northern part of the present-day country of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It lies mainly in the Dinaric Alps, ranging to the southern borders of the Pannonian plain, with the rivers Sava and Drina marking itsl northern and eastern borders. The southern, Medditerranean, region of the country is Herzegovina. The area of Bosnia comprises approximately 41,000 km�, and makes up about 80% of the territory of the present-day state of Bosnia and Herzegovina. There are no true borders between the regions in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and, unofficially, Herzegovina is south of Ivan-planina. The two regions have formed a geopolitical entity since medieval times, and the name \"Bosnia\" commonly occurs in historical and geopolitical senses as generally referring to both regions (Bosnia and Herzegovina). The official use of the name including both regions started in the Austro-Hungarian times. Montenegro (Serbian/Montenegrin/Croatian/Bosnian: Crna Gora) is a country located in southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and Croatia to the west, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the north, Serbia to the east and Albania to the south. In recent decades, Montenegro was a constituent republic of various incarnations of Yugoslavia and the state union of Serbia and Montenegro.", "Ruled by the Ottoman Empire from the 15th century, the region came under the control of Austria-Hungary in 1878 and subsequently played a key role in the outbreak of World War I . In 1918 it was incorporated into the newly created Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes , where it had no formal status of its own. After World War II it became a constituent republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . Following the disintegration of that state in 1991, the majority of the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina voted for independence in a 1992 referendum. Much of the country’s Serb population, however, opposed independence and boycotted the referendum.", "Twenty years ago this week, the Bosnian war began with the siege of Sarajevo, the capital. In this photo, smoke billows from a building in downtown Sarajevo, April 22, 1992, after a Serbian mortar attack.", "the capital of Bosnia-Herzegovina: developed as a Turkish town in the 15th century; capital of the Turkish and Austro-Hungarian administrations in 1850 and 1878 respectively; scene of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914, precipitating World War I; besieged by Bosnian Serbs (1992–95). Pop: 603 000 (2005 est)", "Belgrade (; ;; names in other languages) is the capital and largest city of Serbia. It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers, where the Pannonian Plain meets the Balkans. Its name translates to \"White city\". The city proper has a population of 1.23 million, while over 1.65 million people live within the administrative limits.", "Bosnia (Bosnian and Croatian: Bosna, Serbian: Босна;) is the northern region of Bosnia and Herzegovina, encompassing roughly 80% of the country; the other eponymous region, the southern part, is Herzegovina. Bosnia is an informal term for the whole country.", "Novi Sad is the second largest city in Serbia (after Belgrade), and the largest city in Vojvodina. Since its founding, the population of the city has been constantly increasing. According to the 1991 census, 56.2% of the people who came to Novi Sad from 1961 to 1991 were from other parts of Vojvodina, while 15.3% came from Bosnia and Herzegovina and 11.7% from Central Serbia.", "Bosnia and Herzegovina is a region that traces permanent human settlement back to the Neolithic age, during and after which it was populated by several Illyrian and Celtic civilizations. Culturally, politically, and socially, the country has a rich history, having been first settled by the Slavic peoples that populate the area today from the 6th through to the 9th centuries AD. In the 12th century the Banate of Bosnia was established, which evolved into the Kingdom of Bosnia in the 14th century, after which it was annexed into the Ottoman Empire, under whose rule it would remain from the mid-15th to the late 19th centuries. The Ottomans brought Islam to the region, and altered much of the cultural and social outlook of the country. This was followed by annexation into the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, which lasted up until World War I. In the interwar period, Bosnia was part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and after World War II, the country was granted full republic status in the newly formed Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Following the dissolution of Yugoslavia, the country proclaimed independence in 1992, which was followed by the Bosnian War, lasting until late 1995.", "Bosnia is directed by a U.N. approved High Representative who oversees a Bosnian government divided up among Croats, Serbs, and Muslims. The arrangement goes back to the Dayton Peace Accords which ended the Bosnian civil war in 1995. NATO troops assist in maintaining order among the still distrustful ethnic groups.", "Sarajevo is also a metropolis due to being the most important and influential city in the whole country.", "A pedestrian walks on March 26, 2014, in Belgrade past a vandalized graffiti depicting Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip who shot the Austro-Hungarian Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophia in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914. Although the underlying causes of World War I are well known -- simmering tensions between rival blocs, bound by a complex network of alliances -- the assassination in Sarajevo has long been considered as the trigger for the beginning of the 1914-18 conflict. The Cyrillic writing reads as 'Revolt'. AFP PHOTO / ANDREJ ISAKOVIC (Photo credit should read ANDREJ ISAKOVIC/AFP/Getty Images)", "Podgorica ( ; Montenegrin Cyrillic: Подгорица;, lit. \"[area] under the small hill\") is the capital and largest city of Montenegro. The city was also called Titograd from 1946 to 1992 when Montenegro was part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY).", "The average altitude of the urban center of Srajevo is 500 m (1640 feet). The mountains surrounding Sarajevo are called the Olympic mountains as Sarajevo hosted the Winter Olympic games in 1984, thus even today some refer to Sarajevo as the Olympic City. Snow sports and winter recreation is a must of Sarajevo. Its Bjelesnica and Jahorina mountains are one of the best European winter leisure spots.", "The pause: At City Hall, the mayor of Sarajevo, Fehim Effendi Curcic, who had been in the first car, began a nervous speech of welcome. Franz Ferdinand interrupted, furiously: ‘I come here as your guest and you people greet me with bombs!’", "Old Town is the crowning glory of Sarajevo. Oriental-style shops line the cobbled streets, competing for space with some of the world's most beautiful religious institutions. It is one of the few places in the world where you can hear the Islamic call to prayer while walking past an Orthodox church, a catholic cathedral or a synagogue at the same time. All four religions share one block of the neighborhood, exemplifying the diversity of the city.", "There are seven tramway lines supplemented by five trolleybus lines and numerous bus routes. The main railroad station in Sarajevo is located in the north-central area of the city. From there, the tracks head west before branching off in different directions, including to industrial zones in the city. Sarajevo is currently undergoing a major infrastructure renewal; many highways and streets are being repaved, the tram system is undergoing modernization, and new bridges and roads are under construction." ]

[ 6.578125, 6.55859375, 6.09375, 4.796875, 3.505859375, 3.390625, 3.041015625, 2.658203125, 2.36328125, 1.8798828125, 1.74609375, 1.732421875, -0.116455078125, -1.9658203125, -2.20703125, -2.240234375, -2.583984375, -2.794921875, -2.900390625, -3.3046875, -3.34765625, -3.53125, -3.673828125, -3.857421875, -3.962890625, -4.08203125, -5.0703125, -5.796875, -5.84375, -6.24609375, -6.5234375, -7.03515625 ]

[ "In the event that triggered World War I, Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria and his wife were assassinated in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914.", "June 28, 1914: The Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Habsburg throne, and his wife, Sophie, were assassinated while parading in an automobile in Sarajevo, Serbia by Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian-Serb nationalist. This event sparked the start of what is now known as World War I.", "The spark that started World War I was the assassination of Austria's Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie. The assassination occurred on June 28, 1914 while Ferdinand was visiting the city of Sarajevo in the Austro-Hungarian province of Bosnia-Herzegovina.", "The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife Sophie in Sarajevo (the capital of the Austro-Hungarian province of Bosnia-Herzegovina) on 28 June 1914 eventually led to the outbreak of the First World War.", "1914 - Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria and his wife Sophie are assassinated in Sarajevo by young Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip , the casus belli of World War I.", "28 Jun – Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria, and his wife Sophie were assassinated in Belgrade by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip, resulting in an Austrian declaration of war on Serbia on 28 July, a Russian declaration of war on Austria, a German declaration of war on Russia, and a French declaration of war on Germany. Thus began the First World War (1914).", "On this day in 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated while visiting Sarajevo, Bosnia, sparking off a chain of events that quickly led to the outbreak of World War I.   Ferdinand, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, had accepted an invitation to inspect army manoeuvres in his capacity of Inspector General of the army.   A group of conspirators, members of the secret Black Hand society - a nationalist movement favouring a union between Bosnia-Herzegovina and Serbia - lined the route that the cavalcade would take.   One of them threw a grenade at the Archduke's car.   It bounced off and rolled underneath the next car, severely wounding two of its occupants.   While listening to the Mayor's speech of welcome later that day, Ferdinand interrupted with, \"What is the good of your speeches?   I come to Sarajevo on a visit, and I get bombs thrown at me.   It's outrageous!\"   Following the reception, which sounds like it was not the jolliest of events, the Archduke decided to visit those injured in the grenade explosion, at the city hospital.   At a point where the car had to slow down, Gavrilo Princip took aim at Ferdinand from a distance of five feet.   His bullets struck the Archduke in the neck and his pregnant wife, Sophie, who was travelling with him, in the abdomen.   They both died soon after.   In total eight men were charged with treason and murder.   Princip died of tuberculosis in prison, on 28 April, 1918.", "The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, occurred on 28 June 1914 in Sarajevo when they were shot dead by Gavrilo Princip. Princip was one of a group of six assassins (five Serbs and one Bosniak) coordinated by Danilo Ilić, a Bosnian Serb and a member of the Black Hand secret society. The political objective of the assassination was to break off Austria-Hungary's South Slav provinces so they could be combined into a Yugoslavia. The assassins' motives were consistent with the movement that later became known as Young Bosnia. The assassination led directly to the First World War when Austria-Hungary subsequently issued an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia, which was partially rejected. Austria-Hungary then declared war.", "On Sunday, 28 June 1914, at about 10:45 am, Franz Ferdinand and his wife were killed in Sarajevo, the capital of the Austro-Hungarian province of Bosnia and Herzegovina, by Gavrilo Princip, 19 at the time, a member of Young Bosnia and one of a group of assassins organized and armed by the Black Hand. The event led to a chain of events that eventually triggered World War I.", "On June 28, 1914, in an event that is widely regarded as sparking the outbreak of World War I, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian empire, was shot to death with his wife by Bosnian Serb Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo, Bosnia. Ferdinand had been inspecting his uncle's imperial armed forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina, despite the threat of Serbian nationalists who wanted these Austro-Hungarian possessions to join newly independent Serbia. Austria-Hungary blamed the Serbian government for the attack and hoped to use the incident as justification for settling the problem of Slavic nationalism once and for all. However, as Russia supported Serbia, an Austro-Hungarian declaration of war was delayed until its leaders received assurances from German leader Kaiser Wilhelm II that Germany would support their cause in the event of a Russian intervention.", "On this day in 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife Sophie are shot to death by a Bosnian Serb nationalist during an official visit to the Bosnian capital of Sarajevo. The killings sparked a chain of events that led to the outbreak of World War I by early August. On June 28, 1919, five years to the day after Franz Ferdinand’s death, Germany and the Allied Powers signed the Treaty of Versailles, officially marking the end of World War I.", "* June 28 – Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria: 19-year-old Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip assassinates Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife, Duchess Sophie, in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, triggering the July Crisis and World War I.", "The Latin Bridge and the street corner where Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip assassinated Austro-Hungarian heir to the throne Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his pregnant wife Sophia on June 28, 1914. Although the underlying causes of World War I are well known — simmering tensions between rival blocs, bound by a complex network of alliances — the assassination in Sarajevo has long been considered as the trigger for the beginning of the 1914-18 conflict.", "The center of Sarajevo shows a plaque commemorating the location of the assassination of former Archduke of Austria and his wife. Austro-Hungarian heir to the throne Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sofia were assassinated on June 28, 1914 by Bosnian ethnic Serb, Gavrilo Princip, member of the “Young Bosnia” organisation. The Sarajevo assassination is regarded to have been an immediate trigger for the beginning of World War I.", "The trigger for the Great War, or First World War, was the murder of the heir to the Austrian throne, Arch-Duke Ferdinand, and his duchess in Sarajevo on 28th June 1914 by Gavrilo Princip, a member of a gang of Serbian Nationalists who objected to the annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina by Austria.  Reacting to the assassination, Austria declared war on Serbia, following which Russia declared war on Austria in support of their fellow Slavs in Serbia.  In accordance with its treaty with Austria, Germany declared war on Russia and in accordance with its treaty with Russia, France declared war on Germany. ", "This picture is usually associated with the arrest of Gavrilo Princip, although some[109][110] believe it depicts Ferdinand Behr, a bystander. Sarajevo assassination[edit] Main article: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand On 28 June 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand visited the Bosnian capital, Sarajevo. A group of six assassins (Cvjetko Popović, Gavrilo Princip, Muhamed Mehmedbašić, Nedeljko Čabrinović, Trifko Grabež, Vaso Čubrilović) from the nationalist group Mlada Bosna, supplied by the Black Hand, had gathered on the street where the Archduke's motorcade would pass. Čabrinović threw a grenade at the car, but missed. It injured some people nearby, and Franz Ferdinand's convoy could carry on. The other assassins failed to act as the cars drove past them quickly. About an hour later, when Franz Ferdinand was returning from a visit at the Sarajevo Hospital, the convoy took a wrong turn into a street where Gavrilo Princip by coincidence stood. With a pistol, Princip shot and killed Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie. The reaction among the Austrian people was mild, almost indifferent. As historian Z.A.B. Zeman later wrote, \"the event almost failed to make any impression whatsoever. On Sunday and Monday [June 28 and 29], the crowds in Vienna listened to music and drank wine, as if nothing had happened.\"[111]", "Two shots in Sarajevo ignited the fires of war and drew Europe into World War I. Just hours after narrowly escaping an assassin’s bomb, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to Austro-Hungarian throne and his wife, the Duchess of Hohenberg, were killed by Gavrilo Princip. A month later, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia and Europe rapidly descended into chaos. Read more about it!", "Whatever else he may have done in life, Archduke Franz Ferdinand is known now as the man whose assassination touched off World War I. The nephew of the Hapsburg emperor Franz Josef, Ferdinand was first in line to the Austro-Hungarian throne when he visited Sarajevo in June of 1914. He and his wife Sophie were shot to death as they rode through the city in a motorcade on 28 June; the assassin was Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Serbian nationalist group known as the Black Hand. The shooting led to war between Austria and Serbia, which escalated into World War I.", "Note: Sarajevo was the site of the assassination in 1914 of Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand , which sparked World War I .", "In 1853 Franz Joseph survived an assassination attempt on his life. However, Elizabeth was not quite as fortunate as an Italian anarchist assassinated her in Geneva, Switzerland in 1898. In 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated in Sarajevo and shortly thereafter Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia thus igniting a chain of events that erupted into World War 1.", "On 28 June 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand visited the Bosnian capital, Sarajevo. A group of six assassins (Cvjetko Popović, Gavrilo Princip, Muhamed Mehmedbašić, Nedeljko Čabrinović, Trifko Grabež, Vaso Čubrilović) from the nationalist group Mlada Bosna, supplied by the Black Hand, had gathered on the street where the Archduke's motorcade would pass. Čabrinović threw a grenade at the car, but missed. It injured some people nearby, and Franz Ferdinand's convoy could carry on. The other assassins failed to act as the cars drove past them quickly. About an hour later, when Franz Ferdinand was returning from a visit at the Sarajevo Hospital, the convoy took a wrong turn into a street where Gavrilo Princip by coincidence stood. With a pistol, Princip shot and killed Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie. The reaction among the Austrian people was mild, almost indifferent. As historian Z.A.B. Zeman later wrote, \"the event almost failed to make any impression whatsoever. On Sunday and Monday [June 28 and 29], the crowds in Vienna listened to music and drank wine, as if nothing had happened.\"", "The Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, nephew of the aged emperor and heir to the throne, was assassinated in the streets of Sarajevo, the Bosnian capital, yesterday afternoon. His wife, the Duchess of Hohenberg, was killed by the same assassin. Some reports say the duchess was deliberately shielding her husband from the second shot when she was killed. One victim was struck in the body and the other in the face; the telegrams are contradictory about which wound the archduke suffered and which his wife.", "June 28 was also Franz Ferdinand’s wedding anniversary. His beloved wife, Sophie, a former lady-in-waiting, was denied royal status in Austria due to her birth as a poor Czech aristocrat, as were the couple’s children. In Bosnia, however, due to its limbo status as an annexed territory, Sophie could appear beside him at official proceedings. On June 28, 1914, then, Franz Ferdinand and Sophie were touring Sarajevo in an open car, with surprisingly little security, when Serbian nationalist Nedjelko Cabrinovic threw a bomb at their car; it rolled off the back of the vehicle and wounded an officer and some bystanders. Later that day, on the way to visit the injured officer, the archduke’s procession took a wrong turn at the junction of Appel quay and Franzjosefstrasse, where one of Cabrinovic’s cohorts, 19-year-old Gavrilo Princip, happened to be loitering.", "18In June 1914 the Governor of Austrian-ruled Bosnia-Herzegovina, invited Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Sophie to observe his troops on manoeuvers. Immediately after the royal couple arrived in Sarajevo a carefully planned attempt was made by a nationalist, pro-Serbian group to assassinate the Archduke. The attempt failed, but two occupants of the car behind that in which Franz Ferdinand and Sophie were travelling were seriously wounded. Later the same day, after the official welcome at the Town Hall, Franz Ferdinand expressed a desire to visit the wounded men in the hospital. It was generally agreed that such a visit was dangerous and that Sophie should stay behind, but she refused. This time, due to a driver’s error, the assassination succeeded. Franz Ferdinand and Sophie were both hit and died from their wounds soon after. The stage was now set for the First World War.", "After the assassination of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand (1863-1914 ), heir to the Austrian throne, and his wife, World War I breaks out in Europe.", "June 28, 1914. Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife are killed by an assassin’s bullets just hours after they escaped another assassination attempt. Gavrilo Princip is immediately arrested for the shooting and Nedjelko Cabrinovic is caught fleeing after the bomb attempt.", "Then the Archduke and Duchess decided to change their plans and visit the injured at the hospital. Not informed that they were taking a different route, the driver of the third car took a wrong turn onto Franz Joseph Street and had to back up near the Latin Bridge. That is when fate intervened. Princip was just coming out of Schiller’s delicatessen when the Archduke’s vehicle stalled nearby. At 10:45 am, only one and a half meters away, Princip fired his Belgian semi-automatic pistol. The Archduke was hit in the jugular vein while Princip shot Sophie in the abdomen. Franz Ferdinand begged Sophie not to die, telling her to live for their children.  Then Lieutenant Colonel Count Franz von Harrach, also seated in the Double Phaeton vehicle, asked the Archduke if he was badly hurt. The heir to the throne repeated, “It’s nothing,” six or seven times before his plumed hat fell off and he crumpled in the car. Princip was soon arrested, while the vehicle sped to the Governor’s residence for first aid. The Archduke’s soul mate was dead on arrival, and the heir to the Habsburg throne succumbed 10 minutes later. World War I would begin less than two months after their deaths. Franz Ferdinand was buried in the chapel crypt of his Artstetten Castle in Lower Austria. Emperor Franz Joseph and the German Emperor Wilhelm II were notably absent from the funeral.", "date and location of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne, and his wife by a Bosnian Serb nationalist terrorist; the spark point to WWI", "Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophia riding in their car, minutes before their assassination on June 28, 1914. (STR/AFP/Getty Images)", "This week one hundred years ago, on 28th of June 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated. This event triggered the outbreak of WWI one month later. How did European newspapers of the time cover this crucial event and the political opinions? Did the news travel fast? Europeana Newspapers has gathered historic newspaper material to illustrate how different European newspapers reported on this crucial event. This week we’ll publish a series of three articles, each covering one important event in WWI. Today we start with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria.", "The first two attempts for the conspicuously public assassination attempt on Archduke Franz Ferdinand failed, but the Archduke's driver got lost heading to the hospital so he could talk to the wounded, in an astounding coincidence passing by the place where one of the assassins, Gavrilo Princip, was eating lunch. Princip shot the Archduke and his wife there and World War I ensued less than two months later.", "The assassination set off a rapid chain of events, as Austria-Hungary immediately blamed the Serbian government for the attack. As large and powerful Russia supported Serbia, Austria asked for assurances that Germany would step in on its side against Russia and its allies, including France and possibly Great Britain. On July 28, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, and the fragile peace between Europe’s great powers collapsed, beginning the devastating conflict now known as the First World War." ]

[ 10.7578125, 10.1875, 10.046875, 9.7734375, 9.7265625, 8.7578125, 8.703125, 8.6953125, 8.3125, 8.0703125, 7.64453125, 7.54296875, 7.5078125, 6.34765625, 6.3203125, 6.10546875, 6.0234375, 5.9296875, 5.859375, 5.65234375, 5.44140625, 5.1171875, 3.759765625, 3.658203125, 2.048828125, 0.271484375, -0.244384765625, -0.775390625, -1.2939453125, -1.4658203125, -1.755859375, -3.97265625 ]

[ "TED (Technology, Entertainment, Design) is a global set of conferences run by the private nonprofit organization Sapling Foundation, under the slogan \"Ideas Worth Spreading\". TED was founded in February 1984 as a one-off event and the annual conference series began in 1990. TED's early emphasis was technology and design, consistent with its Silicon Valley origins, but it has since broadened its focus to include talks on many scientific, cultural, and academic topics. ", "The main TED conference is held annually in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada at the Vancouver Convention Centre. Its companion TEDActive is held in the neighbouring city of Whistler. Prior to 2014, the two conferences were held in Long Beach and Palm Springs, California, respectively. TED events are also held throughout North America and in Europe and Asia, offering live streaming of the talks. They address a wide range of topics within the research and practice of science and culture, often through storytelling. The speakers are given a maximum of 18 minutes to present their ideas in the most innovative and engaging ways they can. Past speakers include Bill Clinton, Jane Goodall, Al Gore, Gordon Brown, Billy Graham, Richard Dawkins, Bill Gates, Bono, Google founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin, and many Nobel Prize winners. TED's current curator is the British former computer journalist and magazine publisher Chris Anderson. ", "TED is a nonprofit devoted to spreading ideas, usually in the form of short, powerful talks (18 minutes or less). TED began in 1984 as a conference where Technology, Entertainment and Design converged, and today covers almost all topics — from science to business to global issues — in more than 100 languages. Meanwhile, independently run TEDx events help share ideas in communities around the world. TED is a global community, welcoming people from every discipline and culture who seek a deeper understanding of the world. TED believes passionately in the power of ideas to change attitudes, lives and, ultimately, the world.", "The Spotlight Project, an extension of TEDxUofM, began in December 2011 as a half-formed thought in Samuels’s mind after attending and organizing one of the University’s TEDxUofM conferences. The TEDxUofM community itself joins the ranks of the broader TED nonprofit organization, a well acclaimed program linking its three pillars of technology, entertainment and design into a series of annual conferences. TED emphasizes the power and values of ideas to promote passionate change and additionally offers TED Talks, a series of lectures by prominent thinkers which further the mission to extend cultural, scientific and creative spaces into the lives of everyday people. The University’s branch of TEDx offers its own conference yearly. According to the TEDxUofM Facebook page, the conference hopes to “bring together great minds, brilliant talent and innovative thinkers who are eager to inform the universe about their passions and dreams for the future.” More than speakers on the stage Samuels echoes TEDx as the soundboard for his own curiosity and rich expansion of ideas. Yet,", "TED Every year, a humble Vancouver convention center becomes one of the wealthiest places on Earth, as Silicon Valley notables arrive for the annual Technology, Entertainment, and Design (TED)... conference. At the conference, internally nicknamed \"summer camp for adults\", attendees will observe a Google co-founder walking between snack stations in crocs, Amazon chief Jeff Bezos chatting up a speaker, or countless sneaker-clad Internet founders standing in a taco truck line for some midnight munchies. Given the extreme concentration of wealth and pricey ticket (>$8,000), TED routinely finds itself in the crosshairs of critics, who slam it as an elitist cult of millionaires that uncritically propagate dangerously utopian ideas. Despite its haters among the press, TED is a beloved Internet...", "The organisations they established and oversee together host conferences that bring together people in the field to share and circulate ideas.", "Since June 2006, the talks have been offered for free viewing online, under an Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs Creative Commons license, through TED.com. , over 2,400 talks are freely available on the website. In June 2011, the talks' combined viewing figure stood at more than 500 million, and by November 2012, TED talks had been watched over one billion times worldwide. Not all TED talks are equally popular, however. Those given by academics tend to be watched more online, and art and design videos tend to be watched less than average. ", "The event centered on a series of conferences that looked to foster debate and ideas relating to sustainable production and consumption.  In addition to the more formal debates, there were a number of events that were geared towards children.  In addition to the workshops, vendors, and conferences, this weekend also featured the International Congress of Slow Food.  650 delegates from 90 countries met to determine the future of the movement.  While the direction of the movement is uncertain, the future is strong and interest is certainly ever-present.", "[9:34] \"The annual meeting of royalty, politicians, business moguls and academics known as the Bilderberg Conference is set to take place later this week. This year�s confab will run from June 9th to the 12th at the Grand Hotel Kempinski in St. Moritz, Switzerland. The conference is a yearly get-together of 130 of the who�s who of Europe and North America, from David Rockefeller to Josef Ackermann to Queen Beatrix. The group, which takes its name from the name of the hotel where the first meeting was held, has traditionally convened under a media blackout, with those members of the press and media moguls in attendance agreeing to forego reporting on the proceedings. Since the group�s founding in 1954, a handful of researchers and independent journalists have worked to expose the group and its activities, but it is only with the rise of the online alternative media that Bilderberg has come to mainstream attention. [...]\"   ", "Both the United States and the European Union are embarking on large, long-term brain projects. Shortly before the New Scientist Consciousness and the Extended Mind event held in England (4/7/2015), Liz Else interviewed Margaret Boden, one of the participants (Else, 3/31/2015). Quoting from the article:", "The conference provides a multi-disciplinary forum, and includes lectures by key note speakers and parallel sessions on specific themes.", "An annual conference held by members of the alter-globalization movement (also known as the Global Justice Movement) which aims to allow social movements, trade unions, NGOs, refugees, peace and anti-imperial groups, anti-racist movements, environmental movements, networks of the excluded and community campaigns from Europe and the world to come together and discuss themes linked to major European and global issues.", "â&#x2020;&#x2018; Rosemary Leith: Web Foundation, Sir Tim Berners-Lee: World Wide Web/ Web Foundation, Hermann Hauser KBE: Amadeus Capital Partners, Warner Bros Studios, Harry Potter Welcome Dinner, Founders Forum London 2012", "A formal meeting at which several speakers deliver short addresses on a topic or related topics.", "         Organizing video conferences with activists, intellectuals and students based in the Arab World, Canada, Europe, South Africa, and the US.", "Robert Palmer is invited 70 to 80 times a year to speak at and chair international conferences in places like Paris, Helsinki, Stockholm, Toronto, Athens, Luxemburg, Zimbabwe, Berlin, Moscow, and St Petersburg. All of these cities want to know about the management of festivals, how a city like Glasgow devises urban cultural policy, how the arts relate to urban regeneration, how to manage the arts, and Glasgow's long-term cultural transformation. Foreign journalists constantly ask him about the city's cultural policy.", "Following the keynote speaker, and for most of the rest of the conference, the day might be divided into as few as two to as many as six shorter sessions (and sometimes evening sessions as well), often with several choices for each session, where the real content of the conference is presented. Each day may include lunch as part of the conference fee (although some local conferences may be brown-bag, especially if they charge no fee), and some or all days may also include dinner. Meals may include a speaker, awards, or organizational business, or simply be social occasions.", "At a small hotel near Arnhem in the deeply wooded uplands of eastern Holland on May 29, 30, and 31, 1954, a group of eminent statesmen, financiers, and intellectuals from the principal nations of Europe and the United States met together in, perhaps, the most unusual international conference ever held until then.", "The format of this conference invites participants to impersonate a historical figures who have been major contributors to the discourse of closed systems. Figures include Reyner Banham, Buckminster Fuller, Hans Hollein, Neil Armstrong, Jacques Cousteau, and Walt Disney, among others.", "The conference is for scholars, teachers, students and interested citizens of all ages and walks of life. It is presented free, thanks to the generous support of several organizations. Advance registration is recommended.", "LSE is famous for its programme of public lectures. These lectures, organised by the LSE Events office, are open to students, alumni and the general public. As well as leading academics and commentators, speakers frequently include prominent national and international figures such as ambassadors, CEOs, Members of Parliament, and heads of state. A number of these are broadcast live around the world via the School's website. ", "A series of debates on the world’s most pressing issues that will pioneer a new, truly global, digital", "EARLY BREAKFAST: The Social Network Toastmasters, a branch of an international public speaking and leadership organization called Toastmasters International", "There are also some great annual events, such as Silicon Beach , which brings together the UK's leading strategic thinkers, digital innovators and people who look at brands. An excellent resource for the digital scene. And there's also re:develop where hundreds of awesome developers come together to improve their skills and broaden their horizons. Watch this space for 2015 updates!", "Presentations by speakers from the UK, Greece, Australia, USA and elsewhere. Themes will include legal issues relating to the reunification of the marbles and the concept of the universal museum.", "Berners-Lee talk entited \"The Future Of The Web\" given at the Oxford internet institute High resolution MP4 Low Resolution MP4 Slides for the talk", "David D. Burstein , the founder of the grass-roots organization Generation18, will discuss his book, Fast Future: How the Millennial Generation is Shaping Our World. 202-364-1919. ( SqueakyChu )", "Event speakers Event was supported by a series of lectures and presentations by organisations and individuals involved in activities related to to the river. 1", "This talk takes place in Hodgson Hall and members of the public are welcome to attend. There is no charge for admission.", "Williams heads the Global Children's Foundation and is the President of the World Centre of Compassion for Children International. She is also the Chair of Institute for Asian Democracy in Washington D.C. and a Distinguished Visiting Professor at Nova Southeastern University. She lectures widely on topics of peace, education, inter-cultural and inter-faith understanding, anti-extremism, and children's rights.", "Over 51 speakers and 385+ total attendees creates industry dialogue essential to your survival through this evolving marketplace", "John has spoken numerous times for the Said Business School in Oxford, as well as speaking for several multi-national corporations and companies. His subject was ‘Smart Cities: Smart Ethics’, and was followed by a Q&A." ]

[ 6.42578125, 5.28125, 4.97265625, -1.5615234375, -3.03515625, -4.828125, -5.359375, -5.4609375, -5.4609375, -5.80078125, -6.12890625, -6.24609375, -6.78125, -7.19921875, -7.50390625, -7.5703125, -7.87109375, -7.89453125, -7.97265625, -8.6328125, -8.71875, -8.8984375, -9.1015625, -9.1484375, -9.421875, -10.0390625, -10.1875, -10.2578125, -10.3125, -10.4921875, -10.65625, -10.671875 ]

[ "The Twilight Saga: Eclipse, commonly referred to as Eclipse, is a 2010 American romantic fantasy film based on Stephenie Meyer's 2007 novel Eclipse. It is the third installment of The Twilight Saga film series, following 2008's Twilight and 2009's New Moon. Summit Entertainment greenlit the film in February 2009. Directed by David Slade, the film stars Kristen Stewart, Robert Pattinson, and Taylor Lautner, reprising their roles as Bella Swan, Edward Cullen, and Jacob Black, respectively. Melissa Rosenberg, who penned the scripts for both Twilight and New Moon, returned as screenwriter. ", "3. The Twilight Saga: Eclipse – Seriously? Yes. The third installation of the teenage werewolf vs vampire sensation is the best yet. The special effects have greatly improved since the first film, especially with the vampires shattering upon injury or death. The three main characters successfully recreates the Luke/Leia/Han love triangle. The usual awkwardness which tends to permeate from the teenage drama was transformed into actual tension as the film culminates with a huge werewolf/vampire supernatural battle. And as long as we are on the topic of the supernatural, Bella, the only human in the trio, proves that she, ironically, holds the most power. She uses her womanly ways to influence her will over the sexually frustrated boys. That’s right – a woman who is sexually manipulative; who’d a thunk it? The point is that this franchise went places far beyond my preconceived notions for what started as nothing more than a Harry Potter novels-to-film knock-off.", "(AP) Twilight series third installment, \"Twilight Saga: Eclipse,\" broke its own record by earning $30M at their midnight showings (12am-3am) today, smashing the second sequel \"New Moon\" record of $26.3M last November. The huge start for the vampire-romance series may break the overall opening day record also set by New Moon of $72.7M!", "Twilight is a series of four vampire-themed fantasy romance novels by American author Stephenie Meyer. Released annually from 2005 through 2008, the four books chart the later teen years of Isabella \"Bella\" Swan, a girl who moves to Forks, Washington, and falls in love with a 104-year-old vampire named Edward Cullen. The series is told primarily from Bella's point of view, with the epilogue of Eclipse and Part II of Breaking Dawn being told from the viewpoint of character Jacob Black, a werewolf. The unpublished Midnight Sun is a retelling of the first book, Twilight, from Edward Cullen's point of view. The novella The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner, which tells the story of a newborn vampire who appeared in Eclipse, was published on June 5, 2010, as a hardcover book and on June 7 as a free online ebook. The Twilight Saga: The Official Illustrated Guide, a definitive encyclopedic reference with nearly 100 full color illustrations, was released in bookstores on April 12, 2011. ", "Edward Cullen (né Edward Anthony Masen) is a fictional character in Stephenie Meyer's Twilight series. He is featured in the books Twilight, New Moon, Eclipse and Breaking Dawn, and their corresponding film adaptations, and the as yet unfinished novel Midnight Sun—a re-telling of the events of Twilight from Edward's perspective. Edward is a telepathic vampire who, over the course of the series, falls in love with, marries, and has a child with Bella Swan, a human teenager who later chooses to become a vampire as well. In the Twilight film series, Edward is played by actor Robert Pattinson.", "Edward Cullen is a fictional character in Stephenie Meyer's Twilight series. He is featured in the books Twilight, New Moon, Eclipse and Breaking Dawn, as well as the Twilight film, and the as yet unfinished novel Midnight Sun - a re-telling of the events of Twilight from Edward's perspective. Edward is a vampire who, over the course of the series, falls in love with, marries, and has a child with Bella Swan, a human teenager who later chooses to become a vampire as well. In the Twilight film series, Edward is played by actor Robert Pattinson.", "In the Twilight universe, werewolves' claws and teeth can tear through the \"marble hard skin\" of a vampire at ease. Each werewolf has a different look and different specific quality, whether size, speed, agility, stamina, durability or strength, Jacob being the strongest of the pack. All shapeshifters' senses are very sharp (ophthalmoception, audioception, olfacoception, equilibrioception etc). Within the series, they can also imprint which channels all their affections towards a single person and most likely-to-be spouse. A shapeshifter in human form retains many enhanced abilities and in human form is described as lifting Bella like an \"empty box\". The shapeshifting werewolves of the Quileute tribe are typically dark haired, dark skinned, and dark eyed, and they also prefer to eat animal meat. Genetically, Carlisle discovers that they have 24 pairs of chromosomes, the same as vampire hybrids like Renesmee sparking speculation on Jacob and Renesmee having children, both of whom had human maternal parents. At the end of the fourth book, it is revealed that they are indeed shape-shifters. Aro claims shape-shifters can take other mega animal forms and Edward says that Caius is terrified of true werewolves because of an encounter with one centuries ago, leaving him almost obliterated. These true werewolves are called the \"Children of the Moon\" and these involuntarily phase in the full moon. Not much is revealed in the series, however in Breaking Dawn the distinction is briefly explained.", "Another \"vampiric\" series that has come out between 2008 and 2012 is the Twilight Saga, a series of films based on the book series of the same name.", "Since the release of the first novel, Twilight, in 2005, the books have gained immense popularity and commercial success around the world. The series is most popular among young adults; the four books have won multiple awards, most notably the 2008 British Book Award for \"Children's Book of the Year\" for Breaking Dawn, while the series as a whole won the 2009 Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Book.", "Stephenie Meyer's paranormal romance novel Twilight was originally optioned by Paramount Pictures' MTV Films in April 2004, but the screenplay that was subsequently developed was substantially different from its source material. When Summit Entertainment reinvented itself as a full-service studio in April 2007, it began development of a film adaptation anew, having picked up the rights from Paramount (who coincidentally had made an unrelated film with the same title in 1998) in a turnaround. The company perceived the film as an opportunity to launch a franchise based on the success of Meyer's book and its sequels. Catherine Hardwicke was hired to direct the film and Melissa Rosenberg was hired to write the script in mid-2007. ", "The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn Part 2 was directed by Bill Condon, and author Stephenie Meyer co-produced the film along with Karen Rosenfelt and Wyck Godfrey, with Melissa Rosenberg penning the script. The book's plot was split into two films, the first of which was released on November 18, 2011. The second was released on November 16, 2012. The second part of Breaking Dawn saw the climax of Bella and Edward's relationship, as Bella must learn to adapt to immortality as a newly transformed vampire and motherhood.", "March's The Host didn't fare much better. While the book the movie is based on wasn't a series, it was written by Stephenie Meyer , the woman behind the Twilight franchise. The popular book seemed like an obvious choice for Hollywood.", "9.00 The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2 (S,HD) (2012). Vampire couple Edward and Bella defend their newborn child from the leaders of the undead. Conclusion of the romantic fantasy series, with Kristen Stewart and Robert Pattinson. ●●●", "“ Twilight ” author Stephenie Meyer is moving on. She’s put a stake in the heart of her megahit vampire franchise, and saw modest results ($48 million worldwide) earlier this year from an adaptation of her romantic sci-fi novel “The Host.”", "The following is a list of characters in the Twilight novel series by Stephenie Meyer, comprising the books; Twilight, New Moon, Eclipse and Breaking Dawn, as well as The Twilight Saga film series adaptations.", "Summit Entertainment announced in November 2008 that they had obtained the rights to the fourth book in the Twilight series, Breaking Dawn and greenlit a two film adaptation in April 2010. The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1 was released on November 18, 2011 and Part 2 on November 16, 2012 with Bill Condon directing, and author Stephenie Meyer co-producing.", "Nellie is the nickname of Reneesme from Stephanie Meyer's popular Twilight Saga, from Breaking Dawn, the fourth book.", "The best part about all these movies is how they illustrate true and eternal love. In Twilight we see how true love takes risks, as Edward reveals who he is and as Bella trusts herself to his self-control. In New Moon we watch Bella ache as the absence of her one true love reveals a gaping hole in her chest she’d never realized was there before. In Eclipse Jacob explains how imprinting works within the wolf pack—that once that perfect union is found nothing else can interfere. And in Breaking Dawn love wins.", "The first film, \"Twilight,\" earned more than $380 million at worldwide box offices and the second, \"New Moon,\" hits theaters in November. The books and movies are about a girl named Bella Swan , who has a star-crossed love affair with dangerous but handsome vampire Edward Cullen .", "The big screen Twilight franchise continues with the second installment, New Moon. In New Moon, the supernatural tale of star-crossed lovers conti...", "Stephenie Meyer is known for the Twilight series, and little else. She also wrote The Host , which was a bestseller on author-name recognition alone, but it didn't sell anywhere near as well Twilight, its film adaption was a flop, and the sequels have been stuck in Development Hell .", "Twilight has gathered acclaim for its popularity with its target readers. The Times lauded it for capturing \"perfectly the teenage feeling of sexual tension and alienation.\" Other reviews described Twilight as an \"exquisite fantasy\", and a \"gripping blend of romance and horror\". Lev Grossman of Time wrote that the books have a \"pillowy quality distinctly reminiscent of Internet fan fiction\", but still praised the series, comparing it to The Lord of the Rings and Harry Potter:", "Probably the single most influential vampire narrative written between Dracula in the late 1890s and Interview With The Vampire in the 1970s, (Anne Rice needs no plugging here; nor does Stephenie Meyer, nor Charlaine Harris …), this was the novel which dragged vampires out of the gothic world of superstition and into the potentially even more terrifying world of science fiction. In the wake of a global war – probably a nuclear conflict – Robert Neville finds himself apparently the last man alive in all the world. But there are plenty of undead people, and every night when the sun has gone down, they attack his fortress home. There have been three film versions to date., most recently the big-budget production starring Will Smith, which had its moments; but none has captured the nihilistic chill of the original.", "Edward, a vampire lonely and isolated by his very existence, meets Isabella Swan, a human who is nothing like what he expects. He decides to pursue her, but she has an agenda of her own. Twilight AU.", "Bella once again finds herself surrounded by danger as Seattle is ravaged by a string of mysterious killings and a malicious vampire continues her quest for revenge. In the midst of it all, she is forced to choose between her love for Edward and her friendship with Jacob -- knowing that her decision has the potential to ignite the struggle between vampire and werewolf. With her graduation quickly approaching, Bella is confronted with the most important decision of her life. Written by Summit Entertainment", "The Twilight Series, Book 4 | Release Date: August 2, 2008 | Buy the Book  | Buy the Movies 1 & 2", "    The second novel in Stephenie Meyer's Twilight series starts off with the Cullen family throwing Bella Swan an 18th birthday party.  At the party, Bella accidentally cuts her finger on one of the gifts she is opening and Jasper Cullen, attracted to the scent of her blood,  attempts to attack her.  Luckily, Bella's boyfriend and Jasper's brother, Edward, is able to protect her.  After this incident, the Cullens decide that it is safest for Bella to move away from Forks.  This leaves Bella sulking and moping around.  Eventually, she finds that her only way to cope with her depression is to put herself in danger as when she is in harm's way she hears Edward's voice in her head trying to stop her.  She goes to Jacob Black, an old family friend, to help her out with this, and he helps her restore a couple of old motorcycles.  Jacob and her become very close as the story progresses and she discovers more and more about him including that he has a secret of his own... he's a werewolf.  How will this secret affect Bella's feelings for Jacob when she knows that the werewolves are the Cullen's biggest enemy?", "The movie picks up where the previous movie left off, right when Bella Cullen opens her eyes after her transformation into a vampire . She finds her senses heightened by many times, and savors a moment with her husband,  Edward Cullen , and her perfected beauty. She requests to meet her daughter, Renesmee Cullen , but Edward tells her she needs to hunt first. During the hunt, she quickly learns to harness her heightened senses and abilities: when the scent of a human hiker crosses her nose, she immediately attempts to hunt the hiker, until Edward tells her not to. She quickly comes to her senses, and runs away, much to Edward's amazement, as a newborn shouldn't be able to. Bella tries to feed on a deer, but a mountain lion attacks first, forcing Bella to settle for feeding on the lion instead.", "Q: How did werewolves end up in the Twilight series? Was that planned from the beginning?", "\"That was a major sticking point for Stephenie about making the fourth (Twilight) book into a movie,\" says screenwriter Melissa Rosenberg. \"She knew it was not a cinematic ending. The book had no physical confrontation. She knew that would have to change. But she didn't want the storytelling to change.\"", "The Twilight Series, Book 1 | Release Date: October 5, 2005 | Buy the Book  |  Buy the Movie", "Vampires Suck is a comedy about contemporary teen angst and romance movies. Becca, an anxious, non-vampire teen, is torn between two boys. Before she can choose, Becca must get around her controlling father, who embarrasses Becca by treating her like a child. Meanwhile, Becca's friends contend with their own romantic issues—all of which collide at the prom." ]

[ 4.9765625, 2.451171875, 2.333984375, 1, 0.342041015625, -0.06256103515625, -0.95751953125, -1.6318359375, -1.8076171875, -1.8623046875, -2.06640625, -2.08984375, -2.162109375, -2.19140625, -2.263671875, -2.38671875, -2.544921875, -2.55859375, -2.80078125, -3.115234375, -4.22265625, -4.24609375, -4.40625, -4.55078125, -4.62109375, -4.7421875, -4.875, -6.0078125, -6.0234375, -6.35546875, -6.36328125, -8.2109375 ]

[ "Frederick Joseph \"Fred\" Noonan (born April 4, 1893; declared missing July 2, 1937 and dead June 20, 1938) was an American flight navigator, sea captain and aviation pioneer who first charted many commercial airline routes across the Pacific Ocean during the 1930s. He was last seen in Lae, New Guinea, on July 2, 1937, on the last land stop with famed aviatrix Amelia Earhart, (1897-1937), as her navigator when they disappeared somewhere over the Central Pacific Ocean during one of the last legs of their attempted pioneering round-the-world flight.", "The world's most famous female aviator disappeared in 1937, as she attempted to become the first woman to fly around the world. With her navigator, Fred Noonan, her Lockheed Electra was last heard from about 100 miles from the tiny Pacific atoll, Howland Island, on July 2, 1937. President Roosevelt authorized an immediate search; no trace was ever found; notwithstanding the endless efforts by conspiracy theorists to find evidence that she landed on an island.", "2 July 1937 - Last radio message from Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan before their plane disappears in the Pacific between New Guinea and Howland Island.", "On July 2nd (that’s today!), 1937, pilot Amelia Earhart and navigator Frederick Noonan were reported missing near a small island in the Pacific. The two were on the most difficult leg of their ill-fated attempt to fly around the world when things took a turn for the worst. Earhart radioed the U.S. Coast Guard to announce that the pair was lost and that their plane was running out of fuel. They were never heard from again. To this day, no trace of their plane has ever been found.", "July 2nd, 1937 - Amelia Earhart’s aircraft, a twin engine Lockheed Electra Model 10, was lost on the final leg of an around the world journey with navigator Fred Noonan. It is highly likely she ran out of fuel and had put down on a small Pacific Island of Nikumaroro.", "The mystery – that of the disappearance of Earhart and her navigator Fred Noonan – intimately involves Papua New Guinea as Lae was her last port of call before she disappeared somewhere over the vast Pacific Ocean.", "The flyers' last communication was at 8:45 a.m. and their tanks were already out of fuel. They never reached Howland Island, and no trace of them or their craft was ever found � although an extensive coordinated search was carried out by the Navy and Coast Guard. Despite the efforts of 66 aircraft and 9 ships and an expenditure of an estimated 4 million dollars, authorized by President Franklin D. Roosevelt , their fate remained a mystery. When the official search ended on July 18th, George Putnam financed addition search efforts, often working off tips and hunches gleaned from seamen, psychics, and amateur radio enthusiasts. But he was well aware that the flyers could only survive so long without adequate supplies of food and water. After several weeks of searching, in October of 1937, he acknowledged that the window of possibility had closed. He ended the search. On January 5, 1939 Amelia Earhart was declared legally dead, in Superior Court in Los Angeles, California.", "Earhart and Noonan disappeared July 2, 1937, while flying over the central Pacific Ocean from New Guinea to Howland Island.", "1937 : Aviator Amelia Earhart and navigator Fred Noonan disappeared over the Pacific Ocean while attempting to make the first round-the-world flight at the equator.", "Amelia Earhart raised the spirits of Depression-era America as she soared into the aviation record books with feats of altitude, distance and endurance. The mood took a gloomy turn, however, when she and her navigator Fred Noonan disappeared over the Pacific Ocean on July 2, 1937, during a much-heralded attempt to fly around the world. Their fate remains one of aviation's greatest unsolved mysteries.", "Amelia Earhart, left, and her navigator, Fred Noonan, right, pose beside their plane at Lae, New Guinea in 1937. This photo, taken with a gold miner named Jacobs, shows them just before they took off in a flight to Howland Island. They disappeared somewhere in the Pacific on July 2. Associated Press", "Linda Finch is not following Amelia Earhart anymore. In a tribute Monday, the Texan flew over Howland Island in the central South Pacific, dropping three silk wreaths in memory of the aviation pioneer who disappeared near there 60 years ago. Earhart vanished with navigator Fred Noonan in 1937 while trying to become the first pilot to circumnavigate the globe at the equator. Finch left Oakland, Calif., on March 17 to retrace and complete Earhart's last flight. Finch dropped one...", "One of the most well-known facts about Amelia Earhart is that she vanished on July 2, 1937 while attempting the first around-the-world flight to take place along the equator. Earhart left for the trip in June 1937 and vanished along with her navigator, Frederick Noonan.", "In her last message received at Howland Island, Earhart reported that they were flying a standard position line (or sun line), a routine procedure for an experienced navigator like Noonan. This line passed within sight of Gardner Island (now called Nikumaroro) in the Phoenix Island Group to the southeast, and there is a range of documented, archaeological, and anecdotal evidence supporting the hypothesis that Earhart and Noonan found Gardner Island, uninhabited at the time, landed the Electra on a flat reef near the wreck of a freighter, and sent sporadic radio messages from there. It has been surmised that Earhart and Noonan might have survived on Nikumaroro for several weeks before dying as castaways. In 1940, Gerald Gallagher, a British colonial officer and a licensed pilot, radioed his superiors to tell them that he believed he had found Earhart's skeleton, along with a sextant box, under a tree on the island's southeast corner. In a 1998 report to the American Anthropological Association, researchers, including a forensic anthropologist and an archaeologist, concluded, \"What we can be certain of is that bones were found on the island in 1939–40, associated with what were observed to be women’s shoes and a navigator’s sextant box, and that the morphology of the recovered bones, insofar as we can tell by applying contemporary forensic methods to measurements taken at the time, appears consistent with a female of Earhart’s height and ethnic origin. \" ", "Africa, then to the Red Sea. By 29 June they were in New Guinea, ready for the long flight across the Pacific. They were almost home. They left New Guinea at 0:00 GMT, with the US Coast Guard ship Itasca positioned off Howland Island, near Hawaii, to provide radio contact. They never arrived. Earhart sent a message to the Itasca at 7:42am, saying that they were unable to see the ship, and that their gas was running low. A brief message came through at 8:45am, then silence. The people of America, listening at their radios, was stunned. A shaken President Roosevelt sent out a military search party consisting of 66 aircraft and nine ships, but nothing was found. On 18 July 1937, the search was reluctantly called off. Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan were gone.", "At 12:30 p.m. on July 2, the pair took off. Despite favorable weather reports, they flew into overcast skies and intermittent rain showers. This made Noonan’s premier method of tracking, celestial navigation, impossible. As dawn neared, Earhart called chief radioman Leo G. Bellarts and asked for Itasca’s location. She failed to report at the next scheduled time, and afterward her radio transmissions, irregular through most of the flight, were faint or interrupted with static. At 7:42 A.M. the Itasca picked up the message, “We must be on you, but we cannot see you. Fuel is running low. Been unable to reach you by radio. We are flying at 1,000 feet.” The ship tried to reply, but the plane seemed not to hear. At 8:45 Earhart reported, “We are running north and south.” Nothing further was heard from Earhart.", "Fred Noonan is mentioned in the song \"Amelia\" on Bell X1's 2009 album Blue Lights on the Runway, which contemplates the last moments and the fates of Amelia Earhart and Noonan. The first ballad written about Amelia and Fred was written and sung by \"Red River\" Dave McEnerney in 1938 called \"Amelia Earhart's Last Flight\". Antje Duvekot's Song \"Ballad of Fred Noonan\" on her 2012 album \"New Siberia\" imagines Noonan's unrequited and unremembered love for Earhart. The controversy over Earhart and Noonan's disappearance was discussed in the song [http://www.thelyricarchive.com/song/902083-121305/True-Story-of-Amelia-Earhart \"The True Story of Amelia Earhart\"] on Plainsong's album \"In Search of Amelia Earhart.\"", "Noonan’s reputation as a top-notch navigator wasn’t lost on Earhart’s camp. Though she’d initially chosen sea captain Harry Manning to navigate her flight around the world, the celebrated aviator eventually approached Noonan instead. Noonan’s air navigation skills trumped Manning’s, and Earhart’s husband preferred Noonan because of his vaunted experience at Pan Am. Noonan, meanwhile, was busy obtaining a Mexican divorce from his first wife, Josephine, whom he’d married in 1927. On March 27, 1937, two months before taking off with Earhart, he wed Mary Bea Martinelli. The day after his disappearance, she would tell a reporter for the Oakland Tribune, “Fred had had several good business offers and we planned to make our home in southern California which we both love so well. It seems I’ve hardly seen him since we married.” He left behind no other relatives.", "Although Fred Noonan has left a much smaller mark in popular culture than Amelia Earhart's, his legacy is remembered sporadically. Noonan is often mentioned in W.P. Kinsella's novels. Noonan was portrayed by actor David Graf in \"The 37s\", an episode of Star Trek: Voyager. The character of an aircraft pilot named Fred Noonan is portrayed by actor Eddie Firestone in The Long Train, a 1961 episode of the television series The Untouchables. Both a baseball stadium and an aircraft rental agency are named after Fred Noonan. A 1990 episode of Unsolved Mysteries, still playing on cable, featured Mark Stitham as Noonan. In addition, Rutger Hauer has portrayed Noonan in the TV movie Amelia Earhart: The Final Flight (1994) starring Diane Keaton, and Christopher Eccleston portrayed Noonan in the 2009 biographical movie Amelia (2009).", "1937 was a year of transition for Fred Noonan, whose reputation as an expert navigator, along with his role in the development of commercial airline navigation, had already earned him a place in aviation history. The tall, very thin, dark auburn-haired and blue-eyed 43-year-old navigator was living in Los Angeles. He resigned from Pan Am because he felt he had risen through the ranks as far as he could as a navigator, and he had an interest in starting a navigation school. In March, he divorced his wife, Josie, in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico. Two weeks later, he married Mary Beatrice Martinelli (born Passadori) of Oakland, California. Noonan was rumored to be a heavy drinker of alcoholic beverages. That was fairly common during this era and there is no contemporary evidence Noonan was an alcoholic, although decades later, a few writers and others made some hearsay claims that he was. ", "In Lae, New Guinea, at the end of June after successfully completing most of the world flight, Amelia and Fred had just two more stops to go before the final one in Oakland, California – first to Howland island and then Hawaii. The flight to Howland, a mere speck in the Pacific, depended heavily on Fred’s navigation which required an accurate time check from a radio station. Late in the evening of July 1st, after a number of unsuccessful attempts over the previous two days, Fred was finally able to set his watch. It was three seconds slow both then and the next morning at 8am in a final time check with a Saigon radio station. 35 They were ready to go. At 10am, with a maximum load of fuel to cover the 2,556 miles to Howland, Amelia and Fred took off on their final flight. After being airborne for about 20 hours, the last transmission ever heard from them was recorded by the Coast Guard ship Itasca, which was awaiting their arrival:", "Between the 16th and 22nd of April, the China Clipper made its historic first trip to Honolulu and back. The first step to Manila had been successfully completed. A few weeks after this flight, Noonan provided a detailed look at his navigation procedures in a letter written to Lt. Commander P.V.H. Weems, 22 replying to a congratulatory letter he had received earlier in the month. Weems was a naval officer who had been a navigation instructor at the Naval Academy and had written one of the earliest air navigation books in 1931 (Air Navigation, McGraw-Hill). He later retired to establish a school for air navigation, the Weems System Of Navigation. Weems was instrumental in making navigation from an airplane easier by simplifying the calculations required for celestial navigation and inventing some easier to use tools. He also contributed substantially to increasing its accuracy through his involvement in the development of the “second setting” watch, the first timepiece which could accurately be set to the nearest second. Weems was a friend and navigation advisor to many long distance flyers of the time, including Admiral Richard Byrd and Charles Lindbergh. Fred thought very highly of Weems, saying in his letter, “Having long considered you the foremost authority on the subject of aerial navigation,” and had a continuing correspondence with him. He also carried one of the second setting watches.", "Originally, Noonan was to fly with Earhart and Manning as far as Howland Island, an uninhabited island in the central Pacific Ocean. Noonan would make his way back to the United States aboard the Coast Guard cutter Shoshone while Earhart and Manning would continue west. Earhart changed those plans abruptly and requested that Noonan join them for the flight as far as Darwin, Australia.", "1937 would be a year of major change for Fred Noonan. In the beginning of the year, he resigned from Pan Am and divorced his wife Josie in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico. In mid-March, as Amelia Earhart was preparing for her around-the-world flight, it was announced that Noonan would be the third member of her crew, joining Harry Manning and Earhart on the journey. It’s unclear what prompted to add Noonan to her roster, but he readily accepted the offer. On March 17, Earhart, Manning, Noonan and Paul Mantz—along as an advisor on this leg—departed Oakland for Hawaii.", "Noonan and the Clipper crew finished test flights by October of 1935, having completed legs to the islands of Midway, Wake, and Guam. On November 22, 1935, the China Clipper took off from San Francisco Bay with Noonan navigating all the way to Manila. Arriving in Manila on November 29, they returned to the U.S. on December 6. Noonan’s last flight as a navigator on the clipper service was in 1936, a year after his first.", "Sacks, Oliver 1998 The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat, and Other Clinical Tales. New York, Simon and Schuster. Sallee, Rod 1986 Amelia Earhart Mystery Solved? Local Man Says Japanese Soldiers Executed Aviatrix in 1944. Houston (Texas) Chronicle 9/17/86, Section 1, p. 25. Snyder, David 2012 E-mail dated April 26, 2012 to Thomas F. King re. bones from Saipan at Ohio Historical Society. Spennemann, Dirk H.R. 1999 Aurora Australis: the German Period in the Mariana Islands, 1899-1914. Occasional Historical Papers Series #5, Saipan, CNMI Division of Historic Preservation. Stewart, William 1996 Letter dated February 13, 1996 to CNMI Historic Preservation Officer Joe Guerrero; CNMI Division of Historic Preservation files and TIGHAR files. n.d. The Mystery of Amelia Earhart: July 1st and 2nd, 1937. Undated printed map with text, CNMI Humanities Council files and TIGHAR files. Terkel, Studs 1997 The Good War: An Oral History of World War II. New York, The New Press. TIGHAR (The International Group for Historic Aircraft Recovery) 2001 January 7-13, 2001 TIGHAR Earhart Forum exchange at: http://tighar.org/", "With Noonan in the navigator’s seat, Pan Am’s China Clipper seaplane completed the first air trip from San Francisco to Honolulu in April 1935. The feat earned him a congratulatory letter from the world’s foremost expert on air navigation, P.V.H. Weems, who had taught pilots at the Naval Academy. In an era before electronic navigation, the role of air navigator held critical significance and involved a combination of line-of-sight and calculating positions based on heavenly bodies or radio signals. As Noonan later wrote to Weems, navigation during the Honolulu flight “was comparable with such as would be practiced afloat—fixes were determined entirely by stellar observations at night.”", "On August 12, 1937, a type Bolkhovitinov DB-A aircraft with 6-man crew, under captaincy of Levanevsky, started its long distance flight from Moscow to the USA, via the North Pole. The radio communications with the crew broke off the next day, on the 13th of August, when the aircraft encountered adverse weather conditions. After the unsuccessful search attempts, all the members of the crew were presumed dead. In March 1999, Dennis Thurston of the Minerals Management Service in Anchorage, located what appeared to be wreckage in the shallows of Camden Bay, between Prudhoe Bay and Kaktovik. There was conjecture in the media that it was Levanevsky’s aircraft, but a subsequent attempt to locate the object again proved unsuccessful.", "The Frederick Valentich Disappearance is an event that occurred on October 21, 1978, in which 20-year-old Frederick Valentich disappeared in unexplained circumstances while piloting a Cessna 182L light aircraft over the Bass Strait to King Island, Australia. Prior to his disappearance, Valentich reported via radio that he had encountered an unidentified craft which was moving at the same speed of his plane, and which hovered over him. No trace of Valentich or his aircraft was ever found. Shortly before Valentich’s last reported contact, plumber Roy Manifold set up a time lapse camera and tripod on the shoreline in order to photograph the sun setting over the water. When his pictures were developed they appeared to show a fast moving object exiting the water. Manifold gave the time that the pictures were taken as being approximately 6:47 pm (18:47 hrs), or 20 minutes before Valentich reported having difficulties. Moments before a strange noise terminated Valentich’s communications, he said: “My intentions are – ah – to go to King Island – ah – Melbourne. That strange aircraft is hovering on top of me again (open microphone for two seconds). It is hovering and it’s not an aircraft.”", "1978 – After reporting contact with an unidentified aircraft, Frederick Valentich disappeared in unexplained circumstances while piloting a Cessna 182L light aircraft over the Bass Strait to King Island, Australia.", "Harold John Barnes was in charge of the navigation station on Nauru during the fatal flight . He may have met Earhart and there is a legend (family anecdote?) that she tried to contact him. He was not on duty when the message above was received.", "* July 12 – Transocean Air Lines Flight 512, a Douglas DC-6A, crashes in the Pacific Ocean while en route from Wake Island to Honolulu, Hawaii. All 58 passengers and crew are killed." ]

[ 6.5859375, 4.4921875, 4.484375, 3.5234375, 2.513671875, 2.333984375, 2.130859375, 2.072265625, 1.6884765625, 1.6845703125, 1.5078125, 1.1396484375, 1.078125, 0.7197265625, 0.52783203125, -0.45361328125, -0.6962890625, -1.0439453125, -2.150390625, -2.224609375, -2.607421875, -2.75390625, -2.76171875, -2.814453125, -2.916015625, -2.966796875, -3.533203125, -7.19140625, -7.9140625, -8.2578125, -8.4140625, -8.609375 ]

[ "Back by popular demand READERS ASKED FOR it, so the comic strip “Red and Rover” returns today to the PDN’s daily comics page. The clever and oftentouching strip by Brian Basset about a boy and his dog in the 1970s filled in for part of last summer when “Doonesbury” went on summer hiatus. “Doonesbury” returned last month, but readers said they enjoyed “Red and Rover” enough to win it a permanent spot in Fun ’n’ Advice, which today appears on Page B5. “Momma” has been moved from the comics page to the Classified section, where the longtime Mell Lazarus strip now will appear weekdays. Peninsula Daily News", "In 1998, Basset began thinking about producing a second comic strip that had a more childlike quality to it. On Sunday May 7, 2000, Red and Rover appeared in newspapers for the first time. Red and Rover is a retro-feel comic strip about the unconditional love between a dog and his boy that captures the spirit and flavor of the early-1960s-to-mid-1970s. It is auto-biographical in nature. Originally distributed for the first 10-years by The Washington Post Writers Group, Red and Rover is currently syndicated to over 200 papers by Universal Uclick. In March, 2013, Brian Basset and Red and Rover were nominated for the third time (2003 and 2010 previously) for work done in 2012 by the National Cartoonists Society for Best Newspaper Comic Strip of the Year. On 25.May 2013, Red and Rover received the Award for Best Newspaper Comic Strip by the National Cartoonists Society at the 67th Annual Reuben Awards held in Pittsburgh, PA. ", "Brian Basset is an American comic strip artist (Red and Rover). Previously, he worked as an editorial cartoonist for the Seattle Times from 1978 to 1994, as well as being the creator and artist behind the syndicated comic strip Adam, later changed to Adam@home (1984-2009).", "Top Dogs Comic Canines Before and After Snoopy will celebrate the history of canines in comic strips, from the first pup that appeared in Hogans Alley with the Yellow Kid in 1896 to Mutts pooch Earl, who is modeled after McDonnells Jack Russell terrier.", "The strip was a success, moving almost immediately into a semi-annual series of reprint books. Also, it was quickly picked up by The Chicago Tribune Syndicate, which has distributed it in America ever since. In the 1970s, producer/director Bill Melendez (who made Charlie Brown a TV star) put him in a series of five-minute TV cartoons, but these appeared only in Britain. In addition, quite a few real-life basset hounds have been named Fred Basset.", "Fred Basset, by Alex Graham , first appeared in the Daily Mail on July 8th 1963, and has since been syndicated worldwide. The story of the day to day life of a Basset hound with a dry sense of humour, the strip is still ongoing as of the time of writing and is now created by Michael Martin and the late Alex Graham's daughter Arran Graham . Regular characters in the strip are Fred's owners (an unnamed middle aged couple) and his friends Jock (a Scottie dog) and Yorky (a Yorkshire terrier). Curiously, Fred and his owners appear to be aware of the existence of a Fred basset cartoon strip, but not that they are in it.", "� Bud Fisher's \"Mutt & Jeff\" makes it's first appearance as \"Mr. A.Mutt\" in the San Francisco Chronicle. Accredited as the first successful daily comic strip.", "Surrealism allegedly rears its freaky head often in Fred Basset. For example, one strip depicts Fred’s owners describing the Fred Basset strip in the day’s newspaper as “quite amusing”. Also, another strip depicts Fred attempting to pry a dead fish from a melting clock with a human arm that has sprouted from his chest. His male owner sees this and remarks “That’s our Fred Basset!” in an apparent acknowledgement of the comic’s surreal qualities.", "The strip follows the adventures of a working sheep-dog called (if anything) \"Dog\" or \"The Dog\" or \"@*&#!, his owner Wal Footrot and the other characters, human and animal, that they encounter or associate with. Ball expresses Dog's thoughts in thought-bubbles , though he clearly remains \"just a dog\" (rather than the heavily anthropomorphised creatures sometimes found in other comics or animation ). Dog also has alter-egos including \"The Grey Ghost\" and \"The Iron Paw\".", "Rupert Bear began life as a Daily Express comic strip in 1920 and the first Annual came out in 1936. The original creation of Mary Tourtel, it was taken over by Alfred Bestall in 1935. He illustrated Rupert and his world for thirty years, until he was well over ninety, giving us the now iconic image of Rupert with his red sweater, yellow checked trousers, and matching scarf. Rupert lives in the idealized English village of Nutwood and, like the Hobbits of the Shire, leaves the safety of his home for adventures in faraway exotic lands. Bestall also devised the classic Rupert story format. The comic strip illustrations have no speech bubbles. Instead the story is told underneath in rhyming couplets and beneath the verse there is a longer prose version. This makes the books ideal for children of all ages. I always enjoyed reading the verse to my children when they were very young, and later on they could read the longer stories for themselves.", "Dennis the Menace, known in some countries as just \"'Dennis'\"is a daily syndicated newspaper comic strip originally created, written and illustrated by the late Hank Ketcham since March 12, 1951, which made its debut in only 16 newspapers. It is now written and drawn by Ketcham's former assistants, Marcus Hamilton and Ron Ferdinand, and distributed to more than at least 1,000 newspapers in 48 countries and 19 languages by King Features Syndicate. The comic strip usually runs for a single panel on weekdays and a full strip on Sundays.", "Dennis the Menace, pictured above, is a comic strip which was first published in the United States on March 12, 1951. It features the protagonist, Dennis Mitchell, and his penchant for causing trouble in ways both hilarious and disconcerting -- and often with his dog, Ruff. Dennis the Menace has been in production for the half-century since its debut, and the franchise has expanded well outside of just paper-and-ink comics. There was a live action television series and three different animated ones; a few Dennis the Menace movies; a video game; and even a playground/park (http://www.yelp.com/biz/dennis-the-menace-park-monterey-2). To those of us in the United States, the blond kid with the red overalls covering a striped shirt is a cultural icon.", "Spending the weekend in the city with his friend Tamika and her aunt and uncle, Andy sees four hamsters wearing \"parachutes\" drift to the ground. He decides to find out who is mistreating the animals. Beginning chapter book. Sequel to School Trouble for Andy Russell ( RC 49524 ). For grades 2-4. 2000.", "As the first of four Buster Brown comic strips to feature the Yellow Kid, this landmark Sunday strip by Richard F. Outcault (1863–1928) shows Buster Brown, his friend Mary Jane, and his dog Tige visiting the Kid in Hogan's Alley. The Kid introduces them to his friends—Liz, who gives Buster a big kiss; Slippy Dempsey; Mrs. Moiphy; and most memorably, Plato, the Kid's pet goat, who kicks Tige, then butts Buster Brown. Buster then wakes up to find that all has been a dream. Outcault had switched newspapers when he drew this strip, so he could not use Buster Brown in the title but replaced it with a picture of the boy.", "Peanuts is a comic strip drawn by Charles M. Schulz from 1950 until 2000. It was also developed into several TV animated specials and four animated theatrical features. The strip's most recognizable icons are born-loser Charlie Brown and his anthropomorphic dog Snoopy, who always sleeps on top of his dog house instead of inside it.", "As of 2009, Summersdale Publishers UK published the Fred Basset Yearbook and published a gift book featuring some of the cartoons from previous strips in colour. 'Fred Basset for Garden Lovers' was published in September 2009.", "This dog is famous as the dog in Pogo, a daily comic strip by Walt Kelly that ran during the period 1948-1975.", "Aesop's Fables -- retold by Fiona Black, illustrated by Richard Bernal. In this elegantly designed volume, more than sixty of Aesop's timeless fables have been carefully selected, humorously retold, and brought gloriously to life by four-time Caldecott Honor-winner Jerry Pinkney. Included are the Shepherd Boy and The Wolf, the Lion and the Mouse, the Tortoise and the Hare, plus many other characters -- and morals -- that have inspired countless readers for centuries. With more than fifty magnificent full-color illustrations, this handsome edition is a must for every bookshelf. Awards and honors for Aesop's Fables: ALSC Notable Books for Children 2001 Booklist Editors' Choices 2000, Middle Publishers Weekly Best Books of 2000, Picture Books Redbook, \"Top Ten Picturebooks of the Year\"", "By October 1979, Fawcett began publishing a separate series of 36 issues entitled Dennis the Menace and Mr. Wilson. By the second issue, the series was re-christened Dennis the Menace and His Friends which now involved Dennis, Mr. Wilson, friends Joey and Margaret, and dog Ruff. Because of this, the Mr. Wilson stories were alternated with the three characters as Ruff, Joey and Margaret who each shared a No. 1 issue with Dennis.", "The unignorable subtext of this question is this country’s declining newspaper readership, and its dwindling number of newspapers. (The afternoon paper, which was where I got my after-school comics fix, is in particularly steep decline, from 1,141 papers in 1989 to 781 in 1999.) You could argue that in the future many people will turn to the Web to read the comics—The Boondocks, in fact, started out online before it made it into national newspapers—but the Web is user-driven, meaning you go in and choose which cartoons you want to read, whereas in a newspaper you read whatever selection the paper’s editors have laid out for you. As such, it will only get harder for new, unheralded strips to gain a following. “The window is shrinking every year,” says Adams, whose Dilbert, a rudimentarily drawn but cleverly observed chronicle of corporate-cubicle life in e-mail America, is the last strip to have caught on big time. “Even Dilbert wouldn’t have broken,” he says, “except that it hit the Zeitgeist at just the right time.”", "Other prominent characters and strips to have appeared in Topper include Foxy , Figaro , Captain Bungle , Tiny , Send for Kelly , The Whizzers from Ozz , Desert Island Dick , Splodge , Thor Thumb , The Inky Top Imps , Whistling Billy , Julius Cheeser , Nancy , Big Fat Boko , Big Uggy , Willy Nilly , Tricky Dicky , Danny's Tranny and The Topper Twins .", "Fred Basset features in many books worldwide, in the UK a long-running series of books reprints most of the newspaper strips. These are books number 1 (1963) to book 45 (1993). Later books dated by year, 1994 onwards, include the Michael Martin drawn cartoons, as well as Graham's colour ones until the Alex Graham cartoons stock had ended by the 1996 book.", "Before there was Bart Simpson or Crayon Shinchan or Eric Cartman, there was Dennis the Menace, the five-year-old icon of childhood mischief. In this chronological collection of the long-running single panel strip, we see Dennis's skills with mud puddles, firecrackers, frogs and general mayhem developing at a splendid pace. Dennis the Menace stands out for both its chronicling of Baby Boom-generation society, and its highly sophisticated humor. Ketcham's grace and economy of both art and punch line are superb, telling a complete story with a single line of dialogue. For instance, in one panel, Dennis's long-suffering parents sit in a friend's parlor as she calls up the stairs. \"Bobby, you don't have to hide any more! They didn't bring Dennis! Bobby, can you hear Mother?\" As the strips in this volume come to a close, Ketcham is still introducing his major players-put-upon Mr. Wilson is only a small character, and female foils Margaret and Gina are still in their formative stages. As funny as the gags are, it's the art that captivates. As cartoonist Patrick McDonnell puts it in his intro, \"Each meticulously designed panel was a masterpiece of composition.\" This beautifully produced book will delight for years to come. (Sept.) Copyright 2005 Reed Business Information.", "*Bill Willingham's comic book Fables (2002) by Bill Willingham contains mention of the goats, and the troll is an ongoing character.", "It is also a timeless and hilarious fable about what happens when an ordinary boy does something extraordinary – and the way that people, even the petty and cruel, can surprise you in the end. Quentin's illustrious black and white drawings are interspersed throughout, forming a perfect accompaniment to this funny and touching story.", "In one of the episodes, Top Cat and his friends are reading comic books. At the right and at the bottom there is a Yogi Bear and a Huckleberry Hound comic.", "••• Alan Kalter with Big Show Highlights ••• desk chat: Dave has been taking time on weekends to read to kids at the local library. Recently people at the library asked for parents to come in with 30-minute Powerpoint™ presentations about journeys they've taken. Dave had no idea what that meant, but his staff came to the rescue and fixed him up, based on Dave's September 2003 bear-in-the-kitchen story from Montana. During time for questions, a little boy asked Dave, \"Have you ever seen a bunny?\" ••• interruption: Dave gets a phone call. /", "Putting pen to paper, cartoonist Brad Anderson, 86, sketches the playful pooch he’s created for 56 years, starting with the big dog’s pointed ears, elongated nose, sloppy grin and cheerful eyes before tackling his sizeable torso and long, clumsy legs.", "Felicia Bond's vibrant and energetic artwork has made her a best-selling illustrator. Her delightful characterizations of the boy and the mouse will engage readers of all ages.", "In 1997 Brant Parker passed his duties on to his son, Jeff Parker, who had already been involved with creating Id for a decade. As of late 2002, the strip appears in some 1,000 newspapers all over the world, syndicated by Creators Syndicate.", "In 1997 Brant Parker passed his duties on to his son Jeff Parker, who had already been involved with creating Id for a decade. Currently the strip appears in some 1,000 newspapers all over the world, syndicated by Creators Syndicate .", "In 1997 Brant Parker passed his duties on to his son, Jeff Parker, who had already been involved with creating Id for a decade. In 2002 the strip appeared in some 1,000 newspapers all over the world, syndicated by Creators Syndicate." ]

[ 3.603515625, 2.091796875, 1.2587890625, -3.40234375, -3.927734375, -3.982421875, -4.34375, -4.69140625, -5.02734375, -5.0703125, -5.51171875, -5.5234375, -5.55859375, -5.56640625, -6.2109375, -6.3671875, -6.4375, -6.8046875, -6.98046875, -7.671875, -7.82421875, -7.95703125, -8.0390625, -8.7109375, -8.8515625, -8.890625, -8.9453125, -9.4296875, -9.4375, -9.8671875, -10.03125, -10.0703125 ]

[ "“If you’re looking for a veteran of the 70’s music scene who has somehow miraculously managed to remain vital and alive 40 years later, look no further than the controversial Motor City Madman.” --Michael Gallucci, clevescene.com", "After an attempt at solo stardom, Mitch Ryder returned to Detroit to form a new band. Only drummer Johnny Badanjek remained from the Detroit Wheels but he recruited other musicians to create one of rock's all-time best live units. Then-manager (and CREEM publisher) Barry Kramer named them Detroit, and the band transformed this Lou Reed/Velvet Underground classic into a Motor City anthem. Reed — who later hired guitarist Steve Hunter, along with the Frost's Dick Wagner, and had Ryder join him onstage to sing it at Masonic Auditorium in 1978 — would say Detroit did it \"the way it's supposed to be played.\" (BH)", "Eric Patrick Clapton, CBE (born 30 March 1945), nicknamed Slowhand, is a Grammy Award-winning English rock guitarist, singer, songwriter and composer. He is one of the most successful musicians of the 20th and 21st centuries, garnering an unprecedented three inductions into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (The Yardbirds, Cream, and solo). Often viewed by critics and fans alike as one of the greatest guitarists of all time, Clapton was ranked fourth in Rolling Stone Magazines list of the \"100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time\" and #53 on their list of the The Immortals: 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.", "Jimi Hendrix (born Johnny Allen Hendrix, later changed to James Marshall Hendrix, in Seattle, WA, Novermber 27, 1942; died in London, UK, September 18, 1970) is a guitarist that appears in Guitar Hero World Tour . He is listed as number one on Rolling Stone's list of 100 greatest guitarists of all time. [1] He was born on November 27, 1942 in Seattle, Washington. He was among the most influential guitarists of his time. Hendrix played a Fender Stratocaster.", "\"Jeff\" Beck (born 24 June 1944) is an English rock guitarist. He is one of the three noted guitarists, along with Eric Clapton and Jimmy Page, to have played with The Yardbirds. He was ranked 14th in Rolling Stone Magazine's list of the \"100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time\".MSNBC has called Beck a \"guitarist's guitarist\" and Rolling Stone magazine has described him as \"one of the most influential lead guitarists in rock\".Much of Beck's recorded output has been instrumental, with a focus on innovative sound and his releases have spanned genres ranging from blues-rock, heavy metal, jazz fusion and most recently, an additional blend of guitar-rock and electronica. Beck has earned wide critical praise; furthermore, he has received the Grammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental Performance five times. Although he has had two hit albums (in 1975 and 1976) as a solo act, Beck has not been able to establish and maintain a broad following or the sustainedcommercial success of many of his collaborators and bandmates. Beck appears on albums by Roger Waters, Stevie Wonder, Les Paul, Zucchero, Cyndi Lauper, Brian May and ZZ Top. He also made a cameo appearance in the movie Twins (1988).He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on 4 April 2009. The award was presented by Jimmy Page.", "One of the greatest rock and roll myths of all time was that the Rolling Stones guitarist Keith Richards abused drugs and alcohol so badly in his younger years that he paid to have a massive blood transfusion in Switzerland done in 1973 to swap out his dirty blood with a fresh new batch. Later in life Richards admitted that he made up the story and was bored of answering questions about it.", "He worked extensively for leading UK independent producers Shel Talmy and Mickie Most and performed on albums and singles by The Kinks, The Move, Alun Davies, Jon Mark, The Who, The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, Donovan, John Lennon, George Harrison, Ringo Starr, Paul McCartney, Jeff Beck, Art Garfunkel, the New Riders of the Purple Sage, Carly Simon, McGuinness Flint, Bill Wyman and Peter Frampton.and many others. In 1967 he joined The Jeff Beck Group, formed by former Yardbirds guitarist Jeff Beck, with vocalist Rod Stewart, bassist Ronnie Wood and drummer Micky Waller, playing on their influential LPs Truth and Beck-Ola.", "Slash was exposed to music at an early age, with his mother designing costumes for David Bowie and his father creating album covers for musicians such as Neil Young and Joni Mitchell. He moved from England to Los Angeles at an early age, and took music lessons as a child. In 1983 he formed a Motorhead tribute band, which broke up in 1984 and Slash went to another band called Black Sheep, which played with a popular band Hollywood Rose. In 1984, Slash met Axl Rose and the two quickly became friends. A few months later Slash and Axl Rose teamed up with Duff McKagan and Izzy Stradlin to form the band Guns N' Roses. Between 1985 and 86 the band had several hits, and their album Appetite for Destruction sold over 28 million copies. In 1988, Guns N' Roses had their first #1 hit, \"Sweet Child of Mine.\" After leaving the band in 1996, Slash began focusing on his solo career, as well as studio work for many successful artists, including Michael Jackson and Quentin Tarantio 's soundtrack to Jackie Brown. In 2004 after reuniting with Stradlin, McKagan, and Matt Sorum, the Velvet Revolver released their first album \"Contraband.\" Slash continued to play with other artists in the studio and on tracks, and in 2009 he performed his first solo tour with many well known musicians throughout the rock scene.", "Elvis Aaron Presley (January 8, 1935 – August 16, 1977), often known simply as Elvis and also called \"The King of Rock 'n' Roll\" or simply \"The King\", was an American singer, musician and actor. He remains a pop icon and is regarded by some to be the most important, original entertainer of the last fifty years. ", "Legendary Rock 'n' Roll wildman and substance abuser. Recorded a series of classic rock albums with The Stooges and later as a solo artist. Worked extensively with David Bowie . See full bio »", "was an extraordinarily talented guitarist, singer and songwriter of the rock and roll era. His music influenced later artists such as The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, The Who and many others.", "Harrison co-wrote the song \"Badge\" with Clapton, which was included on Cream's 1969 album, Goodbye. Harrison played rhythm guitar on the track, using the pseudonym \"L'Angelo Misterioso\" for contractual reasons. In May 1970 he played guitar on several songs during a recording session for Dylan's album New Morning. In addition to his own work, between 1971 and 1973 he co-wrote and/or produced three top ten hits for Starr: \"It Don't Come Easy\", \"Back Off Boogaloo\" and \"Photograph\". In 1971 he played electric slide guitar on \"How Do You Sleep?\" and a dobro on \"Crippled Inside\", both from Lennon's Imagine album. Also that year, he produced and played slide guitar on Badfinger's top ten hit \"Day After Day\", and a dobro on Preston's \"I Wrote a Simple Song\". He worked with Harry Nilsson on \"You're Breakin' My Heart\" (1972) and with Cheech & Chong on \"Basketball Jones\" (1973). In 1973 he produced and made a guest appearance on the album Shankar Family & Friends.", "Lemmy was born in Stoke-on-Trent and grew up in North Wales. He was influenced by rock and roll and the early Beatles, which led to him playing in several rock groups in the 1960s, including the Rockin' Vickers. He worked as a roadie for Jimi Hendrix and the Nice, before joining the space rock band Hawkwind in 1971, singing lead on their hit \"Silver Machine\". After being fired from Hawkwind, he founded Motörhead as lead singer, bassist, songwriter and frontman. Motörhead's success peaked in 1980 and 1981 and included the hit single \"Ace of Spades\" and the top charting live album No Sleep 'til Hammersmith. Lemmy continued to record and tour regularly with Motörhead until his death in December 2015 in Los Angeles, where he had lived since 1990.", "*He is also a huge fan of guitarist Jeff Beck and looked at him as one of his influences. Beck played onstage with Aerosmith in 1976, as a 'birthday present' for Perry.", "Sir Michael Philip \"Mick\" Jagger (born 26 July 1943) is an English singer, songwriter and actor, best known as the lead singer and a co-founder of the Rolling Stones.", "Rock singer and guitar player, best known for his work with The Beatles during the 1960s and 1970s. Inducted into Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1987. Inducted into Rock And Roll Hall Of Fame in 1994 (Performer). Born: 9 October 1940 in Liverpool, Lancashire, UK. Died: 8 December 1980 in NYC, NY, USA.", "Robert Clark Seger (born May 6, 1945 in Detroit (birth time source: http://www.astrolreport.com/famous-s/seger.bob.php)) is an American rock and roll singer-songwriter and musician. After years of local Detroit-area success, recording and performing in the mid-1960s, Seger achieved superstar status by the mid-1970s and continuing through the 1980s with the Silver Bullet Band. A roots rocker with a classic raspy, shouting voice, Seger was first inspired by Little Richard and Elvis Presley. He wrote and recorded songs that dealt with blue-collar themes. Seger has recorded many rock and roll hits, including \"Night Moves\", \"We've Got Tonight\", \"Like a Rock\" and also co-wrote the Eagles number one hit \"Heartache Tonight.\" His iconic signature song \"Old Time Rock and Roll\" was named one of th...", "Cooper is known for his social and witty persona offstage, with The Rolling Stone Album Guide calling him the world's most \"beloved heavy metal entertainer\". He is credited with helping to shape the sound and look of heavy metal, and has been described as the artist who \"first introduced horror imagery to rock'n'roll, and whose stagecraft and showmanship have permanently transformed the genre\". Away from music, Cooper is a film actor, a golfing celebrity, a restaurateur, and, since 2004, a popular radio DJ with his classic rock show Nights with Alice Cooper.", "Peter Cavanaugh, whom Detroit rock fans of a certain age may recall, to quote Dave Marsh, as \"one of the true offspring of Alan Freed,\" published a memoir last year called Local DJ. In it, he claims to have witnessed a certain Who drummer driving a certain car into a certain hotel swimming pool at a certain 21st birthday party. When I contacted him for further details, he was suspiciously vague. In fact, he put me in touch with someone else present at the party who then adamantly, fervently denied that the famed incident took place. Still, Cavanaugh seems like a lovely person anyone who can get endorsements from Ted Nugent AND Michael Moore for his book must be doing something right so I'm happy to spread the word that he is reading from Local DJ , in 28 minute segments, on Detroit's WDET-FM Mondays through Fridays, at 7pm EST. (That's midnight in the UK.) The show is streamed online: accessing the station's home page will open up a live feed through your MP3 default player.", "Ozzy’s crazy persona (biting a bat’s head off on stage, snorting a line of ants, eventually being fired in 1979 for being ‘more drunk and drugged up’ than any other member of the band) gave the world of heavy metal an instant legend.", "Duane Allman of the Allman Brothers Band lost control of his Harley Davidson motorcycle and crashed while trying to avoid a construction vehicle that made an abrupt stop. He was declared dead at the scene.", "Steven Tyler (born Steven Victor Tallarico; March 26, 1948) is an American singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and former television music competition judge, best known as the lead singer of the Boston-based rock band Aerosmith, in which he also plays the harmonica, and occasional piano and percussion. He is known as the \"Demon of Screamin'\" due to his high screams and his wide vocal range. He is also known for his on-stage acrobatics. During his high-energy performances, Tyler usually dresses in bright, colorful outfits with his trademark scarves hanging from his microphone stand.", "The late original drummer of \"The Who\" Keith Moon was a wild boy. So many rock and roll myths have surrounded Moon and his antics, like the famous story of him driving his Rolls Royce into a pool at the Holiday Inn in Flint Michigan at his 21st birthday party. It never happened. He did, however, accidentally reverse his car into a garden pond one morning and needed a tow truck to help get it out.", "Beautiful and talented musician and spirit who was the lead of T. Rex (previously Tyrannosaurus Rex which was acoustic, and prior John's Children). Some of his best-known songs include: \"Get It On (Bang a Gong)\"; \"20th Century Boy\"; \"Jeepster\"; \"Metal Guru\"; \"Cosmic Dancer\"; \"Hot Love\"; \"Children of the Revolution\"; \"Telegram Sam\"; \"The Slider\"; and many others. He starred in a film (produced by Ringo Starr) called \"Born to Boogie.\"", "He was voted as a solo artist as the 38th Greatest Rock and Roll Artist by \"Rolling Stone\". The Beatles were voted the Greatest Rock and Roll Artists of all time on the same list in the magazine.", "  Vince Gill, born April 12, 1957, is an American neo-traditional country singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist. He has achieved commercial success and fame both as frontman to the country rock band Pure Prairie League in the 1970s, and as a solo artist beginning in 1983, where his talents as a vocalist and musician have placed him in high demand as a guest vocalist, and a duet partner. Gill has recorded more than twenty studio albums, charted over forty singles on the U.S. Billboard charts as Hot Country Songs, and has sold more than 22 million albums. He has been honored by the Country Music Association with 18 CMA Awards, including two Entertainer of the Year awards and five Male Vocalist Awards. Gill has also earned 19 Grammy Awards, more than any other male Country music artist. In 2007, Gill was inducted into the esteemed Country Music Hall of Fame. \" Artist Discography \"", "He had an epic career, and his offstage escapades often threatened to overshadow his accomplishments. He missed dozens of shows in the late Seventies (living up to his nickname \"No Show Jones\"), and in 1979 his addictions landed him in an Alabama psychiatric hospital. In 1980, he led police on a televised chase through Nashville. In 1999, he crashed his car into a Nashville bridge and nearly died. \"Through it all I kept reading articles that said I was the greatest country singer alive,\" he wrote in his 1996 memoir. \"And singers I respect were constantly saying that too. I was always appreciative, but I never understood how such a supposedly good singer could be such a troubled person. My talent, though it brought me fame and fortune, never brought me peace of mind.\"", "Pioneers of heavy rock, and masters of shock rock in the early '70s, the titular lead singer remained a successful solo artist into the 2000s.", "He worked non-stop, touring across Europe, Africa and at major venues in Quebec in Canada. However, in 1971, his workload caught up with him when he collapsed on stage from exhaustion. After a brief period off, he returned to the recording studios, releasing several best-selling hits throughout the early 1970s. He expanded from owning his own record company to acquiring a celebrity magazine and a modeling agency. Although driven to achieve financial success, in 1974 he organized a concert to raise funds for a charity for handicapped children, and the following year he participated in a Paris concert to raise funds for medical research.", "Here are the significant dates and events in the life of The King Of Rock and Roll.", "To promote \"Tempest,\" the Rock and Roll Hall of Famer gave Rolling Stone magazine an interview in September. He was evasive and prickly, like a prizefighter never letting his opponent get a clean shot. Even his own 2004 memoir, \"Chronicles -- Volume 1,\" was rather cryptic, leaving one fan to conclude: \"That book reveals everything and it reveals nothing.\"", "From a TV theme song to an Outlaw anthem, your picks for the late legend's greatest hits" ]

[ 0.379150390625, -1.4228515625, -1.9013671875, -3.044921875, -3.73828125, -4.1953125, -4.19921875, -4.29296875, -5.0234375, -5.671875, -5.75, -5.8671875, -6.12109375, -6.28515625, -6.2890625, -6.33203125, -6.40625, -6.74609375, -6.98046875, -7.015625, -7.0703125, -7.28515625, -7.5078125, -7.640625, -7.66796875, -7.98828125, -8.265625, -8.6875, -8.828125, -8.984375, -9.4296875, -9.5234375 ]

[ "November 23: Superman and The Mole Men—a 58minute film starring George Reeves as Superman and Phyllis Coates as Lois Lane—is released in theaters. Jack Larson as Jimmy Olsen and John Hamilton as Perry White do not appear. Superman and the Mole Men TM and © Warner Bros. Entertainment, Inc. The Day the Earth Stood Still TM and © Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation. Dennis the Menace TM and © King Features Syndicate, Inc. Other images © respective copyright holders.", "In Superman #349 (\"The Turnabout Trap!\"), Superman returns from an interstellar mission to find that everyone on Earth is of opposite sex. Among them are Penny White (a female Perry White), Jenny Olsen (a female Jimmy Olsen), Louis Lane (a male Lois Lane), Batwoman (a female Batman, rather than the actual character), Wonder Warrior (a male Wonder Woman; DC Comics could not use the name Wonder Man at the time because Marvel Comics holds the trademark and copyright. A later character did use the name Wonder Man however— see below.), Black Condor (a male Black Canary), Superlad (a male Supergirl), and Superwoman (his female counterpart) herself. Believing he crossed into a parallel universe, Superman flies back to space to find a dimensional portal, but is blocked by an invisible barrier. He notices the parallelism fails when he sees Superwoman and Clara Kent (Superwoman's presumed secret identity) are two separate people.", "Superman has been missing for several years, having traveled to where astronomers believed they had discovered the remains of Krypton. One night, Martha Kent sees her son return to Earth, having failed in his hopes to find surviving Kryptonians. Clark Kent returns to Metropolis to his old job at the Daily Planet, to find out that Lois Lane has become a mother and is now romantically involved with Richard White, the nephew of the newspaper editor Perry White.", "In the limited comic series, DC Universe Online: Legends, Jimmy Olsen was captured, alongside Lois Lane and Perry White, in the Daily Planet by Brainiac, but was saved by Superman, with Lex Luthor in possession of the canister containing them. Later, Jimmy became one of the people who have gained metahuman abilities from Braniac's Exobytes, transforming his body into a large being with reptile-like skin. ", "Perry White is a fictional character who appears in the Superman comics and is the Editor-in-Chief of the Metropolis newspaper the Daily Planet.", "Starring Dean Cain as Clark Kent/Superman and Teri Hatcher as Lois Lane. The series followed the concept of Clark Kent in the spotlight, and focuses on the relationship between Lois and Clark. The series starts in 1966 with Jonathan and Martha Kent finding the baby Kal-El in a Kansas corn field and bringing him up their own son. Clark’s parents are much more prominent in this show than previous ones, as they’re shown visiting him often in Metropolis. Clark is around 27-30 when he comes to Metropolis and gets a job with the world-famous Daily Planet run by Perry White (Lane Smith). At the start of the series Lois views Clark as a pest when they are partnered, but Clark is smitten from the first and endures her jibes and taunts as well as the overtures of Lex Luthor, who appears in the first season and begins to court Ms. Lane, who is drawn to the charming businessman. Lex Luthor also wages his personal war against Superman, trapping the Man of Tomorrow with a Kryptonite trap, but Superman escapes and battles Luthor, who apparently falls to his death.", "Daily Planet interiors. Lois, Perry and Jimmy Olsen wait for Superman. The villains burst into the Daily Planet, and Superman finally appears. A new Donner scene in which Perry White paces around replaces a similar re-filmed Lester scene. Many of these Donner scenes featured in Lester’s Superman II, though certain shots were re-filmed by Lester.", "In the DC Animated Universe, James \"Jimmy\" Olsen, Jr. was a bow red-haired young man who worked as a cub reporter and photographer for the Daily Planet, alongside Lois Lane and Clark Kent, whom he idolizes as career role models. He also has a strong friendship with Superman and Supergirl.", "Perry White : If Paris is going to go kablooie I want my best reporter right in the middle of it... No offense, Kent. You're good, but Lois Lane's better.", "* Though not appearing in The Batman, Steve Lombard makes a cameo appearance in issue #44 of the spin-off comic The Batman Strikes! in the Daily Planet.", "Following a series of incidents in which Clark in his yet-unnamed guise comes to the rescue and saves the day, Perry White issues to all his reporters to find out as much information as possible about this mysterious hero. Lois receives an invitation to meet someone at her place, signed only \"a friend.\" Following a perfunctory interview with the Man of Steel, Lois joins him on a flight over Metropolis, ostensibly to see how fast he can go. After their romantic flight, the costumed hero flies off and Lois says to herself, \"What a super man\", then pauses, and says \"Superman!,\" thus giving the mysterious man his name.", "Jimmy Olsen - Photographer at the Daily Planet newspaper and friend of Clark Kent and Lois Lane.", "*In the TV show Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman, Perry White on multiple occasions refers to himself as being like the Colonel to Elvis in his relationship with Clark Kent (On one episode when Clark was being pursued by Cat Grant, Perry pulled him aside and told him a story about how Elvis fell in love with a girl early in his career and wanted to marry her but \"the Colonel put a stop to it right away. It would have ended his career and she wasn't the right woman for him. Do you understand what I'm saying son?\" to which Clark nodded affirmatively. In another, when Clark wins the \"Journalist of the Year Award\", Perry puts his arm around Clark and says outright \"Now I know how the Colonel felt when Elvis had his first Gold Record.\")", "Lex Luthor Gene Hackman Lois Lane Margot Kidder Otis Ned Beatty Perry W hite Jackie Cooper Can Zod Terence Stamp Ursa Sarah Douglas Non Jack O'Halloran Eve Teschmacher Lara", "* In Bryan Singer's 2006 film Superman Returns, a spiritual-sequel to the original Superman films, Jimmy Olsen is portrayed by Sam Huntington, an older and more confident, yet goofier portrayal of the character who finds it difficult to get a good shot or get any photos published. In a deleted scene included in the DVD release, a slightly inebriated Olsen is seen to complain to Clark about the fact he has not had a photo printed in several months. In the film, Jack Larson, who portrayed Jimmy in the Adventures of Superman television series, plays Bo, a bartender who talks to Clark and Jimmy. Singer originally offered Shawn Ashmore the role, but the actor declined due to his commitments to X-Men: The Last Stand. Ashmore's twin brother Aaron Ashmore played Jimmy in Smallville.", "As mentioned above, Harvey Dent does return as Two-Face in the 1970s. With the establishment of the multiverse, the Two-Face of Earth-Two (i.e., the character seen in the original Golden Age stories) is said to be Harvey Kent, who had not relapsed following his cure. The last appearance of this version of Two-Face was in Superman Family #211 (October 1981), depicting him as a guest at the marriage of Bruce Wayne and Selina Kyle (Catwoman). He meets Lois Lane and Clark Kent, and his shared name with the latter creates confusion.", "Oracle subtitles page 888 Clark KenV Superman Christopher Reeve Lois Lane Margot Kidder Lex Luthor Gene Hackman Jor-El Marlon Brand° Perry Jackie Cooper Kent Glenn Ford First Elder Trevor Howard Eve Valerie Perrin Gen Zod Terence Stamp Martha Kent Phyllis Thaxter Lara Susannah York Y oung Clark Kent Jeff East Otis Ned Beatty SCREENPLAY MARIO PUZO, DAVID AND LESLIE NEWMAN, ROBERT BENTON DIRECTOR RICHARD DONNER", "In the four motion pictures starring Christopher Reeve beginning with Superman, Jimmy Olsen was portrayed by Marc McClure. McClure also played Jimmy Olsen in the 1984 spin-off movie Supergirl, making McClure the only actor and Olsen the only character to appear in all five Superman films of the 1978-87 era.", "On the Adventures of Superman television series (starring George Reeves), Jimmy Olsen was portrayed by Jack Larson, who appeared as the cub reporter from 1952 to 1958. Largely because of the popularity of Larson and his portrayal of the character, National Comics Publications (DC Comics) decided in 1954 to create Superman's Pal Jimmy Olsen, a regular title featuring Jimmy as the leading character. Decades later in 1996, Larson portrayed an unnaturally aged Jimmy Olsen in an episode of Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman. ", "Perry White : Oh, Kent. Didn't see you. I take it that you and Lois are on that \"Superman gets the key to the city\" story?", "In Superman Returns, Jimmy Olsen is portrayed by Sam Huntington, an older and more confident, yet goofier portrayal of the character who finds it difficult to get a good shot or get any photos published. In a deleted scene (included in the DVD release) a slightly inebriated Olsen is seen to complain to Clark about the fact he hasn't had a photo printed in several months. Jack Larson who played the original Jimmy, plays the bartender who talks to Clark and Jimmy in the film.", "Taking place decades after Jimmy's final appearance in Justice League Unlimited, the Superman Beyond one-shot features a now-elderly version of the character. It is revealed that Jimmy purchased the Daily Planet after Perry White's death, and now runs a successful media empire. ", "*Perry also appears in Super Friends, in the episode \"Superfriends, Rest In Peace\" of Challenge Of The Superfriends, when Superman tries to rescue him and Lois Lane from Luthor and Solomon Grundy.", "ConFiguring America, a series of incisive essays analyzing a wide range of American cultural icon figures with global reach. Lois is featured in the chapter \"Lois Lane: The making of a girl reporter\", by Louis J. Kern. ", "*George Dzundza reprised his role as Perry White in the video game Superman: Shadow of Apokolips.", "Actor Jack Larson (February 8, 1928-September 20, 2015) played Jimmy Olsen, the hapless young newspaper photographer at the Daily Planet, in the 1950s TV series, \"The Adventures of Superman.\"", "\"Lucy and Superman\": Lucy tries to get George Reeves , star of the 1950s' Adventures of Superman TV series, to appear at little Ricky's birthday party. When she fails, she dresses up as Superman herself, only to have Reeves turn up in costume at the last minute and rescue her after she traps herself on the ledge of her apartment. As Superman brings Lucy back to the window of her apartment, Ricky is furious, and at one point yells, \"...In all of the 15 years we've been married...\" Then Superman says, \"You mean to tell me that you've been married to her for 15 years?\" Ricky answers, \"Yeah, 15 years.\" Superman replies, \"And they call Me superman!\" Lucy is not pleased.", "There have been a number of characters who appeared in Superman television shows, movies, and radio dramas that never made their way to the comics. Among them are:", "Woman - Jimmy would occasionally go undercover dressed as a woman. Grant Morrison paid a brief homage to this in All Star Superman.", "This was the popular, syndicated TV series from 1952-1958 (with a total of 104 30-minute episodes) that again starred George Reeves and Phyllis Coates, and was a carry-over from the 1951 movie. It was the first network TV series to feature super-hero Superman. The superhero was described in the opening sequence:", "In Superman: Shadow of Apokolips for the Nintendo Gamecube and the PlayStation 2, Jimmy (again voiced by David Kaufman) makes some minor appearances and only seen in the story between game-play. He is seen in the bibliography section of the game.", "Beginning in January 1939, a Superman daily comic strip appeared in newspapers, syndicated through the McClure Syndicate. A color Sunday version was added that November. The Sunday strips had a narrative continuity separate from the daily strips, possibly because Siegel had to delegate the Sunday strips to ghostwriters. By 1941, the newspaper strips had an estimated readership of 20 million. Shuster drew the early strips, then passed the job to Wayne Boring. From 1949 to 1956, the newspaper strips were drawn by Win Mortimer. The strip ended in May 1966, but was revived from 1977 to 1983 to coincide with a series of movies released by Warner Bros. " ]

[ 2.16796875, 1.056640625, 0.7734375, 0.2354736328125, 0.0189666748046875, -0.29052734375, -0.890625, -1.6279296875, -1.845703125, -2.404296875, -2.544921875, -2.587890625, -2.61328125, -2.904296875, -3.013671875, -3.365234375, -3.5546875, -3.73828125, -4.05078125, -4.14453125, -4.3359375, -4.39453125, -4.6171875, -5.16015625, -5.4765625, -5.5625, -7.61328125, -8.5546875, -8.8125, -9.0078125, -9.1484375, -10.1484375 ]

[ "The Stranger Beside Me is a 1980 autobiographical and biographical true crime book written by Ann Rule about the serial killer Ted Bundy, whom she knew personally before and after his arrest for a series of murders. Subsequent revisions of the book were published in 1986, 1989, 2000, and 2008.", "Theodore Robert \"Ted\" Bundy, born Theodore Robert Cowell (November 24, 1946 – January 24, 1989), was an American serial killer active between 1973 and 1978. He twice escaped from county jails before his final apprehension in February 1978. After more than a decade of vigorous denials, he eventually confessed to over 30 murders, although the actual total of victims remains unknown. Estimates range from 26 to over 100, the general estimate being 35. Typically, Bundy would bludgeon his victims, then strangle them to death. He also engaged in rape and necrophilia . Bundy was executed by electric chair for his last murder by the state of Florida in 1989.", "Many works in this genre recount high-profile, sensational crimes such as the JonBenét Ramsey killing, the O. J. Simpson murder case, and the Pamela Smart murder, while others are devoted to more obscure slayings. Prominent true crime accounts include Helter Skelter by lead Manson family prosecutor Vincent Bugliosi and Curt Gentry; Ann Rule's The Stranger Beside Me, about Ted Bundy; Harry N. MacLean's In Broad Daylight about the killing of Ken Rex McElroy; Cathy Scott's The Killing of Tupac Shakur; and Joe McGinniss' Fatal Vision. In contrast, British true crime writer Carol Anne Davis has produced several themed compendiums including Children Who Kill, Doctors Who Kill and Couples Who Kill, all of which include interviews with psychologists, detectives and criminologists.", "Theodore Robert Bundy, born Theodore Robert Cowell (November 24, 1946 – January 24, 1989), known as Ted Bundy, was an American serial killer. Bundy murdered numerous young women across the United States between 1974 and 1978. He twice escaped from prison before his final apprehension in Feburary 1978. After more than a decade of vigorous denials, he eventually confessed to 30 murders, although the actual total of victims remains unknown. Estimates range from 29 to over 100, the general estimate being 35. Typically, Bundy would bludgeon his victims, then strangle them to death. He also engaged in rape and necrophilia.", "At 7:06 a.m. local time on January 24, 1989, Ted Bundy was executed in the electric chair at Florida State Prison in Starke, Florida. His last words", "From Boy Scout to murderer – Ted Bundy, one of the most notorious serial killers of all-time, stands trial in June 1979 for two of his many murders. Bundy received three death sentences for murders he committed in Florida, and he was executed on January 24, 1989. Bundy confessed to 30 murders before his death, but officials believe that number could be higher.", "as a part of his psychology classes.  A serial killer trained in talking people out of killing themselves.  Ann Rule was researching the crimes Ted committed all the while not knowing it was her friend who committed them.  She later published a book called: \"The Stranger Beside Me\" detailing her relationship with Ted and the numerous crimes he was convicted of.", "Theodore Robert \"Ted\" Bundy, born Theodore Robert Cowell (November 24, 1946 – January 24, 1989), was an American serial killer active", "With the discovery of the fourth and fifth bodies, Gainesville came under the spotlight of the national media. Soon comparisons were being made. The killer's penchant for young college students brought back memories of Ted Bundy, Florida's most notorious serial killer. Bundy had been sent to the electric chair only the year before, after he was convicted of a series of murders of young college students in the Tallahassee area during 1978.", "Right before his execution in January 1989, the widely traveled Ted Bundy, described as a charismatic killer, admitted to 30 murders across half a dozen states — from Washington to Florida.", "Pro- and anti-death penalty demonstrators gathered in a field outside the prison for one of Florida's highest-profile executions since that of serial killer Ted Bundy, who was put to death in 1989. About 100 death penalty opponents gathered in a circle, praying. Among an equal number of people who supported Rolling's execution was a woman holding a sign that read \"Finally, kill the killer.\"", "It is not until Bundy's capture and trials in Florida that Rule fully accepts that Bundy is a serial killer. She finds the idea shocking to the point that she \"[runs] to the ladies room and throws up.\" An afterword, following Rule's lament for Bundy and his victims, describes the Kimberly Leach trial. The 1989 update outlines Bundy's execution, and the 2000 update touches on many things, including various women claiming to have encountered Bundy in the 1970s, Robert Keppel's retirement from detective work and his employment at the University of Washington, and Bundy's possible involvement in the unsolved disappearance of Ann Marie Burr, a girl who disappeared in 1961 when Bundy was 14. ", "Rule, Ann. The Stranger Beside Me. Signet, 2000, paperback. 548 pages. ISBN 0-451-20326-7. Updated 20th anniversary edition.", "The Stranger Beside Me, based on the book by Ann Rule, aired on the USA Network in 2003, and starred Billy Campbell as Bundy and Barbara Hershey as Ann Rule.[134]", "1999 - Allen Lee Davis is executed by electrocution by the state of Florida, the last use of the electric chair for capital punishment in Florida.", "* Aileen Wuornos: shot six men to death in Florida between 1989 and 1990; executed in 2002", "Velma Barfield : Velma Barfield has another claim to infamy besides being a serial killer: she was the first woman to be executed in the U.S. after the death penalty was reinstituted in 1977. She was put to death for the murder of Stuart Taylor, her boyfriend; she’d been using his checking account to forge checks and buy prescription pills, and she poisoned his beer to knock him off, though she played at nursing him back to health for a few days. She was caught when an autopsy turned up traces of arsenic. She also confessed to killing her mother in the same manner. All told, she killed five people, but she spent so much time on death row that she found religion and became a devout Christian. Weird but true.", "John Wayne Gacy, Jr. (March 17, 1942 – May 10, 1994), also known as the Killer Clown, was an American serial killer and rapist who sexually assaulted and murdered at least 33 teenage boys and young men between 1972 and 1978 in Cook County, Illinois.", "John Williams Jr. (4) John Williams Jr., a drifter from Georgia picked up for assaulting a woman about a month ago is believed to be a serial killer responsible for at least four slayings in downtown Raleigh, North Carolina. Williams, 36, was charged on March 19, 1997 with the killing of Patricia Ashe in January 1996. While in jail on the assault rap, he was also charged for the murder of Debra Elliott in December.", "Susan Denise Atkins (May 7, 1948 – September 24, 2009) was a convicted American murderer who was a member of Charles Manson's \"Family\". Manson and his followers committed a series of nine murders at four locations in California, over a period of five weeks in the summer of 1969. Known within the Manson family as Sadie Mae Glutz or Sexy Sadie, Atkins was convicted for her participation in eight of these killings, including the most notorious, the \"Tate/LaBianca\" murders. She was sentenced to death, which was subsequently commuted to life in prison. Atkins was incarcerated from October 1, 1969, until her death – a period exactly one week short of 40 years. ", "News_Image_File: Ted Bundy, convicted murderer, shown in Miami courtroom during 1979. Bundy was good looking and charismatic and used these characteristics to lure his 30 female victims to their deaths in Washington, Utah and Colorado in the United States. Police believe the actual body count may be double the recorded number.", "Charles \"Tex\" Watson, named in court testimony as a killer in the Sharon Tate and LaBianca slayings, arrives in court for arraignment in Los Angeles, March 1, 1971. Watson, a member of the Charles Manson \"family,\" was ruled insane four months ago and was unable to stand trial. Doctors say he now has recovered. (AP Photo)", "Everybody believed that Kathy Devine was one of the many victims of Ted Bundy. It took 28 years and DNA evidence to find the truth. Jim Carlile of The Olympian reported that Sheriff's Captain Dan Kimball never closed the files on this old case even though Ted Bundy had been executed and would not tell whatever he knew about the young woman that lost her life in Thurston County in 1973.", "Unlike most other serial killers, he never raped his victims -- instead he submitted them to slow, painful deaths. As one of the investigating officers pointed out, \"He thinks about three things: stereo systems, cars, and killing women.\" Stano was arrested 1978 and charged with the December, 1973, murder of Cathy Lee Scharf, a 17-year-old hitchhiker from Port Orange, Florida.", "Who: Sharon Tate , victim of confessed murderer Susan Atkins (aka Sadie Mae Glutz) of the Manson family, as reported in the court testimony of Virginia Graham. Atkins told Graham she responded to Tate's plea with: \"Look, bitch, you might as well face it right now, you're going to die, and I don't feel a thing behind it.\"", "Susan Smith : Susan Smith murdered her two young sons by rolling her car into John D. Long Lake in South Carolina with her children inside on Oct. 25, 1994. Smith told police that she had been carjacked by a black man who drove away with her kids in the back. A nationwide search for Smith’s 1990 Mazda Protege and highly publicized rescue efforts to find her sons came to a halt just nine days after the incident, when Smith confessed to rolling her car into the lake with her kids inside. Smith claimed that she had mental health issues that impaired her judgment, but her alleged motives for the murders contradicted her defense. Smith disposed of her children so that she could mend a broken relationship with a wealthy local man who didn’t want to be with a woman who had children. Smith was charged with two counts of murder and is serving a minimum of 30 years in prison.", "On February 9, 1978, Kimberly Leach, age 12, was reported missing from her junior high school in Lake City, Florida. Two months later, after a large scale search, the Leach girl's partially decomposed body was located in a wooded area near the Suwanee River. There were semen stains in the crotch of her panties found near the body. Two Lake City Holiday Inn employees and a handwriting expert established that Bundy had registered at the Lake City Holiday Inn the day before her disappearance under another name. A school crossing guard at the junior high school identified Bundy as leading a young girl to a van on the morning of the disappearance. Bundy was again convicted of murder and sentenced to death. This death sentence to be carried out a decade later.", "Patricia Krenwinkel was a participant in the infamous murders on August 9, 1969 at 10050 Cielo Drive, home of actress Sharon Tate and director Roman Polanski. After fellow Family member Charles \"Tex\" Watson shot and killed teenager Steven Parent in his car in the estates' driveway, Watson, Susan Atkins, and Krenwinkel entered the house, surprising all inside. When mayhem ensued, Patricia Krenwinkel dragged coffee heiress Abigail Folger from her bedroom to the living room, fought with her, and stabbed her. When Folger tried to escape following the first round of stabbing, Patricia was said to have chased Folger as she ran outside screaming. According to Patricia, she pinned Folger to the ground and further stabbed her; the victim pleaded with her to stop by saying, \"Stop, I'm already dead\". Krenwinkel continued to stab her so brutally that Folger's white nightgown appeared red to police investigators the following day. After stabbing Folger, Krenwinkel went back inside and summoned Watson, who also stabbed Folger. During her trial, Krenwinkel said, \"...I stabbed her and I kept stabbing her.\" When asked how it felt, Krenwinkel replied: \"Nothing, I mean, what is there to describe? It was just there, and it was right.\"", "1989 – Ann Harrison (15) was abducted as she waited for a school bus in front of her home in Raytown, Missouri. African-Americans Roderick Nunley and Michael Taylor forced her into a stolen car, raped and stabbed her to death.", "23. Anthony Bertolotti, 38, executed July 27, 1990, for the Sept. 27, 1983, stabbing death and rape of Carol Ward in Orange County.", "* November 24 – Lynda Mann, 15, is found raped and strangled in the village of Narborough, England (Colin Pitchfork is sentenced to life imprisonment in 1988).", "In 1984, Mohamed El-Tabech of Lincoln, Nebraska went to get ice cream.  Upon his return home, he found his wife had been murdered.  He called 911 and responding police found him sitting on the floor, rocking back and forth in grief.  El-Tabech vowed to kill his wife's murderer.  Instead, he was convicted of killing Lynn El-Tabech himself.  His fight for DNA testing led to a new law in Nebraska but the state continues to oppose testing in El-Tabech's case." ]

[ 10.75, 5.4921875, 5.4765625, 5.1875, 4.265625, 2.685546875, 0.5947265625, 0.294189453125, 0.23046875, -1.00390625, -1.259765625, -1.3916015625, -1.5390625, -1.63671875, -3.6015625, -4.71484375, -5.54296875, -5.796875, -6.41796875, -6.50390625, -6.9921875, -7.1328125, -7.2734375, -7.57421875, -7.63671875, -8.515625, -8.7890625, -8.9140625, -8.953125, -8.96875, -9.0625, -9.3671875 ]

[ "Listerine existed before halitosis was considered a medical condition, but it had a much more varied (and bizarre) set of uses. It was used as a medical antiseptic, household floor cleaner, and cure for gonorrhea. The product was introduced in 1879, but it wouldn’t be until 1915 that Listerine was first sold as a mouthwash. This was the time at which halitosis became popularized and viewed as a serious problem.", "Listerine was formulated in 1879 by Dr. Joseph Lawrence and Jordan Wheat Lambert in St. Louis, Missouri as a surgical antiseptic. It was used for a variety of purposes: cleaning wounds, a floor cleaner and a cure for gonorrhea. In 1895 it began to be marketed as a dental medicine, which dentists could use for oral care. Then in 1914 it was marketed for the first time as a mouthwash.", "In 1879, Listerine was named after him. It was originally developed as a surgical antiseptic, but that’s a pretty small market. To increase sales, they began marketing it as a floor cleaner and a cure for gonorrhea. That brought company revenues to about $115k, but marketers had another idea in the 1920s.", "\"Listerine [...] was invented in the nineteenth century as powerful surgical antiseptic. It was later sold, in distilled form, as both a floor cleaner and a cure for gonorrhea. But it wasn't a runaway success until the 1920s, when it was pitched as a solution for \"chronic halitosis\"— a then obscure medical term for bad breath. Listerine's new ads featured forlorn young women and men, eager for marriage but turned off by their mate's rotten breath. \"Can I be happy with him in spite of that?\" one maiden asked herself. Until that time, bad breath was not conventionally considered such a catastrophe. But Listerine changed that. As the advertising scholar James B. Twitchell writes, \"Listerine did not make mouthwash as much as it made halitosis.\" In just seven years, the company's revenues rose from $115,000 to more than $8 million.\" ", "Later it was developed and sold as a cure for ‘chronic halitosis’ and as such became the first over-the-counter mouthwash that was sold in the United States of America.", "It has been suggested that mercury was used as a treatment for gonorrhea. Surgeons' tools on board the recovered English warship the Mary Rose included a syringe that, according to some, was used to inject the mercury via the urinary meatus into any unfortunate crewman suffering from gonorrhea. The name \"the clap\", in reference to the disease, is recorded as early as the sixteenth century.", "Natural mouth washes have been around since time immemorial. Earliest accounts point to their use in treatment of gingivitis, but only recently have they played an important role in oral hygiene. The discovery of antiseptic compounds, such as chlorhexidine, has brought mouth washes into mainstream popularity. Their commercial value remains strong although new studies seem to favor the use of natural mouth washes.", "Fast-forward to the late 18th century, when an Englishman named William Addis landed in jail for inciting a riot. To while away the time—and freshen up in the process—he carved a bone handle, drilled holes into it and inserted boar bristles that were held in place by wire. Addis starting mass-producing his contraption after leaving prison and died a wealthy man. In 1938 the DuPont company developed the first toothbrush with nylon fibers, which proved sturdier and more efficient than animal hairs. But in the United States, at least, it wasn’t until soldiers returned home from World War II indoctrinated with military hygiene habits that brushing one’s teeth regularly became a widespread practice.", "In 1959, the Broxo Electric Toothbrush arrived in the United States of America for the first time during the centennial celebrations of the American Dental Association. The company behind this introduction was known as E. R. Squibb and Sons Pharmaceuticals. Thereafter, it was marketed under the brand names Broxodent or Broxo-Dent. In the 1980s, the pharmaceutical company transferred its Broxodent distribution rights to Somerset Labs which is a division of Bristol Myers/Squibb.", "By 1840 toothbrushes were being mass-produced in England, France, Germany, and Japan.[http://www.wisdom-toothbrushes.co.uk/learning-centre/history.html The company founded by Addis in 1780]", "On February 24, 1938, the Weco Products Company of Chicago, Illinois, began selling its new “Dr. West’s Miracle-Tuft” – the earliest toothbrush to use synthetic DuPont nylon bristles.", "German doctor Gustave Raupenstrauch invented the first Lysol disinfectant in 1889 to help end a cholera epidemic. In 1918, Lysol was promoted as a way to fight a deadly flu pandemic. It became available in drug stores and hospitals in 1930. Today, Lysol partners with a number of public-health organizations as part of its Mission for Health campaign, including the CDC, the PTA, and National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners.", "Boar bristles were used in toothbrushes until 1938 when nylon bristles were introduced by Dupont de Nemours. This toothbrush was called Doctor West's Miracle Toothbrush. The disciplined hygiene habits of WW II soldiers greatly influenced Americans about good oral hygiene.", "The development of toothpastes in more modern times started in the 1800s. Early versions contained soap and in the 1850s chalk was included. Betel nut was included in toothpaste in England in the 1800s, and in the 1860s a home encyclopedia described a home-made toothpaste that used ground charcoal.", "Further, it was not till the 17th century that tooth cleaning was frequently done by means of intense rubbing using a piece of rag cloth. Meanwhile, in the year 1938, natural animal hair bristles were finally replaced by nylon (a synthetic material), this was done by Dupont. It was exactly on the 24th of February 1938 when the very first nylon-bristled toothbrush went on sale and was then labeled as the “Doctor West’s Miracle Toothbrush.”", "Of course a product needs to be effective, so thankfully in 1954 Dr Phillippe-G Woog invented the ‘Broxodent’, the first usable electric toothbrush.  Created and manufactured in in Switzerland it was later built in France for Broxo S.A.", "The Broxo Electric Toothbrush was introduced in the USA by E. R. Squibb and Sons Pharmaceuticals in 1959. After introduction, it was marketed in the USA by Squibb under the names Broxo-Dent or Broxodent. In the 1980s Squibb transferred distribution of the Broxodent line to the Somerset Labs division of Bristol Myers/Squibb. ", "H.N. Wadsworth was the first to patent the toothbrush. Like those before him, he used animal bone and swine hair.", "In the era before antibiotics, sexually-transmitted diseases were deadly. Some scholars believe that syphilis was the most critical medical problem of the first half of the 16th century. A great number of printed works dealing with syphilis first appeared at the end of the 15th century when it was known by such names as \"morbus gallicius,\" \"the French disease,\" \"the pox,\" and \"lues venera.\" In the desperate search for a cure, it was almost inevitable that various forms of mercury would be tried. Indeed, the treatment appeared to benefit some patients. While it is unclear whether mercury actually did cure syphilis (some cases of the disease resolve spontaneously), the use of mercury therapy continued into the early 20th century.", "The barbers put the mercury in. It worked better than gold, which was very hot then. It hurt you to go in. Whereas, the mercury was nice and smooth and people were drinking mercury for syphilis so they were able to put it in there because medicine had not yet pushed it out of their profession. They pushed it out again not counting vaccines but they pushed it out of medicine around 1900, but dentistry was something different.", "The Broxodent was the first electric toothbrush to be sold in the United States by the company Squibb. A year later, General Electric was the first company to sell a rechargeable cordless toothbrush.", "One of the first electric toothbrushes to hit the American market was in 1960. It was marketed by the Squibb company under the name Broxodent.", "Dr. Robert W. Hutson (1920–2001), a California periodontist, designed and patented a toothbrush in 1950. The application for his \"Hutson toothbrush\" was filed on January 13, 1950, and U.S. Patent No. 160,604 was granted on October 24 the same year. In 1958, he was granted a new patent for a \"mouthbrush\" having numerous fine, soft, flat-ended nylon bristles, and a similar appearance to the 1950 design. He claimed in his application that this brush was less abrasive to tooth enamel, better for massaging the gums, and more effective at picking up tooth powder than other brushes available at the time, which had coarse, angle-cut bristles.", "It is, of course, the origin of fluoride, which we know today prevents tooth decay. The Romans believed that drinking wine from a florite vessel would prevent disease. According to Pliny the Elder, writing in the First Century A.D., Emperor Nero paid one million sesterces for a florite cup-at the time the same amount would buy a thousand slaves.", "The first electric toothbrush was designed and advertised by Dr. Scott in England in 1880, the only problem being it did not use electric.", "One other event of 1844 was the first use of Nitrous Oxide (laughing gas) as an anaesthetic. It was used by an American dentist by the name of Horace Wells who had seen it being used in a travelling side-show, sadly Mr. Wells continued his experiments with anaesthetics, became addicted to chloroform and died in prison at the age of twenty eight. It was another American dentist, by the name of William Morton, who popularised the use of anaesthetics (specifically ether) in dentistry and hence in medicine in general.", "The first American to patent a toothbrush was H. N. Wadsworth, (patent number 18,653,) on Nov. 7, 1857.", "In 1956, Place Jean Arthur did a pioneering research that sought to extend the benefits of these toothbrushes to other people outside the initial target bracket. The findings of his research were profound. He discovered that the electric toothbrushes were far much superior compared to the manual brushes since they left no chance for an incorrect brushing procedure. This groundbreaking research paved the way for general acceptance of the electric toothbrushes as the most efficient and complete in ensuring an improved oral hygiene.", "In 1844, the first 3-row bristle brush was designed and by the 1860’s Addis company was one of the first to use automated manufacturing systems.  It was too around this time that toothbrush manufacture in the USA took off.", "You see, bad breath hadn’t been invented yet. At that time, bad breath was just known as “breath.” Their best effort was an ad campaign that suggested young people would never find marriage with a condition such as bad breath. Over 7 years, revenues skyrocketed to $8 million.", "Dentist Horace Wells attends a demonstration of nitrous oxide inhalation at an exhibition by Gardner Quincy Colton. Wells conceived the notion of pain relief by gas inhalation, and thus rediscovered an idea by Humphry Davy expressed 4 decades earlier.  However, Wells quickly put the idea into practice.  Later in the century Colton single-handedly revived interest in nitrous oxide for dentistry.", "Bidet’s typewriter, like so many others of that that time, did not take off, and apparently in about 1840 Bidet had the patent taken from him by royal decree. Perhaps in disgust, he took his watchmaking business to Valognes, Normandy, where he continued to be an active public figure." ]

[ 6.7265625, 5.703125, 5.4921875, 2.4921875, -4.17578125, -4.4375, -4.453125, -5.97265625, -7.29296875, -7.6484375, -7.66015625, -7.81640625, -7.921875, -7.96484375, -8.3515625, -8.375, -8.5078125, -8.859375, -8.9921875, -9.0390625, -9.171875, -9.328125, -9.421875, -9.5859375, -9.7265625, -9.890625, -10.1171875, -10.515625, -10.6953125, -10.703125, -10.890625, -10.921875 ]

[ "The Gibson is a mixed drink made with gin and vermouth, and often garnished with a pickled onion. The oldest published recipe for the Gibson is found in the 1908 book, The World's Drinks And How To Mix Them by William Boothby.", "If you use a cocktail onion instead of an olive, you have a Gibson rather than a Martini.", "However, recipes for the Gibson without onions appear in both the 1914 Drinks by Jacques Straub and in Tom Bullock's 1917 The Ideal Bartender with the recipe for a Martini-like drink called a L.P.W. specifying \"Add a pickled onion and serve.\" Bullock also includes a cocktail called a \"Onion Cocktail\" with old tom gin, Italian vermouth \"and no bitters\" with the instruction \"Strain and serve with an onion.\"", "His choice is the drink’s alternate garnish, the lemon twist.  Some like their martini with a silverskin cocktail onion instead, but this is more properly referred to as a Gibson.", "As the drink popularised by James Bond, a vodka martini is a very fashionable drink. In its most basic form, a vodka martini involves very little vermouth with a lot of vodka shaken over ice and poured into a conical glass. The quantity of vermouth used varies greatly and determines how \"smooth\" or \"dry\" the martini is. A smooth martini has one part vermouth for 3-4 parts of vodka. A very dry martini involves the bartender pouring the vodka and only sniffing the vermouth. My choice is to rinse the inside of the glass with vermouth and discard the rest. Then, pour the vodka chilled over ice into the glass. You may want to add an olive into the drink. Or perhaps a small cocktail onion. Or replace the vermouth with sweet vermouth and add a cherry. Or add some of the juice of an olive to get a \"dirty\" martini. It's all about having the choice.", "A lot of martini snobs insist that any martini made without gin just isn’t a martini. Fortunately for those of us who know better, the snobs don’t control the production of vodka martinis. The vodka martini falls in the class of simple vodka mixed drinks. All you need is a glass, a sufficient quantity of good vodka and a few drops of vermouth. The amount of vermouth, if any at all, is entirely dependent on one’s tastes. Some people like to add some garnish to the mix, with popular choices being olives, onions and lemon wedges. We are particularly fond of Tassos jalapeno and garlic double stuffed olives for that purpose – and the juice is absolutely sublime for making a dirty martini. The fact that the vodka martini basically only requires vodka and a shaker of ice makes it one of the easiest of the easy vodka mixed drinks.", "A traditional martini (as opposed to a vodka martini) is made with gin, dry vermouth and either an olive or a lemon peel. Nothing else. (Well, they used to make them with extra-dry white wine rather than the dry-wine variant vermouth, but we shan't address that age-old argument here) And a proper martini is stirred, not shaken.", "A dirty Martini contains a splash of olive brine or olive juice and is typically garnished with an olive. ", "A lot of variations exists, but the original recipe of the Martini cocktail consists of 8/10 of gin and 2/10 of vermouth dry, garnished with olives.", "The Bloodhound has had many incarnations in quite a short amount of time, and very little variation in between. First appearing in Thomas Bullock's 1912 \"The Ideal Bartender\", skipping vermouth completely, it next appears in Robert Vermiere's 1922 \"Cocktails: How to Mix Them\" with raspberries and maraschino liqueur. Next it appears in Harry MacElhone's \"ABC of Cocktails\" sometime between 1922 and 1927 foregoing the Maraschino and raspberries for strawberries, and finally in Harry Cradock's 1930 \"Savoy Cocktail Book\" in identical form. The Savoy and Craddock receive an exceptionally large amount of praise, so Robert Vermiere's choice of gin, sweet vermouth, dry vermouth, maraschino liqueur, and fresh raspberries is highlighted as a perfect gin martini with subtle sweetness.", "A Gibson is just like a Martini (qv), except garnished with cocktail onions. It's been said to have been named after one Mr Gibson, renowned for his tolerance until it was revealed that he had an agreement with many bartenders to give him a glass of water with an onion as a signal. Reference: The Official Harvard Student Agencies Bartending Course, Third Edition, ISBN 0-312-25286-2.", "Both ingredients are poured into a shaker filled with ice; they are well shaken, and then strained into a chilled martini glass. You add a couple of pickled onions, either freely or in a toothpick, and your drink is ready for serving.", "The true Dry Martini is simply comprised of gin and dry vermouth . It often comes with a dash of bitters and either an olive or lemon twist garnish. It is that simple!", "This is another whiskey-based cocktail. Where the Martini is gin and dry vermouth, the Manhattan is whiskey and sweet vermouth. And don’t forget the bitters! Angostura or Peychaud’s works fine.", "A dry martini is one with very little dry vermouth in the gin. I keep my bombay sapphire in the freezer, swirl 1/2 or less cap of vermouth around a martini glass (I also prefer Noilly Prat). Now comes the twist - no, not that twist - I use anchovy stuffed or garlic stuffed olives (usually 3, but then I tend toward large martinis).", "A true dry martini tastes best when served with a twist, rather than an olive. This is largely a matter of taste, and there are many schools either way, but a bit of lemon rind, twisted over the top of the martini imparts a gently spray of lemon oils to the surface. Olives, on the other hand, add an olive taste, salt, and water, of course.", "Stir gin and vermouth with ice in a mixing glass. Strain into a cocktail glass, add the olive, and serve.", "Garnished with whatever the customer wants. This is a recipe for a DRY martini, not a dirty, so the option is there for either an olive or lemon twist... or a combination of whatever the guest asks for. A dry martini, in 2007 means at the most a splash of Dry Vermouth (usually followed by spill) at the MOST. Typically... none. Just make sure the drink is as cold as is possible - chill the glass first, then start with the shaker and vodka or gin.", "Stir ingredients (don’t stir too vigorously) in a bar glass with ice. Strain in to a chilled cocktail glass and twist some lemon peel over the top (do not put the peel in the drink – just twist it to spray the top with the juices). Serve with one stuffed olive on a toothpick (for some reason it has become fashionable to serve a martini with 2, and sometimes even 3 olives. This changes the flavor of the drink and should not be done).", "Vermouth is a common cocktail ingredient, particularly in Martinis and Manhattans. When drinking vermouth by itself, it is normally an apéritif. Vermouth is used as an ingredient in many different cocktails, as people found it ideal for lowering the alcohol content of cocktails with strong spirits as their base, for providing a pleasant herbal flavor and aroma, and for accentuating the flavors in the base liquor. As previously stated, vermouth is an ingredient in the martini, one of the most popular and well-known cocktails. At first, martinis used sweet vermouth. Around 1904, however, drier French vermouths began to be used in the cocktail. The term \"dry martini\" originally meant using a drier vermouth as a mixer, not using less vermouth, as the term is used today. ", "The cosmopolitan is usually served in a large cocktail glass, also called a martini glass. For this reason, the drink is mistakenly categorized as a type of martini.", "Last, but not least, we have the Martini. The most argued about cocktail in the history of drinking. Stir or shake? Vermouth or none? Glass or metal tin? The Martini is THE drink that signifies nightlife and cocktails in general. When someone needs to use one image to symbolize drinking, more often than not, it’s the Martini. That sexy glass, clear liquor, green olive with red pimento. Makes me thirsty just thinking about it.", "Vesper Martini: 3 partsgin, 1 part vodka, 1/2 part Lillet, lemon twist, shaken, not stirred. James Bond’s martini. Also called a 007.", "Medium martini is made with both dry and sweet martini and can be garnished with cocktail onion, or lemon twist.", "The classic martini was most likely created in the mid-1800's. Although there are several versions concerning the origination of this cocktail, the term Martini has evolved to mean almost any mixed drink served in a stemmed glass. This cocktail calls for dry gin, dry vermouth, and a few dashes of orange bitters.", "Vermouth: From the German word for \"wormwood,\" vermouth is an essential ingredient of the modern bar. Most vermouths do not contain wormwood, but get their bitterness from other herbs and spices. Vermouth comes in many styles, including light, dry, sweet, and red. The beverage was first bottled in 18th century Italy and remains a crucial ingredient in the classic gin martini. Other notable vermouth-based drinks include:", "Absinthe Verte, sour apple liqueur, chilled water, and Angostura bitters are shaken and served as a martini with an orange twist.", "It - Italian vermouth, as in the cocktail Gin and It [Note: previously encountered in DT 25953 ]", "Vermouth is a fortified wine flavored with aromatic herbs and spices (\"aromatized\" in the trade) using closely guarded recipes (trade secrets). Some of the herbs and spices used may include cardamom, cinnamon, marjoram and chamomile. Some vermouth is sweetened; however, unsweetened, or dry, vermouth tends to be bitter. The person credited with the second vermouth recipe, Antonio Benedetto Carpano from Turin, Italy, chose to name his concoction \"vermouth\" in 1786 because he was inspired by a German wine flavored with wormwood, an herb most famously used in distilling absinthe. However, wine flavored with wormwood goes back to ancient Rome. The modern German word Wermut (Wermuth in the spelling of Carpano's time) means both wormwood and vermouth. The herbs were originally used to mask raw flavors of cheaper wines, imparting a slightly medicinal \"tonic\" flavor.", "The next question to address is whether the martini should be shaken or stirred (though both are done over ice).  Traditionally, the martini was stirred in a mixing glass before being poured into a cocktail glass. Thanks to Ian Fleming’s fictional character, though, many today prefer their martini, “shaken, not stirred.”", "Your choice of absinthe, simple syrup, and water shaken and served as a martini with a mint sprig.", "The variations on the Martini could fill a whole book. Keep in mind there is no “right” way, only the way you want your drink. I’ll list a few of the most popular." ]

[ 3.185546875, 2.80078125, 2.552734375, 1.0166015625, 0.62158203125, 0.478515625, 0.415283203125, -0.284423828125, -0.6572265625, -0.82470703125, -0.8603515625, -1.208984375, -1.2392578125, -1.548828125, -1.556640625, -1.8505859375, -2.166015625, -2.296875, -2.435546875, -2.439453125, -2.51171875, -2.658203125, -2.849609375, -3.1328125, -3.232421875, -4.0625, -4.3125, -4.953125, -5.609375, -5.69921875, -6.1640625, -6.59765625 ]

[ "Helen Adams Keller (June 27, 1880 - June 1, 1968) was an American author, activist, and lecturer. Both deaf and blind, she changed the public's perception of people with disabilities. She became known around the world as a symbol of the indomitable human spirit, yet she was much more than a symbol. She was a woman of luminous intelligence, high ambition, and great accomplishment, having devoted her life to helping others. Helen Keller was an impassioned advocate for the rights of people with disabilities. She played a leading role in most of the significant political, social, and cultural movements of the twentieth century.", "Helen Adams Keller (June 27, 1880 – June 1, 1968) was an American author , political activist and lecturer . She was the first deafblind person to earn a Bachelor of Arts degree. [1] [2] The story of how Keller's teacher, Annie Sullivan , broke through the isolation imposed by a near complete lack of language, allowing the girl to blossom as she learned to communicate, has become known worldwide through the dramatic depictions of the play and film The Miracle Worker .", "Hellen Keller ( June 27 , 1880 – June 1 , 1968 ) was an American author , activist and lecturer . She was the first deaf/blind person to graduate from college. The story of how a remarkable teacher broke through the isolation that a lack of language had imposed on the child, who blossomed as she learned to communicate, is a staple of American folklore and has become known worldwide.", "Helen Keller was born at an estate called Ivy Green in Tuscumbia, Alabama, on June 27, 1880, to parents Captain Arthur H. Keller and Kate Adams Keller. She was not born blind or deaf; it was not until nineteen months of age that she came down with an illness described by doctors as \"an acute congestion of the stomach and the brain,\" which could have possibly been scarlet fever or meningitis. The illness did not last for a particularly long time, but it left her deaf and blind. By age seven she had invented over sixty different hand signals that she could use to communicate with her family.", "\"Missing from her curriculum vitae are her militant socialism and the fact that she once had to be protected by six policemen from an admiring crowd of 2,000 people in New York after delivering a fiery speech protesting America's entry into World War I. The war, she told her audience, to thunderous applause, was a capitalist ploy to further enslave the workers. As in her lifetime, Helen Keller's public image remains one of an angelic, sexless, deaf-blind woman who is smelling a rose as she holds a Braille book open on her lap.\"", "Helen Keller, despite being blind and deaf, was an author and lecturer, supporting women's and labor rights. She was the first blind and deaf person to earn a college degree, and she helped found the American Civil Liberties Union.", "American writer, educator and advocate for the disabled Helen Keller (1880 - 1968) arriving in Southampton from New York, 2nd March 1950. A childhood illness left Keller blind, deaf and mute. (Photo by FPG/Archive Photos/Getty Images)", "Figure 2: Helen Keller– author, political activist, and lecturer. First deafblind person to earn a bachelor’s degree. Member of the Socialist Party of America and Industrial Workers of the World as well as campaigned for women’s suffrage, labor rights, socialism, and other similar causes.", "In her life, Helen wrote 5 books. She traveled many places. She met kings and presidents. She spoke to groups of people around the world. Most of the work she did was to help people who were blind or deaf. She was a warm and caring person. People loved her in return. The life of Helen Keller brought hope to many.", "Helen Keller also joined the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) labor union in 1912, after she felt that parliamentary socialism was \"sinking in the political bog.\" Helen Keller wrote for the IWW between 1916 and 1918. In \" Why I Became an IWW ,\" she wrote that her motivation for activism came in part due to her concern about blindness and other disabilities:", "W. B. Yeats (1865-1939; Nobel Prize in literature of 1923; there are references to laureates of Nobel Prize in literature in \"Lolita\", for a more global view, see this page ), author of \"The Secret Rose\" (1897). His poetry is known to owe to the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. He was in love with Maud Gonne who had daughter named Iseult Gonne who Yeats affirmed had been molested by her stepfather John mcBride, in a letter. His brother Jack Butler Yeats (1871-1957) was a painter that drew comic strips, including the Sherlock Holmes parody \"Chubb-Lock Homes\" for \"Comic Cuts\", and wrote articles for \"Punch\" under the pseudonym \"W. Bird\". He also had interest in literature and wrote novels in a stream of consciousness style that James Joyce was famous for.", "Theodor Seuss Geisel (; March 2, 1904 – September 24, 1991) was an American writer and illustrator best known for authoring popular children's books under the pen name Dr. Seuss. His work includes several of the most popular children's books of all time, selling over 600 million copies and being translated into more than 20 languages by the time of his death. ", "A 1904 H.G. Wells short story, “ Country of the Blind “, questioned the old proverb “In the country of the blind, the one-eyed man is king.” In the story, a sighted man stumbles into a long isolated mountain valley where where everyone has been blind for generations, and have adapted their social customs and other senses to being blind.  This new man assumes he will soon be king, but to the locals he seems incompetent :", "Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American novelist, short story writer, and journalist. His economical and understated style had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction, while his life of adventure and his public image influenced later generations. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. He published seven novels, six short story collections, and two non-fiction works. Additional works, including three novels, four short story collections, and three non-fiction works, were published posthumously. Many of his works are considered classics of American literature.", "Paul Laurence Dunbar (June 27, 1872 – February 9, 1906) was an American poet, novelist, and playwright of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Born in Dayton, Ohio, to parents who had been enslaved in Kentucky before the American Civil War, Dunbar began to write stories and verse when still a child and was president of his high school's literary society. He published his first poems at the age of 16 in a Dayton newspaper. Much of Dunbar's more popular work in his lifetime was written in the Negro dialect associated with the antebellum South, though he wrote in several dialects, including German and the Midwestern regional dialect of James Whitcomb Riley. Dunbar's work was praised by William Dean Howells, a leading editor associated with the Harper's Weekly, and Dunbar was one of the first African-American writers to establish an international reputation. He wrote the lyrics for the musical comedy In Dahomey (1903), the first all-African-American musical produced onBroadway. The musical later also toured in the United States and the United Kingdom. Dunbar also wrote in conventional English in other poetry and novels; since the late 20th century, scholars have become more interested in these other works. Suffering from tuberculosis, Dunbar died at the age of 33.", "Aldous Huxley was a British author best known for the book A Brave New World. Aldous Huxley was born in July 26th, 1894 to Julia Arnold and Leonard Huxley in Godalming, Surrey, England. His father was a schoolmaster and writer and his mother founded Prior's Field School. Aldous went blind as a teenager for two or three years, but his eyesight returned sufficient enough to study English at Balliol College, Oxford, but it was always poor for the rest of his life. He graduated with honors. Aldous Huxley's first published novel was Crome Yellow in 1921, a social satire. His published works include novels, short story collections, poetry collections, essay collections, screenplays, travel books, drama, articles, and even a children's book titled The Crows of Pearblossom.", "Theodor Seuss Geisel (March 2, 1904 – September 24, 1991), better known by his pen name, Dr. Seuss, was a famous American writer and cartoonist best known for his children's books, particularly The Cat in the Hat. He also wrote under the pen names Theo. LeSieg and Rosetta Stone.", "Schweitzer, Albert, Out of My Life and Thought: An Autobiography. (Aus meinem Leben und Denken. Leipzig, Felix Meiner, 1931.) Translated by C.T. Campion. New York, Henry Holt, 1933; 1949.", "George Bernard Shaw was born on July 26, 1856, in Dublin, Ireland. His mother eventually left his father, who was an unsuccessful merchant, to teach singing lessons in London. At the age of twenty, Shaw left Dublin for London, where he wrote five novels. From an early age, Shaw identified himself as a socialist and joined the Fabian Society, a non-revolutionary Marxist group advocating for reform that would result in socialism without bloodshed. He was an extremely prolific writer who completed over fifty plays before his death of natural causes at the age of 94.", "Keller joined the Industrial Workers of the World (known as the IWW or the Wobblies) in 1912, [8] saying that parliamentary socialism was \"sinking in the political bog.\" She wrote for the IWW between 1916 and 1918. In Why I Became an IWW [9] , Keller explained that her motivation for activism came in part from her concern about blindness and other disabilities:", "1885 – Sinclair Lewis was an American novelist, short-story writer, and playwright. In 1930, he became the first American to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, “for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humor, new types of characters.”  (d. 1951)", "“The cradle rocks above an abyss, and common sense tells us that our existence is but a brief crack of light between two eternities of darkness.” – Vladimir Nabokov, Russian-American novelist, lepidopterist, and author of “Lolita” and “Pale Fire,” who was born 22 April 1899.", "In addition, she was a frequent contributor to magazines and newspapers, writing most frequently on blindness, deafness, socialism, social issues, and women's rights. She used a braille typewriter to prepare her manuscripts and then copied them on a regular typewriter.", "HELEN KELLER – Political activist, author, lecturer, awarded the presidential medal of freedom, one of gallup’s most widely admired people of the 20th century", "*”A Sense of the World: How a Blind Man Became History’s Greatest Traveler” – Roberts (2006) ISBN 0-00-716106-9", "After going blind at twenty-four, as told in Taking Hold: My Journey into Blindness (RC 40247), Alexander describes also losing part of her hearing. Determined to be independent and self-sufficient, she recounts her fears and difficulties adjusting to a new apartment, finding a job, and meeting the right man. For grades 6-9 and older readers. 1997.", "Memoir of essayist paralyzed by polio in 1959. Describes his stay in an iron lung and return—in a wheelchair—to his family’s Missouri farm, where he recuperated physically but struggled emotionally. Chronicles the feelings he experienced while building an independent life and coming to terms with disability. Some strong language. 2008.", "He once worked for Western Union as an employment manager. Later in life, he settled in Big Sur, where he wrote his autobiographical trilogy, The Rosy Crucifixion, consisting of the volumes Sexus, Plexus, and Nexus. But his best-known works arise from his stay in France during the 1930’s. FTP, name this author of The Cosmological Eye, The Tropic of Capricorn, and The Tropic of Cancer.", "American author and journalist . His distinctive writing style was characterized by the economy and understatement , influenced 20th-century fiction. He produced most of his work between the mid-1920s. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954", "was an American poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist. He was one of the earliest innovators of the then-new literary art form called jazz poetry", "American writer. A World War I ambulance driver, journalist, and expatriate in Paris during the 1920s, he wrote short stories and novels, such as The Sun Also Rises (1926) and The Old Man and the Sea (1952), that concern courageous, lonely characters and are marked by his terse literary style. He won the 1954 Nobel Prize for literature.", "Playwright whose plays \"Waiting for Lefty\" and \"Awake and Sing!\" were met with critical acclaim and depicted life in the Great Depression. " ]

[ 9.2578125, 8.234375, 7.71484375, 5.05078125, 0.80712890625, 0.374267578125, -0.375, -1.04296875, -1.5859375, -2.337890625, -2.486328125, -2.734375, -3.36328125, -3.939453125, -4.20703125, -4.66015625, -4.86328125, -5.1328125, -5.19921875, -5.37109375, -5.58984375, -5.609375, -6.45703125, -7.05078125, -7.51171875, -7.953125, -8.3046875, -8.3046875, -8.46875, -8.515625, -8.7421875, -9.8671875 ]

[ "King County , where Seattle is located, also has some unique suburbs, such as Bellevue , Redmond , Woodinville , Kent and much more that extend north, east and south from the core.", "King County , where Seattle is located, also has some unique suburbs, such as Bellevue , Redmond , Woodinville , Kent and much more that extend north, east and south from the core. Bordered to the west by the Kitsap Peninsula this region also includes Vashon Island and Blake Island .", "Seattle (i/siˈætl/ see-at-əl) is a coastal seaport city and the seat of King County, in the U.S. state of Washington. With an estimated 652,405 residents as of 2013, Seattle is the largest city in the Pacific Northwest region of North America and the fastest-growing major city in the United States. The Seattle metropolitan area of around 3.6 million inhabitants is the 15th largest metropolitan area in the United States. The city is situated on a narrow isthmus between Puget Sound (an inlet of the Pacific Ocean) and Lake Washington, about 100 miles (160 km) south of the Canada–United States border. A major gateway for trade with Asia, Seattle is the 8th largest port in the United States and 9th largest in North America in terms of container handling.", "Seattle ( Listen i /siˈætəl/ see-AT-əl ) is a coastal seaport city and the seat of King County , in the U.S. state of Washington . With an estimated 668,342 residents as of 2014 [update] , Seattle is the largest city in both the State of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America and, as of July 2014 [update] , is the fastest-growing major city in the United States. [5] The Seattle metropolitan area of around 3.6 million inhabitants is the 15th largest metropolitan area in the United States. [6] The city is situated on a narrow isthmus between Puget Sound (an inlet of the Pacific Ocean ) and Lake Washington , about Script error: No such module \"convert\". south of the Canada–United States border . A major gateway for trade with Asia, Seattle is the 8th largest port in the United States and 9th largest in North America in terms of container handling. [7]", "100s (Rts #101-197) go SOUTH to or locally within Auburn, Burien, Convington, Des Moines, Enumclaw, Federal Way, Kent, Maple Valley, Renton, Seatac (and airport), Tukwila, etc. Some routes travel THROUGH and make stops in South Seattle, West Seattle and other Seattle neighborhoods on their way to/from south King County while others operate as express from downtown Seattle to south King County or locally in those areas without coming into downtown Seattle. Area also served by Rapid 'A' (Tukwila, SeaTac/Airport and Federal Way along Pacific Hwy/Hwy 99) and 'F' Lines (Burien, Tukwila, Southcenter & Renton)", "Main article: Neighborhoods in Seattle [24] [25] Downtown Seattle includes a tightly packed financial district along with residential areas and a panoramic waterfront.Seattle has grown through a series of annexations of smaller neighboring communities. On May 3, 1891, Magnolia , Wallingford , Green Lake , and the University District (then known as Brooklyn) were annexed. [99 ] The town of South Seattle was annexed on October 20, 1905. [100 ] Between January 7 and September 12, 1907, Seattle nearly doubled its land area by annexing six incorporated towns and areas of unincorporated King County, including Southeast Seattle, Ravenna , South Park , Columbia City , Ballard , and West Seattle . [101 ] Three years later, after having difficulties paying a $10,000 bill from the county, the city of Georgetown merged with Seattle. [102 ] Finally, on January 4, 1954, the area between N. 85th Street and N. 145th Street was annexed, including the neighborhoods of Pinehurst , Greenwood , Blue Ridge , Crown Hill , Broadview , Bitter Lake , Haller Lake , Maple Leaf , Lake City , View Ridge and Northgate . [103 ]", "With a thriving downtown core – featuring boutique retail as well as various ethnic markets and restaurants that attract diners from across the region –Burien is recognized as one of Puget Sound’s hottest upand-coming cities. Burien is a waterfront community with six miles of Puget Sound shoreline and expansive mountain views. Residents take pride in their neighborhoods, actively preserving saltwater accesses and protecting the appearance of their streets and public spaces. Housing choices include ramblers, starter homes, elegant high-end homes, condominiums, and apartments of all sizes, including senior apartments. Burien’s convenient hub location provides great connections. Seattle is only 12 minutes north, Sea-Tac Airport is five minutes east, and in 30 minutes you can drive south to Tacoma or east to Bellevue. COVINGTON A centrally-located transit center provides even further connections. This hub loca- The gateway to southeastern King County, tion means that jobs and entertainment Covington is rich with engaged citizens, are convenient, the parking problems are new young families, good schools, quality elsewhere, and residents have more time businesses, strong leaders and safe neighborhoods—all key in making it a wonderto enjoy their neighborhoods. Community celebrations and award- ful place to live. Set in an idyllic Northwest winning parks generate year-round ac- landscape just 40 minutes out of Seattle, tivity including live theater, summertime Covington offers small community attriFarmers Markets and concerts, monthly butes with big city amenities.", "About the Author Patti Hill is 2016 president of Seattle King County REALTORS® and is a managing broker at Windermere Real Estate Northwest in Ballard. Seattle King County REALTORS®, is a nonprofit trade organization whose members include more than 6,000 licensed real estate professionals and affiliated businesses. Based in Bellevue, SKCR is a local association of the National Association of REALTORS®. Membership is voluntary, and only members may use the term Realtor®, which is a licensed collective trademark. Realtors must adhere to a strict Code of Ethics.", "www.desmoineswa.gov Chambers of Commerce: SW King County, 14220 Interurban Ave S, Ste. 134, Tukwila 98168, (206) 575-1633, www.swkcc.org Seattle Southside Regional Tourism Authority: 3100 S 176th St., Seattle 98188, (206) 575-2489, www.seattlesouthside.com Post Office: 2003 S 216th St, (206) 824-3647 Libraries: 21620 11th Ave S, (206) 824-6066. 26809 Pacific Hwy S, (253) 839-0121 School District: Highline School Dist. No. 401, (206) 631-3000. Federal Way School Dist., (253) 945-2000 Utilities: Gas/Electricity: PSE, (888) 225-5773 Telephone: CenturyLink, (800) 244-1111 Water: Highline Water, (206) 824-0375. Water Dist. 54, (206) 878-7210. Lakehaven Utility Dist., (253) 941-1516 Sewer: Midway Sewer Dist., (206) 824-4960. SW Suburban Sewer Dist., (206) 244-9575 Refuse Collection: CleanScapes, (206) 762-4900 Typical Tax Rate: $13.73/$1,000 assessed valuation Median Household Income: $58,308 Average Rent: 2bd $1,350 Median Prices: Homes $299,750; Condos $171,025 Est. Travel Time/Distance To: Seattle=25 mins/15 mi. Bellevue=29 mins/20 mi.", "King County, which includes Seattle, is a major center for liberal politics and is a bastion for the Democratic Party. In the 2008 election, Barack Obama defeated John McCain in the county by 42 percentage points, a larger margin than any previous election. Slightly more than 29% of the population in the State of Washington reside in King County, making it a significant factor for the Democrats in a few recent close statewide elections. In 2000, it was King County that pushed Maria Cantwell's total over that of incumbent Republican Slade Gorton, winning her a seat in the United States Senate. In 2004, King County gave a lead to Democrat Christine Gregoire in the second recount in the state's razor-thin governor's race, pushing her ahead of Republican Dino Rossi, who led by 261 votes after the initial count. Rossi resided in the county at the time of the election in Sammamish.", "\"Seattle Washington is a coastal port city and the largest city in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is located in the state of Washington between an arm of the Pacific Ocean called Puget Sound and Lake Washington, about 96 miles (154 km) south of the Canada - United States border in King County, of which it is the county seat.", "Tacoma (, ) is a mid-sized urban port city in and the county seat of Pierce County, Washington, United States. The city is on Washington's Puget Sound, 32 mi southwest of Seattle, 31 mi northeast of the state capital, Olympia, and 58 mi northwest of Mount Rainier National Park. The population was 198,397, according to the 2010 census. Tacoma is the second-largest city in the Puget Sound area and the third largest in the state. Tacoma also serves as the center of business activity for the South Sound region, which has a population of around 1 million people.", "Due to Western Washington's large population, Democrats usually fare better statewide. The Seattle metropolitan combined statistical area, home to almost two-thirds of Washington's population, generally delivers stronger Democratic margins than most other parts of Western Washington. This is especially true of King County, home to Seattle itself and almost a third of the state's population.", "Seattle’s population hit 565,000 in 1965 before economic realities began to draw baby boomers out of the city center and into the cheaper housing available in the suburbs. By 1970, the population of the rest of King County had passed Seattle’s. It’s still twice as large today.", "f you are interested in moving to Greater Seattle because you have a job offer, congratulations! If you are now, or will be looking for work, the good news is that the Seattlearea’s job market is among the strongest in the nation for job growth. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the Seattle-area saw an estimated 3 percent rise in job growth over the year, making it one of the fastest-growing large metropolitan areas in the U.S. The Seattle-area job market is industrially diverse, and is home to a wide range of businesses, with a particularly strong presence in high-tech industry sectors such as information technology and advanced manufacturing. Because employment is a key element in determining quality of life, it is important to feel out the labor market to see if it is a good fit for you and your interests. To help you see where you might fit into the local economy, we have compiled a list of top jobs in King County. These are some of the occupations that are expected to see a relatively high number of job openings and above-average growth rates through 2023.", "In April 2004, the City Council voted to defer a decision on Mayor Nickels' proposal to designate the West Hill and North Highline neighborhoods, part of unincorporated King County, as potential annexation areas (PAAs) for at least a year. Because of the tax revolt that took place in Washington in the late 1990s and early 21st century, the county's budget has been reduced and the county has said it is unlikely to be able to maintain adequate levels of funding for urban services in unincorporated areas. The nearby city of Burien, however, has issued a 2004 draft report for its own annexation of all or part of North Highline.", "o respond to residents’ health care needs, Washington State and area counties have established various public health services. The Washington State Department of Health at www.doh.wa.gov provides helpful information regarding health related topics, as well as a provider credential search system. The Health Systems Quality Assurance Division, at (360) 236-4700, answers questions regarding complaints or claims against practitioners. The Consumer Hotline at (800) 525-0127 addresses concerns about public health issues, provides referral numbers, and directs residents to resources in their area. Local County Medical Societies also provide referral and community resource information: King County, (206) 621-9393, www.kcmsociety.org. Kitsap County, (360) 6892928, www.kcmedical.org. Snohomish County, (206) 956-3624, www.snohomishmedical.org. The Senior Information and Assistance Program directs seniors to counseling, nutrition specialists, housing assistance, transportation help, day centers, and retirement residences. (206) 4485757, www.seniorservices.org. Greater Seattle’s health care options also include quality dental services. The Seattle-King County Dental Society, (206) 4437607, www.skcds.org or the Washington State Dental Association, (206) 448-1914 or (800) 448-3368, www.wsda.org offer information and referrals.", "School District: Everett School Dist. No. 2, (425) 385-4000 Utilities: Gas: PSE, (425) 454-6363, (888) 225-5773 Electricity: Snohomish County PUD No. 1, (425) 783-1000 Water/Sewer: Alderwood Water Dist. (425) 743-4605. Silver Lake Water Dist. (425) 337-3647 Telephone: Frontier, (877) 462-8188 Refuse Collection: Waste Management, (425) 481-1100, (800) 592-9995 Typical Tax Rate: $11.07/$1,000 assessed valuation Median Household Income: $88,770 Average Rent: 2bd $1,600 Median Prices: Homes $468,000 Condos $299,254 Est. Travel Time/Distance To: Seattle=30 mins/22 mi. Bellevue=27 mins/19 mi.", "No. 4, (425) 335-1500 Utilities: Gas: PSE, (888) 225-5773 Electricity: Snohomish County PUD No. 1, (425) 783-1000 Water: Snohomish County PUD, (425) 783-8300 Sewer: Lake Stevens Sewer Dist., (425) 334-8588 Telephone: Frontier, (877) 462-8188 Refuse Collection: Republic Services, (425) 778-0188. Annexed areas - Waste Management, (425) 337-1197 Typical Tax Rate: $11.28/$1,000 assessed valuation Median Household Income: $70,345 Average Rent: 2bd $1,300 Median Prices: Homes $320,000; Condos $273,450 Est. Travel Time/Distance To: Seattle=46 mins/36 mi. Bellevue=43 mins/33 mi. Everett=16 mins/8 mi.", "Most Washingtonians live in the Western Corridor, a broad strip in western Washington running north-south between the Coast and Cascade ranges. The leading city in the Western Corridor is Seattle, with an estimated 2004 population of 571,480. Other leading cities with their 2004 population estimates are Spokane, 196,721; Tacoma , 196,094; Vancouver, 155,053; and Bellevue, 116,914. The Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue metropolitan area had an estimated 2004 population of 3,166,828.", "Everett is the county seat of and the largest city in Snohomish County, Washington, United States. Named for Everett Colby, son of founder Charles L. Colby, it lies 25 mi north of Seattle. The city had a total population of 103,019 at the 2010 census, making it the 7th largest in the state and fifth-largest in the Puget Sound area. It received an All-America City Award in 2002.", "(206) 345-5552 Refuse Collection, Recycling, & Yard Waste: Republic Services, (206) 682-9730 Typical Tax Rate: $8.35/$1,000 assessed valuation Median Household Income: $125,651 Average Rent: 2bd $2,550 Median Prices: Homes $1,137,500 Condos $410,000 Est. Travel Time/Distance To: Seattle=11 mins/7 mi. Bellevue=13 mins/6 mi.", "Seattle is a charter city, with a Mayor–Council form of government. From 1911 to 2013, Seattle's nine city councillors were elected at large, rather than by geographic subdivisions. For the 2015 election, this changed to a hybrid system of seven district members and two at large members as a result of a ballot measure passed on November 5, 2013. The only other elected offices are the city attorney and Municipal Court judges. All city offices are technically non-partisan. ", "Alki................................................ $2,200 Ballard.......................................... $2,300 Beacon Hill.................................$2,000 Belltown...................................... $2,800 Bitterlake..................................... $1,500 Capitol Hill.................................. $2,550 Columbia City............................ $2,300 Eastlake........................................ $2,250 First Hill........................................ $2,400 Fremont....................................... $2,300 Green Lake................................. $2,350 Greenwood................................ $1,900 Lake City...................................... $1,600", "Seattle: Seattle, with its iconic Space Needle still reigning from the 1962 World's Fair, is the grande dame of the Pacific Northwest, perhaps only surpassed on the \"appeal\" scale by Victoria, British Columbia. Seattle's busy port and important international airport, as well as Boeing headquarters, assure its place as a world capital.", "Seattle annually sends a team of spoken word slammers to the National Poetry Slam and considers itself home to such performance poets as Buddy Wakefield, two-time Individual World Poetry Slam Champ; Anis Mojgani, two-time National Poetry Slam Champ; and Danny Sherrard, 2007 National Poetry Slam Champ and 2008 Individual World Poetry Slam Champ. Seattle also hosted the 2001 national Poetry Slam Tournament. The Seattle Poetry Festival is a biennial poetry festival that (launched first as the Poetry Circus in 1997) has featured local, regional, national, and international names in poetry. ", "Here are this week's hot tickets in the Seattle area. Check back every Thursday at noon, PST for stellar events that fit the interests of locals and tourists alike. TONIGHT! Thursday, February 16 I WXPFL Pencil Fighting Championships at the ReBar!&nb...", "LITTLE ROCK, Ark., Nov. 21 -- Retro Television Network (RTN), which is nationally owned and distributed by Equity Media Holdings Corporation (Nasdaq: EMDA), announced today that it will partner with COX Television to bring RTN programming to Seattle, the nation's 14th largest television market. The new affiliate will launch in January on a digital stream of KIRO-TV, Seattle's CBS affiliate.", "Clark County Superior Court:1200 Franklin St, PO Box 5000, Vancouver, WA 98666-5000 Phone: 360-397-2150 Fax: 360-397-6078", "Reading The Ballard County Weekly is a thumb’s up deal! If you are not currently subscribing to the Weekly, then subscribe today!", "Not quite where it all began: No 1912 Pike Place, Seattle, is actually the second location of the ‘original’ Starbucks cafe", "Pat Cashman: There were certain truths about Seattle that resonated in other towns around the country." ]

[ 0.71875, 0.55029296875, -0.50146484375, -1.3818359375, -2.79296875, -3.07421875, -3.595703125, -3.71875, -4.2890625, -4.37890625, -4.53515625, -5.41796875, -5.6640625, -5.79296875, -5.875, -6.84375, -7.171875, -7.375, -7.3984375, -7.61328125, -7.76171875, -8.09375, -8.421875, -8.5546875, -8.9609375, -9.2890625, -9.7734375, -10.1328125, -10.2265625, -10.3984375, -10.4609375, -10.484375 ]

[ "Since then, the UK has continued this tradition of technical creativity. Alan Turing (leading role in the creation of the modern computer), Scottish inventor Alexander Graham Bell (the first practical telephone), John Logie Baird (world's first working television system, first electronic colour television), [http://www.bairdtelevision.com/colour.html The World's First High Definition Colour Television System]. McLean, p. 196. Frank Whittle (inventor of the jet engine), Charles Babbage (devised the idea of the computer), Alexander Fleming (discovered penicillin). The UK remains one of the leading providers of technological innovations today, providing inventions as diverse as the World Wide Web by Sir Tim Berners-Lee, and Viagra by British scientists at Pfizer's Sandwich, Kent. Sir Alec Jeffreys pioneered DNA fingerprinting. Pioneers of fertility treatment Patrick Steptoe and Robert Edwards, successfully achieved conception through IVF (world's first \"test tube baby\"). In the mid 1960s, John Shepherd-Barron invented the cash machine (ATM) and James Goodfellow invented Personal identification number (PIN) technology, and on 27 June 1967, the world's first cash machine was established outside a branch of Barclays Bank in Enfield, north London. ", "* June 27 – The first automatic cash machine (voucher-based) is installed, in the office of the Barclays Bank in Enfield, England.", "Jun 27: First withdrawal from a cash dispenser (ATM) in Britain at Enfield branch of Barclays", "In 1963, the original device was replaced by more modern recording technology using a magnetic drum. The company that manufactured the rotating magnetic drum part of the Speaking Clock was Roberts & Armstrong (Engineers) Ltd of North Wembley. They took on the licence from the British Post Office to manufacture complete clocks for the telecommunications authorities of Denmark, Sweden and the Republic of Ireland, and a third (spare) clock for the British Post Office. This latter was installed in Bow Street, London. The European clocks were modified for the 24 hour system by lengthening the drum and adding extra heads. Roberts & Armstrong subcontracted the electronic aspects to the Synchronome Company of Westbury. The clocks were designed to run non-stop for 20 years. This system gave way to the present digital system in 1984, which uses a built-in crystal oscillator and microprocessor logic control. The complete apparatus comprises solid-state microchips, occupies no more shelf space than a small suitcase and has no moving parts at all. The BT service is assured to be accurate to five thousandths of a second.", "As an addendum The First ATM Machines was developed simultaneously in Sweden and Britain which both developed their own cash machines during the early 1960s. The first of these that was put into use was by Barclays Bank in Enfield Town in North London on 27th  June 1967. This machine was the first in the UK and was used by English comedy actor Reg Varney, so as to ensure maximum publicity for the machines that were to become mainstream in the UK. This instance of the invention has been credited to John Shepherd-Baron . and other engineers at De La Rue Instruments who contributed to the design and development of that machine. Nevertheless, Shepherd-Barron was awarded an OBE in the 2005 New Years Honour's List. His design used special checks that were matched with a personal identification number, as plastic bank cards had not yet been invented.  ", "Barclays launched the first credit card in the UK, Barclaycard, in 1966. On 27 June 1967, Barclays deployed the world's first cash machine, in Enfield. The British actor Reg Varney was the first person to use the machine.", "Scottish inventor James Goodfellow was intimately involved in the development of an alternative cash dispenser design, using PIN technology (which he invented while working at Smiths Industries at the request of Chubb Locks and patented with Anthony Davies as GB1197183 and US3905461). This PIN sequence was cited by subsequent patents as \"prior art device\" and resembled modern ATMs more than Shepherd-Barron's machine. However, Shepherd-Barron's machine (the idea for which he claimed to have had in the bath, after having been locked out of his bank) was the first to be installed (but only for a few days).", "Shepherd-Barron’s machine was developed when he was managing director of De La Rue Instruments – a subsidiary of the banknote-printing firm. The first model was installed at a branch of Barclays Bank in Enfield, London, where it was inaugurated on June 27th, 1967, by Reg Varney, star of the television sitcom On the Buses.", "The first machine to go into operation was at a branch of Barclays Bank in Enfield, north London. It was opened with a ceremonial flourish by Reg Varney, star of the sitcom On the Buses, in 1967, and the bank still boasts a small blue plaque to commemorate the event.", "1987 Debit cards introduced: Barclays were the first UK bank on the scene issuing the Visa Delta card under the Connect brand in June.", "Anniversaries: 1779: The first Luddite riots began in Manchester against the introduction of machinery for spinning cotton; 1899: The first petrol-driven motor bus began operating in London; 1940: Birth of Beatle John Lennon; 1947: The first call between a car telephone and a phone in a plane was made above Wilmington, Delaware, in the United States; 1967: Legendary Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara captured and shot in the village of La Higuera near Vallegrande in Bolivia; 1995: Death of former Prime Minister Lord Home of the Hirsel.", "As the personal computer became feasible in the early 1970s, the idea of a portable personal computer followed. A \"personal, portable information manipulator\" was imagined by Alan Kay at Xerox PARC in 1968 [2] and described in his 1972 paper as the \" Dynabook \". [3]", "The Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM), nicknamed Baby, was the world's first stored-program computer . It was built at the Victoria University of Manchester by Frederic C. Williams , Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill, and ran its first program on 21 June 1948. [1]", "John Adrian Shepherd-Barron, OBE (23 June 1925 – 15 May 2010) was a British inventor, who pioneered the development of the cash machine, sometimes referred to as the Automated Teller Machine or ATM.", "As the personal computer became feasible in the early 1970s, the idea of a portable personal computer followed. In particular, a \"personal, portable information manipulator\" was imagined by Alan Kay at Xerox PARC in 1968 [7] and described in his 1972 paper as the \" Dynabook \" [8] .", "The computer is especially historically significant because of its pioneering inclusion of index registers, an innovation which made it easier for a program to read sequentially through an array of words in memory. Thirty-four patents resulted from the machine's development, and many of the ideas behind its design were incorporated in subsequent commercial products such as the and 702 as well as the Ferranti Mark 1. The chief designers, Frederic C. Williams and Tom Kilburn, concluded from their experiences with the Mark 1 that computers would be used more in scientific roles than in pure mathematics. In 1951 they started development work on Meg, the Mark 1's successor, which would include a floating point unit.", "1959 - Britain’s first drive-in bank (National Westminster Bank in Prince’s Road). First mass x-ray campaign.", "To meet the growing computing needs of the nuclear weapons program, the Laboratory jointly developed with IBM the Stretch, IBM’s first transistorized computer. The Stretch, delivered in 1961, retained the title of world’s fastest computer into the mid-1960s. Using this technology, IBM began to focus less on government contracts and more on building computers for thousands of commercial clients.", "The Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine, nicknamed Baby, was the world's first stored-program computer. It was built at the Victoria University of Manchester by Frederic C. Williams, Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill, and ran its first program on 21 June 1948. It was designed as a testbed for the Williams tube the first random-access digital storage device. Although the computer was considered \"small and primitive\" by the standards of its time, it was the first working machine to contain all of the elements essential to a modern electronic computer. As soon as the SSEM had demonstrated the feasibility of its design, a project was initiated at the university to develop it into a more usable computer, the Manchester Mark 1.", "\"By March 1947 Tom Kilburn had discovered a different and better method of storing information, more suited to storing a large number of bits on the same tube. By November 1947 they had succeeded in storing 2048 bits for a period of hours, having investigated a number of variations on storing a set of bits (dot-dash, dash-dot, defocus-focus, focus-defocus)\" ( http://www.computer50.org/mark1/new.baby.html#tootill , accessed 10-09-2011).", "The world's first Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) is installed at the Rockville Centre, Long Island at a branch of Chemical Bank, 1969.  It was invented by Don Wetzel. ", "Now we move on to the largest gallery in the NMC. This is where we see the real giants of the emerging computer age - such as the Harwell Dekatron (sometimes known as \"The Witch\") - before moving on to the mainframes of the 1960s and '70s.", "In 1972 the BBC demonstrated their system, now known as Ceefax (\"see facts\", the departmental stationery used the \"Cx\" logo), on various news shows. The Independent Television Authority (ITA) announced their own service in 1973, known as ORACLE (Optional Reception of Announcements by Coded Line Electronics). Not to be outdone, the GPO immediately announced a 1200/75 baud videotext service under the name Prestel .", "That distinction goes to the Harwell CADET of 1955, built by the electronics division of the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell. The design featured a 64-kilobyte magnetic drum memory store with multiple moving heads that had been designed at the National Physical Laboratory, UK. By 1953 this team had transistor circuits operating to read and write on a smaller magnetic drum from the Royal Radar Establishment. The machine used a low clock speed of only 58 kHz to avoid having to use any valves to generate the clock waveforms. ", "In 1972 the BBC demonstrated their system, now known as Ceefax (\"see facts\", the departmental stationery used the \"Cx\" logo), on various news shows. The Independent Television Authority (ITA) announced their own service in 1973, known as ORACLE (Optional Reception of Announcements by Coded Line Electronics). Not to be outdone, the GPO immediately announced a 1200/75 baud videotext service under the name Prestel.", "For use in a binary digital computer, the tube had to be capable of storing either one of two states at each of its memory locations, corresponding to the binary digits (bits) 0 and 1. It exploited the positive or negative electrostatic charge generated by displaying either a dash or a dot at any position on the CRT screen, a phenomenon known as secondary emission . A dash generated a positive charge, and a dot a negative charge, either of which could be picked up by a detector plate in front of the screen; a negative charge represented 0, and a positive charge 1. The charge dissipated in about 0.2 seconds, but it could be automatically refreshed from the data picked up by the detector.", "During the same period before the war Flowers explored the idea of using valves as high-speed switches. Valves were used originally for purposes such as amplifying radio signals. The output would vary continuously in proportion to a continuously varying input, for example a signal representing speech. Digital computation imposes different requirements. What is needed for the purpose of representing the two binary digits, 1 and 0, is not a continuously varying signal but plain ‘on’ and ‘off’ (or ‘high’ and ‘low’). It was the novel idea of using the valve as a very fast switch, producing pulses of current (pulse for 1, no pulse for 0) that was the route to high-speed digital computation. During 1938-9 Flowers worked on an experimental high-speed electronic data store embodying this idea. The store was intended to replace relay-based data stores in telephone exchanges. Flowers’ long-term goal was that electronic equipment should replace all the relay-based systems in telephone exchanges.", "A second generation computer, the IBM 1401, captured about one third of the world market. IBM installed more than ten thousand 1401s between 1960 and 1964.", "He was the development engineer on ATMs in 1965 and holds a 1966 patent for it. His machine was tested a month later than Shepherd-Barron's, however.", "Meanwhile the General Post Office (GPO), whose telecommunications division later became British Telecom , had been researching a similar concept since the late 1960s, known as Viewdata . Unlike Teledata which was a one-way service carried in the existing TV signal, Viewdata was a two-way system using telephones. Since the Post Office owned the telephones, this was considered to be an excellent way to drive more customers to use the phones.", "Meanwhile, the General Post Office (GPO), whose telecommunications division later became British Telecom, had been researching a similar concept since the late 1960s, known as Viewdata. Unlike Teledata which was a one-way service carried in the existing TV signal, Viewdata was a two-way system using telephones. Since the Post Office owned the telephones, this was considered to be an excellent way to drive more customers to use the phones.", "The engineer Tommy Flowers joined the telecommunications branch of the General Post Office in 1926. While working at the research station in Dollis Hill in the 1930s, he began to explore the possible use of electronics for the telephone exchange. Experimental equipment that he built in 1934 went into operation 5 years later, converting a portion of the telephone exchange network into an electronic data processing system, using thousands of vacuum tubes." ]

[ 2.65625, 1.3203125, 1.2197265625, -0.179931640625, -0.20556640625, -0.63720703125, -1.7373046875, -2.56640625, -3.185546875, -3.2265625, -3.443359375, -3.666015625, -4.1484375, -4.3203125, -4.41015625, -4.6875, -5.265625, -5.41015625, -6.05859375, -6.46484375, -6.62109375, -6.73828125, -6.76953125, -6.85546875, -6.8828125, -7.23046875, -7.76953125, -7.80078125, -8.0390625, -8.265625, -8.296875, -8.9375 ]

[ "Helen Beatrix Potter is a children’s author who was born on July 28, 1866 to Rupert and Helen Potter. She was born in London, England and as a British author, wrote and illustrated more than 20 children's books starring Peter Rabbit, Jemima Puddle-Duck, and Benjamin Bunny. She lived what one may describe as a solitary childhood spending holidays in the country.  ", "The Tale of Peter Rabbit is a British children's book written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter that follows mischievous and disobedient young Peter Rabbit as he is chased about the garden of Mr. McGregor. He escapes and returns home to his mother who puts him to bed after dosing him with camomile tea. The tale was written for five-year-old Noel Moore, son of Potter's former governess Annie Carter Moore, in 1893. It was revised and privately printed by Potter in 1901 after several publishers' rejections but was printed in a trade edition by Frederick Warne & Co. in 1902. The book was a success, and multiple reprints were issued in the years immediately following its debut. It has been translated into 36 languages and with 45 million copies sold it is one of the best-selling books of all time. ", "Beatrix Potter (1866-1943) created a series of children's books including The Tale of Peter Rabbit (1902), Jemima Puddle-Duck , T he Tale of Tom Kitten , The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin , The Tale of Mr. Jeremy Fisher , The Tale of Benjamin Bunny , The Tailor of Gloucester , and Cecily Parsley's Nursery Rhymes (1922). The Tale of Peter Rabbit has sold more than 15 million copies. The Peter Rabbit books by Beatrix Potter have sold more than 150 million copies.", "The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck is a children's book written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter. It was first published by Frederick Warne & Co. in July 1908. Potter composed the book at Hill Top, a working farm in the Lake District she bought in 1905. Following the purchase, her works began to focus on country and village life, incorporating large casts of animal characters and sinister villains. Jemima Puddle-Duck was the first of her books set wholly at the farm with background illustrations based on the farm buildings and yard, and nearby locales.", "Beatrix Potter is best known for her beautifully illustrated children's books of Peter Rabbit, Jemima Puddle-Duck and friends. She spent many childhood holidays in the Lake District and these influenced her work. Squirrel Nutkin sailed on Derwentwater and Hawkshead was the setting for The Tale of Johnny Townmouse.", "“Once upon a time, there were four little Rabbits, and their names were Flopsy, Mopsy, Cotton-tail, and Peter…” so begins a series of delightful tales of the lives and adventures of woodland creatures and farm animals.   Penned by Beatrix Potter at the turn of the 20th century, these examples of good imaginative literature have retained their charm and attractiveness to children and adults a century after their publication.  The first title in the series, and the only one with which many deprived readers are familiar, is The Tale of Peter Rabbit.", "The story of Jemima Puddle-Duck The gentleman increased their eyes above their magazine and searched curiously at Jemima - quot;Madam maybe you have destroyed your path? quot; said he. Author : Beatrix PotterFormat : Paperback.Condition : Used. No markings or tears proportions : 10.5cm x 14cm x 0.5cm About Beatix Potter Beatrix Potter was created in South Kensington London on 28 July 1866. Educated home by a succession of governesses she have little possibility to combine with other kiddies. Also the girl more youthful cousin Bertram was seldom at home; he had been delivered as a boy to boarding school leaving Beatrix alone together many animals.She had frogs newts ferrets as well as a pet bat. She also have two rabbits - 1st ended up being Benjamin who she referred to as an impudent cheeky little thing whilst the second ended up being Peter whom she took every-where with her on just a little contribute even in the occasional outing. Potter watched the pets all day on end sketching them and developing her skills as an artist.Beatrix Potter s dad is Rupert William Potter (1832-1914) boy of Edmund Potter. Rupert taught as a barrister but invested his days at", "Beatrix Potter, an English children book author and illustrator, is best known for her short tales such as The Tale of Peter Rabbit.", "British author and artist Beatrix Potter (1866 1943) wrote and illustrated many children's books in the late nineteenth century. She is best known for her enchanting tales and endearing drawings of woodland creatures in human clothes, most notably Peter Rabbit.", "Beatrix Potter - The Complete Tales 23 Stories complete plus Unabridged Get additional Beatrix Potter Audio CD click here Other Childrens Audio Books click here Beatrix Potter The Complete Tales - Audio Book CD Brand New : 6 CDs A fabulous six-CD sound box-set containing the whole assortment of stories by Beatrix Potter complete plus unabridged. The twenty-three stories inside this giftset have not lost their recognition plus market inside their millions all over the planet. Meet again the well-known characters which youngsters love plus love... PETER RABBIT SQUIRREL NUTKIN THE FLOPSY BUNNIES MRS TIGGY-WINKLE TOM KITTEN JEREMY FISHER JEMIMA PUDDLE-DUCK plus a lot more. These stories are wonderfully brought with existence with a talented cast of visitors including Patricia Routledge Timothy West Michael Hordern Janet Maw plus Rosemary Leach. Regarding the Author Beatrix Potter Helen Beatrix Potter (28 July 1866 - 22 December 1943) was an English writer illustrator mycologist plus conservationist whom was right acknowledged for", "The Tale of Peter Rabbit (1902) - was the first of Beatrix Potter's books to be published, in 1902, and concerns  the naughty Peter Rabbit and his adventure in Mr McGregor's garden. The first issue was self published with black and white illustrations and distributed to friends and family. It as then taken up by Warne and published with colour illustrations.", "Beatrix Potter was an English writer, illustrator, all-natural scientist plus conservationist ideal acknowledged for her imaginative children's books, featuring animals like those inside The Tale of Peter Rabbit, that celebrated the British land plus nation lifetime. Born into a rich Unitarian", "Beatrix Potter loved the countryside and spent much of her childhood drawing and studying animals. The Tale of Peter Rabbit¸ published in 1902, was her first book, expanded from an illustrated letter she had sent to a young friend. Beatrix Potter went on to publish more than 20 tales and collections of rhymes.", "Literature for children developed as a separate category of literature especially in the Victorian era. Some works became internationally known, such as those of Lewis Carroll, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and its sequel Through the Looking-Glass. At the end of the Victorian era and leading into the Edwardian era, Beatrix Potter was an author and illustrator, best known for her children's books, which featured animal characters. In her thirties, Potter published The Tale of Peter Rabbit in 1902. Potter eventually went on to publish 23 children's books and become a wealthy woman. Michael O. Tunnell and James S. Jacobs, professors of children’s literature at Brigham Young University, write, “Potter was the first to use pictures as well as words to tell the story, incorporating coloured illustration with text, page for page.” Another classic of the period is Anna Sewell's animal novel Black Beauty (1877).", "Buchan, Elizabeth. Beatrix Potter: The Story of the Creator of Peter Rabbit. London: Frederick Warne, 1998. Print. Juvenile non-fiction; biography.", "Much loved by generations of children for her illustrated animal tales, Beatrix Potter was a regular visitor to Wales. She often stayed with her uncle, Fred Burton, at his home, Gwaenynog Hall in Denbighshire, where she would would sit in the garden and sketch. It was here that she created The Tale of the Flopsy Bunnies. Fred’s descendants, who still own the house, open the garden each summer, while Peter Rabbit’s extended family still get up to mischief among the lovely, Victorian-style borders.", "Beatrix Potter's career as a children's author and illustrator was launched in 1900 when she revised a tale written in 1893 about a humanized rabbit, fashioned a dummy book in imitation of Helen Bannerman's 1899 bestseller Little Black Sambo, and privately published her work in December 1901 after a series of publishers' rejections. Frederick Warne & Co. had rejected the tale but, eager to compete in the burgeoning and lucrative small format children's book market, reconsidered and accepted the \"bunny book\" (as the firm called it) following the endorsement of their prominent children's book artist L. Leslie Brooke. Potter agreed to colour her pen and ink illustrations for the trade edition, and chose the then-new Hentschel three-colour process for reproducing her watercolours. On 2 October 1902 The Tale of Peter Rabbit was released. ", "More animal stories such as \"The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin\" (1903) and \"The Tale of Benjamin Bunny\" came out shortly after \"The Tale of Peter Rabbit\" (1904). In 1905 Norman Warne proposed to her but passed away shortly after this before they were able to get married; her parents did not approve of her marrying him. She ended up buying Hill Top Farm that year. In 1907 she published \"The Tale of Tom Kitten\" and in 1908 \"The Tale of Samuel Whiskers.\"", "Beatrix Potter illustrated eight scenes from the Uncle Remus stories between 1893 and 1896, coinciding with her first drawings of Peter Rabbit. Potter's family had favored the Uncle Remus stories during her youth, and she was particularly impressed by the way Harris turned \"the ordinary into the extraordinary.\" Potter borrowed some of the language from the Uncle Remus stories, adopting the words: \"cottontail,\" \"puddle-duck,\" and \"lippity-(c)lippity\" into her own work. ", "The resumé: Back when we were just a little columnist, our mom and dad used to read us the adventures of this naughty little bunny to send us to Dreamland. Peter was easily the most famous anthropomorphic critter featured in the classic children’s stories created at the dawn of the 20th century by English author and illustrator Beatrix Potter.", "Her practical sense supervened. She provided colour, worked with the publishers on proofs and emendations – and then a great deal more. As The Tale of Peter Rabbit was published on 2 October 1902, she already had in the hopper The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin (look out for mushrooms) and The Tailor of Gloucester (her own all-time favourite). She was 36 years old, and so began the universal author.", "Potter was interested in all aspects of the book's production, carefully editing Warne's proofs for both the text and illustrations, and making recommendations for the design of the endpapers and the colour binding. Publication began in October 1902 with a first edition of 8000 copies, a further 12,000 copies were printed in November and 8220 copies in December. Within a year Warne was already planning a sixth printing. Beatrix was astonished: 'The public must be fond of rabbits! What an appalling quantity of Peter'. Widely considered to be one of the most popular children's books of all time, The Tale of Peter Rabbit has gone on to sell an astonishing 40 million copies worldwide.", "The Tales of Beedle the Bard is a book of children's stories by British author J. K. Rowling. There is a storybook of the same name mentioned in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, the last book of the Harry Potter series. ", "Alan Alexander \"A. A.\" Milne (; 18 January 1882 – 31 January 1956) was an English author, best known for his books about the teddy bear Winnie-the-Pooh and for various poems. Milne was a noted writer, primarily as a playwright, before the huge success of Pooh overshadowed all his previous work. Milne served in both World Wars, joining the British Army in World War I, and was a captain of the British Home Guard in World War II.", "In her 20s that she sought to try and get her children’s book and drawings published. Her initial attempts proved unsuccessful, but she persevered and eventually it was taken on by Frederick Warne & Company. The first book was published in 1902, when Beatrix was 36. The publishers did not have much hope it would sell many copies; they actually gave the project to their youngest brother, Norman, as a kind of test for his first project. However, Norman proved to be a good choice. He warmed to both the book and Beatrix. He was determined to make a success of the book and developed a good working relationship with Beatrix as they pored over the individual details of the book. It was Norman who insisted that each drawing of Peter Rabbit would be in colour. Beatrix insisted that the book remain small, so that it would be easy for children to hold. By the end of the year, 28,000 copies were in print.", "The Tale of Mr. Jeremy Fisher is a children's book, written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter. It was published by Frederick Warne & Co. in July 1906. Jeremy's origin lies in a letter she wrote to a child in 1893. She revised it in 1906, and moved its setting from the River Tay to the English Lake District. The tale reflects her love for the Lake District and her admiration for children's illustrator Randolph Caldecott.", "Sir James Matthew Barrie, 1st Baronet, OM (9 May 1860 – 19 June 1937) was a Scottish author and dramatist, best remembered today as the creator of Peter Pan.", "Mrs. Tittlemouse actually made her debut in 1909 in Potter's The Tale of The Flopsy Bunnies where she rescued the six children of Benjamin and Flopsy Bunny from Mr. McGregor's grasp and was rewarded for her heroism with a quantity of rabbit wool at Christmas. In the last illustration, she is wearing a cloak and hood, and a muff and mittens fashioned from the wool. Mrs. Tittlemouse is a key (not a central) character in the tale, but a character incompletely personified, and one whose story Potter chose to develop in 1910. ", "Alan Alexander \"A. A.\" Milne (18 January 1882 – 31 January 1956), was an English author, best known for his books about the teddy bear Winnie-the-Pooh and for various children's poems. Milne was a noted writer, primarily as a playwright, before the huge success of Pooh overshadowed all his previous work.", "Potter, Helen Beatrix. The Tale of Benjamin Bunny. New York : F. Warne & Co. Ltd, 1904.", "The writer penned about 40 books for children, including perennial favourites The Railway Children and Five Children and It, and is credited by some as inventing the children's adventure story. In 1884, the political activist was among co-founders of the Fabian Society, the precursor to the Labour Party.", "85 Which well-known children's author, born in 1859 and died in 1932, was also Secretary of the Bank of England?" ]

[ 9.53125, 9.21875, 9.0859375, 8.3203125, 8.03125, 6.50390625, 6.171875, 6.0546875, 5.890625, 5.8046875, 5.640625, 5.3203125, 4.65234375, 4.47265625, 2.73046875, 2.203125, 2.029296875, 0.21240234375, 0.058502197265625, 0.0080108642578125, -2.14453125, -2.521484375, -3.26171875, -4.94921875, -5.23828125, -5.41015625, -5.84375, -5.9453125, -5.98046875, -6.8984375, -8.078125, -8.859375 ]

[ "The Declaration justified the independence of the United States by listing colonial grievances against King George III , and by asserting certain natural rights, including a right of revolution. Having served its original purpose in announcing independence, the text of the Declaration was initially ignored after the American Revolution. Its stature grew over the years, particularly the second sentence, a sweeping statement of individual human rights: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. This sentence has been called \"one of the best-known sentences in the English language\" and \"the most potent and consequential words in American history\".", "\"All men are created equal. They are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness\".", "“All men are created equal. They are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.”", "\"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.\"", "`... all [wo]men are created equal ... endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights ... [and] among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.` US` Declaration of Independance, July 4th, 1776", "The American Declaration of Independence, adopted on July 4, 1776, contains these famous words: “We hold these truths to be self-evident: That all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness” (emphasis added throughout).", "The gay & lesbian government think this analysis sufficient reason for an independent gay and lesbian homeland, since - the sovereigns words resemble the American Declaration of Independence: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life liberty and the pursuit of happiness.", "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness ....", "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form as to them shall seem most likely to affect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and, accordingly, all experience hath shown that mankind are most disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But, when a long train of abuses and usurpation, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. ", "\"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. - That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.\" This very quote from the Declaration proves very important in both its order and meaning. \"We hold these truths to be Self-evident.\" In this section of the passage, as the first line, the authors allow the people to understand that reason offers the foundation of the proposal to come next. They declare the truths that are subsequent are self-evident, which provides for the idea that they are deductible by reason. This idea designates that the Founders are functioning contained by theoretical and idealistic tradition of natural rights. This perspective gives that there is a superior law of right and wrong that may be utilized to develop moral laws……………… finish talking about each line of quote and its meaning? Or talk about the drafts and popular culture?", "We hold these truths to he self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments arc instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, that whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government....", "Contrasted with the writings of Hobbes and Austin were the writings of John Locke in England and Thomas Jefferson in America. In his Second Treatise on Government (1690), Locke established the idea that all people are born with the inalienable right to life, liberty, and property. Locke's ruminations about individual rights that humans possess in the state of nature prior to the creation of government foreshadowed Jefferson's Declaration of Independence. In 1776, the Declaration of Independence announced the self-evident truth that \"all men are created equal\" and are \"endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable Rights,\" including the right to \"Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.\"", "The Declaration of Independence was the passionate manifesto of a revolutionary war, and its doctrine of equal human rights a glittering generality... It would have been perfectly easy to say, 'We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all white men of the European race upon this continent are created equal — to their brethren across the water; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; but that yellow, blacky brown, and red men have no such rights'. It would have been very easy to say this. Our fathers did not say it, because they did not mean it. They were men who meant what they said, and who said what they meant, and meaning all men, they said all men. They were patriots asserting a principle and ready to die for it, not politicians pettifogging for the presidency. ~ George William Curtis", "“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.–That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, –That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People”", "More states would be added and the liberty of some Americans was yet to be realized. Despite the deeply saturated stain of slavery, the American Founders had philosophically committed themselves to the proposition that “all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights” – a seed of truth that once planted, would come to full fruition for all Americans.", "We hold these truths to be [sacred and undeniable] selfevident, that all men are created equal and independent; that from that equal creation they derive in rights inherent and inalienables, among which are the preservation of life, and liberty and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these ends, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that whenever any form of government shall become destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing it's powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes: and accordingly all experience hath shewn that mankind are more disposed to suffer while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. but when a long train of abuses and usurpations, begun at a distinguished period, and pursuing invariably the same object evinces a design to [subject] reduce them to arbitrary power, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. --", "This has been called \"one of the best-known sentences in the English language\", containing \"the most potent and consequential words in American history\". The passage came to represent a moral standard to which the United States should strive. This view was notably promoted by Abraham Lincoln, who considered the Declaration to be the foundation of his political philosophy, and argued that the Declaration is a statement of principles through which the United States Constitution should be interpreted. ", "This immortal statement was made in the Declaration of Independence of the United States of America in 1776. In a broader sense, this means: All the peoples on the Earth are equal from birth, all the peoples have a right to live, to be happy and to be free.", "These words, from the Declaration of Independence, express a basic belief held by the founders of the United States", "The Declaration of Independence, drafted by Thomas Jefferson, looked to the \"laws of nature and of natures God\" and to the unalienable rights of men given \"by their Creator\" to justify the colonists break from Great Britain The signers of this historic document acknowledged their trust in God by appealing to \"the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions,\" and pledging to defend the Declaration \"with a firm reliance on the protection of DIVINE PROVIDENCE.\"", "The Declaration of Independence announces the sublime truth , that all power comes from the people. This was a denial, and the first denial of a nation, of the infamous dogma that God confers the right upon one man to govern others. It was the first grand assertion of the dignity of the human race . It declared the governed to be the source of power, and in fact denied the authority of any and all gods. Through the ages of slavery — through the weary centuries of the lash and chain, God was the acknowledged ruler of the world. To enthrone man, was to dethrone God.", "The Declaration of Independence is a gut-felt outcry denouncing the injustice perpetrated on people bonded by the same consanguinity, on the brethren on the other side of the Atlantic, specially by an despotic and insentitive monarch, and detailing the causes for which, regrettably, a separation is both justified and imminent. The language and style in which it is written set a milestone in American historical and literary writing, never again surpassed. In fact, it has withstood the scrutiny of thousands of so-called linguistic purists to their total surprise and frustration. Not a single word has been found out of place, nor any word misused to express a given thought or sentiment. And if we would add the circumstances in which it was written by its creator, Thomas Jefferson, we would conclude that it was indeed a work inspired by Divine Providence.", "32 Essay 2. According to the Declaration of Independence, where do your rights come from? The Creator", "In précis regarding these passages that came from Locke's treatise, there is a evidently identifiable formation of the rights of life, liberty, and property that subsists. Locke overtly preserves the idea that these human rights were fundamental and elemental rights of man, certain by God the Creator. These rights are undeniable due to the fact that they are recognized as an element of the God-given law of nature, and as a result are apparent in life itself. In his recurrent employment of the phrase law of nature, Locke positioned himself in a prosperous and time-privileged custom looking through history to the Bible itself. It is undoubtedly that Locke had the idea in his head a vision that centered around the bible, of the nature of man as created by God. One of the itemized rights evident in the Declaration, pursuit of happiness, is not initiated by Locke, who made use of the word happiness merely three times in the Second Treatise, in fairly limited frameworks. Locke focused as an alternative on the rights of property. The right to pursue happiness, which is thought to be much extensive in possibility, is distinguishable through the Federalist Papers written John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton, influenced by the assumed name Publius. Ultimately, the comprehensiveness of happiness as a conception may be evident in the copious life guaranteed to man by Jesus Christ.", "If it was possible for men who exercise their reason, to believe that the divine Author of our existence intended a part of the human race to hold an absolute property in, and an unbounded power over others, marked out by his infinite goodness and wisdom, as the objects of a legal domination never rightfully resistible, however severe and oppressive, the inhabitants of these Colonies might at least require from the Parliament of Great Britain some evidence, that this dreadful authority over them has been granted to that body. But a reverence for our great Creator, principles of humanity, and the dictates of common sense, must convince all those who reflect upon the subject, that Government was instituted to promote the welfare of mankind, and ought to be administered for the attainment of that end.", "Thomas Jefferson, a Deist, wrote the Declaration of Independence, which opens with a statement of rights deriving, not from the God of Holy Scripture, but Nature's God and the Natural Law.", "Originally designed to influence the sometimes reluctant and uncertain public opinion, both in the colonies and abroad (particularly in France, a potential military ally), the Declaration of Independence was written by Thomas Jefferson and ratified shortly after by the Second Continental Congress on 4 July 1776, two days after that body had officially severed its ties to Great Britain.", "Liberty was the second article of our covenant. It was self-government. It was our Bill of Rights. But it was more. America would be a place where each man could be proud to be himself: stretching his talents, rejoicing in his work, important in the life of his neighbors and his nation. This has become more difficult in a world where change and growth seem to tower beyond the control and even the judgment of men. We must work to provide the knowledge and the surroundings which can enlarge the possibilities of every citizen. The American covenant called on us to help show the way for the liberation of man. And that is today our goal. Thus, if as a nation there is much outside our control, as a people no stranger is outside our hope.", "“In the Declaration of Independence, the King of Great Britain was arraigned before the world for depriving us of trial by jury. This language evinces the purpose of our representatives to risk their lives and their fortunes to secure the ancient right of trial by jury.”", "Resolved, N.C.D. 2. That our ancestors, who first settled these colonies, were at the time of their emigration from the mother country, entitled to all the rights, liberties, and immunities of free and natural- born subjects, within the realm of England.", "Resolved, N.C.D. 2. That our ancestors, who first settled these colonies, were, at the time of their emigration from the mother-country, entitled to all the rights, liberties, and immunities of free and natural-born subjects, within the realm of England.", "Written in 1776 by Thomas Jefferson. It was based on Richard Henry Lee's resolution. The committee that signed it included Ben Franklin, John Adams, Roger Sherman, Robert Livingston, and Jefferson. The document stated the colonies as free and independent states. It says that a government should protect the natural right of its people and if it doesn't the people can abolish it." ]

[ 5.26953125, 4.83984375, 4.6796875, 3.30078125, 3.033203125, 2.875, 2.64453125, 2.525390625, 2.357421875, 2.060546875, 1.76171875, 1.67578125, 1.5107421875, 1.4609375, 0.8115234375, 0.11883544921875, -0.19482421875, -0.6943359375, -0.720703125, -1.2470703125, -2.1875, -2.81640625, -3.20703125, -3.515625, -3.525390625, -3.6171875, -3.931640625, -4.38671875, -4.55859375, -5.12109375, -5.18359375, -5.2578125 ]

[ "Dolly, a Finn Dorset sheep, was born on July 5th, 1996, at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh, Scotland. Her birth, not revealed to the public until February 3rd, 1997, sparked controversy instantly, because Dolly was the world's first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell. Considered one of the most significant scientific breakthroughs ever, Dolly's birth and subsequent survival proved that adult cells can reprogram themselves into a new being. The team that created her, led by Scotsman Ian Wilmut, hoped to create an animal whose cells were genetically young again, rather than prematurely adult; however, when Dolly was reported to have been euthanased on February 14th, 2003, nearly six years after her birth, concern was raised that her progressive lung disease was caused because her cells were already old; she also had premature arthritis. Sheep can normally live to 11 or 12 years of age, and lung disease is not common in younger sheep. There was some speculation as to whether she caught it or not from the other sheep that she was housed with, but that claim has been neither confirmed nor denied.", "Dolly (5 July 1996 – 14 February 2003) was a female domestic sheep, and the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell, using the process of nuclear transfer. She was cloned by Sir Ian Wilmut, Keith Campbell and colleagues at the Roslin Institute, part of the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, and the biotechnology company PPL Therapeutics, based near Edinburgh. The funding for Dolly's cloning was provided by PPL Therapeutics and the UK's Ministry of Agriculture. She was born on 5 July 1996 and died from a progressive lung disease 5 months before her seventh birthday.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2764039.stm \"Dolly the sheep clone dies young\"]. BBC News. 14 February 2003 She has been called \"the world's most famous sheep\" by sources including BBC News and Scientific American. ", "Born on July 5, 1996, Dolly the Sheep was the first mammal to be successfully cloned from an adult cell.", "Dolly, a Finn-Dorset ewe, was the first mammal to have been successfully cloned from an adult somatic cell. Dolly was formed by taking a cell from the udder of her 6-year old biological mother. Dolly's embryo was created by taking the cell and inserting it into a sheep ovum. It took 434 attempts before an embryo was successful. The embryo was then placed inside a female sheep that went through a normal pregnancy. She was cloned at the Roslin Institute in Scotland and lived there from her birth in 1996 until her death in 2003 when she was six. She was born on 5 July 1996 but not announced to the world until 22 February 1997. Her stuffed remains were placed at Edinburgh's Royal Museum, part of the National Museums of Scotland. ", "Cloning is a Misunderstood and Underestimated Science - Cloning is a Misunderstood and Underestimated Science On February 23rd of 1997, an announcement was made that would shake the world and, inevitably, change it forever. Ian Wilmut, an embryologist with a genetic research facility named the Roslin Institute in Scotland, claimed that he and a group of scientists had successfully cloned a sheep. The sheep, named Dolly, was revolutionary in the Bioengineering world because it was the first mammal to be cloned directly from the genetic material of another sheep and was, in essence, an exact replica of its “mother.” Soon after, groups sprung up from all over the world claiming that, they too, had created clones....   [tags: Papers]", "The embryologist at the Roslin Institute in Scotland is the laboratory father of Dolly, the sheep, history's first cloned adult mammal. His team took a single cell from the udder of a sheep and turned it into a viable embryo, mating it with an unfertilised egg implanted in a surrogate mother. The result was Dolly.", "Yes, in 1996 the world's first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep,was named in honour of the singer, or more precisely, her bust. ", "GEORGE RAMSAY, CNN STUDENT NEWS: Today's Shoutout goes out to Mrs. Parga's 8th grade social studies classes at Ruth Musser Middle School in Rancho Cucamonga, California. What was the world's first cloned mammal? Was it a: A) Bear, B) Rat, C) Giraffe or D) Sheep? You've got three seconds -- GO! Dolly the sheep was born in 1996, the first mammal to be cloned from the cells of an adult animal. That's your answer and that's your Shoutout!", "The lamb, Dolly, was an exact genetic replica of the adult female sheep that donated the somatic cell. She was the first-ever mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell.", "The ewe Dolly (July 5, 1996 – February 14, 2003) was the first animal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell, using the process of nuclear transfer.", "1996: Ian Wilmut and his team at the Roslin Institute in Scotland clone the world's first sheep from adult cells, using the mammary cells of a ewe. The lamb born on July 5 is named Dolly after curvaceous country singer Dolly Parton.", "Science takes a giant, if controversial, leap forward as the existence of a sheep named 'Dolly' is announced to the world. Dolly's special status was due to her being the first mammal ever cloned from an adult cell. After her death, she was stuffed and placed in state in the Royal Museum of Scotland.", "Dolly the Sheep became the 1st mammal cloned from and adult cell. Dolly died in 2003.", "Cloning: The Double-Edged Sword - Cloning: The Double-Edged Sword Such a furore was created when the birth of Dolly the sheep; the first successfully cloned mammal, was announced to the world in 1997, that the scientific community was gasping for air. Time and space seemed to have come to a virtual standstill as scientists vigorously, not to mention obsessively, hypothesized the cosmic future potential of Dr. Wilmut's team's revolutionary breakthrough in the dynamic realm of science. The euphoria of the moment, it seems, took some time to settle before scientists began to unravel the possible detrimental ramifications of the discovery....   [tags: Biology]", "* February 22 – In Roslin, Scotland, scientists announce that an adult sheep named Dolly had been successfully cloned, and was born in July 1996.", "• February 22 – In Roslin, Scotland, scientists announce that an adult sheep named Dolly had been successfully cloned, and was born in July 1996.", "Animal cloning from an adult cell is much more difficult than from an embryonic cell. So when scientists working at the Roslin Institute in Scotland produced Dolly, the only lamb born from 277 attempts, it was a major news story around the world.", "Dolly, center, was the world's first cloned sheep. Dolly was located at the Roslin Institute in Scotland. Credit: Karen Kasmauski/Getty Images", "The birth of the sheep Dolly in Scotland in 1996 - the first mammal cloned from an adult - was a landmark, turning the stuff of science fiction into a four-legged reality. Dolly offered a new way of reproducing and genetically modifying animals, a technology some say could ultimately save thousands of lives and generate billions of dollars. Critics, however, say cloning is fraught with too many unknowns and possible hazards. A recent study in the journal \"Science\" reported that scientists doing cloning experiments found that even apparently normal animals develop disorders later in life.Those reservations haven't stopped research.", "* 1996: Dolly the Sheep born as a result of Nuclear transfer, a form of cloning put into practice by Ian Wilmut (born 1944) and Keith Campbell (1954–2012).", "2003 Dolly the Sheep , first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell dies young form a progressive lung disease aged 6", "In Scotland in 1996, the first cloned mammal from adult somatic cells was born. Dolly’s birth proved that the cellular differentiation process was reversible and mature cells could be ‘reprogrammed’ to their newly fertilised state. This discovery paved the way for research into many domains, including stem cell research.", "Now stuffed and on display in Edinburgh, Scotland, what was the first animal to be successfully cloned?", "AZUZ: Animal cloning might have started with a sheep. But since Dolly, scientists claim to have cloned mice, rabbits, pigs, even a horse! And one Florida couple recently turned to the technology to replace a member of the family. Terri Parker of affiliate WPBF has the details.", "Many people first heard of cloning when Dolly the Sheep showed up on the scene in 1997. Artificial cloning technologies have been around for much longer than Dolly, though.", "Dolly is the first mammal to have been successfully cloned from an adult cell. Previous clonings have been from embryo cells.", "Britain: Images of the cloned sheep Dolly scientist performing new experiments at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh.", "Dolly started her life, as with all other cloned animals, in a test tube. Once normal development was confirmed at 6 days, the embryo, that was eventually to become Dolly, was transferred into a surrogate mother.", "When I met the researchers at Roslin they were acutely aware of public suspicion. And they knew it was important to be clear, open and honest about their work. Dolly's creator, Prof Sir Ian Wilmut, could not be any more different from fictional scientists such as Dr Frankenstein or indeed Dr Moreau, who developed human-like hybrids in a story by HG Wells.", "Most of the scientists who undertook cloning research at The Roslin Institute, including Professor Sir Ian Wilmut who headed the group whose work led to Dolly , have moved on to work at different organisations. However, if you are interested in the subject of cloning animals we have produced a series of Cloning FAQs that might interest you.", "Because of the patent application on the cloning process that produced her, Dolly's birth was kept secret for months. Then, on Feb. 27, 1997, a paper titled, ''Viable Offspring Derived from Fetal and Adult Mammalian Cells'' appeared in the British journal Nature, and Dolly became a celebrity.", "Dolly was publicly significant because the effort showed that genetic material from a specific adult cell, programmed to express only a distinct subset of its genes, can be reprogrammed to grow an entirely new organism. Before this demonstration, it had been shown by John Gurdon that nuclei from differentiated cells could give rise to an entire organism after transplantation into an enucleated egg. However, this concept was not yet demonstrated in a mammalian system." ]

[ 7.2890625, 6.54296875, 6.46875, 4.5546875, 4.16796875, 4.0859375, 3.880859375, 3.841796875, 3.833984375, 3.4765625, 3.388671875, 3.328125, 3.009765625, 2.98046875, 2.916015625, 2.86328125, 2.6328125, 2.353515625, 1.759765625, 1.4501953125, 1.44140625, 1.1435546875, 1.1376953125, 0.88330078125, 0.77880859375, 0.67822265625, -1.748046875, -3.1015625, -4.01171875, -4.07421875, -4.7578125, -5.03515625 ]

[ "In optics, the f-number of an optical system expresses the diameter of the entrance pupil in terms of the focal length of the lens; in simpler terms, the f-number is the focal length divided by the \"effective\" aperture diameter.", "where f is the focal length, and D is the diameter of the entrance pupil (effective aperture). It is customary to write f-numbers preceded by , which forms a mathematical expression of the entrance pupil diameter in terms of f and N. For example, if a lens's focal length is 10 mm and its entrance pupil diameter is 5 mm, the f-number is 2, expressed by writing \"2\", and the aperture diameter is equal to f/2, where f is the focal length.", "In photography, the size of the entrance pupil (rather than the size of the physical aperture itself) is used to calibrate the opening and closing of the diaphragm aperture. The f-number (\"relative aperture\"), N, is defined by N = f/EN, where f is the focal length and EN is the diameter of the entrance pupil. Increasing the focal length of a lens (i.e., zooming in) will usually cause the f-number to increase, and the entrance pupil location to move further back along the optical axis.", "Or, to put it another way, Effective Aperture (EA) is the apparent width/diameter of the Entrance Pupil (EP) as measured from outside the front element of the lens. But the EP also has additional properties beyond the EA. And Wikipedia is correct at this point: The width/diameter of the EP is always used to calculate the f-number of a lens. –  Michael Clark Oct 16 '13 at 21:30", "where f is the focal length, and D is the diameter of the entrance pupil. By convention, \"#\" is treated as a single symbol, and specific values of # are written by replacing the number sign with the value. The two ways to increase the f-stop are to either decrease the diameter of the entrance pupil or change to a longer focal length (in the case of a zoom lens, this can be done by simply adjusting the lens). Higher f-numbers also have a larger depth of field due to the lens approaching the limit of a pinhole camera which is able to focus all images perfectly, regardless of distance, but requires very long exposure times. ", "D diameter of the entrance pupil, i.e. diameter of the aperture as seen from the front of the lens N f-number (or f-stop) D = f/N, as in f/5.6 Ne effective f-number, based on geometric factors, but not absorption", "where F = the focal length of the lens and D is the diameter of the pupil. Note that the same units would be used to measure F and D, so that N is dimensionless (the f number is not a distance measurement, but a ratio). Don't get confused between F and N! The quantity F is the focal length of the lens, such as 50 mm; N is the f number, such as 2.8, written f2.8. I'm representing the focal length as a capital F to help alleviate this possible confusion of F and N--which confused me on first reading about this. We can express D in terms of F and N:", "The diameter of a simple lens is called the linear aperture, and the ratio of this aperture to the focal length is called the relative aperture. This latter quantity is more often specified by its reciprocal, called the f-number. Thus, if the focal length is 50 mm and the linear aperture 25 mm, the relative aperture is 0.5 and the f-number is f/2. See Focal length", "Light from the Eyepiece takes two separate paths depending on its origin. If it is sample light (the real image of the sample) the rays emerge from the eyepiece nearly parallel. At their most focused point they form a circle of light approximately 3mm in diameter. This circle (or the circle of light from any lens) is called the Exit Pupil. The distance from the front glass surface to the exit pupil is called the Eye Relief. This is usually 15-17mm, but can be further in High-Eyepoint oculars.", "The effective aperture is expressed by an f-number or f-stop (derived from focal ratio), which is proportional to the ratio of the focal length to the diameter of the aperture. Longer focal length lenses will pass less light through the same aperture diameter due to the greater distance the light has to travel; shorter focal length lenses will transmit more light through the same diameter of aperture.", "In an optical system, the entrance pupil is the optical image of the physical aperture stop, as 'seen' through the front of the lens system. The corresponding image of the aperture as seen through the back of the lens system is called the exit pupil. If there is no lens in front of the aperture (as in a pinhole camera), the entrance pupil's location and size are identical to those of the aperture. Optical elements in front of the aperture will produce a magnified or diminished image that is displaced from the location of the physical aperture. The entrance pupil is usually a virtual image: it lies behind the first optical surface of the system.", "Since that gets cumbersome to write and say all the time and the point is to not have to care what the absolute focal length and aperture are, this is abbreviated to \"f/4\", with \"f\" referring to the focal length of the lens and \"4\" being the ratio of that focal length to the aperture diameter. The second example was:", "In the illustration, the physical aperture is behind the lens. You can see that more light will get through the physical aperture behind the lens than would have if the lens were not present. The extreme ray is one that is refracted by the lens so that it just passes through the aperture. Tracing the projected path of that extreme ray without the lens, you can see that the entrance pupil is the size aperture that would be required to pass that extreme ray in the absence of the lens.", "A device called a diaphragm usually serves as the aperture stop, and controls the aperture. The diaphragm functions much like the iris of the eye – it controls the effective diameter of the lens opening. Reducing the aperture size increases the depth of field, which describes the extent to which subject matter lying closer than or farther from the actual plane of focus appears to be in focus. In general, the smaller the aperture (the larger the number), the greater the distance from the plane of focus the subject matter may be while still appearing in focus.", "Focal length:  In photography, the distance from the center of the lens to the image of an object at infinity.  At same size, the distance from copy to image is four times the focal length of the lens.", "This is the standard equation, and will be used throughout the rest of this document. The essence of the approximation is the distinction between the axial distance to the plane of the entrance pupil and the distance along the hypotnuse to the edge of the entrance pupil, which is the really correct form. Clearly in typical photographic sitations that distinction is insignificant.", "The focal length f is positive for converging lenses, and negative for diverging lenses. The reciprocal of the focal length, 1/f, is the optical power of the lens. If the focal length is in metres, this gives the optical power in dioptres (inverse metres).", "In humans the pupil is round, but other species, such as some cats, have vertical slit pupils, goats have horizontally oriented pupils, and some catfish have annular types. In optical terms, the anatomical pupil is the eye's aperture and the iris is the aperture stop. The image of the pupil as seen from outside the eye is the entrance pupil, which does not exactly correspond to the location and size of the physical pupil because it is magnified by the cornea. On the inner edge lies a prominent structure, the collarette, marking the junction of the embryonic pupillary membrane covering the embryonic pupil.", "Due to the popularity of the 35 mm standard, camera–lens combinations are often described in terms of their 35 mm-equivalent focal length, that is, the focal length of a lens that would have the same angle of view, or field of view, if used on a full-frame 35 mm camera. Use of a 35 mm-equivalent focal length is particularly common with digital cameras, which often use sensors smaller than 35 mm film, and so require correspondingly shorter focal lengths to achieve a given angle of view, by a factor known as the crop factor.", "The pupil is an opening that lets light into your eye. Since most of the light entering your eye does not escape, your pupil appears black. In dim light, your pupil expands to allow more light to enter your eye. In bright light, it contracts. Your pupil can range in diameter from 1/16 inch (1.5 mm) to more than 1/3 inch (8 mm).", "aperture: Of a camera, the adjustable opening through which light passes to reach the film. The diameter of the aperture determines the intensity of light admitted. The pupil of a human eye is a self-adjusting aperture.", "Focal Length – The distance between a mirror or lens and the point at which the lens or mirror brings light to a focus", "Computing the f-number of the human eye involves computing the physical aperture and focal length of the eye. The pupil can be as large as 6–7 mm wide open, which translates into the maximal physical aperture.", "With a camera, you can enlarge or reduce the aperture to control the amount of light that enters. Similarly, the iristhe colored portion of the eye, automatically opens (dilates) or closes (constricts) the pupil to adapt to the surrounding light.", "Exit Pupil. The image of the objective lens or primary mirror of a telescope formed on the eye side of the eyepiece.", "Exit pupil – Image of the objective lens or primary mirror of a telescope formed on the eye side of the eyepiece.", "Pupil: The adjustable opening at the center of the iris through which light enters the eye.", "Pupil: an opening in the center of the iris that changes size to control how much light is entering the eye.", "point to which rays are converged after passing through a lens; focal distance is the distance rays travel after refraction before focus is reached", "A style of focus for reflecting telescopes for which the focal point lies at the open end of the telescope tube. Light enters the telescope from the sky and is reflected from a primary mirror to a focal point at the telescope aperture. Astronomers place cameras at prime focus to record bright, wide field images.", "A ratio of the size of an image to its corresponding object. This is usually determined by linear measurement. Used for magnifiers.", "Linear Magnification is the ratio of the size of the object to the size of the image." ]

[ 6.28125, 5.09765625, 4.98828125, 3.119140625, 2.9921875, 1.79296875, 1.4326171875, 0.202392578125, -0.2254638671875, -0.37841796875, -0.6083984375, -0.89892578125, -1.080078125, -1.150390625, -1.2275390625, -1.5517578125, -1.6181640625, -1.6513671875, -1.65234375, -1.7431640625, -2.267578125, -2.6171875, -3.10546875, -3.5703125, -3.927734375, -4.25, -4.80078125, -5.05078125, -5.0703125, -5.8125, -6.4375, -7.3125 ]

[ "\"Misanthropy is a personality trait characterized by a general dislike, distrust, or hatred of the human species or a disposition to dislike and/or distrust other people's silent consensus about reality. The word comes from the Greek words μίσος (misos, \"hatred\") and άνθρωπος ( anthrōpos, \"man, human being\"). A misanthrope is a person who dislikes or distrusts humanity as a general rule.\"", "Misanthropy is the general hatred, distrust or contempt of the human species or human nature. A misanthrope or misanthropist is someone who holds such views or feelings. The word's origin is from the Greek words μῖσος (misos, \"hatred\") and ἄνθρωπος (anthrōpos, \"man, human\"). The condition is often confused with asociality.", "The word misanthrope is human to the core—literally. One of its parents is the Greek noun anthrōpos, meaning \"human being.\" Its other parent is the Greek verb misein, meaning \"to hate.\" Misein also gave English misogamy (\"a hatred of marriage\"), misogyny (\"hatred of women\"), misology (\"a hatred of argument, reasoning, or enlightenment\"), and misoneism (\"a hatred, fear, or intolerance of innovation or change\"). Anthrōpos also joined forces with phil- (a combining form meaning \"loving\") to form the Greek ancestor of philanthropy (\"active effort to help other people\"). We also find anthrōpos when we delve into the foundations of the word anthropology .", "Misanthrope comes from the Greek misanthrōpos “hating humankind” and was very likely popularized by the French playwright Moliere's Le Misanthrope, which depicts a bitter critic of society who chooses exile over contact with other people. In English, misanthrope (or its anglicized equivalent, misanthropist) has been applied to many a perceived antisocial crank, from satirist Jonathan Swift to philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche to Charles Dicken’s character Ebenezer Scrooge. It is one of several English words beginning with mis- (from Greek misein \"to hate\") naming persons who despise something or someone. The most familiar example nowadays is misogynist , used of a person who hates women. Two lesser-known variations on the theme are misandrist “one who hates men” and misopedist “a person who hates children.”", "Misanthropy can often be characterized as disillusionment with what is perceived to be Man or human nature. The misanthrope, having grown to expect Man to assume a romantic and simplistic ideal, is consistently confronted with conflicting evidence. On the other hand, the object of a misanthrope's dislike may be a pervasive culture which is perceived as denying human nature wherein in participants do not fully evince said nature. In both cases, the misanthrope views himself as somehow distinct from a majority of the human species.", "Misanthropy: a hatred or distrust of humankind, as when people passing for environmental activists declare human beings a blight upon the planet. The implied dualism is older than Descartes.", "1. Someone who has a hatred or distrust of all of mankind: After seeing terrible news on TV and reading the newspapers about the horrible wars in the world which never seem to end, it's no wonder that some people become misanthropes, giving up all hope and faith that the world will someday be peaceful again.", "\"Misanthropy can often be characterized as disillusionment with what is perceived to be Man or human nature. The misanthrope, having grown to expect Man to assume a romantic and simplistic ideal, is consistently confronted with conflicting evidence. On the other hand, the ob", "\"While misanthropes express a general dislike for humanity on the whole, they generally have normal relationships with specific people. \"", "A fanatical misandrist, a person consumed with hatred for men and driven by the belief that men are the source of all the worlds problems.", "The Misanthrope, Moliere. According to Schmoop, “Meet our stock characters. There's (1) the humanity hating curmudgeon; (2) the hopeless flirt; (3) the bumbling knuckleheads; (4) the innocent bystanders; (5) that lady who is crazy jealous of the flirt.", "Misanthropy has been ascribed to a number of writers of satire, such as William S. Gilbert (\"I hate my fellow-man\") and William Shakespeare (Timon of Athens). Jonathan Swift is widely believed to be misanthropic (see A Tale of a Tub and, most especially, Book IV of Gulliver's Travels).", "A hater of anything foreign or of the unknown; such as, one who hates what is beyond the mountains.", "I have ever hated all Nations professions and Communityes and all my love is towards individualls for instance I hate the tribe of Lawyers, but I love Councellor such a one … but principally I hate and detest that animal called man, although I hartily love John, Peter, Thomas and so forth. This is the system upon which I have governed my self many years (but do not tell) and so I shall go on till I have done with them[.] I have got Materials Towards a Treatis proving the falsity of that Definition animal rationale, and to show it should be only rationis capax. Upon this great foundation of Misanthropy (though not Timons manner) the whole building of my Travells is erected. 12", "Hatred (or hate) is a deep and emotional extreme dislike. It can be directed against individuals, groups, entities, objects, behaviors, or ideas. Hatred is often associated with feelings of anger, disgust and a disposition towards hostility.", "Misanthropy - The realisation that humans only care about themselves, creatures with ego's, ones that destroy everything around them just for their own satisfaction. A race that has no idea what the word respect stands for. A breed of creature that rapes and murders it's own kind for their own enjoyment. Every race on earth lives for survival, humans live greedy pointless lives, forgetting what love truly means. Sex, violence, power, that is all they're good for any longer.", "Hatred is supposed to have a cause, some concrete event or insult that inspires a lasting rage. But in Othello, the play's villain is motivated by a hatred that seems to elude any reasonable definition. ", "Smith talks of hatred and resentment next, as \"unsocial passions.\" According to Smith these are passions of imagination, but sympathy is only likely to be evoked in the impartial spectator when they are expressed in moderate tones. Because these passions regard two people, namely the offended (resentful or angry person) and the offender, our sympathies are naturally drawn between these two. Specifically, although we sympathize with the offended person, we fear that the offended person may do harm to the offender, and thus also fear for and sympathize with the danger that faces the offender.", "Rowling described Voldemort as \"the most evil wizard for hundreds and hundreds of years\". [3] She elaborated that he is a \"raging psychopath, devoid of the normal human responses to other people's suffering\", and whose only ambition in life is to become all-powerful and immortal. He is also a sadist who derives amusement from inflicting pain on others without any remorse and murders people just for fun, especially Muggles, and does not recognise the worth and humanity of anybody except himself. [38] He feels no desire or need for human companionship or friendship, and cannot comprehend love or affection for another. He believes he is superior to everyone around him, to the point that he frequently refers to himself in the third-person as \"Lord Voldemort.\" Rowling also stated that Voldemort is \"incredibly power hungry. Racist , really\", [39] and that if Voldemort were to look into the Mirror of Erised , he would see \"Himself, all-powerful and eternal. That's what he wants.\" [40]", "Narrator : So whatever the reason, his heart or his shoes, he stood outside his cave, hating the Whos.", "The first part is a record of his thoughts about society and his character. He describes himself as vicious, squalid and ugly; the chief focuses of his polemic are the \"modern human\" and his vision of the world, which he attacks severely and cynically, and towards which he develops aggression and vengefulness. He considers his own decline natural and necessary. Although he emphasises that he does not intend to publish his notes for the public, the narrator appeals repeatedly to an ill-described audience, whose questions he tries to address.", "Jadis is arrogant, in that she is incapable of viewing anyone as her equal, and sees others simply as tools to be used or obstacles to be demolished. With all these traits, it may be accurate to describe her as a sociopath. Jadis's personality was marked by a total lack of empathy or conscience. She has no concept of loyalty and no compassion for anyone, even after wiping out her entire species, she showed a remorseless pride in her actions. She is also a hypocrite, and curses her sister with using underhanded and dishonorable tactics to get what she wants, when Jadis herself does that constantly.", "Rowling described Voldemort as \"the most evil wizard for hundreds and hundreds of years\". She elaborated that he is a \"raging psychopath, devoid of the normal human responses to other people's suffering\", and whose only ambition in life is to become all-powerful and immortal. He is also a sadist who hurts and murders people – especially Muggles – just for pleasure. He has no conscience, feels no remorse, and does not recognise the worth and humanity of anybody except himself. ", "It is particularly difficult when the person in need of help, is someone whom we despise and hate, and who is seeking to destroy our way of life, such as fanatical terrorists.", "Freudian Excuse : He's a pretty unpleasant individual because of a bad home life, but his intense dislike of Harry was because of his own hate with James and his unrequited love for Harry's mother.", "Nietzsche Wannabe : Mr. Peachum. It's not that he's a miser -- he simply doesn't believe that money or anything can save him, so he may as well make the best of what little money he's got. It's not that he doesn't like his daughter -- it's just that his opinion of her, just like his opinion on the rest of humanity, is \"already at its lowest possible point\". And it's not that he particularly likes the Bible -- he just figures he should have it in front of him to remind him of how rotten the world's Christians are.", "For passionate emotions of all sorts, and for everything which has been said or written in exaltation of them, he professed the greatest contempt. He regarded them as a form of madness. \"The intense\" was with him a bye-word of scornful disapprobation. He regarded as an aberration of the moral standard of modern times, compared with that of the ancients, the great stress laid upon feeling.", "8 But the fearful, and unbelieving, and the abominable, and murderers, and whoremongers, and sorcerers, and idolaters, and all liars,", "unappealing , unlikable , unlikeable , unsympathetic - (of characters in literature or drama) tending to evoke antipathetic feelings; \"all the characters were peculiarly unsympathetic\"", "* [[AffablyEvil Affably Bigoted]]: He may be extremely racist, although he has an otherwise genial personality.", "Noun. 1. A contemptible woman. Used on the gay scene to describe an equally despised male.", "* {{Sociopath}}s: And of course, they're utterly devoid of love for anyone, not even for each other:" ]

[ 6.37890625, 4.00390625, 2.775390625, 1.814453125, 1.7099609375, 1.3759765625, 0.44091796875, -0.70458984375, -0.78125, -1.212890625, -1.71484375, -1.9072265625, -1.9970703125, -2.158203125, -2.6484375, -2.958984375, -4.5234375, -5.30078125, -5.5625, -5.9140625, -6.2734375, -6.4921875, -6.578125, -6.94921875, -7.02734375, -7.671875, -8.0703125, -8.2421875, -8.4296875, -8.453125, -9.421875, -9.65625 ]

[ "A 180-degree angle is called a straight angle. Angles that are exactly 90 degrees are called right angles, while those that are between 0 and 90 degrees are called acute. Angles that are between 90 and 180 degrees are considered obtuse.", "An angle that is less than 90° is known as an acute angle. A 90° angle is known as a right angle. Those between 90° and 180° are obtuse angles. Exactly 180° angles are called straight angles. Those between 180° and 360° are reflex angles, while angles at 360° are round angles", "In mathematics, there are several kinds of angles. Acute angles are smaller than 90 degrees, whereas those greater than 90 degrees but less than 180 are considered obtuse. Those greater than 180 degrees are called reflex angles. There are also more important, specific angles that have special names. For example, the right angle is exactly 90 degrees. It's important because it makes much of trigonometry possible such as sine, cosine, and tangent that comes with it. The Pythagorean Theorem comes into play with a right triangle as well.", "Continuing around the circle, next is the obtuse angle. An obtuse angle is an angle whose measure is between 90 and 180 degrees (the 135 degree angle in the diagram for example). The last major kind of angle is the straight angle. A straight angle is an angle that measures exactly 180 degrees (the two rays form a straight line). A negative angle is also possible when you go clockwise instead of counterclockwise.", "Reflex Angle: An angle whose measure is more than 180 degrees but less than 360 degrees. Acute Angle: Measures less than 90 degrees. Right Angle: Measures 90 degrees. Obtuse Angle: Measures greater than 90 degrees but less than 180 degrees. Straight Angle: Measures exactly 180 degrees. Circle: The set of all points in a plane. Radius: Points that are the same distance. Center: Distance from a given point. Arc: Any part of the circle that can be drawn without lifting a pencil. Cord: Any segment with endpoints on the circle. Diameter: The cord containing the center of the circle. Central Angle: Arc AB is associated with <AOB, which is a Central Angle Semicircle: An arc determined by a diameter. (11.2) Perimeter: The distance around a figure and has a linear measure. (11.2) Circumference: Perimeter of a circle. 11.3 Curves, Polygons, and Symmetry Curve: Lines created without lifting the pencil from the paper. Simple Curve: A curve that does not intersect itself, except the starting and stopping points may be the same when the curve is traced. Closed Curve: A curve that can be drawn starting and stopping at the same point. Polygon: Simple closed curves with only segments as sides. Convex: Curves that are simple and curved, such that the segment connecting any to points in the interior of the curve is wholly contained in the interior of the curve.", "An angle whose measure is more than 0° but less than 90° is called an acute angle. Angles having magnitudes 30°, 40°, 60° are all acute angles. In the adjoining figure, ∠X0Y represents an acute angle.", "*A triangle with all interior angles measuring less than 90° is an acute triangle or acute-angled triangle. If c is the length of the longest side, then , where a and b are the lengths of the other sides.", "Whether the isosceles triangle is acute, right or obtuse depends on the vertex angle. In Euclidean geometry, the base angles cannot be obtuse (greater than 90°) or right (equal to 90°) because their measures would sum to at least 180°, the total of all angles in any Euclidean triangle. Since a triangle is obtuse (resp. right) if and only if one of its angles is obtuse (resp. right), an isosceles triangle is obtuse, right or acute if and only if its vertex angle is respectively obtuse, right or acute.", "Acute Triangle: A triangle measuring all its angles less than 90o is called acute triangle.A three-sided polygon with all its angles less than 90o is called acute triangle.", "acute angle - an angle whose measure is greater than 0 but less than 90 degrees", "An acute angle is between 0 and 90 degrees. It is also defined as an angle less than a right angle.", "Solution: If we look at ?W and ?V, we notice that both angles are acute angles. While this makes us lean toward calling it an acute triangle, we have to check the third angle. Since ?U has a measure of 90°, we know that ?UVW the triangle is actually a right triangle. Had ?U been any less than 90°, the triangle would have been an acute triangle.", "So keep this in mind and remember obtuse is going to be in between 180 and 90, right is going to be exactly 90, acute is going to be between 90 and 0. And that there are two different ways of labeling your angles. And the way that will always work is using three letters.", "*Angles larger than a right angle and smaller than a straight angle (between 90° and 180°) are called obtuse angles (\"obtuse\" meaning \"blunt\").", "In any triangle, two of the interior angles are always acute (less than 90 degrees)*, so there are three possibilities for the third angle:", "angle - An angle is a figure formed by two lines or edges diverging from or crossing a common point (vertex) � an acute angle being less than 90�, a right angle being 90�, and an obtuse angle being greater than 90� but less than 180� � measured with a protractor. Or, the figure formed by two planes diverging from a common line. \"Angle\" can refer to the space between such lines or surfaces, and it can also refer to a direction or point of view. Among the kinds of lenses, a wide-angle lens is the opposite of a telephoto lens. Also see aculeate, angle of incidence, align, bevel, bias, chamfer, Daguerreotype, fold, miter, negative, perpendicular, point, positive, straight, tangent, and undercut.", "Acute Angle - The measure of an angle with a measure between 0° and 90° or with less than 90° radians.", "Angles are categorized as right (if their measurement is 90°--half of a straight angle), acute (if it is less than a right angle) or obtuse (if it is greater than a right angle. One way of translating that into classifying about triangles is to say that it is obtuse if its largest angle is obtuse, right if its largest angle is right, and acute if its largest angle is acute.  Sometimes that seems a little confusing with, for example, an equilateral triangle where all of the angles are the same size, so another way to describe acute triangles is that they have all 3 angles acute.", "In an Obtuse triangle, one angle in which case it would be this angle right here, is more than 90 degrees so if it has one obtuse angle then the triangle is considered obtuse.", "Consider the right-angled triangle shown below. In any right-angled triangle, one of the internal angles will always be ninety degrees (90°). Since the internal angles in any triangle must always sum to one hundred and eighty degrees (180°), the other two internal angles must both be acute angles (i.e. less than ninety degrees). The side opposite the right-angle is always the longest side, and is called the hypotenuse. In relation to either one of the acute angles, the side opposite the angle is referred to as the opposite. The remaining side (the side common to both the angle in which we are interested and the right angle) is called the adjacent.", "Obtuse triangle: An obtuse triangle is one in which one of the angles is obtuse (more than 90°).", "14.  An acute angle is less than a right angle. An obtuse angle is greater than a right angle.", "A triangle having one of its angles equal to 90° is called a right-angled triangle. The side opposite to the right angle is called the hypotenuse.", "Angles are classified as acute, obtuse, right, straight, or reflex, according to their angle measure. Part 1 [3 points]: If measure of angle CBD is ninety degrees , what is the classification of angle ABC ? Part 2 [4 points]: Explain how you determined the classification.", "Also as it is given that the measure of double of acute angle is 90 degrees, thus we get:", "Right angles are fundamental in Euclid's Elements. They are defined in Book 1, definition 10, which also defines perpendicular lines. Euclid uses right angles in definitions 11 and 12 to define acute angles (those smaller than a right angle) and obtuse angles (those greater than a right angle). Two angles are called complementary if their sum is a right angle. ", "3. If both acute angles are same then the both legs are of equal length and vice-versa. Hence both acute angles are 45 degrees.", "RIGHT ANGLE. An angle formed by a line rising or falling perpendicularly upon another, and measuring 90°, or the quadrant of a circle.", "Below is again the triangle from the above diagrams, except now the other acute angle, B, is marked. Also marked are the sides that are adjacent and opposite to angle B.", "30 is the smallest acute angle in a right triangle whose hypotenuse is twice as long as one of its sides.", "In geometry , certain pairs of angles can have special relationships. Using our knowledge of acute, right, and obtuse angles, along with properties of parallel lines, we will begin to study the relations between pairs of angles.", "*Two angles which share terminal sides, but differ in size by an integer multiple of a turn, are called coterminal angles." ]

[ 7.546875, 6.87890625, 6.5625, 5.7109375, 4.8828125, 3.18359375, 2.693359375, 2.5078125, 2.39453125, 2.3828125, 2.263671875, 2.056640625, 1.701171875, 1.435546875, 1.3984375, 1.3642578125, 1.314453125, 1.298828125, 0.58203125, 0.53662109375, 0.513671875, 0.12237548828125, -0.89208984375, -0.9921875, -1.576171875, -1.626953125, -2.6484375, -2.849609375, -3.109375, -3.201171875, -3.2890625, -5.40625 ]

[ "The 14th Dalai Lama (Religious name: Tenzin Gyatso, shortened from Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso, born Lhamo Dondrub, [2] 6 July 1935) is the 14th and current Dalai Lama . Dalai Lamas are the most influential figure in the Gelugpa sect of Tibetan Buddhism , although the 14th has controversially consolidated control over the other sects in recent years. He is also well known for his political activities relating to the Tibetan independence movement , although he has recently moderated his stance. Tibetans traditionally believe him to be the reincarnation of his predecessors and a manifestation of the Buddha of Compassion .", "Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso (born Lhamo Döndrub) ( Tibetan : ལྷ་མོ་དོན་འགྲུབ་;  Wylie : Lha-mo Don-'grub; ( simplified Chinese : 拉莫顿珠;  traditional Chinese : 拉莫頓珠;  pinyin : Lāmò Dùnzhū) (born 6 July 1935 in Taktser , Qinghai [1] ) is the 14th Dalai Lama , a spiritual leader revered among the people of Tibet . [2] He is the head of the government-in-exile based in Dharamshala , India. [3] Tibetans traditionally believe him to be the reincarnation of his predecessors.", "Tenzin Gyatso is better known these days as the 14th Dalai Lama, a great spiritual leader who travels the world advocating for the Tibetan people and teaching about compassion as the source of happiness in life. But it was not always thus—Gyatso was once a bored student who found it hard to get motivated. “Only in the face of a difficult challenge or an urgent deadline would I study and work without laziness,” he recalls. He has learned his lesson since: “You must not procrastinate,” he now teaches. “Rather you should make preparations so that even if you die tonight, you would have no regrets.”", "Tenzin Gyatso is the fourteenth and current Dalai Lama, and as such, is often referred to in Western media simply as the Dalai Lama, without any qualifiers. The fifth of sixteen children of a farming family in the Tibetan province of Amdo, he was proclaimed the tulku (rebirth) of the thirteenth Dalai Lama at the age of two. On 17 November 1950, at the age of fifteen, he was enthroned as Tibet's Head of State and most important political ruler, while Tibet faced occupation by the forces of the People's Republic of China. After the collapse of the Tibetan resistance movement in 1959, Tenzin Gyatso fled to India, where he was active in establishing the Central Tibetan Administration (the Tibetan government in exile) and seeking to preserve Tibetan culture and education among the thousands ...", "1959: Dalai Lama escapes to India. The spiritual leader of Tibet, the Dalai Lama, crosses the border into India after an epic 15-day journey on foot over the Himalayan mountains.", "When the Chinese Communists occupied Tibet in 1950, they came into increasing conflict with Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama. He left the country after an unsuccessful rebellion in 1959 and thereafter lived in India. He received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1989 for leading the nonviolent opposition to continued Chinese rule in Tibet. In 1995 the Dalai Lama came into conflict with Chinese authorities over the identification of a new Panchen Lama (the second most senior Tibetan religious authority). In 1996 he published Violence and Compassion, in which he and French screenwriter Jean-Claude Carri�re consider topics of political and spiritual interest.", "The 14th Dalai Lama, the exiled spiritual leader of Tibet, Tenzin Gyatso was by the US Senate the highest US civilian honour—the Congressional Gold Medal. The Dalai Lama was selected in recognition of his enduring and outstanding contribution to peace, non-violence and human rights. Established Government-in-exile at Dharamshala (Himachal Pradesh) in 1959. Recipient of 1989 Nobel Peace Prize for his non-violent struggle to free his Himalayan nation from Chinese rule. Also won the 1997 Paulos Mar Gregorious Award. In 2012, the Dalai Lama was awarded the Templeton Prize. He later donated the entire prize money to an Indian charity. Save the Children. Has authored My Land and People, Freedom in Exile, etc.", "The Potala Palace ( Tibetan : པོ་ཏ་ལ;  Wylie : Po ta la;  simplified Chinese : 布达拉宫; traditional Chinese : 布達拉宮) is located in  Lhasa ,  Tibet Autonomous Region ,  China . It was named after Mount Potala, the abode of  Chenresig or  Avalokitesvara . [1] The Potala Palace was the chief residence of the  Dalai Lama until the  14th Dalai Lama fled to Dharamsala ,  India , after an invasion and  failed uprising in 1959. Today the Potala Palace has been converted into a museum by the Chinese government.", "On November 17, Tenzin Gyatso, at the age of 15, was installed as the 14th Dalai Lama. A month later he removed himself to the Sikkim border and out of personal danger so that, if the Chinese were successful in their military drive toward Lhasa, he could flee to India and thereby take “the heart of the people with him.”4 In May 1951, China annexed Tibet. The Dalai Lama then decided to return to Lhasa to comfort his people. The Chinese initially tried to convert the Tibetans to communism through peaceful propaganda, but the Tibetans resented having their ancient customs disturbed by a new belief system.", "The Potala Palace, located in Lhasa, Tibet, was the chief residence of the Dalai Lama until the 14th Dalai Lama fled to Dharamsala, India after a failed uprising in 1959. Today the Potala Palace is an UNESCO World Heritage Site.", "Dalai Lama XIV, (born July 6, 1935, Tibet), title of the Tibetan Buddhist monk Bstan-’dzin-rgya-mtsho (Tenzin Gyatso), the 14th Dalai Lama but the first to become a global figure, largely for his advocacy of Buddhism and of the rights of the people of Tibet . Despite his fame, he dispensed with much of the pomp surrounding his office, describing himself as a “simple Buddhist monk.”", "3. The Dalai Lama, Tibet's political and spiritual leader, fled to India in 1959. He now lives among over 100,000 other Tibetan refugees and their government in exile. ", "1 Hicks, Roger and Ngakpa Chogyam. Great Ocean: An Authorised Biography of the Buddhist Monk Tenzin Gyatso, His Holiness the Fourteenth Dalai Lama. Longmead, England: Element Books, Ltd., 1984. A readable biography of this fascinating life with appendices. p. 36.", "A portrait of Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet. 1992. 60 min. Video/C 3329", "The current Dalai Lama, now 78, was born in a poor Tibetan village and given the name Tenzin Gyatso. He is believed by Tibetan Buddhists to be the reincarnation of the 13th Dalai Lama, and until three years ago was the head of the Tibetan government in exile.", "Buddhism started to enjoy a strong interest from the general population in the West following the turbulence of the 20th century. In the wake of the 1959 Tibetan uprising, a Tibetan diaspora has made Tibetan Buddhism in particular more widely accessible to the rest of the world. It has since spread to many Western countries, where the tradition has gained popularity. Among its prominent exponents is the 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet. The number of its adherents is estimated to be between ten and twenty million.", "Thus released from Kumbum, on 21 July 1939 the party travelled across Tibet in an epic journey to Lhasa in the large Muslim caravan with Lhamo Thondup, now 4 years old, riding with his brother Lobsang in a special palanquin carried by two mules, two years after being discovered. As soon as they were out of Ma Bufang’s area, he was officially declared to be the 14th Dalai Lama by the Central Government and after ten weeks of travel he arrived in Lhasa to great acclaim on 8 October 1939. ", "Previous Dalai Lamas were often figures cloaked in mystery, living in isolation in the Potala Palace in Lhasa. The 14th Dalai Lama, in contrast, achieved a level of visibility and celebrity that would have been unimaginable for his predecessors. He became the most famous Buddhist teacher in the world and is widely respected for his commitment both to nonviolence and to the cause of Tibetan freedom. In 2012 he won the Templeton Prize .", "Tibetan Buddhism is most well-known to the world through the office of the Dalai Lama, the exiled spiritual and political leader of Tibet and the winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1989. Historically, \"Tibet\" refers to a mountainous region in central Asia covering 2.5 million sq km. Today, \"Tibet\" officially refers to the Tibetan Autonomous Region within China, which is about half the size of historical Tibet.", "The 14th Dalai Lama was born in Taktser village (administratively in Qinghai province, Republic of China), Amdo, Tibet, and was selected as the tulku of the 13th Dalai Lama in 1937 and formally recognized as the 14th Dalai Lama at a public declaration near the town of Bumchen in 1939. His enthronement ceremony as the Dalai Lama was held in Lhasa on February 22, 1940, and he eventually assumed full temporal (political) duties on 17 November 1950, at the age of 15, after China's invasion of Tibet. The Gelug school's government administered an area roughly corresponding to the Tibet Autonomous Region just as the nascent People's Republic of China wished to assert central control over it.", "In 1956, on a trip to India to celebrate the Buddha's Birthday , the Dalai Lama asked the Prime Minister of India , Jawaharlal Nehru , if he would allow him political asylum should he choose to stay. Nehru discouraged this as a provocation against peace, and reminded him of the Indian Government's non-interventionist stance agreed upon with its 1954 treaty with China . [10] The CIA , with the Korean War only recently over, offered the Dalai Lama assistance. Through communications through Kalimpong , the Dalai Lama organized pro-independence literature and the smuggling of weapons into Tibet. Armed struggles broke out in Amdo and Kham during 1956 and spread to Central Tibet in 1959 .", "His Holiness, the Dalai Lama, the exiled spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhists, runs his government in exile from Dharmashala in northern India.", "In 1950, at 16, His Holiness was called upon to assume full political power as Head of State and Government when Tibet was threatened by the might of China. In 1954 he went to Peking to talk with Mao Tse-Tung and other Chinese leaders, including Chou En-Lai and Deng Xiaoping. In 1956, while visiting India to attend the 2500th Buddha Jayanti, he had a series of meetings with Prime Minister Nehru and Premier Chou about deteriorating conditions in Tibet. In 1959 he was forced into exile in India after the Chinese military occupation of Tibet. Since 1960 he has resided in Dharamsala, aptly known as \"Little Lhasa\", the seat of the Tibetan Government-in-Exile.", "The Karmapa Lama, leader of Tibetan Buddhism's Karma Kagyu sect and one of the most influential religious figures in Tibetan Buddhism, remained in exile following his 1999 flight to India. The Karmapa Lama stated that he fled because of the Government's controls on his movements and its refusal either to allow him to go to India to be trained by his spiritual mentors or to allow his teachers to come to him. Visitors to Tsurphu Monastery, the seat of the Karmapa Lama, noted that the population of monks remained small and the atmosphere remained subdued.", "The Karmapa Lama, leader of Tibetan Buddhism's Karma Kagyu sect and one of the most influential religious figures in Tibetan Buddhism, remained in exile following his 1999 flight to India. The Karmapa Lama stated that he fled because of the government's controls on his movements and its refusal either to allow him to go to India to be trained by his spiritual mentors or to allow his teachers to come to him. During the year, an official international delegation was permitted to visit Tsurphu Monastery, the seat of the Karmapa Lama, for the first time since 2001. While they did not meet with monastery officials, they were able to talk to some monks and learned that the current population was less than it was five years ago.", "Image caption Tibet's spiritual leader, the Dalai Lama, has lived in exiled most of his life", "The 14th Dalai Lama was born on 6 July 1935, in a small village just outside the current boundaries of Tibet.", "By the 14th century a number of families emerged in the region who owed their position to religious prestige. The best known among them are the descendent of the saints of Nyingmapa sect. In Tibet on the other hand, the Yellow Hat Gelugpa sect, headed by the Dalai Lama, had extended its power as far as the Ralung Monastery near Lhasa. Ngawang Namgyal, a drukpa sect lama had to take refuge to Bhutan in 1616. Soon Ngawang Namgyal ensured support from families of his own sect and went on to build a series of Dzong (monastery castle) throughout the country. These Dzongs became the center of religious and civil authority and remains a major symbol of Bhutanese culture and tradition till today.", "In the wake of the Lhasa uprising and the Chinese consolidation of power across Tibet, tens of thousands of Tibetans followed the Dalai Lama into exile. In 1960 he established his government-in-exile in Dharamsala , a former British hill station in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh , where he continued to reside. The government of India, however, was reluctant to allow all the Tibetan refugees to concentrate in one region and thus created settlements across the subcontinent, where the Tibetans established farming communities and built monasteries. The welfare of the refugees and the preservation of Tibetan culture in exile, especially in light of reports of the systematic destruction of Tibetan institutions during China’s Cultural Revolution (1966–76), were the primary concerns of the Dalai Lama during this period.", "Nepalese Sherpa mountaineer Namgyal Wangdi aka Tenzing Norgay was one of the first two individuals, besides Sir Edmund Hillary, to have reached the summit of Mount Everest on 29 May 1953. Besides Hillary, he was also named as one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century by Time. He was born and brought up in Khumbu in northeastern Nepal, and went to Nepal as a child to work for a Sherpa family. Norgay was originally born with the name “Namgyal Wangdi” but his name was changed to Tenzing Norgay on the advice of the head lama. His new name stands for “wealthy-fortunate-follower-of-religion”. Tenzing received the George Medal from Queen Elizabeth II for his efforts on the successful expedition of first Mount Everest. He was awarded the Padma Bhushan by the Government of India in 1959 and Order of the Star of Nepal by King Tribhuvan of Nepal in 1953.", "^ His Holiness the 14th and current Dalai Lama. A Brief Biography. Retrieved on: 8 May 2008", "In October, authorities released Geshe Sonam Phuntsog, a religious leader from Darge Monastery in Kardze County, Kardze Prefecture, Sichuan Province. Authorities arrested Sonam Phuntsog in 1999 and sentenced him to a 5-year term for \"inciting splittism,\" traveling to India to visit the Dalai Lama, and holding long-life prayer ceremonies for the Dalai Lama." ]

[ 8.4140625, 8.2265625, 7.23828125, 5.8203125, 5.70703125, 4.91015625, 4.71875, 4.4140625, 4.26953125, 3.70703125, 3.671875, 3.396484375, 2.59765625, 1.669921875, 1.56640625, 1.3095703125, 1.0859375, -0.16796875, -0.1827392578125, -0.238037109375, -0.7724609375, -0.8046875, -1.470703125, -1.984375, -2.03515625, -2.142578125, -3.08984375, -3.11328125, -3.29296875, -3.33203125, -3.5859375, -6.234375 ]

[ "Each position is assigned a number for scoring purposes:- Pitcher - 1, Catcher - 2, First Baseman - 3, Second Baseman - 4, Third Baseman - 5, Shortstop - 6, Left Fielder - 7, Centre Fielder - 8, Right Fielder - 9. For example, if the short stop fields the ball and throws to first base to tag out the runner it'll be referred to as a \"6-3 out\".", "6-4-3 Double Play: Each position on the field is given a number. 1 is the pitcher, 2 is the catcher, 3 is the first basement, 4 is the second baseman, 5 is the third basemen, 6 is the shortstop, 7 is left field, 8 is center field and 9 is the right fielder. A 6-4-3 double play would mean short to second to first.", "6-4-3 Double Play: Each position on the field is given a number. 1 is the pitcher, 2 is the catcher, 3 is the first basement, 4 is the second baseman, 5 is the third basemen, 6 is the shortstop, 7 is left field, 8 is center field and 9 is the right fielder. A 6-4-3 double play would mean short to second to first.", "The squad in the field is the defensive team; they attempt to prevent the baserunners from scoring. There are nine defensive positions, however, only two of the positions have a mandatory location (pitcher and catcher), the locations of the other seven fielders is not specified by the rules, except that at the moment the pitch is delivered they must be positioned in fair territory and not in the space between the pitcher and the catcher. These fielders often shift their positioning in response to specific batters or game situations, and they may exchange positions with one another at any time. The nine positions most commonly used are: pitcher, catcher, first baseman, second baseman, third baseman, shortstop, left fielder, center fielder, and right fielder. Note that, in rare cases, teams may use dramatically differing schemes, such as switching an outfielder for an infielder. Scorekeepers label each position with a number starting with the pitcher (1), catcher (2), first baseman (3), second baseman (4), third baseman (5), shortstop (6), left fielder (7), center fielder (8), right fielder (9). This convention was established by Henry Chadwick . The reason the shortstop seems out of order has to do with the way fielders positioned themselves in the early years of the game.", "The infield has many positions; it has the first baseman (number 3), second baseman (number 4), third basemen (number 5), and the short stop (number 6). The first baseman and second baseman control the right side of the infield and the third baseman and shortstop control the left side of the infield. If a ball is hit to the third baseman and he fields it and throws it to the first baseman, it is recorded as a (5-3) out. If the second baseman fields a ball and throws it to the shortstop covering second base, who throws it to the first baseman, it is recorded as a (4-6-3) double play.", "Now to the center or middle of the infield. Here are your top two glove men for the team the Shortstop and the Second Baseman both of these positions the number 4 and number 6 spots must be scrappy smooth as silk men handling those hard hit baseball grounders with golden gloves.", "The catcher is the person the pitcher throws to, he calls the baseball game, he signals what pitches he wants the pitcher to throw. He is often referred to as the backstop. The catcher sits in the squat position for the full 9 innings, behind home plate. From his position, the catcher has full view of the playing field. ", "The catcher stands just behind the home plate, about four feet behind a hitter swinging a bat, and is expected to catch the ball when t he hitter misses or doesn't swing at it (and even a few he does hit). The catcher normally calls the pitches the pitcher will throw, as well as having to quickly throw to second or third base to catch out runners trying to steal a base.", "A baseball team fields nine players. On the field, each player is responsible for a particular position. The pitcher puts the ball into play by throwing it toward home plate. Each throw is called a pitch. By holding the ball in special ways and adjusting its spin, pitchers can throw a variety of pitches. They use these techniques, along with changing the speed of their throw, to make it more difficult for batters to hit the ball. The catcher receives the ball and returns it to the pitcher unless the batter hits the ball. Catchers also defend home plate when a runner tries to score.", "Positioned in a crouch behind the home plate, the catcher plays a crucial role in helping to gain points. Helping to throw balls ahead of the batter before he or she can reach the bases, the catcher also catches balls fielded from third base. A catcher must also call pitches and communicate the number of outs, strikes, and whatever is going on at the home base to the rest of the players.", "In modern Major League Baseball, the separation of roles between the pitcher and other fielders is quite strict. They are two different breeds of athletes. They train differently, are paid on different scales, and never the twain shall meet. Yet in Little League, high school, and college ball, the separation is not so strict: the best athletes are normally used as pitchers, and these are also the top sluggers. They will sometimes play the more demanding positions, such as shortstop or center field, when not on the mound. However, because pitchers are often very tall, or left-handed, it may limit their ability to play certain positions, so they will gravitate towards the role of first baseman or designated hitter when not pitching.", "Nearly all action during a game is centered on the pitcher for the defensive team. A pitcher's particular style, time taken between pitches, and skill heavily influence the dynamics of the game and can often determine the victor. Starting with the pivot foot on the pitcher's rubber at the center of the pitcher's mound, which is 60 ft from home plate, the pitcher throws the baseball to the catcher, who is positioned behind home plate and catches the ball. Meanwhile, a batter stands in the batter's box at one side of the plate, and attempts to bat the ball safely into fair play.", "In the game of Baseball there are nine fielding positions. Each position is associated with a scorekeepers’ numerical number (from 1-9) to be used in scoring putouts. Each player has a special job associated with that position to help the team win.", "* If a batter hits a ball on the ground to the shortstop, who throws the ball to the first baseman to force the first out, it would be noted on the scoresheet as 6–3, with 6 for the shortstop and 3 for the first baseman.", "There is also the one exceptional two-way player during the period, Brooks Kieschnick, 1 who is outside the scope of this study. Also ignored are instances where a pitcher is listed in the starting line-up at a random position, but is replaced before taking the field on defense. 2 This paper will focus exclusively on pitchers who, for some reason, found themselves one day playing the outfield or the infield in a major league game.", "tions with the positional numbers to record any even on the field. A double play turned by the shortstop, second baseman and first baseman could be written “6-4-3 DP”. These simple shorthand methods will cover almost any instance on the field, and can be used to deduce common patterns among players. It’s easy to tell if a hitter likes to pull the ball simply by noting where the balls he has hit in the game have traveled. That is the beauty of keeping score.", "The starting lineup in baseball comprises either nine or ten players. In the National League of Major League Baseball and the Central League of Nippon Professional Baseball, there are nine players in the starting lineup and all players bat. American League (MLB) and Pacific League (NPB) teams have the option of using a designated hitter (DH) in place of the pitcher in the batting order. The DH does not play when the team is on defense.", "One substantial strategic element to baseball is to utilize this phenomenon as much as possible. Defenses try to force a match between pitcher and hitter by side, and offenses attempt to mismatch them; both teams use substitutions at times to accomplish the desired outcome. One response to this phenomenon is that many hitters, among them a number of the finest and most powerful to play the game, such as Mickey Mantle , Eddie Murray , and Chipper Jones , became adept as youngsters to hitting both left-handed and right-handed to prevent defenses from utilizing that advantage against them. Many professional clubs employ as many as two or three switch hitters so as to neutralize the advantage of side selection. However, no switch pitchers have played in the major leagues in modern times.", "A few leagues, notably Major League Baseball's American League, allow a designated hitter, a player whose sole purpose is to hit when it would normally be the pitcher's turn. This is not considered a substitution but rather a position, albeit a purely offensive one. A designated hitter does not play in the field on defense and may remain in the game regardless of changes in pitchers. The use of the designated hitter is opposed by many baseball traditionalists, but it is used today at most levels of baseball in the United States—high school, college, minor leagues—and internationally, including in the Olympics.", "One of America’s favorite pastimes is baseball. When a player takes his turn at bat, he steps up to home plate gripping his bat firmly in hand. The pitcher throws the ball toward him, and he swings at the ball. If he misses, that’s strike one. The pitcher then throws the ball again, and the batter takes another swing. If he misses a second time, that’s strike two. When the ball is thrown the third time and the batter swings and misses, that’s strike three, and he’s out. He has lost the opportunity to score for his team.", "Baseball is a sport played between two teams usually of nine players each. It is a bat-and-ball game in which a pitcher throws ( pitches) a hard, fist-sized, leather-covered ball toward a batter on the opposing team. The batter attempts to hit the baseball with a tapered cylindrical bat, made of wood (as required in professional baseball) or a variety of other materials (as allowed in many nonprofessional games). A team scores runs only when batting, by advancing its players—primarily via hits—counterclockwise past a series of four markers called bases arranged at the corners of a ninety-foot square, or \"diamond.\" The game, played without time restriction, is structured around nine segments called innings. In each inning, both teams are given the opportunity to bat and score runs; a team's half-inning ends when outs are recorded against three of its players.", "Take me out to the ballgame, and I'll see pretty much the same thing whether I'm watching kids or professionals. Baseball teams have nine players. Each player takes turns at bat , and each plays a defensive position in the field. But who are they and what do they do?", "Catcher. Generally the team leader since he or she is the only player facing his or teammates. The catcher handles the pitcher, keeps track of balls and strikes (the count), reminds the other players about the number of outs, sets the defense, and backs up 1st base on every infield play. Catchers are usually the most rugged and quickest thinking players on the team. Once base stealing is permitted, a catcher should have a good throwing arm and the ability to get rid of the ball very quickly.", "Pitchers are a breed apart. On average, they are taller and heavier than most players; contrary to their fielding brethren, they do not play every day; even the most resilient of relievers have to sit out half of their team’s games or risk burning out their arms, and most starters will work only every fifth day. In most leagues, including in college and the minor leagues below AA, pitchers never come to bat. But the most striking distinction is that pitchers almost never play another position in the field. This article will look at the few exceptions when this rule was broken in major league games since the advent of the divisional era in 1969, in order to establish patterns and trends of what is an exceedingly rare event: a pitcher occupying a fielding position other than the mound.", "A game is played between two teams, each composed of nine players, that take turns playing offense (batting and baserunning) and defense (pitching and fielding). A pair of turns, one at bat and one in the field, by each team constitutes an inning. A game consists of nine innings (seven innings at the high school level and in doubleheaders in college and minor leagues). One team—customarily the visiting team—bats in the top, or first half, of every inning. The other team—customarily the home team—bats in the bottom, or second half, of every inning. The goal of the game is to score more points (runs) than the other team. The players on the team at bat attempt to score runs by circling or completing a tour of the four bases set at the corners of the square-shaped baseball diamond. A player bats at home plate and must proceed counterclockwise to first base, second base, third base, and back home in order to score a run. The team in the field attempts both to prevent runs from scoring and to record outs, which remove opposing players from offensive action until their turn in their team's batting order comes up again. When three outs are recorded, the teams switch roles for the next half-inning. If the score of the game is tied after nine innings, extra innings are played to resolve the contest. Many amateur games, particularly unorganized ones, involve different numbers of players and innings.Thurston (2000), p. 15; ", "Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of nine players each, who take turns batting and fielding.", "Pickle: A runner caught in a rundown.Pickoff: The pitcher throws to a base where a runner is leading off and they get him out.", "Which positions are represented by which numbers? Did you ever wonder “What do the numbers before a double or triple play mean?” or “What is a 6-4-3 double play”? Or the what the “3-4 hole” refers to?", "6.01 (a) Each player of the offensive team shall bat in the order that his name appears in his team's batting order.", "The idea is that we can split past Giants teams into four quadrants based on hitting and pitching. The vertical axis represents team pitching by adjusted ERA, or ERA+. The horizontal axis represents team offense by adjusted OPS, or OPS+. OPS+ and ERA+ are fairly simple concepts in baseball statistics these days – each is adjusted for league, park, and era (making them good tools to compare the 1905 Giants to the 1985 Giants). The league average is scaled to 100, meaning that if you score 110, you are 10% better than league average.", "You are at: Home » FREE baseball tips and instruction, exclusively from the pros » Ask Your Baseball Question »Baseball Positions by Number", "There are 9 basic positions in the game of baseball. Watch this About.com video to learn how each is important in the baseball game and what they do for the team. Show transcript Hide transcript" ]

[ 2.833984375, 2.83203125, 2.83203125, 2.392578125, 0.84130859375, 0.496337890625, 0.232177734375, -1.3603515625, -1.4833984375, -1.634765625, -1.6806640625, -1.927734375, -1.98828125, -2.12890625, -2.662109375, -2.8828125, -3.048828125, -3.12109375, -3.25390625, -3.29296875, -3.365234375, -3.421875, -3.513671875, -3.6640625, -3.904296875, -4.0234375, -4.21484375, -4.8828125, -4.98046875, -5.1796875, -5.19921875, -5.34765625 ]

[ "Like the mile, the acre owes its existence to the concept of the furlong. Remember that a furlong was considered to be the length of a furrow a team of oxen could plow in one day without resting. An acre—which gets its name from an Old English word meaning \"open field\"—was originally the amount of land that a single farmer with a single ox could plow in one day. Over time, the old Saxon inhabitants of England established that this area was equivalent to a long, thin strip of land one furlong in length and one chain—an old unit of length equivalent to 66 feet—wide. That's how we ended up with an acre that's equivalent to 43,560 square feet.", "a unit of area used for measuring real estate in English-speaking countries. \"Acre,\" an Old English word meaning a field, is derived from the Latin ager and Greek agros, also meaning a field. The acre was originally defined as the area that could be plowed in a day by a yoke of oxen. It was in use in England at least as early as the eighth century, and by the end of the ninth century it was generally understood to be the area of a field one furlong (40 rods or 10 chains ) long by 4 rods [1] (or 1 chain) wide. Thus an acre is 10 square chains, 160 square rods, 43 560 square feet or 4840 square yards. There are exactly 640 acres in a square mile. In metric countries the unit corresponding to the acre is the hectare , which is 10,000 square meters (the area of a square 100 meters on each side). One acre is equal to 0.404 687 3 hectare. Among traditional European land area units, the acre is typical in being defined as a day's work but unusual in not being visualized as the area of a square. Similar units include the French journal , north German and Dutch morgen , south German and Swiss juchart , Austrian joch , and Czech jitro .", "acre (ac or A) : a unit of area used for measuring real estate in English-speaking countries. \"Acre,\" an Old English word meaning a field, is derived from the Latin ager and Greek agros, also meaning a field. The acre was originally defined as the area that could be plowed in a day by a yoke of oxen. It was in use in England at least as early as the eighth century, and by the end of the ninth century it was generally understood to be the area of a field one furlong (40 rods or 10 chains) long by 4 rods (or 1 chain) wide. Thus an acre is 10 square chains, 160 square rods, 43 560 square feet or 4840 square yards. There are exactly 640 acres in a square mile. In metric countries the unit corresponding to the acre is the hectare, which is 10,000 square meters (the area of a square 100 meters on each side). One acre is equal to 0.404 687 3 hectare. Among traditional European land area units, the acre is typical in being defined as a day’s work but unusual in not being visualized as the area of a square. Similar units include the French journal, north German and Dutch morgen, south German and Swiss juchart, Austrian joch, and Czech jitro.", "An acre was defined in the Middle Ages, being the amount of land that could be ploughed in one day with a yoke of oxen.", "The word acre is derived from Old English æcer originally meaning \"open field\", cognate to west coast Norwegian ækre and Swedish åker, German Acker, Dutch akker, Latin ager, and Greek αγρός (agros). In English it was historically spelt aker .", "In fairy tales, there were seven league boots, which would carry you 7 leagues (10.5 miles) in one stride! Julys Verne wrote a book about a submarine, called \"40,000 Leagues under the Sea\" (this refers to how far they travelled, not how deep they were!). A hide was enough land to support a house-hold, usually between 60-120 acres (24-48 hectares). A hide of good land was smaller than that of poor quality. Hides are used in the Doomsday Book. An acre is 4840 square yards (see above) and is a conventional measure of area. It was defined in the time of Edward I (1272-1307) and was supposed to be the area that a yoke of oxen could plough is a day. Acre is derived from the Latin for field. But the common field system of medieval times in Britain was ten acres. An acre is a furlong (furrow length) long and a chain wide. In fact, an archaic word for furlong was \"acre-length\" and for chain \"acre-width\". The Scottish and Irish used to have different values for their acres. The Scottish acre was 6150.4 square yards and the Irish acre was 7840 square yards.", "Let's start with the acre. Now that is 4,840 square yards , which is equivalent to the area of a rectangle one furlong in length and one chain in breadth. If we remember that the acre was the standard unit of area measurement and that a mediaeval ploughman with a team of eight oxen was required to till one acre a day, the significance of the furlong \"furrowlong\" is easily grasped. A furrow 220 yards long was about the most four yoke of oxen could pull steadily through heavy soil before they had to rest.", "Dane law term. A measure of land: The area that could be cultivated by a plough drawn by one ox in one year, or rather during the annual ploughing season. Varied in different regions and different soil types. Approx. 15 acres. Similar to the Anglo Saxon term: Bovate.", "Acre - the English 'statute acre' is 4840 square yards, the 'Scots acre' was somewhat larger at about 1.3 English Acres. In medieval times shape mattered more than size. An acre was an oblong shaped portion of land, either straight sided or sinuous, with a length of 220 yards and a width of 22 yards, giving a ratio of 10 : 1. It was variable in size, but was regarded as the area of land that one man could plough in one day.", "A measure of land: The area that could be cultivated by a plough drawn by one ox in one year, or rather during the annual ploughing season. Varied in different regions and different soil types. Approx. 15 acres. Similar to the Dane law term: Oxgang.", "Around 800 there was a return to systematic agriculture in the form of the open field, or strip, system. A manor would have several fields, each subdivided into 1 acre strips of land. An acre measured one \"furlong\" of 220 yards by one \"chain\" of 22 yards (that is, about 200m by 20m). A furlong (from \"furrow long\") was considered to be the distance an ox could plough before taking a rest; the strip shape of the acre field also reflected the difficulty in turning early heavy ploughs. In the idealized form of the system, each family got thirty such strips of land. The three-field system of crop rotation was first developed in the 9th century: wheat or rye was planted in one field, the second field had a nitrogen-fixing crop (barley, oats, peas, or beans), and the third was fallow. ", "6 The measure of land used for the Domesday census was the plowland, being the area which a plow team (eight oxen) could plow in an argricultural year and which approximated 120 acres. A villain farmed 60 acres and owned half a plow team (four oxen); a border farmed 15 to 30 acres and owned two oxen, while a serf farmed 5 acres and owned one ox.", "Originally the distance an Ox could pull a plow before needing to rest, ie., \"a furrow long\". As early as the 9th c. it was regarded as the equivalent of the Roman stadium, which was 18 of a Roman mile; and hence furlong has always been used as a name for the eighth part of an English mile, whether this coincided with the agricultural measure so called or not. The present statute furlong is 220 yards, and is equal both to the eighth part of a statute mile, and to the side of a square of 10 statute acres.", "In England the acre was 4,840 square yards, but in Scotland it was 6,150 square yards and in Ireland 7,840 square yards. These differences may perhaps be owed to variations in the average quality of the soil, for there is evidence to suggest that in a few regions local definitions of land area recognised the amount of land a man would need to feed his family for a year ~ which in some areas might be equivalent to 120 modern acres, but in others might be only one quarter of this. A hide is usually assessed as equivalent to 120 acres and in some areas was the amount deemed necessary for a single household (although its main usage was as a unit to evaluate taxation). A virgate was one-quarter of a hide. In some regions a carucate was equivalent to a hide for tax purposes and was also about 120 acres, but was considered to be the amount of land a single team of oxen could plough in a season. A bovate was one-eighth of a carucate.", "By the way, a farmer who plowed 80 furrows an eighth of a mile long would have walked ten miles while wrestling with the hand guided walking plow. Is it any wonder this measure of land area became known as an acre (ache-er)! Actually, the Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary states that the name comes from the Old English �aecer'; akin to Old High German �ackar' (field), Latin �ager' (field), Greek �agros' (field), or Latin �agere' (to drive).", "Toun - also 'Ton' or 'Town' - a farm and its outbuildings, originally an area fenced or walled off with a dwelling within. A common medieval sub-division of land was by the ploughgate (104 acres), the extent of land which one plough tesm of oxen could till in a year. This area was again subdivided into four husbandlands, each of 26 acres, each husbandland could provide two oxen and eight oxen were need for a plough-team. This arrangement led to small farm towns being established with accommodation for at least four men of six to eight houses, taking practical considerations into account. A very common placename.", "Farm Town - a common medieval sub-division of land was by the ploughgate (104 acres), the extent of land which one plough tesm of oxen could till in a year. This area was again subdivided into four husbandlands, each of 26 acres, each husbandland could provide two oxen and eight oxen were need for a plough-team. This arrangement led to small farm towns being established with accommodation for at least four men of six to eight houses, taking practical considerations into account.", "another name for the hide , an old English unit of land area. The name comes from a Latin word meaning \"plowland.\"", "an old English unit of land area equal to 1/4 hide. This is roughly 30 acres or 12 hectares. The virgate was also called the yardland or yard of land", "Dane law term. A measurement of land, equivalent to a hide. The amount of land that could be tilled during the ploughing season using a team of eight oxen. Varied in different regions and soil types. Approx. 120 acres. Sub-divided into four virgates or eight oxgangs.", "an old English word meaning a fourth part, used sometimes as a unit of land area equal to 1/4 virgate , 1/2 nook , or about 8-10 acres .", "By custom it was the land that could be cultivated by a plough team of eight oxen in one year, or rather during the annual ploughing season; or alternatively the amount of land required to support one peasant household. (Sometimes ten families.) Hides seem to have been larger in eastern England than in the west. In the Devonshire Domesday Book, it seemed to average about 64 acres., although many were as small as 48 acres.", "In older English, as in other Germanic languages, the plough was traditionally known by other names, e.g. Old English sulh, Old High German medela, geiza, huohilī(n), Old Norse arðr (Swedish årder), and Gothic hōha, all presumably referring to the ard (scratch plough). The term plough or plow, as used today, was not common until 1700.", "It is a mainly agricultural region, typically with open fields of permanent grass surrounded by ditches with willow trees. Access to individual areas, especially for cattle, was provided by means of \"droves\", i.e. green lanes, leading off the public highways. Some of the old roads, in contrast to the old hollow ways found in other areas of England, are causeways raised above the level of the surrounding land, with a drainage ditch running along each side. ", "The name derives from the Old English ', ', &c., which was used for branches, staves, and measuring rods. It is first attested in the late-7th century laws of Ine of Wessex, where the \"yard of land\" mentioned is the yardland, an old English unit of tax assessment equal to  hide. Around the same time, the Lindisfarne Gospel's account of the messengers from John the Baptist in the Book of Matthew used it for a branch swayed by the wind. In addition to the yardland, Old and Middle English both used their forms of \"yard\" to denote the surveying lengths of 15 or  ft used in computing acres, a distance now usually known as the \"rod\".", "Among the early Anglo-Saxons, the rod was the fundamental unit of land measurement. A furlong was forty rods, an acre four by 40 rods, or four rods by one furlong. and thus 160 square rods. At the time, the Saxons used the North German foot, which was 10 percent longer than the foot of today. When England changed to the shorter foot in the late 13th century, rods and furlongs remained unchanged, since property boundaries were already defined in rods and furlongs. The only thing that changed was the number of feet and yards in a rod or a furlong, and the number of square feet and square yards in an acre. The definition of the rod went from 15 old feet to new feet, or from 5 old yards to new yards. The furlong went from 600 old feet to 660 new feet, or from 200 old yards to 220 new yards. The acre went from 36,000 old square feet to 43,560 new square feet, or from 4,000 old square yards to 4,840 new square yards. ", "Cf. Dan Michael of Northgate, Ayenbite of Inwyt (1340): \"Many religious folk set the plough before the oxen.\" (Middle English: \"Moche uolk of religion зetteþ þe зuolз be-uore þe oksen.\").", "Offa's Dyke was at first a ditch constructed by Offa, the king of Mercia, in an attempt to give his territories a well-defined border to the west. The Dyke was later enlarged and fortified, becoming one of the largest human-made boundaries in Europe and covering 150 miles from the northeast coast to the southeast coast of Wales. It remains to this day the line that divides English and Welsh cultures.", "How many hides? (a hide is 120 acres, but within the Danelaw the same area was thought to be called a Carucate). How many ploughs, both those in lordship and the men's?", "In some places it was 65 feet (20 meters) wide. The Saxons called the land on the other side of the dyke \"Wales.\" People in that land called \"Wales\" referred to their land as \"Cymru,\" and their individual cultures blended together, both economically and linguistically.", "^    The term entered the English language when Canute the Great conquered and occupied Anglo-Saxon England.", "Dun or Dum - an Iron Age fortified enclosure, built of dry-stone, often with galleried walls, dating from the 1st century AD." ]

[ 6.9609375, 6.22265625, 5.671875, 5.0078125, 2.865234375, 2.70703125, 2.0390625, 1.484375, 1.375, 1.2373046875, 1.08984375, -0.2177734375, -0.42138671875, -0.58349609375, -1.28125, -1.521484375, -2.0234375, -2.279296875, -2.373046875, -2.65625, -2.6640625, -3.23046875, -3.869140625, -4.32421875, -4.58203125, -5.08203125, -6.60546875, -7.65625, -7.87890625, -7.94140625, -8.453125, -9.078125 ]

[ "Dame Jane Morris Goodall , DBE (born Valerie Jane Morris-Goodall on 3 April 1934), is a British primatologist, ethologist, anthropologist, and UN Messenger of Peace. Considered to be the world's foremost expert on chimpanzees, Goodall is best known for her 45-year study of social and family interactions of wild chimpanzees in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania. She is the founder of the Jane Goodall Institute and has worked extensively on conservation and animal welfare issues.", "Jane Goodall is the world’s foremost expert in chimpanzees. Born April 3, 1934, she spent 45 years studying wild chimpanzees in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania. In addition to being honored as Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire, she was named a United Nations Messenger of Peace in 2002.", "Dame Jane Goodall, DBE (born Valerie Jane Morris Goodall on 3 April 1934) is an English UN Messenger of Peace, primatologist, ethologist, and anthropologist. She is well-known for her 45-year study of chimpanzee social and family interactions in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania, and for founding the Jane Goodall Institute.", "Dame Jane Morris Goodall, DBE, Ph.D., is a British primatologist, ethologist, anthropologist, and UN Messenger of Peace. Considered to be the world's foremost expert on chimpanzees, Goodall is best known for her 45-year study of social and family interactions of wild chimpanzees in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania. She is the founder of the Jane Goodall Institute and has worked extensively on conservation and animal welfare issues.…  Read More", "The Gombe Stream National Park is a well-known chimpanzee sanctuary where Jane Goodall did research on chimps in their natural habitat. Serengeti National Park is Tanzania’s oldest and most popular park for tourists. It is linked to the Masai Mara Game Reserve in Kenya and is home to over 1.7 million wildebeest, and about a million other animals.", "Tanzania has many large and ecologically significant wildlife parks, including the famous Ngorongoro Crater, Serengeti National Park in the north and Selous Game Reserve and Ruaha National Parks in the south. Gombe Stream National Park in the west is known as the site of Dr. Jane Goodall’s studies of chimpanzees.", "As a girl in England, Jane Goodall dreamed of traveling to Africa to study animals in the wild. In the summer of 1960, her dream brought her to the shores of Lake Tanganyika, to observe the wild chimpanzees at Gombe Stream. Other scientists did not believe that a 26-year-old woman could survive alone in the bush, but Jane Goodall did more than survive. Her work revolutionized the field of primatology.", "Jane Goodall first traveled to Tanzania in 1960 at the age of 26 with no formal college training. At the time, it was accepted that humans were undoubtedly similar to chimpanzees—we share over 98% of the same genetic code. However, little was known about chimpanzee behavior or community structure. At the time she began her research, she says “it was not permissible, at least not in ethological circles, to talk about an animal's mind. Only humans had minds. Nor was it quite proper to talk about animal personality. Of course everyone knew that they did have their own unique characters--everyone who had ever owned a dog or other pet was aware of that. But ethologists, striving to make theirs a \"hard\" science, shied away from the task of trying to explain such things objectively.” However, her research eventually proved just that—the intellectual and emotional sophistication of non-humans, chimpanzees in particular. With the support of renowned anthropologist Louis Leakey, Goodall set up a small research station in Gombe Stream in hopes of learning more about the behavior of our closest relatives. There she spent months tracking the elusive chimpanzee troops, particularly the Kasakela chimpanzee community, and observing their daily habits until she was slowly accepted by one troop and was allowed rare and intimate glimpses into chimpanzee society.", "Fifty years ago Louis Leakey sent her to study chimpanzees because he thought their behavior might cast light on human ancestors, his chosen subject. Jane ignored that part of the mandate and studied chimps for their own sake, their own interest, their own value. While doing that, she created institutions and opportunities that have yielded richly in the work of other scientists, as well as a luminous personal example that has brought many young women and men into science and conservation. It’s important to remember that the meaning of Gombe, after half a century, is bigger than Jane Goodall’s life and work. But make no mistake: Her life and work have been very, very big.", "A group of local men, camped near their fishing nets along the beach, greeted the Goodall party and helped bring up the gear. Jane and her mother spent the afternoon putting their camp in order. Then, around 5 p.m., somebody reported having seen a chimpanzee. “So off we went,” Jane wrote later that night in her journal, “and there was the chimp.” She had gotten only a distant, indistinct glimpse. “It moved away as we drew level with the crowd of fishermen gazing at it, and, though we climbed the neighbouring slope, we didn’t see it again.” But she had noticed, and recorded, some bent branches flattened together in a nearby tree: a chimp nest. That datum, that first nest, was the starting point of what has become one of the most significant ongoing sagas in modern field biology: the continuous, minutely detailed, 50-year study, by Jane Goodall and others, of the behavior of the chimps of Gombe.", "In contrast to the peaceful and affectionate behaviors she observed, Goodall also found an aggressive side of chimp nature at Gombe Stream. She discovered that chimps will systematically hunt and eat smaller primates, such as colobus monkeys. Goodall watched a hunting group isolate a colobus monkey high in a tree and block all possible exits, then one chimpanzee climbed up and captured and killed the colobus. The others then each took parts of the carcass, sharing with other members of the troop in response to begging behaviors. The chimps at Gombe kill and eat as much as one-third of the colobus population in the park each year. This alone was a major scientific find which challenged previous conceptions of chimp diet and behavior.", "In April 2002, Secretary-General Kofi Annan named Goodall a United Nations Messenger of Peace. Her other honours include the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement, the French Legion of Honor, Medal of Tanzania, Japan's prestigious Kyoto Prize, the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Life Science, the Gandhi-King Award for Nonviolence and the Spanish Prince of Asturias Awards. She is also a member of the advisory board of BBC Wildlife magazine and a patron of Population Matters (formerly the Optimum Population Trust). She has received many tributes, honours, and awards from local governments, schools, institutions, and charities around the world. Goodall is honoured by The Walt Disney Company with a plaque on the Tree of Life at Walt Disney World's Animal Kingdom theme park, alongside a carving of her beloved David Greybeard, the original chimpanzee which approached Goodall during her first year at Gombe. In 2010 Dave Matthews and Tim Reynolds held a benefit concert at DAR Constitution Hall in Washington DC to commemorate Gombe 50: a global celebration of Jane Goodall's pioneering chimpanzee research and inspiring vision for our future. Read Less", "Gombe Stream National Park is located in western Kigoma Region, Tanzania, 10 miles (20 km) north of Kigoma, the capital of Kigoma Region. Established in 1968, Gombe is the smallest national park in Tanzania, with only 20 sqmi of forest running along the hills of the eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika. The terrain is distinguished by steep valleys, and the forest vegetation ranges from grassland to alpine bamboo to tropical rainforest.PBS: Nature- [http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/episodes/jane-goodalls-wild-chimpanzees/introduction/1908/ “Jane Goodall’s Wild Chimpanzees”], 1996. Accessible only by boat, the park is most famous as the location where Jane Goodall pioneered her behavioral research conducted on the chimpanzee populations. The Kasakela chimpanzee community, featured in several books and documentaries, lives in Gombe Stream National Park.", "In July 1960, at the age of 26, Jane Goodall traveled from England to what is today Tanzania and bravely entered the little-known world of wild chimpanzees. She was equipped with nothing more than a notebook and a pair of binoculars. But with her unyielding patience and characteristic optimism, she won the trust of these initially shy creatures. She managed to open a window into their sometimes strange and often familiar-seeming lives. The public was fascinated and remains so to this day.", "The encampment on Lake Tanganyika in Tanzania, where Jane Goodall began her study of the wild chimpanzees.", "The idea that we have much in common with chimps, including more than 98 percent of our genetic code, is now widely accepted. But chimp life was still a mystery in 1957, when, on a trip she had saved for years to make, a 23-year old Goodall arrived in Kenya to visit a high school friend. Once there, in an effort to realize her dream of studying wild animals, she contacted Louis Leakey, a prominent anthropologist working at a Kenyan museum who would later become famous for his discoveries of early human remains at the Olduvai Gorge. She soon won a job assisting Leakey with his studies, doing everything from documenting monkey behavior to hunting for fossils. Leakey eventually encouraged Goodall to study chimpanzees, animals that he believed could provide us a window into our own beginnings.", "For many years, Jane Goodall has been an outspoken opponent of the use of chimpanzees in medical research, and has campaigned for the more humane treatment of research animals when their use cannot be done away with altogether. Other dangers to the world’s chimpanzees include the erosion of their natural habitat through careless development, and the hunting of wild chimpanzees for the luxury “bush meat” trade. Her fight to preserve the world’s chimpanzee population has included service on the board of the world’s largest chimpanzee sanctuary, Save the Chimps, in Fort Pierce, Florida.", "Jane Goodall spent much of her life trying to further her goals of protecting chimps, their rights and habitat. She reportedly wrote 20-30 letters a day from her home in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania to encourage individuals into thinking about what they could do to make a difference. Michael Nichols/National Geographic", "In 1960, Jane Goodall observed a chimpanzee poking pieces of grass into a termite mound and then raising the grass to his mouth. After he left, Goodall approached the mound and repeated the behaviour because she was unsure what the chimpanzee was doing. She found that the termites bit onto the grass with their jaws. The chimpanzee had been using the grass as a tool to “fish” or \"dip\" for termites. There are more limited reports of the closely related bonobo using tools in the wild; it has been claimed they rarely use tools in the wild although they use tools as readily as chimpanzees when in captivity, It has been reported that both female chimpanzees and bonobos use tools more avidly than males. Orangutans in Borneo scoop catfish out of small ponds. Anthropologist Anne Russon saw several animals on these forested islands learn on their own to jab at catfish with sticks, so that the panicked prey would flop out of ponds and into the orangutan's waiting hands There are few reports of gorillas using tools in the wild. An adult female Western lowland gorilla used a branch as a walking stick apparently to test water depth and to aid her in crossing a pool of water. Another adult female used a detached trunk from a small shrub as a stabilizer during food gathering, and another used a log as a bridge. ", "In the 1970s and ‘80s Jane began to spend less time at the Gombe Research Center.  She was increasingly alarmed by the changes she was seeing in her beloved Africa. Mining and logging had begun to denude the habitat needed by her chimpanzees; desperately poor people were using slash and burn agriculture to survive. Through her writing and television appearances, Jane became an advocate for conservation , education and human rights. In 1977, she founded the Jane Goodall Institute, a global non-profit organization. The institute is active in promoting health and conservation in the local communities surrounding the chimpanzee habitats. They are active in bringing ecotourism into the area to provide stable jobs; they build medical clinics and dig wells. They teach farmers to use sustainable methods of agriculture by providing nurseries of swift growing trees to be used as fuel and food. The Roots and Shoots division of the institute is a global on-line community of young people and educators.", "In 1986, she attended a conference in Chicago that forever changed the course of her career. Her landmark book The Chimpanzees of Gombe had just been published, and Goodall was already planning the second volume. But during a session on conservation, she realized just how rapidly chimpanzee habitats were being destroyed. Forests were disappearing. The illegal bushmeat trade was rampant, and chimpanzee populations were decreasing. A secretly filmed video revealed chimps living in small cages at a medical research lab.", "Today, JGI raises awareness about great apes, conservation and research. Roots & Shoots, which started with 12 Tanzanian teenagers in 1991, has grown into a powerful grassroots initiative that encourages young people to identify problems in their communities and create solutions. Goodall has written 25 books and received 47 honorary degrees. In 2002, she was appointed a United Nations Messenger of Peace. Two years later, she became Dame Jane.", "While she was in Africa, Jane’s friends encouraged her to contact the famous paleontologist, Louis Leakey. Jane was eager to discuss animals with Leakey, who was then curator of the Coryndon Museum in Nairobi. Leakey, who believed that studying other primates would help scientists to understand early hominid societies, saw in Jane someone with the right personality to begin a long term study. He hired her first as a secretary for his dig at Olduvai Gorge. Leakey then asked her to return to England to study primate anatomy and behavior while he raised funds for the proposed field study. On July 14, 1960, Jane Goodall began setting up her camp at Gombe Stream National Park in Tanzania. Leakey later arranged for Jane to earn her Ph.D. in ethology from Cambridge University. She was one of only eight people ever to have a doctoral dissertation accepted by Cambridge without first having an undergraduate degree.", "In 1958, Leakey sent Goodall to London to study primate behaviour with Osman Hill and primate anatomy with John Napier. Leakey raised funds, and on 14 July 1960, Goodall went to Gombe Stream National Park, becoming the first of what would come to be called The Trimates. She was accompanied by her mother, whose presence was necessary to satisfy the requirements of David Anstey, chief warden, who was concerned for their safety; Tanzania was \"Tanganyika\" at that time and a British protectorate. ", "Jane Goodall was born on April 3, 1934, in London, England, to Mortimer Herbert Goodall, a businessperson and motor-racing enthusiast, and the former Margaret Myfanwe Joseph, who wrote novels under the name Vanne Morris Goodall. Along with her sister, Judy, Goodall was reared in London and Bournemouth, England. Her fascination with animal behavior began in early childhood. In her leisure time, she observed native birds and animals, making extensive notes and sketches, and read widely in the literature of zoology and ethology. From an early age, she dreamed of traveling to Africa to observe exotic animals in their natural habitats.", "In Me…Jane ( public library ), celebrated cartoonist, author, and animal rights advocate Patrick McDonnell chronicles the early life of pioneering primatologist Jane Goodall (b. April 3, 1934) and tells the heartening story of how the seed planted by a childhood dream blossomed, under the generous beams of deep dedication, into the reality of a purposeful life.", "On the advice of Louis Leakey, Goodall returned to England to earn a doctorate in ethology, the science of animal behavior, at Cambridge University. In 1964, Goodall and Van Lawick were married in London. Her husband held the title of baron in the Netherlands; during their marriage, Jane Goodall was often referred to in the press and elsewhere as Baroness van Lawick. She received her doctorate from Darwin College, Cambridge, in 1965. The couple returned to Tanzania, where she established the Gombe Stream Research Centre.", "The violent death of Dian Fossey contrasts with Goodall's relatively peaceful time in Tanzania, although her life at Gombe – on the eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika, north of Kigoma – certainly did not lack incident. \"I arrived with my mother because the local authorities were adamant that a young English girl could not live on her own in the bush without a European escort,\" she says.", "In 1975 she married Derek Bryceson. He was a member of Tanzania 's parliament and director of national parks; he died of cancer in October 1980. [7] With his position in the Tanzanian government as head of the country's national park system, Bryceson was able to protect Goodall's research project. He put an embargo on tourism at Gombe while he was alive. [7]", "Goodall and her allies had long advocated the creation of a national park in Gombe. In the course of this work she met the director of Tanzania’s national park system, Derek Bryceson. The British-born Bryceson was a Royal Air Force veteran who had settled in Tanzania after World War II. A supporter of Tanzanian independence, he was elected to the new country’s National Assembly. Bryceson was profoundly impressed by Goodall’s presentation to the National Assembly. She was moved by his courage in overcoming injuries sustained when he was shot down over Egypt during World War II. Sharing their love for the treasures of Tanzania’s wildlife, Goodall and Bryceson were married in 1975 and made their home at Lake Tanganyika until his death in 1980.", "Gorongosa National Park - At Gorongosa National Park you can see a variety of animal species and vegetation. Visitors can watch the majestic elephants roam across the landscape and if you are lucky, you can even see lion. The park is also home to buffalo, zebra and buck. Near water sources there are hippos and crocodiles. This is a bird watcher's paradise with over 400 species of birds. Visiting this park is a way of traveling responsibly and giving back to the local community as it aids in conservation programs. Chitengo Safari Camp is open most of the year and it provides accommodations including swimming pools and a restaurant. Photographic safaris can also be arranged.", "1957 23 Years Old Goodall had always been passionate about animals and Africa, which brought her to the farm of a friend in the Kenya highlands in 1957. … Read More" ]

[ 9.6171875, 8.9765625, 8.78125, 7.75390625, 6.53125, 5.328125, 4.37109375, 3.265625, 3.056640625, 2.984375, 2.94921875, 2.8203125, 2.671875, 2.15234375, 2.025390625, 1.9833984375, 1.7412109375, 1.740234375, 1.2783203125, 1.20703125, 0.97900390625, 0.41162109375, -0.1180419921875, -0.81640625, -0.83349609375, -1.189453125, -2.640625, -3.66015625, -4.10546875, -4.34765625, -4.87109375, -5.484375 ]

[ "The four main types of caviar are Beluga, Sterlet, Ossetra, and Sevruga. The rarest and costliest is from beluga sturgeon that swim in the Caspian Sea, which is bordered by Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan. Wild caviar production has now survived only in Azerbaijan and Iran as Russia maintains a self-imposed ban on caviar trade from wild sturgeon. Beluga caviar is prized for its soft, extremely large (pea-size) eggs. It can range in color from pale silver-gray to black. It is followed by the small golden sterlet caviar which is rare and was once reserved for Russian czars, Iranian shahs and Austrian emperors. Next in quality is the medium-sized, gray to brownish osetra (ossetra), and the last in the quality ranking is smaller, gray sevruga caviar.", "The four main types of caviar are  Beluga ,  Sterlet ,  Ossetra , and  Sevruga . The rarest and costliest is from beluga sturgeon that swim in the Caspian Sea, which is bordered by Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan.", "High class Caviar is always an experience. The four main types of caviar are Beluga, Sterlet, Ossetra, and Sevruga. Given its high price in the West, caviar is associated with luxury and wealth. In Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, caviar is commonly served at holiday feasts, weddings and festive occasions.", "Sevruga is one of the highest priced varieties of caviar, eclipsed in cost only by the Beluga and Ossetra varieties. It is harvested from the Sevruga sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus) native to the Caspian Sea, and may be distinguished from its more expensive cousins by the size of the eggs, which are generally smaller. ", "Because the Stellate sturgeon is the most common and reproduces more quickly, this makes Sevruga caviar the most commonly found of the sturgeon caviars, and the most inexpensive of the three main types of sturgeon caviar - Beluga, Osetra and Sevruga. It’s calculated that about half the caviar production comes from Sevruga. Sevruga caviar eggs are a pearlescent grey, and smaller in size than other sturgeon. The flavor is more pronounced than other varieties, often described as saltier, but it can vary depending on the origin of the fish. The caviar is packaged and sold in red tins.", "Sevruga (Russian: севрю́га) A caviar from the Sevruga, a type of sturgeon found only in the Caspian and Black Seas.", "(sometimes also spelled Osetra or Asetra) is one of the most desired types of caviar in the world. It can look, smell, and taste a little different each time you try it due to abundant varieties (see below). Generally nutty and buttery in taste, the savory roe ranges in color from deep black to light gold and almost white. The texture of Ossetra caviar tends to be a bit firmer than other types of caviar, yet still delicate.", "For a long time, Caspian Sea caviar from the Beluga , Osetra or Sevruga sturgeon was the only accepted type of caviar in the market. Today, the definition has expanded both semantically and geographically. Caviar is now farmed and harvested not only in Russia and Iran, but also in many different – and surprising - parts in the world, like Bulgaria, France, California, and even Uruguay.", "Sevruga caviar is the least eminent amongst the four major caviars, mainly because it is more available and is therefore less expensive. But because its flavor is the most intense, it is highly regarded by connoisseurs of fine caviar. Comparatively smaller and of a crunchier texture than the other major caviars, it is greenish-gray, blackish-gray, or black in color. Despite Sevruga caviar’s less-lofty position amongst the “big four,” it is placed significantly above the other types of caviar. (Sevruga sturgeon arrive at egg-bearing age between seven and 10 years old, their caviar being considered the best between ages eight and 22).", "Beluga is the world's most expensive caviar, next to exceedingly rare Sterlet. Its roe is very large, ranging in color from black to pale grey, and has a smooth, buttery flavor. Fewer than 100 Beluga sturgeon are caught each year.", "Sevruga caviar is intense in flavor. More affordable than the Osetra and Beluga caviars, it is a popular caviar variety. Its price is reflective of the fact that the Sevruga sturgeon is rather common; it is not rare like the Beluga. This sturgeon is also quick to reproduce. The female Sevruga reaches maturity earlier than other sturgeons. It produces eggs between the ages of seven and eight.", "In Russian, there are different names for the species of sturgeon that live in various territories such as Beluga (Huso Huso), Sevruga (Acipenser stellatus) and Sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus). The name Ossetra corresponds to the species Acipenser gueldenstaedtii, which is much smaller than Beluga sturgeon (Huso huso), and has a firmer texture. In the territory of the Russian Federation dwells another type of sturgeon, Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser Baerii), which is farmed all over the world because it can adapt to a wider range of habitats. It begins to produce caviar faster than Acipenser gueldenstaedtii.", "Sometimes confused or mislabeled as Sevruga, this smallish caviar comes from Sterlet sturgeon, Acipenser ruthenus. Sterlet caviar is light to dark grey, with small grains that have an intense flavor.", "Despite its smaller size, the Sevruga is the most flavorful caviar in the Sturgeon family and sometimes it is called 'Strong Sturgeon'. The small pearlescent black beads conceal a briny juice with a complex sea flavor that makes the connoisseurs' taste buds tremble in expectancy of the highest delight of enjoying the nutty and buttery flavor", "Sevruga caviar: The eggs of this certain type of fish are small and black. Although its nutritional value is not as high as that of Beluga and Osetra caviar, Sevruga caviar has a wonderful flavor and a delicate aroma. These characteristics award it third place on our list. The covers of Sevruga eggs are more resilient than Beluga eggs, but this does not detract from the advantages of Sevruga caviar. It is best served on a pedestal of ice.", "The sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) is a relatively small species of sturgeon from Eurasia native to large rivers that flow into the Black Sea, Azov Sea, and Caspian Sea, as well as rivers in Siberia as far east as Yenisei. Populations migrating between fresh and salt water (anadromous) have been extirpated.", "Easily recognisable, Ossetra Caviar is slightly larger than that of the Sevruga sturgeon, however it is the range of colours that make this particular variety discernible from the rest. The texture is also an important key to identifying this caviar, the slight bite of the roe en masse indicative of the high quality.", "The sturgeon family, or Acipenseridae, are a strange, prehistoric-looking fish which feed on the bottom. There are several species of sturgeon, and the rarest, beluga produces the largest and most prized roe, making beluga caviar the most expensive type.", "-- Beluga. Loose textured, pea-size and translucent. Color ranges from pearl gray to black. Since sturgeon roe is processed with less salt than other types, beluga has a mild, nonfishy flavor. Can be served alone or with accompaniments, such as chopped egg.", "The beluga, or hausen (Huso huso, or Acipenser huso), inhabits the Caspian and Black seas and the Sea of Azov . A large sturgeon, it reaches a length of 7.5 metres (25 feet) and a weight of 1,300 kg (2,900 pounds), but its flesh and caviar are less valuable than those of smaller species.", "Ossetra caviar varies in color, from deep brown to gold. Lighter varieties are more sought after, as they have the richest flavor and come from the oldest of sturgeon. Golden Ossetra is a rare form of Ossetra caviar, and is golden-yellow in color with a very rich flavor. ", "The beluga was first described in 1776 by Peter Simon Pallas. It is a member of the Monodontidae family, which is in turn part of the toothed whale parvorder. The Irrawaddy dolphin was once placed in the same family; recent genetic evidence suggests these dolphins belong to the Delphinidae family. The narwhal is the only other species within the Monodontidae besides the beluga. A skull has been discovered with intermediate characteristics supporting the hypothesis that hybridization is possible between these two families. ", "The Caspian Sea had not always been the only source of caviar. Beluga sturgeon were common in the Po river in Italy in the 16th century, and were used to produce caviar.", "Beluga whales are opportunistic feeders. They prey on about 100 different kinds of primarily bottom-dwelling animals. They eat octopus; squid; crabs; snails; sandworms; and fishes such as capelin, cod, herring, smelt, and flounder.", "Beluga Sturgeon: Large sized, can measure up to 4 meters in length and weighs up to 1000 Kg. Yields about 15% of its weight in caviar.", "Osetra Sturgeon: Medium sized, 2 meters long, can weigh 200 kg. Ossetra: Next in quality is the medium-sized, gray to brownish ossetra.", "Bowfin Caviar This caviar, more commonly know by its Cajun name, Choupique, is considered another of the better substitutes for Beluga. It has a distinctively sturgeon essence, with a mild flavor and firm, black beads, although smaller in size than Beluga.", "Other common names for the beluga include \"white whale\" and \"belukha\". They are also nicknamed \"sea canaries\" because of their vocalizations.", "But the word belukha means “white” in Russian, meaning there are other animals named beluga besides the whales, including the beluga sturgeon, which beluga caviar comes from.", "The native populations of the Canadian, Alaskan, and Russian Arctic regions hunt belugas for their meat, blubber, and skin. The cured skin is the only cetacean skin that is sufficiently thick to be used as leather. Belugas were easy prey for hunters due to their predictable migration patterns and the high population density in estuaries and surrounding coastal areas during the summer.", "A coalition of conservation groups has organized a campaign to save the beluga sturgeon and has just issued a report, ''Roe to Ruin,'' to explain why. The decline in the population of the beluga, a creature that dates back to the dinosaur era, has been caused by pollution, destruction of natural habitat and illegal catches, particularly in the Russian part of the Caspian Sea, which is also fished by Iran.", "any of a family of scaleless fish with long feelers round the mouth. platkop, seebaber سَمَك السلَّور/ الصلَّور морски вълк bagre sumec, sumcovitá ryba der Wels malle; havkat γατόψαρο bagre säga گربه ماهی monni poisson-chat שְׂפָמנוּן अशल्क मछली som harcsa lele leirgedda; (steinbítur) pesce gatto なまず 메기 šamas, šamažuvių būrio žuvis zobaine ikan duri katvis steinbit zębacz پيشى كب (يو ډول ماهى دى چه دپيشو په شا ن بريتو نه لرى bagre pisică de mare сомовые sumcovitá ryba som som havskatt ปลาดุก kedi balığı 鯰魚 сом مچھلی کی ایک قسم cá trê 鲇鱼" ]

[ 5.546875, 5.54296875, 5.4140625, 5.109375, 4.7578125, 3.994140625, 3.857421875, 3.841796875, 3.33203125, 3.3203125, 3.294921875, 3.23046875, 2.453125, 2.36328125, 2.009765625, 1.8388671875, 1.6396484375, 0.10009765625, -0.1492919921875, -0.227294921875, -0.2354736328125, -0.5283203125, -0.96435546875, -1.0107421875, -1.244140625, -1.3544921875, -2.314453125, -2.34765625, -2.7421875, -2.82421875, -3.8671875, -6.015625 ]

[ "Situated in the Great Lakes region of the Midwestern United States. Michigan is the 26th state to join the Union (on January 26, 1837) and with a population of 9,877,839 is today the 10th most populous of the 50 states.  Known as  The Great Lake(s) State, The Wolverine State, The Mitten State, Water (Winter) Wonderland.", "A constitutional convention was held, and on October 5, 1835, the people ratified the state’s constitution.  However, Congress delayed Michigan’s admittance to the Union due to a dispute with Ohio over the Toledo area.  Congress settled this in 1836 by giving the “Toledo Strip” to Ohio and the entire Upper Peninsula to Michigan.  Finally, Michigan became the 26th state to join the Union on January 26, 1837.", "ADMISSION TO THE UNION  On January 26, 1837, Michigan became the 26th state to be admitted.", "What is now Michigan was first settled by various Native American tribes before being colonized by French explorers in the 17th century and becoming a part of New France. After the defeat of France in the French and Indian War in 1762 the region came under British rule, and was finally ceded to the newly independent United States after the British defeat in the American Revolutionary War. The area was organized as part of the larger Northwest Territory until 1800, when western Michigan became part of the Indiana Territory. Eventually, in 1805, the Michigan Territory was formed, which lasted until it was admitted into the Union on January 26, 1837, as the 26th state. The state of Michigan soon became an important center of industry and trade in the Great Lakes region and a popular immigrant destination.", "Great Lakes states The eight U.S. jurisdictions bordering the Great Lakes: Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin. Two Canadian provinces also border the lakes: Ontario and Quebec.", "The Great Lakes region of North America is a bi-national Canadian-American region that includes portions of the eight U.S. states of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin as well as the Canadian province of Ontario. The region borders the Great Lakes and forms a distinctive historical, economic, and cultural identity. A portion of the region also encompasses most of the Great Lakes Megalopolis, which extends outside the region to St. Louis, Missouri.", "The federal government tried to maintain a balance between slave states and free states. The new states admitted were: Indiana (1816, free), Mississippi (1817, slave), Illinois (1818, free), Alabama (1819, slave), Maine (1820, free), Missouri (1821, slave), Arkansas (1836, slave), and Michigan (1837, free).", "Indiana is bordered on the north by Lake Michigan and the state of Michigan; on the east by Ohio; on the south by Kentucky, with which it shares the Ohio River as a border; and on the west by Illinois. Indiana is one of the Great Lakes states.", "midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. It is bordered by Pennsylvania (NE), West Virginia (SE) and Kentucky (S) across the Ohio River, Indiana (W), and Michigan and Lake Erie (N).", "At the beginning of the 1820s, the United States stretched from the Atlantic Ocean through to (roughly) the western edge of the Mississippi basin, though Florida, Michigan, Wisconsin and all present-day states fully west of the Mississippi had yet to be granted statehood. Two states were admitted to the union during this decade: Maine in 1820, and Missouri in 1821. The Adams–Onís Treaty, signed in 1819 and ratified by Spain in 1821, ceded Florida to the United States, and established a boundary between New Spain and the United States.", "26 In an act supplementary to the first act admitting Iowa and Florida to the Union, Congress granted five sections of any unappropriated United States land within Iowa \"for the purpose of completing the public buildings of the said State, or for the erection of public buildings at the seat of government\", the land to be selected and located and the use to be determined as the State legislature should direct. All of the provisions of this act remained in force when Iowa was finally admitted to the Union on December 28, 1846. — United States Statutes at Large, Vol. V, p790; Vol. IX, p117.", "French traders were the first Europeans to see any of the Great Lakes; Étienne Brulé visited Lake Huron c.1612. In 1614, Brulé and French explorer Samuel de Champlain explored Lake Huron and Lake Ontario. In 1679, the French explorer La Salle sailed from Lake Erie to Lake Michigan. The Great Lakes region, rich in furs, was contested for many years by the French, English, and Americans. The close of the War of 1812 finally ended the struggle for possession of the Great Lakes, and settlement of the region rapidly followed. The opening of the Erie Canal in 1825 accelerated the development of commerce on the Great Lakes.", "Indiana, constituent state of the United States of America. The state sits, as its motto claims, at “the crossroads of America.” It borders Lake Michigan and the state of Michigan to the north, Ohio to the east, Kentucky to the south, and Illinois to the west, making it an integral part of the American Midwest . It ranks 38th among the 50 U.S. states in terms of total area and, except for Hawaii , is the smallest state west of the Appalachian Mountains . With a name that is generally thought to mean “land of the Indians,” Indiana was admitted on December 11, 1816, as the 19th state of the union. Its capital has been at Indianapolis since 1825.", "Indiana is a U.S. state located in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by area and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States. Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U.S. state on December 11, 1816.", "The rivalry between the two new states presented a dilemma of which was to be admitted first. Harrison directed Secretary of State James G. Blaine to shuffle the papers and obscure from him which he was signing first and the actual order went unrecorded, thus no one knows which of the Dakotas was admitted first. [21] [22] However, since North Dakota alphabetically appears before South Dakota, its proclamation was published first in the Statutes At Large. Since that day, it has become common to list the Dakotas alphabetically and thus North Dakota is usually listed as the 39th state.", "The Eastern United States, commonly referred to as the American East or simply the East, is a region roughly coinciding with the boundaries of the United States established in the 1783 Treaty of Paris, which bounded the new country to the west along the Mississippi River. It is geographically and culturally diverse, spanning the Northeast and parts of the South and Midwest. In 2011 the 26 states east of the Mississippi (including Washington, D.C. but not the small portions of Minnesota and Louisiana east of the river) had an estimated population of 179,948,346 or 58.28% of the total U.S. population of 308,745,358 (excluding Puerto Rico).", "On April 1, 1803, the United States of America was comprised of lands east of the Mississippi River, including a handful of states (17), and the Illinois, Indiana, Michigan and Mississippi Territories.", "Wisconsin, constituent state of the United States of America. Wisconsin was admitted to the union as the 30th state on May 29, 1848. One of the north-central states, it is bounded by the western portion of Lake Superior and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan to the north and by Lake Michigan to the east. The state of Illinois lies to the south, and Minnesota and Iowa lie to the west and southwest, respectively. The name Wisconsin is an Anglicized version of a French rendering of an Algonquin name, Meskousing, said to mean “this stream of red stone,” referring to the Wisconsin River. Madison , in south-central Wisconsin, is the state capital.", "1821: James Monroe is sworn in as President for a 2nd term with Daniel Tompkins as Vice President. Missouri is the 24th state admitted to the Union. Missouri was admitted as a slave state on August 10, 1821, after an agreement known as the Missouri Compromise in which Maine was admitted as a free state. The state was much smaller than the territory. The area to the west and northwest of the state, which had been in the territory, was commonly known as the \"Missouri Country\" until May 30, 1854, and certain of the post offices in this area show a Missouri abbreviation in the postmark.", "Delaware is known by this nickname due to the fact that on December 7, 1787, it became the first of the 13 original states to ratify the U.S. Constitution. \"The First State\"became the official State nickname on May 23, 2002 following a request by Mrs. Anabelle O'Malley's First Grade Class at Mt. Pleasant Elementary School.", "After the War of 1812 much of America's attention turned to exploration and settlement of its territory to the West, which had been greatly enlarged by the Louisiana Purchase. Families of pioneers swept westward and founded new communities throughout what is now the Midwest, and between 1816 and 1821, six new states were admitted to the Union.", "Indiana is one of the 50 US states, located in Midwestern United States . It is bordered in north by Lake Michigan and the state of Michigan ; in east by Ohio , in west the Wabash River forms a portion of its border with Illinois , and in the south the Ohio River creates the natural border with Kentucky .", "• 1819: The Treaty of Saginaw cedes nearly six million acres of Indian lands to Michigan settlers. Michigan sends a delegate to Congress.", "Ahh, the life in Maine! The Pine Tree State became the 23rd state in the Union on March 15, 1820. Campers enjoy the dense woodlands and beautiful scenery. Others prefer a lobster dinner on Maine's picturesque coastline. What do you think of when you think of Maine? How about \"Red Paint\" people, the Vikings, the French, or Massachusetts?", "Iowa is a Midwest state of the United States. It is the 29th state of the United States, having joined the Union on December 28, 1846. The official name of the state is the \"State of Iowa\". The state is named for the Native American Iowa people.", "1971 - Ohio becomes 38th state to approve of lower voting age to 18, thus ratifying 26th amendment", "Illinois became a state on Dec. 3, 1818. It was the 21st state to join the union.", "        Learn what year your state joined the Union and became part of the \"United States of", "North Dakota (; locally) is the 39th state of the United States, having been admitted to the union on November 2, 1889.", "; locally [ˌno̞ɹθ dəˈko̞ɾə]) is the 39th state of the United States , having been admitted to the union on November 2, 1889.", "1901: 42-year-old Theodore Roosevelt became the 26th and youngest President of the United States, twelve hours after the death of President McKinley.", "Although the Upper Peninsula nominally became United States territory with the 1783 Treaty of Paris, the British did not give up control until 1797 under terms of the Jay Treaty. As an American territory, the Upper Peninsula was still dominated by the fur trade. John Jacob Astor founded the American Fur Company on Mackinac Island in 1808; however, the industry began to decline in the 1830s as beaver and other game were overhunted. " ]

[ 9.1328125, 8.34375, 7.35546875, 5.9140625, 2.990234375, 1.7177734375, 0.7841796875, 0.324462890625, -0.0941162109375, -1.3310546875, -1.9130859375, -2.078125, -2.1328125, -2.482421875, -2.5234375, -3.02734375, -3.154296875, -3.3125, -3.52734375, -4.16796875, -4.23828125, -4.25, -4.9296875, -5.23828125, -5.4375, -5.67578125, -5.92578125, -6.08203125, -6.3671875, -6.8515625, -8.15625, -8.875 ]

[ "Seinfeld is an American sitcom that originally ran for nine seasons on NBC, from 1989 to 1998. It was created by Larry David and Jerry Seinfeld, the latter starring as a fictionalized version of himself. Set predominantly in an apartment building in Manhattan's Upper West Side in New York City (although taped entirely in Los Angeles), the show features a handful of Jerry's friends and acquaintances, particularly best friend George Costanza (Jason Alexander), former girlfriend Elaine Benes (Julia Louis-Dreyfus), and neighbor across the hall Cosmo Kramer (Michael Richards). It is often described as being \"a show about nothing\", as many of its episodes are about the minutiae of daily life.", "Seinfeld is an American television sitcom that originally aired on NBC from July 5, 1989, to May 14, 1998, lasting nine seasons, and is now in syndication. The eponymous series was created by Larry David and Jerry Seinfeld, with the latter starring as a fictionalized version of himself. Set predominantly in an apartment block on New York City's Upper West Side (but shot mainly in Los Angeles, California), the show features a host of Jerry's friends and acquaintances, who include George Costanza, Elaine Benes and Cosmo Kramer. Seinfeld was produced by Castle Rock Entertainment and distributed in association with Columbia Pictures Television and Columbia TriStar Television. Sony Pictures Television has distributed the series since 2002. It was largely co-written by David and Seinfeld with input from numerous script writers, including Larry Charles, Peter Mehlman, Gregg Kavet, Andy Robin, Carol Leifer, David Mandel, Jeff Schaffer, Steve Koren, Jennifer Crittenden, Tom Gammill, Max Pross, Charlie Rubin, Alec Berg, and Spike Feresten. As a critical favorite, commercial blockbuster and cultural phenomenon, the show led the Nielsen Ratings in its sixth and ninth seasons and finished among the top two (along with NBC's ER) every year from 1994 to 1998.[1] In 2002, TV Guide named Seinfeld as the greatest television program of all time.[2] In 2008, Entertainment Weekly ranked Seinfeld as the third best show of the last 25 years, behind The Sopranos and The Simpsons.", "Seinfeld is an American television sitcom that originally ran for nine seasons on NBC from July 5, 1989, to May 14, 1998. It was created by Larry David and Jerry Seinfeld , the latter starring as a fictionalized version of himself . Set predominantly in an apartment block in Manhattan ‘s Upper West Side in New York City, the show features a handful of Jerry’s friends and acquaintances, particularly best friend George Costanza ( Jason Alexander ), former girlfriend Elaine Benes ( Julia Louis-Dreyfus ), and neighbor across the hall Cosmo Kramer ( Michael Richards ).", "The famous \"show about nothing,\" NBC's Seinfeld is regarded by many fans as the best network sitcom ever.", "The now-legendary \"show about nothing,\" Seinfeld is the best comedian sitcom ever to air and one of the best overall sitcoms of all time. Stand-up comic Jerry Seinfeld created the show with Larry David with a very specific edict in mind: \"No hugs, no lessons learned.\" That's the formula the series ran with for nine terrific seasons, buoyed by the masterful ensemble at its center (which also included Jason Alexander, Julia Louis-Dreyfus and Michael Richards) and a seemingly endless parade of memorable supporting characters. It's hard to make it through a day now without someone referencing or directly quoting episodes of Seinfeld; such is its impact on popular culture. Seinfeld is the show that turned the sitcom on its head. Check Amazon rating »", "Seinfeld stood out from family and group sitcoms of its time. None of the principal characters are related by family or work connections but remain distinctively close friends throughout the series. It was called “a show about nothing” by its own creative personnel.", "The high didn’t last. Mann moved on after the second season, leaving the show in the hands of Dick Wolf, who chose to make the heroes broodier, the storylines more complicated, and the look of the show less colorful. Meanwhile, other networks stole Miami Vice’s thunder, premièring their own shows with pop music and cinematic effects, and generally becoming more adventurous and hip with their programming. Miami Vice’s ratings dipped dramatically, and—fittingly—the show that defined the decade in so many ways ended in 1989. (For his part, Wolf moved on in 1990 to his next NBC show, Law & Order, which also reshaped the policier for its times, albeit more gradually.)", "The show premiered as The Seinfeld Chronicles on July 5, 1989. After it aired, a pickup by NBC seemed unlikely and the show was offered to Fox, which declined to pick it up. Rick Ludwin, head of late night and special events for NBC, however, diverted money from his budget by canceling a Bob Hope television special, and the next 4 episodes were filmed. These episodes were highly rated as they followed Cheers on Thursdays at 9:30 p.m., and the series was finally picked up. At one point NBC considered airing these episodes on Saturdays at 10:30 p.m., but gave that slot to a short-lived sitcom called FM. The series was renamed Seinfeld after the failure of short-lived 1990 ABC series The Marshall Chronicles. After airing in the summer of 1990, NBC ordered thirteen more episodes. Larry David believed that he and Jerry Seinfeld had no more stories to tell, and advised Seinfeld to turn down the order, but Seinfeld agreed to the additional episodes. Season two was bumped off its scheduled premiere of January 16, 1991, due to the outbreak of the (Persian) Gulf War. It settled into a regular time slot on Wednesdays at 9:30 p.m. and eventually flipped with veteran series Night Court to 9:00. ", "The show has been famously described as \"the show about nothing\", as most of the comedy was based around the largely inconsequential minutiae of everyday life, and often involved petty rivalries and elaborate schemes to gain the smallest advantage over other individuals. The characters have also been described as utterly selfish and amoral; the show standing out by depicting these traits in a comedic fashion. (However, it should be noted that a common motif concerns characters' attempts to do nice things for people, only to have them backfire exponentially.) In contrast to many other sitcoms, the allowing of scenes to lapse into sentimentality was generally avoided, and Jerry Seinfeld and Larry David's dictum of \"no hugging, no learning\" gave the show its distinctively cold and cynical tone. However, themes of illogical social graces and customs, neurotic and obsessive behavior, and the mysterious workings of relationships ran in numerous episodes, making it possible to categorize the show as a comedy of manners. The show's creators made a conscious effort to reflect the activities of real people, rather than the idealized escapist characters often seen on television, although many episodes do feature surreal escapades, often based on scenes from famous movies.", "Following the unexpected termination of Kevin Reilly, in 2007, Ben Silverman was appointed president of NBC Entertainment, while Jeff Zucker was promoted to succeed Bob Wright as CEO of NBC. The network failed to generate any new primetime hits during the 2008–09 season (despite the rare good fortune of having the rights to both the Super Bowl and the Summer Olympics in which to promote their new programming slate), the sitcom Parks and Recreation survived for a second season after a six-episode first season, while Heroes and Deal or No Deal both collapsed in the ratings and were later cancelled (with a revamped Deal or No Deal being revived for one additional season in syndication). In a March 2009 interview, Zucker had stated that he no longer believed it would be possible for NBC to become #1 in prime time. Ben Silverman left the network in 2009, with Jeff Gaspin replacing him as president of NBC Entertainment.", "Miami Vice is a crime drama Buddy Cop Show which ran on NBC from 1984-1989. Created by former Hill Street Blues writer and producer Anthony Yerkovich, the series drew much of its premise from real-life laws allowing property seized from drug dealers to be used in drug enforcement. In other words, if a drug dealer has a Cool Car or Cool Boat , and that drug dealer is jailed, the police can use his stuff. These laws gave the producers a perfectly valid excuse for putting their public-servant characters in Ferraris and Armani suits.", "\"Nothing\" is a nice way of describing star Seinfeld's innocuous brand of comedy. And \"nothing,\" too, is that vast wasteland of most broadcast TV, which was assertively supposed to be about something but most often amounted to nothing.", "Jerry introduces a program that shows highlights from the first 99 episodes of a \"show about nothing.\"", "After premiering on September 30, 1982, it was nearly canceled during its first season when it ranked almost last in ratings for its premiere (74th out of 77 shows). Cheers, however, eventually became a highly rated television show in the United States, earning a top-ten rating during eight of its eleven seasons, including one season at number one. The show spent most of its run on NBC's Thursday night \"Must See TV\" lineup. Its widely watched series finale was broadcast on May 20, 1993, and the show's 270 episodes have been successfully syndicated worldwide. Nominated for Outstanding Comedy Series for all eleven of its seasons on the air, it earned 28 Emmy Awards from a record of 117 nominations. The character Frasier Crane (Kelsey Grammer) was featured in his eponymous spin-off show, which aired until 2004 and included guest appearances by virtually all of the major and minor Cheers characters.", "In 1990, Thomas S. Murphy delegated his position as president to Daniel B. Burke while remaining ABC's chairman and CEO. Capital Cities/ABC reported revenues of $465 million. Now at a strong second place, the network entered the 1990s with additional family-friendly hits including America's Funniest Home Videos (which has gone on to become the longest-running prime time entertainment program in the network's history), Step by Step, Hangin' with Mr. Cooper, Boy Meets World and Perfect Strangers spinoff Family Matters, as well as series such as Doogie Howser, M.D., Life Goes On, cult favorite Twin Peaks and The Commish. In September 1991, the network premiered Home Improvement, a sitcom starring stand-up comic Tim Allen centering on the family and work life of an accident-prone host of a cable-access home improvement show. Lasting eight seasons, its success led ABC to greenlight additional sitcom projects helmed by comedians during the 1990s including The Drew Carey Show; Brett Butler vehicle Grace Under Fire; and Ellen, which became notable for a 1997 episode which served as the coming out of series star Ellen DeGeneres (as well as her character in the series) as a lesbian.", "The show in question was CBS' \" Muddling Through ,\" which lasted only 10 episodes in 1994. According to Vulture , \"'Muddling Through' was such a bomb that even though Aniston was under contract to the show, [NBC entertainment president Warren] Littlefield cast her in 'Friends' anyway, so certain was he that 'Muddling Through' would soon be cancelled.\" And the rest is history!", "Empty Nest was an NBC sitcom which ran from 1988 to 1995. The series began as a spin-off of The Golden Girls , and its pilot ran as an episode of that show (season 2, episode 26), although it was dramatically changed before becoming its own series. Nevertheless, the two households were established as neighbors and characters regularly crossed between the two. Empty Nest was one of the year's top 10 most-watched programs for its first three years.", "Moonlighting 1985-1989 (ABC/Picturemaker); 1 120-minute episodes; 66 60-minute episodes; Mystery/Detective drama series. Former model Maddie Hayes is left nearly broke by her financial advisors, however one of the assets she she discovers that she still has is a failing private detective agency, which she decides to manage with her new partner, David Addison. Creator: Glenn Gordon Caron; Executive Producer: Glenn Gordon Caron; Producer: Jay Daniel; Music: Lee Holdridge, Al Jarreau; Theme sung by Al Jarreau / Starring: CYBIL SHEPHERD as Maddie Hayes; BRUCE WILLIS as David Addison; ALLYCE BEASLEY as Agnes Dipesto; CURTIS ARMSTRONG as Herbert Viola; EVA MARIE SAINT as Virginia Hayes; ROBERT WEBBER as Alex Hayes; JACK BLESSING as MacGilicuddy.", "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air is an award winning American television sitcom that originally aired on NBC from September 10, 1990, to May 20, 1996. The show starred Will Smith as a street-smart teenager from West Philadelphia who is sent to live with his wealthy relatives in a Bel-Air mansion. His lifestyle often clashes with that of his relatives there. 148 episodes were produced over six seasons.", "Ellen (originally titled These Friends of Mine during its first season but was changed so not to be confused with Friends) is an American television sitcom that aired on the ABC network from March 29, 1994, to July 22, 1998, consisting of 109 episodes. The title role is Ellen Morgan, played by stand-up comedian Ellen DeGeneres, a neurotic bookstore owner in her thirties. The series centered on Ellen's dealing with her quirky friends, her family and the problems of daily life. The series is notable for being one of the first with a main character to come out as gay, which DeGeneres' character did in the 1997 episode \"The Puppy Episode\". This event received a great deal of media exposure, ignited controversy, and prompted ABC to place a parental advisory at the beginning of each episode. The series' theme song (used in Season 3 onwards), \"So Called Friend\", is by Scottish band Texas. A running gag during the third and fourth seasons was that each episode had a distinct/different opening credits sequence (often with singing and dancing), resulting from Ellen's ongoing search for the perfect opening credits.", "Cheers is an American situation comedy television series that ran for eleven seasons from 1982 to 1993. It was produced by Charles/Burrows/Charles Productions in association with Paramount Television for NBC, having been created by the team of James Burrows, Glen Charles, and Les Charles. The show is set in the Cheers bar (named for the toast \"Cheers\") in Boston, Massachusetts, where a group of locals meet to drink and have fun. The show's theme song was written by Judy Hart Angelo and Gary Portnoy and performed by Portnoy its famous refrain, \"Where Everybody Knows Your Name\" also became the show's tagline.", "The show was famous for its cliffhangers, including the \"Who shot J.R.?\" mystery. The 1980 episode \"Who Done It\" remains the second highest rated prime-time telecast ever. The show also featured a \"Dream Season\", in which the entirety of the ninth season was revealed to have been a dream of Pam Ewing. After 14 seasons, the series finale \"Conundrum\" aired in 1991.", "Cheers is an American sitcom that ran for eleven seasons between 1982 and 1993. The show was produced by Charles/Burrows/Charles Productions in association with Paramount Network Television for NBC and created by the team of James Burrows, Glen Charles, and Les Charles. The show is set in a bar named Cheers (named after its real life counterpart) in Boston, Massachusetts, where a group of locals meet to drink, relax, and socialize. The show's main theme song, written and performed by Gary Portnoy, and co-written with Judy Hart Angelo, lent its famous refrain \"Where Everybody Knows Your Name\" as the show's tagline. ", "*Wednesday at 10:00–11:00 PM on NBC: May 3—17, 1989; September 20, 1989 – May 9, 1990; March 6, 1991 – May 20, 1992", "The series won a Peabody Award in 1992 and a People's Choice Award for Favorite New Television Comedy Program in 1989. Barr won five additional People's Choice Awards for Favorite Female Performer in a New TV Program (1989), Favorite Female All Around Entertainer (1990), and Favorite Female TV Performer (1990, 1994, and 1995). In 2008, the entire cast (except for Metcalf) reunited at the TV Land Awards to receive the Innovator Award. In their acceptance speech, they honored the late cast member Glenn Quinn.", "Beginning of 1990 season. The producers knew their days were numbered, so they did a deliberate parody. That season was supposed to end with Harry and Christine marrying, Dan entering a seminary, etc. and the show ending. (Knowing that explains why that season started the way it did.) HOWEVER, after the season started NBC decided to keep the show around, so they abandoned that trajectory in mid-stream. They should have known to quit while they were ahead.", "Life Goes On is an American television series that aired on ABC from September 12, 1989, to May 23, 1993. The show centers on the Thatcher family living in suburban Chicago: Drew, his wife Elizabeth, and their children Paige, Rebecca, and Charles, who is known as Corky. Life Goes On was the first television series to have a major character with Down syndrome (Corky, played by Chris Burke, who himself has Down syndrome in real life).", "Starred Damian Lewis as Charlie Crews, a detective who was recently released from prison after serving twelve years for a crime he did not commit. Most likely a victim of the writers strike in that it was moved around and had a long hiatus before it could gain an audience. Lasted 2 seasons. Cancelled in May, 2009. Discuss \"Life\" In Our Forum - Click Here!", "Scrubs is an American comedy-drama created in 2001 by Bill Lawrence and produced currently by ABC Studios. The show follows the lives of several employees of Sacred Heart, a teaching hospital. It features fast-paced dialogue, slapstick, and surreal vignettes presented mostly as the daydreams of the central character, Dr. John \"J.D.\" Dorian.", "The show was broadcast on the premium cable network HBO, in the United States, and was produced by HBO in association with Ball's production company, Your Face Goes Here Entertainment. The series premiered on September 7, 2008 and concluded on August 24, 2014, comprising seven seasons and 80 episodes. The first five seasons received highly positive reviews, and both nominations and wins for several awards, including a Golden Globe and an Emmy.", "CBS commissioned a television pilot in 1990 in hopes of continuing the story as a weekly half-hour sitcom. The story picked up where the film left off and therefore the character of Shelby was not included in the show. The cast featured Cindy Williams as MâLynn, Sally Kirkland as Truvy, Elaine Stritch as Ouiser, Polly Bergen as Clairee and Sheila McCarthy as Annelle. CBS declined to pick up the series for the 1990 fall season, although the pilot was broadcast on August 17, 1990.", "Toni Collette starred in this odd comedy / drama about a suburban housewife & Mom with multiple personalities. Lasted 3 seasons. Original Run: January 18, 2009 - May 12, 2011" ]

[ 7.7890625, 7.5859375, 6.44140625, 5.7578125, 2.625, 2.1484375, 0.5595703125, 0.438232421875, 0.0013713836669921875, -0.828125, -1.6982421875, -2.1328125, -2.396484375, -3.68359375, -4.19140625, -4.27734375, -4.53125, -4.69921875, -5.23046875, -5.328125, -5.3515625, -5.5078125, -5.51171875, -5.6640625, -6.19921875, -6.69140625, -6.8359375, -7.87890625, -8.21875, -8.328125, -8.3671875, -9.015625 ]

[ "In flagrante delicto ( Latin : \"in blazing offence\") or sometimes simply in flagrante ( Latin : \"in blazing\") is a legal term used to indicate that a criminal has been caught in the act of committing an offence (compare corpus delicti ). The colloquial \"caught in the act\", \"caught red-handed \", or \"caught rapid\" are English equivalents. [1] [2]", "In flagrante delicto ( Latin : \"in blazing offence\") or sometimes simply in flagrante ( Latin : \"in blazing\") is a legal term used to indicate that a criminal has been caught in the act of committing an offence (compare  corpus delicti ). The  colloquial  \"caught in the act\" or \"caught  red-handed \" are English equivalents. [1] [2]", "In flagrante delicto (Latin: \"in blazing offence\") or sometimes simply in flagrante (Latin: \"in blazing\") is a legal term used to indicate that a criminal has been caught in the act of committing an offence (compare ). The colloquial \"caught in the act\" or \"caught red-handed\" are English equivalents. ", "flagrante delicto: A phrase that refers to the act of committing a crime, it means “blazing offense.”", "^ \"in flagrante\" . Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary . http://oaadonline.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/in+flagrante+delicto#in-flagrante__2 . \"if somebody is found or caught in flagrante, they are discovered doing something that they should not be doing, especially having sex\"", "... If you find your boss in flagrante delicto: Latin for in the act of committing the", "Flagrante delicto - Literally while the crime blazing. Caught red-handed, in the very act of a crime", "[New Latin in flagrante dlict : Latin in, in; see in-2 + Medieval Latin flagrante dlict, while the crime is blazing; see flagrante delicto.]", "     Definition - Receiving, buying, selling, possessing, concealing, or transporting any property with the knowledge that it has been unlawfully taken, as by burglary, embezzlement, fraud, larceny, robbery, etc.", "double jeopardy (the prosecution of a defendant for a criminal offense for which he has already been tried; prohibited in the fifth amendment to the United States Constitution)", "Delict: Delicts are small offenses, where a person by fraud or deceit causes damage or tort to someone. Delicts can be public or private. Public delicts are those offenses which affect the entire community, and private delicts are directly injurious to a particular individual.", "Committed by a person who does any act in willful contravention of its authority or dignity, or tending", "95. Which legal Latin phrase refers to a situation where someone is caught red-handed, in the act of committing a crime?", "The act of formally asserting that a particular person is to be prosecuted for a crime.", "Used when offenses or torts were committed with the full awareness of the one so committing.", "in law, the unlawful taking and carrying away of the property of another, with intent to deprive the owner of its use or to appropriate it to the use of the perpetrator or of someone else. It is usually distinguished from embezzlement embezzlement,", "Said of an act done with knowledge of its illegality, or with intention to defraud or mislead someone. Opposite of bona fide.", "' is a legal term that comes from the Latin word for \"I do not wish to contend.\" It is also referred to as a plea of no contest. In criminal trials in certain U.S. jurisdictions, it is a plea where the defendant neither admits nor disputes a charge, serving as an alternative to a pleading of guilty or not guilty. A no-contest plea, while not technically a guilty plea, has the same immediate effect as a guilty plea, and is often offered as a part of a plea bargain. In many jurisdictions a plea of ' is not a right, and carries various restrictions on its use.", "Perjury – The criminal offence of knowingly telling a lie (with intent to influence the outcome of the hearing) in a court of law after having taken an oath or affirmation. It closely relates to and is often implicit within the offence of perverting the course of justice, which in the UK technically carries a maximum penalty of life imprisonment. The word perjury derives from Latin perjurium, meaning false oath, similar to jury which comes from jurare, meaning to swear.", "Defendant: in a civil case, the person who is being sued and in a criminal case may be used in place of the “accused”;", "Indictable Offence: one of the categories of offences set out in the Criminal Code; generally refers to a serious offence which is subject to a greater penalty than the less serious summary conviction offence;", "accusare nemo se debet nisi coram Deo \"no one ought to accuse himself except in the Presence of God\" A legal maxim denoting that any accused person is entitled to make a plea of not guilty, and also that a witness is not obliged to give a response or submit a document that will incriminate himself. A very similar phrase is nemo tenetur seipsum accusare.", "Summons - A document notifying a defendant that an action has been instituted against him and that he is required to answer to it at a specific time and place.", "the illegal act of attempting to collect a debt by threatening, or habitually acting in a way that humiliates or distresses, a debtor.", "A legal maxim denoting that any accused person is entitled to make a plea of not guilty, and also that a witness is not obliged to give a response or submit a document that will incriminate himself . A very similar phrase is nemo tenetur seipsum accusare.", "n. An apparent right; as where the defendant in trespass gave to the plaintiff an appearance of title, by stating his title specially, thus removing the cause from the jury to the court.", "writ of garnishment -- a means of enforcing a judgment in which the defendant's property (e.g., a bank account, wages, or any debt owed to the defendant by someone else) is to be seized and is in the hands of a third person .", "Nolo Contendere (Trans: “I will not contest it.”) -- The name of a plea in a criminal action having the same legal effect as a plea of guilty so far as regards all proceedings in the case and on which the defendant may be sentenced.", "������ Under penalty of perjury, the undersigned declares that the undersigned is the petitioner named in the foregoing petition and knows the contents thereof; that the pleading is true of the undersigned�s own knowledge, except as to those matters stated on information and belief, and as to such matters the undersigned believes them to be true.", "Act of a debtor in permitting judgment to be entered against him/her by a creditor. Also known as cognovit judgment .", "(b) for the imposition of penalties or forfeiture for breach of any law, whether under civil process or after conviction for an offence;", "Detinue - A form of action which exists for the recovery of personal property (or their alternative value) from one who acquired possession together with damages for the detention." ]

[ 6.12109375, 6.109375, 6.0703125, 0.52099609375, 0.26025390625, -1.3447265625, -1.806640625, -2.927734375, -4.39453125, -5.16015625, -5.5625, -5.671875, -5.90625, -5.921875, -6.4765625, -7.03125, -7.0390625, -7.26171875, -7.296875, -7.5859375, -7.73046875, -7.734375, -7.7421875, -7.80078125, -7.953125, -8.0703125, -8.203125, -8.4765625, -8.6328125, -8.9296875, -9.171875, -9.25 ]

[ "On September 15, 1961, the 87th Congress of the United States passed a joint resolution: The bill saluted the \"strength and idealism that characterized the life of Samuel Wilson\" and recognized Samuel Wilson of Troy, New York, as the progenitor of the American national symbol Uncle Sam. The bill was signed by President John F. Kennedy.", "Washington, D.C. (JFK+50) The Congress of the United States today officially recognized Samuel Wilson of Troy, New York as “the progenitor of America’s national symbol, Uncle Sam.”", "During the War of 1812, Samuel Wilson was a businessman from Troy, NY that supplied the U.S. Army with beef in barrels. The barrels were labeled \"U.S.\" When asked what the initials stood for, one of Wilson's workers said it stood for Uncle Sam Wilson. The suggestion that the meat shipments came from \"Uncle Sam\" led to the idea that Uncle Sam symbolized the Federal Government and association stuck. In 1961, Congress passed a resolution that recognized Samuel Wilson as the inspiration for the symbol Uncle Sam.", "Sam Wilson was a successful and inspirational leader, the perfect namesake for a national symbol. And as historian Albert Matthews points out: “There is a popular tendency to connect nicknames with persons” (p. 21). In 1961, the U.S. Congress passed a special resolution recognizing Sam Wilson as “the progenitor of America’s national symbol of Uncle Sam.” His birthday, September 13, has been proclaimed “Uncle Sam’s Day” in New York State.", "Samuel Wilson (September 13, 1766 – July 31, 1854) was a meat packer from Troy, New York whose name is purportedly the source of the personification of the United States known as \"Uncle Sam\".", "Perhaps the most famous image of Uncle Sam was created by artist James Montgomery Flagg (1877-1960). In Flagg's version, Uncle Sam wears a tall top hat and blue jacket and is pointing straight ahead at the viewer. During World War I, this portrait of Sam with the words \"I Want You For The U.S. Army\" was used as a recruiting poster. In September 1961, the U.S. Congress recognized Samuel Wilson as \"the progenitor of America's national symbol of Uncle Sam.\"", "The name “Uncle Sam” for the U.S. came from a person known as Uncle Sam Wilson of Troy, NY, who supplied food for the U.S. army in the war of 1812.", "This Day in History:  On this day in 1813, the United States gets its nickname, Uncle Sam. The name is linked to Samuel Wilson, a meat packer from Troy, New York, who supplied barrels of beef to the United States Army during the War of 1812. Wilson (1766-1854) stamped the barrels with \"U.S.\" for United States, but soldiers began referring to the grub as \"Uncle Sam's.\" The local newspaper picked up on the story and Uncle Sam eventually gained widespread acceptance as the nickname for the U.S. federal government.", "The U.S. icon 'Uncle Sam' was based on Samuel Wilson, who worked during the War of 1812 as a what?", "7. The U.S. icon \"Uncle Sam\" was based on Samuel Wilson, who worked during the War of 1812 as a what?", "Kevin Smith, Feb 2003: The U.S. icon “Uncle Sam” was based on Samuel Wilson, who worked during the war of 1812 as a what? A) Meat Inspector B) Mail deliverer C) Historian D) Weapons mechanic", " Uncle Sam was, believe it or not, a real person. During the war of 1812, American troops near the Canadian border received barrels of pork and beef from a Troy, New York meatpacker named Samuel Wilson. Wilson stamped \"U.S.\" on the barrels because they were going to the U.S. military and the soldiers joked about gifts sent from \"Uncle Sam\".", "An illustrator and portrait artist best known for his commercial art, Flagg contributed forty-six works in support of the war effort during World War I. Leslie’s Weekly first published his picture of Uncle Sam as the cover of the July 6, 1916, issue with the title “What Are You Doing for Preparedness?” More than four million copies were printed between 1917 and 1918. The image also was used extensively during World War II. In 1961, Congress passed a resolution that officially recognized meat packer Samuel Wilson (1766-1854) as Uncle Sam’s namesake. Wilson, who supplied meat to the army during the War of 1812, is reputed to have been a man of great fairness, reliability, and honesty who was devoted to his country.", "New York is the birthplace of potato chips (crisps), readymade mayonnaise, buffalo wings and Thousand Island dressing. The original ‘Uncle Sam’ was a meat packer from Troy, New York. Sam Wilson’s meats helped feed soldiers during the war of 1812. 60 guilders were paid to Native Americans for Manhattan (a little over $1000 in today’s money).", "The theory that business man Samuel Wilson, his employees and the American forces in the war of 1812 sparked the events leading up to the nickname of the federal government of the United States of America remains a celebration of American patriotism still displayed at a yearly parade on the birthday of Samuel Wilson in his hometown of Troy, New York. I for one do not want to grinch these beliefs. Do you? I'm aware that I have left you sort of in limbo about the conclusion of Mr. Matthews' article. I have done this on purpose. If you are still curious as to the outcome of the Uncle Sam mystery name, I do suggest you read the PDF file", "The death of Samuel Wilson, an age, worthy and formerly enterprising citizen of troy, will remind those who were familiar with incidents of the War of 1812, of the origin of the popular soubriquet for the ”United States.”", "It will be observed that in the above notices, written for the Troy papers, there is no allusion to the Uncle Sam story. In the Albany Evening Journal of August 1, 1854, appeared the following, which I copy from the New York Tribune of August 4: \"'Uncle Sam.'—The death of Samuel Wilson, an aged, worthy and formerly enterprising citizen of Troy, will remind those who were familiar with incidents of the War of 1812, of the origin of the popular subriequet [sic] for the 'United States.' Mr. Wilson, who was an extensive packer, had the contract for supplying the northern army with beef and pork. He was everywhere known and spoken of as 'Uncle Sam,' and the 'U.S.' branded on the heads of barrels for the army were at first taken to be the initials for 'Uncle Sam' Wilson, but finally lost their local significance and became, throughout the army, the familiar term for 'United States.' The Wilsons were among the earliest and most active citizens of Troy. 'Uncle Sam,' who died yesterday, was 84 years old\" (p. 3-6).", "Uncle Sam is one of the most popular personifications of the United States. However, the term \"Uncle Sam\" is of somewhat obscure derivation. Historical sources attribute the name to a meat packer who supplied meat to the army during the War of 1812--Samuel (Uncle Sam) Wilson (1766-1854). \"Uncle Sam\" Wilson was a man of great fairness, reliability, and honesty, who was devoted to his country--qualities now associated with \"our\" Uncle Sam. James Montgomery Flagg (1877-1960)", "On this day in 1813, the United States gets its nickname, Uncle Sam. The name is linked to Samuel Wilson, a meat packer from Troy, New York, who supplied barrels of beef to the United States Army during the War of 1812.Wilson (1766-1854) stamped the barrels with “U.S.” for United States, but soldiers began referring to the grub as “Uncle Sam’s.” The local newspaper picked up on the story and Uncle Sam eventually gained widespread acceptance as the nickname for the U.S. federal government.", "During the War of 1812, a New York pork packer named Uncle Sam Wilson shipped a boatload of several hundred barrels of pork to U.S. troops. Each barrel was stamped \"U.S.\" on the docks. The \"U.S.\" stood for \"Uncle Sam\" whose shipment seemed large enough to feed the entire army. This is how \"Uncle Sam\" came to represent the U.S. Government.  Source", "The same notice was printed in the Troy Daily Budget of August 2, p. 3-3; and in the Troy Daily Whig of August 3, p. 3-2. In the New England Historical and Genealogical Register for October, 1854, was printed the following: \"Wilson, Mr. Samuel, Troy, N. Y. 31 July, �. 88. It was from this gentleman that the United States received the name of Uncle Sam. It came in this way,—Mr. Wilson had extensive contracts for supplying the army with pork and beef, in the war of 1812. He was then familiarly known as Uncle Sam Wilson. His brand upon his barrels was of course U. S. The transition from United States to Uncle Sam was so easy, that it was at once made, and the name of the packer of the U. S. provisions was immediately transferred to the government, and became familiar, not only throughout the army, but the whole country\" (VIII, 377).", "The City of Troy, New York embraces its most famous citizen, Uncle Samuel Wilson. A metal sculpture of Uncle Sam wearing a long coat billowing in the breeze, top hot in hand and standing before a barrel the type in which he shipped meat is located beside the Uncle Sam Bus Stop at the corner of River Street and Fulton Street in downtown Troy. There is embossed lettering on all four sides of the base of the statue The front side states \"Uncle Sam Wilson 1766 1854 of Troy - New York Born in Arlington - Mass\" One side states,” Sam Wilson- One of the prime movers For Incorporation of * Troy as Village - 1794 City - 1816 *\" On another side the base reads, \"Troy's Citizen America's Uncle The Big Thing is Not What Happens to Us in Life - But What We Do About What Happens to Us. Sam Wilson.\" Another side says, \"U.S. of America (written horizontally, and vertically incorporating the letters U.S.,) Uncle Sam Originated During War of 1812\" From other plaques placed nearby it would seem the statue was erected through the efforts of the Uncle Sam Monument Committee between December 1977 and September 1980, with a dedication taking place on October 18, 1980.", "When American colonies came to identify more with their own community and liberty than as vassals of the British empire, icons that were unique to the Americas became increasingly popular. The rattlesnake, like the bald eagle and American Indian, came to symbolize American ideals and society. [2] [3]", "A wild turkey. On July 4, 1776, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and John Adams were chosen to pick a national emblem. When Franklin suggested a wild turkey, Jefferson and Adams disagreed. 1776 was a busy year for the United States; it declared its independence from Britain, was fighting the American Revolution, and was setting up a new government. Therefore, the job of choosing a national emblem was put off for a while. In 1782, William Barton suggested a bald eagle as a national emblem, and Congress approved it.", "When the War of 1812 broke out with England Troy became an important center for shipping food and ammunition for the army. Samuel Wilson won a contract to supply meat to the War Department for the armies in New York and New Jersey, with Elbert Anderson, a government supplier. Samuel was also appointed Government Inspector of Meat. The meat was packed in barrels which were stamped “E.A. - U.S.” where “E.A.” was Elbert Anderson, and “U.S.” stood for United States.", "“At the beginning of this century the slaughtering of cattle and packing of beef for New york, Boston, and Philadelphia markets was pursued as a business by the first of Ebeneezer and Samuel Wilson, two brothers from Mason, N.H. Who had settled at Troy in 1789. At their two large slaughter houses they frequently killed 1,000 head of cattle weekly for shipment to those cities. When the war of 1812-15 began their beef and pork were in great demand and not a few army contractors gave them large orders for the delivery of these meats packed in barrels at a certain places where the army was encamped. From time to time their contracts stipulated for the delivery of these provisions at the camp at Greenbush, where, among other recruits, were a number from Troy.", "2.  Troy's Oakwood Cemetery . The Oakwood Cemetery website has a list of Notable Gravesites, starting with \"Uncle Sam\" Wilson. (Submitted on June 28, 2008, by Howard C. Ohlhous of Duanesburg, New York.)", "On July 4, 1776, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson were given the task of creating a seal for the 13 United States of America. The delegates of the Constitutional Convention believed an emblem and national coat of arms would be evidence of an independent nation and a free people with high aspirations and grand hopes for the future.", "The Treaty of Ghent was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain. Signed on December 24, 1814, the treaty was ratified by the British on December 30 and arrived in Washington on February 17, where it was quickly ratified and went into effect, thus finally ending the war. The treaty largely restored relations between the two nations to status quo ante bellum (as they were before the war), with no loss of territory on either side. The terms called for all occupied territory to be returned, the prewar boundary between Canada and the United States to be restored, and the Americans to gain fishing rights in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.", "This version of the Union Jack is also shown in the canton of the Grand Union Flag (also known as the Congress Flag, the First Navy Ensign, the Cambridge Flag, and the Continental Colours), the first widely used flag of the United States, slowly phased out after 1777.", "When the British took over New York from the Dutch in Sept. 1664, the flag of St. George's cross was displayed in place of the Dutch flag. Banners of many different designs were used by the different colonies. In the early days of the revolutionary struggle each State adopted a flag of its own. That of Massachu setts bore a pine tree. South Carolina had a flag adorned with a rattlesnake. The New York flag was white with a black beaver on it, and the Rhode Island flag was also white adorned with a blue anchor. The rattlesnake with 13 rattles was a common decoration usually accompanied by the inscription, \"Don't tread on me.\" The snake and the motto appeared on the banner of John Proctor's battalion raised in Westmoreland county, Penn sylvania. It was carried by this battalion in the Revolutionary war. The regimental colours differed with the taste of their commanders.", "Historians have always thought that the MASS Bay Colony or MASS State seal of 1780, depicting an Americian Indian native with a bow in hand, to the right of his head is a five pointed star. Historians messed up the history thinking the seal with the star was created in 1780, the star was added to the seal in 1776-1777 now proven as a fact. A historic cannon showing the seal with the star was found on a shipwreck, the seal is on the cannon, giving proof the seal with the star was made prior to 1780." ]

[ 9.6484375, 9.125, 9.0390625, 8.3515625, 6.98828125, 6.640625, 4.8046875, 4.1015625, 4.09375, 3.3828125, 3.083984375, 2.71484375, 2.52734375, 2.044921875, 1.748046875, 1.7275390625, 1.658203125, 1.3876953125, 1.3720703125, 0.81640625, 0.1959228515625, -0.8896484375, -1.109375, -1.1328125, -1.408203125, -2.26171875, -3.865234375, -3.998046875, -4.0078125, -4.03125, -4.25, -6.8203125 ]

[ " With the building of the San Francisco Mint in 1854, gold bullion was turned into official United States gold coins for circulation.Rawls, James J. and Orsi, Richard (eds.) (1999), p. 212. The gold was also later sent by California banks to U.S. national banks in exchange for national paper currency to be used in the booming California economy.Rawls, James J. and Orsi, Richard (eds.) (1999), pp. 226–227.", "The producing mint of each coin may be easily identified, as most coins bear a mint mark. The identifying letter of the mint can be found on the front side of most coins, and is often placed near the year. Unmarked coins are issued by the Philadelphia mint. Among marked coins, Philadelphia coins bear a letter P, (except for cents, which display no mint mark if made by the Philadelphia mint) Denver coins bear a letter D, San Francisco coins bear a letter S, and West Point coins bear a letter W. S and W coins are rarely, if ever, found in general circulation, although S coins bearing dates prior to the mid-1970s are in circulation. The CC, O, C, and D mint marks were used on gold and silver coins for various periods in the mid-nineteenth century until the early twentieth century by temporary mints in Carson City, Nevada; New Orleans, Louisiana; Charlotte, North Carolina; and Dahlonega, Georgia; respectively: most such coins still extant are now in the hands of collectors and museums.", "The Mint of the United States established at Philadelphia, by virtue of act of Congress, being the first Federal mint in the United States.", "The Mint has operated several branch facilities throughout the United States since the Philadelphia Mint opened in 1792, in a building known as \"Ye Olde Mint\". With the opening of branch mints came the need for mint marks, an identifying feature on the coin to show its facility of origin. The first of these branch mints were the Charlotte, North Carolina (1838–1861), Dahlonega, Georgia (1838–1861), and New Orleans, Louisiana (1838–1909) branches. Both the Charlotte (C mint mark) and Dahlonega (D mint mark) Mints were opened to facilitate the conversion of local gold deposits into coinage, and minted only gold coins. The Civil War closed both these facilities permanently. The New Orleans Mint (O mint mark) closed at the beginning of the Civil War (1861) and did not re-open until the end of Reconstruction in 1879. During its two stints as a minting facility, it produced both gold and silver coinage in eleven different denominations, though only ten denominations were ever minted there at one time (in 1851 silver three-cent pieces, half dimes, dimes, quarters, half dollars, and gold dollars, Quarter Eagles, half eagles, eagles, and double eagles).", "Congressional legislation creates a national mint “at the seat of the government of the United States,” and regulates coinage. It authorizes the Mint to make coins of gold (Eagles, Half Eagles and Quarter Eagles), silver (Dollars, Half Dollars, Quarter Dollars, Dimes, and Half Dimes), and copper (Cents and Half Cents).", "The importance of New Orleans as a commercial center was reinforced when the United States Federal Government established a branch of the United States Mint there in 1838, along with two other Southern branch mints at Charlotte, North Carolina, and Dahlonega, Georgia. Although there was an existing coin shortage, the situation became much worse because in 1836 President Andrew Jackson had issued an executive order, called a specie circular, which demanded that all land transactions in the United States be conducted in cash, thus increasing the need for minted money. In contrast to the other two Southern branch mints, which only minted gold coins, the New Orleans Mint produced both gold and silver coinage, which perhaps marked it as the most important branch mint in the country.", "In 1792, American Congress passed the country's first coinage act. This meant that the United States Mint was officially responsible for creating coins for public use. Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin were two of the men who contributed research and ideas towards the early versions of the coins. The Treasury Seal that was developed actually remained quite the same even until today.", "United States Mint – The facility that produces official currency of and for the United States government. The origination of a particular coin is designated by a small letter () stamped into the field of a coin. The main United States Mint is located in West Point, New York (W), with additional facilities located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (P); Denver Colorado (D); and San Francisco, California.", "Large-Cents (1793-1857) - Large cents have earned a spot in history as the first US coins ever minted by the United States government on its own equipment and premises. They were minted from 1793 to 1857 at the mint in Philadelphia, the only U.S. Mint at the time.", "Congress finally provided for the issuance of stamps by passing an act on March 3, 1847, and the Postmaster-General immediately let a contract to the New York City engraving firm of Rawdon, Wright, Hatch, and Edson . The first stamp issue of the U.S. was offered for sale on July 1, 1847, in NYC, with Boston receiving stamps the following day and other cities thereafter. They consisted of an engraved 5-cent red brown stamp depicting Benjamin Franklin (the first postmaster of the US), and a 10-cent value in black with George Washington . As for all U.S. stamps until 1857, they were imperforate .", "Congress finally provided for the issuance of stamps by passing an act on March 3, 1847, and the Postmaster-General immediately let a contract to the New York City engraving firm of Rawdon, Wright, Hatch, and Edson. The first stamp issue of the U.S. was offered for sale on July 1, 1847, in New York City, with Boston receiving stamps the following day and other cities thereafter. They consisted of an engraved 5-cent red brown stamp depicting Benjamin Franklin (the first postmaster of the U.S.), and a 10-cent value in black with George Washington. Like all U.S. stamps until 1857, they were imperforate.", "Congress passed enabling legislation. Since a 1837 Act of Congress already specified the mottos and devices that were to be placed on U.S. coins, it was necessary to pass another Act to enable the motto to be added. This was done on 1886-APR-22. \"The motto has been in continuous use on the one-cent coin since 1909, and on the ten-cent coin since 1916. It also has appeared on all gold coins and silver dollar coins, half-dollar coins, and quarter-dollar coins struck since\" 1908-JUL-1. 3", "The word \"dollar\" is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article 1 of the U.S. Constitution. In that context, \"dollars\" is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U.S. Congress adopted legislation titled An act establishing a mint, and regulating the Coins of the United States. Section 9 of that act authorized the production of various coins, including \"DOLLARS OR UNITS—each to be of the value of a Spanish milled dollar as the same is now current, and to contain three hundred and seventy-one grains and four sixteenth parts of a grain of pure, or four hundred and sixteen grains of standard silver\". Section 20 of the act provided, \"That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units... and that all accounts in the public offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation\". In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States.", "An Act of Congress passed on March 3, 1865, allowed the Mint Director, with the Secretary's approval, to place the motto on all gold and silver coins that \"shall admit the inscription thereon.\"[http://www.nonbeliever.org/images/CR102-13917.pdf Congressional Record, 1956, p. 13917], via NonBeliever.org In 1873, Congress passed the Coinage Act, granting that the Secretary of the Treasury \"may cause the motto IN GOD WE TRUST to be inscribed on such coins as shall admit of such motto.\"", "The American dollar coin was initially based on the value and look of the Spanish dollar, used widely in Spanish America from the 16th to the 19th centuries. The first dollar coins issued by the United States Mint (founded 1792) were similar in size and composition to the Spanish dollar, minted in Mexico and Peru. The Spanish, U.S. silver dollars, and later, Mexican silver pesos circulated side by side in the United States, and the Spanish dollar and Mexican peso remained legal tender until the Coinage Act of 1857. The coinage of various English colonies also circulated. The lion dollar was popular in the Dutch New Netherland Colony (New York), but the lion dollar also circulated throughout the English colonies during the 17th century and early 18th century. Examples circulating in the colonies were usually worn so that the design was not fully distinguishable, thus they were sometimes referred to as \"dog dollars\". ", "In the United States, the US mint established a coin Cabinet in 1838 when chief coiner Adam Eckfeldt donated his personal collection. William E. Du Bois’ Pledges of History... (1846) describes the cabinet.", "As the country grew and the demand for coins increased , it became necessary to expand Mint facilities . This expansion was further fueled by the discovery of gold, first in the Southeast and later in the West, and the need for hard currency which caused people to mint their own gold coins. In the mid-nineteenth century, additional mints were opened in Charlotte, NC ; Dahlonega, GA; New Orleans, LA ; and San Francisco, CA. In 1870, the Carson City, NV Mint opened, and in 1904 the Denver, CO Assay Office became a mint facility. Today, in order to keep our economy flowing smoothly, the United States Mint maintains facilities in Philadelphia , Denver, San Francisco, and West Point, and a bullion depository in Fort Knox, KY.", "Congressional legislation revises some Mint functions and the regulation of coins. Specifies Mint officer: “a Director, a treasurer, an assayer, a melter and a refiner, a chief coiner and an engraver, …appointed by the President of the United States, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.” The Director reports to the President of the United States on an annual basis, and to the Secretary of the Treasury from time to time. (This is the first piece of major legislation for the Mint since its creation in 1792.)", "A Congressional committee recommends that a Mint be established. The Treasury Board is tasked to plan and regulate the Mint and its devices to be stamped on the coins. No follow-up action taken at this time. (Earliest known record of Congressional interest to establish a mint.)", "Pictured Above:  The 3 Cent stamp created by the United States Postal Service to commemorate the Hoover Dam.", "The word “dollar” is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution. There, “dollars” is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar , a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales . In 1792 the U.S. Congress passed a Coinage Act . Section 9 of that act authorized the production of various coins, including “DOLLARS OR UNITS—each to be of the value of a Spanish milled dollar as the same is now current, and to contain three hundred and seventy-one grains and four sixteenth parts of a grain of pure, or four hundred and sixteen grains of standard silver”. Section 20 of the act provided, “That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units… and that all accounts in the public offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation”. In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States.", "1851 - The U.S. Congress authorized the 3-cent piece. It was the smallest U.S. silver coin.", "The word \"dollar\" is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution. There, \"dollars\" is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar , a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales . In 1792 the U.S. Congress passed a Coinage Act . Section 9 of that act authorized the production of various coins, including \"DOLLARS OR UNITS—each to be of the value of a Spanish milled dollar as the same is now current, and to contain three hundred and seventy-one grains and four sixteenth parts of a grain of pure, or four hundred and sixteen grains of standard silver\". Section 20 of the act provided, \"That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units... and that all accounts in the public offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation\". In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States.", "An issue of the U.S. Mint, containing the coinage of one Mint. It is generally sold only at the Mint represented by the coins.", "A year before the Constitutional Convention determined what kind of government we wanted for the United States of America, we had already made up our mind about our money: dollars and dimes. On August 8, 1786, an ordinance of the Continental Congress called for \"Mills, Cents, Dimes, Dollars,\" with dime explained as \"the lowest silver coin, ten of which shall be equal to the dollar.\"", "Originally part of the State Department, the Mint was made an independent agency in 1799. It converted precious metals into standard coin for anyone's account with no seigniorage charge beyond the refining costs. Under the Coinage Act of 1873, the Mint became part of the Department of the Treasury. It was placed under the auspices of the Treasurer of the United States in 1981. Legal tender coins of today are minted solely for the Treasury's account.", "Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP): official US printer of currency; 1862, Aug. 29: started by overprinting the Treasury Seal and Treasury Notes; 1894, July 1: started producing US postage stamps", "16 05 1866 Congress authorizes nickel 5-cent piece (the silver half-dime was used up to this point)", "H.R. 2808 , sponsored by Ray LaHood (R-IL), was introduced on June 8, 2005. Its purpose was \"to require the Secretary of the Treasury to mint coins in commemoration of the bicentennial of the birth of Abraham Lincoln.\"", "Report on the Establishment of a Mint: Communicated to the House of Representatives, January 28, 1791.", "Report on the Establishment of a Mint : Communicated to the House of Representatives, January 28, 1791.", "Report on the Establishment of a Mint: Communicated to the House of Representatives, January 28, 1791 ." ]

[ 1.306640625, -0.49755859375, -0.65771484375, -2.5703125, -2.59375, -2.71875, -3.46484375, -3.572265625, -3.857421875, -4.57421875, -4.99609375, -5.26171875, -5.34765625, -5.4140625, -5.47265625, -5.50390625, -5.73046875, -5.875, -5.88671875, -6.19140625, -6.296875, -6.3359375, -6.36328125, -6.546875, -6.55078125, -6.953125, -7.5390625, -8.171875, -8.2265625, -8.46875, -8.53125, -8.5703125 ]

[ "Hormel Company of Austin marketed the first canned ham in 1926. Hormel introduced Spam in 1937.", "Spam, a product and trademark of Hormel Foods in the USA introduced in 1937, was originally used eponymously to refer to any brand of canned chopped pork and ham. It became part of folklore and humour through a Monty Python sketch in 1970, in which spam was portrayed as ubiquitous and inescapable. With the coming of email, spam was the ideal name for the unsolicited commercial messages that were sent indiscriminately to millions of people. ", "Spam was introduced by Hormel in 1937. Ken Daigneau, brother of a company executive, won a $100 prize that year in a competition to name the new item. Hormel claims that the meaning of the name \"is known by only a small circle of former Hormel Foods executives\", but popular beliefs are that the name is an abbreviation of \"spiced ham\", \"spare meat\", or \"shoulders of pork and ham\". Another popular explanation is that Spam is an acronym standing for \"Specially Processed American Meat\" or \"Specially Processed Army Meat\". ", "Stupid Pathetic Annoying Messages. A reverse acronym for the modern age, here the word spam refers to unwanted bulk messages or postings typically via internet technology. The original SPAM®, a trademarked canned meat product, is much earlier, named in 1937 following a competition run by its makers, Hormel Foods. Hormel corporation apparently have said in the past that SPAM® stood for Shoulder of Pork and Ham, which is contrary to the popular myth that SPAM® derives from Spiced Meat and Ham. The SPAM® name has attracted numerous more amusing and sarcastic reverse acronyms over the years, such as Something Posing As Meat; Spare Parts Animal Meat; Specially Processed Artificial Meat; and Stuff, Pork and Ham. There is perhaps no greater accolade than its modern association with today's communications, although considering what we all think of spam in this sense, perhaps not. (Thanks P Methvin)", "June 16, 1891 - George A. Hormel, son of German immigrants, founded Geo. A. Hormel & Company as small retail store in Austin, MN; first plant in abandoned creamery located on banks of Red Cedar River; 1941 - nearly 4,500 employees, $74.6 million in sales; August 22, 1950 - registered \"Spam\" trademark first used May 11, 1937 (canned meat product, consisting primarily of pork chopped and molded in loaf form in the can); December 1984 - members of United Food and Commercial Workers (UFCW) Local P-9 initiated campaign against wage, benefit concessions demanded by management; 1,700 workers struck; spring 1986 - International union placed local in receivership; 1991 - name changed to Hormel Foods Corporation.", "The word was coined as the winning entry in a 1937 competition to choose a name for Hormel Foods Corporation's \"spiced meat\" (now officially known as \"SPAM luncheon meat\"). Correspondant Bob White claims the modern use of the term predates Monty Python by at least ten years. He cites an editor for the Dallas Times Herald describing Public Relations as \"throwing a can of spam into an electric fan just to see if any of it would stick to the unwary passersby.\"", "Spam: canned meat product produced by Hormel in the US. A substitute for real meat (see Bully Beef).", "Minnesota is the \"birthplace\" of SPAM (Hormel) and \"> Betty Crocker, Green Giant, Bisquick & Wheaties (General Mills)", "1 City (1990 pop. 21,907), seat of Mower co., SE Minn., on the Cedar River, near the Iowa line; inc. 1868. The commercial and industrial center of a rich farm region, it is noted as home to the Hormel meatpacking company, whose Spam Town museum draws tourists.", "* Spam Lite – \"33% fewer calories, 25% less sodium, and 50% less fat\" – made from pork shoulder meat, ham, and mechanically separated chicken", "By the early 1970s the name \"Spam\" was often misused to describe any canned meat product containing pork, such as pork luncheon meat. With expansion in communications technology, it became the subject of urban legends about mystery meat and other appearances in pop culture. Most notable was a Monty Python sketch portraying Spam as tasting horrible, ubiquitous and inescapable, characteristics which led to its name being borrowed for unsolicited electronic messages, especially spam email. ", "*Spam was widely eaten in the UK during wartime, due to the lack of fresh meat available. Due to the much greater availability of meat, Spam is now used as a sandwich filling and for Spam fritters rather than as a replacement for other meat in its own right.", "In Hong Kong after World War II, meat was scarce and expensive, so Spam was an accessible, affordable alternative. The luncheon meat has been incorporated into dishes such as macaroni with fried egg and spam in chicken soup, as well as ramen. ", "Spam gained a reputation in the United Kingdom and the United States as a poverty food. The image of Spam as a low cost meat product gave rise to the Scottish colloquial term \"Spam valley\" to describe certain affluent housing areas where residents appear to be wealthy but in reality may be living at poverty levels. ", "Austin is also the location of final judging in the national Spam recipe competition. Competing recipes are collected from winning submissions at the top 40 state fairs in the nation. The Spamettes are a quartet from Austin who only sing about Spam in parodies of popular songs. They first performed at the first Spam Jam in 1990 and continue to perform at various events. ", "\"Sloppy Joes...I remember eating these in the 1940s and suspect they may have been a way of stretching precious ground beef during World War II. Apparently not. My friend and colleague Jim Fobel tells me that in his own quest to trace the origin of the Sloppy Joe, he talked to Marilyn Brown, Director of the Consumer Test Kitchen at H.K. Heinz in Pittsburgh (the Heinz \"Joe,\" not surprisingly, is reddened with ketchup). Brown says their research at the Carnegie Library suggests that the Sloppy Joe began in a Sioux City, Iowa, cafe as a \"loose meat sandwich\" in 1930, the creation of a cook named Joe...\"", "The fast food system is all about standardization, and so when the companies went looking for someone to supply their meat, they choose to deal with their large, corporate counterparts in the packing industry. IBP began to produce \"boxed beef,\" where the final cuts of beef, including hamburger, were produced at the processing plant rather than the local grocery. IBP became the largest supplier of hamburger meat to the fast food industry.", "July 8, 1921 - Minnesota Cooperative Creameries Association incorporated; 1924 - Mrs. E.B. Foss and Mr. George L. Swift won contest to choose brand name, trademark for its butter; April 7, 1925 - registered \"Land O' Lakes\" trademark (butter, dressed poultry, cheese, eggs); 1926 - cooperative changed corporate name to Land O' Lakes Creameries, Inc. (later to Land O' Lakes, Inc.); 1928 - painting of Indian maiden began facing viewer, holding butter carton and surrounded by lakes, pines, flowers, grazing cows placed on packaging; reflected Native American heritage of Upper Midwest; 1939 - simplified, modernized.", "1919 - Henry Glade Milling Company, Ravenna Mills, Hastings Mills, Blackburn-Furry Mill merged, incorporated as Nebraska Consolidated Mills (NCM) in Grand Island, NE; 1941 - expanded outside Nebraska, built flour mill in Alabama; 1969 - acquired Montana Flour Mills Company, flour milling business spanned U. S.; flour made up 40% of sales; 1971 - renamed ConAgra, Inc.; 1980 - acquired Banquet Foods from RCA, entered frozen food market; 1982 - acquired Peavey Company, became largest publicly-held grain merchandiser; 1988 - acquired Lamb Weston, largest U. S. frozen potato processor; 1990 - acquired Beatrice Foods; 1991 - merged with Golden Valley Microwave Foods; 1993 - acquired Hebrew National Foods; 1994 - acquired Marie Callender (frozen meats, pot pies); 1995 - acquired Knotts Berry Farm Foods; 2006 - divested meat, seafood, cheese businesses.", "Wendy's is an international fast food restaurant chain founded by Dave Thomas on November 15, 1969, in Columbus, Ohio, United States. The company moved its headquarters to Dublin, Ohio, on January 29, 2006. As of 2016, Wendy's was the world's third largest hamburger fast food chain with 6,482 locations, following Burger King's 15,003 locations and McDonald's' 36,525 locations. On April 24, 2008, the company announced a merger with Triarc Companies Inc., a publicly traded company and the parent company of Arby's. Despite the new ownership, Wendy's headquarters remained in Dublin. ", "In fast food outlets, ketchup is often dispensed in small packets. Diners tear the side or top and squeeze the ketchup out of the ketchup packets. In 2011, Heinz began offering a new measured-portion package, called the \"Dip and Squeeze\" packet, which allowed the consumer to either tear the top off the package and squeeze the contents out, as with the traditional packet, or, in the alternative, tear the front off the package and use the package as a dip cup of the type often supplied with certain entreés. ", "From 1865 the Liebig Extract of Meat Company (LEMCO) produced the famous precursor to stock cubes, and exported it to Europe. This company was the brainchild of Georg Giebert, who worked with the inventor of the extract, Justus von Liebig, to produce it more cheaply, and in greater quantity, in South America. Fray Bentos canned corned beef soon joined the meat extract on the ships. The corned beef was created using the meat remains from the extract, with added fat and salt.", "1863 - German-British Liebig Extract of Meat Company built factory in Fray Bentos, Uruguay (town once known as \"The Kitchen of the World\"); produced meat extract, tinned beef, by-products, corned beef (initially for working classes, became staple for many people in Britain, continental Europe); 1924 - renamed Anglo Meatpacking plant.", "By 1956, Sanders had six or eight franchisees, including Dave Thomas, who eventually founded the Wendy's restaurant chain. Thomas developed the rotating red bucket sign, was an early advocate of the take-out concept that Harman had pioneered, and introduced a bookkeeping form that Sanders rolled out across the entire KFC chain. Thomas sold his shares in 1968 for US$1 million (around US$7 million in 2013), and became regional manager for all KFC restaurants east of the Mississippi before founding Wendy's in 1969. ", "The bouillon cube or \"Maggi cube\" is a meat substitute product that was introduced in 1908. Because chicken and beef broths are so common in the cuisines of many different countries, the company's products have a large worldwide market.", "The very first Bisto product, in 1908, was a meat-flavoured gravy powder, which rapidly became a bestseller in the UK. It was added to gravies to give a richer taste and aroma. Invented by Messrs Roberts & Patterson, it was named \"Bisto\" because it \"Browns, Seasons and Thickens in One\". ", "Some trace the modern history of fast food in America to July 7, 1912, with the opening of a fast food restaurant called the Automat in New York. The Automat was a cafeteria with its prepared foods behind small glass windows and coin-operated slots. Joseph Horn and Frank Hardart had already opened the first Horn & Hardart Automat in Philadelphia in 1902, but their \"Automat\" at Broadway and 13th Street, in New York City, created a sensation. Numerous Automat restaurants were built around the country to deal with the demand. Automats remained extremely popular throughout the 1920s and 1930s. The company also popularized the notion of \"take-out\" food, with their slogan \"Less work for Mother\".", "Boomers will forever recall Pillsbury for the 1957 jingle, Nothin’ says lovin’ like something from the oven, and Pillsbury says it best.", "In 1905, Allen Slessman combined several small Great Lakes sauerkraut manufacturers to form The Fremont Company which still exists today in Fremont, Ohio and is run by his grandson, Richard Smith, and great-grandchildren, Chris Smith and Katie Smith. The company packages under the Frank's, SnowFloss and Deutsche Kuche labels.", "The corn dog, pogo, dagwood dog, pluto pup or corny dog is a hot dog coated in cornbread batter and deep fried in hot oil, although some are baked. Almost all corn dogs are served on wooden sticks, though some early versions were stickless. Although a contending topic as numerous claims of the origins of the corn dog have surfaced, the invention of the corn dog is widely, yet not universally accredited to Neil Fletcher who first sold them at the Texas State Fair in 1942.", "May 22, 1906 - Natural Food Company (Niagara Falls, NY), maker of shredded wheat, registered \"Triscuit\" trademark first used January 1, 1903 (biscuit or crackers).", "Peanuts, which are native to the New World tropics, were mashed into paste by Aztecs hundreds of years ago. Evidence of modern peanut butter comes from US patent #306727 issued to Marcellus Gilmore Edson of Montreal, Quebec in 1884, for a process of milling roasted peanuts between heated surfaces until the peanuts reached \"a fluid or semi-fluid state.\" As the product cooled, it set into what Edson described as \"a consistency like that of butter, lard, or ointment.\" In 1890, George A. Bayle Jr., owner of a food business in St. Louis, manufactured peanut butter and sold it out of barrels. J.H. Kellogg, of cereal fame, secured US patent #580787 in 1897 for his \"Process of Preparing Nutmeal,\" which produced a \"pasty adhesive substance\" that Kellogg called \"nut-butter.\"" ]

[ 5.8359375, 5.42578125, 5.18359375, 3.6640625, 2.154296875, 1.7548828125, 0.343505859375, -0.7529296875, -2.140625, -3.138671875, -3.509765625, -4.05078125, -4.3203125, -4.5234375, -5.1875, -6.1328125, -7.265625, -7.3359375, -7.50390625, -7.74609375, -7.75, -8.078125, -8.328125, -8.3671875, -8.765625, -8.796875, -9.78125, -10.15625, -10.3203125, -10.3515625, -10.59375, -10.65625 ]

[ "The American League of Professional Baseball Clubs, or simply the American League (AL), is one of two leagues that make up Major League Baseball (MLB) in the United States and Canada. It developed from the Western League, a minor league based in the Great Lakes states, which eventually aspired to major league status. It is sometimes called the Junior Circuit because it claimed Major League status for the 1901 season, 25 years after the formation of the National League (the \"Senior Circuit\").", "It is made up of two conferences that, for whatever reason, call themselves \"leagues\" (although they used to be independent legal and economic entities once): the National League (sometimes called the \"Senior Circuit\", since it is the older of the two) and the American League (the \"Junior Circuit\"). Since 2013, both leagues have 15 teams, each in an \"east\", \"central\", or \"west\" division. Also, since 1973, the AL has used designated hitters who stand in for the pitcher, but the NL still insists on having its pitchers bat. This has led to something of a Broken Base (no pun intended) as to which league is better or whether the DH is good or bad for the game. [1]", "Junior Circuit The American League, so-called because it is the younger of the two major leagues.", "The National League of Professional Baseball Clubs, known simply as the National League (NL), is the older of two leagues constituting Major League Baseball (MLB) in the United States and Canada, and the world's oldest current professional team sports league. Founded on February 2, 1876, to replace the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players, it is sometimes called the Senior Circuit, in contrast to MLB's other league, the American League, which was founded 25 years later. Both leagues currently have 15 teams. The two league champions of 1903 arranged to compete against each other in the inaugural World Series. After the 1904 champions failed to reach a similar agreement, the two leagues formalized the World Series as an arrangement between the leagues. National League teams have won 47 of the 111 World Series contested from 1903 to 2015.", "The war between the AL and NL caused shock waves throughout the baseball world. At a meeting at the Leland Hotel in Chicago in 1901, the other baseball leagues negotiated a plan to maintain their independence. A new National Association was formed to oversee these minor leagues. While the NA continues to this day (known as Minor League Baseball), at the time Ban Johnson saw it as a tool to end threats from smaller rivals who might expand in other territories and threaten his league's dominance.", "1944 Cincinnati Reds sign youngest baseball player, 15-year old Joe Nuxhall, who remains the youngest person to play in a major league game since 1901", "    Senior circuit - Nickname for the National League, which has existed since 1876 (compared to the American league, which was founded in 1901).", "Semiprofessional baseball started in the United States in the 1860s; in 1869, the first fully professional baseball club, the Cincinnati Red Stockings, was formed and went undefeated against a schedule of semipro and amateur teams. By the following decade, American newspapers were referring to baseball as the \"National Pastime\" or \"National Game.\" The first \"major league\" was the National Association, which lasted from 1871 to 1875. The National League, which still exists today, was founded in 1876. Several other major leagues formed and failed, but the American League, established in 1901 as a major league and originating from the minor Western League (1893), succeeded. While the two leagues were rivals who actively fought for the best players, often disregarding one another's contracts and engaging in bitter legal disputes, a modicum of peace was established in 1903, and the World Series was inaugurated that fall. The next year, however, the National League champion New York Giants did not participate as their manager, John McGraw, refused to recognize the major league status of the American League and its champion, the Boston Americans. The following year, McGraw relented and the Giants played the Philadelphia Athletics in the World Series.", "\"The Senior League Baseball Division is for boys and girls 14–16 years old, using a conventional 90 ft diamond with a pitching distance of 60 ft. The local league has an option to choose a Tournament Team (or \"All Stars\") of 14- to 16-year-olds from within this division (and/or from within the Junior League or Big League divisions), and the team may enter the International Tournament. The culmination of the International Tournament is the Senior League Baseball World Series, featuring teams from around the globe. All expenses for the teams advancing to the World Series (travel, meals, and housing) are paid by Little League Baseball.\"", "An extensive minor league baseball system covers most mid-sized cities in the United States. Minor league baseball teams are organized in a six-tier hierarchy, in which the highest teams (AAA) are in major cities that do not have a major league team but often have a major team in another sport, and each level occupies progressively smaller cities. The lowest levels of professional baseball serve primarily as development systems for the sport's most inexperienced prospects, with the absolute bottom, the rookie leagues, occupying the major league squads' spring training complexes and making no effort to earn money on their own. Some limited independent professional baseball exists, the most prominent being the Atlantic League, which occupies mostly suburban locales that are not eligible for high level minor league teams of their own. Outside the minor leagues are collegiate summer baseball leagues, which occupy towns even smaller than those at the lower end of minor league baseball and typically cannot support professional sports. Summer baseball is an amateur exercise and uses players that choose not to play for payment in order to remain eligible to play college baseball for their respective universities in the spring. At the absolute lowest end of the organized baseball system is senior amateur baseball (also known as Town Team Baseball), which typically plays its games only on weekends and uses rosters composed of local residents.", "In 1901, the American League was formed as a second major league. No championship series were played in 1901 or 1902 as the National and American Leagues fought each other for business supremacy.", "Although minor league baseball is closely linked to (and governed by) major league baseball, the official portal for minor league baseball is found elsewhere on the internet as MiLB.com. [4] , which is also operated by MLB Advanced Media .", "1953: The Little League World Series is televised for the first time. Jim McKay provides the play by play for CBS. Howard Cosell provides play by play for ABC Radio. Joey Jay of Middletown, Connecticut and the Milwaukee Braves is the first Little League graduate to play in the Major Leagues.", "The league currently consists of two six-team circuits, the Central League and the Pacific League. Each season the winning clubs from the two leagues compete in the Japan Series, the championship series of NPB.", "The AL itself asserted that it was a minor league in 1900, although it was already located in most of the cities it would be operating in the following year. However, in 1900 it operated independently and did not conduct raids on major league rosters. That changed in 1901.", "Baseball is Taiwan's national sport and it is a popular spectator sport. Two of the most famous Taiwanese baseball pitchers are Chien-Ming Wang and Wei-Yin Chen; both are starting pitchers in Major League Baseball. Other notable players playing in the United States include Chin-hui Tsao who played for the Colorado Rockies (2003–2005) and the Los Angeles Dodgers (2007), Hong-Chih Kuo, Fu-Te Ni, and Chin-lung Hu. The Chinese Professional Baseball League in Taiwan was established in 1989, and eventually absorbed the competing Taiwan Major League in 2003. , the CPBL has four teams with average attendance of approximately 3,000 per game.", "Des Moines is home to the Iowa Cubs, a Class AAA team in the Pacific Coast League and affiliate of the Chicago Cubs. Iowa has four Class A minor league teams in the Midwest League. They are the Burlington Bees, Cedar Rapids Kernels, Clinton LumberKings, and the Quad Cities River Bandits. The Sioux City Explorers are part of the American Association of Independent Professional Baseball.", "The public accent on youth in recent years has had little effect upon major league baseball. Clubs have been restricted from signing young stars until they are out of high school, and this reduces the ranks of fuzzy-faced youngsters on Big League rosters. The youngest player in 1972, for example, was Rowland Office, outfielder for Atlanta, who played in two games about 2-1/2 months before his 20th birthday on October 25. This is enough to make Joe Nuxhall turn cartwheels in his broadcast booth. Nuxhall, you may recall, was only 15 when he made his debut with the Reds in 1944.", "Before 1950 the original Japanese Baseball League had been a single-table league of franchises. After it was reorganized into the Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) system, a series of playoffs ensued between the champions of the Central League and Pacific League.", "The minor leagues formed an association in 1901 to deal with the problems resulting from the lack of agreement on contract ownership, salaries, territoriality, and other issues. The current structure was created when the major leagues reached their agreement in 1903, and the minor leagues became a training ground for prospective major league players and a refuge for older players.", "As the 20th century dawned, the NL was in trouble. Conduct among players was poor, and fistfights were a common sight at games. In addition to fighting each other, they fought with the umpires and often filled the air at games with foul language and obscenities. A game between the Orioles and Boston Beaneaters (a precursor to today's Atlanta Braves) in 1894 ended up having tragic consequences when players became engaged in a brawl and several boys in the stands started a fire. The blaze quickly got out of hand and swept through downtown Boston, destroying or damaging 100 buildings. Team owners argued with each other and players hated the NL's $2,400 salary cap. Many teams also ran into trouble with city governments that forbade recreational activities on Sunday.", "Nippon Professional Baseball consists of two leagues, the Central League and the Pacific League. There are also two secondary-level professional minor leagues, the Eastern League and the Western League, that play shorter schedules.", "Amateur baseball is also popular, and many schoolchildren play the game through local Little Leagues or school baseball clubs. The National High-School Baseball Championship, which is held twice a year, is fought out among schools that have survived tough qualifying rounds to represent their prefectures.", "The Little League Baseball World Series is just one of twelve World Series every year, each one held in a different location.", "After World War II, professional leagues were founded in many Latin American nations, most prominently Venezuela (1946) and the Dominican Republic (1955). Since the early 1970s, the annual Caribbean Series has matched the championship clubs from the four leading Latin American winter leagues: the Dominican Professional Baseball League, Mexican Pacific League, Puerto Rican Professional Baseball League, and Venezuelan Professional Baseball League. In Asia, South Korea (1982), Taiwan (1990), and China (2003) all have professional leagues. ", "1945 - Baseball owner Branch Rickey announced the organization of the United States Negro Baseball League, consisting of six teams.", "\"The 9–10 Year Old Baseball Division for boys and girls was established as a tournament program in 1994. It gives children of this age the opportunity to experience tournament competition, up to state level. Players on these teams can be chosen from among Major Division and/or Minor Division teams. The diamond used is a 60-foot diamond and the pitching distance is 46 feet.\"", "1945 Baseball owner Branch Rickey announced the organization of the United States Negro Baseball League. There were 6 teams.", "What does \"Little League\" mean? Little League is an international baseball organization for children and teenagers with an age range from five years to sixteen years. It was started in 1939 in Williamsport, Pennsylvania, by Carl E. Stotz and Bert and George Bebble.", "In that same era, collegiate sports began on an informal level in the United States, and after the Civil War 's conclusion, professional leagues for baseball were established. Although organized youth sports had not yet appeared, club sports and professional sports provided a model for youngsters, both native-born and immigrants, and they played these games in their own space and their own manner. Sporting experiences differed among the different cultures, based in part on race, class, and nationality.", "Formed in 1920 and 1921, respectively, the Negro National League and the Negro Eastern League played in New York City, Chicago, St. Louis, Kansas City (Missouri), Detroit, and other cities that had absorbed a large influx of African Americans from the South during and after World War I. In the 1920s a Negro World Series was begun and was held annually until the Negro leagues failed in the 1930s. A second Negro National League was founded late in that decade, and the Negro American League , formed in 1936, ultimately had Eastern and Western divisions that in 1952 played a Negro East-West game. Among the most famous players in the various Negro leagues were Josh Gibson (who was credited with hitting 89 home runs in one season), Satchel Paige , Bill Yancey, John Henry Lloyd , Andrew (“Rube”) Foster , and James Thomas (“Cool Papa”) Bell . After World War II, attendance at Negro league games declined as outstanding players were lost to formerly all-white teams. (For more in-depth information on this topic, see Negro league s.)", "The main influx of very young players in the 20th century came during World War II when the desperate manpower shortage resulted in a need to tap talent that had not reached draft age. Consequently, at various stages of the 1944 season, there appeared in major league box scores one 15-year old hurler, two 16-year-old infielders, and four l7-year-olds, one of whom was in his second season. This was the year when the aforementioned Joe Nuxhall first dented the pitching rubber at Crosley Field." ]

[ 4.91796875, 3.41796875, 1.5869140625, -2.8984375, -2.986328125, -3.0703125, -3.337890625, -3.3828125, -3.853515625, -4.11328125, -4.51953125, -4.71875, -4.82421875, -4.96875, -5.046875, -5.3359375, -5.5390625, -5.6953125, -6.171875, -6.2734375, -6.30078125, -6.3984375, -6.61328125, -6.62890625, -6.68359375, -7.65625, -7.74609375, -8.1328125, -8.1875, -8.203125, -8.4375, -8.984375 ]

[ "The road to Hell is paved with good intentions is a proverb or aphorism. An alternative form is \"Hell is full of good meanings, but Heaven is full of good works\". ", "\"The road to hell is paved by only having good intentions but not following through or failing to clean up after them when they go awry.\"", "\"The road to hell...\" is a reference to how humans often delude themselves into believing their actions are morally justified, regardless of how questionable they are. \"The ends justify the means\" is a common theme. It also covers actions which the person knows are a bad idea but convinces himself/herself aren't \"so bad\". Alcoholism and smoking, for instance, can be justified this way.", "Back to the proverb. Early English versions don't refer to the road to hell or suggest that such a road was paved, but simply state that hell was filled with good intentions. In more recent times there is always a mention of paving. This adaptation may have been influenced by Ecclesiasticus 20:10:", "The origin of almost all proverbs is shrouded by the mists of time. Nevertheless, there is no shortage of claimants to the authorship of 'The road to hell is paved with good intentions'.", "If we have good intentions but things don�t turn out the way they should, we say, �It�s the thought that counts.� If they have good intentions but things don�t turn out the way they should, we say, �The road to hell is paved with good intentions.� As a matter of fact, the Bible doesn�t say either one of those things. The Bible says pretty clearly that the road to hell is paved with sin. Don�t go there.", "The phrase \"the road to hell is paved with good intentions\" appears in the song, \"Mr. Intentional\" by Lauryn Hill (MTV unplugged 2.0) on her second album released in 2002.", "\"Indeed, the good intentions we have are often forgotten, not ever carried out. Therefore, the purpose of this saying could very well be to emphasize the importance of good deeds--meaning that those who are in hell are filled with good intentions which they never carried out. From a Christian perspective this proverb makes sense because the Bible is clear that everyone will be judged according to what they have done (Revelation 20:12-13). But, the proverb can also be misleading because it assumes that not carrying out the good intentions we have, can lead us to hell. This can be true or not--depending on whether or not we are in Christ. Having Christ in our hearts as our Savior and Lord amounts to a reality that is supernatural. The punishment that we deserve for the sins we have committed was put on Christ. Therefore, we are now free to live without fear. We are free to experience unconditional love, and most important of all, we are free to live for him even if we don't do it perfectly!\"", "The Samuel Johnson Sound Bite Page -> Apocrypha -> The Road to Hell Is Paved With Good Intentions", "Easy Road to Hell : In the South Park universe, the only people who go to Heaven are Mormons. Everyone else, including poor Kenny, goes straight to Hell.", "Everyone has heard this saying, but I never did understand what it truly meant. After all, if one has good intentions, why would that good intention cause one to go to hell? Shouldn’t that be the fate of one with bad intentions? Shouldn’t good intentions at least get an honorable mention, or a brownie point, even if it did not bring about the desired effect or end result? After all, if we cannot trust our good intentions, we would always freeze up, for fear of being wrong or inadvertently paving the road to hell, any time there is a need for action. Yet, the option to act without good intention is not a viable option for me.", "Her house is the way to the underworld, going down to the rooms of death. Proverbs 7:27 Bible in Basic English", "In many mythological, folklore and religious traditions, hell is a place of torment and punishment in an afterlife. It is viewed by most Abrahamic traditions as punishment. Religions with a linear divine history often depict hells as eternal destinations. Religions with a cyclic history often depict a hell as an intermediary period between incarnations. Typically these traditions locate hell in another dimension or under the Earth's surface and often include entrances to Hell from the land of the living. Other afterlife destinations include Heaven, Purgatory, Paradise, and Limbo.", "\"THE ROAD NOT TAKEN\" can be read against a literary and pictorial tradition that might be called \"The Choice of the Two Paths, \" reaching not only back to the Gospels and beyond them to the Greeks but to ancient English verse as well. In Reson and Sensuallyte, for example, John Lydgate explains how he dreamt that Dame Nature had offered him the choice between the Road of Reason and the Road of Sensuality. In art the same choice was often represented by the letter \"Y\" with the trunk of the letter representing the careless years of childhood and the two paths branching off at the age when the child is expected to exercise discretion. In one design the \"Two Paths\" are shown in great detail. \"On one side a thin line of pious folk ascend a hill past several churches and chapels, and so skyward to the Heavenly City where an angel stands proffering a crown. On the other side a crowd of men and women are engaged in feasting, music, love-making, and other carnal pleasures while close behind them yawns the flaming mouth of hell in which sinners are writhing. But hope is held out for the worldly for some avoid hell and having passed through a dark forest come to the rude huts of Humility and Repentance.\" Embedded in this quotation is a direct reference to the opening of Dante's Inferno:", "The journey through hell means a purgation too – a separation of good from evil. Nerzhin, on his way out of Mavrino, explains two lines from Yesenin to his repugnant jailor, Shikin: ‘\"It’s very simple,” he replied. “It means that no one should ever try and reconcile the white rose of truth with the black toad of evil!\"’", "In the time of Jesus, the road from Jerusalem to Jericho was notorious for its danger and difficulty, and was known as the \"Way of Blood\" because \"of the blood which is often shed there by robbers\". Martin Luther King, Jr., in his \"I've Been to the Mountaintop\" speech, on the day before his death, described the road as follows:", "Dante passes through the gate of Hell, which bears an inscription ending with the famous phrase \"Lasciate ogne speranza, voi ch'intrate\", most frequently translated as \"Abandon all hope, ye who enter here.\" Dante and his guide hear the anguished screams of the Uncommitted. These are the souls of people who in life took no sides; the opportunists who were for neither good nor evil, but merely concerned with themselves. Among these Dante recognizes a figure implied to be Pope Celestine V, whose \"cowardice (in selfish terror for his own welfare) served as the door through which so much evil entered the Church.\" Mixed with them are outcasts who took no side in the Rebellion of Angels. These souls are forever unclassified; they are neither in Hell nor out of it, but reside on the shores of the Acheron. Naked and futile, they race around through the mist in eternal pursuit of an elusive, wavering banner (symbolic of their pursuit of ever-shifting self-interest) while relentlessly chased by swarms of wasps and hornets, who continually sting them. Loathsome maggots and worms at the sinners' feet drink the putrid mixture of blood, pus, and tears that flows down their bodies. This symbolizes the sting of their guilty conscience and the repugnance of sin. This may also be seen as a reflection of the spiritual stagnation they lived in.", "Do not enter the path of the wicked, and do not walk in the way of evil. Avoid it, do not travel on it; turn away from it and pass on. ( Proverbs 4:14-15 )", "What this verse is telling us is that there is a great deal of difference between faith and blind optimism. In fact, those with blind optimism are seen as fools. God does not want us to put ourselves in dangerous situations and then expect Him to rescue us. An example of this might be driving our cars at high speeds well over the speed limit. That is exactly what this proverb is about. Part of wisdom involves knowing how to avoid danger.", "hell (noun): (according to various religions) a place of suffering where bad people go after death", "HELL in the New Covenant is always associated with FIRE and when people say \"go to HELL\" they always mean a very, very nasty unpleasant place:", "About halfway through, readers may be startled, finding themselves no longer reading The Famished Road but listening to it...even watching it. And Azaro's father, the Black Tyger, is an event unto himself. Ben Okri, recipient of Great Britain's prestigious Booker Prize for his work in The Famished Road, creates an allegory of life whereby a river becomes a road that swallows its travelers, as life, voracious and unsated in its hunger, overwhelms and swallows those who travel its road. Life, proposes Okri, is a famished road.", "Over the years, alas, it has happened again and again, and the repetition continues, that someone goes ahead, someone for whom another person longs, whom he wishes to follow, but never has any human being, never has any loved one, never has any teacher, never has any friend gone ahead-in order to prepare a place for the one following. Just as the name of Christ is the one and only name in heaven and on earth, so also is Christ the one and only predecessor who has gone ahead in this way. Between heaven and earth there is only one road: to follow Christ. In time and eternity there is only one choice, one single choice: to choose this road. There is only one eternal hope on this earth: to follow Christ into heaven. There is one blessed joy in this life: to follow Christ; in death there is one final blessed joy-to follow Christ to life!", "Dylan commences the title song of his album, \"Highway 61 Revisited\", with the words \"Oh God said to Abraham, 'Kill me a son'/Abe says, 'Man, you must be puttin' me on'\". As Gill has pointed out, Abraham was the name of Dylan's father, which makes the singer the son whom God wants killed. Gill comments that it is befitting that this song, celebrating a highway central to the history of the blues, is a \"raucous blues boogie\". He notes that the scope of the song broadens to make the highway a road of endless possibilities, peopled by dubious characters and culminating in a promoter who \"seriously considers staging World War III out on Highway 61\". The song is punctuated by the sound of a \"Siren Whistle\", credited as \"Police Car\" to Dylan in the album liner notes. \"Highway 61 Revisited\" was released as the B-side of his \"Can You Please Crawl Out Your Window?\" single on November 30, 1965. ", "* In “The Ballad of Thunder Road” by Robert Mitchum there is a line “The mountain boy took roads that even angels fear to tread.”", "A road is made by people walking on it; things are so because they are called so.", "\"Do not go where the path may lead; go instead where there is no path and leave a trail.\"", "“If you have men who will only come if they know there is a good road, I don’t want them. I want men who will come if there is no road at all.”", "My friends, no matter how rough the road may be, we can and we will never surrender to what is right.", "Death by Irony : \"And He shall smite the wicked and plunge them into a fiery pit!\"", "FIDO: Fuck It! Drive On! An expression used in the face of adversity, meaning that regardless of the setback you are going to continue anyway!", "\"To be entirely safe from the devils snares the man of God must be completely obedient to the Word of the Lord. The driver on the highway is safe, not when he reads the signs but when he obeys them.\"" ]

[ 3.6875, 3.228515625, 3.208984375, 1.3505859375, 0.489990234375, 0.4658203125, -0.0194854736328125, -0.943359375, -1.2568359375, -1.7548828125, -1.9765625, -2.271484375, -3.623046875, -3.740234375, -3.8125, -4.515625, -4.85546875, -5.21484375, -5.53125, -5.6484375, -5.7109375, -5.7734375, -6.01171875, -6.30078125, -6.5546875, -7.70703125, -7.84765625, -8.0546875, -8.109375, -8.1171875, -8.375, -8.8828125 ]

[ "Toyota was forced to shut down sales of its most popular vehicles, including North American-built Camrys and Corollas, amid a recall of 2.3 million vehicles tied to faulty accelerator pedals.", "Last week, Toyota recalled 2.3 million vehicles that it said may have a faulty accelerator pedal that sticks.  Last year, Toyota said it was recalling more than 4 million vehicles for what it then said were safety risks linked to improperly placed floormats.  In November, after the issue was investigated by the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Toyota said it would also modify or replace accelerator pedals as well. ", "21 January 2010: Toyota says it will recall around 2.3m vehicles in the US to fix potentially faulty accelerator pedals. The action comes on top of the ongoing recall of some 4.2m vehicles over \"pedal entrapment\" risks.", "January 21, 2010: Toyota recalls another 2.3 million Toyota-brand vehicles because of a problem with the gas pedal. Toyota says “a rare set of conditions which may cause the accelerator pedal to become harder to depress, slower to return or, in the worst case, stuck in a partially depressed position.” The company says the new recall is unrelated to the floor mat recall, but also announces 1.7 million Toyota vehicles would be affected by both recalls. No Scion or Lexus models were included in this recall, though the company doesn’t say why, nor does it announce any kind of repair for the problem. Meanwhile, ABC News reports a fresh unintended acceleration incident involving a 2007 Toyota Avalon in New Jersey. Although the engine was racing without any pressure on the gas pedal, owner Kevin Haggerty of New Jersey gets the vehicle to a local Toyota dealer, where it is confirmed the floor mats were properly installed.", "The defect had been causing a hazardous potential for the accelerator pedal to get stuck on accelerate, the equivalent of having you're foot on the gas and being unable to let it back up. A representative from Toyota said \"We know what's causing the sticking accelerator pedals, and we know what we have to do to fix it.\" The fix will need to be implemented in 2.3 million cars currently owned by consumers, so it will take a lot of work for Toyota to fix this mess.", "Toyota was No. 3, although Consumer Reports suspended its recommendation for the eight models recalled for sticky accelerator pedals. Hyundai Motor, one of the automakers expected to benefit most in the short-term from Toyota's woes, jumped to fourth place from ninth a year earlier. The annual report is considered an influential benchmark among consumers.", "ABC News published dozens of reports in the following months as Toyota said it investigated and announced massive recalls to address the accelerators being stuck under floor mats – repeatedly assuring drivers that the problem had been taken care of. But today Toyota admitted that the recalls did not cover all the cars they knew were in danger and said that they also concealed another cause of sudden acceleration they had found during their investigations – “sticky” pedals, which refers to the accelerator getting stuck partially depressed.", "OCTOBER 2009 -- Toyota is recalling certain model year 2004-2010 passenger vehicles. The accelerator pedal can get stuck in the wide open position due to its being trapped by an unsecured or incompatible driver's floor mat. A stuck open accelerator pedal may result in very high vehicle speeds and make it difficult to stop the vehicle, which could cause a crash, serious injury or death. Toyota will notify owners of affected vehicles to remove any driver's floor mat and not replace it with any other floor mat pending the development of model-specific remedies. Toyota will mail a second notification to owners of affected vehicles notifying them of the free remedy when it is available. The first notice was mailed on October 30, 2009 and Toyota will advise NHTSA an estimate of the date when the remedy parts will be available.    09V-388", "In September 2009, following the Saylor tragedy, Toyota finally issued a recall of the floor mats of 4.2 million vehicles of nine separate models manufactured between 2004 and 2010. The company advised people to remove the floor mats, implying that was the cause of the safety issue. The top-selling Corolla model was not included in the recall, despite a Toyota engineer having concluded that it was among the most prone to the accelerator pedal becoming entrapped with the floor mat.", "26 January 2010: Toyota says it is suspending US sales and halting North American production of eight models involved in accelerator pedal recall, including the country's best-selling Camry.", "January 27, 2010: U.S. Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood tells Chicago radio station WGN the government asked Toyota to stop selling the recalled vehicles. Toyota confirms LaHood’s statement. Other media reports claim Toyota has quietly informed its dealers and factories the problem lies with pedals made by supplier CTS Corporation of Elkhart, Indiana. Lexus and Scion models, it turns out, use pedals made by Japanese supplier Denso, hence their exemption from the recall. The problem is said to occur after 38,000 miles, though the cause is still under investigation.", "A version of this article appears in print on February 25, 2011, on Page B4 of the New York edition with the headline: Toyota to Recall Over 2 Million Vehicles for Gas Pedal Flaws. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe", "The recall, which affects more than nine million vehicles worldwide, poses operational, marketing, ethical, legal, political and strategic challenges to the firm at a time when the entire industry is struggling, according to Wharton faculty and auto experts. “It’s a huge threat to their reputation,” says Wharton management professor John Paul MacDuffie , co-director of the International Motor Vehicle Program . Toyota’s insistence on quality is exemplified by its policy allowing individual workers to shut down an assembly line — at enormous cost — if they notice a quality defect, he notes. “Now, Toyota is having to stop the line at the corporate level in a big way.”", "In January 2010, the Toyota recalls impacted the merchandise of this Ford Group because Ford put the exact same provider (CTS Corporation). It absolutely was suspected that the accelerator pedals had been defective and posed a danger. About 1600 Ford Transits associated with the 2006 China generation are afflicted with the recall.", "With a series of recall campaigns, Audi made several modifications; the first adjusted the distance between the brake and accelerator pedal on automatic-transmission models. Later repairs, of 250,000 cars dating back to 1978, added a device requiring the driver to press the brake pedal before shifting out of park. A legacy of the Audi 5000 and other reported cases of sudden unintended acceleration are intricate gear stick patterns and brake interlock mechanisms to prevent inadvertent shifting into forward or reverse. It is unclear how the defects in the idle-stabilization system were addressed.", "Wednesday: Toyota announces its largest recall ever amid deadly accidents involving faulty pedals; Also, a holiday travel myth debunked; And, a gourmet chef helps the needy with his \"American Spirit.\"", "is a German multinational automotive corporation. Daimler AG is headquartered in Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. As of 2014, Daimler owns or has shares in a number of car, bus, truck and motorcycle brands including Mercedes-Benz, Mercedes-AMG, Smart Automobile, Freightliner, Western Star, Thomas Built Buses, Setra, BharatBenz, Mitsubishi Fuso, MV Agusta as well as shares in Denza, KAMAZ, Beijing Automotive Group. The Maybach brand was closed at the end of 2012, but was revived in November 2014 as \"Mercedes-Maybach\", an ultra luxury edition of the Mercedes-Benz S-Class. In 2015 Daimler sold 2.9 million vehicles. By unit sales, Daimler is the thirteenth-largest car manufacturer and second-largest truck manufacturer in the world. In addition to automobiles, Daimler manufactures buses and provides financial services through its Daimler Financial Services arm. The company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index. ", "The Japanese automaker said it would add three models to the 2009 pedal entrapment recall: about 600,000 4Runner SUVs from the 2003-2009 model years; 761,000 RAV4 compact SUVs from the 2006-2010 model years; and 17,000 Lexus LX 570s from the 2008-2011 model years.", "••• Toyota has recalled about four million cars, because when you step on the accelerator, it doesn't come back up. The car takes off like a rocket! Toyota has an announcement about how they're solving the problem. / video:", "Japanese carmaker suffers year of headaches as millions of vehicles recalled around the world due to accelerator pedal, brake, seatbelt and exhaust problems", "October 25 , 2009: The results of an investigation by local authorities and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) reveal a set of rubber floor mats designed for the Lexus RX 400 SUV had been placed over the top of the ES 350’s stock carpeted floor mats and that the accelerator pedal had become jammed against them, causing the car to accelerate out of control. NHTSA notes brakes were nearly destroyed on the car and that the accelerator pedal was “bonded” to the floor mat. NHTSA also points out the gas pedal on the car was solidly mounted to its stalk, whereas other vehicles use hinged pedals.", "Toyota says recalled cars will have their gas pedals replaced with the new, redesigned unit. Until their car is serviced, owners are advised to remove floor mats and to report any problems to their local Toyota dealer. Toyota advises any driver who finds their vehicle accelerating unintentionally should place the vehicle’s transmission in Neutral, apply the brakes, steer off the road and shut off the engine. Owners of vehicles equipped with a push-button starter rather than a traditional key should be aware that the button must be depressed for 3 seconds to shut the engine off if the car is not in Park.", "For VW, the horror has just begun. The company plans to recall almost 500,000 cars in the US alone. Announcements have been made for recalls in other countries, including a massive 1.2 million in the UK, with many hundreds of thousands more planned across the rest of the world. The affected vehicles will need to be sent back to their respective service centres to have the malignant software modified or removed. The financial and logistical headaches of these recalls are very real and harsh for VW.", "General Motors (GM) ordered a recall on 16 August 2013, for 292,879 model year 2011 and 2012 Cruze models, manufactured at the Lordstown, Ohio plant United States. General Motors told the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration the recall was due to a potential intermittent loss of brake assist in Cruze models featuring the combination of the 1.4-liter dual overhead cam gasoline turbo engine and the 6T40 FWD automatic transmission. GM said it was aware of 27 alleged low-speed crashes due to brake issues that may include this particular issue, but it reported no injuries.", "YAHOO NEWS -- November 9,  2011 – (Reuters) - Toyota Motor Co is recalling 550,000 vehicles worldwide, including more than 420,000 in the United States, to replace an engine component that could hamper steering, the Japanese automaker said on Wednesday.", "The recall is the latest in a reputation-damaging series that began in the fall of 2009, mainly involving complaints of unintended acceleration linked to defective floor mats and gas pedals.", "The Los Angeles Times reported on November 8, 2009 that Toyota had ignored 1,200 complaints of unintended acceleration since 2001, relying on the NHTSA’s dismissal of reports that vehicles did not stop when the brakes were applied. A Toyota spokesman confirmed to the LA Times that the brakes were ineffective when a vehicle was accelerating at wide open throttle. It had to be put into neutral first. The only way to turn off the engine altogether was the little-known method of depressing the keyless ignition button for three seconds.", "Internal investigations of half a dozen accidents in US locations come to the conclusion that the accidents are not being caused by drivers who mistake the gas pedal for the brake pedal. In fact, there appears to be a possible flaw in both models, perhaps in a semiconductor chip, that makes sudden acceleration happen. Interference by floor mats and poorly designed gas pedals do not seem to be the problem.", "Retail deliveries of the Fisker Karma began in November 2011. The Karma had an EPA rated all-electric range of . See details in Press Release. Production was suspended in November 2012 due to financial difficulties, with about 2,450 Karmas built since 2011. As a result of flash floods caused by Hurricane Sandy in October 2012, 16 Karmas caught fire and another 330 units were lost when an entire shipment from Europe was flooded while being parked at Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal. Fisker Automotive filed for bankruptcy in November 2013, after the U.S. Department of Energy auctioned its debt and sold it to Hybrid Technology LLC. Around 2,100 units were sold in North America and Europe through December 2013, led by the United States with over 1,600 units sold. The Netherlands was the top selling European market for the Karma, with 188 units sold through December 2013. Download pdf file for [http://www.raivereniging.nl/markt%20informatie/statistieken/verkoopstatistieken/verkoopstatistieken%202011.aspx detailed sales in 2011] (\"Download nieuwverkoop personenautos 201112\"), in 2012 (\"Download nieuwverkoop personenautos 201212\"), 2013 (\"Download nieuwverkoop personenautos 201312\").", "In other industries, companies are liable if they put out a defective product. A car company can’t simply stick an EULA on your car and say whatever happens is not their fault.", "Fairfax, Va.: I don't fully understand what the problem is with the pedals. Is it a mechanical linkage issue, or is it a computer drive-by-wire issue? Doesn't it make more sense to have uncomplex, simple mechanical systems for critical controls such as accelerator, brakes and steering rather than electronic controls and solenoids that fail rather unpredictably?", "Owners will be told of the recall in October and offered replacement mats in November. The company also warned drivers to check their floor mats and make sure that only one was installed." ]

[ 6.39453125, 5.8671875, 5.578125, 4.43359375, 4.12109375, 3.728515625, 3.505859375, 3.166015625, 3.00390625, 1.7587890625, 1.6826171875, 1.5791015625, 1.341796875, 0.67333984375, 0.1268310546875, 0.06103515625, -0.0849609375, -0.40625, -0.48291015625, -0.53369140625, -0.76513671875, -1.046875, -1.181640625, -1.49609375, -2.51953125, -2.71484375, -2.8515625, -5.3515625, -5.39453125, -6.60546875, -7.67578125, -7.76171875 ]

[ "The highest hand in poker. A royal flush consists of a straight from ten to the ace with all five cards of the same suit.", "A royal flush consists of a straight from ten to the ace with all five cards of the same suit. A royal flush is exceptionally rare and is therefore the most coveted hand in poker.", "A straight flush is a poker hand which contains five cards in sequence, all of the same suit , such as Template:Cards . Two such hands are compared by their highest card; since suits have no relative value, two otherwise identical straight flushes tie (so Template:Cards ties with Template:Cards ). Aces can play low in straights and straight flushes: Template:Cards is a 5-high straight flush, also known as a \"steel wheel\". [2] [3] An ace-high straight flush such as Template:Cards is known as a royal flush, and is the highest ranking standard poker hand.", "The best possible hand is a royal flush, which is a straight and a flush with the top five cards: ace, king, queen, jack, and ten. When you get these five cards all of one suit, you can’t lose in poker. Most games don’t make distinctions in suit rankings. A royal flush happens once in every 649,739 hands, so it’s a rare happening. Bet with conviction when playing these cards.", "A straight flush is a poker hand containing five cards of sequential rank, all of the same suit, such as (a “queen-high straight flush”). A straight flush ranks below five of a kind and above four of a kind. In ace-to-five lowball, straight flushes are not recognized.", "Straight Flush: A straight flush (five consecutive cards all of the same suit) beats four of a kind. Aces can be high or low. An ace-high straight flush is called a royal flush, the best possible hand in poker.", "A Poker Hand consisting of 5 consecutive cards that are also of the same suit, for example, Q-J-10-9-8 of Spades.", "Straight Flush. Five cards in sequence in the same suit are called a straight flush. If two straight flushes compete, the hand with the highest-ranking cards in the flush sequence wins. For example, a hand composed of A-K-Q-J-10 (royal flush) beats a hand composed of K-Q-J-10-9. The royal flush is the highest standard hand and beats all other hands.", "Learn the ten basic, five-card hands of poker: (1) \"Royal flush\" or called \"Ace-high straight flush\"), (2) \"Straight flush\", (3) \"Four of a kind\", (4) \"Full house\", (5) \"Flush\", (6) \"Straight\", (7) \"Three of a kind\", (8) \"Two pair\", (9) \"Pair\", (10) \"High card\".", "A flush is any five cards of the same suit. An ace-high flush is higher (and beats) a king-high flush, regardless of the other cards in each hand. When two or more players hold a flush, the hands are compared card-to-card until one hand wins (the highest next card wins, such as when A-7-6-3-2 beats A-7-5-4-3). Two flush hands that are all the same (such as K-J-9-4-3 in hearts against K-J-9-4-3 in clubs) results in a tie. No suit trumps another suit in poker.", "The highest possible straight flush, and the best hand in poker, is an ace high straight flush, also known as a...", "The first thing you will probably notice from the hand rankings list above is that a straight has a higher ranking than a flush. That's simply because there are fewer ways to make a 3 card straight than a 3 card flush. As in most poker games, aces play both high and low to a straight. An ace high straight flush is the highest hand you can get but unfortunately, this is just the highest straight flush and not recognized as a mini-royal flush with extra bonus considerations or anything of that sort.                                                    ", "Poker is played from a standard pack of 52 cards. (Some variant games use multiple packs or add a few cards called jokers.) The cards are ranked (from high to low) Ace, King, Queen, Jack, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, Ace. (Ace can be high or low, but is usually high). There are four suits (spades, hearts, diamonds and clubs); however, no suit is higher than another. All poker hands contain five cards, the highest hand wins.", "Template:Imageframe A high-card or no-pair hand is a poker hand such as Template:Cards , in which no two cards have the same rank, the five cards are not in sequence, and the five cards are not all the same suit. It is also referred to as \"no pair\", as well as \"nothing\", \"garbage,\" and various other derogatory terms. High card ranks below all other poker hands; two such hands are ranked by comparing the highest ranking card. If those are equal, then the next highest ranking card from each hand is compared, and so on until a difference is found. High card hands are described by the one or two highest cards in the hand, such as \"king high\", \"ace-queen high\", or by as many cards as are necessary to break a tie.", "A straight consists of five consecutive cards of different suits. The hand above is a \"king high straight\" as the highest card is a king. If two players have a straight, then the highest card wins.", "Straight: A straight beats three of a kind. A straight is five consecutive card ranks. Aces can be high or low so the lowest straight is ace through five while the highest is ten through ace. There are no kickers with straights since all five cards are needed to make the hand.", "A hand that is defined by all five cards - a straight, flush, full house or straight flush.", "If all of your cards are of the same suit and in sequential order, you have a Straight Flush! So, a 2 of clubs, 3 of clubs, 4 of clubs, 5 of clubs and a 6 of clubs will beat an Ace high Flush of clubs or any other suit.", "Five of a kind is a poker hand containing five cards of the same rank, such as (\"five of a kind, threes\"). Five of a kind ranks above a straight flush but is only possible when using one or more wild cards that can have the same rank as the non-wild cards.", "If there are no wild cards, this is the highest type of poker hand: five cards of the same suit in sequence - such as", "Two or more identical hands tie and divide any winning equally. The suits have no relative rank in poker. When there is any wild card in the game, the highest possible hand is five of a kind, which beats any straight flush. When there are several wild cards, there may be identical fours of a kind or threes of a kind, in which case ties are broken by the highest unmatched cards or secondary pairs (in a full house).", "Each straight is ranked by the rank of its highest-ranking card, where aces have the lowest rank when forming part of a five-high straight, such as . For example, ranks higher than , which ranks higher than . Straight hands that differ by suit alone, such as and , are of equal rank. Aces may not have both a high and low rank in the same hand (e.g. is an ace-king high card hand, not a straight).", "The ranking order of poker hands corresponds to their probability of occurring in straight poker, where five cards are dealt from a 52-card deck, with no wild cards and no opportunity to use extra cards to improve a hand. The rarer a hand the higher it ranks.", "In a given game of Hold'em or Omaha poker, players should use a full pack of 52 cards (including 4 suits), with jokers excluded. The ranking of individual cards follows upwards from 2. Thus, 2 would be the lowest ranking card, and Ace the highest. (Note however, that Aces can serve duo-purposes; with the Ace also providing the equivalent of 'one' in straights - i.e.  ", "A seven-five-high card hand, such as , is usually the lowest-ranking poker hand, being the set of cards with the lowest cumulative rank that does not fall under any other category. However, in ace-to-five lowball aces have the lowest rank and straights, flushes and straight flushes are not recognized; thus, the lowest-ranking hand becomes a five-high card hand, such as or .", "A Dead Man's Hand, also known as \"aces and eights\", is a poker hand containing two black aces and two black eights. It was supposedly the hand drawn by Wild Bill Hickok before his death, although this is unsubstantiated. (No-one knows what his fifth card was; there are various conflicting claims as to what it was, and some believe he discarded it to draw another, but was shot before he could make the new draw.) This hand is now considered unlucky, despite being better than over 95% of five-card hands. It is the lowest/weakest hand in poker to have a name.", "Three of a kind, also known as trips or a set, is a poker hand containing three cards of the same rank and two cards of two other ranks (the kickers), such as (\"three of a kind, twos\" or \"trip twos\" or a \"set of twos\"). Three of a kind ranks below a straight and above two pair.", "A poker game in which the player is dealt five cards down. They have one draw to replace them and the best high hand wins the pot.", "The player with the best five-card hand wins the pot. In the event of player's poker hands being the same, the poker pot will be equally divided between the players.", "Poker hands are rankings assigned to playing cards of different combinations. They are placed in a rank so that a win can be identified.", "Four cards in rank sequence; either an open-ender or one-ender. A non-standard poker hand in some games, an incomplete drawing hand in most. Sometimes four to a straight.", "Straight: The highest card wins here also. When 2 players have the same straight the pot is split between the two players." ]

[ 6.85546875, 5.703125, 5.67578125, 5.0234375, 4.51171875, 4.484375, 4.02734375, 3.626953125, 2.748046875, 2.72265625, 2.154296875, 1.765625, 1.75, 1.6787109375, 1.5, 1.4287109375, 0.97314453125, 0.9609375, 0.8681640625, 0.638671875, 0.38427734375, 0.143310546875, -1.154296875, -1.423828125, -1.4677734375, -1.8740234375, -2.505859375, -2.947265625, -3.400390625, -3.9375, -3.9921875, -5.15234375 ]

[ "The Far Side is a single-panel comic created by Gary Larson and syndicated by Universal Press Syndicate, which ran from January 1, 1980, to January 1, 1995. Its surrealistic humor is often based on uncomfortable social situations, improbable events, an anthropomorphic view of the world, logical fallacies, impending bizarre disasters, (often twisted) references to proverbs, or the search for meaning in life. Larson's frequent use of animals and nature in the comic is popularly attributed to his background in biology. Reruns are still printed in many newspapers.", "Gary Larson (1950 - ) An American cartoonist and creator of The Far Side, a single-panel comic strip which appeared in many newspapers for fifteen years until Larson's retirement on January 1, 1995. Born in Tacoma, WA (1046)", "Gary Larson (born August 14, 1950) is an American cartoonist. He is the creator of The Far Side, a single-panel cartoon series that was syndicated internationally to over 1,900 newspapers for fifteen years. The series ended with Larson's retirement on January 1, 1995. His twenty-three books of collected cartoons have combined sales of more than forty-five million copies.", "GARY LARSON: Creator of \"The Far Side,\" a hugely popular cartoon panel. Before Larson's retirement in 1995, the cartoon strip appeared in 1,900 daily newspapers, in 40 countries and was translated into 17 different languages. Larson received the Rueber Award for outstanding cartoonist from the National Cartoonist Society in both 1991 and 1994. \"The Far Side\" was named the best-syndicated panel in 1985 and 1987.", "Gary Larson Net Worth is $50 Million. Gary Larson is Cartoonist. Gary Larson Date of Birth is Aug 14, 1950. Gary Larson Country is United States of America. Gary Larson is the creator of The Far Side, a single-panel cartoon series that was syndicated internationally to newspapers for 15 years. The series ended with Larson's retirement on January 1, 1995. His 23 books of collected cartoons have combined sales of more than 45 million copies.", "Larson created single panel cartoons under the title \"The Far Side\" for fifteen years until his retirement in 1995. While not primarily a cat cartoonist many of his panels featured felines as their central character(s).", "The Wizard of Id has enjoyed a successful life to date. It has been named best humor strip by the National Cartoonists Society in 1971, 1976, 1980, 1982 and 1983. In 1984, Parker received a Reuben Award for his work on the strip. Dozens of paperback collections have been published since 1965, and some titles are still in print as of 2010. Fellow cartoonist Gary Larson , who also created a comic strip that dabbles in black humor , wrote (in Prehistory of The Far Side ) that he wonders if the creators of The Wizard Of Id also get letters from Amnesty International condemning them for their comic depictions of torture.", "The Washington State Historical Society recognizes trailblazers from WSU in the Washington Centennial Hall of Honor: Philip Abelson (Class of 1933), “Father of the Atomic Submarine;” Enoch Bryan, WSC president (1893-1916); Gary Larson (Class of 1972), acclaimed Far Side cartoonist; Edward R. Murrow (Class of 1930), preeminent broadcast journalist; Archie Van Doren (Class of 1937), father of controlled atmosphere storage for apples, conducted research for WSU at its Wenatchee Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center; Orville Vogel (Class of 1939), agronomist who revolutionized wheat breeding, made possible the Green Revolution. He worked for the USDA at WSU in Pullman.", "May 16: The Beach Boys’ influential album Pet Sounds (including singles “Caroline, No,” “God Only Knows,” “Sloop John B,” and “Wouldn’t It Be Nice”) is released. May 2: Former Bizarro and Legion of Super-Heroes artist John Forte dies. April 26: On Stage creator Leonard Starr wins the National Cartoonists Society’s 1965 Reuben Award. Other winners include Gus Arriola (humor newspaper strips, Gordo), Roy Crane (story newspaper strips, Buz Sawyer), Jim Berry (newspaper panels, Berry’s World), and Wally Wood (comic book category, Blazing Combat).", "There was both a comic strip and a comic book based on the television series. The strip was developed and written by Jerry Capp (née Caplin) and drawn by Neal Adams. The daily strip began on November 26, 1962 and the Sunday strip debuted on September 20, 1964. Both ended on July 31, 1966 (a Sunday). The half page format was regarded as the best Sunday format, and one effect by Adams can only be appreciated in the half page—a globe in one panel is a continuation of Ben Casey's head in a lower panel. The daily strip was reprinted in the Menomonee Falls Gazette. The comic book was published by Dell Comics for 10 issues from 1962 to 1964. All had photocovers, except for the final issue which was drawn by John Tartaglione.", "The Wizard of Id is a daily newspaper comic strip created by American cartoonists Brant Parker and Johnny Hart. Beginning in 1964, the strip follows the antics of a large cast of characters in a shabby medieval kingdom called \"Id\". From time to time, the king refers to his subjects as \"Idiots\". (The title is a play on The Wizard of Oz, combined with the Freudian psychological term Id, which represents the instinctive and primal part of the human psyche.)", "Dick Tracy is an American comic strip featuring Dick Tracy (originally Plainclothes Tracy), a tough and intelligent police detective created by Chester Gould. The strip made its debut on October 4, 1931 in the Detroit Mirror. It was distributed by the Chicago Tribune New York News Syndicate. Gould wrote and drew the strip until 1977. Since that time, various artists and writers have continued the strip, which still runs in newspapers today. Dick Tracy has also been the hero in a number of films, notably one in which Warren Beatty played the crime fighter in 1990.", "Before Schulz, all was darkness and slime. Brenda Starr's drooling over international orchid smugglers. Terry and the Pirates are beating up helpless Rickshaw Men. Comic strips are all muscle flexing and B movie sexual innuendo, with an occasional POGO or KRAZY KAT to prove the rule.", "Doonesbury is a comic strip by American cartoonist Garry Trudeau that chronicles the adventures and lives of an array of characters of various ages, professions, and backgrounds, from the President of the United States to the title character, Michael Doonesbury, who has progressed from a college student to a youthful senior citizen over the decades.", "The museum has originals from everyone from Richard Outcault - whose \"Yellow Kid\" in a 19th century comic strip spawned the term \"yellow journalism\" - to Charles Schulz (\"Peanuts\"), classic \"Pogo\" story lines from Walt Kelly, Garry Trudeau's \"Doonesbury,\" Chester Gould's \"Dick Tracy,\" early \"Blondie\" strips from Chic Young and the entire collection of Jeff Smith, an Ohio State graduate who created the hugely popular \"Bone\" series of comic books.", "The series began as a college satire (featuring nerdy Mike Doonesbury and his perpetual helmet wearing jock roommate B.D.) in 1970; within a couple of years the main cast expanded to feature Zonker Harris (a hippie slacker), Mark Slackmeyer (left-wing radical), JJ Caucus and Barbara Ann \"Boopsie\" Boopstein (Mike and B.D.'s respective girlfriends), and Zonker's uncle Duke (who was a stand-in for writer Hunter S. Thompson ). While it had its genesis mocking Ivy League college life, the series found its footing when the strip expanded into full-blown political satire. B.D. joined the military (to escape having to write a term paper) and Uncle Duke got himself an ambassadorship to China, which led to him getting his own sidekick, the long-suffering Honey Huan.", "Comic strip started by Gary Trudeau in the late '60s/early '70s for his school paper. Details the life of Oklahoma n Mike Doonesbury and his pals at an ivy-league college, and at their rustic co-op home, Walden Puddle . Best known for its political satire and for injecting characters into current events.", "A 1937–1938 newspaper comic strip adaptation was republished repeatedly as a comic book, most recently in 1995.", "In 1992, following a financial reorganization of their comic strip holdings, Max Allan Collins was fired from the strip, and Tribune staff writer and columnist Mike Kilian took over the writing. Kilian was paid less than half of what Collins was making per strip, but continued until his death on October 27, 2005. Locher was both author and artist for over three years, beginning on January 9, 2006. On March 16, 2009, Jim Brozman began collaborating with Locher, taking over the drawing duties while Locher continued to write the strip. [4]", "here we are dear students with the second last issue before it all ends and we hope you enjoy it because if you do not we apologize and are sorry, staffers this week: julie Walden, jan narveson, linda loundsberry, me1 rotperson, doris Wilson, vince checuti, ken brown, mark nusca, tully, Chris htighes, darnel coote, randy hannigan, shane roberts & alison Stirling & annette, rod hay his bags ready to go, Susan johnson with many bright ideas, nick savage, sue Scott, nancy greaves, paul mamelka, mike gordon, terry feature writing moore with dave robertson & dog, brian switzperson hope you get well margie Wolfe, reid glenn, dave assman, dave college, neil dunning, and the ducks at dumont, jm. \\", "3-volume set containing all strips (but one). 22.5 lbs. Includes Spiff feature, color prints of other cover art. Original content: Introduction and commentary.", "Over the years, many reprints of Dick Tracy newspaper strips have been published. Beginning in 2007, IDW Publishing reprinted the complete strip in hardcover volumes. Other collections include: [14]", "Premiering on ABC in 1959 (and moving to NBC two years later), the series contained a mix of sophisticated and low-brow humor. Thanks to Ward's genial partner Bill Scott (who contributed to the scripts and voiced Bullwinkle and other characters) and their writers, puns were used often and shamelessly: in a \"Fractured Fairy Tales\" featuring Little Jack Horner, upon pulling out the plum, Jack announced, \"Lord, what foods these morsels be!\" Self-referential humor was another trademark: in one episode, the breathless announcer (William Conrad) gave away the villain's plans, prompting the villain to grab the announcer from offscreen, bind and gag him, and deposit him visibly within the scene. The show skewered popular culture, taking on such subjects as advertising, college sports, the Cold War, and TV itself. The hapless duo from Frostbite Falls, Minnesota, blundered into unlikely adventures much as Crusader and Rags had before them, pursued by \"no-goodnik\" spies Boris Badenov and Natasha Fatale, perennially under orders to \"keel moose and squirrel\". ", "Scott speaks with high school student Dan Mauldin, who's work is included in a compilation called \"Editorial Cartoons by Kids, 1995.\" (\"Editorial Cartoon by Kids\" Published by Zino Press Children's Books P.o. Box 52, Madison, Wisconsin 53701) 5:20", "Over the years, many reprints of Dick Tracy newspaper strips have been published. Beginning in 2007, IDW Publishing reprinted the complete strip in hardcover volumes. Other collections include:", "The Flintstones is an animated, prime-time American television sitcom that was broadcast from September 30, 1960, to April 1, 1966, on ABC. The show was produced by Hanna-Barbera. The Flintstones was about a working-class Stone Age man's life with his family and his next-door neighbor and best friend.", "Over the years, many reprints of Dick Tracy newspaper strips have been published. Beginning in 2007, IDW Publishing reprinted the complete strip in hardcover volumes.", "Joe (left) and Bill flank the author at a May 1993 event honoring the three of them and their fellow Cartoon Network advisory board members. (Photo by Brian Maurer.) Š Jeff Lenburg Collection.", "The Flintstones is an animated, prime-time American television sitcom that was broadcast from September 30, 1960, to April 1, 1966, on ABC. The show was produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions. The Flintstones was about a working-class Stone Age man's life with his family and his next-door neighbor and best friend.", "Back then, in the late '40s, Schulz \"liked to have his bowl of soup and draw his comic strip,\" said Linus Maurer, a fellow instructor at Art Instruction Schools, Inc. and longtime friend. \"Nothing changed. Everything around him changed.\"", "From 1949 to 1951 he attended college in Ohio; first at Hiram College, and then transferred to major in Psychology at the University of Cincinnati. He was drafted into the US Army in 1952, but spent his service years stateside. During that time he made his first cartoons, and became interested in pursuing a career in cartooning. After his discharge he completed his psychology degree in 1954, whereupon he began to study drawing at the Art Academy of Cincinnati. He achieved some initial success when he sold his first cartoon strips to the magazines 1000 Jokes and True.", "From 1949 to 1951 he attended college in Ohio; first at Hiram College, and then transferred to major in Psychology at the University of Cincinnati. He was drafted into the US Army in 1952, but spent his service years stateside. During that time he made his first cartoons, and became interested in pursuing a career in cartooning. After his discharge he completed his psychology degree in 1954, whereupon he began to study drawing at the Art Academy of Cincinnati. He achieved some initial success when he sold his first cartoon strips to the magazines 1000 Jokes and True." ]

[ 7.03515625, 4.81640625, 4.4375, 2.6015625, 2.27734375, 1.005859375, 0.86181640625, -1.435546875, -5.7890625, -6.86328125, -6.91015625, -7.09375, -7.76171875, -7.76171875, -7.78515625, -7.9140625, -8.265625, -8.28125, -8.4140625, -8.5078125, -8.53125, -8.6328125, -8.7578125, -9.09375, -9.375, -9.3984375, -9.40625, -9.453125, -9.453125, -9.5390625, -9.5703125, -9.5703125 ]

[ "In the 1970s and 1980s, a series of commercials were run for Reese's Peanut Butter Cups featuring situations in which two people, one eating peanut butter and one eating chocolate, collided. One person would exclaim, \"You got your peanut butter on my chocolate!\" and the other would exclaim, \"You got your chocolate in my peanut butter!\". They would then sample the mixture and remark on the great taste, tying in with the slogan \"Two great tastes that taste great together.\"", "First, there’s the classic Reese’s Peanut Butter Cup. It got its first commercial media blast with a campaign in the 70s that featured two people - one eating peanut butter from a jar and the other eating a chocolate bar. They would collide and the chocolate bar would end up in the peanut butter and the chocolate eater would complain, “You got peanut butter on my chocolate!”  The peanut butter eater would complain, “You got chocolate in my peanut butter!” Then they’d both taste it and it’d be pure love. Cue the jingle ... Two great tastes that taste great together, Reese’s Peanut Butter Cups.", "Here's a commercial for Reese's Peanut Butter Cups featuring another cheezy late-seventies robot and the old \"You got my chocolate in your peanut butter...\" routine.", "The combination of peanut butter and chocolate is quintessentially American, like macaroni and cheese. Unlike other combinations, however, peanut butter and chocolate is synonymous with a corporate brand name. The Reese’s brand has so few serious competitors that that the ad campaign no longer really tries anymore. The slogan is one word: “perfect.”", "In 1950, the famous ‘m’ was printed on each candy in black, so that consumers could tell the “real thing” from imitators. In the 1950’s the factory was producing a million lbs of m&m’s per week. The factory was running 24 hours a day. M&M’s was becoming a household word, and with tv advertising on the horizon, M&M’s would continue to grow in popularity. M&M's with peanuts were introduced in 1954, and the ‘m’ was printed in white, as it still is today. This same year, “the milk chocolate that melts in your mouth, not in your hand” became their advertising slogan. By 1958, over one million lbs of m&m’s were being consumed.", "According to the campaign’s creative director, Billings Fuess, “[Reese’s] was a brand-new product that Hershey had just bought from this farmer.” Hershey had to convince customers “that these two things taste good together.”", "“When you told folks that we had this marvelous candy bar that had a combination of chocolate and peanut butter, they did not take to that kindly,” recalls creative director Billings Fuess. “It was trouble to persuade them to … try it.”", "Bart, and other The Simpsons characters, have appeared in numerous television commercials for Nestlé's Butterfinger candy bars from 1990 to 2001, with the slogan \"Nobody better lay a finger on my Butterfinger!\" Lisa would occasionally advertise it too. Matt Groening would later say that the Butterfinger advertising campaign was a large part of the reason why Fox decided to pick up the half-hour show. The campaign was discontinued in 2001, much to the disappointment of Cartwright. Bart has also appeared in commercials for Burger King and Ramada Inn. In 2001, Kellogg's launched a brand of cereal called \"Bart Simpson Peanut Butter Chocolate Crunch\", which was available for a limited time. Before the half-hour series went on the air, Matt Groening pitched Bart as a spokesperson for Jell-O. He wanted Bart to sing \"J-E-L-L-O\", then burp the letter O. His belief was that kids would try to do it the next day, but he was rejected. ", "Most white chocolate products in our cash and carry inventory are a white chocolate version of an already known and loved chocolate bar. For example, Reese’s makes a White Chocolate Reese’s Peanut Butter Cup  which has the same peanut butter filling but with a white chocolate outer shell.", "Once the milk chocolate melted away, I found a peanut butter center that was sweet, but not overly so. Nearly as smooth as its chocolate shell, the inside reminded me more of Skippy’s Creamy than Reese’s . In lesser candies, this sort of peanut butter may have been overpowered by the chocolate. Here, the two components complimented each other beautifully. The flavor left a distinct impression on my palate, one which lingered and left my sweet tooth satisfied until my next meal.", "Coined by ad man Rosser Reeves and introduced by M&Ms in 1954, this enduring slogan has real appeal to consumers of all ages. It addresses a problem that every kid faces when she's playing in the sandbox and every parent laments when it's time to do laundry- candy mess. This slogan's simple truth reminds parents and children worldwide what's so appealing about these tiny treats. Even though M&Ms has since changed product taglines, and it's now creepy to think of the humanized M&M characters melting in people's mouths, audiences still easily recognize and identify this one.", "The original product consisted of peanuts coated in milk chocolate with an outer shell of dark brown glazed candy, and appeared in the UK in the 1960s; these were later marketed as Peanut Treets, (sold in a yellow packet), together with Toffee Treets (sold in a blue packet) and Chocolate Treets (sold in a brown packet). All three shared the same glazed coating, but the filling of the button-shaped Chocolate Treet consisted solely of the milk chocolate which surrounded the peanut or toffee pellet in the other versions. All three were marketed with the slogan \"Melt in your mouth, not in your hand\" which was first used in 1967. ", "Reese's Peanut Butter Cups are a milk chocolate cup confection made of chocolate-coated peanut butter marketed by The Hershey Company that pioneered the way to the generic peanut butter cup. They were created in 1928 by H. B. Reese, a former dairy farmer and shipping foreman for Milton S. Hershey. Reese was inspired by Hershey and left dairy farming to start his own candy business.", "The chocolate biscuit bars are popular with the advertising slogan: \"P-p-p-pick up a Penguin!\", which was widely plaid and mocked within Britain and abroad.", "In this spot, which was the follow-up to the M&M's talking to Dennis Miller, the M&M's are basking in the sunlight at a swimming pool. A smooth talking chocolate bar (voiced by the late great Phil Hartman)struts his stuff over to a beach chair, and tries to hit on the other candy there. But, the hot sun proves dangerous, as the candy bar begins to melt. It just proves that M&M's \"Melt in your mouth, not in your hands.\" Or do they not melt in beach chairs too??? Very good commercial.", "In the mid-late 1990s, the bar's advertisements also featured three men dressed as the legendary Three Musketeers to market the \"45% less fat\" campaign. The product's original slogan of \"Big on Chocolate!\" was expanded in these advertisements to \"Big on Chocolate, Not on Fat!\"", "Anyway, in the 1980’s Jacob’s had a very strong TV advertising campaign for the biscuits which centred around the jingle “if you like a lot of chocolate on your biscuit join our club“. There were several different adverts made around this theme, but they followed the pattern of having one person start eating a Club biscuit and somebody starting to sing the above line. When they got to the end of the line somebody else would join in and start singing it too.", "In 1980, Snickers ran ads which featured a variety of everyday people discussing why they like Snickers. The ads featured a jingle that said \"It's so satisfying\" and had the classic hand that would open and close showing a handful of peanuts converting to a Snickers bar. \"Packed with peanuts, Snickers really satisfies\" was shown in the commercials.", "Bosco the Clown (or was it a bear?) brown plastic squeeze container that held chocolate syrup that you used to make chocolate milk. Also Ovaltine (which tasted too healthy) in the big glass jar with the orange lid. And then there was Farfel, Jimmy Nelson's puppet dog, who sang the Nestles song on television commercials: N-E-S-T-L-E-S, Nestles makes the very best, Choc...late. - Tim, Shoreview, MN, 1953", "Now, since a food company became involved, it can be difficult to separate marketing invention from reality. It is hard to say whether the fact that Wakefield \"chopped up a Nestlé bar,\" was as significant at the time as advertising later made it out to be. In this version of the story, she was following a newer recipe for Butter Drop Do cookies, which called for Baker's chocolate. She didn't have any Baker's chocolate, but she did have a bar of Nestlé 's semi-sweet chocolate. Some even go so far as to say this bar had been given to her by Andrew Nestlé himself! She used the Nestlé bar instead of the baker's chocolate, and, a miracle occurred! The pieces of chocolate didn't melt! The great chocolate chip cookie was born, to immediate success at the restaurant and beyond. If you believe that version, well, you've been Nestléfied. Chopped up pieces of Baker's chocolate should not have been expected to act much differently in a cookie than pieces of a Nestlé bar. It is a silly story based on silly assumptions, almost certainly invented after-the-fact for purpose of promotion. But, by whom and to promote what? Come on, I shouldn't have to tell you!", "Many of the commercials featured Homer trying to get Bart 's Butterfinger, but would be one-upped by Bart each time. Each commercial closes with Bart saying the catchphrase, \"Nobody better lay a finger on my Butterfinger!\". In 1999, this was changed to “Bite My Butterfinger!”, then in 2001, it was changed to \"Nothing Like a Butterfinger!\", beginning in 2010, a slightly rewritten version of the Nobody better lay a finger slogan \"Nobody's gonna lay a finger on my Butterfinger!\" was introduced.", "The United States also used the short lived slogan, \"Tastes So Good, You'll Roar\", in the early 1980s. The TV commercial most known from this slogan involves a young man biting into one of the Kit Kat fingers in a grocery store, and roaring like a lion so loudly the whole store shakes violently, knocking items from the shelves. Another short-lived U.S. slogan was \"That's What You Want\", whose television adverts showed people pulling unlikely foodstuffs from their pockets or purses, before rejecting them in favour of a Kit Kat.", "During the 1970s, the Peter Paul company used the jingle, \"Sometimes you feel like a nut / Sometimes you don't / Almond Joy's got nuts / Mounds don't,\" to advertise Almond Joy and Mounds in tandem. In a play on words, the \"feel like a nut\" portion of the jingle was typically played over a clip of someone acting like a \"nut\", engaged in some funny-looking activity, such as riding on a horse backwards. [2]", "I am a particular brand of candybar which contains caramel and peanuts which is smothered in chocolate.", "The TV advert in the playlist for the Penguin chocolate bar is from 1974. I often had one of these in my lunchbox to accompany my cheese spread sandwiches. Before Maggie Thatcher and the budget-slashing Tories came on the scene we also used to get a free mini bottle of milk, too!", "This is Freddy Krueger's favorite milk commercial. It went \"Milk, it does, milk it does a body. Milk, it does a body good. Pass it on! It's fun to grow on!\" That was Freddy's favorite line. I don't know the rest. \"It is. It makes you feel good because it tastes so great! It really does a body good. Pass it on! Milk, it does! Milk it does a body good. Milk, it does a body good. Pass it on!\" Bravo, Freddy!", "During the 1970s, the Peter Paul company used the jingle, “Sometimes you feel like a nut / Sometimes you don’t / Almond Joy’s got nuts / Mounds don’t,” to advertise Almond Joy and Mounds in tandem. In a play on words, the “feel like a nut” portion of the jingle was typically played over a clip of someone acting like a “nut”, i.e., engaged in an unconventional activity, such as riding on a horse backward.", "A subsequent advertisement, originally aired in 1995, plays on the over-the-top advertising style of the post-war era. To the tune of bright 50's era orchestration, a salesy narrator exhorts viewers to try a variety of chewy consumer items in the essential guide to a chewier chew. The ad shows the 'Monster Muncher' sampling items such as Wellington boots, a rubber boat and a rubber plant in order to be ready for the chewiest of chews - Chewits.", "Little did we know that the chocolate brand and the dysfunctional cartoon family have shared a close working relationship since the late 80's in the form of TV commercials, product placement and other advertising.", "A 1939 ad campaign by cartoonist Walter Hoban continued his Jerry on the Job comic strip in Woman's Day magazine and daily newspaper comics pages. General Foods also marketed Grape-Nuts through a comics-style advertising campaign (a trailblazer in this regard) featuring a character named Little Alby, who gained inordinate strength after consuming a bowl of Grape-Nuts. ", "I know this ad is older than the 90s, but it was the best I could find. I think at a certain point, these defied advertising. They were pretty ubiquitous as a nutrition-free party snack food", "Announcer : Do you remember a time when chocolate chips came fresh from the oven? Pepperidge Farm remembers." ]

[ 7.84765625, 5.6171875, 4.80078125, 3.0078125, 0.392578125, -0.1163330078125, -0.216796875, -0.8232421875, -0.84814453125, -1.3896484375, -1.3974609375, -1.8876953125, -1.958984375, -2.16796875, -2.8671875, -3.220703125, -3.24609375, -3.306640625, -3.353515625, -3.35546875, -4.125, -4.15625, -4.64453125, -4.78125, -4.78515625, -5.6640625, -5.6640625, -6.15625, -6.35546875, -6.47265625, -6.93359375, -6.98046875 ]

[ "The Declaration of Independence was signed by a total of fifty-six men representing the thirteen original colonies of Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Virginia. The largest and most famous physical signature on the document is that of John Hancock, who was the President of Congress at the time. It also includes the signatures of notable Founding Fathers such as Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson. Historians have often debated whether the Declaration of Independence was, in fact, signed on July 4th rather than a later date. The truth of the matter can never be completely known, but a large number of historians believe that it was not signed at once, and that many of the signers added their names on or after August 2, 1776.", "There are 56 signers of the Declaration of Independence, all of whom are men. There was a difference of 44 years between the youngest man to sign it—26-year-old Edward Rutledge—and the oldest—Benjamin Franklin, who was 80 at the time. One signer, Richard Stockton, would later take back his signature after he was captured and mistreated by the British and swore loyalty to King George III in return for his release. He’d later reaffirm loyalty to the U.S. The person most famous for the actual act of signing the Declaration is likely John Hancock, the President of Congress at the time, whose elaborate signature has caused his name to be a synonym for anyone signing their name on a document.", "On July 4, 1776, Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence , a document drafted by Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) stating that the 13 American colonies were free from British rule. The document also detailed the importance of individual rights and freedoms. As president of the Continental Congress, Hancock is credited as the first signer of the Declaration of Independence. His prominent, stylish signature became famous. (According to legend, Hancock boldly inscribed his name so the English king would not need glasses to read it.) Today, the term “John Hancock” is synonymous with “signature.”", "John Hancock is best known for his large signature on the Declaration of Independence, which he jested the British could read without spectacles. He was serving as president of Congress upon the declaration’s adoption on July 4, 1776, and, as such, was the first member of the Congress to sign the historic document.", "John Hancock (January 23, 1737 – October 8, 1793) was a merchant, statesman, and prominent Patriot of the American Revolution. He served as president of the Second Continental Congress and was the first governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. He is remembered for his large and stylish signature on the United States Declaration of Independence, so much so that \"John Hancock\" became, in the United States, a synonym for signature.", "The most famous signature on the engrossed copy is that of John Hancock, who, as President of Congress, presumably signed first. Hancock's large, flamboyant signature became iconic, and John Hancock emerged in the United States as an informal synonym for \"signature\". A commonly circulated but apocryphal account claims that after Hancock signed, the delegate from Massachusetts commented, \"The British ministry can read that name without spectacles.\" Another apocryphal report indicates that Hancock proudly declared, \"There! I guess King George will be able to read that!\" ", "In signing their names to the Declaration of Independence, the signers were effectively signing away their protection and anonymity from British forces. John Hancock, president of the Continental Congress, probably had the most cause for fear as he was the leader of the revolution against the British. True, he was described as a flamboyant character who liked attention. But his large signature on the Declaration of Independence was not to boast his own ego. It was a powerful response to a decree that had been delivered from England in early 1776 offering a large reward for his capture and the capture of several leading figures. On signing the Declaration in his famously clear and obvious way he commented, “The British ministry can read that name without spectacles; let them double their reward.”", "John Hancock, the first signor of the US Declaration of Independence. His signature there is prominent.", "The Declaration of Independence is one of the two most famous documents of the United States of America. The other one is the Constitution, but the Declaration came first. It was adopted on July 4, 1776, by representatives of the 13 original colonies from New Hampshire to Georgia. That was the beginning of the nation. The place of meeting, the Pennsylvania State House, in Philadelphia, became known as Independence Hall, and Americans celebrate their country's birthday every July 4. Men on horseback carried printed copies of the Declaration up and down the coast from Portsmouth and Boston to Charleston and Savannah. In Philadelphia it was soon written on parchment and signed by 56 delegates. Anyone who looks at it in its glass case in the National Archives, in Washington, D.C., will find some of the faded signatures hard to read. But the president of the Second Continental Congress, John Hancock, of Massachusetts, wrote his name large so that nobody could miss it. And these men, during the rest of their lives, were proud that their names were there.", "Finally, on 4 July, Congress approved the revised text, then ordered that it be printed and authenticated under the supervision of the drafting committee and distributed to the states and continental army commanders so it could be \"proclaimed in each of the United States, and at the head of the army.\" Congress's printer, John Dunlap, quickly produced a broadside copy, which John Hancock, Congress's president, sent out with appropriate cover letters. On 9 July, New York added its consent to that of the other thirteen states. And on 19 July, after hearing that news, Congress resolved \"that the Declaration passed on the 4th, be fairly engrossed on parchment, with the title and stile of 'The unanimous declaration of the thirteen United States of America, '\" and that the parchment copy should be signed \"by every member of Congress.\" The main signing occurred on 2 August. However, it was not until January 1777—after Americans victories at Trenton and Princeton, New Jersey, had ended the long disastrous military campaign of 1776—that Congress sent authenticated copies of the signed Declaration to the states.", "The use of \"The Signing of the Declaration of Independence\" began in 1976, to celebrate the bicentennial of the United States. Thomas Jefferson was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence, so the image celebrates one of his greatest accomplishments.", "The United States Declaration of Independence is a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies then at war with Great Britain were now independent states, and thus no longer a part of the British Empire. Written primarily by Thomas Jefferson, the Declaration is a formal explanation of why Congress had voted on July 2 to declare independence from Great Britain, more than a year after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War. The birthday of the United States of America—Independence Day—is celebrated on July 4, the day the wording of the Declaration was approved by Congress.", "The United States Declaration of Independence is a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies then at war with Great Britain were now independent states, and thus no longer a part of the British Empire. Written primarily by Thomas Jefferson , the Declaration is a formal explanation of why Congress had voted on July 2 to declare independence from Great Britain, more than a year after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War . The birthday of the United States of America/Independence Day is celebrated on July 4, the day the wording of the Declaration was approved by Congress.", "     As President of the Continental Congress during two widely spaced terms � the first from May 24 1775 to October 30 1777 and the second from November 23, 1785 to June 5, 1786 � Hancock was the presiding officer when the members approved the Declaration of Independence. Because of his position, it was his official duty to sign the document first � but not necessarily as dramatically as he did.", "The text of the Declaration of Independence was drafted by a “Committee of Five” appointed by Congress, which consisted of John Adams of Massachusetts, Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania , Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, Robert R. Livingston of New York , and Roger Sherman of Connecticut. Jefferson was chosen by the committee as the primary author after a general outline was agreed to amongst the five, and a draft was presented to Congress on June 28, 1776. The official title given to the document was “A Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress Assembled.” For two days following, the document was edited by Congress, the principal change being a moderation of Jefferson’s claim that Britain had forced slavery in the colonies.", "The First Continental Congress met briefly in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1774 and consisted of fifty-six delegates from twelve of the Thirteen Colonies that would become the United States of America. The delegates, who included George Washington, soon to command the army, Patrick Henry, and John Adams, were elected by their respective colonial assemblies. Other notable delegates included Samuel Adams from Massachusetts, John Dickinson from Pennsylvania and New York's John Jay. This congress in addition to formulating appeals to the British crown, established the Continental Association to administer boycott actions against Britain. When the Second Continental Congress came together on May 10, 1775, it was, in effect, a reconvening of the First Congress. Many of the same 56 delegates who attended the first meeting participated in the second. Notable new arrivals included Benjamin Franklin and Robert Morris of Pennsylvania, John Hancock of Massachusetts, and John Witherspoon of New Jersey. Hancock was elected Congress President two weeks into the session when Peyton Randolph was summoned back to Virginia to preside over the House of Burgesses. Thomas Jefferson replaced Randolph in the Virginia congressional delegation. The second Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence. Witherspoon was the only active clergyman to sign the Declaration. He also signed the Articles of Confederation and attended the New Jersey (1787) convention that ratified the Federal Constitution. ", "As a result, the Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia in June of 1776. Slightly more than a month later, the Declaration of Independence was proposed to the States. John Hancock, the first signatory, was the only person to sign on July 4. Many of the other delegates would place their names on the completed Document on August 2 of that same year. The last person to sign, the New Hampshire delegate Matthew Thornton, endorsed the document on November 4, 1776.", "The date that the Declaration was signed has long been the subject of debate. Within a decade after the event, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and John Adams all wrote that the Declaration had been signed by Congress on July 4, 1776. This seemed to be confirmed by the signed copy of the Declaration, which is dated July 4. Additional support was provided by the Journals of Congress, the official public record of the Continental Congress. When the proceedings for 1776 were first published in 1777, the entry for July 4, 1776, stated that the Declaration was engrossed (the official copy was handwritten) and signed on that date. ", "Now look at the back side of the bill. On it, you will see two circles. The two circles reflect the two sides of the Great Seal of the United States. Before the adjournment of the Continental Congress on July 4th, 1776, a design committee was appointed to develop a seal for the United States. The committee was Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson, three of the five men who had drafted the Declaration of Independence. They were merely the first committee, however. It took six years, the work of two additional committees and a total of 14 men before a final version of the Great Seal was approved. The final proposal, as accepted by Congress, was submitted on June 13, 1782, by Charles Thompson, Secretary of Congress. He brought together some of the recommendations of the three committees, their consultants, and artists.", "After nearly four months of debate, on September 8, 1787, the final text of the Constitution was set down and revised. Then, an official copy of the document was engrossed by Jacob Shallus. The effort consisted of copying the text (prelude, articles and endorsement) on four sheets of vellum parchment, made from treated animal skin and measuring approximately 28 in by 23 in, probably with a goose quill. Shallus engrossed the entire document except for the list of states at the end of the document, which are in Alexander Hamilton's handwriting. On September 17, 1787, following a speech given by Benjamin Franklin, 39 delegates endorsed and submitted the Constitution to the Congress of the Confederation. ", "The popular legend states that he signed his name bigger than everyone else’s so that the “fat old King could read it without his spectacles”. The fact is that as the president of the Continental Congress he was the first person to sign the document and because he was the leader of Congress his signature was centered below the text. According to the National Archives it was customary that other delegates began to sign at the right below the text in geographical order according to the states they represent. The northernmost state, New Hampshire began and ended with Georgia, the southernmost.", "On June 7, 1776, Richard Henry Lee introduced a resolution to the Congress that declared the thirteen colonies \"free and independent states.\" Congress did not act on the resolution immediately. A vote was set for early July. In the meantime it seemed appropriate that some sort of explanation was in order for such a bold act. A subcommittee of five, including Benjamin Franklin, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, was selected to choose the careful wording. Such a document must be persuasive to a great many parties. Americans would read this and join the patriot cause. Sympathetic Britons would read this and urge royal restraint. Foreign powers would read this and aid the colonial militia. They might, that is, if the text were convincing. The five agreed that Jefferson was the most talented writer. They would advise on his prose.", "[illustration] George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, James Madison, and numerous others are depicted signing the United States Constitution on 17 September 1787 in the Pennsylvania State House. (Signing of the United States Constitution, by Howard Chandler Christy, courtesy of the Architect of the Capitol.)", "The signing of the United States Declaration of Independence occurred following its July 4,1776 approval by 56 delegates to the Second Continental Congress meeting in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The declaration proclaimed that the thirteen American colonies then at war with Great Britain were now sovereign states, and thus no longer a part of the British Empire. Although the wording of the Declaration was approved by Congress on July 4, the date of its signing has been disputed. Most historians have concluded that it was signed nearly a month after its adoption, on August 2, 1776, and not on July 4 as is commonly believed.", "On July 4, 1776 the Continental Congress set a committee to work to design a national seal. The task was a monumental one since the feeling was that it reflected the Founding Fathers' beliefs, values and sovereignty of the new Nation. Original designs varied widely. Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson proposed a design representing Moses crossing the Red Sea, with Pharaoh in hot pursuit. It included the motto: 'Rebellion to tyrants is obedience to God'. The task was not complete until the current design was approved by Congress on June 20, 1782.", "REVOLUTIONARY OFFICER; SIGNER OF THE CONSTITUTION; RATIFIER OF THE U. S. CONSTITUTION; SECRETARY OF WAR UNDER PRESIDENTS GEORGE WASHINGTON AND JOHN ADAMS", "On July 4, 1776, Congress appointed a three-member committee composed of Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and John Adams to design the Great Seal of the United States. Franklin's proposal (which was not adopted) featured the motto: \"Rebellion to Tyrants is Obedience to God\" and a scene from the Book of Exodus, with Moses, the Israelites, the pillar of fire, and George III depicted as pharaoh. The design that was produced was never acted upon by Congress, and the Great Seal's design was not finalized until a third committee was appointed in 1782. ", "A Massachusetts attorney and politician who was a strong believer in colonial independence. He argued against the Stamp Act and was involved in various patriot groups. As a delegate from Massachusetts, he urged the Second Continental Congress to declare independence. He helped draft and pass the Declaration of Independence. Adams later served as the first Vice President and the second President of the United States.", "1782 - The Great Seal of the United States was adopted by Congress. William Barton designed the seal which consists of an eagle, an olive branch and 13 arrows -- one for each of the original 13 colonies.", "The Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress (also known as the Declaration of Colonial Rights, the Declaration of Rights, or the Declaration of Rights and Grievances) was a statement adopted by the First Continental Congress on October 14, 1774, in response to the Intolerable Acts passed by the British Parliament. The Declaration outlined colonial objections to the Intolerable Acts, listed a colonial bill of rights, and provided a detailed list of grievances. The Declaration concluded with an outline of Congress's future plans: to enter into a boycott of British trade (the Continental Association) until their grievances were redressed, to publish addresses to the people of Great Britain and British America, and to send a petition to the King. (wikipedia.org.  Accessed August 4, 2011.)", "The Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress (also known as the Declaration of Colonial Rights, or the Declaration of Rights), was a statement adopted by the First Continental Congress on October 14, 1774, in response to the Intolerable Acts passed by the British Parliament.", "The design for the Great Seal of the United States is adopted by the Continental Congress." ]

[ 5.9609375, 4.87109375, 4.3359375, 3.837890625, 3.744140625, 3.244140625, 3.134765625, 1.8740234375, 1.7568359375, 1.728515625, 1.28125, 1.1923828125, 1.14453125, 1.0283203125, 1.0126953125, 0.69384765625, -0.50390625, -0.53662109375, -1.0615234375, -1.3017578125, -2.162109375, -2.1796875, -2.728515625, -3.076171875, -3.515625, -3.80859375, -4.62890625, -5.21484375, -6.68359375, -8.203125, -8.359375, -8.6328125 ]

[ "One of the squares on the Monopoly board game (U.S. edition) is labeled \"luxury tax\". While there is a picture of a sparkling diamond ring on the square, the only effect is that whoever lands on this square must pay $75.00 to the bank.", "Monetary values are multiplied by 10,000 (e.g., one collects $2,000,000 instead of $200 for passing Go). Also, the Chance and Community Chest cards are updated. The houses and hotels are blue and silver, not green and red as in most editions of Monopoly. The board uses the traditional US layout; the cheapest properties are purple, not brown, and the \"luxury tax\" (replaced with \"interest on credit card debt\") is $750,000, not $75. Despite the updated luxury tax space, this edition uses paper Monopoly money, and not an electronic banking unit like the Here and Now World Edition. However, a similar edition of Monopoly, the Electronic Banking edition, does feature an electronic banking unit, as well as a different set of tokens. Both Here and Now and Electronic Banking feature an updated set of tokens from the Atlantic City edition.", "This is the original version produced by Charles Darrow, and later by Parker Brothers. The board consists of forty spaces containing twenty-eight properties, three Chance spaces, three Community Chest spaces, a Luxury Tax space, an Income Tax space, and the four corner squares: GO, Jail, Free Parking , and Go to Jail. In the U.S. versions shown below, the properties are named after locations in (or near) Atlantic City, New Jersey. However, as of September 2008, the layout of the board has been modified to more closely match the foreign-released versions, as shown in the two board layouts below. The notable changes are the colors of Mediterranean and Baltic Avenues changing from purple to brown, the colors of the GO square from red to black, and the adaptation of the flat $200 Income Tax (formerly the player's choice of 10% of their total holdings OR $200; players had to make a decision before calculating their total holdings) and increased $100 Luxury Tax (upped from $75) amounts. Similar color/amount changes are used in the U.S. Edition of the \"Here And Now: World Edition\" game , and are also used in the most recent version of the McDonald's Monopoly promotion.", "Anytime someone pays a fee or tax (Jail, Income, Luxury, etc.), put the money in the middle of the board.", "Monopoly is the best-selling commercial board game in the world. Players compete to acquire wealth through stylized economic activity involving the buying, rental and trading of properties using play money , as players take turns moving around the board according to the roll of the dice . The game is named after the economic concept of monopoly, the domination of a market by a single seller.", "The board for Lizzie Magie's game bears a striking resemblance to the one now labeled \"Monopoly\", except that names, drawings, colors and the like are different. It is painted with blocks for rental properties such as \"Poverty Place\" (land rent $50), \"Easy Street\" (land rent $100) and \"Lord Blueblood's Estate \" (\"no trespassing - go to jail\"). There are banks, a poorhouse, and railroads and utilities such as the \"Soakum Lighting System\" ($50 for landing on that) and the \"PDQ Railroad\" (\"fare $100\"). And of course there is the well known \"Jail\" block.", "There are 40 spaces on a standard Monopoly Board, of which 28 are properties that you can buy and sell. This Wiki is by default going to use the Here and Now US Edition.", "Monopoly is a board game that originated in the United States in 1903 as a way to demonstrate that an economy which rewards wealth creation is better than one in which monopolists work under few constraints and to promote the economic theories of Henry George and in particular his ideas about taxation. The current version was first published by Parker Brothers in 1935. Subtitled \"The Fast-Dealing Property Trading Game\", the game is named after the economic concept of monopoly—the domination of a market by a single entity. It is now produced by the United States game and toy company Hasbro. Players move around the game-board buying or trading properties, developing their properties with houses and hotels, and collecting rent from their opponents, with the goal being to drive them all into bankruptcy leaving one monopolist in control of the entire economy. Since the board game was first commercially sold in the 1930s, it has become a part of popular world culture, having been locally licensed in more than 103 countries and printed in more than thirty-seven languages.", "The game can be played by from two to six people. Each player is represented by a small metal token that is moved around the board according to the roll of two dice. Monopoly's metal tokens originated when Charls Darrow's niece suggested using charms from a charm bracelet as tokens. Tokens include a battleship, an iron, a race car, a Scottie dog, a shoe, a thimble, a top hat and a wheelbarrow.", "Mr. Monopoly, known by some as Rich Uncle Pennybags, is perhaps the most famous fictional real estate mogul in history. Dressed to impress with a top hat and cane, the board game mascot is easy to bring to life. Just don’t expect your “get out of jail free” card to actually do anything.", "Because the world is generally so familiar with Monopoly I’m going to try and keep this section brief. Essentially, to start the game you need to separate the Chance and Community Chest cards, shuffle them, and put them in their allotted spaces on the board. Then elect one player to be Banker, they’re in charge of making sure the correct amount of money goes in and out of the bank for the rest of the game. To start they deal out 2 x 500, 4 x 100, 2 x 50, 1 x 20, 2 x 10, 1 x5 and 5 x 1 to every player. Lastly you choose Tokens, put them on GO and then roll the dice to see who plays first. Highest roll starts.", "A supply of paper money. The supply of money is theoretically unlimited; if the bank runs out of money the players must make do with other markers, or calculate on paper. Additional paper money can be bought at certain locations, notably game and hobby stores, or downloaded from various websites and printed and cut by hand (one such site has created a $1,000 bill for the game; it is not one of the standard denominations). In the original U.S. standard editions, the supply generally starts with $15,140. The winner of the quadrennial Monopoly World Championship receives the same amount in United States dollars. [7] [NOTE: This base money amount has changed--see below.]", "Sounds like this set?” I remember being very surprised when I played monopoly at a friend's house and the background to the board was green - ours was yellow! Since I have often told others about the different playing pieces we had but no-one I have ever spoken to has ever seen them. My brother owned the set and it was given to him in the 1950s but he doesn't remember if it was new then or one that was passed on. The motorcyclist looked 1940s and the blue train was a Mallard. The money was, we think, printed on one side only. Our guess would be that the set was 40s or 50s. Hope this helps.\" Mandi Garrie.", "THE PIECES on a monopoly board are not always the same. My family has a set, somewhere between 40 and 60 years old, which has two-dimensional painted pieces. There is a red car, a blue train, a gold galleon, a white motorbike and a yellow steam engine. No-one I know has ever seen such a set. Can anyone throw light on its origin?", "Starting in the UK in 2005, an updated version of the game entitled Monopoly Here and Now was produced, replacing game scenarios, properties, and tokens with modern equivalents. Similar boards were produced for Germany and France. Variants of these first editions appeared with Visa-branded debit cards taking the place of cash - the later US \"Electronic Banking\" edition has unbranded debit cards.", "Monopoly money is theoretically unlimited; if the bank runs out of money the players must make do with other markers, or calculate on paper. Additional paper money can be bought at certain locations, notably game and hobby stores, or downloaded from various websites and printed and cut by hand. One such site has created a $1,000 bill; while a $1,000 bill can be found in Monopoly: The Mega Edition and Monopoly: The Card Game, both published by Winning Moves Games, this note is not a standard denomination for \"classic\" versions of Monopoly. ", "Mr. Monopoly is seen on the actual game board as well as on the Chance and Community Chest Cards.", "A \"Here and Now Electronic Banking Edition\" was released in the United Kingdom in 2006, which includes an ATM and Visa debit cards in place of paper money.<ref> News article from Sky News. Accessed 24 July 2006.</ref>. Australia also has the UK Debit Card version, however with the Australian dollars instead of Pound sterling .<ref> Online sales page for UK Monopoly Here and Now Banking Edition at Online Toys Australia.</ref> A similar edition is available in Germany and France where they are known as \"Monopoly Banking\" and \"Monopoly Electronique\" respectively.", "In 1991 the Franklin Mint offered a collectors’ edition of MONOPOLY in a hardwood box with drawers for the money and tokens; the tokens were crafted in solid pewter and embellished with 24 karat gold.  The houses and hotels were die-cast metal.  The price was cheaper than chocolate: only $500.", "In 2000, the FAO Schwarz store in New York City sold a custom version called One-Of-A-Kind Monopoly for $100,000. [9] This special edition comes in a locking attaché case made with Napolino leather and lined in suede, and features include:", "When Charles was eventually getting up to 10 orders a day (all the games were hand-made), his life ended up revolving around collecting games. When he first presented it to Parker Brothers, they complained that the game took way too long and there were 52 errors reported. Eventually they accepted and Charles would receive a royalty for every game sold. Parker Brothers did re-write the rules for added clarity and change the board to the modern square shape, and eventually also added Monopoly mascot Mr. Monopoly. Now, the Monopoly game includes the new speed die, a partially newly-designed board, a few new tokens and even more features to make the game very exciting! The rules are often argued upon, so here are the distinct features and rules of the game. If you still have any disputes while playing the game, you can write Parker Brothers via mail.", "The cat will join the wheelbarrow, shoe, race car, top hat, thimble, Scottie dog and battleship in the Monopoly game beginning in late summer when the latest edition hits store shelves. A limited-edition \"Golden Token\" Monopoly ($17.99) arrives exclusively in Target stores this month and will feature gold tokens of all the current lineup — including the last appearance of the iron — and the five proposed new pieces.", "In the game Monopoly, the most money you can lose in one travel around the board (normal game rules, going to jail only once) is $26,040. The most money you can lose in one turn is $5070.", "The Guinness Book of World Records states that a set worth $2,000,000 and made of 23-carat gold, with rubies and sapphires atop the chimneys of the houses and hotels, is the most expensive Monopoly set ever produced. This set was designed by artist Sidney Mobell to honor the game's 50th anniversary in 1985.", "PREVIOUS replies do not mention the European Monopoly set. This has streets from various countries, with gold-coloured markers in the shape of landmarks (eg, the Eiffel Tower and the Leaning Tower of Pisa). The game is played using Ecus as currency, and the dice are blue with gold stars instead of spots.", "You have a monopoly when you own all of the properties of one color. The holder of a monopoly is entitled to double the rental rate normally paid. The monopoly holder is also entitled to add houses/hotels (which substantially increases rental rates). Holding a monopoly also greatly enhances your bargaining power during property trades made at later times in the game.", "• Various versions of Monopoly include Batman, ESPN, Family Guy, American Idol, Nintendo, Sephora, and, honestly, just about any other version you can possibly think of.", "* Express Monopoly card game (1994 U.S., 1995 U.K.): Released by Hasbro/Parker Brothers and Waddingtons in the U.K., now out of print. Basically a rummy-style card game based on scoring points by completing color group sections of the game-board.", "Image: Andy Mangold, a designer from Pennsylvania, posted these images of a re-imagined Monopoly packaging in 2008. Rich Uncle Pennybags, aka Mr Monopoly, has never looked classier.", "A \"Here and Now Electronic Banking Edition\" was released in the United Kingdom in 2006, which includes an ATM and Visa debit cards in place of paper money. Australia also has the UK Debit Card version, however with Pound sterling instead of Australian dollars. A similar edition is available in Germany and France where they are known as \"Monopoly Banking\" and \"Monopoly Electronique\" respectively.", "22 streets, divided into 8 color groups of two or three streets. A player must own all of a color group (have a monopoly) in order to build houses or hotels. A player can also be considered to have a monopoly by having both utilities and/or all four railroads (or stations) during gameplay. However, the utilities and railroads cannot be improved or have houses and/or hotels built on them.", "22 streets, divided into 8 color groups of two or three streets. A player must own all of a colour group (have a monopoly) in order to build houses or hotels. A player can also be considered to have a monopoly by having both utilities and/or all four railroads (or stations) during gameplay. However, the utilities and railroads cannot be improved or have houses and/or hotels built on them." ]

[ 3.875, 0.2900390625, -0.5, -4.078125, -4.38671875, -4.44921875, -4.7109375, -4.75, -4.796875, -5.1171875, -5.4296875, -5.68359375, -5.7265625, -6.046875, -6.2421875, -6.33984375, -6.35546875, -6.6640625, -6.77734375, -6.8984375, -6.99609375, -7.08203125, -7.13671875, -7.171875, -7.22265625, -7.61328125, -7.984375, -8.09375, -8.203125, -8.421875, -8.84375, -8.8515625 ]

[ "There were lost of other presenters and commentators, too, and here are a few names you may have forgotten about...", "This is a list of people who disappeared mysteriously, and whose current whereabouts are unknown or whose deaths are not substantiated, as well as a few cases of people whose disappearance was notable and remained mysterious for a long time, but was eventually explained.", "Carol Webb, Gregg Blake, John Coleman, Hi Ho, Hyper, Pitbull and station cook Maggie all disappeared without any explanation.", "Some of those fingered missing persons, but no lead ever panned out. It seems unlikely that someone could disappear and not leave a single friend or relative wondering�a parent, spouse, child or sibling. But the FBI says that may have been the case with Dan Cooper, if in fact he splattered. The agency says Cooper may have been a loner who had isolated himself.", "In a majority of these cases, the unaccounted-for person was legally declared dead at some point, although their body has never been recovered and their whereabouts are still unknown. Some of these vanishings have been subject to massive search parties, wild speculation, media sensationalism, false accusations, dead ends, wrong turns and the occasional TV miniseries. Some are rather tragic. And in one famous instance, the identity of the AWOL individual was unknown even before he vanished into thin air (by jumping from a plane no less).", "Fred, Daphne and Velma disappeared in the 80s without explanation, but for those that did keep watching all three were told of where they went. They did finally make an appearance in a Christmas special.", "Vanished. That’s what newspaper articles in Great Britain and the United States claimed during the month of February 1995. Except that the reports were about two very different men. Both men had simply disappeared. One slipped away on February 1st. The other was gone on February 12th. One was a rising rock star, the other had moved on in life, shedding his rock stature. With hardly a trace of evidence, the existence of these two men were wiped clean from the everyday lives they led with their loved ones. For one, the warnings of distress and despondency had been quite evident over the years. For the other, life seemed promising and potentially groundbreaking. Neither man had ever met the other. Their worlds and their goals were completely divergent. The only link they had to one another was that they were two musicians, and they had simply vanished during a winter month in 1995. Eventually one’s disappearance would be solved. As for the other…", "Police have sent missing-persons reports to psychiatric hospitals, morgues and welfare offices across Canada and the United States. Of the original 31 women reported missing, only two of them were located, both dead. One, Karen Anne Smith, died February 13, 1999 from heart problems related to Hepatitis C in an Edmonton hospital. She was last seen on the streets of Vancouver in 1994. The other, Linda Jean Coombes, died of a heroin overdose in an east Vancouver bowling alley February 15, 1994.", "While parked at a gas station, Rhonda sees something so incongruously surreal that at first she hardly recognizes it as a crime in progress. She watches, unmoving, as someone dressed in a rabbit costume kidnaps a young girl. Devastated over having done nothing, Rhonda joins the investigation. But the closer she comes to identifying the abductor, the nearer she gets to the troubling truth about another missing child: her best friend, Lizzy, who vanished years before.", "* The Springfield Three, Sherrill Levitt (47), her daughter Suzie Streeter (19), and Suzie's friend Stacy McCall (18), disappeared from Levitt's home in Springfield, Missouri. Suzie and Stacy had graduated from Kickapoo High School the day before, and had arrived at Levitt's home at around 2:00 am after a graduation party. It is being investigated as an apparent triple disappearance. ", "Mel Drinkwater disappears on the way to her secret wedding and a former boyfriend, Michael, is suspected of making her disappear. Greengrass' cat allergy is ruining his joy of a new business project. A burglar steals some medicine from Dr. Bolton's clinic.", "Fears are growing for Mark Speight, the BBC children's television presenter, after he was reported missing on Tuesday morning three months after the death of his fiancé Natasha Collins.", "TV presenter and children's game show host Mark Speight has gone missing. The disappearance follows the death in January of his fiancee Natasha Collins, who appeared as the jester \"See\" in See it, Saw it with Speight. A recent inquest ruled that Collins had died from a large drugs overdose.", "In \"It's No Place Like Home for the Holidays\" (season 5, episode 12), we meet Mark and David's little sisters: Lisa Healy (played by Clara Bryant) and Nicki Healy (played by Sarah Freeman). We never see or hear of them ever again, not even when David's subsequently \"adopted\" by the Conners in \"It's a Boy\" (season 5, episode 19). Considering the reason David's taken in is because of their mother's physical and psychological abuse ... Poor Lisa and Nicki's disappearance probably qualifies as What Happened to the Mouse? , but not even fans seem to remember them!", "* 1928 – Walter Collins (9) disappeared from his Los Angeles home. He was later determined to have been murdered by Gordon Stewart Northcott in what was known as the Wineville Chicken Coop Murders. His disappearance and the attempt by the Los Angeles police department to convince his mother that a different boy was her son formed the basis of the 2008 film Changeling.", "One of TMM’s main investors was a man named Greg Martini who lived in the Cincinnati area. On Sunday, February 12, 1995, Greg was slated to fly into Los Angeles International Airport with his wife on a business trip to check up on TMM. Taylor was going to meet them at the gate, drive them the hour and half ride out to Thousand Oaks, where they would pick up Taylor’s wife, Jennifer. Then the foursome had plans to head north to Santa Barbara for a quiet dinner and conversation. On this weekend morning, along roads that were not traffic-clogged with the usual Los Angeles weekday bustle, Taylor Kramer…simply vanished.", "Sam Winchester : Well, he found a lot of local folklore about a dark figure that comes out at night, grabs people, then vanishes. He found this too: this county has more missing persons per capita than anywhere else in the state.", "Richey Edwards of the Manic Street Preachers was publicized in the media in 1991 following an incident involving Steve Lamacq backstage after a live show, in which Edwards carved '4 Real' into his arm. Edwards disappeared in 1995, which was highly publicized. He is still missing, but was presumed dead in 2008.", "Since 1999, Wayne Leng, the friend of Sarah DeVries, has been keeping track of the investigation of the missing women on his web site, www.missingpeople.net Though he started the web site as an online memorial for his friend Sarah, the site has grown into the nerve-center for keeping track of all the disappearing women. With the help of his web site a small but vocal contingency of family and friends of the missing have kept the police investigators from completely dismissing the case. Leng and the others are now talking about filing a class action lawsuit against the VPD for incompetence and neglect in their handling of the missing women file.", "These words, typed by Chris Velten, would ultimately lead to his disappearance. Gone without trace — April 2003, somewhere outside the Malian capital of Bamako. But not quite. Over 13 years later, a number of individuals are today coming forward claiming to have seen the would-be 40-year-old alive and well and in Kenya, some 6900km and seven countries away from his vanishing point. But if such sightings are true, how did this bright and charismatic former zoology graduate come to find himself on the other side of the African continent?", "In 2009, Rob Jovanovic’s book A Version of Reason: The Search for Richey Edwards of the Manic Street Preachers was published. A Version of Reason was written with the goal of providing an authoritative factual account, pieced together through testimonials from those close to Edwards before his disappearance. [42]", "*May 16 - Bootlegger Joe Porrazo \"Disappears\" after alleged confrontation with organized Crime Figures {Joseph Ardizzone}", "On January 20, 1977, John Szyc, 19, also vanished. He had driven off in his 1971 Plymouth Satellite and was never seen alive again. Interestingly, a short time after Szyc disappeared, another teenager was picked up by police in a 1971 Plymouth Satellite while trying to leave a gas station without paying. The boy said that the man he lived with could explain the situation -- John Wayne Gacy. He told the officers that John Szyc had sold him the car some time earlier. The police never checked the title, which had been signed 18 days after John�s disappearance. Szyc had not worked for PDM Contractors but he was acquainted with Gregory Godzik, Johnny Butkovich and fatally, John Wayne Gacy.", "Synopsis : Davies investigates the disappearance of a man whose wife seems strangely unconcerned about his whereabouts. And two ballroom dancing regulars discover a tragic secret.", "There are other explanations for what was going on. Many believe that Robbie may have been the victim of \"poltergeist-like phenomena\", where unknowing people actually manifest a form of psychokinesis that causes objects to move about in their presence. It often centers around troubled young people and has been documented many times over the years. Other principals in the case would further explore this explanation.", "On January 12, 1975, Caryn Campbell; her fiancé, Dr. Raymond Gadowski; and his two children took a trip to Colorado. Caryn hoped she could enjoy the break away from work and spend more time with the children, while her fiancé attended a seminar. While relaxing in the lounge of her hotel with Gadowski and his son and daughter one night, she realized she had forgotten a magazine and returned to her room to retrieve it. Her fiancé and the children waited for her return in vain. He knew she was a bit ill that night and went back to the room to see if she needed help. Caryn was nowhere in sight. In fact, she had never made it to the room. By mid-morning, confused and worried, Gadowski informed the police of her disappearance. They searched every room in the hotel but they found no trace of Caryn.", "Needless to say, any attempts to contact extraterrestrials by IFSB using their methods were epic failures .  A year after its establishment, Bender shut IFSB down and disappeared from the public eye.  Nine years later he came out publicly and claimed three mysterious “men in black” had visited him and forced him to stop his activities.", "Once the car was found, Scotland Yard assisted the South Wales police with the investigation. On February 21st, Richey’s dad, Graham, released a statement to the press, “My family are all very worried. If anybody has any information, I would urge them to contact the police.” Richey’s parents and sister, Rachel, placed a message in the local paper over 3 consecutive mornings that read, “Richard, please make contact. Love Mum, Dad, and Rachel.” The band called off their tour of the United States. The police kept up the search for a long time. But the investigating authorities seemed skeptical of the chance Richey may still be walking the earth as the months dragged on. Detective Sergeant Stephen Morey, who headed the case from London’s Harrow Road police station said, “I would say it would be relatively difficult to have remained this anonymous for this period of time in this country. Possible, but difficult. For me, personally, he is no longer with us.”", "In 2009, Rob Jovanovic's book A Version of Reason: The Search for Richey Edwards of the Manic Street Preachers was published. A Version of Reason was written with the goal of providing an authoritative factual account, pieced together through testimonials from those close to Edwards before his disappearance. ", "In 2009, Rob Jovanovic's book A Version of Reason: The Search for Richey Edwards of the Manic Street Preachers was published. A Version of Reason was written with the goal of providing an authoritative factual account, pieced together through testimonials from those close to Edwards before his disappearance.", "In 1995, while appearing in the West End Cell Mates, Fry suffered an acute episode of mental illness and walked out of the production, causing its early closure and incurring the displeasure of co-star Rik Mayall and playwright Simon Gray. Fry went missing for several days and contemplated suicide. He later said that he would have killed himself if he had not had \"the option of disappearing\". He abandoned the idea and left the United Kingdom by ferry, eventually resurfacing in Belgium. Fry has attempted suicide on a number of occasions, most recently in 2012. In an interview with Richard Herring in 2013, Fry revealed that he had attempted suicide the previous year while filming abroad. He said that he took a \"huge number of pills and a huge [amount] of vodka\" and had to be brought back to the UK to be \"looked after\". ", "The coroner's verdict on the death of Michael Hutchence was suicide. But Paula Yates, the singer's girlfriend, claims that other forces were at work. So what really happened on the night of 21 November 1997? And why?" ]

[ 2.33203125, 1.3408203125, 0.2415771484375, -3.529296875, -3.88671875, -3.919921875, -4.4375, -4.61328125, -4.78125, -5.05078125, -5.4609375, -5.64453125, -6.125, -6.26953125, -6.26953125, -6.30859375, -6.34375, -6.5078125, -6.53515625, -6.83984375, -6.89453125, -6.90625, -7.3046875, -7.35546875, -7.65234375, -7.88671875, -7.97265625, -8.1015625, -8.15625, -8.15625, -8.5078125, -8.6484375 ]

[ "Mr. Goodbar is a candy bar containing common peanuts and chocolate, whose packaging is identifiable by its yellow background and red text. It is manufactured by The Hershey Company and was introduced in 1925. Although the Hershey Milk Chocolate Bar with Almonds had been produced since 1908, Milton Hershey initially did not want the Hershey brand name associated with a chocolate bar that contained peanuts, so it was introduced as being produced by the \"Chocolate Sales Corporation\" (a fictitious company name created by William Murrie). It is currently available both as an individual product and as one of the varieties of Hershey's Miniatures.", "M&M's (named after the surnames of Forrest Mars, Sr., & Bruce Murrie of Hershey's[2]) are \"colorful button-shaped candies\"[1] produced by Mars, Incorporated. The candy shells, each of which has the letter \"m\" printed in lower case on one side, surround a variety of fillings, including milk chocolate, dark chocolate, crisped rice, mint chocolate, peanuts, almonds, orange chocolate, coconut, pretzel, wild cherry, cinnamon, raspberry, and peanut butter. M&M's originated in the United States in 1941, and are now sold in as many as 100 countries.[1] They are produced in different colors, some of which have changed over the years.", "As you might have guessed, our chocolate products are made primarily of four ingredients: farm fresh milk, cocoa, nuts and sugar. In fact, these four ingredients account for 80% of our ingredient volume. Every ingredient used by Hershey undergoes a rigorous process from sourcing to production to ensure we only use the best quality — as we have since the beginning.", "A mixture of chocolate, almonds, sugar and sometimes cinnamon and vanilla, ground together and formed into octagonal tablets; Ibarra is the most common brand in the United States; can be used in desserts, chocolate beverages and some mole sauces; the best substitute is to add a dash of cinnamon to bittersweet chocolate.", "The Hershey’s Bar is a chocolate bar that is known as “The Great American Chocolate Bar”. The Hershey’s milk chocolate bar was first sold in 1990 and its unique flavor is widely recognized not only in the United States, but in the whole world. The milk chocolate used in these bars is cheaper to make than other types of chocolate and it gives the product a particular sour taste.", "Chocolate is a range of foods derived from cocoa (cacao), mixed with fat (i.e., cocoa butter) and finely powdered sugar to produce a solid confectionery. There are several types of chocolate, classified according to the proportion of cocoa used in a particular formulation.", "Comments: Developed by the Hershey Company in 1994 under the Reese's banner, I'm happy to report that this last candy bar on the page is a clear winner. It boasts a smooth peanut butter center overlayed with caramel and milk chocolate imbedded with peanuts. It has a pleasant chewiness and an entertaining crunch that lasts to the final chew. The peanut butter/chocolate balance is perfect and it has a delicious, mellow peanut butter finish. Outstanding!", "The Cadbury family’s idyllic factory village in Birmingham, England—where these bars were created in 1897—helped inspire Milton S. Hershey’s own facility in Pennsylvania. “It was a sort of social utopia,” explains Deborah Cadbury, a family descendant and author of Chocolate Wars . “The Cadbury brothers as Quakers were the first to really look after their employees and provide pensions and security of employment and a living wage.” Although the Cadburys no longer own the company, its influence still looms large: its Dairy Milk and 5-Star bars are some of the world’s best-selling confections.", "Twix is a chocolate bar made by Mars, Inc., consisting of biscuit applied with other confectionery toppings and coatings (most frequently caramel and milk chocolate).[1] Twix bars are packaged in pairs, although smaller single bars are available.", "Shortly before World War II, Bruce Murrie, son of long-time Hershey's president William F.R. Murrie, struck a deal with Forrest Mars to create a hard sugar-coated chocolate that would be called M&M's (for Mars and Murrie). Murrie had 20% interest in the confection, which used Hershey chocolate during the rationing era during World War II. In 1948, Mars bought out Murrie's interest and became one of Hershey's main competitors. ", "*\"Compound chocolate\" is the technical term for a confection combining cocoa with vegetable fat, usually tropical fats and/or hydrogenated fats, as a replacement for cocoa butter. It is often used for candy bar coatings. In many countries it may not legally be called \"chocolate\".", "Often used in cake and cookie recipes. Bittersweet or semisweet chocolates are often used interchangeably, although bittersweet generally has more chocolate liquor, a paste formed from roasted, ground cocoa beans. Semisweet chocolate contains at least 35% chocolate liquor while finer bittersweet chocolates contain 50% or more chocolate liquor. Both chocolates have a deep, smooth, intense flavor that comes from the blend of cocoa beans to dairy products. Sugar, vanilla extract, and cocoa butter are added to the chocolate liquor to create an even richer chocolate flavor.", "250g dark chocolate 2 tbsp golden syrup 568ml carton double cream 4 tsp instant coffee granules 1 tsp ground cinnamon cocoa powder, for dusting", "INGREDIENTS: (Makes about 12) 2 tablespoons honey, 60ml golden syrup, 200g granulated sugar, 1 tablespoon of water, 2 teaspoons bicarbonate of soda, 2 x 200g bars milk chocolate", "Appeal to Nature : The owner of the Whizzo Chocolate Company takes pride in his company's policy of using only natural ingredients in their chocolate, like raw, boned, baby frogs, lamb's bladder and lark's vomit. Suggesting that \"Crunchy Frog\" contains a mock frog like an almond whirl is a Berserk Button for him. Which becomes Blatant Lies when he comments that lark's vomit is in the ingredients list, right after monosodium glutamate.", "Picnic bar�s unique combination of ingredients, including caramel, nuts, wafer and chocolate, represents another breakthrough in Cadbury�s product development. Today, the Picnic bar is Cadbury Australia�s second-biggest-selling chocolate bar.", "This is a British confection, consisting of a variety of multi-coloured fondant shapes, such as cubes and cylinders, with subtle flavourings. The mixtures also include hard-coated fondants in \"round edged cube\" shapes and sugar coated jellies. They are sold together, in a mixture in a medium-sized packet. It is produced by various companies in different countries; the most popular brands are those produced by Trebor Bassett (now a part of the Cadbury's consortium)", "cinnamon, chilli powder, chocolate ice cream, whipped cream and chocolate shavings. This blendiro is served in a jam jar topped with a generous amount of whipped cream, garnished with cinnamon and chocolate shavings that seems to ooze out of the layers of dark and light brown chocolate below. The lighter layers are thick, creamy and chocolatey without being too sweet, while the dark layers pack a punch of heat and coffee flavoured bitterness that all comes together when you stir.", "This Chocolate baked good is a soft candy made from sugar, butter, and milk or cream.", "Bounty Bar was introduced in 1951. It was a coconut filling enrobed with milk chocolate (which is sold in a blue wrapper) or dark chocolate (which is sold in a red wrapper) and is sold as two pieces wrapped in one package.", "Dual-bar delight from Terry's of York featuring dark chocolate rippled over mint cream with mint crunchy sugary bits throughout.", "In the early 1900s, Forrest Mars, Sr., the son of Chicago candy maker and Snickers bar creator Franklin Clarence Mars, worked his way through Europe learning the ins and outs of the candy business. He worked for Nestle. He worked for Tobler. He started his own little factory in England. He sold some of his father’s brands. Most importantly, he found inspiration. According to confectionery lore, Mars was in Spain during the Spanish Civil War and noticed treats frequently placed in soldiers’ rations. They were chocolate pellets coated with a hard candy shell that kept them from melting (these might have been, or been inspired by, the “chocolate beans” made by Rowntrees of York, England since 1882).", "At the 1893 Columbian Exposition, a World's Fair held in Chicago, chocolate-making machinery made in Dresden, Germany, was displayed. It caught the eye of Milton S. Hershey, who had made his fortune in caramels, saw the potential for chocolate. He installed chocolate machinery in his factory in Lancaster, and produced his first chocolate bars in 1900.", "below. Intrigued, Ezekiel tasted the result with a cup of tea, and realised that he had stumbled upon the most popular chocolate-covered snack bar of all time!", "LONDON — All the best ingredients in the world don't guarantee a great chocolate bar, as Willy Wonka would be the first to attest. There's magic in the preparation, a special alchemy that can elude even a master confectioner's best effort.", ". The Gobfather - The Flavor You Can't Refuse - (Almonds) - Chocolate Ice Cream with Fudge Covered Almonds & a Nougat Swirl", "The basic Hershey bar comes in several variations such as Symphony (extra smooth but harsh after taste), Special Dark (highly rated by many connoisseurs) and many others in a wide range of sizes.", "This is Trader Joe's Dark Chocolate Edamame. It appears to be a real product that people pay money for. Why, everyone?", "A German immigrant named Frederick \"Fritz\" William Rueckheim invented Cracker Jack, a snack consisting of molasses-flavored caramel-coated popcorn and peanuts. Rueckheim came to Chicago in 1872 to help clean up after the famous Chicago fire. He also worked selling popcorn from a cart.", "You are here: Home / Recipes / Snacks / Afternoon Tea / “Kladdkaka” Swedish Chocolate Fudge Cake", "Hello Dolly Bars: I'll be honest. I don't know the story behind the name of these bars, which also go by \"Seven Layer Bars\"--but I love the taste enough to include them in this roundup. Here's a recipe.", "Ruth: Oh no. This is from Cadbury, see. It has this yielding velvety texture to it which can only be described as “indescribable”." ]

[ 4.515625, 1.9267578125, 1.6552734375, 0.069091796875, -0.0369873046875, -1.306640625, -1.43359375, -1.9384765625, -2.072265625, -3.478515625, -3.53125, -3.546875, -3.564453125, -3.63671875, -4.1953125, -4.2265625, -4.39453125, -4.515625, -4.51953125, -4.70703125, -5.59375, -5.68359375, -5.75390625, -5.86328125, -6.03515625, -6.10546875, -6.140625, -7.94140625, -8.34375, -8.4609375, -9.984375, -10.0078125 ]

[ "        Elephants (African - Loxodonta africana (Blumenbach, 1797) & Asian - Elephas maximus Linnaeus, 1758) and mammoths (Mammuthus primigenius* -- for a discussion of this scientific name, see the last paragraph under this REMARKS subheading) - The upper incisors of these animals, widely referred to as \"tusks,\" are large -- e.g., the famous Kilimanjaro elephant had tusks that weighed approximately 102 and 108 kg, were more than 3 m. long  and a 60 cm in circumference at their bases,   [However,\"no other tusk in history ever went over 190 pounds [~86 kg].\" (Robert Weisblut, personal communication, 2006)]  In any case, their other teeth are large but typically not homogeneous enough for use as ivory.  Both male and female African elephants have tusks whereas only some male Indian elephants have tusks.  Mammoths' tusks, most of which have been recovered where they were frozen in ice (e.g., in Siberia), have also found use as ivory, usually referred to as \"fossil ivory.\"", "Ivory is the hard, smooth, substance, composed primarily of dentin, that constitutes the tusks, or upper incisors, of elephants (family Elephantidae), including the extinct mammoths (genus Mammuthus), as well as the elephant-like mastodons (family Mammutidae, order Proboscidea). More generally, the term is used for a similar, yellowish-white, dentin-composed substance comprising the tusks and teeth of other animals, including walruses , hippopotamuses , the helmeted hornbill bird (Rhinoplax vigil), and whales (sperm, killer, and narwhal). The term also refers to the tusks or teeth of these animals.", "The tusks are actually upper incisors, not canines. They are the only incisors the elephant has...", "The tusks of an elephant are modified incisors in the upper jaw. They replace deciduous milk teeth when the animal reaches 6–12 months of age and grow continuously at about 17 cm a year. A newly developed tusk has a smooth enamel cap that eventually wears off. The dentine is known as ivory and its cross-section consists of crisscrossing line patterns, known as \"engine turning\", which create diamond-shaped areas. As a piece of living tissue, a tusk is relatively soft; it is as hard as the mineral calcite. Much of the incisor can be seen externally, while the rest is fastened to a socket in the skull. At least one-third of the tusk contains the pulp and some have nerves stretching to the tip. Thus it would be difficult to remove it without harming the animal. When removed, ivory begins to dry up and crack if not kept cool and moist. Tusks serve multiple purposes. They are used for digging for water, salt, and roots; debarking or marking trees; and for moving trees and branches when clearing a path. When fighting, they are used to attack and defend, and to protect the trunk.", "What’s up with those tusksLong incisor teeth that grow outside the mouths of such animals as the elephant and walrus.? To begin with, those are special teeth that grow in the babirusa’s mouth.  The lower tusksLong incisor teeth that grow outside the mouths of such animals as the elephant and walrus. grow from the bottom jaw. The upper tusksLong incisor teeth that grow outside the mouths of such animals as the elephant and walrus. grow from upper jaw, but instead of growing downwards, like an elephant’s tusk, the tooth grows towards the sky! Males’ tusksLong incisor teeth that grow outside the mouths of such animals as the elephant and walrus. are much larger than those of females—up to one foot long.  Also, females do not have upper tusksLong incisor teeth that grow outside the mouths of such animals as the elephant and walrus... A male’s top tusksLong incisor teeth that grow outside the mouths of such animals as the elephant and walrus. are used for fighting with other males. His bottom tusksLong incisor teeth that grow outside the mouths of such animals as the elephant and walrus. are used for defense.", "Elephants have 26 teeth in total which includes 24 molars in the mouth of the elephant and the elephants tusks which are actually two incisors.", "Elephant tusks are enlarged incisor teeth made of ivory. In the African elephant both the male and the female possess tusks, whereas in the Asian elephant it is mainly the male that has tusks. When present in the female, tusks are small, thin, and often of a uniform thickness. Some male Asian elephants are tuskless and are known as muknas. Tusk size and shape are inherited. Tusks are...", "REMARKS: The designation ivory comes from Middle English ivorie from Old French yvoire, ivurie,...;  from Latin eboreus (adjective) from  ebur, ebor-ivory -- cf. Coptic ebu ivory, Egyptian ´bw, Sanskrit ibhas elephant. (O.E.D.)  The designation tusk -- which stems from the Old English \"tux (whence by metathesis ME tusk, tosk), ... ([ --  refers to] A long pointed tooth; esp. a tooth specially developed so as to project beyond the mouth, as in the elephant, wild boar, and various other animals. A tusk is most frequently a development of a canine tooth, as in the boar and walrus; but it may be an incisor, as in the elephant and narwhal.\" (O.E.D.)", "Elephants have four molars, one on each side of the upper and lower jaw. Until age 40, these are replaced by larger molars. The new molars shift forward from the back of the jaw as the old wear down. The final set of molars last for about twenty years. ", "Elephants also have four molars, one on the top and one on the bottom on both sides of the mouth. One molar can weigh about 5 pounds (2.3 kilograms) and is the size of a brick! Each elephant can go through up to six sets of molars in its lifetime.", "Female Asian elephants usually lack tusks; if tusks—in that case called \"tushes\"—are present, they are barely visible, and only seen when the mouth is open. The enamel plates of the molars are greater in number and closer together in Asian elephants. Some males may also lack tusks; these individuals are called \"filsy makhnas\", and are especially common among the Sri Lankan elephant population. Furthermore, the forehead has two hemispherical bulges, unlike the flat front of the African elephant. Unlike African elephants which rarely use their forefeet for anything other than digging or scraping soil, Asian elephants are more agile at using their feet in conjunction with the trunk for manipulating objects. They can sometimes be known for their violent behaviour. ", "The word elephant has both Greek and Latin origins. Elephas, the scientific genus name of the elephant, comes from the Greek word elephos, which represents an antlered beast or stag. The Latin root is divided into two words; ele means arch and phant means huge.", "Elephants both in the wild and in zoos often rub their tusks against hard surfaces, which sometimes damages them. Elephant youngster Khosi, born at the Park in September 2006, wore down her tusks over time, so in 2011 our veterinary team performed a pulpotomy, which is like a root canal on a tusk, and then placed permanent stainless-steel caps on each of her tusks to prevent further wear. The procedure went well, thanks to intense planning, training and desensitizing the elephant, and collaboration among the Park’s keepers and veterinary staff.", "An adult male savannah elephant — the largest land mammal in the world — weighs about 12,000 pounds and stands roughly 10 feet tall at the shoulder. The smaller forest elephant weighs 10,000 pounds at most. And unlike savannah elephants’ curved tusks, forest dwellers’ are small and straight, designed for negotiating routes through dense foliage. Both elephants do possess the same tough hide (the Latin name for elephant is “pachyderm,” or “thick-skinned”). But while their skin may be durable, elephants still need protection from insects and the hot African sun. Wallowing in a mud bath cools down an elephant as well as provides an extra layer of cover.", "Three little pieces of another kind of grinding tooth of a primitive elephant, found by Mr. Dawson, seem to be less mineralized than those already described, but there is not much doubt that they also were washed out of the Red Crag. They belong to a kind of tooth which the very earliest true elephants are known to have possessed before any of them began to feed on hard and dry plants. This tooth is quite different from the deep grinders of the elephants which lived at the same time as the earliest men. If we compare our fragments with the corresponding grinding tooth of Elephas planifrons (the elephant with the fiat forehead), it will be clearly seen that there is no difference between them. This elephant is found in Pliocene deposits ranging from India, and perhaps even from China, to Western Europe, including the Red Crag.", "Elephant tusks grow throughout an elephant's life and can weigh more than 200 pounds. Among Asian elephants, only the males have tusks. Both sexes of African elephants have tusks.", "Asian elephants differ in several ways from their African relatives. They are much smaller in size and their ears are straight at the bottom, unlike the large fan-shape ears of the African species. Only some Asian male elephants have tusks. All African elephants, including females, have tusks. Elephants are either left or right-tusked and the one they use more is usually smaller because of wear and tear. The Asian elephant has four toes on the hind foot and five on the forefoot, while the African elephant has three on the hind foot and five on the forefoot.", "Elephant tusks are formed with a thin, partial cap of enamel, which soon wears away, leaving the dentin exposed. They do have a cementum layer, referred to by ivory dealers as the bark or rind (Springate 2000). Elephant ivory has a fine, even grain, which is easily carved, and is uniquely characterized by Lines of Retzius or Lines of Schregar, which are visible in cross section and give the appearance of intersecting lines with a diamond shape between them (engine-turned effect) (Springate 2000; MFMHS). Hippopotamus ivory has a thick enamel coating, is denser and harder to carve than elephant ivory, and has a finer grain; it is often used for flat items, such as buttons and inlays (Springate 2000). Walrus ivory has a primary dentin layer and a secondary dentine layer, with the secondary layer having a marbled appearance (MFMHS). The ivory of various animals differ in many other ways (Springate 2000; MFMHS). There are even detectable differences between African and Asian ivory, with African ivory harder and with a translucent, yellow appearance, and Asian ivory softer and with an opaque, white appearance (MFMHS).", "The African elephant lives in small family groups of 10-20 elephants, which often congregate in much larger herds at water or food sources. Elephant society is matriarchal, senior females dominating the herds while the bulls live alone or in bachelor groups. Depending almost entirely on its trunk for scent and communication, for washing, clearing, carrying, learning, drinking and eating, an elephant's lifespan (60 -70 years) depends very much on its teeth, which are highly adapted to its mode of living. As one tooth wears away the next moves down the jaw to replace it, and when the last tooth has come forward and is worn down the elephant will die of starvation. Although their sight is poor, elephants have an excellent sense of smell and well-developed hearing. Like humans, elephants lead complex inter-dependant social lives growing from helpless infancy through self-conscious adolescence to adulthood. Surprisingly graceful on their padded and carefully placed feet, a large herd of elephants can merge into the trees and disappear within minutes; their presence betrayed only by the noisy cracking of branches as they strip trees and uproot saplings.", "Human teeth are also similar to those found in other herbivores with the exception of the canines (the canines of some of the apes are elongated and are thought to be used for display and/or defense). Our teeth are rather large and usually abut against one another. The incisors are flat and spade-like, useful for peeling, snipping and biting relatively soft materials. The canines are neither serrated nor conical, but are flattened, blunt and small and function Like incisors. The premolars and molars are squarish, flattened and nodular, and used for crushing, grinding and pulping noncoarse foods.", "Human teeth are also similar to those found in other herbivores with the exception of the canines (the canines of some of the apes are elongated and are thought to be used for display and/or defense). Our teeth are rather large and usually abut against one another. The incisors are flat and spade-like, useful for peeling, snipping and biting relatively soft materials. The canines are neither serrated nor conical, but are flattened, blunt and small and function Like incisors. The premolars and molars are squarish, flattened and nodular, and used for crushing, grinding and pulping noncoarse foods.", "The replacing molars in the mouth of the elephant push the old molars forward to let the new molars grow at the back of the elephants mouth.", "a. A hard, smooth, yellowish-white substance composed primarily of dentin that forms the tusks of the elephant.", "a hard smooth creamy white variety of dentine that makes up a major part of the tusks of elephants, walruses, and similar animals", "surface, the teeth and bones of an elephant; two of the former were seven feet eight inches in length.   There", "All six sets of teeth are present in the skull at birth. They are, however, very small. Each successive set of teeth is larger, more complex, and lasts longer than the previous set. As a result, an elephant's skull grows throughout its lifetime to accommodate the new and ever-larger teeth. An elephant's age can be estimated by examining molar sequence and wear.", "The elephants uses its tusks for digging, ripping bark from trees and foraging, as their tusks are essentially no different from normal teeth.", "India is the region where elephants are first tamed, during the Indus civilization . The two species of elephant are at this time widespread - the Indian elephant throughout temperate Asia as far west as Syria, and the African elephant in regions north and south of the Sahara. (The mammoth has become extinct by the end of the last glacial period, about 10,000 years ago - partly through climatic changes and partly at the hands of human hunters.)", "This Genus had short jaws and lacked lower tusks. The upper tusks were over one m (39 in.) in length and were either rounded, straight, or upturned.", "OCCURRENCES  & NOTEWORTHY LOCALITIES:  Ivory, called teeth or tusks, occurs where the host animals live either in the wild or captivity.  Another noteworthy source is in, for example, Alaska where these animal parts are found as the glacial and other ice is melted.  And, even more recently, a well-illustrated article shows how mammoth tusks have been and continue to be recovered from \"ice cliffs\" along Siberian coastal area of the Arctic Ocean. (Larmer, 2013).", "Whale shark dentition (top, Photo © Cathleen Bester), and (bottom) A) Portion of upper dentary band (about 2.5x), B) top and C) lateral view of a single upper tooth (about 9x). Illustrations courtesy Bigelow & Schroeder,1948, FNWA", "A. Ivory.  Sperm whale (Physeter Linnaeus, 1758 sp.) tooth (height - 22.8 cm) from unidentified source area.  Collection of John Karlo.  (© photo by Dick Dietrich)" ]

[ 4.8984375, 4.578125, 4.015625, 2.53515625, 1.841796875, 0.521484375, 0.07257080078125, -0.46826171875, -0.86962890625, -1.4140625, -2.615234375, -2.689453125, -3.013671875, -3.1953125, -3.275390625, -3.396484375, -3.873046875, -4.078125, -4.3203125, -4.33984375, -4.33984375, -4.609375, -4.74609375, -4.8046875, -4.85546875, -5.0625, -5.1484375, -6.51953125, -7.04296875, -7.26171875, -7.7109375, -8.15625 ]

[ "Saag () () or sag is a leaf-based (spinach, mustard leaf, collard greens, basella, etc.) dish eaten in the Indian Subcontinent with bread such as roti or naan, or rice (in Nepal, Odisha and West Bengal). Saag can be made from spinach, mustard leaves, finely chopped broccoli, or other greens, along with added spices and sometimes other ingredients such as paneer. On some menus, it is called saagwala.", "Saag usually refers to spinach on the Indian restaurant menu although, strictly speaking, it means soft green leaves like fresh fenugreek leaves, mustard greens or, of course, spinach.", "Saag gosht is a classic curry traditionally made with spinach and lamb. Saag is, strictly speaking, a general term for tender green leaves such as spinach, mustard greens and fresh fenugreek leaves. If you were talking about spinach on its own it would be called palak. Many restaurants these days will offer a chicken or a prawn alternative to lamb and so the dish will show on the menu as just \"saag\" or \"palak\" omitting the gosht (lamb) from the name altogether. The saag is usually served medium hot and is made in the bhuna style.", "One thing you British Indian restaurant (BIR) aloo lovers out there may notice as different is the addition of coconut to this recipe. Again, this is a traditional saag aloo recipe that is much older than the recipes used in most high street restaurants and the end result if very nice as a side dish or as a main course.", "Saag aloo, saag paneer, saag gosht, sarson ka saag, chana saag. Curry lovers would immediately think of how overwhelmingly green these dishes look, thanks to their high spinach content. Saag is the common denominator in all of them but actually it doesn’t mean spinach. In South East Asia “saag” is considered to be “green leaves”, so various ingredients can be used such as spinach, mustard greens, kale and finely chopped broccoli.", "Lamb saag is a lamb and puréed spinach curry from South Asia. Similar to other vegetarian spinach dishes from the same area like saag paneer or aloo saag, lamb saag offers a strong lamb taste that permeates the entirety of the dish. Just as the potato or cheese-containing dishes listed above, lamb saag may contain tomatoes and onions in addition to the wilted greens. Black cardamom and cumin seeds are roasted in hot oil or ghee before the lamb is added to increase their flavour from that found in the whole spices themselves. This is a dish simple in ingredients, but complex in spice and execution.", "If you ordered a side dish of Kumbhi in an Indian restaurant what would you be eating?", "The most important thing to check is whether the restaurant you are visiting uses ghee (clarified butter) or vegetable oil. Traditionally, most curries were cooked in ghee, however, vegetable oil is far more cost effective and, more often than not, you will find it is the preferred choice. Don’t panic if you are visiting a place that still uses ghee; they should have some vegetable oil in the kitchen so you will just need to ask whether your dish can be cooked freshly. In situations like this it is advisable to avoid any buffet set-up and order straight from the menu.", "Spinach generously spiked with garlic cloves and dry red chilies, cooked with mustard oil – I fell in love with this simple, deliciously flavored saag from the word go. Only five ingredients and little cooking time, Kashmiri saag is also easy on the chef.", "Visiting vegetarians will discover a culinary treasure that is found nowhere else in the world. Owing to a large number of strictly vegetarian Hindus, Buddhists and Jains, Indian cuisine has evolved an astonishingly rich menu that uses no meat or eggs. The Jains in particular practice a strict form of vegetarianism based on the principles of non-violence and peaceful co-operative co-existence: Jains usually do not consume root vegetables such as potatoes, garlic, onions, carrots, radishes, cassava, sweet potatoes and turnips, as the plant needed to be killed in the process of accessing these prior to their end of life cycle. At least half the menus of most restaurants are devoted to vegetarian dishes, and by law all packaged food products in India are tagged with a green dot (vegetarian) or red dot (non-veg). Veganism however is not a well-understood concept in India, and vegans may face a tougher time: milk products like cheese (paneer), yogurt (dahi) and clarified butter (ghee) are used extensively, and honey is also commonly used as a sweetener. Milk in India is generally not pasteurized, and must be boiled before consumption.", "If you order a thali (translated as \"plate\"), you get a complete meal arranged on your plate, with a roti or chappati, rice, and many different varieties of curries and curd. Ordering a thali is a popular option when you are hungry and in a hurry as it is usually served blazingly fast. Most mid-level restaurants have a thali on the menu, at least during lunch hours. Occasionally, they are \"unlimited\", which means that some of the items are all-you-can-eat. The waiters serve them at your table.", "Saag Aloo (Spinach and Potato Curry) | Lisa's Kitchen | Vegetarian Recipes | Cooking Hints | Food & Nutrition Articles", "North India is wheat growing land, so you have Indian breads (known as roti), including chapatti (unleavened bread), paratha (pan-fried layered roti), naan (made from refined wheat flour, and cooked in a clay tandoori oven), puri (deep-fried and puffed up bread), and many more. A typical meal consists of one or more gravy dishes along with rotis, to be eaten by breaking off a piece of roti, dipping it in the gravy and eating them together. Most of the Hindi heartland of India survives on roti, rice, and lentils (dal), which are prepared in several different ways and made spicy to taste. Served on the side, you will usually find spiced yogurt (raita) and either fresh chutney or a tiny piece of exceedingly pungent pickle (achar), a very acquired taste for most visitors — try mixing it with curry, not eating it plain.", "Chicken tikka masala is a dish of roasted chunks (tikka) of chicken in a spicy sauce and yogurt. It is thought to have been invented by Ali Ahmed Aslam (proprietor of the Shish Mahal restaurant in Glasgow).The sauce is usually creamy, spiced and orange-coloured. It has been baked in a tandoor oven, and served in a masala (spice mix) sauce.", "مرغ تکہ ; Murgh Tikka ) is a South Asian dish made by grilling small pieces of chicken which have been marinated in spices and yogurt . It is traditionally cooked upon skewers in a tandoor and is usually boneless. It is normally served and eaten with a green coriander chutney , or used in preparing the curry Chicken Tikka Masala.", "Gujarati cuisine is primarily vegetarian. The typical Gujarati thali consists of roti (rotli in Gujarati), daal or kadhi, rice, sabzi/shaak, papad and chaas (buttermilk). The sabzi is a dish of different combinations of vegetables and spices which may be stir fried, spicy or sweet. Gujarati cuisine can vary widely in flavour and heat based on personal and regional tastes. North Gujarat, Kathiawad, Kachchh, and South Gujarat are the four major regions of Gujarati cuisine. Many Gujarati dishes are simultaneously sweet, salty (like Vegetable Handva), and spicy. In mango season, keri no ras (fresh mango pulp) is often an integral part of the meal. Spices also vary seasonally. For example, garam masala is used less in summer. Regular fasting, with diets limited to milk, dried fruit, and nuts, is a common practice. ", "This southern Indian curry comes from Madras, now known as Chennai, and is characterised by its big flavours and intense heat. Southern India produces several varieties of chilli, and many of its signature dishes are known for their punch, and this curry is up there with the best of them. Turmeric, coriander, cumin, cloves, cinnamon, bay leaves, fenugreek, allspice, black pepper and curry leaves are also added to the spice-filled mix, and occasionally coconut milk or yoghurt give the final curry a creamy consistency. A dash of tamarind or lemon juice help deliver its sour balance.", "No feast is complete without curried goat, long a staple at celebrations (but served at restaurants as well). While goat can be a tough meat, the long, slow cook of a properly made curry will tenderize it, and curry spices including cumin, coriander, and turmeric lend the goat's gaminess an earthy, rich spice. While versions differ, it's often somewhat restrained, rather than searing-hot as many other Jamaican dishes can be. ", "One of the main courses, a vegetarian entry, is the Zaferrano e Risotto Verde Piselli, which translates into a saffron and green pea risotto. In case you don’t know and are too shy to ask, risotto is an Italian rice based dish, here made with Arbollio and Martelli rice which are thicker grained and slightly more aromatic than basmati. The rice is folded into cheese, peas, saffron and reduced white wine for a thick, creamy substance with the consistency of oatmeal. Though the cheesey flavour, enhanced by wine, is very notable, there is a subtle sweetness, no doubt from the green peas and possibly from the gold emitting saffron.  On the more meaty side of this menu is the Beef Saltimbocca, a French-inspired taste of Sardinia. Long strips of grilled vegetables are wrapped in beef fillet marinated with balsamic vinegar and Worcestershire sauce, 52", " Sorpotel: This is a pickled curry made using pork liver, skin, belly, etc. No description can make justice to tasting it! It is a natural combo for Sannas above.", "In India , tea is one of the most popular hot beverages. It is consumed daily in almost all homes, offered to guests, consumed in high amounts in domestic and official surroundings, and is made with the addition of milk with or without spices. It is also served with biscuits dipped in the tea and eaten before consuming the tea. More often than not, it is drunk in \"doses\" of small cups rather than one large cup. On April 21, 2012, the Deputy Chairman of Planning Commission (India) , Montek Singh Ahluwalia , said tea would be declared as national drink by April 2013. [47] [48] The move is expected to boost the tea industry in the country. Speaking on the occasion, Assam Chief Minister Tarun Gogoi said a special package for the tea industry would be announced in the future to ensure its development. [49]", "A South Indian spice mix used to flavour sambhar, a kind of dhal or lentil soup served traditionally as a side dish with dosai or other South Indian snacks.", "Bengali sweets are famous all over India. Rasagolla (cheese balls dipped in a sugary syrup), Pantua - a fried variant of the same, Rosomalai- the same cheeseballs dipped in creamy sweetened milk, Mishti Doi (sweet yogurt), Sandesh (several variations available). Try some shops like K.C. Das, Jugal's, Bhim Nag, Nakur Nandy, Sen Mahasoy, Ganguram and not to forget Mithai. These are cheap and should be eaten fresh.", "Aloo Chaat (Potatoes) An indian street food snack prepared with papri, boiled potatoes, chickpeas, sweet and green chutney, dahi and assam sauce", "I love to get dhal when I go out to eat at an Indian restaurant but I have never tried making it myself. Does anyone have a good simple recipe that I could try?", "a soup of eastern India that is flavored with curry; prepared with a meat or chicken base", "Start with cocktails on arrival followed by a four course meal full of Indian delights from", "Another popular local delicacy called Seekh-tuji consists of marinated meat pieces which are freshly barbecued and eaten with chutney. Most of these vendors are located in the Khayaam region of the city. This place is usually teeming with the youth especially in the evenings.", "In Sikkim, various ethnic groups such as the Nepalese, Bhutias, and Lepchas have their own distinct cuisines. Nepalese cuisine is very popular in this area. Rice is the staple food of the area, and meat and dairy products are also widely consumed. For centuries, traditional fermented foods and beverages have constituted about 20 percent of the local diet. Depending on altitudinal variation, finger millet, wheat, buckwheat, barley, vegetables, potatoes, and soybeans are grown. Dhindo, Daal bhat, Gundruk, Momo, gya thuk, ningro, phagshapa, and sel roti are some of the local dishes. Alcoholic drinks are consumed by both men and women. Beef is eaten by the Bhutias. ", "I spent four months in Chennai, and I was under the impression that lassi IS a South Indian drink. Those South Indians love their curd. But I'm sure they might have simply appropriated it from the North.", "fit to be eaten. The meal was scarcely eatable. eetbaar صالِح لِلأْكل годен за ядене comestível k jídlu; jedlý eßbar spiselig εδώδιμος comestible söödav قابل خوردن؛ خوراکی syömäkelpoinen mangeable אכיל खाद्य jestiv ehető layak dimakan ætur mangiabile , commestibile 食べられる 먹을 수 있는 valgomas ēdams boleh dimakan eetbaar spiselig jadalny خورا كى شيان، خواړه comestível bun de mâncat съедобный jedlý užiten jestiv ätlig สามารถทานได้ yenebilir 可食用的 їстівний کھانے کے لائق ăn được 可食用的", "People Serving Langar. The Langar, or the community kitchen, attached to Sikh Gurdwaras, is a unique institution that is aimed at removing the separations of color, caste and creed. Called the pangat, everyone sits in a line without any distinction to eat vegetarian food cooked and served by persons of any caste. All the work involved in preparing the food, serving it and clearing up afterwards is called “seva,” which means voluntary, selfless service. " ]

[ 1.603515625, 1.484375, 1.3427734375, -0.77783203125, -1.5107421875, -2.33984375, -3.166015625, -3.94921875, -4.62109375, -5.27734375, -5.44140625, -6.32421875, -6.65234375, -7.20703125, -7.3125, -7.40234375, -7.47265625, -7.49609375, -7.5, -7.734375, -8.296875, -8.5390625, -8.7265625, -8.75, -8.8359375, -9.0703125, -9.328125, -9.6015625, -9.8046875, -9.8828125, -9.921875, -10.125 ]

[ "Geyser: A natural hot spring that intermittently ejects a column of water and steam into the air. This is the most commonly seen hydrothermal process.", "geyser—a hot spring in which water intermittently boils and erupts, sending a tall column of water and steam into the air.", "[quote]241.June 29th, 2007gey·ser, n.- 1. A natural hot spring that intermittently ejects a column of water and steam into the air.", "Most geysers are hot springs that episodically erupt fountains of scalding water and steam. Such eruptions occur as a consequence of groundwater being heated to its boiling temperature in a confined space (for example, a fracture or conduit). A slight decrease in pressure or an increase in temperature will cause some of the water to boil. The resulting steam forces overlying water up through the conduit and onto the ground. This loss of water further reduces pressure within the conduit system, and most of the remaining water suddenly converts to steam and erupts at the surface.", "Sprouting hot springs, or geysers, are found in areas of low temperatures (near glacial regions for instance), where underwater hot springs are located. The most famous is the Great Geysir in Haukadalur in South Iceland, from which the international word geyser is derived. It has been known to eject a column of hot water to a height of about 60 meters (200 feet). Another renowned geyser in the vicinity of the Great Geysir is Strokkur.", "a hot spring in which water intermittently boils, sending a tall column of water and steam into the air.", "That was not the first geyser in history, but it was the first to be called a geysir, taking its name from the name of the place. It erupted not just once but again and again, becoming a tourist attraction before there were tourists in Iceland. In the eighteenth century, when there were tourists, the Geysir was an \"old faithful,\" letting off steam and water every half hour. But it slowed down in the nineteenth century, eventually erupting only two or three times a week. Another earthquake in 1896 speeded it up, but it quit entirely in 1915, flooded with too much water.", "There are also many geysers in Iceland, including Geysir , from which the English word is derived, as well as the famous Strokkur , which erupts every 5–10 minutes. After a phase of inactivity, Geysir started erupting again after a series of earthquakes in the year 2000.", "Iceland has many geysers , including Geysir , from which the English word is derived, and the famous Strokkur , which erupts every 5–10 minutes. After a phase of inactivity, Geysir started erupting again after a series of earthquakes in 2000. Geysir has since then grown more quiet and does not erupt often.", "There are also many geysers in Iceland, including Geysir , from which the English word is derived, as well as the famous Strokkur which erupts every 5-10 minutes. After a phase of inactivity, Geysir started erupting again after a series of earthquakes in the year 2000.", "Iceland has many geysers, including Geysir, from which the English word is derived, and the famous Strokkur, which erupts every 8–10 minutes. After a phase of inactivity, Geysir started erupting again after a series of earthquakes in 2000. Geysir has since grown quieter and does not erupt often.", "Extreme care should be exercised when touring Iceland's numerous nature attractions, which include glaciers, volcanic craters, lava fields, ice caves, hot springs, boiling mud pots, geysers, waterfalls and glacial rivers. There are few warning signs or barriers to alert travelers to the potential hazards. For example, several tourists are scalded each year because they get too close to an erupting geyser, or because they fall or step into a hot spring or boiling mud pot. High winds and icy conditions can exacerbate the dangers of visiting these nature areas.", "There are not many geysers on earth. They are rare geologic features that get their names from a large geyser in Iceland. The namesake for all the world's geysers is the great Geysir. In Danish the name means \"gusher\" or \"spouter.\" The Icelandic people are very proud of their geyser. In fact its name, Geysir, is copyrighted so it cannot be used as the name of any other geyser.", "Here we have a witness's description of the process which clouds the career of the Excelsior Geyser. The enlargement of the vent eventually gave unrestrained passage to the imprisoned steam. The geyser ceased to play. To-day the Excelsior Spring is one of the largest hot springs in the Yellowstone and the world; its output of steaming water is constant and voluminous. Thus again we find relationship between the hot spring and the geyser; it is apparent that the same vent, except perhaps for differences of internal shaping, might serve for both. It was the removal of restraining walls which changed the Excelsior Geyser to the Excelsior Spring.", "The Strokkur Geyser a fountain geyser located in the geothermal area of southwest Iceland, beside the Hvítá River. It is one of the most famous geysers of Iceland, because of its great height that goes up to 15-20m, and sometimes even as high as 40m. The geyser erupts almost every 4-8 minutes. A 1789 earthquake unblocked its conduits. In 1963, its conduit, which got blocked, was cleaned again. See Also;  Top 10 Greatest Natural Caves.", "      Iceland has more hot springs ( hot spring ) and solfataras ( solfatara )—volcanic vents that emit hot gases and vapours—than any other country. Alkaline hot springs are found in some 250 areas throughout the country. The largest, Deildartunguhver, emits nearly 50 gallons (190 litres) of boiling water per second. The total power output of the Torfa Glacier area, the largest of the 19 high-temperature solfatara regions, is estimated to equal about 1,000 megawatts. Earthquakes are frequent in Iceland but rarely result in serious damage. Most of the buildings erected since the mid 20th century have been built of reinforced concrete and designed to withstand severe shocks from earthquakes.", "[After Icelandic Geysir, name of a hot spring of southwest Iceland, from geysa, to gush, from Old Norse.]", "The so-called geyser basins, in which this rare sort of vegetation is growing, are mostly open valleys on the central plateau that were eroded by glaciers after the greater volcanic fires had ceased to burn. Looking down over the forests as you approach them from the surrounding heights, you see a multitude of white columns, broad, reeking masses, and irregular jets and puffs of misty vapor ascending from the bottom of the valley, or entangled like smoke among the neighboring trees, suggesting the factories of some busy town or the camp-fires of an army. These mark the position of each mush-pot, paint-pot, hot spring, and geyser, or gusher, as the Icelandic words mean. And when you saunter into the midst of them over the bright sinter pavements, and see how pure and white and pearly gray they are in the shade of the mountains, and how radiant in the sunshine, you are fairly enchanted. So numerous they are and varied, Nature seems to have gathered them from all the world as specimens of her rarest fountains, to show in one place what she can do. Over four thousand hot springs have been counted in the park, and a hundred geysers; how many more there are nobody knows.", "In Iceland, in the year 1294, a strong earthquake shook the valley of Haukadal in the place called Stóri-Geysir. Some time after the quake was over and the earth had quieted down, Icelanders in the vicinity heard another rumbling sound, this time coming from a crack in the earth opened by the quake. Water that had poured into the crack and collected on hot rocks below the surface was beginning to boil. It built up pressure until it erupted in a column of steam and hot water.", "Hot springs range in flow rate from the tiniest \"seeps\" to veritable rivers of hot water. Sometimes there is enough pressure that the water shoots upward in a geyser, or fountain.", "Most hot springs are located in volcanic areas and are closely related to volcanic activities. No matter if the volcanoes are erupting or dormant (even extinct ones, under which magma pockets existing or magma activities always exist), lots of heat energy is accumulated, which heats the surrounding ground water and make it pour out as hot springs.", "The lake in the caldera was formed in the 1875 eruption, and although it was originally warm it has since cooled down and freezes over in wintertime, staying frozen for most of the year. However, there's a smaller, geothermal lake in a much smaller caldera that's called Víti (or 'Hell') that is warm enough to bathe in, and is on our list of the 5 best hot springs in Iceland .", "Strokkur Geyser is one of Iceland's most famous. It erupts to heights of seventy feet every ten to twenty minutes. © iStockphoto / Tetra2000.", "Hot springs or thermal springs are areas where hot water comes to the surface of the Earth.  Cool groundwater moves downward and is heated by a body of magma or hot rock.  A hot spring results if this hot water can find its way back to the surface, usually along fault zones.", "Another bay. This one isn't really smoky, it's steamy from geothermal activity. But the name originally given to it stuck — in the local language, Icelandic: Reykjavík.", "A plateau opposite the Fan contains fifteen hot springs of various characteristics; some are of a deep blue color and have fantastic caverns distinctly visible below the surface of the water. The openings at the surface are often beautifully edged with delicately wrought rock fringes. One variety deposits a red or brown leathery substance, partially adhering to the sides and bottom of the cavern and waving to and fro like water plants. In size these springs vary from five to forty feet in diameter.", "The third well was called Hvergelmir or the \"Roaring Kettle\", where a giant serpent called Nidhogg , continuously gnaws at the root of Niflheim. Eventually, Nidhogg will eat its way through the root that will cause Yggdrasill to collapse. But this won't happen until Ragnarok finally arrived. Nidhogg also liked sucking on the bodies of the dead.", "Geysers are formed by water seeping through the ground and coming into contact with rock heated by magma at relatively shallow depths in volcanic areas.", "small flow of water flowing naturally from an underground water source heated by hot or molten rock.", "The Boiling Lake isn't the only instance of geothermal activity on the island. Several caves sport similar grey-ish blue water and vapor clouds. ", "Sometimes it was possible to get a luxurious bath in a small pool below one of the hot springs  occasionally found on the mountainsides.", "Some places there are crevices and craters where up to 230°C hot steam is coming from underground. This is maybe the reason for the name of the park." ]

[ 8.578125, 6.62890625, 6.01953125, 3.6796875, 2.9140625, 2.83203125, 2.59375, 2.412109375, 2.3359375, 2.193359375, 2.1640625, 0.69580078125, 0.3251953125, -0.25048828125, -0.324462890625, -0.346923828125, -0.398193359375, -0.5869140625, -0.802734375, -0.84814453125, -1.91015625, -2.267578125, -2.419921875, -2.9921875, -3.783203125, -4.84765625, -5.90234375, -5.953125, -6.03515625, -6.125, -6.3671875, -6.8515625 ]

[ "Diamond cutting is the art and science of creating a gem-quality diamond out of mined rough. The cut of a diamond describes the manner in which a diamond has been shaped and polished from its beginning form as a rough stone to its final gem proportions. The cut of a diamond describes the quality of workmanship and the angles to which a diamond is cut. Often diamond cut is confused with \"shape.\"", "Diamond cutting is the art and science of creating a gem-quality diamond out of mined rough. The cut of a diamond describes the manner in which a diamond has been shaped and polished from its beginning form as a rough stone to its final gem proportions. The cut of a diamond describes the quality of workmanship and the angles to which a diamond is cut. Often diamond cut is confused with \"shape.\"", "The third descriptor of diamond beauty called scintillation has since been added. Combined with \"contrast brilliance\", a related fourth aspect of diamond beauty introduced by this article, the jeweler is armed with the necessary vocabulary to convey the beauty of one diamond cut compared to another.", "A diamond’s shape as well as its polish and symmetry affect the “behavior” of the stone—simply speaking, how it reflects light. In general, a diamond’s cut is all about maximizing the optical light effects that determine the ultimate beauty of the diamond: brilliance (amount of light reflected back to viewer), fire (split of light into a rainbow’s colors), and scintillation (glittering of reflected light in the crystal and visibility of dark spots when stone is moved).", "A mnemonic device, the \"four Cs\" (color, cut, clarity and carats), has been introduced to help the consumer understand the factors used to grade a diamond. With modification, these categories can be useful in understanding the grading of all gemstones. The four criteria carry different weight depending upon whether they are applied to colored gemstones or to colorless diamonds. In diamonds, cut is the primary determinant of value, followed by clarity and color. Diamonds are meant to sparkle, to break down light into its constituent rainbow colors (dispersion), chop it up into bright little pieces (scintillation), and deliver it to the eye (brilliance). In its rough crystalline form, a diamond will do none of these things; it requires proper fashioning and this is called \"cut\". In gemstones that have color, including colored diamonds, it is the purity and beauty of that color that is the primary determinant of quality.", "Cut quality is an aspect of diamond grading that takes into account various factors, such as brightness, fire, scintillation, durability, weight ratio, polish, and symmetry.", "The most familiar uses of diamonds today are as gemstones used for adornment, a use which dates back into antiquity, and as industrial abrasives for cutting hard materials. The dispersion of white light into spectral colors is the primary gemological characteristic of gem diamonds. In the 20th century, experts in gemology developed methods of grading diamonds and other gemstones based on the characteristics most important to their value as a gem. Four characteristics, known informally as the four Cs, are now commonly used as the basic descriptors of diamonds: these are carat (its weight), cut (quality of the cut is graded according to proportions, symmetry and polish), color (how close to white or colorless; for fancy diamonds how intense is its hue), and clarity (how free is it from inclusions). A large, flawless diamond is known as a paragon.", "At Suncoast Gem Lab we pay a great deal of attention to the diamond's finish; \"finish\" refers to a diamond's polish and symmetry. A quality finish is really a statement of the care and skill that the cutter has put into designing the diamond. An Ideal, Excellent or Very Good finish display a rare demonstration of the height of the cutter's art, but a Good finish also offers proof of a carefully and lovingly cut diamond.", "Briolette Cut: A drop-shaped diamond cut with triangular or diamond-shaped facets all the way around. There is no table, crown or pavilion in this cut, which is often found in antique and estate jewelry from the Victorian, Edwardian and Art Deco periods.", "The quality of a diamond's cut is widely considered the most important of the four Cs in determining the beauty of a diamond; indeed, it is commonly acknowledged that a well-cut diamond can appear to be of greater carat weight, and have clarity and color appear to be of better grade than they actually are. The skill with which a diamond is cut determines its ability to reflect and refract light.", "The quality of a diamond's cut is widely considered the most important of the four Cs in determining the beauty of a diamond; indeed, it is commonly acknowledged that a well-cut diamond can appear to be of greater carat weight, and have clarity and colour appear to be of better grade than they actually are. The skill with which a diamond is cut determines its ability to reflect and refract light.", "In order to best use a diamond gemstone's material properties, a number of different diamond cuts have been developed. A diamond cut constitutes a more or less symmetrical arrangement of facets, which together modify the shape and appearance of a diamond crystal. Diamond cutters must consider several factors, such as the shape and size of the crystal, when choosing a cut. The practical history of diamond cuts can be traced back to the Middle Ages, while their theoretical basis was not developed until the turn of the 20th century. Design creation and innovation continue to the present day: new technology—notably laser cutting and computer-aided design—has enabled the development of cuts which complexity, optical performance, and waste reduction were hitherto unthinkable.", "Quality is determined by reference to the so-called 3 c's: color, clarity and cut. While these factors are well defined for diamond, no universally-accepted system exists for colored gems. The following is based on the author's own extensive experience.", "Small parts of the original rough diamond's surface which are left on the polished diamond, frequently on or near the girdle. While these are blemishes, they might also be regarded as a sign of skilled cutting; the presence of a natural reflects the cutter's ability to design a beautiful polished gem, while still retaining as much of the original crystal's weight as possible. In many cases, naturals do not affect the clarity grade. In most cases, they are undetectable to the naked eye.", "As the single human contribution to a polished diamond's beauty, cut is perhaps the most important, yet most over-looked, of the Four Cs of diamond quality. How does cut affect a diamond's value and beauty? A good cut gives a diamond its brilliance, its dispersion, its scintillation-in short, its life. And brilliance is what a diamond is all about, especially in the eyes of the consumer.", "modern cut Generally referring to all cuts that adhere to the acceptable standards of today's diamond cutting. The modern cuts eliminated open culets, short lower girdle facets, steep crown and pavilion angles of the old European and old mine cuts. To capture an acceptable amount of brilliance and dispersion the angles of the modern round brilliant were set at between 30 and 35 degrees for the crown and between 39 and 41 degrees for the pavilion. Many times these angles will be ignored for the purpose of weight retention but still will be considered a modern cut.", "The cut is essential to the quality of the gem because if cut too much or not enough the asterism in the sapphire will either not be bright enough or the six pointed star will almost fade altogether.  Since the cut also helps depend on the size of the gem, cutting is part of the overall quality; an incorrectly cut cabochon will dramatically decrease the size, quality, and beauty of the jewel.", "Old European Cut: A form of brilliant cut diamonds with a variety of facets (usually numbering fifty-eight). Key features are a large table, an open culet, and a round perimeter or shape.", "Cutting diamonds also means lopping off a hell of a lot of valuable material – usually around half – so it’s a responsible and, when it comes to the great stones, often controversial job. The most common cut is the 58 facet round brilliant.", "After initial cutting, the diamond is shaped in numerous stages of polishing. Unlike cutting, which is a responsible but quick operation, polishing removes material by gradual erosion and is extremely time consuming. The associated technique is well developed; it is considered as a routine and can be performed by technicians. After polishing, the diamond is reexamined for possible flaws, either remaining or induced by the process. Those flaws are concealed through various diamond enhancement techniques, such as repolishing, crack filling, or clever arrangement of the stone in the jewelry. Remaining non-diamond inclusions are removed through laser drilling and filling of the voids produced.", "Meaning literally little face, a faceted gemstone is a gem that has a number of flat faces cut on the surface, and in gemstones, these are a good thing, something to plan and execute well, bringing the facet faces to a bright polish. On a knife, faceting is a bad thing. The term is used to describe what happens if the grind is not consistently placed, and more than one grind plane or curve can be seen, exhibiting several clearly defined planes or surfaces. Not only the blades can be faceted, but also the handle contours and radiuses can show signs of numerous flat faces, caused by insufficient movement or placement of the cutting device, machine, or abrasive. See related term tool marks below. Alphabet Links", "The gem cutter has to be concerned with both economics and aesthetics. Since gem-quality material tends to be rare and valuable, the cutter tries to preserve as much of the rough stone as possible. This is why so many stones are cut as ovals -- gems found in alluvial deposits tend to be oval in shape, formed by the action of water over thousands of years.", "Several different theories on the \"ideal\" proportions of a diamond have been and continue to be advocated by professional gemologists. Recently, there has been a shift away from grading cut by the use of various angles and proportions toward measuring the performance of a cut stone. A number of specially modified viewers and machines have been developed toward this end. They included the FireScope, a.k.a. SymmetriScope or IdealScope (tests for light leakage, light return and proportions), Hearts and Arrows Viewer (test for \" hearts and arrows\" characteristic pattern observable on stones exhibiting high symmetry), GemEx BrillianceScope (tests for direct light performance results of a diamond), Isee2 Beauty Evaluator (tests for diffused light performance results for round or octagonal diamonds), and ASET (test for AGS cut grade). These viewers and machines often help consumers determine the light performance results of the diamond in addition to the traditional 4 C's. Along with this shift there are a few companies that provide results on these viewers and machines in addition to the original 4c's. The GIA has also developed criteria for grading the cut of round brilliant stones.", "In gemology, this refers to the raw, natural state in which gems are found, before they are cut.", "But the diamond market, from the mine to the jewelry store display case, still relies on the human touch. It takes skilled hands and eyes to assess the quality and value of individual diamonds, and much of the work of cutting and polishing still goes on in small, family-owned workshops where craftspeople apply a lifetime’s experience to transform dull and dirty stones into glittering gems.", "Diamonds become increasingly rare when considering higher clarity gradings. Only about 20 percent of all diamonds mined have a clarity rating high enough for the diamond to be considered appropriate for use as a gemstone; the other 80 percent are relegated to industrial use. Of that top 20 percent, a significant portion contains a visible inclusion or inclusions. Those that do not have a visible inclusion are known as \"eye-clean\" and are preferred by most buyers, although visible inclusions can sometimes be hidden under the setting in a piece of jewelry.", "The situation is made even more difficult by competition between groups within the jewelry industry, each with its own ideas about “what to call things.” Some groups, including appraisers, gem scientists, and professional gemologists push an agenda that relies on terminology that is more acceptable to other scientific disciplines. The market-oriented groups (and there are many) lean towards a “kinder” language (“faux” instead of “fake,” “cultured” instead of “synthetic,” etc.) that is much less precise but which is viewed as less “damaging” to seller-oriented product imagery. These approaches are diametrically opposed, but all agree that a compromise must be reached. The compromise has become an attempt to conjure up single words or specific phrases that everyone agrees will serve to fully describe any particular type of product that is being offered for sale.", "Diamonds become increasingly rare when considering higher clarity gradings. Only about 20 percent of all diamonds mined have a clarity rating high enough for the diamond to be considered appropriate for use as a gemstone; the other 80 percent are relegated to industrial use. Of that top 20 percent, a significant portion contains an inclusion or inclusions that are visible to the naked eye upon close inspection. Those that do not have a visible inclusion are known as \"eye-clean\" and are preferred by most buyers, although visible inclusions can sometimes be hidden under the setting in a piece of jewelry.", "Channel set diamonds are held between a wall of metal, usually in a line, without space or interruption between stones. This is a particularly popular setting due to the diamonds uninterrupted flow along the ring with no metal between. Princess cuts are particularly effective with this design along with baguettes since they follow the lines of the channel with no gaps in between. ", "None of the single words being debated within the gemstone trade completely and accurately describe this material. It seems much easier to simply explain what it is, as above, so buyers can then translate into an appropriate image ANY of the marketing terms that gemologists and sellers decide to use. Basic education totally avoids the illusory “problem” of having to come up with single all-inclusive word to describe something that defies this kind of simplistic approach. But the problem of educating the mass-market sufficiently to achieve this goal remains a perceived immovable barrier within the gem and jewelry industry. This perception cannot be correct.", "You may know that diamond , with a hardness of 10, is the hardest material in the gem world. However, there’s an old saying among gemologists:", "The appearance of a colored gem is a combination of many separate factors, each of which is related to, and affect, the others. It is precisely the complexity of these intertwined relationships that has bedeviled previous attempts to quantify quality. And yet, every time a dealer buys a gem, a quick mental analysis is made, usually within seconds. In grading any gem, one must be cognizant of, but not become lost in, the details. When all the minutiae has been pored over ad infinitum, ad nauseam, take a step back and simply look at the gem. In the age of high-powered microscopes this may constitute a radical concept, but one which is necessary." ]

[ 3.07421875, 3.07421875, 1.9462890625, 0.91259765625, 0.11328125, -0.0008101463317871094, -0.315673828125, -0.625, -0.77392578125, -0.78564453125, -0.79150390625, -0.9580078125, -1.037109375, -1.13671875, -1.236328125, -1.3125, -1.5751953125, -1.6240234375, -1.9443359375, -2.068359375, -2.12890625, -2.166015625, -2.587890625, -2.9453125, -3.548828125, -4.33203125, -4.3671875, -4.43359375, -4.5546875, -4.87890625, -5.82421875, -5.88671875 ]

[ "An object falling to the Earth it will eventually (if it’s falling for long enough) reach a speed at which the drag force equals the force of gravity pulling it down. This is called Terminal Velocity and you can get an expression for it by equating the drag force to", "Assuming the standardized value for g and ignoring air resistance, this means that an object falling freely near the Earth's surface increases its velocity by 9.80665 m/s (32.1740 ft/s or 22 mph) for each second of its descent. Thus, an object starting from rest will attain a velocity of 9.80665 m/s (32.1740 ft/s) after one second, approximately 19.62 m/s (64.4 ft/s) after two seconds, and so on, adding 9.80665 m/s (32.1740 ft/s) to each resulting velocity. Also, again ignoring air resistance, any and all objects, when dropped from the same height, will hit the ground at the same time.", "When objects fall on Earth, they accelerate at 9.8 meters per second per second — or 9.81 meters per second squared (m/s2 or ms-2) — which is known as the acceleration due to gravity. The mass (or weight) of the object does not affect the rate of acceleration; all objects accelerate downward at the same rate. exept for certain objects that have a higher air resistance and lower mass E.g. polystyrene and feathers (unless it is in a vacuum- look below)", "There are some unique aspects about the trajectory of a free falling object which are worth noting and serve very useful in one's approach to solving problems. Any object which is originally projected vertically upward and under the sole influenc of gravity will eventually reach a peak height before turning around and falling back downward. At the peak of the trajectory, the velocity of the object is momentarily 0 m/s. The time required to reach the peak is equal to the time required to fall from the peak back to its original position. The total time of flight is thus twice the time required to reach the peak. The velocity of the object one second prior to the peak is of the same magnitude as the velocity of the object one second after reaching the peak. And similarly, the velocity of the object two seconds prior to the peak is of the same magnitude as the velocity of the object two seconds after reaching the peak.", "The observation that objects are attracted vertically downward is surely a very remarkable thing. Like the atmosphere, gravity is something we live with every day, and is scarcely noticed, though its effects, like those of the atmosphere, are essential to life. The gravitational force on a body is proportional to its mass, so a body falls with a constant acceleration vertically downward in the absence of resistance. This acceleration has been carefully measured at Potsdam, latitude 52° 23' N, elevation 100 metres above m.s.l., with the result 981.274 cm/s2 or gal. One gal (for Galileo) is 1 m/s2, a thousandth of which is the milligal, mgal. The acceleration of gravity is a constant at any station, depending on the distribution of mass in the earth. Gravitation is a phenomenon that should always excite wonder.", "The constant speed obtained by a falling object when the upward drag on the objects balances the downward force of gravity", "Gravity is an attractive force between any objects with mass. When an object that is not supported by anything falls due to the force of gravity of another object, it is said to be in free fall. An orbit is essentially a path of constant free fall. For example, the Moon is falling towards Earth. However, it also has an orbital speed from the momentum gained during its formation that allows it to fall around Earth with a trajectory that follows the same curve as Earth's surface. Because these paths are parallel, the Moon perpetually falls around Earth without ever touching it.", "Terminal Velocity The constant velocity of a falling body attained when the resistanceof air or other ambient fluid has become equal to the force of gravity acting upon thebody. Sometimes called \"limiting velocity.\"", "In a vacuum, or on a moon or planet with no atmosphere, a falling object will continue to accelerate until it hits the ground.  However, in air (or any other fluid) drag is created as the object falls through the air.  Drag is friction between the moving object and the surrounding air which resists the motion of the object.", "Technically, an object is in free fall even when moving upwards or instantaneously at rest at the top of its motion. If gravity is the only influence acting, then the acceleration is always downward and has the same magnitude for all bodies, commonly denoted g.", "The drop is allowed to fall and its terminal velocity v1 in the absence of an electric field is calculated. The drag force acting on the drop can then be worked out using Stokes' law:", "This is the \"textbook\" case of the vertical motion of an object falling a small distance close to the surface of a planet. It is a good approximation in air as long as the force of gravity on the object is much greater than the force of air resistance, or equivalently the object's velocity is always much less than the terminal velocity (see below).", "At the start, the object accelerates downwards because of its weight. There is no air resistance. There is a resultant force acting downwards.", "We now see that the total force acting on the falling object at any time t is given by", "v = g · t, the speed attained after at the end of a vertical drop", "General relativity is a theory of gravitation developed by Einstein in the years 1907–1915. The development of general relativity began with the equivalence principle, under which the states of accelerated motion and being at rest in a gravitational field (for example, when standing on the surface of the Earth) are physically identical. The upshot of this is that free fall is inertial motion: an object in free fall is falling because that is how objects move when there is no force being exerted on them, instead of this being due to the force of gravity as is the case in classical mechanics. This is incompatible with classical mechanics and special relativity because in those theories inertially moving objects cannot accelerate with respect to each other, but objects in free fall do so. To resolve this difficulty Einstein first proposed that spacetime is curved. In 1915, he devised the Einstein field equations which relate the curvature of spacetime with the mass, energy, and any momentum within it.", "Gravity makes the object fall. It was Galileo who offered the hypothesis that the acceleration due to gravity near the Earth's surface is essentially constant. Newton's law, force = mass x acceleration, then implies that", "According to Aristotle, weight was the direct cause of the falling motion of an object, the speed of the falling object was supposed to be directly proportionate to the weight of the object. As medieval scholars discovered that in practice the speed of a falling object increased with time, this prompted a change to the concept of weight to maintain this cause effect relationship. Weight was split into a \"still weight\" or pondus, which remained constant, and the actual gravity or gravitas, which changed as the object fell. The concept of gravitas was eventually replaced by Jean Buridan's impetus, a precursor to momentum.", "For other situations, such as when objects are subjected to mechanical accelerations from forces other than the resistance of a planetary surface, the weight force is proportional to the mass of an object multiplied by the total acceleration away from free fall, which is called the proper acceleration. Through such mechanisms, objects in elevators, vehicles, centrifuges, and the like, may experience weight forces many times those caused by resistance to the effects of gravity on objects, resulting from planetary surfaces. In such cases, the generalized equation for weight W of an object is related to its mass m by the equation , where a is the proper acceleration of the object caused by all influences other than gravity. (Again, if gravity is the only influence, such as occurs when an object falls freely, its weight will be zero).", "the speed required for an object to escape the gravitational pull of a planet or other body.", "The term escape velocity presupposes that the object being considered is not subject to any external acceleration/force other than gravity. As such an object travels upwards it will of course be slowed by gravity, but at the same time an object that moves upwards from the earth the effect of gravity gradually dimishes. If you begin travelling upwards too slowly gravity will bring you back down to earth. If you start out travelling fast enough, whilst gravity will slow you down it will not be sufficient to bring you back down to earth. The escape velocity is the break point between these two alternatives.", "We must be going at a very high speed, but how high? The escape velocity, as the minimum velocity that will allow a small body to escape from another body, can be calculated using the formula v = sqrt(2Gm/r), where G is the gravitational constant, r is the distance from the center of the body with a mass of m. This formula is derived using the idea of conservation of energy, where the sum of the kinetic energy and the gravitational energy of an object equal the energy at the maximum altitude.", "The speed necessary for ran object to escape the gravitational pull of an object. Anything that moves away from the object with more than the escape speed will never return.", "If you don't climb far enough for your rate of climb at the time you stop actively climbing, then when you stop climbing (let's assume you cannot grab hold of anything, because in space there is nothing to hold on to) you will fall back toward the body that forms the gravity well you are trying to climb out of; you did not attain escape velocity.", "In Newtonian physics, free fall is any motion of a body where gravity is the only force acting upon it. In the context of general relativity, where gravitation is reduced to a space-time curvature, a body in free fall has no force acting on it and moves along a geodesic. The present article only concerns itself with free fall in the Newtonian domain.", "if an object with a velocity of 50-m/s has the same momentum as that of a 10-kg mass having a velocity of 20-m/s, the mass of the object is_", "So how fast things fall doesn't change with the mass. However, other things may change it, especially friction or air resistance.", "The weight of the object. This is a force acting downwards, caused by the object’s mass the Earth's gravitational field", "But why then does the elephant, which encounters more air resistance than the feather, fall faster? After all doesn't air resistance act to slow an object down? Wouldn't the object with greater air resistance fall slower?", "In addition to an exploration of free fall, the motion of objects that encounter air resistance will also be analyzed. In particular, two questions will be explored:", "We've dealt with this kind of problem before, but we've never accounted for the pulley. Now we will. There are two masses, one sitting on a table, attached to the second mass which is hanging down over a pulley. When you let the system go, the hanging mass is pulled down by gravity, accelerating the mass sitting on the table. When you looked at this situation previously, you treated the pulley as being massless and frictionless. We'll still treat it as frictionless, but now let's work with a real pulley.", "(physics) a state of rest or uniform motion in which there is no resultant force on a body" ]

[ 2.955078125, 1.767578125, 1.376953125, 0.284912109375, -1.12109375, -1.345703125, -2.193359375, -2.240234375, -2.37109375, -2.96484375, -3.349609375, -3.494140625, -3.544921875, -3.798828125, -3.802734375, -4.20703125, -4.26953125, -4.2890625, -4.44140625, -4.70703125, -4.76171875, -4.82421875, -5.21484375, -5.27734375, -5.63671875, -5.71484375, -5.71484375, -6.1484375, -6.3203125, -6.5390625, -7.16015625, -8.5078125 ]

[ "The Championships, Wimbledon, The Wimbledon Championships or simply Wimbledon, is the oldest tennis tournament in the world, and widely considered the most prestigious.[2][3][4][5][6] It has been held at the All England Club in London since 1877. It is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments (Majors), the others being the Australian Open, the French Open (Roland Garros) and the US Open. Since the Australian Open shifted to hard court in 1988, Wimbledon is the only Major still played on grass, the game's original surface, which gave the game its original name of \"lawn tennis\".", "Wimbledon is held at The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, England. This tournament takes place in July and is the only grand slam event that is played on grass. Unlike clay, grass is very fast and the surface starts to die as the tournament progresses, making it even more difficult to play on and creating short points. Players also have to combat frequent rain, which often suspends matches.", "The Championships, Wimbledon, or simply Wimbledon, is the oldest tennis tournament in the world and is considered the most prestigious. It has been held at the All England Club in the London suburb of Wimbledon since 1877. It is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments, and the only one still played on the game's original surface, grass, which gave the game of lawn tennis its name.", "The Championships, Wimbledon, The Wimbledon Championships or simply Wimbledon is the oldest tennis tournament in the world, and widely considered the most prestigious. It has been held at the All England Club in London, since 1877. It is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments (Majors), the others being the Australian Open, the French Open (Roland Garros) and the US Open. Since the Australian Open shifted to hard court in 1988, Wimbledon is the only Major still played on grass, the game’s original surface, which gave the game its original name of “lawn tennis”. The tournament takes place over two weeks in late June and early July, culminating with the Ladies’ and Gentlemen’s Singles Final, scheduled for the second Saturday and Sunday respectively. Each year five major, junior, and invitational events are held.", "The Wimbledon tennis tournament is one of the oldest sporting events in the world. This tournament is formally called: The Championships, Wimbledon. This tournament that was first played in the year 1887 gets its name from the place where it was first played, The All England Club which is located in the suburbs of London in a place called Wimbledon. It has been played in the same place ever since. Wimbledon is one of the four major Grand Slam tennis tournaments with the other 3 being the U.S Open, Australian Open and French Open tennis tournaments. While the latter three are played on hard or clay courts, the Wimbledon Championship is the only Grand Slam event that is still being played on a traditional grass court.", "From the All England Club to your neighborhood high school, tennis courts come in a variety of surfaces. Professional Grand Slam tournaments -- Wimbledon, the US Open, the Australian Open and the French Open -- feature grass, hardcourt and clay surfaces. While the dimensions of each court remain consistent between surfaces, playing styles and ball speed do not.", "The Championships, Wimbledon is an annual tennis tournament first contested in 1877 and played on outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club (AELTC) in the Wimbledon suburb of London, United Kingdom. The Ladies' Singles was started in 1884.", "The grass court is the fastest surface and is used at the Wimbledon Championships every July. Up until the 1970s, grass was used at three of the four Grand Slam tournaments, with the exception of the French Open, per the ITF. Grass courts take a lot of maintenance, with reseeding, watering and mowing; thus, you don't see many new grass courts popping up. But if you favor the serve-and-volley style game of Pete Sampras and John McEnroe, grass is your surface. It is an unpredictable surface, though; the bounce of the ball depends on how recently the grass has been mowed, the health of the grass and how much it's previously been played on.", "The third Grand Slam tournament is perhaps the most well-known tennis tournament in the world, and it also has the distinction of being the oldest. The Wimbledon Championships has been held since 1877 in the London suburb of Wimbledon, from late June to early July. Wimbledon places a strong emphasis on tradition: it is the only one of the Majors still held on grass, and spectators eat strawberries and cream, a traditional English dessert, while watching the games. Wimbledon's current champions are Rafael Nadal (men's singles), Serena Williams (women's singles), Jürgen Melzer and Philipp Petzschner (men's doubles), Vania King and Yaroslava Shvedova (women's doubles), and Leander Paes and Cara Black (mixed doubles).", "The Championships, Wimbledon, commonly referred to as simply \"Wimbledon\", is the oldest and arguably the most prestigious event in the sport of tennis . Held every June and July in London , United Kingdom , the tournament is the third Grand Slam event played each year, preceded by the Australian Open and the French Open, and followed by the U.S. Open . The tournament lasts for two weeks, subject to extensions for rain, and is the only Grand Slam event currently played on grass surface (although there are other surfaces played on in the tournaments as well, such as Queens and Halle) .", "Wimbledon is the oldest and the most prestigious of all the tennis tournaments that take place around the world. Dating back to 1877, the tournament has taken place at the All England Tennis Club in Wimbledon, south west London. One of the distinguishing features of this tournament is that matches are played on grass courts.", "Of the current Grand Slam tournaments, the US Open and Australian Open use hard courts, the French Open is played on clay, and Wimbledon is played on grass and is the only Grand Slam tournament to have always been played on one surface. The Australian Open switched to hard courts in 1988 and in its early years the French championship alternated between clay and sand/rubble courts. The US Open is the only one of the four majors to have been played on three surfaces; the tournament was played on grass from its inception until 1974, on green clay until 1977, and on hard courts since the tournament moved from the West Side Tennis Club to the National Tennis Center in 1978.", "The Championships, Wimbledon, or simply, Wimbledon, is the oldest tennis tournament in the world and is widely considered as the most prestigious. It has been held at the All England Club in the London suburb of Wimbledon since 1877. It is the oldest of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments, and the only one still played on grass courts.", "Grass courts are the least common playing surface for top-level events on the ATP World Tour. The 2009 schedule included only four grass court tournaments in the run-up to Wimbledon . They were the Queen's Club Championships, Gerry Weber Open , Eastbourne International , and the Rosmalen Grass Court Championships . An additional tournament is played on grass in Newport, Rhode Island , USA, in the week immediately after Wimbledon.", "Wimbledon, is the oldest tennis tournament in the world, and is widely considered the most prestigious. Wimbledon is the third Grand Slam of the year, taking place over two weeks in late June and early July. It has been held at the All England Club in Wimbledon, London since 1877. It is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments, Wimbledon is the only major still played on grass .", "The tournament, held in late June and early July, is one of the four annual “Grand Slam” tennis events—along with the Australian , French , and U.S. Opens —and is the only one still played on natural grass. The first Wimbledon championship was held in 1877 on one of the croquet lawns of the All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club (since 1882 the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club). In 1884 a women’s championship was introduced at Wimbledon, and the national men’s doubles was transferred there from Oxford . Mixed doubles and women’s doubles were inaugurated in 1913.", "The Championships, Wimbledon, commonly referred to as simply \"Wimbledon\", is the oldest and arguably most prestigious event in the sport of tennis . Held every June or July (starts 6 weeks before the first Monday in August), the tournament is the third Grand Slam event played each year, preceded by the Australian Open and the French Open, and followed by the U.S. Open. The tournament (which is the only one of the Grand Slam events played on grass) lasts for two weeks, subject to extensions for rain. Separate tournaments are simultaneously held for Gentlemen's Singles, Ladies' Singles, Gentlemen's Doubles, Ladies' Doubles and Mixed Doubles. Youth tournaments � Boys' Singles, Girls' Singles, Boys' Doubles and Girls' Doubles � are also held. Additionally, special invitational tournaments are held: the 35 and over Gentlemen's Doubles, 45 and over Gentlemen's Doubles, 35 and over Ladies' Doubles and wheelchair doubles.", "The main show courts, Centre Court and No. 1 Court, are used only for two weeks a year, during the Championships. The remaining seventeen courts, however, are regularly used for other events hosted by the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club. Wimbledon is the only Grand Slam event played on grass courts. At one time, all of the other Grand Slam events were played on grass. The French Open abandoned grass for its current red clay in 1928, while the U.S. and Australian Opens stayed with grass decades longer. The U.S. Open abandoned grass for a synthetic clay surface in 1975, and changed again to a hard surface with its 1978 move to its current venue. The Australian Open abandoned grass for a different type of hard surface in 1988.", "WIMBLEDON Wimbledon is another world-famous sporting venue, home to the only major tennis tournament still played on grass. The All England Tennis and Croquet Club, to use its full title, has hosted the famous tennis championships since 1877. While there have been dramatic changes of late, with the installation of a retractable roof on Centre Court, there remains a timeless quality to the tennis played on these manicured lawns. Sports: Tennis Location: Wimbledon is in south-west London, near Richmond Park and Kew Gardens Capacity: 30,000 After the Games: Wimbledon will remain the headquarters for lawn tennis. The Paralympics: The majority of venues scheduled for the London Olympics will also be used for the 2012 London Paralympic Games.", "The hard court (Plexicushion) Australian Open and clay court French Open precede Wimbledon in the year, and the hard court (DecoTurf) US Open follows. For men, the grass court Queen's Club Championships, in London, England, and the Gerry Weber Open in Halle, Germany, serve as warm-up events; for women, the Aegon Classic in Birmingham and two joint events, the Topshelf Open in 's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands and the Eastbourne International.", "From 2009, a new No. 2 Court is being used at Wimbledon with a capacity for 4,000 people. To obtain planning permission , the playing surface is around 3.5m below ground level, ensuring that the single-storey structure is only about 3.5m above ground level, and thus not affecting local views. [27] Plans to build on the current site of Court 13 were dismissed due to the high capacity of games played at the 2012 Olympic Games . The old No.2 Court has been renamed as No.3 Court . The old No.2 Court was known as the \"Graveyard of Champions\" because many highly seeded players were eliminated there during early rounds over the years, including Ilie Năstase , John McEnroe , Boris Becker , Andre Agassi , Pete Sampras , Martina Hingis , Venus Williams , Serena Williams and Maria Sharapova . [28] The court has a capacity of 2,192 + 770 standing. In 2011 a new No.3 Court and a new Court 4 were unveiled on the sites of the old No.2 and 3 courts. [29]", "Wimbledon, formally known as The Championships, Wimbledon, is the oldest and most prestigious tennis championship event. This highly respected event has attracted world renowned tennis players throughout the years producing some of the most Notable Wimbledon Matches to date. Wimbledon is permanently played at the All England Tennis Club in London where it seats 3,000 spectators. All England Tennis Club has hosted the Wimbledon tournament since 1877 when it was known as the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club. Wimbledon has unique traditions and History of its own. Strawberries and cream are served as a traditional snack for audiences. Also, Wimbledon enforces a strict dress code, where all players are required to where almost all white. No other Grand Slam Tournament enforces such a strict dress code for its players.", "From 2009, a new No. 2 Court is being used at Wimbledon with a capacity for 4,000 people. To obtain planning permission , the playing surface is around 3.5m below ground level, ensuring that the single-storey structure is only about 3.5m above ground level, and thus not affecting local views. [18] Plans to build on the current site of Court 13 were dismissed due to the high capacity of games that will be played at the 2012 Olympic Games .[ clarification needed ] The old No. 2 Court has been renamed as No. 3 Court . The old No. 2 Court was known as the \"Graveyard of Champions\" because many highly seeded players were eliminated there during early rounds over the years, including Ilie Năstase , John McEnroe , Boris Becker , Andre Agassi , Pete Sampras , Martina Hingis , Venus Williams , and Serena Williams . [19] The court has a capacity of 2,192 + 770 standing. In 2011 a new No. 3 Court and a new Court 4 have been unveiled on the sites of the old No. 2 and 3 courts. [20]", "The two main courts used in the tournament are Rod Laver Arena and Hisense Arena and feature retractable roofs, which can be shut in case of rain or extreme heat. It is the only Grand Slam tournament that features indoor play. However, work has already commenced on a retractable roof for Wimbledon's Centre Court, which is expected to be completed by 2009.", "The tournament takes place over two weeks in late June and early on July, culminating with the Ladies’ and Gentlemen’s Singles Final, scheduled always for the second Saturday and Sunday respectively. Five major, junior, and invitational events are held each year. Wimbledon traditions include a strict dress code for competitors, the eating of strawberries and cream by the spectators, and Royal patronage. The tournament is also notable for the absence of sponsor advertising around the courts. In 2009, Wimbledon’s Centre Court was fitted with a retractable roof to lessen the loss of playing time due to rain.", "Masters (Indoor/Carpet) Wembley (Indoor/Carpet) Sydney Indoor (Indoor/Hard) Wimbledon (Outdoor/Grass) Forest Hills WCT (Outdoor/Clay) Dallas WCT (Indoor/Carpet) Philadelphia (Indoor/Carpet)", "Held annually at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in London in late June/early July is the third Grand Slam of the year, The Wimbledon Championships - or simply Wimbledon. The event is the world’s longest running tennis tournament and widely regarded as the most prestigious. To continue the event’s long-time tradition, players are required to wear all white clothing when participating in competitive matches", "From 2009, a new No. 2 Court is being used at Wimbledon with a capacity for 4,000 people. To obtain planning permission, the playing surface is around 3.5m below ground level, ensuring that the single-storey structure is only about 3.5m above ground level, and thus not affecting local views. Plans to build on the current site of Court 13 were dismissed due to the high capacity of games played at the 2012 Olympic Games. The old No.2 Court has been renamed as No.3 Court. The old No.2 Court was known as the \"Graveyard of Champions\" because many highly seeded players were eliminated there during early rounds over the years, including Ilie Năstase, John McEnroe, Boris Becker, Andre Agassi, Pete Sampras, Martina Hingis, Venus Williams, Serena Williams and Maria Sharapova. The court has a capacity of 2,192 + 770 standing. In 2011 a new No.3 Court and a new Court 4 were unveiled on the sites of the old No.2 and 3 courts. ", "The Championships in Wimbledon is the most recognizable tennis tournament in the world. One of four grand slam events, it has been held at the All England Tennis Club in the London suburb since 1877.", "While the Roland Garros surface is invariably characterized as \"red clay\", the courts are in fact surfaced with white limestone frosted with a few millimeters of powdered red brick dust. Beneath the 3-inch-thick layer of porous limestone is 6 inches of volcanic rock, followed by a 3-foot (0.91 m) layer of sand, all of which rests on a slab of concrete. Crushed brick is pressed onto the limestone surface with rollers, then drenched in water. The process is repeated several times until a thin, compact layer coats each court. The crushed brick is deep enough to allow footprints and ball marks, but shallow enough to avoid making the court spongy or slippery. In tournament situations workers smooth the surface before matches and between sets by dragging rectangular lengths of chain-link across it. The red brick dust is replenished as needed (daily during major tournaments). [6]", "While the Roland Garros surface is invariably characterized as \"red clay\", the courts are in fact surfaced with white limestone, frosted with a few millimeters of powdered red brick dust. Beneath the 3-inch-thick layer of porous limestone is 6 inches of volcanic rock, followed by a 3-foot (0.91 m) layer of sand, all of which rests on a slab of concrete. Crushed brick is pressed onto the limestone surface with rollers, then drenched in water. The process is repeated several times until a thin, compact layer coats each court. The red brick dust is replaced as needed (daily, during major tournaments). In a tournament situation, before matches and between sets, workers smooth the surface by dragging rectangular lengths of chain-link across it. The crushed brick is deep enough to allow footprints and ball marks, but shallow enough to avoid making the court spongy or slippery.", "Wimbledon is scheduled for 13 days, beginning on a Monday and ending on a Sunday with the middle Sunday a designated rest day. The five main events span both weeks, but the youth and invitational events are held mainly during the second week. Traditionally, there is no play on the \"Middle Sunday\", which is considered a rest day. However, rain has forced play on the Middle Sunday three times in the Championship's history: in 1991, 1997, and 2004. On each of these occasions, Wimbledon has staged a \"People's Sunday\", with unreserved seating and readily available, inexpensive tickets, allowing those with more limited means to sit on the show courts. Additionally, if the tournament is not completed by the end of the second Sunday, all remaining matches are postponed until \"People's Monday\"." ]

[ 4.83203125, 4.29296875, 4.15625, 3.544921875, 3.138671875, 2.84765625, 2.6796875, 2.578125, 2.541015625, 2.541015625, 2.5078125, 2.208984375, 2.109375, 1.681640625, 1.6455078125, 1.5693359375, 1.2734375, 1.236328125, 1.0654296875, 0.66845703125, 0.332763671875, 0.30712890625, 0.16796875, 0.07244873046875, -0.2222900390625, -0.69091796875, -1.0673828125, -1.3857421875, -1.3896484375, -1.693359375, -2.52734375, -2.677734375 ]

[ "Brut is a term applied to the driest Champagne and sparkling wines. Brut wines are drier which means they contain less residual sugar than those labeled “extra dry.” Extra Brut denotes a wine that’s extremely dry, sometimes totally dry. Totally dry sparkling wines (those that aren’t sweetened with a little dosage) are also sometimes called Brut Nature or Brut Integral.", "\"Brut\" is a french word that means uncut, rough or raw. The term relates to the natural or raw state in which a champagne or sparkling wine is bottled. Brut wines are considered the driest in nature because they are treated with very little to no amount of additional sweetness in form of sugar. The term Brut can be defined as a style associated with the level of sweetness in a sparkling wine.", "The term Brut is applied to champagne and sparkling wines, which are quite dry (less sweet) and acidic in nature. This signature style of adding no sugar to the wine was pioneered in the mid-1900s by the well-known champagne House of Perrier-Jouët. Nowadays, champagne and sparkling wines are made in a wide variety of styles ranging from very sweet to intensely dry, with bottle labels indicating to what's inside as Brut, Extra Brut, Sec etc.", "“Brut” is one of my favorite words when it comes to sparkling wine, as it refers to the driest of bubblies, and my mouth is watering just thinking of it. After brut, in ascending order of sweetness, are extra dry (or extra sec), sec, demi-sec and doux.", "Brut : Refers to dry Champagne or Sparkling Wine . The authorities in the Champagne region of France use this term to denote added sugar.", "Brut : A French term (\"very dry \") used to describe the driest champagne s, ciders, or sparkling wines \" with less than 15 grams of sugar content per liter .", "The laws governing Champagne wine labels define brut wine as \"containing less than 15 grams per liter of sugar\". This same definition is reflected in E.U. law, and applies to sparkling wines from all European countries. In non-sparkling wines, which lack Champagne's sparkle and high acidity, this much sugar would leave the wine perceptibly sweet.", "Sparkling wines and Champagnes are categorized as Extra Brut, Brut (pronounced \"broot\"), Extra dry, Sec and Demi-sec depending on their sugar levels. These classifications can be somewhat confusing, but keep in mind, that in wine terms \"dry\" is the opposite of \"sweet.\" Brut Champagne and sparkling wine is the most common style of bubbly offering a typically crisp, dry palate appeal.", "Sparkling wine ranges in style from very dry (Natural), dry (Brut), and slightly sweet (Extra Dry) to sweet (Sec and Demi-Sec). (Wines with no noticeable sweetness are described as âdry.â) Many sparkling wines are also identified as âBlanc de Blancsâ (wines made from Chardonnay grapes), âBlanc de Noirsâ (wines produced from black grapes), or rosé or pink sparkling wine/champagnes (small amount of red wine added to the blend or wine that is allowed brief skin contact with color-laden grape skins).", "Sparkling wine is a wine with significant levels of carbon dioxide in it, making it fizzy. The classic example of a sparkling wine is champagne, which is exclusively produced in the Champagne region of France. Most sparkling wine is white or rosé but there are examples of red sparkling wines such as the Italian Brachetto, Australian sparkling Shiraz, and Azerbaijani \"Pearl of Azerbaijan\" made from Madrasa grapes. The sweetness of sparkling wine can range from very dry \"brut\" styles to sweeter \"doux\" varieties (from the French words for 'raw' and 'sweet', respectively). ", "Sparkling wine is usually white or rosé but there are many examples of red sparkling wines such as Italian Brachetto and Australian sparkling Shiraz . The sweetness of sparkling wine can range from very dry \"brut\" styles to sweeter \"doux\" varieties. [1]", "Champagne/Sparkling Wine - These wines are made effervescent by a secondary fermentation in the wine-making process. Champagnes and sparkling wines range in style from very dry (Natural), dry (brut) and slightly sweet (extra Dry) to sweet (sec and Demi-Sec). Many sparkling wines are also identified as Blanc de Blancs (wines made from white grapes) or Blanc de Noirs (wines produced from red grapes). *Champagne is only called Champagne if it comes from the Champagne region of France.", "A champagne or sparkling wine with a small amount of residual sugar (slightly sweet). Not as dry as Brut.", "Brut : French term referring to the driest (least sweet ) Champagne . Drier than \" extra dry .\" ...", "There are also some other French appellations for sparkling wines, which do not carry the name Crémant. Some of these are exclusively sparkling wine appellations, and some are appellations allowing both still and sparkling wine to be made. The term Mousseux is French for \"sparkling\" and can refer to a sparkling wine made using methods other than the méthode champenoise such as charmat method. [13] While Crémant can only be used for wines that have been made using the méthode champenoise. [14]", "Flat: In relation to sparkling wines, flat refers to a wine that has lost its effervescence. In all other wines the term is used interchangeably with \"flabby\" to denote a wine that is lacking acidity, particularly on the finish.", "The classic example of a sparkling wine is Champagne , but this wine is exclusively produced in the Champagne region of France and many sparkling wines are produced in other countries and regions, such as Espumante in Portugal , Cava in Spain , Franciacorta , Trento , Oltrepò Pavese Metodo Classico and Asti in Italy (the generic Italian term for sparkling wine being spumante) and Cap Classique in South Africa . Most countries reserve the word Champagne for a specific type from the Champagne region of France. The French terms \"Mousseux\" or \"Crémant\" are used to refer to sparkling wine not made in the Champagne region. German and Austrian sparkling wines are called Sekt . The United States is a significant producer of sparkling wine with producers in numerous states. Recently the United Kingdom, which produced some of the earliest examples of sparkling wine, has started producing sparkling wines again.", "The classic example of a sparkling wine is Champagne , but many other examples are produced in other countries and regions, such as Espumante in Portugal , Cava in Spain , Asti in Italy (the generic Italian term for sparkling wine being Spumante) and Cap Classique in South Africa . In some parts of the world, the words \"champagne\" or \"spumante\" are used as a synonym for sparkling wine, although laws in Europe and other countries reserve the word Champagne for a specific type from the Champagne region of France. The French terms \"Mousseux\" or \"Crémant\" are used to refer to sparkling wine not made in the Champagne region. German and Austrian sparkling wines are called Sekt. The United States is a significant producer of sparkling wine: California in particular has seen French Champagne houses open wineries in the state to make American sparkling wine according to the Champagne method. Recently the United Kingdom, which produced some of the earliest examples of sparkling wine, has started producing Champagne-style wines again.", "champagne (sham-pain) – Champagne is a sparkling wine.  Only wines produced in Champagne, France can legally be called champagne.  Otherwise it is called sparkling wine.  It is considered the most glamorous of all wines (the name has become synonymous with expensive living).", "Spritzer (Spritzen) is a German word that means a spray or a splash. The word is better know as a reference to a drink, usually consisting of wine and carbonated (sparkling) water. The carbonated water is mixed with the wine to make a light, fizzy and refreshing drink that is very popular on hot summer days. I have heard of and have actually seen people mixing cola with their red wines (blagh!). I love wine, specially red wine. I’m not passing judgement but I just can’t bring myself to “ruin” a good wine by adding carbonated water. Thankfully Spritzers also come in non-alcoholic versions using fruit and/or vegetable juices.", "Champagne: Refers to sparkling wines made from grapes grown in the Champagne region of France and vinified using the Methode Champenoise winemaking process. Term is sometimes used to refer to sparkling wines from different regions, but only sparkling wine from Champagne may be called Champagne.", "Sparkling wines designated Crémant (\"creamy\") were originally named because their lower carbon dioxide pressures were thought to give them a creamy rather than fizzy mouth-feel. Though they may have full pressures today, they are still produced using the traditional method, and have to fulfill strict production criteria. In France, there are eight appellations for sparkling wine which include the designation Crémant in their name:", "Even the terms ' and Champagne method were forbidden by an EU court decision in 1994. As of 2005 the description most often used for sparkling wines using the second fermentation in the bottle process, but not from the Champagne region, is '. Sparkling wines are produced worldwide, and many producers use special terms to define them: Spain uses Cava, Italy designates it ', and South Africa uses '. An Italian sparkling wine made from the Muscat grape uses the DOCG Asti and from the Glera grape the DOCG Prosecco. In Germany, Sekt is a common sparkling wine. Other French wine regions cannot use the name Champagne: e.g., Burgundy and Alsace produce '. In 2008, more than 3,000 bottles of sparkling wine produced in California labelled with the term \"Champagne\" were destroyed by Belgian government authorities. ", "A French bubbly or sparkling wine made outside of the Champagne region, and therefore not entitled under French law to be called Champagne. It is, however, produced the same way as Champagne, via the Méthode Champenoise, but unable to be labeled as such. Alsace, Burgundy, and the Loire produce especially fine Crémant wines. Unofficially, Crémant can also refer to a Champagne or sparkling wine that is only lightly effervescent.", "Sparkling wine is also produced elsewhere in France and this is usually referred to as Cremant. The same winemaking technique as Champagne is used to make Cremant and many of the fruit flavours are present, although the wines are often not as complex. Typically these wines are produced in and around the Loire region and are made using the Chenin Blanc grape.", "Champagne; a sparkling wine in which the bubble has been produced by in-bottle secondary fermentation. It may be white or ros�.", "A wine that has been spiked with a distilled spirit, usually brandy.  Traditionally brandy was added to wine to preserve it, but, today, winemakers dose their juice with booze for different reasons: to kill the yeast that thrive during fermentation, to boost the alcoholic strength of the wine, and to provide a certain flavors.  To learn more about fortified wines, read about: Vermouth, Sherry, Madeira, Port, and Marsala.", "mid-15c., \"light-colored wine,\" from Old French (vin) claret \"clear (wine), light-colored red wine\" (also \"sweetened wine,\" a sense in English from late 14c.), from Latin clarus \"clear\" (see clear (adj.)). Narrowed English meaning \"red wine of Bordeaux\" (excluding burgundy) first attested 1700. Used in pugilistic slang for \"blood\" from c.1600.", "This term has no specific legal definition and is not consistently used to mean the same thing. The most common definition, popular in Britain, is as a synonym for red Bordeaux wine. Sometimes the word is used to refer to wines from outside Bordeaux that are of a similar style. In other contexts, it is used to refer to pale, dry red wines.", "Chardonnay’s versatility shows, too, as the base wine for some of the world’s greatest Champagnes and sparkling wines. It’s perfect for them because of its neutrality and freshness, and it can take on a toasty flavor from long periods of secondary fermation on the lees.", "Wine is fermented fruit juice dominated by the grape. Wine can be cheap but some varieties are distinctly luxury purchases costing many gold pieces per bottle. [19]", "Clos—A term historically used to refer to a vineyard surrounded by walls, although the walls may or may not still be present today. A clos designates a special and prestigious site, and some well-known clos in Champagne include Clos des Goisses, Clos du Mesnil and Clos du Moulin." ]

[ 5.84375, 5.82421875, 4.91796875, 4.48828125, 4.1484375, 3.564453125, 3.427734375, 2.98828125, 1.0625, 1.056640625, 0.8779296875, 0.8310546875, -0.388671875, -0.389892578125, -2.65234375, -2.759765625, -3.099609375, -3.216796875, -3.458984375, -3.546875, -3.560546875, -3.66015625, -3.841796875, -4.08984375, -4.140625, -4.56640625, -5.2578125, -5.66796875, -5.6953125, -5.86328125, -6.14453125, -9.40625 ]

[ "On July 12, 1962, the Rolling Stones — Jagger, Richards, Jones, a returned Dick Taylor on bass, and Mick Avory, later of the Kinks, on drums — played their first show at the Marquee. Avory and Taylor were replaced by Tony Chapman and Bill Wyman, from the Cliftons. Chapman didn't work out, and the band spent months recruiting a cautious Charlie Watts, who worked for an advertising agency and had left Blues, Inc. when its schedule got too busy. In January 1963 Watts completed the band.", "The Rolling Stones' first show occurred on July 12, 1962 at the Marquee. In January of 1963, after a series of personnel changes, Bill Wyman and Charlie Watts rounded out the Stones' line-up.", "Ever since their first gig at the Marquee Club in London on July 12, 1962, The Rolling Stones have been unstoppable. Their self-titled debut album was just the beginning of what would become an iconic sound. Between 1968 and 1972, they entered their golden age with a string of albums “Beggars' Banquet,” “Let It Bleed,” “Sticky Fingers,” and “Exile on Main St.” In 1986, they received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award and in 1995, they won the Grammy Award for Best Rock Album for “Voodoo Lounge.” They have sold over 250 million albums and in 1989, they were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. In 2004, they came in number four in a list for the \"100 Greatest Artists of All Time\" by Rolling Stone magazine.", "Times and attitudes quickly changed, in short, and now five decades later, the Rolling Stones are celebrating an anniversary that artists in any field would be overjoyed to attain. Indeed, the Stones will be marking the fiftieth anniversary of their first gig at the Marquee Club in London on July 12, 1962 with a celebratory appearance at that storied venue, five decades later to the day. At that first show, the group was billed as the Rollin’ Stones and, of what would become the band’s original lineup, only Mick Jagger, Keith Richards, Brian Jones and keyboardist Ian Stewart performed. Bill Wyman and Charlie Watts would formally join in January of 1963, and Stewart officially left the band in May, though he continued on as the Stones’ road manager and occasionally played with them both on stage and in the studio until his death in 1985.", "The Rolling Stones gave their first performance at the Marquee Club in London on July 12, 1962. At the time, the group consisted of Jagger , Richards , Jones, pianist Ian Stewart , drummer Mick Avory, and Dick Taylor, who had briefly returned to the fold. Weeks after the concert, Taylor left again and was replaced by Bill Wyman , formerly of the Cliftons. Avory also left the group -- he would later join the Kinks -- and the Stones hired Tony Chapman, who proved to be unsatisfactory. After a few months of persuasion, the band recruited Charlie Watts, who had quit Blues, Inc. to work at an advertising agency once the group's schedule became too hectic. By 1963, the band's lineup had been set, and the Stones began an eight-month residency at the Crawdaddy Club, which proved to substantially increase their fan base. It also attracted the attention of Andrew Loog Oldham, who became the Stones' manager, signing them from underneath the Crawdaddy Club's Giorgio Gomelsky. Although Oldham didn't know much about music, he was gifted at promotion, and he latched upon the idea of fashioning the Stones as the bad-boy opposition to the clean-cut Beatles . At his insistence, the large yet meek Stewart was forced out of the group, since his appearance contrasted with the rest of the group. Stewart didn't disappear from the Stones; he became one of their key roadies and played on their albums and tours until his death in 1985.", "1963: The Beatles meet The Rolling Stones for the first time after one of the Stones’ concerts at The Crawdaddy Club in Richmond, England.", "The Rolling Stones are an English rock group that formed in London in 1962. First popular in Europe, they quickly became successful in North America during the \"British Invasion\" of the mid-60s. Since then, their worldwide sales are estimated at more than 200 million albums. In 1989, they were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and in 2004, they ranked number 4 in Rolling Stone magazine's 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.", "The Rolling Stones is a legendary English rock band known for many popular hits, such as Paint it Black, Lady Jane, Ruby Tuesday, and (I Can't Get No) Satisfaction. Their singer, Mick Jagger, starred in several films. The Rolling Stones formed in 1962 in London when original leader Brian Jones and pianist Ian Stewart were joined by vocalist Mick Jagger and guitarist Keith Richards, whose songwriting partnership later contributed to their taking the leadership role in the group. Bassist Bill Wyman and drummer Charlie Watts completed the early lineup.", "In 2013, the Rolling Stones again returned to Hyde Park as part of their 50 and Counting tour. The first of two planned shows took place just one day after the 44th anniversary of the first time they’d taken over the park. Both shows were filmed and later released on DVD and Blu-ray in a package titled, Sweet Summer Sun: Live in Hyde Park.", "The Rolling Stones are the longest surviving British band and have been recording music for over 51 years. The band was originally made up of Brian Jones (guitar & harmonica), Mick Jagger (lead vocals), Keith Richards (guitar & backing vocals) Ian Stewart (piano), Bill Wyman (bass) and Charlie Watts (drums). Although their music is said to have originally drawn its inspiration from pure Rhythm and Blues it quickly evolved into a more popular Hard Rock genre with Blues overtones. Considered by almost all reviewers as the second most important band in the history of British music, the Rolling Stones have come to represent the persistence and longevity of truly original and grass-roots inspired songs. Over the course of their career the band has had eight Number One Hits in the UK Charts. These are: 'It's All Over Now' (1964), 'Little Red Rooster' (1964), 'The Last Time' / 'Play With Fire' (1965), '(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction' / 'The Spider and the Fly' (1965), 'Get Off of My Cloud' / 'I'm Free' (1965), \"Paint It, Black\" / 'Stupid Girl' (1966), 'Jumpin' Jack Flash' (1968) and 'Honky Tonk Woman' / 'You Can't Always Get What You Want' (1969). In 2008 they were ranked 4th on the \"100 Greatest Artists of All Time\" list by Rolling Stone Magazine.", "Little did the Rolling Stones know how apt their name – inspired by the title of a Muddy Waters song, “Rollin’ Stone” – would turn out to be. Formed in 1962, they hold the record for longevity as a rock and roll band. There have been hiatuses, especially in the 1980s, but never a breakup. Moreover, critical acclaim and popular consensus has accorded them the title of the “World’s Greatest Rock and Roll Band.” Throughout five decades of shifting tastes in popular music, the Stones have kept rolling, adapting to the latest styles without straying from their roots as a lean, sinuous rock and roll band with roots in electric blues. In all aspects, theirs has been a remarkable career.", "Little did the Rolling Stones know how apt their name – inspired by the title of a Muddy Waters song, \"Rollin' Stone\" – would turn out to be. Formed in 1962, they hold the record for longevity as a rock and roll band. There have been hiatuses, especially in the 1980s, but never a breakup. Moreover, critical acclaim and popular consensus has accorded them the title of the \"World's Greatest Rock and Roll Band.\" Throughout five decades of shifting tastes in popular music, the Stones have kept rolling, adapting to the latest styles without straying from their roots as a lean, sinuous rock and roll band with roots in electric blues. In all aspects, theirs has been a remarkable career.", "Following the release of Sticky Fingers, the Rolling Stones left England after receiving financial advice. They moved to the South of France, where Richards rented the Villa Nellcôte and sublet rooms to band members and entourage. Using the Rolling Stones Mobile Studio, they held recording sessions in the basement; they completed the resulting tracks, along with material dating as far back as 1969, at Sunset Studios in Los Angeles. The resulting double album, Exile on Main St. (UK number 1; US 1), was released in May 1972. Given an A+ grade by critic Robert Christgau and disparaged by Lester Bangs – who reversed his opinion within months – Exile is now accepted as one of the Stones' best albums. The films Cocksucker Blues (never officially released) and Ladies and Gentlemen: The Rolling Stones (released in 1974) document the subsequent highly publicised 1972 North American (\"STP\") Tour. ", "Richards on stage in 1972The Rolling Stones were scheduled to play at a free concert in London's Hyde Park two days after Brian Jones's death; they decided to proceed with the show as a tribute to Jones. The concert, their first with Mick Taylor, was performed in front of an estimated 250,000 fans. The performance was filmed by a Granada Television production team, and was shown on British television as Stones in the Park. Jagger read an excerpt from Percy Bysshe Shelley's elegy Adonais and released thousands of butterflies in memory of Jones. The show included the concert debut of \"Honky Tonk Women\", which the band had just released. Their stage manager Sam Cutler introduced them as \"the greatest rock & roll band in the world\" - a description he repeated throughout their 1969 US tour, and which has stuck to this day.", "in 1978 - The Rolling Stones played the Palladium, in New York City during their summer tour of North America.", "5 July – The Rolling Stones proceed with a free concert in Hyde Park, London, as a tribute to Brian Jones; it is also the band's first concert with guitarist Mick Taylor. Estimates of the audience range from 250,000 to 400,000.", "1981: The Rolling Stones finished their North American tour in support of ‘Tattoo You’ at the Hampton Coliseum in Hampton, VA. The concert was broadcast on closed-circuit cable.", "The Stones celebrated their 50th anniversary in 2012. They released yet another greatest-hits album, GRRR! The album included two new tracks, \"Doom and Gloom\" and \"One More Shot.\" On October 25, they played a surprise show to about 600 people in Paris. In November 2012, the group played two shows at London's The 02 Arena, and in December, they performed at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn and the Prudential Center in New Jersey. The Stones were joined on stage by Mick Taylor and Bill Wyman for these gigs. The band also joined artists including the Who, Eric Clapton, Bruce Springsteen and Paul McCartney for \"12-12-12,\" the Concert for Sandy Relief at Madison Square Garden.", "The Rolling Stones, English rock band, celebrates the fiftieth anniversary of its first performance at the Marquee Club in Oxford Street, London.", "January 1967 saw the release of Between the Buttons (UK number 3; US 2); the album was Andrew Oldham's last venture as The Rolling Stones' producer (his role as the band's manager had been taken over by Allen Klein in 1965). The US version included the double A-side single \" Let's Spend the Night Together \" and \" Ruby Tuesday \", which went to #1 in America and #3 in the UK. When the band went to New York to perform the numbers on The Ed Sullivan Show, Jagger changed the lyrics in the refrain to \"let's spend some time together\" to avoid having their appearance on the show cancelled. [3] [32]", "On July 12, all members of the Rolling Stones will meet and greet the press in London to kick off their big Five-O golden jubilee celebrations!", "In July, the Stones take their name from a Muddy Waters song called \"Rollin' Stone Blues\" and make their live debut at London's Marquee Club (minus Bill Wyman and Charlie Watts). They start playing pubs and clubs around the city and suburbs. Bill Wyman joins late in the year -- the popular story being that he was asked because he had his own amplifier!", "Through their five decades as a band, no one has yet stripped the Rolling Stones of their title as the World’s Greatest Rock & Roll Band. In 2002, Keith Richards had this to say in USA Today about the group’s improbable longevity: “People thought it couldn’t be done. We never thought of trying it. We are just here. It’s a vague mission you can’t give up until you keel over.”", "At an outdoor concert in London's Hyde Park a few days after Jones' death, Jagger read an excerpt from the poet Shelley and released thousands of butterflies over the park. On July 11, the day after Jones was buried, the Stones released \"Honky Tonk Women,\" another Number One, and another Stones classic. By this time, every Stones album went gold in short order, and Let It Bleed (a sardonic reply to the Beatles' soon-to-be-released Let It Be) was no exception. \"Gimme Shelter\" received constant airplay. Jones appeared on most of the album's tracks, though Taylor also made his first on-disc appearances.", "In February, the Stones are in Paris recording Dirty Work at Pathe-Marconi Studio. Mick Jagger releases his first solo album, She's The Boss. In June he duets with David Bowie on the specially recorded version of \"Dancing In The Street\" for Live Aid. Mick also appears at the all-day event in Philadelphia, singing a saucy duet with Tina Turner in which he whips off her skirt. It's his first ever live solo set performed in front of 1.5 billion viewers. Later that day, Keith and Ronnie flank Bob Dylan for an acoustic set to close the show at JFK Stadium. Three months later, Keith and Ronnie repeat their acoustic act, backing Bono for a version of \"Silver And Gold,\" which appears on the Artists United Against Apartheid album.", "In May, the Stones are signed to Decca Records by an A&R man infamous for turning down the Beatles. A month later \"Come On,\" the first Rolling Stones single, is released. An older generation recoils in horror as the group performs the song on England's top pop TV show \"Thank Your Lucky Stars.\" The song -- an obscure Chuck Berry cover -- climbs to No. 21 on the U.K. charts. The second single, \"I Wanna Be Your Man,\" is given to the group by John Lennon and Paul McCartney after they run into the Stones on the street. They finish writing it on the spot. That reaches No. 12. Live gigs are already attracting hordes of screaming teenage girls who drown out the band.", "June 6: The Rolling Stones’ “(I Can’t Get No) Satisfaction” is released in the United States, eventually becoming their first number one hit there.", "In June, the band's cover of the Valentinos' \"It's All Over Now\" becomes the Stones' first No.1 and gold record. It was recorded at Chicago's legendary Chess studios -- home of Muddy Waters and other Stones heroes -- during the group's first visit to the States that month. The Stones go on to predate the dance music explosion by 25 years and headline their fan club's \"All Night Rave\" at London's Alexandra Palace, which also features John Lee Hooker and winds down at 6:30 a.m.", "Despite the Rolling Stones’ predilection for blues and R&B numbers on their early live setlists, the first original compositions by the band reflected a more wide-ranging interest. The first Jagger/Richards single, “ [171]", "    Marquee where they first performed fifty years earlier. Mick Jagger and Keith Richards visit the photo", "On this day the Rolling Stones released a cover of Chuck Berry’s “Come On” as their very first single. Who wrote the band’s second single?", "What was the first song by The Rolling Stones to reach #1 on the Billboard Hot 100?" ]

[ 5.6171875, 5.4609375, 5.24609375, 5.03125, 4.94140625, 1.6513671875, 1.052734375, 0.5947265625, 0.395263671875, -0.001628875732421875, -0.10595703125, -0.10595703125, -0.5732421875, -0.9248046875, -1.0224609375, -1.408203125, -1.447265625, -2.134765625, -2.197265625, -2.2109375, -2.48046875, -2.947265625, -3.171875, -3.517578125, -3.681640625, -3.96875, -4.2421875, -4.265625, -4.921875, -6.33984375, -6.7734375, -7.3203125 ]