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[ "Mary Jo Kopechne (; July 26, 1940 – July 18, 1969) was an American teacher, secretary, and political campaign specialist who died in a car accident at Chappaquiddick Island on July 18, 1969, while a passenger in a car being driven by longtime U.S. Senator Ted Kennedy.", "On this day in 1969, a car driven by Senator Ted Kennedy plunged off a bridge on Chappaquiddick Island, off the coast of Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts.   His passenger, 28-year-old Mary Jo Kopechne, died, along with Ted's chances of ever becoming President.", "The Chappaquiddick incident was a single-vehicle automobile accident on Chappaquiddick Island, Massachusetts on July 18, 1969. The incident involved longtime U.S. Senator Ted Kennedy. A young woman, Mary Jo Kopechne, drowned, although the testimony of a diver would indicate suffocation instead.", "July 18 Chappaquiddick incident Edward M. Kennedy drives off a bridge on his way home from a party on Chappaquiddick Island, Massachusetts. Mary Jo Kopechne, a former campaign aide to his brother, dies in the early morning hours of July 19 in the submerged car.", "July 18 - Edward M. Kennedy drives off a bridge on his way home from a party on Chappaquiddick Island, Massachusetts. Mary Jo Kopechne, a former campaign aide to his brother who was in the car with him, dies in the incident.", "On July 18, 1969, U.S. Senator Ted Kennedy hosted a party on Chappaquiddick, a small island connected via ferry to the town of Edgartown on the nearby larger island of Martha's Vineyard. The party was a reunion for a group of six women, including Mary Jo Kopechne, known as the \"boiler-room girls\", who had served Robert F. Kennedy's 1968 presidential campaign. Also present were Joseph Gargan, Kennedy's cousin; Paul F. Markham, a school friend of Gargan who previously served as the United States Attorney for Massachusetts; Charles Tretter, an attorney; Raymond La Rosa; and John Crimmins, Kennedy's part-time driver. Kennedy was also competing in the Edgartown Yacht Club Regatta, a sailing competition which was taking place over several days. All six men were married and all six women were single, aged 28 and younger.", "1969 - Edward Kennedy pleads guilty to leaving scene of an accident a week after the Chappaquiddick car accident that killed Mary Jo Kopechne", "On the evening of July 18, 1969, while most Americans were home watching television reports on the progress of the Apollo 11 lunar landing mission, Kennedy and his cousin Joe Gargan were hosting a cookout and party at a rented cottage on Chappaquiddick Island, an affluent island near Martha’s Vineyard, Massachusetts. The party was planned as a reunion for Kopechne and five other women, all veterans of the late Senator Robert F. Kennedy’s 1968 presidential campaign. Bobby Kennedy was Ted Kennedy’s older brother, and following Bobby’s assassination in June 1968 Ted took up his family’s political torch. In 1969, Ted Kennedy was elected majority whip in the U.S. Senate, and he seemed an early front-runner for the 1972 Democratic presidential nomination.", "Shortly after leaving a party on Chappaquiddick Island, Senator Edward “Ted” Kennedy of Massachusetts drives an Oldsmobile off a wooden bridge into a tide-swept pond. Kennedy escaped the submerged car, but his passenger, 28-year-old Mary Jo Kopechne, did not. The senator did not report the fatal car accident for 10 hours.", "Edward M. Kennedy drives off a bridge on his way home from a party on Chappaquiddick Island, Massachusetts. Mary Jo Kopechne, a former campaign aide to his brother, dies in the early morning hours of July 19 in the submerged car.", "11. Senator Edward M. Kennedy pleads guilty to leaving the scene of fatal accident at Chappaquiddick, Massachusetts on July 18th in which Mary Jo Kopechne drowned. Read a book with an accident scene, a book set in Massachusetts OR a book with a character named Edward or Mary Jo.", "On the night of July 18, 1969, Kennedy was on Martha's Vineyard's Chappaquiddick Island at a party for the \"Boiler Room Girls\", a group of young women who had worked on his brother Robert's presidential campaign the year before. Leaving the party, Kennedy was driving a 1967 Oldsmobile Delmont 88 with one of the women, 28-year-old Mary Jo Kopechne, as his passenger, when Kennedy drove off Dike Bridge into the Poucha Pond inlet. Kennedy escaped the overturned vehicle and swam to safety, but Kopechne died in the car. Kennedy left the scene and did not call authorities until after Kopechne's body was discovered the following day.", "Senate Majority Whip Ted Kennedy had been the favorite to win the 1972 nomination, but his hopes were derailed by his role in the 1969 Chappaquiddick incident . He was not a candidate.", "Kopechne was devastated emotionally by the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy on June 5, 1968. After working briefly for the Kennedy proxy campaign of George McGovern, she stated she could not return to work on Capitol Hill, saying \"I just feel Bobby's presence everywhere. I can't go back because it will never be the same again.\" But as her father later said, \"Politics was her life,\" and in December 1968 she used her experience to gain a job with Matt Reese Associates, a Washington, D.C., firm that helped establish campaign headquarters and field offices for politicians and was one of the first political consulting companies. By mid-1969 she had completed work for a mayoral campaign in Jersey City, New Jersey. She was on her way to a successful professional career. Kopechne lived in the Washington neighborhood of Georgetown with three other women. She was a fan of the Boston Red Sox and of fellow Polish-American Carl Yastrzemski. She was a devout Roman Catholic with a demure, serious, \"convent school\" demeanor, rarely drank much, and had no reputation for extramarital activities with men.", "Six-term senator from Massachusetts. Drove a car off a bridge on Massachusetts' Chappaquiddick Island on July 18, 1969, after a party. Campaign aide Mary Jo Kopechne later found dead in the submerged car. His failure to report the accident until the next morning caused a scandal that undermined his own presidential ambitions. Years before, he suffered a punctured lung and broke several vertebrae when a chartered plane crash carrying him from Washington to Massachusetts crashed.", "John Fitzgerald Kennedy ( May 29 , 1917 – November 22 , 1963 ), also referred to as John F. Kennedy, JFK, John Kennedy or Jack Kennedy, was the 35th President of the United States . He served from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. His leadership during the ramming of his USS PT-109 during World War II led to being cited for bravery and heroism in the South Pacific . Kennedy represented Massachusetts during 1947–1960, as both a member of the U.S. House of Representatives and U.S. Senate . He was elected President in 1960 in one of the closest elections in American history. He is, to date, the only Roman Catholic to be elected President of the United States.", "Senator Edward Kennedy, brother of John F. Kennedy, was at a Bachelor party on an island. There were some young women there and there was some drinking and Kennedy ended up taking one of the young ladies off the island. But when they were crossing a bridge Kennedy's car went off the bridge. The young woman was killed. Kennedy's story was that he swam across a bay to get help but it was too late. There was much controversy over this incident about Kennedy's", "Kennedy finally announced his candidacy for the American presidency in late 1979, challenging incumbent President Jimmy Carter for the Democratic nomination for the 1980 election. On November 4, 1979, CBS broadcast a one-hour television special presented by Roger Mudd titled Teddy. The program consisted of an interview with Kennedy, interspersed with visual materials. Much of the show was devoted to the Chappaquiddick incident. During the interview, Mudd questioned Kennedy repeatedly about the incident and at one point accused him directly of lying. During the interview, Kennedy also gave what one author described as an \"incoherent and repetitive\" answer to the question, \"Why do you want to be President?\", and called the American-supported Shah of Iran \"one of the most violent regimes in the history of mankind\". The program inflicted serious political damage on Kennedy. Carter alluded to the Chappaquiddick incident twice in five days, once declaring that he had not \"panicked in the crisis.\" Kennedy lost the Democratic nomination to Carter, but remained a Senator until his death in 2009; he won all seven elections for the U.S. Senate after the incident.", " According to his inquest testimony, Kennedy made a wrong turn onto Dike Road, an unlit dirt road that led to Dike Bridge (also spelled Dyke Bridge). Dike Road was unpaved, but Kennedy, driving at \"approximately twenty miles an hour\", took \"no particular notice\" of this fact, and did not realize that he was no longer headed toward the ferry landing. Dike Bridge was a wooden bridge angled obliquely to the road, with no guardrail. A fraction of a second before he reached the bridge, Kennedy applied his brakes; he then drove over the side of the bridge. The car plunged into tide-swept Poucha Pond (at that location a channel) and came to rest upside-down underwater. Kennedy recalled later that he was able to swim free of the vehicle, but Kopechne was not. Kennedy claimed at the inquest that he called Kopechne's name several times from the shore, then tried to swim down to reach her seven or eight times, then rested on the bank for around fifteen minutes before returning on foot to Lawrence Cottage, where the party attended by Kopechne and the other \"Boiler Room Girls\" had occurred. Kennedy denied seeing any house with a light on during his journey back to Lawrence Cottage. ", "Elizabeth Ann Bloomer Warren Ford  (April 8, 1918 – July 8, 2011), better known as Betty Ford, was  First Lady of the United States  from 1974 to 1977 during the presidency of her husband  Gerald Ford . As First Lady, she was active in social policy and created precedents as a politically active presidential wife.", "Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr. (July 14, 1913 – December 26, 2006) was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977, and the fortieth Vice President of the United States serving from 1973 to 1974. He was the first person appointed to the vice presidency under", "  After military service as commander of the Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109 and Motor Torpedo Boat PT-59 during World War II in the South Pacific , Kennedy represented Massachusetts's 11th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1947 to 1953 as a Democrat . Thereafter, he served in the U.S. Senate from 1953 until 1960. Kennedy defeated then Vice President and Republican candidate Richard Nixon in the 1960 U.S. presidential election , one of the closest in American history. He was the second-youngest President (after Theodore Roosevelt ), the first President born in the 20th century, and the youngest elected to the office, at the age of 43. [3] [4] Kennedy is the only Catholic , and the first Irish American , president, and is the only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize . [5] Events during his presidency included the Bay of Pigs Invasion , the Cuban Missile Crisis , the building of the Berlin Wall , the Space Race , the African American Civil Rights Movement and early stages of the Vietnam War .", "After King’s funeral, McCarthy, unopposed, won a preferential primary but no delegates in Pennsylvania. However, he took all the delegates in the Massachusetts primary. The upset Republican winner in Massachusetts was Rockefeller, for whom a hasty write-in campaign had been contrived. Rockefeller beat Gov. John Volpe, who was on the ballot, and Richard Nixon, who was not, and reversed his decision not to run.", "As President, Ford signed the Helsinki Accords, marking a move toward detente in the Cold War. With the conquest of South Vietnam by North Vietnam nine months into his presidency, U.S. involvement in Vietnam essentially ended. Domestically, Ford presided over what was then the worst economy since the Great Depression, with growing inflation and a recession during his tenure. One of his more controversial acts was to grant a presidential pardon to President Richard Nixon for his role in the Watergate scandal. During Ford's incumbency, foreign policy was characterized in procedural terms by the increased role Congress began to play, and by the corresponding curb on the powers of the President. In 1976, Ford narrowly defeated Ronald Reagan for the Republican nomination, but ultimately lost the presidential election to Democrat Jimmy Carter.", "As President, Ford signed the Helsinki Accords, marking a move toward détente in the Cold War. With the conquest of South Vietnam by North Vietnam nine months into his presidency, U.S. involvement in Vietnam essentially ended. Domestically, Ford presided over the worst economy in the four decades since the Great Depression, with growing inflation and a recession during his tenure. One of his more controversial acts was to grant a presidential pardon to President Richard Nixon for his role in the Watergate scandal. During Ford's presidency, foreign policy was characterized in procedural terms by the increased role Congress began to play, and by the corresponding curb on the powers of the President. In the GOP presidential primary campaign of 1976, Ford defeated then-former California Governor Ronald Reagan for the Republican nomination. He narrowly lost the presidential election to the Democratic challenger, then-former Georgia Governor Jimmy Carter, on November 2.", "As President, Ford signed the Helsinki Accords, marking a move toward détente in the Cold War. Compared with his predecessors, Ford's policies were less directed towards intervention in Vietnamese affairs. Domestically, the economy suffered from inflation and a recession during his tenure. One of his more controversial decisions was granting a presidential pardon to President Richard Nixon for his role in the Watergate scandal. In 1976, Ford narrowly defeated Ronald Reagan for the Republican nomination, but ultimately lost the presidential election to Democrat Jimmy Carter by a small margin.", "He is a Senator from Massachusetts and the last of the Kennedy brothers. In 1979, he said that he was going to challenge Carter for the Presidency, but an incident back in '69 with a car crash, handicapped his decision.", "June 19 - U.S. Senator Edward Kennedy, 32, is seriously injured in a private plane crash at Southampton, Massachusetts; the pilot is killed.", "On December 18, 1972, a few weeks after the election, Biden's wife and one-year-old daughter Naomi were killed in an automobile accident while Christmas shopping in Hockessin, Delaware. Neilia Biden's station wagon was hit by a tractor-trailer as she pulled out from an intersection; the truck driver was cleared of any wrongdoing. Biden's sons Beau and Hunter survived the accident and were taken to the hospital in fair condition, Beau with a broken leg and other wounds, and Hunter with a minor skull fracture and other head injuries. Doctors soon said both would make full recoveries. Biden considered resigning to care for them, but was persuaded not to by Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield. ", "John F. Kennedy, Jr. and wife, Carolyn Bessette Kennedy died in a plane crash off of Martha's Vineyard as Kennedy was piloting a Piper Saratoga II HP en route to a family wedding. The NTSB attributed pilot-error as the cause of the crash.", "June 19 - U.S. Senator Edward Kennedy , 32, is seriously injured in a private plane crash at Southampton, Massachusetts; the pilot is killed.", "June 19 – U.S. Senator Edward Kennedy , 32, is seriously injured in a private plane crash at Southampton, Massachusetts; the pilot is killed." ]

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[ "Conrad Hotels is an international brand of upscale luxury hotels and resorts owned and operated by the Hilton Worldwide. Conrad was considered the luxury flagship brand in the Hilton Family of Brands, named after company founder Conrad Hilton, until being supplanted by the The Waldorf-Astoria Collection in 2006.", "Hilton – operates the Hilton, Conrad, Doubletree, Embassy Suites, Hilton Garden Inn, Hampton, Homewood Suites, Home2 Suites, and Waldorf Astoria properties", "Conrad Nicholson Hilton was an American hotelier and the founder of the Hilton Hotels chain. Hilton bought his first property, the Mobley Hotel, in 1919 in Cisco, Texas. As of 2010, there were over 530 Hilton branded hotels across the world in 78 countries across six continents.", "Conrad Hilton, founder of Hilton Hotels, bought his first hotel in 1919—The Mobley, in Cisco, Texas—then acquired a number of other Texas hotels over the next few years. In 1943, Hilton became the first coast-to-coast hotel company after it acquired the Plaza and the Roosevelt in New York City (the first hotel to have TVs in guest rooms). Today, Hilton has more than 540 hotels and resorts in 78 countries, including the famed Waldorf Astoria, which is an official New York City landmark. *Statistical tie with another brand", "The Luxury Brand of Hilton Worldwide, Waldorf Astoria Hotels & Resorts is launched with four iconic properties: La Quinta, Grand Wailea, the Arizona Biltmore and the New York Property. Today, the luxury Brand expands internationally with over 25 hotels open in major international city hubs.", "Paris Whitney Hilton (born February 17, 1981) is an American businesswoman, socialite, television personality, model, actress, singer, DJ, and author. She is the great-granddaughter of Conrad Hilton, the founder of Hilton Hotels. Born in New York City and raised there and in Beverly Hills, California, Hilton began her modeling career as a teenager when she signed with real estate magnet Donald Trump's modelling development agency, Trump Model Management. Her lifestyle and rumored short-lived relationships made her a feature of entertainment news and tabloid magazines, and Hilton was proclaimed \"New York's leading It girl\" in 2001. In 2003, a sex tape with Hilton and her then-boyfriend Rick Salomon, later released as 1 Night in Paris, was leaked to the public. Released only three weeks before the premiere of the reality television series The Simple Life, in which she starred alongside her long-time friend Nicole Richie, the sex tape became a media sensation.", "Marriott has its Autograph Collection, Hilton has its Curio Collection, Starwood has its Tribute Portfolio, and now Hyatt has created its own similar brand of affiliated but independent hotels that will participate in the Hyatt reservations system and loyalty program. It’s called The Unbound Collection by Hyatt . The company said the new group will feature “upper-upscale and luxury properties,” both existing and new, and will include “historic urban gems, contemporary trend-setters, boutique hotels, resorts, and more.” The first properties to join The Unbound Collection are The Driskill Hotel in Austin, Hotel du Louvre in Paris, the Carmelo Resort in Carmelo, Uruguay; and the Coco Palms Resort in Kauai.", "* Founded in 1919 by Conrad Hilton. Hilton bought his first property, the Mobley Hotel, in 1919 in Cisco, Texas.[http://www.hiltonfoundation.org/main.asp?id=51 Conrad N. Hilton Foundation v1.0].", "Hilton was born in New York City. Her mother, Kathy Hilton (née Kathleen Elizabeth Avanzino), is a socialite and former actress; her father, Richard Howard \"Rick\" Hilton, is a businessman. Hilton is the oldest of four children; she has one sister, Nicholai Olivia \"Nicky\" Hilton (born 1983), and two brothers: Barron Nicholas Hilton II (born 1989) and Conrad Hughes Hilton III (born 1994). Her paternal great-grandfather was Conrad Hilton, who founded Hilton Hotels. Hilton has Norwegian, German, Italian, English, Irish, and Scottish ancestry. She moved frequently in her youth, living in a suite in the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in Manhattan, Beverly Hills and the Hamptons. As a child she was friends with other socialites, including Nicole Richie and Kim Kardashian.", "The company operates and franchises hotels and licenses vacation ownership resorts under 17 brands, including: Marriott Hotels & Resorts, The Ritz-Carlton, JW Marriott, Bulgari, EDITION, Renaissance, Autograph Collection, AC Hotels by Marriott, Courtyard, Fairfield Inn & Suites, SpringHill Suites, Residence Inn, TownePlace Suites, Marriott Executive Apartments, Marriott Vacation Club, Grand Residences by Marriott, and The Ritz-Carlton Destination Club. ", "InterContinental is a brand of upscale luxury hotels, founded by Pan Am, under Juan Trippe, and now owned by InterContinental Hotels Group. The chain operates over 200 hotels and resorts in approximately 75 nations.", "The Waldorf refers to the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. Originally, it was two hotels. The Waldorf opened in 1893 at Fifth Avenue and 33rd Street in Manhattan. A rival member of the Astor family built the Astoria Hotel across 34th Street in 1897. The two hotels were united in 1897, and renamed the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. It was the largest hotel in the world at one time, and became a major social center in New York. This hotel was demolished in 1928, to build the Empire State Building on the site, and a new hotel, the Waldorf=Astoria Hotel [with a double hyphen] was opened in 1931 at 301 Park Avenue. Conrad Hilton acquired management of the hotel in 1949. In 2008, the double hyphen was dropped, and the hotel became the Waldorf Astoria New York. The hotel contains the United States Embassy to the United Nations. Hilton built the Beverly Hilton hotel in 1959. It is now being renovated, and next to it is being built the new Waldorf Astoria Beverly Hills hotel, which plans to open in 2017.", "Discover the unique history of the legendary Waldorf Astoria New York—the hotel which Conrad Hilton labeled ‘The Greatest of Them All’. Explore the traditions, legacy and iconic status of a hotel that has welcomed every US President since Herbert Hoover.", "In 1946 he had organized his holdings into the Hilton Hotel Corp. He became renowned in the hotel business for his financial and management acumen, being able to turn every conceivable space in his hotels to profitable use. He bought and/or built luxurious resort hotels around the world, and in 1954 he acquired a majority interest in the rival Statler Hotel chain. In 1966 he decided to retire and turned over the running of his company--which owned more than 60 hotels in the US alone--to his son, Barron Hilton .", "That wealth includes $1.2 billion Barron Hilton stands to earn from both the recent sale of Hilton Hotels Corp. -- started by his father Conrad in 1919 when he bought a small hotel in Cisco, Texas -- and pending sale of the world's biggest casino company, Harrah's Entertainment Inc.", "Another new AC Hotel was set to open this summer in Miami Beach. The hotel chain was originally named for its founder Spanish hotelier Antonio Catalan, before Marriott acquired it.", "The first of her many marriages was at just 18 to the heir to the Hilton hotel empire. Conrad Hilton (the great-uncle of Paris Hilton) was a socialite, playboy, gambler and businessman -- he would go on to head TWA. The union was brief and tumultuous: Hilton, an alcoholic, was physically and emotionally abusive to Taylor.", "* The first hotel to bear the Hilton name was the Dallas Hilton, a high-rise that opened in Dallas, Texas in 1925. ", "Conrad Nicholson Hilton, Jr., known as Nicky, was an American socialite and heir of the Hilton Hotels chain, a business executive and TWA director.", "The hotel was developed by Peter Kalikow at a cost of $200 million, and opened in September 1992. [1] Soon after opening the hotel, Kalikow went into bankruptcy and was forced to sell the hotel. It was bought in June 1994 by CDL Hotels from Kalikow Fulton Church Realty for $75 million. [2] At that time, Hilton began managing the property.", "Exclusive hotels and gated residential communities are found in the Corridor. Many of the properties have become havens to Hollywood stars, Fortune 500 CEOs, and even the US President during the 2002 Asia-Pacific Economic Conference (APEC). High-end resorts in the Corridor include the One&Only Palmilla, Esperanza, Fiesta Americana Grand, and Las Ventanas.", "The name \"Shangri-la\" probably is derived from the Tibetan phrase meaning \"Pass in the Shang Mountains.\" Hilton may have been inspired also by the name of the Tibetan Buddhist paradise, Shamballa or Shambhala, in naming his own high mountain utopia.", "Club Méditerranée, commonly known as Club Med, is a French corporation of vacation resorts found in many parts of the world, usually in exotic locations. It is seen by many as having started the all-inclusive resort concept (although Frenchman's Cove Resort in Portland, Jamaica is regarded as the world's first all-inclusive resort).", "A multi-millionaire with his own West End nightclub favoured by royals and celebrities alike, he also owned two hotels, luxury homes in Hampstead and Henley-on-Thames and a 12-bedroom chateau in the South of France.", "The Waldorf Astoria New York has always been known for elegance and service, and that hasn’t changed. For Michael Taylor, president and CEO of Illinois-based M. J. Taylor & Company, whose clients include the American Football Coaches Foundation, the Waldorf is an exquisite venue — one he returns to time and again.", "Las Vegas entrepreneurs, realizing that not every visitor likes staying in a hotel with 2,000 to 3,000 rooms, purchased smaller neglected properties and spent tens of millions of dollars transforming them into boutique hotels. The first boutique hotel, an independent property, was the Cromwell, a $186-million renovation of the Barbary Coast. Amenities at this 188-room hotel include an 11th floor roof top swimming pool and a 260-seat Italian restaurant run by celebrity chef Giada De Laurentiis. The property provides a free breakfast buffet in the casino bar every morning which includes freshly squeezed juice, an oatmeal bar with a lot of add-ins, and a station preparing made-to-order omelets.", "He flew her to Las Vegas in March 2013 and gave her and her entourage two suites at one of the city’s top hotels, the Venetian.", "By the turn of the 20th century, many of the nation's wealthiest families were summering in Newport, including the Vanderbilts, Astors, and the Widener family, who constructed the largest \"cottages\", such as The Breakers (1895) and Miramar. They resided for a brief social season in grand, gilded mansions with elaborate receiving, dining, music and ballrooms, but with few bedrooms, since the guests were expected to have \"cottages\" of their own. Many of the homes were designed by the New York architect Richard Morris Hunt, who himself kept a house in Newport.", "The Costa Smeralda is the yacht capital of the island. In the 1960s, wealthy vacationers led by billionaire Karim Aga Khan bought swaths of land from local farmers for $25,000 apiece and built their own resort hub. They named it Costa Smeralda, or the Emerald Coast, after the sparkling blue-green sea.", "\"The man had no season. He was unique and he was magic to our (gaming and tourism) industry,\" the Hilton executive stated.", "Flagler completed the 1150-room Royal Poinciana Hotel on the shores of Lake Worth in Palm Beach and extended his railroad to West Palm Beach by 1894. The Royal Poinciana Hotel was at the time the largest wooden structure in the world. Two years later, Flagler built the Palm Beach Inn (renamed The Breakers in 1901) overlooking the Atlantic Ocean in Palm Beach.", "International designer brand boutiques are located off the lobby. A fleet of 14 Rolls-Royce limousines is available for luxurious airport transfers, and 2 MINI Cooper S Clubmen reflect the legendary hotel's youthful spirit, while the hotel's own helicopter service provides the ultimate in speed and style." ]

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[ "\"To Infinity and Beyond!\" is Buzz Lightyear 's famous catchphrase in the films Toy Story , Toy Story 2 , and Toy Story 3 , and the TV series Buzz Lightyear of Star Command . The phrase is not only said by Buzz, but is also said or referenced by other characters, notably Woody .", "Buzz Lightyear is a fictional character in the Toy Story franchise. He is a toy space ranger hero according to the movies and action figure in the Toy Story franchise. Along with Woody, he is one of the two lead characters in all three Toy Story movies. He also appeared in the movie Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Adventure Begins and the television series spin-off Buzz Lightyear of Star Command, as well as the two film sequels. His often repeated catchphrase is \"To infinity... and beyond!\" which is a variation of the line \"Beyond the infinite\" that appears as a title card in Stanley Kubrick's 1968 film 2001: A Space Odyssey as \"JUPITER AND BEYOND THE INFINITE\". ", "Buzz is a toy space ranger hero according to the movies and action figure in the Toy Story franchise. Along with Woody, he is one of the two lead characters in all three Toy Story movies. He also appeared in the movie Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Adventure Begins and the television series spin-off Buzz Lightyear of Star Command, as well as the two film sequels. His often repeated catchphrase is \"To infinity... and beyond!\"", "week of 1/2/00: To infinity and beyond! - Buzz Lightyear (voice of Tim Allen), from Disney's 'Toy Story.'", "Buzz Lightyear's classic line \"To Infinity and Beyond\" has seen usage not only on themed merchandise, but among philosophers and mathematical theorists as well. In 2008, during STS-124 astronauts took an action figure of Buzz Lightyear into space on the Discovery Space Shuttle as part of an educational experience for students while stressing the catchphrase. The action figure was used for experiments in zero-g. It was reported in 2008 that a father and son had continually repeated the phrase to help them keep track of each other while treading water for 15 hours in the Atlantic Ocean. The phrase occurs in the lyrics of Beyoncé's 2008 song \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", during the bridge.", "Toy Story is a 1995 American computer-animated buddy-comedy adventure film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. Directed by John Lasseter, Toy Story was the first feature-length computer-animated film and the first theatrical film produced by Pixar. Toy Story follows a group of anthropomorphic toys who pretend to be lifeless whenever humans are present, and focuses on the relationship between Woody, a pullstring cowboy doll (voiced by Tom Hanks), and Buzz Lightyear, an astronaut action figure (voiced by Tim Allen). The film was written by John Lasseter, Andrew Stanton, Joel Cohen, Alec Sokolow, and Joss Whedon, and featured music by Randy Newman. Its executive producers were Steve Jobs and Edwin Catmull.", "* Toy Story Character Greetings are located at almost all Disney Parks. Three of the main characters, Buzz Lightyear, Woody and Jessie are normally the characters you would meet. Sometimes you can even meet Bullseye, the Green Army Men and Mr. Potato Head.", "Toy Story 2 , the 2nd film in the franchise, was released in theatres November 24th 1999. John Lasseter reprises his role as director. Toy Story 2 was not originally intended for release in theaters, but as a direct-to-video sequel to the original Toy Story, with a 60-minute running time. However, Disney's executives saw how impressive the in-work imagery for the sequel was, and due to pressure from the main characters' voice actors Tom Hanks and Tim Allen, they decided to convert Toy Story 2 into a theatrical film. The plot involves Woody getting stolen by a greedy toy collector named Al McWhiggin (Wayne Knight) and Buzz, Rex (Wallace Shawn), Mr. Potato Head (Don Rickles), Hamm the piggy bank (John Ratzenberger) and Slinky Dog (Jim Varney) go around the Tri-County Area to save him. It turned out to be an even greater success than the original Toy Story, grossing over $485 million worldwide. Is also introduced new characters like Jessie the Cowgirl (Joan Cusack), Bullseye the horse , The Evil Emperor Zurg (Andrew Stanton) and Mr. Potato’s Head wife, Mrs. Potato Head (Estelle Harris). The film was then re-released in Disney Digital 3-D as part of a double feature, along with Toy Story, on October 2nd 2009.", "Woody is the protagonist in Disney/Pixar's 1995 hit film Toy Story and its sequels, alongside Buzz Lightyear . In the film series, he is voiced by Tom Hanks. He is a cowboy doll (although the preferred term is \"action figure\") who belongs to a boy named Andy (and later Bonnie). Within the universe of the Toy Story films, Woody is a toy based on a character of the same name from a 1950s children's TV series called Woody's Roundup. He reunites with the other toys in the series again in Toy Story 2 .", "Buzz Lightyear. The space-ranger toy in the film “Toy Story” (1995). Tim Allen is the voice of ", "The Buzz Lightyear character in Toy Story is named after US astronaut Buzz Aldrin, and Yogi Bear was named after Yogi Berra, the baseball player.", "Four years later, Toy Story was followed by a sequel titled Toy Story 2 which was released in theaters on November 24, 1999 . Eleven more later, Toy Story was followed by a second sequel titled Toy Story 3 which was released in theatres and 3D on June 18, 2010 . Tom Hanks , Tim Allen , Wallace Shawn , John Ratzenberger , Don Rickles , John Morris , Laurie Metcalf , R. Lee Ermey and Jeff Pidgeon reprise their roles of their characters in both sequels. Annie Potts and Jim Varney also reprised their roles of Bo Peep and Slinky Dog in TS2, although in TS3, Bo was written out of the story (although she made a brief cameo during opening of TS3). As for Slinky Dog, because of Jim Varney's death one year after the release of TS2, he was voiced by Blake Clark in TS3. It was announced in November 2014 that Pixar is working on a third sequel, Toy Story 4 , set to be released in theaters in the Summer of 2019.", "Toy Story's first sequel, Toy Story 2 was released in theaters November 24th sequel and saw the return of the majority of the voice cast from the original movie. Toy Story 2 focuses on Woody being stolen at a yard sale by a man named Al McWhiggin (played by former Seinfeld star Wayne Knight ), who plans to sell him to japan and Buzz leading Rex, Slinky, Hamm and Mr. Potato Head on a mission to recuse him. The film was even better received than the original by critics, earning a rare 100% approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes, based on 125 reviews. At Metacritic, the film earned a favorable rating of 88/100 based on 34 reviews. The film's widest release was 3,257 theaters and it grossed $485,015,179 worldwide, becoming the second-most successful animated film after The Lion King at the time of its release.", "Toy Story, the first film in the franchise, was released on November 22, 1995. It was the first feature-length film created entirely by CGI and was directed by John Lasseter . The plot involves Andy getting a new Buzz Lightyear toy, and Woody thinking that he has been replaced as Andy's favorite toy. As a result of Woody's jealousy, he tries to knock Buzz behind a table, but accidentally knocks him out the window. Determined to set things right, Woody attempts to save Buzz, and both try to escape from the house of the next-door neighbor Sid Phillips, who likes to torture and destroy toys. The film was critically and financially successful, grossing over $361 million worldwide. The film was later re-released in Disney Digital 3-D as part of a double feature, along with Toy Story 2, for a 2-week run, which was later extended due to its financial success.", "Toy Story's second sequel, Toy Story 3 was released in theaters June 18th, 2010. The film centered on the toys being left at a day-care center after Andy goes to college. Again the majority of the cast from the prior two films will return to voice their respective characters, all except Jim Varney and Annie Potts who played Slinky Dog and Bo Peep. Varney had died in 2000 and Potts's character was written out of the story. So Blake Clark took over the role of Slinky while Bo made a silent cameo. Unlike the first two films, it was released in 3-D (although the first two films have been re-released in 3-D on October 2, 2009, as a double feature). The film would be the #1 animated film worldwide all-time, but #2 in the U.S, behind Shrek 2 with $415 million to Shrek 2's $441.2 million.", "Toy Story was the very first feature-length computer animated film. In this movie, a toy named Woody is scared he'll be replaced by a new space ranger toy, who was delusional and thought he was a real space ranger. Originally, the character called Buzz was fully aware of the fact that he was a toy. Instead of being a military-like space ranger, he was an easy-going and happy toy who only wanted to impress his owner Andy. The songs were written by Randy Newman, who would write the songs for the next two sequels for Toy Story as well. \"You've Got a Friend In Me\" became a staple in many children's lives.", "Sheriff Woody Pride, or simply Woody, is one of the main protagonists of the Toy Story franchise. Woody is an old-fashioned pull-string cowboy doll. The voice-box that is activated by the pull-string says many simple phrases, such as, \"Reach for the sky!\", \"You're my favorite deputy!\" and \"There's a snake in my boot!\". As mentioned in Toy Story 2, his construction includes an originally hand-painted face, natural dyed-blanket stitched vest, and hand-stitched poly-vinyl hat. Woody wears an empty gun holster at his belt. He is Andy's favorite toy since kindergarten, with a special spot in the bed and is the leader of the toys in Andy's room. He is voiced by Tom Hanks in the movies and Jim Hanks (Tom Hanks' little brother) in most other media.", "Realizing that Tinny wasn't a well-thought out enough character for Toy Story, John Lasseter changed him to a military-like figure, a space ranger. This character was called Lunar Larry but later his name would be changed to Tempus the Morph and eventually Buzz Lightyear. Lasseter didn't want to do a Disney fairytale with songs, he wanted to do a buddy film. So John Lasseter created a ventriloquist dummy known as Woody. He would later become a stuffed cowboy doll.", "* The name of the Toy Story character Buzz Lightyear was inspired by Buzz Aldrin. Aldrin acknowledged the tribute when he pulled a Buzz Lightyear doll out during a speech at NASA, to rapturous cheer, a clip of which can be found on the Toy Story 10th Anniversary DVD. ", "Jessie the Yodeling Cowgirl, better known as Jessie, is one of the Toy Story characters introduced in Toy Story 2 . She is the deuteragonist of both Toy Story 2 and Toy Story 3 , and the protagonist of  Toy Story of Terror! . ", "In a world where toys are living things who pretend to be lifeless when their owners are present, a group of toys owned by a six-year-old boy, Andy Davis (John Morris), are caught off-guard when Andy's birthday party is moved up a week, as Andy, his single mother (Laurie Metcalf) and infant sister Molly are preparing to move the following week. The toys' leader and Andy's favorite toy, an old fashioned cowboy doll named Sheriff Woody (Tom Hanks) organizes the other toys, including Bo Peep the shepherdess (Annie Potts), Mr. Potato Head (Don Rickles), Rex the Dinosaur (Wallace Shawn), Hamm the Piggy Bank (John Ratzenberger) and Slinky Dog (Jim Varney), into a scouting mission. Green army men, led by Sarge (R. Lee Ermey), spy on the party and report the results to the others via baby monitors. The toys are relieved when the party appears to end with none of them having been replaced, but then Andy receives a surprise gift – an electronic toy space ranger action figure named Buzz Lightyear (Tim Allen), who believes that he is an actual space ranger.", "Erik von Detten as Sid Phillips (Toy Story) (young from the first film and adult from the third film in cameo) (archive)", "Teddy Newton as Chatter Telephone (Toy Story 3)/Mini Buzz Lightyear (Toy Story Toons: Small Fry) (archive)", "Toy Story 2: One of the announcements at the airport calls for a \"LassetAir Flight A113,\" also referencing John Lasseter. Appears again on Ms. Davis' license plate.", "The truck Lotso ends up reads \"KRUMM\". This same word was on Al McWhiggin 's suitcase in Toy Story 2.", "Toy Story and its sequels have inspired multiple attractions at the theme parks of Walt Disney World , Disneyland , Hong Kong Disneyland , Tokyo Disneyland and Disneyland Paris :", "The world that Toy Story inhabits, where toys have secret lives unbeknownst to their owners, is quite marvelous. The film is not simply about about anthropomorphic, plastic toys. The film delves deep into the existential nature of toys. The wondrous thing about the film is that the toys want to be played with, and want to love and be loved by their owner.", "Toy Story has spawned two sequels: Toy Story 2 (1999) and Toy Story 3 (2010). Initially, the first sequel to Toy Story was going to be a direct-to-video release, with development beginning in 1996. However, after the cast from Toy Story returned and the story was considered to be better than that of a direct-to-video release, it was announced in 1998 that the sequel would see a theatrical release.", "What about Toy Story. That movie was amazing when it first came out and is still today.", "The song \"You've Got a Friend in Me\" is from what popular Disney movie? Toy Story", "Look for more Toy Story figures, games and accessories to recreate your favorite adventures from the hit film (additional products sold separately)", "3D computer animation certainly would have caught on eventually, but John Lasseter & Co. stormed onto the scene with one of the most beloved films of the last decade, wowing audiences and showing the world what was possible with the aid of computer animation. Toy Story's incredible success spurred an eventual frenzy of 3D animation that never really tapered off.  The format remains as popular today as it was ten years ago, and doesn't appear to be losing steam." ]

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[ "Margaret Munnerlyn Mitchell was an American author, who won the Pulitzer Prize in 1937 for her epic novel Gone with the Wind, her only major publication. This novel is one of the most popular books of all time, selling more than 30 million copies. The film adaptation of it, released in 1939, became the highest-grossing film in the history of Hollywood, and it received a record-breaking ten Academy Awards (a record since eclipsed by Ben Hur, The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, and Titanic with eleven wins each).", "May 3, 1937 - Margaret Mitchell's novel, Gone With the Wind, won Pulitzer Prize; one of best-selling novels of all time; sold 1 million copies within 6 months, more than 12 million copies during next three decades. ", "Gone with the Wind is a novel written by Margaret Mitchell, first published in 1936. The story is set in Clayton County, Georgia, and Atlanta during the American Civil War and Reconstruction. It depicts the experiences of Scarlett O'Hara, the spoiled daughter of a well-to-do plantation owner, who must use every means at her disposal to come out of the poverty she finds herself in after Sherman's \"March to the Sea\". Margaret Mitchell was often asked what became of her lovers, Rhett and Scarlett, after the novel ended. She did not know, and said, \"For all I know, Rhett may have found someone else who was less difficult.\" Mitchell received the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for the book in 1937. The book was adapted into a 1939 American film. Gone with the Wind is the only novel by Mitchell published during her lifetime.", "When it appeared in 1937, Margaret Mitchell’s sole novel, Gone with the Wind, was a publishing sensation, selling one million copies in its first six months  and winning its author that year’s Pulitzer Prize for the Novel, as the fiction category was then known. The book would sell even more copies after the movie version, starring Vivien Leigh and Clark Gable, appeared in 1939 and won its own spate of highest honors, among them Academy Awards for Leigh as Best Actress for her portrayal of Southern belle Scarlett O’Hara; for Victor Fleming as Best Director; and for Selznick International Pictures and Metro-Goldwyn Mayer as the Best Film of the Year. The Academy also broke new ground by nominating, for the first time, and awarding the Oscar to an African American, actress Hattie McDaniel, who reprised Mitchell’s novel’s “Mammy,” who was not just a character in the novel and film but a social archetype and offensive stereotype, with deep roots in the white Southern and broader American racist imaginary. That stereotype, it cannot be emphasized enough, still resonates today.", "3. Margaret Mitchell – Mitchell’s epic Gone with the Wind is one of the best-selling novels of all time. She won the Pulitzer Prize in 1937 and the film adaptation became the highest-grossing film in Hollywood history. Raised in Georgia amongst the relics of fashionable, genteel women, it shouldn’t be too surprising that the woman who created Scarlett O’Hara had serious style — even in black and white.", "May 3, 2010 marks the 73rd Anniversary of Margaret Mitchell’s Gone With The Wind winning the Pulitzer Prize in the same category. Mitchell’s book, published by Macmillan in 1936, topped the list of 1937 Pulitzer winners under the “Letters, Drama, and Music” category. It won “Best Novel” and You Can’t Take It With You by Moss Hart and George S. Kaufman won for “Best Drama.”  That same year, under the Journalism “Public Service” category the St. Louis Post-Dispatch Newspaper won for its exposure of wholesale fraudulent voter registration in St. Louis. It is fitting that the Post won, as the award is named for the original owner of the newspaper.", "Gone With the Wind , a story of the Civil War South (from Margaret Mitchell's best-selling Pulitzer Prize-winning novel) told by following the story of a tempestuous, headstrong Southern heroine from the O'Hara family who was married three times and carried on an unconsummated love relationship with a Southern gentleman from the Wilkes family. It was the first Best Picture-winning film that was a Pulitzer Prize-winning novel (the second was All the King's Men (1949) ).", "Journalist Margaret Mitchell wrote Gone with the Wind, her first and only novel published during her lifetime, over 10 years in secret, while convalescing from a riding injury — refusing to show the manuscript to anyone except her husband because she thought it was \"lousy\". When it was finally published it was an overnight sensation, winning Mitchell the Pulitzer prize. The 1939 epic starring Vivien Leigh and Clark Gable was the highest grossing film in the history of Hollywood and sealed its fate as one of the most popular love stories of all time (the film was responsible for the famous \"frankly\"). It has, apparently, sold more copies than any book since, apart from the Bible. LA", "Katie Scarlett O'Hara is a fictional character and the protagonist in Margaret Mitchell's 1936 novel Gone with the Wind and in the later film of the same name. She also is the main character in the 1970 musical Scarlett and the 1991 book Scarlett, a sequel to Gone with the Wind that was written by Alexandra Ripley and adapted for a television mini-series in 1994. During early drafts of the original novel, Mitchell referred to her heroine as \"Pansy\", and did not decide on the name \"Scarlett\" until just before the novel went to print. ", "Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ is a novel by Lew Wallace published by Harper & Brothers on November 12, 1880, and considered \"the most influential Christian book of the nineteenth century\". It became a best-selling American novel, surpassing Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) in sales. The book also inspired other novels with biblical settings and was adapted for the stage and motion picture productions. Ben-Hur remained at the top of the bestseller lists until the publication of Margaret Mitchell's Gone with the Wind (1936). The 1959 MGM film adaptation of Ben-Hur was seen by tens of millions and won eleven Academy Awards in 1960, after which the book's sales increased and it surpassed Gone with the Wind. The novel was blessed by Pope Leo XIII, the first work of fiction to be so honored. The success of the novel and its stage and film adaptations also helped it to become a popular cultural icon that was used to promote numerous commercial products.", "The classic film \"Gone With the Wind\" has its debut in Atlanta, Georgia on December 15th of 1939. The film starred Vivian Leigh and Clark Gable and the film was based on Margaret Mitchell's 1936 novel of the same name. It was about the American South before and during the Civil War. The film won eight Academy Awards, including a win for Hattie McDaniel as the Best Supporting Actress making her the first African-American actor to be nominated for and win an Oscar. The film was directed by Victor Fleming. He was also the director of \"The Wizard of Oz,\" another iconic film that had also been released in 1939.", "On December 15, 1939, Atlanta hosted the film premiere of Gone with the Wind, the epic film based on the best-selling novel by Atlanta's Margaret Mitchell. The film's legendary producer, David O. Selznick, as well as the film's stars Clark Gable, Vivien Leigh, and Olivia de Havilland attended the gala event at Loew's Grand Theatre, but Oscar winner Hattie McDaniel, an African American, was barred from the event due to racial segregation laws and policies. ", "Rhett was doing local theater productions when she was spotted for a role in the 1939 classic \"Gone With the Wind,\" a film based on Margaret Mitchell's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel.", "Gone With the Wind (1936) by Margaret Mitchell (Banned in Anaheim, California for its depiction of the behavior of Scarlett O'Hara and the freed slaves in the novel. \"Uses the", "-'Gone With The Wind' stayed the #1 best selling book in America for 2 whole years (1936-1937) The sequel, published in 1991, 'Scarlett,' (by Alexandra Ripley) was the #1 best selling book in the country for one year, even though it got some nasty reviews from critics. ", "Recent historical studies of the Civil Rights Movement have focused on the idyllic portrayal (epitomised in the opening credits) of the Civil War-era South in the film. Professor D J Reynolds wrote that \"The white women are elegant, their menfolk noble or at least dashing. And, in the background, the black slaves are mostly dutiful and content, clearly incapable of an independent existence.\" Reynolds likened Gone With The Wind to Birth of a Nation (based on The Clansman ) and other re-imaginings of the South during the era of segregation, in which white Southerners are portrayed as defending traditional values and the issue of slavery is largely ignored. Hattie McDaniel 's performance (for which she became the first black American to win an Oscar ) and Butterfly McQueen 's have been described as stereotypes of a 'black Mammy ' and a child-like black slave (in the novel, the character of Prissy was twelve years old, but played in the film by an adult). Malcolm X recalled that \"when Butterfly McQueen went into her act, I felt like crawling under the rug.\" [38]", "“She was just the dearest lady,” said Ann Rutherford, who played Carreen O’Hara (Scarlett O’Hara’s sister) and got to meet her during the Atlanta premiere of the movie. The movie was an instant success because the book had been such a best-seller. In only the first six months Gone With The Wind sold over a million copies. Imagine that: a million copies, with no large chain bookstores, no Amazon.com or other online book sources, and no Oprah or other television shows to promote it.", "This is the iconic final line of the book  Gone with the Wind . It's also the final line of the film adaptation (directed by Victor Fleming, 1939) spoken by Scarlett O'Hara, played by Vivien Leigh.", "Item Description: 1936. Hardcover. Book Condition: Very Good. 1st Edition. New York, NY 1936. 1037 pages. First Edition, �Published May 1936� on copyright page, first printing of first edition, in first printing dust jacket. In Tall Cotton #125. Pulitzer Prize winner in 1937. �The book that lives on and on.� � In Tall Cotton. First edition in dust jacket, interior clean and tight, former owner�s name on front fly, jacket soiled with some chips and a mended tear to front panel, in custom clamshell box with red leather spine label stamped in gold. Plus 1936 24-page pamphlet issued by MacMillan providing illustrations and biographical information on Mitchell and her books in response to the astronomical sales of this title, 700,000 copies by October. The pamphlet offers Gone With The Wind at the initial price of $3. The pamphlet has an illustrated frontis photograph of Mitchell. The pamphlet is uncommon. Bookseller Inventory # ABE-18667191287", "The book includes a vivid description of the fall of Atlanta in 1864 and the devastation of war (some of that aspect was missing from the 1939 film). The novel showed considerable historical research. According to her biography, Mitchell herself was ten years old before she learned that the South had lost the war. Mitchell's sweeping narrative of war and loss helped the book win the Pulitzer Prize on May 3, 1937.", "In another instance of the precarious nature of the Pulitzer Prize for Novel in public opinion, they could do no right. Despite the popularity of Mitchell’s novel in the public, John Hohenberg writes that “the critical buffeting of Gone With the Wind as a best-selling Pulitzer selection was strong and merciless.” Hohenberg goes on to state that, despite the critical response to the selection, the continued popularity and interest in the novel even decades later makes Gone With the Wind “an eminently defensible choice.”", "The best-actress honors of 1939 went to England's own Vivien Leigh, who famously played a Southerner in \"Gone With the Wind.\" Twelve years later, she would win her second best-actress Oscar as Tennessee Williams' tragic Southern heroine Blanche in \"A Streetcar Named Desire.\"", "Widely considered The Great American Novel, and often remembered for its epic film version, Gone With the Wind explores the depth of human passions with an intensity as bold as its setting in the red hills of Georgia. A superb piece of storytelling, it vividly depicts the drama of the Civil War and Reconstruction.", "Vivien Leigh (1940) – Vivien Leigh accepts her Oscar in 1940 for her performance in \"Gone With the Wind.\"", "Written from the perspective of the slaveholder, Gone with the Wind is Southern plantation fiction. Its portrayal of slavery and African Americans is controversial, as well as its use of a racial epithet and ethnic slurs. However, the novel has become a reference point for subsequent writers about the South, both black and white. Scholars at American universities refer to it in their writings, interpret and study it. The novel has been absorbed into American popular culture.", "Which character is the lead heroine in \"Gone With The Wind\" - she was played by Vivienne Leigh in the 1938 film?", "Gone With The Wind was significant. She was the first African-American Oscar nominee and winner - and she was the first black guest to attend the awards ceremony. However, she was relegated to a seat at the back of the Cocoanut Grove, away from her colleagues on the film.", "Was the first African-American to win an Academy Award. She won as Best Actress in a Supporting Role for her role of Mammy in Gone with the Wind (1939). She became the first African-American to attend the Academy Awards as a guest, not a servant.", "The first printing of 10,000 copies contains the original publication date: \"Published May, 1936\". After the book was chosen as the Book-of-the-Month's selection for July, publication was delayed until June 30. The second printing of 25,000 copies (and subsequent printings) contains the correct release date: \"Published June, 1936.\" The third printing of 15,000 copies was made in June 1936. Additionally, 50,000 indistinguishable copies were printed for the Book-of-the-Month Club July selection. Gone with the Wind was officially released to the American public on June 30, 1936. A summary table of printings for 1936 is shown below:", "As of 2016 she is the earliest surviving recipient of a Best Supporting Actress Oscar nomination. She was nominated in 1939 for Gone with the Wind (1939).", "Was the first British actress to receive an Academy Award. She won the Best Actress Oscar for Gone with the Wind (1939) in February 1940.", "In June of 1936, Gone With the Wind hit the stands in bookstores. It was a hard cover book and the price was $3.00, where today it is $10.00 just to get a paperback copy." ]

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[ "Stephen Robert \"Steve\" Irwin (22 February 1962 – 4 September 2006), nicknamed \"The Crocodile Hunter\", was an Australian wildlife expert, television personality, and conservationist. Irwin achieved worldwide fame from the television series The Crocodile Hunter, an internationally broadcast wildlife documentary series which he co-hosted with his wife Terri. Together, the couple also owned and operated Australia Zoo, founded by Irwin's parents in Beerwah, about north of the Queensland state capital city of Brisbane.", "Stephen Robert Irwin (22 February 1962 – 4 September 2006), known simply as Steve Irwin and nicknamed \"The Crocodile Hunter\", was an iconic Australian television personality, wildlife expert, and conservationist.", "Stephen Robert \"Steve\" Irwin (22 February 1962 – 4 September 2006), nicknamed \"The Crocodile Hunter\", was an Australian television personality, wildlife expert, and conservationist. Irwin achieved worldwide fame from the television series The Crocodile Hunter, an internationally broadcast wildlife documentary series which he co-hosted with his wife Terri. Together, the couple also co-owned and operated Australia Zoo, founded by Irwin's parents in Beerwah, about 80 km (50 miles) north of the Queensland state capital city of Brisbane. Irwin died on 4 September 2006 after being pierced in the chest by a stingray barb while filming an underwater documentary film entitled Ocean's Deadliest. The Sea Shepherd Conservation Society ship MY Steve Irwin was named in his honour.", "Fatalities involving ray stings are rare but in what is probably the most publicised incident involving a stingray, well-known Australian conservationist Steve Irwin, better known as the Crocodile Hunter, died after being stung in the chest by a large bull ray that was startled. As with the stonefish, the best way to avoid stepping on rays is to shuffle one's feet when wading in shallow water. Divers should avoid cornering rays and not swim close to and directly on top of the ray where they may be perceived as a threat.", "An initial postmortem examination has confirmed that Australian environmentalist, zoo owner, and television personality Steve Irwin, the \"Crocodile Hunter,\" was killed when a stingray's venomous barb pierced his heart at about 11 a.m., local time, on Monday.", "Steve Irwin, the man known around the world as the \"Crocodile Hunter,\" has died in a stingray attack off the Great Barrier Reef.", "The ray was named after Steve Irwin, the wildlife expert who was killed by a stingray in 2006", "I shall never forget the first time I saw Steve Irwin on television. It was 1999, I was in the Netherlands visiting friends with young children. I had been living in Africa so had avoided the \"Crocodile Hunter\" phenomenon. When the children discovered I was Australian she screamed out \"Crocodile Hunter-Steve Irwin!!!\" Then they made some moves with one another and the household cat that I later realised was imitation of him. They showed me his show on Discovery channel. They screamed and wrestled one another and seemed whipped up into a frenzy by, what seemed to me, this crazy man's antics! I was horrified at the way he approached and ambushed wild animals. Everything he was doing was antithetical to everything I had learned about living with dangerous (or any) wild animal. I had been living in areas that were dense with lions, snakes, elephants, baboons, crocodiles etc. There is no doubt that his antics were a bad example to children (and adults). I am very sorry about the shocking accident that took his life. But when I first saw him I said to the kids, \"he won't live long acting like that\".", "Stingray attacks in Australia usually cause minor cuts but have very occasionally led to deaths. There have been four recorded fatalities from stingray attacks in Australia. On 4 September 2006 Steve Irwin died from a stingray attack at Batt Reef near Port Douglas [41] A twelve year old boy in 1988, who was hit by stingray jumping from the water, died six days later due to poison from the barb. [42] Luigi Deguisto in June 1953 died at Weribee after a stingray punctured his thigh, piercing a vein. [43] Sgt Arthur Biggins, with the AIF died on January 9, 1945 at St Kilda Baths after a stingray wounded him in the heart. [44] A 1938 death from a stingray attack of an 18 year old girl in Auckland , New Zealand [45] [46] has sometimes been wrongly attributed as having happened in Australia.", "He was an Australian naturalist. He hosted, with this wife Terri Irwin, the TV show “The Crocodile Hunter”. Here is a video of him with a snake on an Australian TV Show:", "Host Steve Irwin, \"The Crocodile Hunter,\" in his last documentary, teams up with oceanographer Phillippe Cousteau to explore the deadliest sea creatures living in the waters between Australia's Gold Coast and the Great Barrier Reef.", "The Crocodile Hunter is a wildlife documentary television series that was hosted by Steve Irwin and his wife, Terri. The show became a popular franchise due to Irwin's unconventional approach to wildlife. It spawned a number of separate projects, including the feature film The Crocodile Hunter: Collision Course and two television spinoffs: The Crocodile Hunter Diaries and Croc Files. The series has been presented on Animal Planet and has been in international syndication on networks worldwide. ", "Irwin was famous for his enthusiasm for wildlife and his catchword \"Crikey!\" in his television program Crocodile Hunter. First broadcast in Australia in 1992, the program was picked up by the Discovery network, catapulting Irwin to international fame.", "The Australian wildlife expert was killed while filming a documentary on September 4, 2006. Irwin was fatally pierced in the chest by a stingray spine while snorkelling in the Great Barrier Reef.", "Since Steve Irwin’s death, there has been much discussion on this. Many have said privately that he must have provoked the stingray in some manner, despite Irwin’s companions saying the fatal attack was entirely unprovoked. 4 , 5 Queensland’s The Courier-Mail quoted one marine medical expert as saying:", "Steve Irwin seems to have died as a result of his own poor judgement. Swimming over a large stingray in shallow water is a bad idea by any standards and is more-or-less inviting an instictive reaction from the ray. A so-called \"wild-life expert\" (and one with a young family) should have known not to take such an unecessary risk. This is NOT a good role-model for young Australians...", "Irwin was killed in September 2006 after a surprise attack by a stingray. Lyons, who Irwin called his \"right hand man,\" was the only person in the water with Irwin when he was attacked. The pair had worked together for 15 years.", "News media generally reported just enough to make clear what had happened, without labouring on the details, e.g. “He [Irwin] was snorkelling over a stingray on Batt Reef [off the North Queensland coast] when it lashed out with its deadly tail, inflicting a fatal wound directly into his heart.” 2 Those familiar with the Croc Hunter’s seemingly death-defying antics with a host of dangerous creatures would not have been surprised that he had died from an attack by an animal—but a stingray??", "The Crocodile Hunter's final words have been revealed - eight years after he was tragically killed by a stingray", "Fatal stingray attacks on humans are exceedingly rare. Only two have been reported in Australian waters since 1945. Both victims were stung in the chest, like Irwin. Worldwide, death by stingray is similarly rare, with only one or two fatal attacks reported each year.", "Irwin's legacy lives on in the family he leaves behind: his wife Terri, who often served as his sidekick on Crocodile Hunter, their son Robert and their daughter Bindi, who continues her father's work in the capacity of a \"junior animal activist.\" Bindi recently starred in the Direct to Video film Free Willy : Escape From Pirate's Cove.", "An American tourist died in 2002 after being stung by the deadly Irukandji jellyfish off the waters of Australia’s Great Barrier Reef. This jellyfish is only the size of a thumbnail but can have three-feet-long tentacles. Most jellyfish have stingers on their tentacles, but the Irukandji jellyfish has stingers on its bell piece as well.[7]", "Often, his trademark big finish was to hunt down one of the huge saltwater crocodiles that inhabit the rivers and beaches of the Outback in Australia’s tropical north, leap onto its back, grabbing its jaws with his bare hands, then tying the animal’s mouth with rope.", "News of Irwin’s death reverberated around the world, where he won popularity with millions as the man who regularly leaped on the back of huge crocodiles and grabbed deadly snakes by the tail.", "Their Australian cousins, Crocodylus porosus, may actually be even worse culprits. Australia’s deadly saltwater crocodiles hold dual titles as the largest living reptiles (up to 2,200 pounds) as well as the largest terrestrial predators on Earth. They are very aggressive and are saltwater cruisers, making them death incarnate on practically every estuary north of Brisbane.", "Of course, the  saltwater crocodile also poses a threat to humans as well.  In Australia, attacks are rare and usually make headlines when they do occur. There are, on average, no more than one or two fatal attacks reported per year in the country. The low level of attacks is most likely due to the extensive effort by local wildlife officials to post crocodile \"warning\" signs at nearly every billabong, river, lake and even at some beaches and also due to the relatively well-informed nature of the local citizens.", "\"The truth is Steve Irwin was a media obsessive only too ready to do damn stupid things for a titillating grab. Talk shows, stupid risks - all the same. And now he's somehow transformed into one of the worlds great ecologists. How do you think all those crocodiles felt being reefed by the neck by bozo-boy for a funny bit of telly.\"", "Paul Hogan: Yes, if you have ever seen Steve Irwin's show, that is what it is like. Most of dangerous animals live near the sea. Of course, if you go looking for them in the Outback, they are there. They do bite.", "If I can speak MANTA man, Jack - and don't get in a FLAP about this - Steve Irwin was FISHing for trouble. He was so rash, clumsy, devoid of POISON grace that he was begging to be stung. It's a sorry TAIL, but let's not PIERCE about, eh?", "A video documentary presented by Steve Irwin . In this video Steve Irwin have ranked Australia's Ten Most Deadliest Venomous Snakes. You may get confuse with Steve's statements in this documentary as he claims his list being of 'World's 10 Most Deadliest'. But this is not true, Steve is basing his statements based on an old article (pub. in 1979) by A. J. Broad called 'Broad et al in Toxicon'. This old article was not intended as ranking but just a representation of some venomous Australian snakes. The fact is other species from different countries are more toxic than Australian snakes. This was for you kind information, enjoy watching this educational streaming video documentary.", "On 4 September 2006, Irwin was on location at Batt Reef, near Port Douglas, Queensland, taking part in the production of the documentary series Ocean's Deadliest. During a lull in filming caused by inclement weather, Irwin decided to snorkel in shallow waters while being filmed in an effort to provide footage for his daughter's television programme.", "\"Steve Irwin won his fame by creating a cliched, simplistic and deeply unflattering image of Australians as red-neck bogans\"." ]

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[ "Disneyland Park, originally Disneyland, is the first of two theme parks built at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California, opened on July 17, 1955. It is the only theme park designed and built under the direct supervision of Walt Disney. It was originally the only attraction on the property; its name was changed to Disneyland Park to distinguish it from the expanding complex in the 1990s.", "Disneyland Park, originally Disneyland, is the first of two theme parks built at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California, opened on July 17, 1955. It is the only theme park designed and built under the direct supervision of Walt Disney. It was originally the only attraction on the property, though it was slightly renamed to distinguish it from the expanding complex in the 1990s.", "Disneyland Park, originally Disneyland, is the first of two theme parks built at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California, opened on July 17, 1955. It is the only theme park designed and built under the direct supervision of Walt Disney.", "Disneyland Park was originally called Disneyland. It is the first of two theme parks built at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California, opening on 17th July, 1955. It is the only park designed and built under the direct supervision of Walt Disney who came up with the concept of Disneyland after visiting various amusement parks with his family.", "Disneyland is the first of two theme parks built at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California. It opened its gates on July 17, 1955, and it is the only theme park designed and built under the direct supervision of Walt Disney.", "* Disneyland Park, the original theme park built by Walt Disney, which opened on July 17, 1955.", "The Disneyland theme park was constructed in Anaheim from July 16, 1954 to July 17, 1955, and opened to the public on July 17, 1955. From this day, it has become one of the world's most visited tourist attractions, with over 650 million visitors since its grand opening. The location was formerly 160 acres (0.65 km2) of orange and walnut trees, some of which remain inside Disneyland property. Hotels and motels began to spread and residential districts soon followed, with increasing property values. In 2001, Disney's California Adventure, since renamed Disney California Adventure Park in 2010, the most expansive project in the theme park's history, opened to the public.", "Disneyland is one of the most visited theme parks in the world, with 15.98 million visitors in 2010, placing it just behind the Disney World's Magic Kingdom in Florida. Disneyland, the original Disney park, opened July 18,1955, and continues to evolve over time.", "Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Worldwide, Inc., also known informally as Walt Disney Parks and Resorts or Disney Parks, is one of The Walt Disney Company's four major business segments and a subsidiary. Originally known as Walt Disney Outdoor Recreation Division then Walt Disney Attractions, it is responsible for the conception, building, and managing of the company's theme parks and vacation resorts, as well as a variety of additional family-oriented leisure enterprises. It was founded in 1971, after the opening of Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World in Florida, joining the original Disneyland in California, which opened in 1955. In 2014, the company's theme parks hosted approximately 134 million guests, making Disney Parks the world's most visited theme park company, ahead of the second-most visited rival Merlin Entertainments. It is by far the largest Disney business segment by employee headcount, with about 130,000 of Disney's total number of 180,000 employees as of 2015.", "Disneyland Park is a theme park located in Anaheim, California, owned and operated by the Walt Disney Parks and Resorts division of the Walt Disney Company. Known as Disneyland when it opened on July 18, 1955, and still colloquially known by that name, it is the only theme park to be designed and built under the direct supervision of Walt Disney. In 1998, the theme park was re-branded \"Disneyland Park\" to distinguish it from the larger Disneyland Resort complex.", "Disneyland has a larger cumulative attendance than any other theme park in the world, with over 650 million guests since it opened. In 2011, the park hosted approximately 16.14 million guests, making it the second most visited park in the world that calendar year.", "Disneyland has developed from a cramped theme park to an open resort of two theme parks, three hotels and a large shopping complex. Walt Disney World is a popular destination for vacations by tourists worldwide, and Tokyo Disneyland is the most visited theme park in the world (its sister park Tokyo Disneysea is the second). In September 2005, The Walt Disney Company will open Hong Kong Disneyland Resort in China.", "Disneyland Park, originally and colloquially known as Disneyland, is the first and original Disney theme park at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California and is owned and operated by the Walt Disney Company . Created by brothers Walt Disney and Roy O. Disney , Disneyland has become the world's most famous themed amusement park and one of the most visited sites in the world.", "The first regional amusement park, as well as the first Six Flags park, Six Flags over Texas was officially opened in 1961 in Arlington, Texas near Dallas. The first Six Flags amusement park was the vision of Angus Wynne, Jr. and helped create the modern, competitive amusement park industry. In the late 1950s, Wynne visited Disneyland and was inspired to create an affordable, closer, and larger amusement park that would be filled with fantasy. He followed in the steps of Disney and had subdivisions within the park that reflected different lands. The subdivisions included the Old South and other sections that referenced Wynne's background. By 1968, the second Six Flags park, Six Flags Over Georgia, opened, and in 1971, Six Flags Over Mid-America (now Six Flags St. Louis) opened near St. Louis, Missouri. Also in 1971 was the opening of the Walt Disney World resort complex in Florida, with the Magic Kingdom (1971), Epcot (1982), Disney's Hollywood Studios (1989) and Disney's Animal Kingdom (1998).", "In common language, the terms theme park and amusement park are often synonymous. However, a theme park can be regarded as a distinct style of amusement park. A theme park has landscaping, buildings, and attractions that are based on one or more specific themes or stories. Despite many older parks adding themed rides and areas, qualifying the park as a theme park, the first park built with the original intention of promoting a specific theme, Santa Claus Land, in Santa Claus, Indiana, did not open until 1946. Disneyland, located in Anaheim, California, built around the concept of encapsulating multiple theme parks into a single amusement park is often mistakenly cited as the first themed amusement park, but is instead the park that made the idea popular.", "Times Square is the most visited place globally with 360,000 pedestrian visitors a day, amounting to over 131 million a year. , it has a greater attendance than do each of the Disney theme parks worldwide, with 128,794,000 visitors between March 2012 and February 2013, versus 126,479,000 for Walt Disney World attractions in 2012. ", "Epcot is the second of four theme parks built at Walt Disney World in Bay Lake, Florida, near Orlando, Florida. Opening as EPCOT Center on 1st October, 1982, and the park has a total area of 300 acres making it more than twice the size of the Magic Kingdom park. Themed to the celebration of human achievements such as technological innovation and international culture. It is often referred to as a “Permanent World’s Fair.” In 2013, the park hosted approximately 11.22 million guests, making it the fifth most visited theme park in the world. The park is represented by a geodesic sphere spaceship Earth.", "Epcot is the second of four theme parks built at Walt Disney World in Bay Lake, Florida, near the city of Orlando. It opened as EPCOT Center (Experimental Prototype Community Of Tomorrow) on October 1, 1982, and spans 300 acres, more than twice the size of the Magic Kingdom park. It is dedicated to the celebration of human achievement, namely technological innovation and international culture, and is often referred to as a \"permanent World's Fair.\" In 2015, the park hosted approximately 11.98 million guests, ranking it the third most visited theme park in North America and the sixth most visited theme park in the world. The park is represented by Spaceship Earth, a geodesic sphere that also serves as an attraction. Epcot was known as EPCOT Center until 1994, when it was later renamed Epcot '94, then Epcot '95, now commonly known simply as Epcot.", "This park was built after the blueprints of Disneyland in California and Magic Kingdom in Florida. The oriental Land Co., under the license from Walt Disney Co. , owns Tokyo Disneyland. This park was officially opened in April 15 1983. It features the World Bazaar, Westernland, Adventureland, Fantassyland, Tomorrowland, Critter Country and Mickey’s Toontown. The main attractions include Monsters, Inc. Ride and Go Seek, Hunny Hunt, Space Mountain, and Enchanted Tiki room. It had an estimate of 14,847,000 visitors last year(Image by Tom.Bricker ).", "The Disneyland Paris, originally Euro Disney Resort, is an entertainment resort in Marne-la-Vallée, a new town located 32 km east of the centre of Paris, and is the most visited theme park in all of France and Europe. It is owned and operated by Euro Disney S.C.A., a publicly traded company in which The Walt Disney Company owns a majority stake. The resort covers 4800 acre and encompasses two theme parks, several resort hotels, a shopping, dining, and entertainment complex, and a golf course, in addition to several additional recreational and entertainment venues. Disneyland Park is the original theme park of the complex, opening with the resort on 12 April 1992. A second theme park, Walt Disney Studios Park, opened in 2002. The resort is the second Disney park to open outside the United States, following the opening of the Tokyo Disney Resort in 1983.", "Dyrehavsbakken, commonly referred to as Bakken, is an amusement park near Klampenborg, but which belongs under Lyngby-Taarbæk Kommune, Denmark, about 10 km north of Copenhagen. It opened in 1583 and is the world's oldest operating amusement park. With 2.5-2.7 million visitors per year, it is the second most popular attraction in Denmark, after the more widely known Tivoli Gardens amusement park.", "1995 � Beware the eyes of Mara! The Indiana Jones Adventure opens in Adventureland as the most technologically advanced dark ride in a theme park. The queue of this attraction is also very well themed, with interactive elements that respond if guests pull ropes or push certain stones, much like in the Indiana Jones movies. There are actually three separate ride paths in the attraction, and the ride vehicles are capable of over 160,000 individual movements, making each trip unique. Disney buys ABC, the network that years ago first aired the Disneyland television show. Space Mountain � De la Terre � la Lune, opens at Disneyland Paris, and is the first Space Mountain to turn riders upside-down. It is also the first roller coaster to have a soundtrack. The ride is designed by Vekoma of the Netherlands.", "* Disneyland International, Inc. oversees foreign projects and was previously based (c.1987) at a French Quarter mansion located atop the Pirates of the Caribbean ride in Disneyland Park which became an art gallery. ", "Within two miles (3 km) of Springfield are New England's largest and most popular amusement park, Six Flags New England, and its largest and most popular fair, The Big E. Six Flags New England, located across Springfield's South End Bridge in Agawam features Superman the Ride, a roller coaster that has ranked first or second every year since 2001 in the annual Golden Ticket Awards publication by Amusement Today. Six Flags New England also features a large water park, kid's rides, and an outdoor concert stadium, among numerous other attractions. It opens in mid-April and closes at the end of October.", "Lotte World is a large amusement complex located in Seoul, South Korea. The park has the world’s largest indoor theme park, an outdoor amusement park called Magic Island, an artificial island in a lake linked by monorail, shopping malls, a luxury hotel, a Korean folk museum, sports facilities, and movie theaters.", "Epcot is a theme park in the Walt Disney World Resort, located near Orlando, Florida. The park is dedicated to the celebration of human achievement, namely international culture and technological innovation. The second park built at the resort, it opened on October 1, 1982 and was initially named EPCOT Center. In 1994, the \"Center\" was dropped from the park's name, and by 1996, the park was simply named Epcot.", "Walt Disney Studios Park is the second of two theme parks built at Disneyland Paris in Marne-la-Vallée, France, and opened its gates for the first time on March 16, 2002. It is dedicated to show business, focusing on movies, production, and behind-the-scenes action.", "Springfield has the area's largest amusement park, Knight's Action Park and Caribbean Water Park, which is open from May to September. The park also features and operates the city's only remaining drive-in theater, the Route 66 Twin Drive-In.", "Luna Park, the second of the three major amusement parks, opened on May 16, 1903. It was lit by nearly 250,000 lights and included attractions such as a ride to the moon and \"Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea.\"", "The theme park opened on 4 April 1980. The park operates nine roller coasters among other major attractions including Nemesis, Oblivion, Congo River Rapids, Runaway Mine Train, Hex - The Legend of the Towers, Thirteen, and The Smiler. In 2016, Air was rethemed as Galactica, as the \"world's first roller coaster dedicated to virtual reality\". ", "Kings Dominion is an amusement park in Doswell, Virginia 20 miles north of Richmond and 75 miles south of Washington, DC, off Interstate 95. The 400-acre park in Hanover County was originally built and owned in a joint venture between the Taft Broadcasting Company and the Kroger Company. Kings Dominion opened in 1975 and is currently owned by Cedar Fair Entertainment Company. It offers over 60 rides, shows and attractions including 14 roller coasters and a 20-acre water park. The name given to the park is derived from the name of its sister park, Kings Island, and the nickname for the state of Virginia, \"Old Dominion\".", "In 1997, the park made its biggest investment yet with the addition of Chang, a stand up Bolliger & Mabillard coaster that set the world records for stand up coasters in height, drop, length, speed, and number of inversions. Thrill Karts (also known as Kingdom Go Carts) were also added this year, but were an upcharge attraction." ]

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[ "The Pied Piper of Hamelin (German: Rattenfänger von Hameln also known as the Pan Piper, the Rat-Catcher of Hamelin) is the subject character of a legend from the town of Hamelin (Hameln), Lower Saxony , Germany. The legend dates back to the Middle Ages , the earliest references describing a piper, dressed in multicolored (\" pied \") clothing, who was a rat-catcher hired by the town to lure rats away [1] with his magic pipe . When the citizens refuse to pay for this service, he retaliates by using his instrument's magical power on their children, leading them away as he had the rats. This version of the story spread as folklore and has appeared in the writings of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , the Brothers Grimm , and Robert Browning , among others.", "The Pied Piper of Hamelin ( also known as the Pan Piper, the Rat-Catcher of Hamelin) is the subject of a legend from the town of Hamelin (Hameln), Lower Saxony, Germany, in the Middle Ages. The earliest references describe a piper, dressed in multicolored (\"pied\") clothing, who was a rat-catcher hired by the town to lure rats away with his magic pipe. When the citizens refuse to pay for this service, he retaliates by using his instrument's magical power on their children, leading them away as he had the rats. This version of the story spread as folklore and has appeared in the writings of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, the Brothers Grimm, and Robert Browning, among others.", "The Pied Piper of Hamelin ( German : Rattenfänger von Hameln, the Rat-Catcher of Hamelin) is the subject of a legend concerning the departure or death of a great number of children from the town of  Hamelin  (Hameln),  Lower Saxony , Germany, in the  Middle Ages . The earliest references describe a piper, dressed in multicolored clothing, leading the children away from the town never to return. In the 16th century the story was expanded into a full narrative, in which the piper is a rat-catcher hired by the town to lure rats away with his magic  pipe . When the citizenry refuses to pay for this service, he retaliates by turning his power that he put in his instrument on their children, leading them away as he had the rats. This version of the story spread as folklore. This version has also appeared in the writings of, amongst others,  Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , the  Brothers Grimm  and  Robert Browning .", "The legend of the Pied Piper of Hamelin states that he was a rat-catcher hired by the city of Hamelin to eliminate its rat population. The Pied Piper played his flute, which attracted the rats, and drew them to the river where they drowned. When the city did not pay the piper, he is said to have lured the city's children away.", "\"The Pied Piper of Hamelin\" is a delightful adaptation of the classic folk tale, in which a flutist with the power to attract anyone to his music is hired to help a town overrun with rats get rid of its rodents. When the Mayor and Corporation of the town refuse him his promised fee, he uses his music to rob the town of its children.", "p. 124 (October 16, 1959) 4th panel. The Brothers Grimm popularized the legend of the Pied Piper , who is reputed to have used his pipe to play music to lure an infestation of rats out of the town of Hamelin, Germany; when he was not paid by the townspeople, he later returned and lured the town's children away.", "Every summer Sunday in the city of Hamelin, actors gather in the old town center to pay homage to a strange, enduring legacy. As the story goes , in 1284, townspeople hired a rat catcher to lure away the vermin that had overrun their village. He did, except the citizens of Hamelin cheated the man out of his payment. So the man—a “pied” piper—returned a year later and lured their children away, too.", "In the tale of the Pied Piper, we have a village overrun with rats. A man arrives dressed in clothes of pied (a patchwork of colors) and offers to rid the town of the vermin. The villagers agree to pay a vast sum of money if the piper can do it – and he does. He plays music on his pipe which draws all the rats out of the town. When he returns for payment – the villagers won’t cough up so the Pied Piper decides to rid the town of children too! In most modern variants, the piper draws the children to a cave out of the town and when the townsfolk finally agree to pay up, he sends them back. In the darker original, the piper leads the children to a river where they all drown (except a lame boy who couldn’t keep up). Some modern scholars say that there are connotations of pedophilia in this fairy tale.", "For those unfamiliar with the tale, it is set in 1284 in the town of Hamelin, Lower Saxony, Germany. This town was facing a rat infestation, and a piper, dressed in a coat of many coloured, bright cloth, appeared. This piper promised to get rid of the rats in return for a payment, to which the townspeople agreed too. Although the piper got rid of the rats by leading them away with his music, the people of Hamelin reneged on their promise. The furious piper left, vowing revenge. On the 26 th of July of that same year, the piper returned and led the children away, never to be seen again, just as he did the rats. Nevertheless, one or three children were left behind, depending on which version is being told. One of these children was lame, and could not keep up, another was deaf and could not hear the music, while the third one was blind and could not see where he was going.", "1284: According to legend, this is the day when the Pied Piper appeared in Hamelin, Brunswick, and agreed a deal with the burghers to remove the rats. When the burghers refused to pay, the Pied Piper led away all the towns children.", "In the Grimms’ version, mediæval Hamelin is hit by a plague of rats. A seemingly hero-like figure appears, in the shape of a mysterious stranger dressed in red and yellow clothes. He promises to rid the town of the vermin, and the townsmen promise him money in exchange. The rat-catcher has a strange, almost supernatural gift: he plays a tune on his pipe that lures the rats into the river Weser, where they all drown. But, blinded by their greed, the townsmen refuse to honour their promise and pay the Piper his fee. The Piper leaves the town, plotting his revenge. When he returns to Hamelin, he wears the attire of a hunter. He plays a melody that hypnotises the children, who follow him to the mountains, never to be seen again.", "According to legend, a colourful or \"pied\" rat catcher lured all the rats out of town in 1284 by playing his pipe. When the townspeople refused to pay him, he did the same with Hamelin's children and they were never seen again.", "The Pied Piper of Hamelin is a legend about the abduction of many children from the town of Hamelin (Hameln), Germany . Famous versions of the legend are given by the Brothers Grimm and, in English, by Robert Browning .", "Pied Piper of Hamelin, the hero of an old German legend, had come to a German town, offered to clear it of the rats which infested it for a sum of money, but after executing his task was unrewarded, upon which he blew a blast on his magic pipe, the sound of which drew the children of the town into a cave, which he locked when they entered, and shut them up for ever.", "Rat exterminator the Pied Piper: Fictional. According to an ancient stained glass window in a church in Hamelin, Germany, the Pied Piper played his fife and lured all the rats out of town and drowned them in the river. But the town refused to pay his bill, and so he returned and played his fife again, this time luring all the children from the town. The town chronicles say in 1284 that \"it is ten years since our children left,\" but no record survives that says what might have happened, and for which the Pied Piper story is a presumed allegory. Theories include disease, an accident, or emigration.", "Description : In the town of Hamelin, the rich and greedy live like kings and queens while the poor and sick scavenge rubbish tips for scraps. A lame orphan boy tells the classic tale of how a plague of rats take over the town and how a fantastic piper offers to rid Hamelin of its rats for a single gold coin.", "In 1284, while the town of Hamelin was suffering from a rat infestation, a piper dressed in multicolored clothing appeared, claiming to be a rat-catcher. He promised the mayor a solution to their problem with the rats. The mayor in turn promised to pay him for the removal of the rats. (According to some versions of the story, the promised sum was 1000 guilders.) The piper accepted and played his pipe to lure the rats into the Weser River, where all but one drowned.", "In the anime adaptation of the Japanese light novel series, Problem Children Are Coming from Another World, Aren’t They? (2013), a major story revolves around the “false legend” of Pied Piper of Hamelin. The adaptation speaks in great length about the original source and the various versions of the story that sprang up throughout the years. It is stated that Weser, the representation of Natural Disaster, was the true Piper of Hamelin (meaning the children were killed by drowning or landslides). [19]", "The 19th century romanticised the figure of the Pied Piper, just as it did other outsiders –the pirate, the gypsy, the bandit. Goethe’s 1802 poem Der Rattenfänger , clearly inspired by the Hamelin legend, presents the rat-catcher of the title as “the bard known far and wide, / The travell’d rat-catcher beside; / A man most needful to this town”.  ", "The tradition that the children emigrated in 1284 is so old and well-reported that explanations associated with the Black Death seem unlikely (there is an alternative, post-Black Death, date 1376, but it is documented far away from Hamelin and as late as 1605 - see below). Modern scholars regard the emigration theory to be the most probable,[1] i.e. that the Pied Piper of Hamelin was a recruiter for the colonization of Eastern Europe which took part in the 13th century and that he led away a big part of the young generation of Hamelin to a region in Eastern Germany.", "Another version relates that the Pied Piper led the children into following him to the top of  Koppelberg Hill , where he took them to a beautiful land and had his wicked way, [3]  or a place called Koppenberg Mountain, [4]  or that he made them walk into the Weser like he did with the rats, and they all drowned. Some versions state that the Piper returned the children after payment, or that he returned the children after the villagers paid several times the original amount of gold.", "Other versions (but not the traditional ones) claim that the Piper lured the children into the river and let them drown like the rats or led the children to a cave on Köppen Hill or Koppelberg Hill. Another version is that the Pied Piper hypnotized the children into following him to the top of Koppelberg Hill were he took them to a mystery land [2] (outside of Hamelin) or a place called Koppenberg Mountain [3] and returned them after payment or that he returned the children after the villagers paid several times the original amount of gold.", "Despite the piper's success, the mayor reneged on his promise and refused to pay him the full sum (reputedly reduced to a sum of 50 guilders) even going so far as to hint that he brought the rats himself in an extortion attempt. The piper left the town angrily, vowing to return later to take revenge. On Saint John and Paul 's day, while the Hamelinites were in church, the piper returned dressed in green like a hunter playing his pipe. In so doing, he attracted the town's children. One hundred and thirty children followed him out of town and into a cave and were never seen again. Depending on the version, at most three children remained behind: One was lame and could not follow quickly enough, the second was deaf and therefore could not hear the music, and the last was blind and unable to see where he was going. These three informed the villagers of what had happened when they came out from church.", "Historians agree that the tale of the Pied Piper of Hamelin, recorded in the 19th century by Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm , is based on an actual occurrence in 1284 in which most of the children in Hamelin disappeared. However, no one knows for sure the exact reason for the disappearance. Many scenarios have been postulated, some more likely than others.", "The true origins of the Pied Piper legend might remain elusive, but that does not detract from its longevity. The tale continues to be told and re-told, not least in Hamelin, where it occupies a vital part in the town’s consciousness.", "Many are familiar with the story of the Pied Piper of Hamelin. Few realise however, that the story is based on real events, which evolved over the years into a fairy tale made to scare children.", "The theory with the broadest support [6] is that the children willingly abandoned their parents and Hamelin in order to become the founders of their own villages during the colonization of Eastern Europe . Several European villages and cities founded around this time have been suggested as the result of their efforts as settlers. This claim is supported by corresponding placenames in both the region around Hamelin and the eastern colonies where names such as Querhameln (\"mill village Hamelin\") exist. Again the Piper is seen as their leader.", "Caption: An illustration from a children’s book of the Pied Piper leading away the children of Hamelin, circa 1899.", "The earliest mention of the story seems to have been on a stained glass window placed in the Church of Hamelin c. 1300. The window was described in several accounts between the 14th and 17th centuries. It was destroyed in 1660. Based on the surviving descriptions, a modern reconstruction of the window has been created by historian Hans Dobbertin. It features the colorful figure of the Pied Piper and several figures of children dressed in white.", "Historical records suggest that the story of the Pied Piper of Hamelin was a real event that took place. Nevertheless, the transmission of this story undoubtedly evolved and changed over the centuries, although to what extent is unknown, and the mystery of what really happened to those children has never been solved. The story also raises the question, if the Pied Piper of Hamelin was based on reality, how much truth is there in other fairy tales that we were told as children?", "• The children willingly abandoned their parents and Hamelin in order to become the founders of their own villages during the colonization of Eastern Europe. Several European villages and cities founded around this time have been suggested as the result of their efforts as settlers. This claim is supported by corresponding placenames in both the region around Hamelin and the eastern colonies where names such as Querhameln (\"mill village Hamelin\") exist. Again the Piper is seen as their leader.", "^ [1] Poag, James F. \"Pied Piper of Hamelin.\" World Book Online Reference Center. 2008. 4 September 2008" ]

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[ "Of all the Springfields, Illinois’ is the closest (59.3 miles) to neighboring a city named Shelbyville, the rival of the Simpson’s home town. On top of that, it has the second most comic book stores and clowns, bars, and is in the state with the highest frequency of Google searches for “Homer Simpson.” Also, it’s apparently home to a Troy McClure. You might remember him from such phone books as the Springfield, Illinois White Pages.", "Shelbyville is Springfield’s neighbor and rival city. It was founded in 1796 by Shelbyville Manhattan, who advocated cousin marriage among his followers, causing a split between himself and Jebediah Springfield. An intense rivalry between the two cities continues today, especially in the sixth-season episode “ Lemon of Troy “, in which Shelbyville residents steal a prized lemon tree from Springfield. In several episodes, “Lemon of Troy” in particular, it is suggested that Shelbyville is to an extent a parallel version of Springfield. Shelbyville is also the city where Luann van Houten grew up. It also has at least one McDonald’s restaurant, a Speed-E-Mart, Joe’s Tavern and a school. Per “ Last Exit to Springfield “, Shelbyville was at least briefly called “Morganville” during Abe Simpson’s youth. According to The Simpsons Movie , Shelbyville is west of Springfield. It is the home of the button fly.", "Springfield's nearest neighboring town is Shelbyville. There is a strong rivalry between the towns, dating back to a rivalry between their founders—Jebediah Springfield and Shelbyville Manhattan . Manhattan wanted to found a city where men were free to marry their cousins, but Springfield refused to allow it, so Shelbyville was founded as a rival town. [8] The story of the dispute between Jebediah Springfield and Shelbyville Manhattan contains faint references to the historical stories of the deal between Asa Lovejoy and William Overton to file a land claim, and the dispute between Lovejoy and Francis W. Pettygrove over the name of Portland, Oregon. Springfield has been called America's crud basket. It's an ever growing city, despite all the disasters that happen in the town.", "Shelbyville is Springfield's neighbor and rival city. It was founded in 1796 by Shelbyville Manhattan, who advocated cousin marriage among his followers, causing a split between himself and Jebediah Springfield. An intense rivalry between the two cities continues today, especially in the sixth season episode \" Lemon of Troy \", in which Shelbyville residents steal a prized lemon tree from Springfield. In several episodes, \" Lemon of Troy \" in particular, it is suggested that Shelbyville is to an extent a parallel version of Springfield. Shelbyville is also the city where Luann van Houten grew up. It also has at least one McDonald's restaurant, a Speed-E-Mart, Joe's Tavern and a school. Per \" Last Exit to Springfield ,\" Shelbyville was at least briefly called \"Morganville\" during Abe Simpson's youth.", "Springfield is the fictional city in which the TV series The Simpsons is set. It is located near Shelbyville and Capitol City in a state whose name is never mentioned .", "As any \"Simpsons\" viewer knows, Springfield's rival community is ... Shelbyville. When Shelbyville gets some new amenity, Springfield has to have it, too, and vice versa. Their minor league baseball teams also play each other.", "The Simpsons takes place in the fictional American town of Springfield in an unknown and impossible-to-determine U.S. state. The show is intentionally evasive in regard to Springfield's location. Springfield's geography, and that of its surroundings, contains coastlines, deserts, vast farmland, tall mountains, or whatever the story or joke requires. Groening has said that Springfield has much in common with Portland, Oregon, the city where he grew up. The name \"Springfield\" is a common one in America and appears in 22 states. Groening has said that he named it after Springfield, Oregon, and the fictitious Springfield which was the setting of the series Father Knows Best. He \"figured out that Springfield was one of the most common names for a city in the U.S. In anticipation of the success of the show, I thought, 'This will be cool; everyone will think it's their Springfield.' And they do.\" An astronomer and fan of the show, Phil Plait, noticed that The Simpsons could be set in Australia, because the moon in Springfield faces the wrong way to be an American location. It is drawn facing the right, as it would in the Southern Hemisphere. ", "The Simpsons creator Matt Groening has revealed that Springfield, Oregon is the inspiration for the cartoon town home of Homer, Marge, Bart and Lisa.", "Springfield is the fictional town in which the American animated sitcom The Simpsons is set. A mid-sized town in an undetermined state of the United States, Springfield acts as a complete universe in which characters can explore the issues faced by modern society. The geography of the town and its surroundings is flexible, changing to address whatever an episode's plot calls for.", "Springfield is intended to represent \"anytown, USA\" and not be a specific real town, although the producers acknowledge basing the town on numerous locations including The Simpsons creator Matt Groening's hometown of Portland, Oregon, and Mike Scully's hometown, Springfield, Massachusetts. Groening named Springfield after Springfield, Oregon, and also took inspiration from Springfield being the fictitious setting of the series Father Knows Best. He said, \"I also figured out that Springfield was one of the most common names for a city in the U.S. In anticipation of the success of the show, I thought, 'This will be cool; everyone will think it's their Springfield.' And they do.\" Groening liked Second City Television's use of Melonville, a town with a large cast of recurring characters that serves as a mini-universe for the show, and partially based The Simpsons on it. ", "To promote The Simpsons Movie , various towns and cities across the United States called Springfield competed to hold the premiere . [18] The town of Springfield, Vermont , was chosen. [19] [20]", "In one episode at a graveyard the characters throw dirt that blots out the grave of Adlai Stevenson (either the Vice President or Presidential candidate of the US) who was a well-known politician based in Illinois, implying Springfield, Illinois. Creator Matt Groening has stated that Springfield has much in common with Portland, Oregon, the city he grew up in (see Matt Groening's Portland), and the name \"Springfield\" was chosen because virtually every state has a town or city with that name. (See Where Is The Simpsons' Springfield? for more information on this issue.)", "In one of the episode intros, where the screen zooms out of the universe from the Simpsons' house, it zooms out of Illinois, and there is a real city named Springfield in Illinois. There is also a real city named Shelbyville in Illinois, 63.6 miles away from Springfield, IL.", "And now, fame. This week Matt Groening, the cartoon's creator, told the Smithsonian magazine that the animated town was inspired by one near his childhood home of Portland. \"Springfield was named after Springfield, Oregon. Springfield was one of the most common names for a city in the US. In anticipation of the success of the show, I thought: 'This will be cool; everyone will think it's their Springfield.' And they do.\"", "To promote The Simpsons Movie, various factual towns and cities across the U.S. called Springfield competed to hold the premiere. The town of Springfield, Vermont, was chosen. ", "The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The series is a satirical parody of a middle class American lifestyle epitomized by its family of the same name, which consists of Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa and Maggie. The show is set in the fictional town of Springfield and parodies American culture, society, television, and many aspects of the human condition.", "In The City of New York vs. Homer Simpson , Homer tells the rest of the family, \"...So if anyone asks we are sophisticated millionaires from the Ozarks.\" Springfield, Missouri is located within the Ozarks and is commonly referred to as the Queen City of the Ozarks.", "The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The series is a satirical depiction of working-class life epitomized by the Simpson family, which consists of Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa, and Maggie. The show is set in the fictional town of Springfield and parodies American culture, society, television, and the human condition.", "According to the video game The Simpsons Hit & Run , the town of Springfield is in Florida, but this could be ruled out in the episode \" Special Edna \", in which a sign in Springfield shows the distance to Orlando too far for Springfield to be in the same state. There is also evidence to disprove this point in the episode \" Kill the Alligator and Run \", in which the family vacations to Florida (which Homer refers to as \"America's wang \") and is prohibited from returning. After the Simpsons are expelled from Florida , Marge and Homer mark that state on a map, which shows only two states remaining that still welcome the Simpsons: Arizona and North Dakota , but Homer crosses out Arizona because \"It smells funny\".", "The couch gag sequence of The Simpsons episode entitled \" The Ziff Who Came to Dinner \" again left the location of Springfield something of a mystery. The sequence featured a \"zooming out\" from the Simpson household to a satellite view, then a solar system view, and so on in a parody of the 1977 documentary short Powers of Ten. The sequence contained plenty of cloud cover, but put Springfield somewhere in the Midwest, probably near the Mississippi River (Iowa, or maybe Missouri). The latter location is also suggested in the episode \" Lisa the Tree Hugger \" in which Lisa tries to protect the oldest tree in Springfield. To do so, she climbs a giant sequoia tree to prevent a team from cutting it down. When looking down on Springfield she sees a structure resembling the Gateway Arch in St. Louis, Missouri (but also the Space Needle in Seattle, Washington) In the background, the Statue of Liberty in New York, and the Eiffel Tower in Paris, France can also be seen, along with a large river. It should be noted that the Eiffel Tower appears to be closer than the Statue of Liberty, which is impossible.", "One of the couch gags (which cannot be considered canon) zoomed out and showed the Simpsons' house in Springfield, Illinois. While Springfield, Illinois has a Shelbyville 50 miles to the southeast, and a nuclear power plant 40 miles to the north-east, there has not been any indication that it is 'the' Springfield, and could be coincidental. However, The Simpsons does make an indirect reference to the Illinois city; in the episode where Homer is in a graveyard at night digging a plot, discarded dirt covers up the grave of Adlai Stevenson (a prominent Illinois politician and two-time US presidential candidate, buried in Bloomington, Illinois, 50 miles to the northeast). In the episode \" G.I. (Annoyed Grunt) \", the Squeaky-voiced Teen quits his job to go work at \"Jolly Tamale\" which is a small but somewhat popular Mexican restaurant in Springfield, Illinois. The Simpsons' street, Evergreen Terrace , is a notoriously poor section of Springfield, Illinois.", "We may not know which state it's in, but we do know the neighborhoods that comprise the city on \"The Simpsons,\" now in its 27th season. There's Junkyville and Rat's Nest, Crackton and Skid Row, Sprooklyn and the Flammable District. The Springfield Museum houses the world's largest cubic zirconium; the Museum of Swordfish is the only one of its kind. All in all, a fine place to settle down and raise a dysfunctional family. If you can look the other way and not fret over the local nuclear power plant, that is.", "David Silverman , a director for the Simpsons, has claimed that Springfield is in the fictional state of \"North Tacoma\" (or \"North Takoma\"). This is substantiated by the state abbreviations NT and TA used within the show. However, this has never been officially confirmed in any canonical episode of The Simpsons .", "There are more residents per capita with the last name “Simpson” in this city than any other Springfield so the odds are strong that at least one of them is working at the nuclear power plant 35 miles down the road. Even better, it’s home to Moe’s Grille, which offers “$1 Duff mugs from 5-7pm. Regrettably, there is no “Flaming Moe’s” on the cocktail menu.", "When Matt Groening announced that Springfield, Oregon was the inspiration for Springfield, that week's episode (\"Beware My Cheating Bart\") opened with the words \"Now entering Oregon\" next to the main title, while the chalkboard gag read \"The true location of Springfield is in any state but yours.\"", "The Simpsons creator Matt Groening has revealed which Springfield inspired his fictional town in the cartoon series.", "In the episode \" Revenge is a Dish Best Served Three Times \", the Rich Texan on whom Homer wishes to seek revenge tells Bart that he and Homer have buried the hatchet because the two are both from Connecticut, (despite his name). It has previously been revealed that Homer was born in Springfield .", "Update: People, I know that the buildings don't look the same. I said this in the article. We are not claiming that these buildings were the base for the actual locations. This is just a look at the locations of the city whose name inspired Groening for The Simpsons.", "Springfield was nearly chosen as the host for the Summer Olympic Games, but Bart Simpson 's antics angered representatives from the IOC . It was also nearly awarded an NFL franchise team, but Abraham Simpson attacked the commissioner - mistaking him for a burglar - while he was trying to use the Simpsons' phone.", "Matt Groening has revealed the location of the real-life home of The Simpsons. AP hide caption", "Homer says: There are plenty of sports that Springfielders can enjoy. Springfield has a country club with a golf course. They can catch a game at Isotope Stadium, or they can get together at the Bowl-a-Rama or Sir Putts-a-Lot Merrie Olde Fun Center. I really don't like sports that don't make you work up a sweat. That's why I prefer drunken bowling. I work out on the StairMaster five times a week — not! Look at me, I'm a fat load! I'm going to Moe's!", "Homer and Ned Flanders form an unlikely friendship after attending a football game together. After spending too much time together, however, Flanders comes to the rather un-Christian realization that he hates his neighbor." ]

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[ "1934 – Outside Chicago's Biograph Theatre, \"Public Enemy No. 1\" John Dillinger is mortally wounded by FBI agents.", "The Biograph Theater, at 2433 North Lincoln Avenue, near Lincoln Park in Chicago, Illinois, was originally a movie theater but now presents live productions. It is notable as the location where bank robber John Dillinger was shot by FBI agents after watching a gangster movie on July 22, 1934. The theater is on the National Register of Historic Places and was designated a Chicago Landmark on March 28, 2001.", "1934 Outside Chicago's Biograph Theatre, \"Public Enemy No. 1\" John Dillinger is mortally wounded by FBI agents", "It is most famous as the location where bank robber John Dillinger was shot by the FBI, led by Melvin Purvis, on July 22, 1934. The Biograph Theater is on the National Register of Historic Places and was designated a Chicago Landmark on March 28, 2001.", "July 22, 1934 - Bank robber John Dillinger (1902-1934) was shot and killed by FBI agents as he left Chicago's Biograph Movie Theater after watching the film Manhattan Melodrama starring Clark Gable and Myrna Loy. Dillinger was the first criminal labeled by the FBI as \"Public Enemy No. 1.\" After spending nine years (1924-1933) in prison, Dillinger went on a deadly crime spree, traveling through the states of Indiana, Illinois, Ohio, Wisconsin, Minnesota and Iowa. He was reportedly betrayed by the \"Lady in Red.\"", "On July 22, 1934, Dillinger himself was ambushed and killed by FBI agents outside the Biograph Theater in Lincoln Park in Chicago. The next day, FBI director J. Edgar Hoover announced that Nelson was the new \"Public Enemy No. 1.\" Van Meter met a grisly end the following month, in a confrontation with police.", "John Herbert Dillinger ( Public Enemy Number 1 ) bank robber dies after a shoot out on July 22nd with the FBI outside the Biograph theatre in Chicago", "July 22nd – Bank robber and criminal at large John Dillinger is gunned down outside the Biograph Theater in Chicago. Dillinger had gone to the theater to see Manhattan Melodrama because of his fondness for Myrna Loy.", "* Public Enemies, a 2009 film starring American actor Johnny Depp, with Stephen Graham as Nelson. In this film, Nelson is portrayed as being killed by Melvin Purvis at the Little Bohemia shootout, and thus does not become Public Enemy Number One after Dillinger's death. However, the film still portrays Nelson as getting up and continuing to fire immediately after being shot several times. ", "2009: Director Michael Mann's film Public Enemies is an adaptation of Bryan Burrough's book Public Enemies: America's Greatest Crime Wave and the Birth of the FBI, 1933-34. The film features Johnny Depp as John Dillinger and Christian Bale as FBI agent Melvin Purvis. Although the film has accurate portrayals of several key moments in Dillinger's life - such as his death and dialogue at his arraignment hearing - it is inaccurate in some major historical details, such as the timeline of deaths of key criminal figures including Pretty Boy Floyd and Baby Face Nelson.", "[TD=\"class: tr-caption, align: center\"]People stand around the blood stain from John H. Dillinger, 32, in the alley behind the Biograph Theater in Chicago. Dillinger was shot and killed by FBI agents on July 22, 1934 after receiving a tip from Dillinger's friend Anna Sage. Sage, known as the \"Woman in Red,\" told authorities that she, Dillinger, and Dillinger's girlfriend Polly Hamilton Keele would be at the movies and to look for her dressed in red. Some reports say Sage was actually dressed in orange. — Chicago Tribune historical photo[/TD]", "John Dillinger's body lies dead on a slab at the Cook County Morgue after he was shot and killed by FBI agents on July 22, 1934 at the Biograph Theater in Chicago. According to the Chicago Tribune, Dillinger was \"partly covered with a sheet below which well manicured feet protrude, a tag labeled \"Dillinger\" on each big toe.\" — Chicago Tribune historical photo", "One of the most famous haunted theaters in the history of Chicago is the Biograph Theater, located on North Lincoln Avenue in downtown Chicago. It was here, in 1934, that John Dillinger supposedly met his end.... The theater has gained a reputation for being haunted, but the story of the ghost seen here actually revolves around the alleyway outside. But the theater, and the surrounding businesses, have banked on the criminal's name for many years. On the day after the fatal shots were fired, the bar next door placed a sign in the window that read \"Dillinger had his last drink here\". Theater patrons can examine a window in the box office that describes the set-up of Dillinger by the FBI. They can sit in the same seat where Dillinger sat nearly 65 years ago and after the film, they can emerge into \"Dillinger's Alley.... it is here where the ghost is said to appear.", "At 10:40 on the night of Sunday, July 22, 1934 John Dillinger lay dead in an alley outside the Biograph Theatre. Law enforcement officers fired at Dillinger from the front and the back. From the rear, two bullets slightly grazed his face next to the left eye. A third, the fatal shot, entered the base of his neck, traveled upward until it hit the second vertebra, then exited below and to the outside of his right eye. A fourth bullet, fired from the front, entered his left clavicle and exited his left side. All four wounds, as well as the wounds suffered by two bystanders, were all consistent in proving that Dillinger was on the ground when fired at.", "Such free access wasn't the particular luxury of photojournalists, however—everyone had amazing access to crime scenes and even corpses. One particularly fascinating photograph in the book shows the body of John Dillinger, Public Enemy Number One at the time of his death in 1934, outstretched at the Cook County Morgue. Behind a glass barrier stand two women—in bathing suits—leaning against the glass, mere inches from Dillinger's rigid body. \"That particular photo has a very interesting background story,\" says Mather. \"It was taken at the Cook County Morgue, and they actually had a big problem—the police officers weren't policing the body, so people were walking in and touching his body and even making death masks of his face with no authorization. There were hundreds of people lined up outside of the morgue to see the body of Public Enemy Number One...I think it's so interesting that there wasn't any quarantining or setting up police tape at that time.\"", "Dillinger was shot and killed by FBI agents on July 22, 1934 at the Biograph Theater on Lincoln Avenue in Chicago after receiving a tip from Dillinger's friend Anna Sage. Sage, known as the \"Woman in Red,\" told authorities that she, Dillinger, and Dillinger's girlfriend Polly Hamilton Keele would be at the movies and to look for her dressed in red. Some reports say Sage was actually dressed in orange. — Chicago Tribune historical photo", "John Herbert Dillinger, Jr. (June 22, 1903 – July 22, 1934) was an American gangster and bank-robber in the Depression-era United States. He was charged, but never convicted, with the murder of an East Chicago police officer. This was his only kill. His gang robbed two dozen banks and four police stations. Dillinger escaped from jail twice.In 1933-34, among criminals like Lester Gillis (Baby Face Nelson), Pretty Boy Floyd, and Bonnie and Clyde, Dillinger was the most notorious of all. Media reports were spiced with exaggerated accounts of his bravado and daring. The government demanded federal action and J. Edgar Hoover developed a more sophisticated Federal Bureau of Investigation as a weapon against organized crime and would use Dillinger and his gang as his campaign platform to launch this FBI .After evading police in four states for almost a year, Dillinger was wounded and returned to his father's home to recover. He returned to Chicago in July 1934 and met his end at the hands of police and federal agents who were informed of his whereabouts by Ana Cumpanas (the owner of the lodge where Dillinger sought refuge at the time). On July 22, the police and Division of Investigation closed in on the Biograph Theater. Federal agents, led by Melvin Purvis, moved to arrest him as he left the theater. He pulled a weapon and attempted to flee but was shot three times and killed.", "Though he was an Indiana native who robbed banks in seemingly every Midwestern state but Illinois, Dillinger is forever linked with Chicago. The charismatic criminal hid out in Uptown and eventually met his end outside the Biograph Theater on Lincoln (now home to Victory Gardens). He became something of a rock star—the Johnny Depp of his time, say, but with armed robberies instead of box office bombs—through his ruthless activity. When Cook County put his corpse on display to the public (yeah, they used to do that), 15,000 people lined up to see him.", "John Herbert Dillinger (; June 22, 1903 – July 22, 1934) was an American gangster in the Depression-era United States. He operated with a group of men known by some as the Dillinger Gang or Terror Gang, which was accused of robbing 24 banks and four police stations, among other activities. Dillinger escaped from jail twice. He was also charged with, but never convicted of, the murder of an East Chicago, Indiana, police officer who shot Dillinger in his bullet-proof vest during a shootout, prompting him to return fire. It was Dillinger's only homicide charge.", "(June 22, 1903 � July 22, 1934) was an American gangster and bank-robber in the Depression-era United States. He was charged with, but never convicted of, the murder of an East Chicago police officer. This was his only alleged kill. His gang robbed two dozen banks and four police stations. Dillinger escaped from jail twice.In 1933-34, among criminals like Lester Gillis (Baby Face Nelson), Pretty Boy Floyd, and Bonnie and Clyde, Dillinger was the most notorious of all. Media reports were spiced with exaggerated accounts of his bravado and daring. The government demanded federal action and J. Edgar Hoover developed a more sophisticated Federal Bureau of Investigation as a weapon against organized crime and would use Dillinger and his gang as his campaign platform to launch this FBI .", "The 1920s and 1930s were a time of rising crime, driven at first by Prohibition and then after its repeal, taking on a life of its own. The 1930s was a period of famous gangsters such as John Dillinger, Baby Face Nelson, Bonnie and Clyde, Pretty Boy Floyd, Machine Gun Kelly, and Ma Barker. It also became known as the Public Enemies Era when the FBI began to keep \"Public Enemies\" lists of wanted criminals charged with crimes. ", "This Lincoln Park neighborhood landmark is probably best known by Chicagoans as the place where John Dillinger was shot and killed in 1934 after attending a screening of “Manhattan Melodrama” starring Clark Gable (allegedly the ghost of Dillinger has haunted the theater ever since).", "Like many large U.S. cities during the Prohibition era of the 1920s, Chicago was a hotbed of underground crime lords and gangsters.  Territory was divided between rival gangs earning lucrative profits from running illegal drinking dens, gambling joints, and brothels. Gang leader Al Capone became the most famous, or indeed infamous, of all, as a result of the St. Valentine's Day Massacre, despite no conclusive proof of his involvement nor any resulting police prosecution. As leader of the South Side Italian gang, Capone fought repeatedly against his main rival,  leader of the North Side Irish gang, George \"Bugs\" Moran.  The antagonism between the gangs reached its height in the winter of early 1929, when a plan was hatched by Capone's ally Jack \"Machine Gun\" McGurn. ", "Capone (through his henchman Murray the Hump ) orchestrated the most notorious gangland killing of the century, the 1929 St. Valentine's Day Massacre in the Lincoln Park neighborhood on Chicago's North Side . Although details of the killing of the seven victims [9] in a garage at 2122 North Clark Street (then the SMC Cartage Co.) are still in dispute and no one was ever indicted for the crime, their deaths are generally linked to Capone and his henchmen, especially Murray the Hump (Llewellyn Morris Humphreys (1899-1965)) and Jack \"Machine Gun\" McGurn . McGurn is thought to have led the operation, using gunmen disguised as police and toting shotguns and Thompson submachine guns .", "On the morning of Thursday, February 14, 1929, St. Valentine's Day, seven mob associates were lined up against the rear inside wall of the garage at 2122 North Clark Street, in the Lincoln Park neighborhood of Chicago's North Side, and executed. The victims of a conflict between the South Side Italian gang led by Al Capone and the North Side Irish gang led by Bugs Moran. The murders were committed by Al Capone and his men who orchestrated a complex ruse to lure Bugs Moran to the warehouse for his assassination. Moran was running late that morning and fled the scene when he saw a police car (a fake, part of the ruse) approach the building.", "Capone (through his henchman Murray the Hump ) orchestrated the most notorious gangland killing of the century, the 1929 Saint Valentine's Day Massacre in the Lincoln Park neighborhood on Chicago's North Side . Although details of the killing of the seven victims [8] in a garage at 2122 North Clark Street (then the SMC Cartage Co.) are still in dispute and no one was ever indicted for the crime, their deaths are generally linked to Capone and his henchmen, especially Murray the Hump (Llewellyn Morris Humphreys (1899-1965)) and Jack \"Machine Gun\" McGurn . McGurn is thought to have led the operation, using gunmen disguised as police and toting shotguns and Thompson submachine guns .", "Steve Leftridge: Mr. Pick, you and I have just watched what many consider to be the quintessential gangster picture of the ‘30s from Warner Brothers: William Wellman’s The Public Enemy (1931). It’s also the film that made James Cagney famous. The film starts with a disclaimer from the studio that states its intention to honestly depict the “hoodlum” of the era and not to glorify him. I’d like to start by asking you how well you think the film accomplishes its stated goal of not romanticizing the criminal or his crimes.", "On February 15, 1933, while riding in an open car through the streets of Miami , Florida , with Chicago 's mayor, Anton Cermak, President Franklin D. Roosevelt nearly lost his life to Giuseppe (Joseph) Zangara, an unemployed New Jersey mill worker who had traveled to Florida seeking employment. Caught up in the throes of the depression and unable to find work, he blamed capitalism and the president. The assassin fired several shots at the presidential vehicle and fatally wounded Cermak and a young woman in the crowd; Roosevelt was not injured. Zangara was executed in the electric chair, remaining unrepentant to the end.", "Though he had not been sworn into office yet, Roosevelt was shot at five times while at a speaking engagement in Miami. Bricklayer Giuseppe Zangara fired the shots wildly, wounding four and killing Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak. Zangara was found guilty of murder and executed on March 20, 1933.", "February 15, 1933 - An assassination attempt on newly elected U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt occurred in Miami, Florida. A spectator deflected the gunman's aim. As a result, Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak was shot and killed instead. The gunman, an Italian immigrant, was captured and later sentenced to death.", "On February 15, 1933, Roosevelt was giving an impromptu speech from the back of an open car in the Bayfront Park area of Miami, Florida, where Zangara was living, working the occasional odd job, and living off his savings. Zangara joined the crowd, armed with a .32-caliber US Revolver Company pistol he had bought for $8 at a local pawn shop. However, being only five feet tall, he was unable to see over other people, and had to stand on a wobbly, metal folding chair, peering over the hat of Lillian Cross to get a clear aim at his target. After the first shot, Cross and others grabbed his arm, and he fired four more shots wildly. Five people were hit, including Chicago mayor Anton Cermak, who was standing on the running board of the car next to Roosevelt. En route to the hospital, Cermak allegedly told Roosevelt, \"I'm glad it was me instead of you,\" words now inscribed on a plaque in Bayfront Park.", "*January - James Alderman, a prominent Florida bootlegger, is sentenced to hang by US District Court Judge Henry D. Clayton for the 1927 murders of a US Secret Service agent and two US Coast Guard crew members during an arrest at sea. Despite appeals to the US Supreme Court and President Herbert Hoover, Alderman would be hanged later that year on a Coast Guard base near Fort Lauderdale, Florida. " ]

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[ "A Hudson's Bay point blanket is a type of wool blanket traded by the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) in British North America (now Canada) and the United States during the 18th century and 19th century. The company is named for the saltwater bay in Northeastern Canada and the blankets were typically traded to First Nations in exchange for beaver pelts. The blankets continue to be sold by Canada's Hudson's Bay stores and have come to hold iconic status in Canada. In the United States they can be found at luxury department store and Hudson's Bay sister chain Lord & Taylor.", "Freeport Only a 15 minute drive from Portland is an historical coastal town and Maine shopping paradise that draws 3.5 million visitors annually. Freeport is the home to over 170 retailers, outlet stores, shops and boutiques all centered around the grandfather of all retailers, L.L. Bean. L.L. Bean started in Freeport in 1912 when Leon Leonwood Bean created the first 100 pairs of what has become known as the", "L.L. Bean : Outdoor activity oriented clothing and products. Started in 1912 by Leon Leonwood (or L.L.) Bean, the company was one of the first to computerize its mailing list, in 1969. Based in Maine, Bean has grown to a billion dollar a year company with several stores across the States and a few international outlets, as well.", "Harold Lee Tichenor, point blanket collector and consultant to Hudson's Bay Company, has written two books on point blankets and their collectibility: The Blanket: an Illustrated History of the Hudson's Bay Point Blanket (HBC, 2002) and A Collector's Guide to Point Blankets (Cinetel, 2003).", "reat fanfare greeted the first L.L.Bean to arrive in Vermont, and a long line snaked out the door when it opened on Friday, November 7, in the Burlington Town Center. That same weekend, the Mainebased company attracted another crowd on the Church Street Marketplace. Promotional announcements blared from its giant Bootmobile — a vehicular version of Bean’s iconic rubber-soled boot — while a boot-tossing game earned winners small prizes such as lip balm. The showy entrance was no surprise from such a retail superpower. Yet, half a block away that same afternoon, foot traffic was light at Fjällräven, another international outdoor-gear supplier. The Swedish company, which has a smattering of shops across the U.S. and Canada but is better known in Europe, had", "By the 1920s, L.L. Bean was earning a reputation among sportsmen as the best outfitter for camping, hiking, hunting, and fishing. In addition to a wide range of sturdy apparel, the company also began selling equipment, including canoes, tents, and fishing rods. The items were sold through the L.L. bean catalog or in the company store, which opened on Main Street in 1920. Bean's little mail-order company was a hit in Freeport and beyond, and the firm employed two dozen full-time workers by 1924.", "Lands' End was not such a gem when Sears acquired the company in 2002 for $1.9 billion. At the time, its apparel was available only online or through catalogs, and was generally seen as well-made but staid preppy gear. Seeking a chance to broaden its apparel offerings, Sears quickly began stocking Lands' End shirts and slacks in stores, though it kept the two brands' Web sites separate. But Lands' End got lost in the aisles until Lampert took over Sears and pushed to build the brand. In mid-2005, a month after McCreight became president, Sears opened the first Lands' End boutique in a White Plains (N.Y.) store.", "J Crew is an American retailer of men’s, women’s and children’s apparel and accessories. The company is known for its collection of classic styles.", "LL. Bean, Inc., an award-winning American mail-order and • clothing retailer, was founded over ninety years ago as a sportsmen's outfitter, selling waterproof boots for hunters. Over the years the company expanded into over three hundred product categories for men, women, children, pets, and the home—all with an ironclad guarantee. As the world's leading mail-order business, L.L. Bean's label stands not only for high quality, durable products, but for the satisfaction of each and every one of its customers.", "NFL ShopMLB ShopNBA ShopNHL ShopNASCAR ShopSpecial event items are produced by manufacturers only after the outcome of a game Canada Goose Lodge Down Jacket Mid Grey New Collection from Hollister UK Mens Barbour Lenwood Quilted Jacket Wearing an overly provocative outfit to a corporate event can even cost you a promotion, according to Sanders. ''Dressing inappropriately will cause people to see you in a different light, and there is no going back from that,'' she explains. ''You just really don't want to be remembered as the person who dressed too sexy or flashy.'' 2014 Nike Air Max 90 HYP Premium Leopard Print White/Silver The rivalry means more to Hamilton than to Toronto and always has. There's always a chip on the shoulder effect for a \"shadow\" city in regard to its larger neighbour. You can see the same thing at play in the professional sports teams of Oakland, Milwaukee and Anaheim. And Hamilton doesn't get to play against its nearby Goliath in the NHL, NBA or major league baseball, so this is the only outlet for its David ism. Michael Kors Grayson Medium Monogram Satchel Black Later, when Ian returned to Sydney, he saw his mother's creativity had exploded. Her room was covered with her brightly coloured abstract works. Women's Canada Goose Mystique Red Jackets", "While the impact of climate change on the surface of the Greenland ice sheet has been widely studied, a clear understanding of the key process of iceberg production has eluded researchers for many years Canada Goose Men's Freestyle Vest Military Green Windstone offers a location just east of historic Milton, within a short drive of Lewes, Rehoboth Beach, Dewey Beach and Bethany Beach. The local towns and beaches offer plenty of activities, including boating, canoeing, fishing and strolling on the sand, along with nearby golf courses and museums. Antiques shops, outlet shops and restaurants are all easily accessible. Mens Barbour Waterproof Sapper Jacket Your current entry cannot be processed due to guidelines for past and present player names. Please create a new entry. No portion of this site may be reproduced or duplicated without the express permission of Fanatics Retail Group.锘縒isconsin Badgers Womens Cozy Full Zip Hoodie Nike Air Max Light Sneakers Wolf Grey/Black-White-Royal Blue The technology has also transformed. When he started out, the computers used to predict the weather were as big as a building. Michael Kors Grayson Large Satchel Orange I'm way more tired of seeing him than he is of me. He's probably making 30 grand a surgery, Whitney said, joking. \"It's frustrating seeing him, but things happen for a reason. Men Canada Goose Chateau Black Jackets", "The Prospect Centre on Prospect Street is a smaller, older shopping centre with a range of chain stores, banks and fashion retailers. It contains branches of Boots, Claire’s, a large Wilkinsons, Poundland, W H Smith , Santander, and Hull’s main post office. [82] At Bransholme, the North Point Shopping Centre (Bransholme Shopping Centre) contains a similar range of popular chain stores and budget-oriented retailers including Boyes and Heron Foods.", "Timberland is a brand of outdoor wear, specificially boots and footwear. The company was founded by Nathan Swartz in 1918.", "Gorman, Leon A., L.L. Bean, Inc.: Outdoor Specialties by Mail from Maine, New York : Newcomen Society in North America , 1981, 23 p.", "Wear It’s At « P.31 themselves? Will their multiplicity justify the aphorism “a rising tide lifts all boats,” or will it generate too much competition? The store representatives interviewed for this article were loath to admit that the competition was anything but good, and expressed confidence in their individual brands and services. The “outdoor mecca” phenomenon defines Burlington and Chittenden County as a market and “the lifestyle of Vermonters,” suggests Andy Kingston, co-owner of the Alpine Shop on Williston Road. Yet “all the stores serve very different purposes. The goals and objectives of the chains are different than [those of ] the local specialty stores,” he adds.", "Lauren soon followed with scarves, hosiery, sleepwear, leather goods, luggage, jewelry, and finally his Safari fragrance in 1990.  In 1993, Lauren introduced his Polo Sport line, and opened the first Polo Sport store at 888 Madison opened across the street from the Rhinelander mansion.  In 1994, Ralph Lauren launched his signature Purple Label, his high end menswear line.  In 1996, came Polo Jeans Co., followed by Lauren’s performance sportwear line, RLX.", "Carhartt is an American brand of work clothes. It was founded by Hamilton Carhartt in 1889 and based in Dearborn, Michigan.", "Notable Products: Bean Boot (formerly Maine Hunting Shoe); Bean's Classic Porch Rocker; Boat & Tote Bags; Burrito Bag (sleeping bag); Maine Cedar Outdoor Furniture; Photo Essentials apparel line (for photographers); Water Hogs (outdoor/indoor mats)", "Coleman - Nearly 100 years ago, a young man with an entrepreneurial spirit and a better idea began manufacturing lanterns in Wichita, Kansas. His name was W.C. Coleman. And the company he founded would change life in America. A fascinating saga. One filled with historical significance, amazing innovations and delightfully fun things to know. The company's current catalogue is thick with recently introduced products that make spending time outside a pleasure. There are products just for kids. A technologically-advanced, proven mosquito-defense system. Coolers that keep food and drinks cold for up to five days. A complete line of grills, lights, heaters and more for your backyard. An accessory line with 100 separate items. And a backpacking stove featuring technology so remarkable and so relevant that Backpacker Magazine named it Editors' Choice in 1997. All Coleman products are designed by people who love to get outside. We create products for outdoor enthusiasts like you who share our passion and aspire to escape the ordinary. From their iconic fuel lanterns to their innovative range of tents, their products have been inspiring people to embrace the outdoors for over 100 years. If you can't find what your looking for please contact Trade Counter Direct and we'll do our best to source your product.", "Route One is a leading independent street store, with shops nationwide. They stock footwear and clothing from brands like Etnies, Globe, Dickies, Zoo York, Carhartt, Stussy, Fenchurch and many more.", "relaunched. They were so lucky that they found a 40-year old deadstock fabric in a warehouse in the US. It’s a heavyweight cotton that has been Tefloncoated. It’s an archive piece, but they’ve given it a modern sensibility. It’s got “onion bag” quilting inside.” The N3-B parka is another classic that’s been reinvented for the limited-edition Golden Fleece line, again in the deadstock fabric as well as in authentic “flight satin” fabric. Details include leather arrowheads to reinforce the pockets, and there’s a well-executed cotton drill US Navy deck", "G.H. Bass & Co. is a fashion store that dates back to Maine in 1876 and is the designer of the stylish spin on a Norwegian farm shoe designed for “loafing in the field,” and playfully dubbed them Weejuns – introducing the world’s first penny loafer.", "French lace. Japanese wool. U.S.-sourced fur and vintage-inspired finishings. For LEUR LOGETTE—loosely translated as “their little hideaway”—designer Masako Imoto combines contrasting couture fabrics from all over the world. Ruffle-hem cotton top. #4000-87584289. $350, pre-order on saks.com.", "Angel Fleece™ is a Land's End trademarked term for a lightweight fleece fabric manufactured exclusively for our customers. It has properties similar to Polartec®. It's very warm yet wicks away moisture for additional comfort; surprisingly soft, it stays remarkably pill-free and holds its shape well. It is, however, lighter than Polartec, so Angel Fleece is particularly well suited to pajamas and other sleepwear.", "In August 2008 Crow (in partnership with Western Glove Works) launched a jeans brand, Bootheel Trading Company. … Read More", "Store, 90 Church Street, and KL Mountain Shop at 2613 Shelburne Road in Shelburne BUSINESS MODEL: locally owned partner store with North", "The city's \"Northside\" consists of several boroughs which were at one time separate communities. These include Devon, Nashwaaksis, Marysville and Barker's Point. These communities are largely suburban neighbourhoods and retail outlets. Main Street (in Nashwaaksis) which becomes Union Street in Devon, runs along the northern bank of the Saint John River. It includes numerous retail outlets as well as an eclectic array of businesses including IT firms, law firms, and real estate agents. Also located on the Northside is the Brookside Mall, a retail mall anchored by Sobeys, Alcool NB Liquor and a Lawtons Drugs store as well as government offices. A new retail \"power centre\" development including Canadian Tire/Marks Work Warehouse, Kent Building Supplies and a Wal-Mart, is located at Two-Nations Crossing. Willie O'Ree Place - a new multimillion-dollar hockey complex - opened in the same area in 2007.", "Settler’s Green Outlet Village in North Conway, New Hampshire, provides more than 60 outlet stores plus nearby crafts and specialty shops in this scenic village. See the North Conway Village Map and Guide for a complete list.", "As a hunter, Bean traveled in the woods in all kinds of weather and tired of always having wet, cold feet. In 1911, he decided to do something about it. He designed a sturdy boot and took the to a local shoemaker. Leather was used for the top and side parts of the boot and a thick rubber-soled bottom was added to keep feet dry and warm. The boot was called the \"Maine Hunting Shoe.\" Pleased with the design's initial success, Bean formed a company in 1912, using his own name, to sell the boots to other hunters and fishermen in the area. Using mailing lists from the state hunting board, he mailed three-page flyers to men who had applied for Maine hunting licenses. He soon received several orders, and the L.L. Bean mail-order company was in business.", "In 1906 Meyer May, a men's clothier of Grand Rapids, Michigan, became the first retailer to display his wares on his wishbone-inspired hangers. Some of these original hangers can be seen at the Frank Lloyd Wright designed Meyer May House in Grand Rapids.", "Burlington is a brand socks. The company was founded in 1923 and based in North Carolina.", "The Lewes Chamber of Commerce represents the traders and businesses of the town. The town has been identified as unusually diversified with numerous specialist, independent retailers, counter to national trends toward 'chain' retailers and large corporate retail outlets." ]

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[ "The jerseys: general classification (overall lead): yellow; points classification: white and red polka dots; king of the mountains classification: white; sprints classification: blue.", "The overall leader at present wears a red jersey, although previously it has been the \"Maillot amarillo\" (Yellow jersey) and the \"Jersey de Oro\" (Golden jersey)— the Spanish counterpart to the yellow jersey of the Tour de France. Other jerseys honor the best climber (King of the Mountains, awarded a blue-on-white polka dot jersey) and leader of the points competition (for many years awarded a blue with yellow fish jersey sponsored by Spain's fishing and marine industry, but more recently given a green jersey). Usually, other cycling jerseys are awarded, such as for points leaders in the \"Metas Volantes\" (intermediate sprints) and for the combination category (a point system that honors the best rider with the combined total points in the best overall, points and mountains classifications).", "The jerseys: general classification (overall lead): yellow; points classification: white; king of the mountains classification: red; sprints classification: blue.", "POLKA DOT: Worn by the top climber or King of the Mountains, this white jersey with red dots is the second-most prestigious jersey. Frenchman Richard Virenque retired after winning a record seventh polka-dot jersey in 2004. GREEN: Awarded to the top sprinter based on points earned during road races, time trials and designated sprint locations called hot spots. Germany's Erik Zabel won an unprecedented six consecutive green jerseys from 1996 to 2001. WHITE: Honors the race's highest-ranked overall rider age 25 and under. Frenchman Laurent Fignon (1983) and German Jan Ullrich (1997) were 23 when they won the final white and yellow jerseys.", "The jerseys: general classification (overall lead): yellow; points classification: green; king of the mountains classification: white and red polka dots; young rider classification: white.", "While the overall race leader in the Tour de France will wear the yellow jersey, or \"maillot jaune\", the green jersey (\"maillot vert\") will be worn by the leader in the points competition. Since 2009, the Vuelta a España has also used the green jersey to signify the leader of the points competition. In the Giro d'Italia, the green jersey was, from 1974 to 2011, worn by the King of the Mountains, the leader in the competition for climbing specialists.", "The jerseys: general classification (overall lead): yellow and blue band; points classification: green; king of the mountains classification: white and red polka dots; young rider classification: white.", "The Mountains classification in the Tour de France is a secondary classification, in which cyclists receive points for reaching a mountain top first. The leader of this classification is named the \"King of the Mountains\", and since 1975 wears the polka dot jersey (Maillot � Pois in French), a white jersey with red dots.", "The jerseys: general classification (overall lead): pink; points classification: red; king of the mountains classification: blue; young rider classification: white.", "Maillot jaune: The overall leader of the race, the one who has ridden it in the least amount of time, wears the yellow jersey", "The jerseys: general classification (overall lead): ochre; points classification: blue; king of the mountains classification: white; young rider classification: black, green and pink; most aggressive rider: red.", "The “King of the Mountains” is the rider that wears the polka dot and is the leader of the points competition in the mountain stages. The riders receive points based on their performance during key climbs in the mountains of the Alps and Pyrenees. The King of the Mountains competition has been a part of the Tour since 1905. In 1975, the “King of the Mountains” was iconized with a white jersey with red polka dots. Since then, it has seen very little variation in style from the original jersey, and remains a coveted symbol for riders and fans alike.", "Lance Armstrong wears the yellow jersey (=he is the leader in the Tour de France ).", "Polka dot - The King of the Mountains. Like the green jersey, riders claim points for being the first over the top of categorised climbs. The harder the ascent, the more points are on offer. Although the award was launched in 1933, the distinctive jersey was not introduced until 1975. Scotland's Robert Millar was King of the Mountains in 1984.", "As of 2009, no major race uses the \"green jersey\" to signify the current leader and/or final winner of the overall classification of sprinter where the polka dot jersey represents the king of the mountain.", "The Tour's jersey colours have been adopted by other cycling stage races, and have thus come to have meaning within cycling generally, rather than solely in the Tour. For example, the Tour of Britain has yellow, green, and polka-dot jerseys with the same meaning as in the Tour de France. The Giro d’Italia differs in awarding the overall leader a pink jersey, having been organized and sponsored by La Gazzetta dello Sport, an Italian sports daily newspaper with pink pages.", "Since 2008, the overall leader has worn a yellow jersey. At the creation of the race in 1933, the leader's jersey was blue and gold, evoking the Mediterranean sunny sky. In 1946, the leader's jersey was green. In 1951, the organization opted for a yellow jersey with orange piping; before changing to all-white from 1955 to 2001. In 2002, after the race was obtained by ASO, the leader's jersey was yellow and white, before changing it to yellow in 2008, reflecting the Tour de France leader's jersey.", "This means a rider who leads the points and mountains competition would wear green whilst the best young rider leading the mountains competition would wear the polka dot jersey and so on. If a rider has two jerseys, one is given to the second-best rider in the competition to wear. They only wear it for the day and don’t get the podium ceremony nor a box of spare jerseys to give away. In the event that the world champion or national champion inherits a distinctive jersey of the Tour by default of second place in the competition they would not wear it because their champions jersey takes precedence.", "The winner of the King of the Mountain wears a white jersey with red dots (known as the maillot à pois rouges in French), which is commonly referred to as the \"polka dot jersey\". Although the best climber was first recognized in 1933 as the \"King of the Mountain\", the distinctive polka dot jersey was not introduced until 1975. The colors were decided by the then sponsor, Poulain Chocolate, to match a popular product. At the top of each climb in the Tour, there are points awarded for the riders who are first over the top. The climbs are divided into categories, from 1 to 4 based on their difficulty with 1 being the most difficult, measured as a function of their steepness and length. A fifth category, called Hors categorie (outside category) is formed by mountains even more difficult than those of the number 1 category. In 2004, the scoring system was changed so that the first rider over a fourth category climb was awarded 3 points while the first to complete a hors category climb would win 20 points. Further points over a fourth category climb are only for the top three places while on a hors category climb the top ten riders are rewarded. Also, beginning in 2004, the points scored on the final climb of the day were doubled if such a climb was at least a second category climb.", "The French for Yellow Jersey , what the leader and winner of the Tour de France wears.", "The most prominent leader’s jersey in the Tour de France is the yellow jersey. (Often known as le maillot jaune in French). The yellow jersey is awarded to the leader rider of the Tour on time. It is awarded based on a calculation of the combined racing time of the individual rider on general classification.", "* In stage nine, Pierre Rolland, who was second in the mountains classification, wore the polka dot jersey, because Chris Froome wore the yellow jersey as leader of the general classification during that stage. Froome and Rolland both had collected 31 points up to this point, but Froome claimed the polka dot jersey, because he had crossed the line as first on first category mountains more often than Rolland. ", "Maillot a Pois Rouges – Polka-Dot Jersey, worn by the rider who has performed the best over the classified climbs each day; this rider is also called the “King of the Mountains”", "One of the most standout jerseys you will see at the Tour is the polka dot jersey. The jersey features large reds dots on a white background. The iconic \"red peas\" colour-scheme was initiated by Poulain Chocolate to match one of their products as part of a sponsorship deal in 1975.", "What the leader and winner of the Tour de France wears. Also, The Yellow Jersey is a great novel about the Tour by Ralph Hurne.", "King of the Mountains: Winner of the Grand Prix de la Montagne. In 1933 the Tour de France started awarding points for the first riders over certain hard climbs, the winner of the competition being the King of the Mountains. In 1975 the Tour started awarding the distinctive polka-dot jersey or maillot a pois to the leader of the classification. The first rider to wear the dots was the Dutch racer Joop Zoetemelk. The classification has lost some of its magic in recent years because of the tactics riders use to win it. Today a rider wishing to win the KOM intentionally loses a large amount of time in the General Classification. Then when the high mountains are climbed the aspiring King can take off on long breakaways to be first over the mountains without triggering a panicked chase by the Tour GC contenders.", "The Tour de France breaks down into day long sections known as stages and each individual participant has his finish time aggregated daily to determine the overall winner at the end of the day.  The rider who has the lowest cumulative time to complete a stage gets to wear the Tour de France yellow jersey – the leader’s jersey – the next day.  Wearing the yellow jersey brings real kudos to a rider and team and the bright colour is easily visible to the crowds and the following cameras.  As the riders whizz past the crowds, that visibility means that the rider can be picked out easily and the crowd will always recognise and acknowledge giving the rider an even further boost.", "RED POLKA DOT - Worn by the cyclist with the best accumulated time in the mountain segments.", "Probably the next most identifiable piece of Tour de France clothing is the polka-dot jersey  or ‘King of the Mountains’ jersey. This is worn by the rider leading the mountains classification at the start of the day’s stage. All significant climbs on the Tour de France route are graded from category four for the least taxing, right up to ‘hors category’ for the true mountains. The riders who cross the summit line first are awarded points — the tougher the climb, the more riders who will win more points. The rider with the most accumulated points at the start of the day wins the right to wear the legendary polka-dot jersey for that day’s stage.", "One of the most watched sporting events in the world, the Tour de France is perhaps the most gruelling competitive race anywhere in the world. Winners need to be able to adapt to mountains, speed trials and long, hard days in the saddle if they are to win the Tour and ride up the Champs Elysses wearing the famous yellow jersey. The jersey was introduced in 1919 because it was decided the leader of the tour needed to stand out from the rest of the cyclists. The leader of the Tour is the cyclist with the least amount of time spent on the road. Recently the Tour has been under intense criticism due to drugs and betting scandals, but organisers are now hoping that the glory days can return.", "As a sign of respect, traditionally no other cyclist wears this jersey expect for the race leader and only during the race. The winner from the previous year wears the yellow jersey on the first day and this year that will be Alberto Contador from Spain.", "Sometimes one person leads all the way through the Tour de France and gets to wear the yellow jersey every day. The first person to do this was the Italian Ottavio Bottecchia in 1928. It has only happened 3 times in the races’ history – the last time was in 1935." ]

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[ "Who Do You Love? rounds up a selection of songs from the blues rocker's first three albums. Recorded for Rounder, 1977's George Thorogood & the Destroyers , 1978's Move It on Over , and 1980's More George Thorogood & the Destroyers were hard-driving blues-rock records fueled by Thorogood 's nasty slide playing and barstool blues vocals. This compilation includes tracks that were FM rock radio staples, like his growling cover of Hank Williams ' \"Move It on Over,\" his boozy version of John Lee Hooker 's \"One Bourbon, One Scotch and One Beer,\" and the group's pounding cover of Bo Diddley 's \"Who Do You Love?\" The rest of the tracks are among Thorogood 's best and the whole disc stands as a testament to the hard-working blues-rock Thorogood has always championed. Also included on the disc is a previously unreleased live version of \"Who Do You Love?\" This is a very strong collection with well-chosen tracks showing Thorogood at his peak. It should be firmly ensconced on the beer-soaked jukeboxes of neighborhood dives all across the U.S.A.", "Hank \"Hurricane\" Carter from Delaware, US joined George Thorogood & The Destroyers in 1980 and was the skilled saxophone player and a driving force behind their rock/blues music for the next 23 years. Throughout the 80s and 90s The Destroyers with over 3000 live shows under their belts, had the reputation as one of the hardest working, and most successful live attractions in rock. They headlined numerous tours and festivals in the U.S. and abroad and teamed with artists ranging from Steve Miller, ZZ Top and The Allman Brothers to Little Feat and BB King to bring their brand of rough and tumble rock 'n' blues to the masses. Since leaving the Destroyers Hank has been busy with projects playing with Delaware Blues Legend, Gary Cogdell and teamed up with The Witch Doctors band for some gigs. Besides his music Hank now has found time to study law at college and write a book titled \"Through the Eye of the Hurricane: Twenty Three Years of Rockin' Down the Blue Highway\" by Hank \"Hurricane\" Carter, hopefully to be published soon.", "THOROGOOD & THE DESTROYERS spent 2004 celebrating their 30th year in the business. This major career milestone was marked by the release of the GREATEST HITS: 30 YEARS OF ROCK CD and the 30TH ANNIVERSARY TOUR—LIVE IN EUROPE DVD. Armed with the biggest singles from THOROGOOD’s celebrated career, GREATEST HITS: 30 YEARS OF ROCK (EMI) has maintained the #1 position on Billboard’s “Top Blues Album” chart for 30 consecutive weeks. Not bad, considering the top of this chart also consists of albums by such respected artists as Eric Clapton, Aerosmith, Sonny Landreth and Keb’ Mo’.", "2006: ‘The Hard Stuff’ from George Thorogood and the Destroyers is released. The 15-track disc has originals and vintage Blues tunes.", "The American blues-rock had been pioneered in the early 1960s by guitarist Lonnie Mack, but the genre began to take off in the mid-'60s as acts followed developed a sound similar to British blues musicians. Key acts included Paul Butterfield (whose band acted like Mayall's Bluesbreakers in Britain as a starting point for many successful musicians), Canned Heat, the early Jefferson Airplane, Janis Joplin, Johnny Winter, the J. Geils Band and Jimi Hendrix with his power trios, the Jimi Hendrix Experience and Band of Gypsys, whose guitar virtuosity and showmanship would be among the most emulated of the decade. Blues-rock bands like Allman Brothers Band, Lynyrd Skynyrd and eventually ZZ Top from the southern states, incorporated country elements into their style to produce distinctive Southern rock.", "The Blues Rockers were an ensemble that consisted of James Watts (vocals), Willie Mabon (piano and vocals), Eddie El and a second electric guitarist, and Earl Dranes (bass). Watts appears to be the lead singer on \"Trouble in My Home\" while \"Times Are Getting Hard\" obviously features Willie Mabon. It should be added that \"Trouble in My Home\" is a legitimate candidate for the notional honor of \"first rock-and-roll record.\" That's quite a feat, considering it was recorded without drums!", "The British and blues musicians of the early 1960s inspired a number of American blues rock fusion performers, including Canned Heat , the early Jefferson Airplane , Janis Joplin , Johnny Winter , The J. Geils Band , Ry Cooder , and The Allman Brothers Band . One blues rock performer, Jimi Hendrix , was a rarity in his field at the time: a black man who played psychedelic rock . Hendrix was a skilled guitarist, and a pioneer in the innovative use of distortion and feedback in his music. [115] Through these artists and others, blues music influenced the development of rock music . [116]", "In America, blues rock had been pioneered in the early 1960s by guitarist Lonnie Mack , [105] but the genre began to take off in the mid-60s as acts developed a sound similar to British blues musicians. Key acts included Paul Butterfield (whose band acted like Mayall's Bluesbreakers in Britain as a starting point for many successful musicians), Canned Heat , the early Jefferson Airplane , Janis Joplin , Johnny Winter , the J. Geils Band and Jimi Hendrix with his power trios , the Jimi Hendrix Experience and Band of Gypsys , whose guitar virtuosity and showmanship would be among the most emulated of the decade. [103] Blues rock bands from the southern states, like the Allman Brothers Band , Lynyrd Skynyrd , and ZZ Top , incorporated country elements into their style to produce distinctive Southern rock . [106]", "  Blues would continue to inspire rock performers for decades. Delta blues artists such as Robert Johnson and Skip James also proved to be important inspirations for British blues-rockers such as The Yardbirds , Cream, and Led Zeppelin. The reverse, black artists making hits with covers of songs by white songwriters, although less common, did occur. Amos Milburn got a hit with Don Raye's \"Down the Road a Piece,\" Maurice Rocco covered Raye's \"Beat Me Daddy Eight To The Bar,\", Chuck Berry's first hit single Maybellene was a rewritten version of Bob Wills' Ida Red, and Wynonie Harris covered \"Don't Roll Your Bloodshot Eyes At Me\" by Hank Penny and \"Oh, Babe\" by Louis Prima, for the R&B market.", "were an English rock band formed in London in 1968. The band consisted of guitarist Jimmy Page, singer Robert Plant, bassist and keyboardist John Paul Jones, and drummer John Bonham. The group’s heavy, guitar-driven sound, rooted in blues on their early albums, has drawn them recognition as one of the progenitors of heavy metal, though their unique style drew from a wide variety of influences, including folk music.", "The other key focus for British blues was around John Mayall who formed the Bluesbreakers , whose members included Eric Clapton (after his departure from The Yardbirds) and later Peter Green . Particularly significant was the release of Blues Breakers with Eric Clapton (Beano) album (1966), considered one of the seminal British blues recordings and the sound of which was much emulated in both Britain and the United States. Eric Clapton went on to form supergroups Cream, Blind Faith and Derek and the Dominos , followed by an extensive solo career that helped bring blues rock into the mainstream . Green, along with the Bluesbreaker’s rhythm section Mick Fleetwood and John McVie , formed Peter Green’s Fleetwood Mac , who enjoyed some of the greatest commercial success in the genre. In the late 60s Jeff Beck , also an alumnus of the Yardbirds, moved blues rock in the direction of heavy rock with his band, The Jeff Beck Group . The last Yardbirds guitarist was Jimmy Page , who went on to form The New Yardbirds which rapidly became Led Zeppelin . Many of the songs on their first three albums, and occasionally later in their careers, were expansions on traditional blues songs.", "Ellas Otha Bates (December 30, 1928 � June 2, 2008), known by his stage name Bo Diddley, was an American rhythm and blues vocalist, guitarist, songwriter (usually as Ellas McDaniel), and rock and roll pioneer. He was also known as The Originator because of his key role in the transition from the blues to rock, influencing a host of acts, including Buddy Holly, Jimi Hendrix, The Rolling Stones, The Velvet Underground, The Who, The Yardbirds, Eric Clapton, Elvis Presley, The Beatles, and George Michael, among others.", " During the 1980s, blues also continued in both traditional and new forms. In 1986, the album Strong Persuader revealed Robert Cray as a major blues artist. The first Stevie Ray Vaughan recording Texas Flood was released in 1983, and the Texas based guitarist exploded onto the international stage. 1989 saw a revival of John Lee Hooker's popularity with the album The Healer. Eric Clapton known for his performances with the Blues Breakers and Cream, made a comeback in the 1990s with his album Unplugged, in which he played some standard blues numbers on acoustic guitar.", "Dixon is considered one of the key figures in the creation of Chicago blues . He worked with Chuck Berry , Muddy Waters , Howlin’ Wolf , Otis Rush , Bo Diddley , Joe Louis Walker , Little Walter , Sonny Boy Williamson , Koko Taylor , Little Milton , Eddie Boyd , Jimmy Witherspoon , Lowell Fulson , Willie Mabon , Memphis Slim , Washboard Sam , Jimmy Rogers , Sam Lay and others. His double bass playing was of a high standard. He appears on many of Chuck Berry ‘s early recordings, further proving his linkage between the blues and the birth of rock and roll .", "The founders of Southern rock are usually thought to be the Allman Brothers Band, who developed a distinctive sound, largely derived from blues rock, but incorporating elements of boogie, soul, and country in the early 1970s. The most successful act to follow them were Lynyrd Skynyrd, who helped establish the \"Good ol' boy\" image of the subgenre and the general shape of 1970s' guitar rock. Their successors included the fusion/progressive instrumentalists Dixie Dregs, the more country-influenced Outlaws, jazz-leaning Wet Willie and (incorporating elements of R&B and gospel) the Ozark Mountain Daredevils. After the loss of original members of the Allmans and Lynyrd Skynyrd, the genre began to fade in popularity in the late 1970s, but was sustained the 1980s with acts like .38 Special, Molly Hatchet and the Marshall Tucker Band.", "2002: Dave \"Snaker\" Ray (59) American blues singer and guitarist who was most notably associated with Spider John Koerner and Tony Glover recording 6 albums. In the 80,s he and Glover released 3 albums and in 1998, he and Glover joined with Camile Baudoin and Reggie Scanlan of The Radiators to form The Back Porch Rockers band, which released the album \"By The Water\" in 2000 (sadly lost his battle with cancer) b. August 17th 1943.", "phillip walker (blues gtrst./singer who backed \"etta james\" and lowell fulson\" and worked with \"little richard\" for a short ime as well) (2010)", "Notable rockabilly revivalists and psychobilly performers from the 1990s and first decade of the 21st century include Scott Owen (from the Australian band The Living End), Jimbo Wallace (from the US band Reverend Horton Heat), Kim Nekroman (Nekromantix), Patricia Day (HorrorPops), Geoff Kresge (Tiger Army, ex-AFI). Willie Dixon (1915–1992) was one of the most notable figures in the history of rhythm and blues. In addition to being an upright bassist, he wrote dozens of R&B hits and worked as a producer. He also plays bass on numerous Chuck Berry's rock and roll hits. Many other rockabilly bands like El Rio Trio (from the Netherlands) also use this instrument in their work. See also the List of double bassists in popular music.", "“King of the Delta Blues” Largely made famous by other rockers of his time. There were arguably better blues musicians during his time.He had twenty songs and was mentioned in a Lucinda Williams song (sold his soul to the devil so he could play guitar) He was known for call and response with his guitar. The forms of his songs were usually 12 bars with four beats each. His lyrical format was AAB.", "robert nighthawk (legendary slide/blues gtrst. from the '30's thru '60's, nighthawk was the 1st to pioneer slide blues gtr., huge influence on \"elmore james\" and \"muddy waters\", he played w/\"robert johnson\", \"sonny boy williamson II\" \"son house\" and other huge blues legends) (1967)", "in 1918 - Elmore James, American blues guitarist, singer/songwriter and bandleader \"King of the Slide Guitar,\" is born.", "Saul Hudson (born 23 July 1965), better known by the stage name Slash, is a guitarist best known as the former lead guitarist of Guns N' Roses and as the current lead guitarist of Velvet Revolver.", "    One of Muddy's earliest and most important influences was Son House who played bottleneck slide guitar. Other regional early influences included artists with great names like Blind Lemon Jefferson, Texas Alexander, Barbeque Bob and blues great Charlie Patton. But it was Son House that  really got Muddy going on his path:", "Tampa Red (Born Hudson Woodbridge or Whittaker) - The Guitar Wizard - Died 3-19-1981 in Chicago, IL, U.S. - Natural causes ( Blues ) Born 1-8-1903 in Smithville, Georgia, U.S - Singer, guitarist and pianist - (He did,\"Turpentine Blues\") - Was 1/2 of The Hokum Boys (They did,\"It's Tight Like That\") - Worked with Georgia Tom Dorsey - Blues Foundation Hall Of Fame Inductee .", "83. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g R. Uterberger, \"Blues Rock\", in V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra, S. T. Erlewine, eds, All Music Guide to the Blues: The Definitive Guide to the Blues (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2003), ISBN 0-87930-736-6, pp. 701–2.", "Saul Hudson, better known by his stage name Slash, is a British-American musician and songwriter. He is best known as the lead guitarist of the American rock band Guns N' Roses, with whom he achieved worldwide success in the late 1980s and early 1990s. During his later years with Guns N' Roses, Slash formed the side project Slash's Snakepit. After leaving Guns N' Roses in 1996, he co-founded the supergroup Velvet Revolver, which re-established him as a mainstream performer in the mid to late 2000s. Slash has since released three solo albums: Slash, featuring an array of famous guest musicians, and Apocalyptic Love and World on Fire, recorded with his band, Myles Kennedy and the Conspirators. He returned to Guns N' Roses in 2016, nearly 20 years after he had left.", "lowell fulson (legendary, but largely unknown blues man from '40's thru '90's, gtrst., songwriter, worked w/\"ray charles\", replaced \"howlin wolf\" in \"texas alexander's\" band, huge hits w/\"reconsider baby\", \"3 o'clock blues\", \"tramp\"[covered by \"otis redding\" and \"carla thomas\"] (1999)", "rob tyner (lead singer for legendary and incendiary detroit '60's and early '70's rockers \"mc5\"/\"kick out the jams\") (1991)", "John Lee Hooker (August 22, 1917 – June 21, 2001) was an American blues singer-songwriter and guitarist, born near Clarksdale, Mississippi.", "In the early 1970s, another wave of hard rock Southern groups emerged. Their music emphasized boogie rhythms and fast guitar leads with lyrics extolling the values, aspirations - and excesses - of Southern working-class young adults, not unlike the outlaw country movement. Lynyrd Skynyrd of Jacksonville, Florida dominated this genre until the deaths of lead singer Ronnie Van Zant and two other members of the group in a 1977 airplane crash. After this tragic plane crash, members Allen Collins and Gary Rossington started The Rossington-Collins Band. Groups such as Ozark Mountain Daredevils, .38 Special, Confederate Railroad, Outlaws, Molly Hatchet, Blackfoot, Point Blank, Black Oak Arkansas, and the Edgar Winter Group also thrived in this genre. ", "This is the second in a series of Rock and Roll features I'm writing for this site. I'm a rock and roller and I love blues so this column is a way for me to feature a different album that I like from those genres every month. In the future I hope to be able to have other people write similar columns about genres they're interested in. If you're interested, feel free to contact me about contributing.", "1955 ● Steve Earle → Oft-covered, rough-edged country-rock singer, songwriter and guitarist, “Guitar Town” (Mainstream Rock #20, 1989)" ]

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[ "1873 ~ Jesse James (1847 ~ 1882) and the James-Younger Gang pulled off the first successful train robbery in the American West.  The train was robbed in Adair, Iowa.", "1873 -- At Adair, Iowa, Jesse James and the James-Younger Gang pull off the first successful train robbery in the American Old West.", "1873 Jesse James and the James-Younger gang pull off the 1st successful train robbery in the American West at Adair, IO", "*1873 – At Adair, Iowa, Jesse James and the James–Younger Gang pull off the first successful train robbery in the American Old West.", "Famous train robbers include Bill Miner, Jesse James, and Butch Cassidy. Jesse James is mistakenly thought to have completed the first successful train robbery in the American West when on July 21, 1873 the James-Younger Gang took US $3,000 from a Rock Island Railroad train after derailing it southwest of the town of Adair, Iowa. However, the first peacetime train robbery in the United States actually occurred on October 6, 1866, when robbers boarded the Ohio & Mississippi train shortly after it left Seymour, Indiana. They broke into one safe and tipped the other off the train before jumping off. The Pinkerton National Detective Agency later traced the crime to the Reno Gang. There was one earlier train robbery in May 1865, but because it was committed by armed guerrillas and occurred shortly after the end of the Civil War, it is not considered to be the first peacetime train robbery in the United States. Some sources say that the May 1865 robbery took place at a water siding while the train was stopped taking on water.", "Jesse James and his notorious gang of outlaws staged the world's first robbery of a moving train the evening of July 21, 1873, a mile and a half west of Adair, Iowa.", "The infamous Jesse James was born on September 5, 1847. At seventeen, James left his native Missouri to fight as a Confederate guerilla in the Civil War. After the war, he returned to his home state and led one of history’s most notorious outlaw gangs. With his older brother Frank and several other ex-Confederates, including Cole Younger and his brothers, the James gang robbed their way across the Western frontier targeting banks, trains , stagecoaches, and stores from Iowa to Texas. Eluding even the Pinkerton National Detective Agency , the gang escaped with thousands of dollars.", "Far less well known is the James brothers' connection with James H. Workman, a prominent resident of Union Township in Missouri's Nodaway County. The parents of James Workman were among the first settlers of Nodaway, having migrated there from Indiana. James became a noted horse breeder, and his brother William was a wealthy landowner and respected citizen in the county. Although perhaps somewhat reluctantly, James Workman bought and dealt in blooded horseflesh with the James-Younger Gang, which paid him in $20 gold pieces. The gang sometimes camped in thick timber near Clear Creek, which bordered the Workman farm, west of Pickering. Four gang members, most likely Frank and Jesse James, Cole Younger and Clell Miller, may have been at that location before riding north into Iowa in early June 1871 to rob the Ocobock Brothers' Bank in Corydon.", "Jesse Woodson James (September 5, 1847 – April 3, 1882) was an American outlaw, gang leader, bank robber, train robber, and murderer from the state of Missouri and the most famous member of the James-Younger Gang. Already a celebrity when he was alive, he became a legendary figure of the Wild West after his death. Some recent scholars place him in the context of regional insurgencies of ex-Confederates following the American Civil War rather than a manifestation of frontier lawlessness or alleged economic justice.Jesse and his brother Frank James were Confederate guerrillas during the Civil War. They were accused of participating in atrocities committed against Union soldiers. After the war, as members of one gang or another, they robbed banks, stagecoaches, and trains. Despite popular portrayals of James as a kind of Robin Hood, robbing from the rich and giving to the poor, there is no evidence that he and his gang used their robbery gains for anyone but themselves.The James brothers were most active with their gang from about 1866 until 1876, when their attempted robbery of a bank in Northfield, Minnesota, resulted in the capture or deaths of several members. They continued in crime for several years, recruiting new members, but were under increasing pressure from law enforcement. On April 3, 1882, Jesse James was killed by Robert Ford, who was a member of the gang living in the James house and who was hoping to collect a state reward on James' head.", "1860: The Pony Express started its regular run of almost 2,000 miles (3218 km) from St Joseph, Missouri to San Francisco. It took about ten days, at a speed of around 8 mph and only operated for 18 months, until the first transcontinental telegraph line was completed. In 1882, St Joseph would feature again in the history of the West. Jesse James, the legendary US outlaw, was shot in the back here by one of his own gang, Robert Ford. He was 35.", "The gang barely escaped Northfield, leaving two dead companions behind. They killed two innocent victims, Heywood and Nicholas Gustafson, a Swedish immigrant from the Millersburg community west of Northfield. A massive manhunt ensued. It is believed that the gang burned 14 Rice County mills shortly after the robbery. The James brothers eventually split from the others and escaped to Missouri. The militia soon discovered the Youngers and one other bandit, Charlie Pitts. In a gunfight, Pitts died and the Youngers were taken prisoner. Except for Frank and Jesse James, the James-Younger Gang was destroyed.", "The gang barely escaped Northfield, leaving two dead companions behind. They killed two innocent victims, Heywood, and Nicholas Gustafson, a Swedish immigrant from the Millersburg community west of Northfield. A massive manhunt ensued. The James brothers eventually split from the others and escaped to Missouri. The militia soon discovered the Youngers and one other bandit, Charlie Pitts. In a gunfight, Pitts died and the Youngers were taken prisoner. Except for Frank and Jesse James, the James-Younger Gang was destroyed.", "On June 3, 1871, the gang robbed the bank in Corydon, Iowa, the James and Younger's were suspects The bank contacted the Pinkerton National Detective Agency in Chicago, the first involvement of the famous agency in the pursuit of the James–Younger Gang. Agency founder Allan Pinkerton dispatched his son, Robert Pinkerton, who joined a county sheriff in tracking the gang to a farm in Civil Bend, Missouri. A short gunfight ended indecisively, as the gang escaped. On June 24, 1871, Jesse James wrote a letter to the Kansas City Times, claiming Republicans were persecuting him for his Confederate loyalties by accusing him and Frank of carrying out the robberies. \"But I don't care what the degraded Radical party thinks about me,\" he wrote, \"I would just as soon they would think I was a robber as not.\"", "1871 Jesse James, then 24, and his gang robbed the Obocock bank in Corydon, Iowa. They stole $15,000.", "On September 7, 1876, the James-Younger gang attempted a raid on the First National Bank of Northfield, Minnesota. After this robbery and a manhunt, only Frank and Jesse James were left alive and uncaptured.[37] Cole and Bob Younger later stated that they selected the bank because they believed it was associated with the Republican politician Adelbert Ames, the governor of Mississippi during Reconstruction, and Union general Benjamin Butler, Ames' father-in-law and the Union commander of occupied New Orleans. Ames was a stockholder in the bank, but Butler had no direct connection to it.[38]", "Jesse Woodson James was an American outlaw, gang leader, bank robber, train robber, and murderer from the state of Missouri and the most famous member of the James-Younger Gang. $375", "The gang was centered in the state of Missouri. Membership fluctuated from robbery to robbery, as the outlaws' raids were usually separated by many months. At various times, it included the Younger Brothers (Cole, Jim, John, and Bob), the James Brothers (the infamous Jesse James and his brother Frank), Clell Miller, Arthur McCoy, Charlie Pitts, John Jarrette (who was married to Cole's sister Josie), Bill Chadwell (alias Bill Stiles), and Matthew \"Ace\" Nelson. Contrary to frequent reports, the James brothers and Younger brothers were not related, at least not by blood. Starting in 1879, after the demise of the James-Younger Gang, the James brothers committed further crimes with Clell Miller's brother Ed, the Ford brothers (Robert and Charles), Bill Ryan, Dick Liddil, and the Hite Brothers Wood and Clarence.", "The outlaws’ trail led straight into Missouri. Several people in the area of the robbery said that two of the outlaws looked like Frank and Jesse James. In response, on December 20, 1873, Jesse James wrote the St. Louis Dispatch from Deer Lodge, Montana Territory, denying the brothers’ complicity in that and other crimes. If Missouri Governor Silas Woodson would promise them protection, Jesse wrote, ‘we can prove before any fair jury in the state that we have been accused falsely and unjustly. The protection would be from a mob, or from a requisition from the Governor of Iowa, which is the same thing.", "On 7 September 1876, the James-Younger gang attempted a raid on the First National Bank of Northfield, Minnesota. After this robbery and a manhunt, only Frank and Jesse James were left alive and uncaptured. Cole and Bob Younger later stated that they selected the bank because they believed it was associated with the Republican politician Adelbert Ames, the governor of Mississippi during Reconstruction, and Union general Benjamin Butler, Ames' father-in-law and the Union commander of occupied New Orleans. Ames was a stockholder in the bank, but Butler had no direct connection to it.", "By this time, the James-Younger Gang had ceased to exist with the capture of the Younger brothers during the Northfield, Minnesota raid in 1876. However, Jesse had started a \"new\" James Gang that continued to rob trains, the last of which occurred on September 7, 1881 near Glendale, Missouri . Shortly after this hold-up, Jesse moved his family to St. Joseph , Missouri where they settled in under Jesse�s assumed name of Tom Howard. With a $10,000 reward over his head, Zee tried to get Jesse to take on a more normal life. And Jesse agreed, right after one last great bank robbery in Platte County, Missouri . It was during the planning of this robbery in a meeting with Charles and Robert \"Bob\" Ford at Jesse's home, that Jesse would be killed by Bob on April 3, 1882.", "Many of the original Western outlaws had been guerrilla raiders during the war--which in the Missouri-Kansas border area stretched from 1854 to 1865. Cole Younger, and Frank and Jesse James had been with Quantrill's raiders, the most noted of the guerrilla bands. Both Cole Younger and Frank James did leave Quantrill and join the regular Confederate army later in the war, but both were present at the infamous Lawrence, Kansas massacre (though there is some dispute as to whether Jesse James was there or joined Quantrill later that year, most evidence indicates he was not at Lawrence).", "During the next several years, the gang commits countless small thefts and a few larger ones. Of note is a robbery in 1869 of a cashier at the Davies County Savings Bank in Gallatin, Missouri, where they only make $700 but kill the cashier. By 1873, the gang had been involved in at least a dozen bank and cashier robberies of various sorts, but they were about to be involved in the crimes that would cement Jesse James' legacy in American history.", "Later in 1876, Jesse and Frank James surfaced in the Nashville, Tennessee area, where they went by the names of Thomas Howard and B. J. Woodson, respectively. Frank seemed to settle down, but Jesse remained restless. He recruited a new gang in 1879 and returned to crime, holding up a train at Glendale, Missouri (now part of Independence, Missouri), on 8 October 1879. The robbery was the first of a spree of crimes, including the holdup of the federal paymaster of a canal project in Killen, Alabama, and two more train robberies. But the new gang did not consist of battle-hardened guerrillas; they soon turned against each other or were captured, while James grew paranoid, killing one gang member and frightening away another.", "On December 7, 1869, 22-year-old Jesse James robbed the Daviess County Savings Association bank in Gallatin, Missouri, and killed the cashier. The crime, while far from James’ first act of violence, led him to be labeled an outlaw for the first time in newspapers and prompted the state’s governor to offer rewards for the capture of James and his older brother, Frank, who was believed to have taken part in the holdup. Over the next dozen years, until his death in 1882, Jesse James would become one of America’s most famous bandits, sticking up banks, stage coaches and trains. Check out seven fascinating facts about the legendary lawbreaker.", "Jesse James and his gang robbed the Iron Mountain Railroad at Gads Hill, Missouri, on January 31, 1874. Reports of the crimes appeared in the following Missouri newspapers: St. Louis Republican, February 1, 2, 3, and 11, 1874; Boonville Weekly Advertiser, February 4, 1874; Liberty Tribune, February 6, 1874; and Lexington Caucasian, February 7, 1874.", "Circa 1754: The homestead near Kearney, Missouri, where Frank (1843-1915) and Jesse Woodson James (1847-1882) were born. American outlaws who were members of the James-Younger gang.", "\"Big Sky\" trilogy by A. B. (Arthur Bertram) Guthrie, Jr. depicts the lives of Americans settling the far American West along the upper Missouri and Columbia rivers from 1820 to the beginning of the 20th century.  Trio includes \"The Big Sky\", \"The Way West\" and \"Fair Land, Fair Land\".", "Deadwood (2004 TV series): The show is created, produced and written by David Milch. The show is set in the 1870s in Deadwood, South Dakota, before and after the area’s annexation by the Dakota Territory. The series shows Deadwood’growth from camp to town, incorporating themes ranging from the formation of communities to western capitalism. The show features a large cast and many historical figures such as Seth Bullock, Al Swearengen, Wild Bill Hickok, Sol Star, Calamity Jane, Wyatt Earp, George Crook, E.B.Farnum, Charlie Utter, Jack McCall and George Hearst. Milch used actual diaries and newspapers from 1870s Deadwood residents as reference points for characters, events and the feel of the show.", "In 1874, famed Army commander George Custer led an expedition into the area and announced that he and his men had discovered gold nearby, in what is today Custer, South Dakota . Two years later brothers Charlie and Steve Utter led a wagon train into Deadwood containing essential business supplies - prostitutes and cards - which led to a boost in industries such as booze, gambling parlors, and brothels. During this time notorious gunfighter \"Wild Bill\" Hickok helped the Utter brothers by scouting out any troubles the train might encounter. That same year \"Wild Bill\" was shot in the head while playing poker at the Saloon No. 10. His killer, \"the coward Jack McCall\", was captured, tried by a group of miners, freed, re-captured, re-tried by a court, and hanged. Legal proceedings have, thankfully, grown somewhat more standardized in the years since that famous crime.", "How much loot did Jesse James’ gang steal from a bank in Missouri today in 1866?", "While the circumstances surrounding Roy’s leaving home are murky, his youngest sister, Lula, writes in her memoir that he took the blame for a local rustling incident to clear the charges against two married men. When he was 18, he drifted up to Colorado and then Wyoming Territory where he continued his life as a rustler, using hideouts in Brown’s Park, a remote area where the borders of Wyoming, Colorado and Utah intersect, and perhaps in the Hole-in-the-Wall country of the southern Bighorn Mountains in northern Wyoming Territory.", "July, 1876 - Colorado Charlie Utter's wagon train delivers Hickok , Calamity Jane , and a bevy of \"new\" prostitutes to Deadwood , South Dakota ." ]

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[ "Aaron McGruder (born May 29, 1974) is an American writer, producer, and cartoonist best known for writing and drawing The Boondocks, a Universal Press Syndicate comic strip about two young African-American brothers, Huey (named after Huey P. Newton) and his younger brother and wannabe gangsta, Riley, from inner-city Chicago now living with their grandfather in a sedate suburb, as well as being the creator, executive producer, and head writer of The Boondocks animated TV series based on his strip. ", "Aaron McGruder (born May 29, 1974) is an American writer, producer, and cartoonist best known for writing and drawing The Boondocks, a Universal Press Syndicate comic strip about two young African-American brothers, Huey (named after Huey P. Newton) and his younger brother and wannabe gangsta, Riley, from inner-city Chicago now living with their grandfather in a sedate suburb, as well as being the creator, executive producer, and head writer of The Boondocks animated TV series based on his strip.", "The Boondocks is a daily syndicated comic strip written and originally drawn by Aaron McGruder that ran from 1996 to 2006. Created by McGruder in 1996 for The Diamondback , the student newspaper at the University of Maryland, College Park , the strip moved from the college pages and was printed in the monthly hip hop magazine The Source in 1997. As it gained popularity, the comic strip was picked up by the Universal Press Syndicate and made its national debut on April 19, 1999. A popular and controversial strip, The Boondocks deals with African American culture and American politics as seen through the eyes of its protagonist, 10-year-old black radical Huey Freeman .", "* In the comic strip and cartoon show The Boondocks, the main character Huey Freeman, a 10-year-old African-American revolutionary, is named after Newton; another reference comes when Freeman starts an independent newspaper, dubbing it the Free Huey World Report. ", "McGruder wrote a strip where Huey and Caesar discuss the \"Most Embarrassing Black Person of the Year Awards\", which they dub the \"Elder\" after Neocon Black commentator Larry Elder . In response, Elder published an opinion piece in which he created the \"McGruder Awards\", naming liberal commentators, and including five quotes from McGruder. [12]", "A feud with Black Entertainment Television has given McGruder much material both for his strip and the animated series based upon it; he has had an adverse relationship with BET for years. Two episodes (\"The Hunger Strike\" and \"The Uncle Ruckus Reality Show\") in Season 2 of The Boondocks animated series were never aired in the U.S. due to possible legal action against Cartoon Network's parent company Time Warner by Viacom (BET's parent company, also the owners of Cartoon Network rival Nickelodeon, and Comedy Central) because of their making fun of BET; however, they resurfaced for television airplay weeks later in Canada. The episodes in question depict BET as an evil media empire plotting the destruction of black people. ", "The content of McGruder's comic strip often came under fire for being politically left-wing and occasionally risque, leading to its being published in the op-ed section of many newspapers . For example, a strip making fun of BET 's rap videos, some of which rely on the sexually suggestive gyrations of female dancers, and a strip mocking Whitney Houston 's drug problems and emphasizing her buttocks, were pulled out of circulation. The Boondocks garnered significant attention after the September 11, 2001 attacks with a series of strips in which Huey calls a government tipline to report Ronald Reagan for funding terrorism. Soon after, he \"censored\" several strips by featuring a talking patriotic yellow ribbon and a flag (named Ribbon and Flagee, respectively) instead of the usual cast.", "* ToxicFriendInfluence: Riley likes to associate with known criminals such as Ed Wuncler III and Gin Rummy, which Huey rightly chastises him for. Riley also starts to hang out with another juvenile delinquent named Lamilton Taeshawn, [[EvenEvilHasStandards but even he scares him]].", "In 2010, McGruder worked as screenwriter in the final treatment of the film Red Tails, released in early 2012. With George Lucas as executive producer, the story is based on the Tuskegee Airmen, a group of African American combat pilots during World War II.Larnick, Eric. [http://news.moviefone.com/2012/01/19/red-tails-aaron-mcgruder_n_1217128.html \"Aaron McGruder, 'Boondocks' Creator, on Writing 'Red Tails' and Working With George Lucas After Making Fun of Him.\"] moviefone, January 20, 2012. Retrieved January 23, 2012.", "I get what Kennedy and Salem mean when they say they want “edgy”—they want stuff that’s engaged in the present day and not as dorky as Garfield—but I’m also wary of anything that consciously tries to posit itself as “cutting-edge.” The magic of the late, lamented Bloom County and Calvin and Hobbes was that they were innately weird and iconoclastic strips, authentic reflections of their oddball creators’ oddball psyches—they were the dream hybrids of old-style innocence and new-style funkiness that everyone’s casting about for. Whereas the current legion of Far Side rip-offs—The Quigmans, Bizarro and The Fusco Brothers, to name but three—are transparently, desperately self-conscious, straining fruitlessly to re-create Gary Larson’s skewed, bovine freakiness. They’re also dated; like faded wine-cooler posters in a liquor store, they seem the last sorry embers of a trend begun in 1986. As for the vaunted Zits, it’s ugly to look at, unfunny and as repellent as its name. Of the “cutting-edge” strips, only The Boondocks seems to be the genuine article: distinctively, attractively drawn (in a style its author describes as “Japanimation blended with Berke Breathed and Bill Watterson”) and simultaneously funny and astute. McGruder, like Chris Rock, doesn’t buy into the P.C. notion of a solemn, perfect black brotherhood and has made delicious fun (and bitter enemies) of Bob Johnson, the head of the BET network, and Ward Connerly, the black anti-affirmative action campaigner.", "* TheLancer: Caesar functions as Huey's right-hand-man on many an activity, such as being a co-founder to their newspaper. [[{{Foil}} At the same time, he generally challenges the kid's serious nature with a much warmer personality]].", "Huey, Dewey, and Louie Duck are triplet cartoon characters created in 1937 by writer Ted Osborne and cartoonist Al Taliaferro, and are licensed by The Walt Disney Company. Huey, Dewey, and Louie are the nephews of Donald Duck and the grandnephews of Scrooge McDuck. Like their uncles, the boys are anthropomorphic white ducks with yellow-orange beaks and feet. They typically wear shirts and colorful baseball caps, which are sometimes used to differentiate each character. Huey, Dewey and Louie have made several animated appearances in both films and television, but comics remain their primary medium. The trio are collectively the 11th most published comic book characters in the world, and outside of the superhero genre, second only to Donald. ", "Huey, Dewey, and Louie are the sons of Donald's sister Della Duck; in Donald's Nephews, their mother is instead named Dumbella. In the original theatrical shorts, they were originally sent to visit Donald for only one day; in the comics, the three were sent to stay with Donald on a temporary basis, until their father came back from the hospital (the boys ended up sending him there after a practical joke of putting firecrackers under his chair). According to a published Duck family tree, their full names are Huebert, Deuteronomy and Louis. In both the comics and animated shorts, the boys' parents were never heard from or mentioned again after these instances, with the boys ending up permanently living with Donald. All four of them live in the fictional city of Duckburg, in the fictional state of Calisota.", "\"Riley Wuz Here\" combines two plots that were originally from the comic; the main plot is about Riley committing a graffiti spree throughout the neighborhood (though his modus operandi is different), while the side plot is about Huey experimenting with only watching TV shows about black people for 2 weeks straight.", "During the comic strip's run, Michael Caesar (known by his surname) was Huey's best friend and classmate. Like Huey, Caesar is very much self-aware of current events and experienced culture shock after leaving a big city like New York, and moving to the predominantly white suburb of Woodcrest. Caesar shares many of Huey's political views but lacks his serious demeanor, preferring instead to engage in critical mockery rather than extreme activism. It is also suggested they're part of a group. Caesar does not appear in the animated TV series; see instead Cairo, below.", "October 17, 1937 – Huey, Dewey and Louie (Donald Duck’s identical triplet nephews) debut in Disney’s Sunday comic strip.", "“Frank 'Boondocks' Wit Hits Small Screen,” The Daily Progress Newspaper, November 2, 2005, p. All. For more information on Aaron McGruder's cartoons, go to www.cartoonnetwork.com. CHAPTER 13. PUZZLED PARENTS", "Donald made some cameo appearances in Bonkers, before getting his own television show Quack Pack. This series featured a modernized Duck family. Donald was no longer wearing his sailor suit and hat, but a Hawaiian shirt. Huey, Dewey, and Louie now are teenagers, with distinct clothing, voices, and personalities. Daisy Duck has lost her pink dress and bow and has a new hairdo. Oddly enough, no other family members, besides Ludwig von Drake, appear in Quack Pack, and all other Duckburg citizens are humans, and not dogs.", "** TroublingUnchildlikeBehavior: Where do we begin? Huey owns a real sword and an electric shock glove, has planned a prison breakout, brought nunchaku to a cinema, kidnapped Ruckus and hijacked his school bus, and he created a bomb with the intent to assassinate Ed Wuncler II (although in Huey's defense, Ed II is a loan shark who isn't above murdering people).", "Over the years, the strip's controversy and popularity have only continued to grow. McGruder has had his characters speak on everything from exploitative rap videos, the NRA, Black conservatives, and inter-racial marriage to such trivial pursuits as lawn-mowing as a form of illegal child labour and the surge of rappers as movie stars over the past ten years. The strip is constantly a hot topic with several paper often moving it out of the \"comics\" section to \"Editorials\" and some removing it from the paper altogether. Recognizable personas from BET founder Robert L. Johnson to conservative columnist Ward Connerlly have publicly condemned the strip (and have often found themselves the subjects of its jibes). Right-wing \"avengers\" often criticise the strip's constant \"attacks\" on George W. Bush .", "Aaron McGruder was born in Chicago, Illinois. When his father accepted a job with the National Transportation Safety Board, McGruder moved to Columbia, Maryland, at the age of six with his parents and his older brother. He attended a Jesuit school from grades seven to nine, followed by public high school at Oakland Mills High School and the University of Maryland, from which he graduated with a degree in African American Studies. ", "Donald made some cameo appearances in Bonkers , before getting his own television show Quack Pack . This series featured a modernized Duck family. Donald was no longer wearing his sailor suit and hat, but a Hawaiian shirt. Huey, Dewey, and Louie now are teenagers, with distinct clothing, voices, and personalities. Daisy Duck has lost her pink dress and bow and has a new hairdo. Oddly enough, no other family members, besides Ludwig von Drake, appear in Quack Pack, and all other Duckburg citizens are humans, and not dogs.", "The New Harveytoons Show is a television series based on the Harvey Comics, with a Harveytoon version of Movies, Fairy Tales and Stories. featuring Harvey Comics characters: Casper the Friendly Ghost, Wendy, Baby Huey, Richie Rich, Herman and Katnip and More. with Cilps from theatrical animated cartoons produced by Famous Studios, The New Casper Cartoon Show, The Baby Huey Show and the Film Roman version of Richie Rich.", "October 17, 1937 - Huey, Dewey and Louie, Donald Duck's three almost identical nephews, first appeared in newspaper comic strip.", "The Boondocks began as a comic strip on Hitlist.com, one of the first online music websites [http://content.uclick.com/pdfs/theboondocks_factsheet.pdf]. At the time, he was also a DJ on the \"Soul Controllers Mix Show\" on WMUC. ", "A character sheet for ''The Boondocks'', a [[ComicStrip/TheBoondocks comic strip]] turned into an [[WesternAnimation/TheBoondocks animated series]].", "In 1992, following a financial reorganization of their comic strip holdings, Max Allan Collins was fired from the strip, and Tribune staff writer and columnist Mike Kilian took over the writing. Kilian was paid less than half of what Collins was making per strip[ citation needed ], but continued until his death on October 27, 2005. Locher was both author and artist for over three years, beginning on January 9, 2006. On March 16, 2009, Jim Brozman began collaborating with Locher, taking over the drawing duties while Locher continued to write the strip. [7]", "Later on he appeared in the newspaper comic strips as Donald's dog. Ever since 1938, Bolivar has been a prominent member of the Duck family . He has even been used by Carl Barks as a companion for Huey Dewey and Louie , and appears now and then in recent stories (the artist Daniel Branca had Bolivar as one of his favorite characters).", "Based on the Western character created by legendary short story writer O. Henry in his 1907 short story \"The Caballero's Way,\" The Cisco Kid starred in a comic strip that ran for fifteen years. Volume One reprints this classic American comic strip by Rod Reed and Jose Luis Salinas from its beginning on January 15, 1951 to January 31, 1953 with an introduction by Sergio Aragonés, rarely seen Salinas artwork, biographical information, and more! Volume Two reprints dailies from February 2, 1953 to March 19, 1955 with an introduction by Don McGregor.", "A Pink Panther comic strip was started in 2005. It was written and illustrated by Eric and Bill Teitelbaum, who also create Bottom Liners. It is distributed by Tribune Media Services.", "Which American cartoonist is the creator of \"Life in Hell,\" a comic strip which appears in over 250 newspapers?", "In 1962, Gold Key comics (formerly Dell Comics), a division of Western Publishing Company, began publishing a series of comic books under the title, Space Family Robinson. The story was largely inspired by The Swiss Family Robinson but with a space-age twist. The movie and television rights to the comic book were then purchased by noted television writer Hilda Bohem (The Cisco Kid), who created a treatment under the title, Space Family 3000." ]

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[ "Bruce Lee (Chinese: 李小龍; born Lee Jun-fan, Chinese: 李振藩; November 27, 1940 – July 20, 1973) was a Hong Kong American martial artist, Hong Kong action film actor, martial arts instructor, philosopher, filmmaker,[3] and the founder of Jeet Kune Do. Lee was the son of Cantonese opera star Lee Hoi-Chuen. He is widely considered by commentators, critics, media and other martial artists to be one of the most influential martial artists of all time,[4] and a pop culture icon of the 20th century.[5][6] He is often credited with helping to change the way Asians were presented in American films.[7]", "Famous Seattlites interred at Lake View Cemetery include Princess Angeline, daughter of the city's namesake, Chief Sealth. Also, buried at Lake View are martial-arts film star Bruce Lee and his son, Brandon Lee . ", "Bruce Lee (27 November 1940 – 20 July 1973) was an American-born martial artist , philosopher , instructor , martial arts actor and the founder of the Jeet Kune Do combat form. He was widely regarded as the most influential martial artist of the twentieth century and a cultural icon . [1] He was also the father of actor Brandon Lee and of actress Shannon Lee .", "Bruce Lee is buried next to his son Brandon in Lakeview Cemetery, Seattle. On May 10, 1973, Lee collapsed during an ADR session for Enter the Dragon at Golden Harvest in Hong Kong. Suffering from seizures and headaches, he was immediately rushed to Hong Kong Baptist Hospital where doctors diagnosed cerebral edema. They were able to reduce the swelling through the administration of mannitol. The headache and cerebral edema that occurred in his first collapse were later repeated on the day of his death.[81]", "James Yimm Lee, a close friend of Lee, certified a few students including Gary Dill who studied Jeet Kune Do under James and received permission via a personal letter from him in 1972 to pass on his learning of Jun Fan Gung Fu to others. Taky Kimura, to date, has certified only one person in Jun Fan Gung Fu: his son Andy Kimura. Dan Inosanto continued to teach and certify select students in Jeet Kune Do for over 30 years, making it possible for thousands of martial arts practitioners to trace their training lineage back to Bruce Lee. Prior to his death, Lee told his then only two living instructors Kimura and Inosanto (James Yimm Lee had died in 1972) to dismantle his schools.", "James Yimm Lee, a close friend of Lee, died without certifying additional students apart from Gary Dill who studied Jeet Kune Do under James and received permission via a personal letter from him in 1972 to pass on his learning of JKD to others. Taky Kimura, to date, has certified only one person in Jun Fan Gung Fu: his son Andy Kimura. Dan Inosanto continued to teach and certify select students in Jeet Kune Do for over 30 years, making it possible for thousands of martial arts practitioners to trace their training lineage back to Bruce Lee. Prior to his death, Lee told his then only two living instructors Kimura and Inosanto (James Yimm Lee had died in 1972) to dismantle his schools.", "Seems Obvious, the son of Bruce Lee would have some martial arts experience right? I shouldn’t need to say more than that but he trained quite heavily into his adult years before his tragic death at 28.", "Chan Kong-sang, SBS, MBE, PMW, (; born 7 April 1954), known professionally as Jackie Chan, is a Hong Kong martial artist, actor, film director, producer, stuntman, and singer. In his movies, he is known for his acrobatic fighting style, comic timing, use of improvised weapons, and innovative stunts, which he typically performs himself. Chan has been training in Kung fu and Wing Chun. He has been acting since the 1960s and has appeared in over 150 films.", "Raymond Park was born in Glasgow, Scotland. He moved with his parents, younger brother and sister to London, England. He was raised in London from the age of seven. His father introduced him into Martial Arts from a young age. Ray always wanted to be in the movies, or be like the heroes in movies but he was most inspired by martial arts. He began to nurture a love for martial arts from the age of seven, when his father's love of Bruce Lee films sparked a fire in the youngster's mind that would never extinguish. Specializing in the traditional Chinese Northern Shaolin Kung-fu (in the Chin Woo style) Park moved on to master various other styles, most notably Wushu. In 1991, at age 16, Ray became a member of the Great Britain Wushu team competing in his first international in Beijing, China at the 1st World Wushu Championships. Ray was the first Wushu athletic from Great Britain and Europe to place in the top seven in the world. He went on to compete for Great Britain for another six years. Ray became a fixture at martial arts exhibitions and tournaments, Nationally, European and Internationally attaining Gold Medal for the Great Britain Wushu and Chin Woo Martial Arts team.", "Trained in Tang Soo Do with ninth-degree black belt Pat E. Johnson (not Bruce Lee and Chuck Norris as is popularly believed). His son was trained in karate by Norris. Lee trained him in Jeet Kune Do.", "Ip Man, also known as Yip Man (1893-1972), was a Chinese martial artist who popularized the practice of Wing Chun, a martial arts discipline that specializes in close-range combat. One of his most famous pupils was Bruce Lee, who developed his own discipline, Jeet Kune Do. Ip was born in Foshan, Guangdong, China but then moved to Hong Kong and opened his schools of Wing Chun in 1949.", "Carlos Ray \"Chuck\" Norris (born March 10, 1940) is an American martial artist, actor, film producer and screenwriter. After serving in the United States Air Force, he began his rise to fame as a martial artist, and has since founded his own school, Chun Kuk Do.", "Actor Bruce Lee died from an allergic reaction to a painkiller on July 20, 1973, at age 32. He is considered the greatest icon of martial arts cinema, and is known for his roles in \"Enter the Dragon\" and \"Fists of Fury,\" among others. Raised in Hong Kong, Lee came to America at age 18 and made a career teaching martial arts before he became an actor.", "Bruce Lee : Bruce Lee was important for more than just his ability to act in popular movies and the television series, The Green Hornet. He was also an innovator in the arts, realizing that the things that did not work should be discarded for techniques that were effective. He was the founder of the art Jeet Kune Do , a style designed to live outside the boundaries of other traditional martial arts styles. On July 20, 1973, Lee died in Hong Kong at the age of 32. The official cause of his death was a brain edema, which had been caused by a reaction to a prescription painkiller.", "Muhammad Ali (born Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr., 17 January 1942 - 3 June 2016 ) was an American boxer who was the Heavyweight Champion of the World three times between 1964 and 1979.", "Chun Kuk Do (, CKD) is a Korean-based, American hybrid martial art style. Founded in 1990 by Chuck Norris, CKD evolved from Tang Soo Do and combines elements from several different fighting styles. \"Chun Kuk Do\" is Korean and is loosely translated as \"The Universal Way.\" [http://www.ufaf.org/about_chunkukdo.htm Welcome to the United Fighting Arts Federation (UFAF) and Chun Kuk Do!] Norris began learning Tang Soo Do while serving in the Air Force[http://martialarts.about.com/od/martialartsculture/p/chucknorris.htm Chuck Norris - Biography and Profile] in Korea after he joined in 1958. Norris later trained in various other styles under some of the most respected instructors in the United States. These instructors included Tang Soo Do instructor Shin Jae Chul, Shotokan Karate masters Tsutomu Ohshima and Hidetaka Nishiyama, Shitō-ryū Karate instructor Fumio Demura, American Kenpo Karate founder Ed Parker, Judo expert Gene LeBell, Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu legends the Machado family and Jeet kune do founder Bruce Lee, famous actor and both played in Way of the Dragon.", "Lee's death came almost 20 years after the mysterious death of his father, who reached international superstardom in kung fu movies like \"Enter the Dragon\" and \"Fists of Fury.\" Bruce Lee died of a cerebral edema on July 20, 1973, at the age of 32.", "The new wave of kung fu films reached international audiences after the financial success of Bruce Lee's first feature-length film, The Big Boss, in 1971. Lee spent most of his childhood in Hong Kong where he learned wing chun martial arts and performed as a child actor. He left for the United States, his place of birth, and continued his martial arts training as a high school student. In America, he created Jeet Kune Do, a martial arts style inspired by wing chun, and briefly worked in Hollywood as a film and television actor. ", "Kwai Chang Caine (David Carradine) is the orphaned son of an American man, Thomas Henry Caine, and a Chinese woman, Kwai Lin, in mid-19th-century China. After his maternal grandfather's death he is accepted for training at a Shaolin Monastery, where he grows up to become a Shaolin priest and martial arts expert.", "Another Asian touchstone beginning in the early 1970s was traditional Hong Kong martial arts film which sparked a greater interest in Chinese martial arts to the West. Martial arts film reached the peak of its popularity largely in part due to its greatest icon, Bruce Lee. His films elevated the genre to a new level and sparked a greater interest in martial arts in the West. Lee became famous for playing Kato in the TV series The Green Hornet during the 1960s yet it was when he returned to Hong Kong and starred in three films that shot him to stardom all over Asia, The Big Boss (1971), Fist of Fury (1972) and Return of the Dragon (1972). Yet he achieved global stardom in his last completed film and the first Kung fu film to be produced by a Hollywood studio, Enter the Dragon (1973).", "The widespread popularity of Chinese martial art films worldwide in the early 1970's became known as the 'Kung fu wave'. Bruce Lee was the face of this movement and became the first Chinese global superstar. The release of 'Enter the Dragon' in 1973 was the apex of the global 1970's Kung-fu wave and was the first ever US-Hong Kong co-production. The most internationally successful at the time, the USA deemed the film an artifact of 'cultural significance' and has preserved it in the National Film Registry. Historians note the resonance of such films amongst African-Americans, who particularly embraced this genre of film due to the appeal of non-white heroes who often displayed a sense of nationalistic pride. The Hong Kong influence can still be felt in worldwide action cinema today; Quentin Tarantino's recent Kill Bill films are a prime example of this influence, with the films paying homage to the classic martial arts genre.", "Lee was born in Chinatown, San Francisco on November 27, 1940 to parents from Hong Kong and was raised in Kowloon, Hong Kong with his family until his late teens. He was introduced to the film industry by his father and appeared in several films as a child actor. Lee moved to the United States at the age of 18 to receive his higher education, at the University of Washington, at Seattle[7] and it was during this time that he began teaching martial arts. His Hong Kong and Hollywood-produced films elevated the traditional Hong Kong martial arts film to a new level of popularity and acclaim, sparking a surge of interest in Chinese martial arts in the West in the 1970s. The direction and tone of his films changed and influenced martial arts and martial arts films in the US, Hong Kong and the rest of the world.[8]", "Shaolin kung fu is one of the oldest and most respected martial arts in the world. Many Asian martial arts can call Shaolin kung fu their predecessor. The birthplace of Shaolin kung fu, the Shaolin Temple, sits at the base of the Song mountain range in Henan province, China. The Shaolin Temple receives visitors from all over the world interested in viewing the legendary temple and its kung fu.", "BRUCE LEE: Attended the University of Washington and had a dojo in Seattle's Chinatown. His pioneering martial arts movies had much to do with reshaping images of Asian Americans and help create a new genre of action movies.", "Born as Wang Li-da in Indonesia, Lo Lieh moved to Hong Kong at age 10. After he signed with Shaw Brothers Studios, his rugged looks made him one of kung fu film’s earliest perennial villains. Ironically, the movie that brought him fame was King Boxer (1972), the first Chinese kung fu film released in America (as Five Fingers of Death). Starring in more than 180 movies—sometimes shooting 10 at the same time—Lo was originally targeted to play monk Bai Mei in Quentin Tarantino’s Kill Bill, but he passed away before it began.", "Carlos Ray \"Chuck\" Norris (born March 10, 1940) is an actor and practitioner of Moo Duk Kwan Taekwondo  / Tang Soo Do . He is the originator of his own martial arts style - a variant of the above styles - called  Chun Kuk Do .", "NBA basketball great Kareem Abdul Jabbar studied Jeet Kune Do. He did a sub-standard fight scene in the \"Game of Death\" (Bruce Lee) movie.", "According to statements made by Lee, and also by Linda Lee Cadwell after Lee's death, in 1971 Lee pitched a television series of his own tentatively titled The Warrior, discussions which were also confirmed by Warner Bros. In a December 9, 1971 television interview on The Pierre Berton Show , Lee stated that both Paramount and Warner Brothers wanted him \"to be in a modernized type of a thing, and that they think the Western idea is out, whereas I want to do the Western\". Warner Brothers states that they had for some time been developing an identical concept, [55] created by two writers and producers, Ed Spielman and Howard Friedlander. According to these sources, the reason Lee was not cast was in part because of his ethnicity, but more so because he had a thick accent. [56] The role of the Shaolin monk in the Wild West , was eventually awarded to then-non-martial-artist David Carradine . In The Pierre Berton Show interview, Lee stated he understood Warner Brothers' attitudes towards casting in the series: \"They think that business wise it is a risk. I don't blame them. If the situation were reversed, and an American star were to come to Hong Kong, and I was the man with the money, I would have my own concerns as to whether the acceptance would be there\". [57]", "Bruce Lee was born on November 27, 1940, at the Chinese Hospital, in San Francisco's Chinatown. According to the Chinese zodiac, Lee was born in both the hour and the year of the Dragon, which according to tradition is a strong and fortuitous omen. ", "actor: Kung Fu: The Legend Continues, The Equalizer, 87th Precinct, Twelve O�Clock High, Under the Yum Yum Tree, The Man Who Never Was, The Grissom Gang, Namu the Killer Whale; died Oct 23, 1994", "On other occasions the former �freak� donned a pinstripe suit with a colorful tie and looked like nothing more than an Asian film gangster. Thus he really did play brilliantly through the ambivalent spectrum completely laid out in the tantric repertoire, from poetic anarchist and flower power dancer to saber-rattling dictator and underworld boss. In 1987 the master warrior died and his body was committed to the flames in Vermont (USA).", "Obituary: American actor whose maverick roles ranged from a Kung Fu monk to the lead in Kill Bill" ]

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[ "1969: On July 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong and Edwin \"Buzz\" Aldrin are the first men to set foot on the Moon during the Apollo 11 mission, helped by their colleague Michael Collins, who remains in lunar orbit. Five more Apollo missions successfully explore the Moon until the final one, Apollo 17, concludes on December 19, 1972. The day after the Moon landing, The New York Times apologizes for mocking Goddard's original idea of Moon rockets: \"It is now definitely established that a rocket can function in a vacuum as well as in an atmosphere. The Times regrets the error.\"", "NASA's historic Apollo 11 moon mission landed the first astronauts on the lunar surface on July 20, 1969. See how the mission worked in this SPACE.com infographic.", "December 1968 saw the launch of Apollo 8, the first manned space mission to orbit the moon, from NASA’s massive launch facility on Merritt Island, near Cape Canaveral, Florida . On July 16, 1969, U.S. astronauts Neil Armstrong , Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin and Michael Collins set off on the Apollo 11 space mission, the first lunar landing attempt. After landing successfully on July 20, Armstrong became the first man to walk on the moon’s surface; he famously called the moment “one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.”", "1969: On July 20, Apollo 11 touches down on the Moon with Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on board.", "1969 Nasa's Apollo 11 mission puts man on the moon for the first time. Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin lead the way for five more moon landings.", "Apollo 11 was the first spaceflight that landed humans on the Moon. Americans Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed on July 20, 1969, at 20:18 UTC. Armstrong became the first to step onto the lunar surface six hours later on July 21 at 02:56:15 UTC; Aldrin joined him about 20 minutes later. They spent about two and a quarter hours together outside the spacecraft, and collected of lunar material for return to Earth. The third crew member, Michael Collins, piloted the Command Module Columbia alone in lunar orbit while they were on the Moon's surface. Armstrong and Aldrin spent just under a day on the lunar surface before rendezvousing with Columbia in lunar orbit. ", "This photograph shows the Saturn V launch vehicle (SA-506) for the Apollo 11 mission liftoff at 8:32 am CDT, July 16, 1969, from launch complex 39A at the Kennedy Space Center. Apollo 11 was the first manned lunar landing mission with a crew of three astronauts: Mission commander Neil A. Armstrong, Command Module pilot Michael Collins, and Lunar Module pilot Edwin âBuzzâ E. Aldrin, Jr. It placed the first humans on the surface of the moon on July 20 and returned them back to Earth on July 24. Image credit: NASA Original image: www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/history/apollo_11_140716.html More about Marshall Center history: www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/history/index.html Marshall History Album on Flickr: www.flickr.com/photos/nasamarshall/sets/72157636868630444/ _____________________________________________ These official NASA photographs are being made available for publication by news organizations and/or for personal use printing by the subject(s) of the photographs. The photographs may not be used in materials, advertisements, products, or promotions that in any way suggest approval or endorsement by NASA. All Images used must be credited. For information on usage rights please visit: www.nasa.gov/audience/formedia/features/MP_Photo_Guidelin...", "In 1962, Neil Armstrong earned astronaut status. His first spaceflight was on March 16, 1966 as the Command pilot of Gemini VIII (David Scott was Pilot for the mission). Armstrong performed the first successful docking of two vehicles in space during the ten-hour flight. On July 16, 1969, Neil Armstrong commanded Apollo 11, the first manned lunar landing mission as it blasted off from Kennedy Space Center. Four days later, on July 20, he gained the distinction of being the first to land a craft on the Moon and the first man to step on its surface. Lunar Module pilot \"Buzz\" Aldrin, accompanied him to the lunar surface aboard the Lunar Module Eagle while Command Module pilot Michael Collins orbited the Moon in the Command Module Columbia.", "\"That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind.\" Neil A. Armstrong uttered these famous words on July 20, 1969, when the Apollo 11 mission fulfilled Kennedy's challenge by successfully landing Armstrong and Edwin E. \"Buzz\" Aldrin, Jr. on the Moon. Armstrong dramatically piloted the lunar module to the lunar surface with less than 30 seconds worth of fuel remaining. After taking soil samples, photographs, and doing other tasks on the Moon, Armstrong and Aldrin rendezvoused with their colleague Michael Collins in lunar orbit for a safe voyage back to Earth.", "UNITED STATES - MAY 08: Astronauts Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Edwin �Buzz� Aldrin standing by a boiler plate Apollo capsule on the deck of the NASA vessel Retriever during water egress training in the Gulf of Mexico. Apollo 11, the first manned lunar landing mission, was launched on 16th July 1969 and Neil Armstrong and Aldrin became the first and second men to walk on the Moon on 20th July 1969. Command Module pilot Michael Collins remained in lunar orbit while Armstrong and Aldrin were on the surface. The astronauts returned to Earth on 24th July 1969. (Photo by SSPL/Getty Images)", "Apollo 11, the first manned mission to land on the Moon, was launched July 16, 1969, carrying Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, and Edwin 'Buzz' Aldrin, Jr. On July 20, Armstrong and Aldrin became the first humans to land on the Moon.", "July 16, 1969 The sixth Saturn V launches the Apollo 11 spacecraft with astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Michael Collins and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., on its trajectory to the historic first manned landing on the Moon, on July 20, 1969.", "In this July 20, 1969, file photo, provided by NASA, Apollo 11 astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin E. \"Buzz\" Aldrin, the first men to land on the moon, plant the U.S. flag on the lunar surface.", "July 20, 1969: Six years after U.S. President John F. Kennedy's assassination, the Apollo 11 crew lands on the Moon , fulfilling his promise to put an American there by the end of the decade and return him safely to Earth. ", "16-24 Jul. 1969 The first lunar landing mission, Apollo 11 lifted off on 16 Jul. 1969, and after confirming that the hardware was working well began the three day trip to the Moon. At 4:18 p.m. EST on 20 Jul. 1969 the LM—with astronauts Neil A. Armstrong and Edwin E. Aldrin—landed on the lunar surface while Michael Collins orbited overhead in the Apollo command module. After checkout, Armstrong set foot on the surface, telling the millions of listeners that it was \"one small step for man—one giant leap for mankind.\" Aldrin soon followed him out and the two plodded around the landing site in the 1/6 lunar gravity, planted an American flag but omitted claiming the land for the U.S. as had routinely been done during European exploration of the Americas, collected soil and rock samples, and set up some experiments. After more than 21 hours on the lunar surface, they returned to Collins on board \"Columbia,\" bringing 20.87 kilograms of lunar samples with them. The two Moon walkers had left behind scientific instruments, an American flag and other mementos, including a plaque bearing the inscription: \"Here Men From Planet Earth First Set Foot Upon the Moon. Jul. 1969 A.D. We came in Peace For All Mankind.\" The next day they began the return trip to Earth, \"splashing down\" in the Pacific on 24 Jul.", "Apollo 11 U.S. spaceflight during which commander Neil Armstrong and lunar module pilot Edwin (“Buzz”) Aldrin, Jr., on July 20, 1969, became the first people to land on the Moon. Apollo 11 was the culmination of the Apollo program and a massive national commitment...", "Meanwhile, the Americans were back on track with their Apollo program. A series of unmanned test flights of various bits of lunar hardware culminated in December of 1968 with the Apollo 8 lunar flyby. With 1969 came the first manned test of the Lunar Module (Apollo 9) and a \"dress rehearsal\" of the lunar landing (Apollo 10), completing everything but actually putting a man on the surface. That final step came on the next mission, when Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin got to walk on the lunar surface in the Mare Tranquillitatis on July 20th, 1969.", "By the summer of 1969 NASA were ready to attempt a moon landing when, on July 16th, Apollo 11 was launched carrying Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin. Once again, the mission did not go as smoothly as planned. During their descent to the Moon the Lunar Module's (LM) guidance computer was leading the crew towards a large crater, surrounded by a field of rocks. Armstrong had to take manual control of the LM and was able to guide it to a safe landing site with just 15 seconds of fuel left. Despite such problems the mission was a success and on July 21st Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin became the first men to set foot on the Moon.", "First words from the Apollo 11 lunar module Eagle after guiding the craft to a landing on the moon at 4:17pm EDT (20 July 1969)", "A Saturn V rocket launches the Apollo 11 crew on the first moon landing mission on July 16, 1969 in this image framed by an American flag. Four days later, Apollo 11 astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed on the moon while crewmate Michael Collins orbited above.", "On July 20, 1969, the spider-shaped lunar module Eagle carried Armstrong and Aldrin toward the Sea of Tranquility. The pre-selected landing area turned out to be much rougher than thought, and Armstrong was forced to guide the Eagle over the terrain until he found a vacant site. The two men finally brought their craft to a soft landing with approximately thirty seconds' worth of fuel remaining. \"The Eagle has landed,\" Armstrong reported. Almost seven hours later, he climbed down the ladder and took the epochal first step on the moon. Television viewers around the world watched as the astronaut in his bulky white suit uttered the words, \"That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.\" (Viewers did not hear the word \"a\"; Armstrong later explained that his voice-operated microphone, which \"can lose you a syllable,\" failed to transmit the word.)", "The Apollo Moon Missions - July 16th, 1969. It’s a peaceful morning at Cape Canaveral with pleasant temperatures and little wind. All is calm. Suddenly, a tremendous roar shatters the morning as the crew of Apollo 11 blast off toward the moon, riding the biggest rocket ever created. Burning 20 tons of explosive fuel a second, it propels Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins into history. The spacecraft lands four days later on the moon. Millions watched as men took the first steps on a strange place 238,900 miles away, or 9 and ½ times around the earth....   [tags: NASA space program]", "The mission plan of Apollo 11 was to land two men on the lunar surface and return them safely to Earth. The launch took place at Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A on July 16, 1969, at 08:32 a.m. EST. The spaccraft carried a crew of three: Mission Commander Neil Armstrong, Command Module Pilot Michael Collins, and Lunar Module Pilot Edwin E. Aldrin Jr. The mission evaluation concluded that all mission tasks were completed satisfactorily.", "• In 1969, two Americans were the first men to step on the Moon. They were Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin.", "The lunar module, with Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin aboard, approaches the Apollo 11 command module for a rendezvous on July 21, 1969, marking the first leg of the homeward journey. A half-Earth is seen in the background. (NASA via AFP - Getty Images) Share Back to slideshow navigation", "*1969 – Apollo program: The Apollo 12 command module splashes down safely in the Pacific Ocean, ending the second manned mission to land on the Moon.", "File:Land on the Moon 7 21 1969-repair.jpg|The Washington Post on Monday, July 21, 1969: \"'The Eagle Has Landed'—Two Men Walk on the Moon\"", "At 9:32 a.m. on July 16, with the world watching, Apollo 11 took off from Kennedy Space Center with astronauts Neil Armstrong, Edwin Aldrin Jr., and Michael Collins aboard. Armstrong, a 38-year-old civilian research pilot, was the commander of the mission. After traveling 240,000 miles in 76 hours, Apollo 11 entered into a lunar orbit on July 19. The next day, at 1:46 p.m., the lunar module Eagle, manned by Armstrong and Aldrin, separated from the command module, where Collins remained. Two hours later, the Eagle began its descent to the lunar surface, and at 4:18 p.m. the craft touched down on the southwestern edge of the Sea of Tranquility. Armstrong immediately radioed to Mission Control in Houston, Texas, a famous message: �The Eagle has landed.�", "\"Buzz\" Aldrin joined him on the moon's surface at 11:11 p.m., and together they took photographs of the terrain, planted a U.S. flag, ran a few simple scientific tests, and spoke with President Richard M. Nixon via Houston. By 1:11 a.m. on July 21, both astronauts were back in the lunar module and the hatch was closed. The two men slept that night on the surface of the moon, and at 1:54 p.m. the Eagle began its ascent back to the command module. Among the items left on the surface of the moon was a plaque that read: \"Here men from the planet Earth first set foot on the moon--July 1969 A.D--We came in peace for all mankind.\"", "Armstrong flew the LEM while Aldrin manned the primitive flight computer. As Buzz Aldrin explained, \"At 500 feet the commander [Armstrong] took over manual control to get a feel for what the spacecraft was like before going for the landing.\" Armstrong made a few last-second maneuvers to avoid some dangerous rocks and successfully landed on the moon on July 20, 1969. All the hard years of training, education, and experience had paid off; Armstrong had made it look easy.", "The trio blasted off atop a 363 foot-tall Saturn V rocket from Launch Complex 39A on their bold, quarter of a million mile moon mission from the Kennedy Space Center , Florida on July 16, 1969 to fulfill the lunar landing quest set by President John F. Kennedy early in the decade.", "In the '60's and '70's, many men were sent into space in the Apollo missions. Where did they land?" ]

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[ "Patton (1970) is the epic film biography of the controversial, bombastic, multi-dimensional World War II general and hero George S. Patton. The larger-than-life, flamboyant, maverick, pugnacious military figure, nicknamed \"Old Blood and Guts,\" was well-known for his fierce love of America, his temperamental battlefield commanding, his arrogant power-lust (\"I love it. God help me, I do love it so. I love it more than my life\"), his poetry writing, his slapping of a battle-fatigued soldier, his anti-diplomatic criticism of the Soviet Union, and his firing of pistols at fighter planes.", "Everyone is familiar with Gen. George S Patton, Jr., old blood and guts, known to many as the unstoppable and swearing Third Army tank commander, the twin-gunned, six-shooting and winningest general in World War II. He is a larger-than-life figure, an American folk hero and the subject of a critically- acclaimed Hollywood motion picture starring George C. Scott.", "Brilliant but controversial World War II general. No U. S. General was more controversial during World War II than George S. Patton. He served in the cavalry in the early part of the 20th century and was an early convert to tank warfare, and served as a tank brigade commander in World War I. He commanded a Corps in North Africa and planned the invasion of Sicily in 1943. He was known as a harsh commander (his nickname was \"old blood and guts\"), even slapping a soldier whom he thought exhibited cowardice, an incident that nearly got him fired. In 1944, Patton was the commander of a fake U. S. Army group used to trick the Germans into believing he would be leading the invasion of Europe at the Pas-de-Calais. The trick worked, and Allied forces successfully landed at Normandy on June 6, 1944. After the Normandy Invasion, Patton led the U. S. Third Army in France advancing rapidly and keeping the pressure on the Germans. At the Battle of the Bulge, he disengaged his entire army, turned them, and marched to the relief of the besieged Americans at Bastogne---a feat that is still considered one of the greatest in military history. His Army crossed the Rhine in March 1945, and would be in Czechoslovakia when the war concluded. He died in December 1945 from injuries sustained in a car accident.", "Oh, boy! George is everywhere! – George S. Patton: Known as \"Old Blood-and-Guts\" by his men, this World War II general is credited with commanding the phantom army based in southeast England that materialized onto the Normandy battlefield.", "Patton: Old Blood and Guts profiles the life and career of General George Smith Patton Jr., one of the most important military figures of the 20th century. From his childhood dreams of glory to his education at West Point to his service in Mexico in 1917 and dramatic victories during World War II, the video examines Patton's personality and his outstanding talents as a military strategist whose work significantly influenced the outcome of the Second World War. Nicknamed \"Old Blood and Guts\" in 1945, this film examines Patton's crowning achievements and his place in history. Actor Walter Matthau introduces the biography and President Ronald Reagan narrates.", "Soon after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, Patton was given command of the 1st and 2nd Armored Divisions and organized a training center in the California desert. Patton headed to North Africa late in 1942 at the head of an American force; before the initial landings on Morocco’s Atlantic coast, he presented his troops with an expression of his now-legendary philosophy of battle: “We shall attack and attack until we are exhausted, and then we shall attack again.” Patton’s lust for battle would earn him the colorful nickname “Old Blood and Guts” among his troops, whom he ruled with an iron fist. With this formidable aggression and unrelenting discipline, the general managed to put U.S. forces back on the offensive after a series of defeats and win the war’s first major American victory against Nazi-led forces in the Battle of El Guettar in March 1943.", "Gen. George Smith Patton Jr. was one of the most brilliant soldiers in American history. Audacious, unorthodox and inspiring, he led his troops to great victories in North Africa, Sicily and on the Western Front. Nazi generals admitted that of all American field commanders he was the one they most feared. To Americans he was a worthy successor of such hardbitten cavalrymen as Philip Sheridan, J. E. B. Stuart and Nathan Bedford Forrest...His best-known nickname--\"Old Blood and Guts\"--was one that he detested, but his men loved. \"His guts and my blood,\" his wounded veterans used to say when they were flown back here for hospitalization. His explosive wrath and lurid vocabulary became legendary wherever American soldiers fought.", "*\"Blood-n-Guts\" — George S. Patton, Jr., American general in World War II (a nickname he rejected) ", "Let's find possible answers to \"George, American general nicknamed 'Old Blood and Guts'\" crossword clue. First of all, we will look for a few extra hints for this entry: George, American general nicknamed 'Old Blood and Guts'. Finally, we will solve this crossword puzzle clue and get the correct word. We have 1 possible solution for this clue in our database.", "George, American general nicknamed 'Old Blood and Guts' - Crossword clues & answers - Global Clue", "His best-known nickname--\"Old Blood and Guts\"--was one that he detested, but his men loved. \"His guts and my blood,\" his wounded veterans used to say when they were flown back here for hospitalization. His explosive wrath and lurid vocabulary became legendary wherever American soldiers fought.", "Why was the Great American Legend General Patton called “Blood and Guts”? He certainly has the reputation of being one of the most aggressive commanders in WWII who proved his mettle, confidence and abilities time and time again during the campaigns in Europe? Take a look at his tactics.", "General nicknamed \"Old Blood and Guts\" is a crossword puzzle clue that we have spotted 1 time. There are related clues (shown below).", "Josef Mengele (; 16 March 1911 - 7 February 1979) was a German Schutzstaffel (SS) officer and physician in Auschwitz concentration camp during World War II. Mengele was a notorious member of the team of doctors responsible for the selection of victims to be killed in the gas chambers and for performing deadly human experiments on prisoners. Arrivals deemed able to work were admitted into the camp, and those deemed unfit for labor were immediately killed in the gas chambers. Mengele left Auschwitz on 17 January 1945, shortly before the arrival of the liberating Red Army troops. After the war, he fled to South America, where he evaded capture for the rest of his life.", "Was a  German   Standartenführer  (Colonel) and  doctor  who joined the  SS  in 1933. Because of a chance encounter with  Adolf Hitler  during the closing days of  World War II , his memoirs proved historically valuable. His accounts of this period influenced the accounts of  Joachim Fest  and  James P. O'Donnell  regarding the end of Hitler's life; and were included in the film,  Downfall .", "Albert Kesselring (20 November 1885 (source: Britannica encyclopedia) - 16 July 1960) was a Luftwaffe Generalfeldmarschall during World War II. Nicknamed \"Smiling Albert\", he was one of the most skilful generals of Nazi Germany. He commanded air forces in the invasions of Poland, France, the Battle of Britain and Operation Barbarossa. As Commander-in-Chief South, he was overall German commander in the Mediterranean theatre, which included operations in North Africa. Later, he conducted a stubborn defensive campaign against the Allied forces in Italy. In the final campaign of the war, he commanded German forces on the Western Front. After the war he was tried for war crimes and sentenced to death but the sentence was subsequently commuted to life imprisonment. He was released in 1952, after...", "General George Smith Patton, Jr. ( 11 November 1885 – 21 December 1945 ) was a senior officer of the United States Army , who commanded the U.S. Seventh Army in the Mediterranean and European Theaters of World War II , but is best known for his leadership of the U.S. Third Army in France and Germany following the Allied invasion of Normandy in June 1944. He was known in his time as \"America's Fightingest General\".", "Croatian Roman Catholic priest Krunoslav Draganovic orchestrated the escape of one of the most wanted and notorious Nazi war crimes suspects of World War II. Klaus Barbie was one of the most infamous Nazi commanders during the Holocaust. He went under the sobriquet the “Butcher of Lyon”, “boucher de Lyon”. He was accused of responsibility for the deaths of 44 Jewish children from the town of Izieu in France. He was also accused of the murder of Jean Moulin, one of the key French Resistance leaders during World War II.", "Greenstreet's characterization had such a strong cultural impact that the \"Fat Man\" atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki during World War II was named after him. The appellation \"Fat Man\" for Gutman was created for the film; in the novel, although he is a fat man, he is referred to as \"G\".", "Hermann Göring, Göring also spelled Goering (born January 12, 1893, Rosenheim, Germany —died October 15, 1946, Nürnberg ), a leader of the Nazi Party and one of the primary architects of the Nazi police state in Germany. He was condemned to hang as a war criminal by the International Military Tribunal at Nürnberg in 1946 but took poison instead and died the night his execution was ordered.", "Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel (15 November 1891 – 14 October 1944), popularly known as the Desert Fox, was a senior German Army officer during World War II.", "Figure 3: Ernie Pyle– journalist who as a roving correspondent for the Scripps-Howard newspaper chain, earned wide acclaim for his accounts of ordinary people and later of ordinary American soldiers during WWII, lending the same folksy style to his war-time reports before being killed by enemy fire on lejima during the Battle of Okinawa. Syndicated column ran in more than 300 newspapers nationwide and at the time of his death he was among the best known American war correspondents as well as won the Pulitzer Prize in 1944 for his spare, poignant accounts of “dogface” infantry soldiers from a first person perspective. Harry Truman wrote of him, “No man in this war has so well told the story of the American fighting man as American fighting men wanted it told. He deserves the gratitude of all his countrymen.”", "Klaus Barbie, known as the \"Butcher of Lyon,\" was a leader in the Nazi group called the SS, and was head of anti-Resistance operations in France during the German occupation of World War II (1935–45). As a war criminal (someone who commits crimes that violate the conventions of warfare during wartime) Barbie lived in Bolivia as Klaus Altmann for thirty years before he was arrested and returned to France for trial.", "Kramer was the Commandant of the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. Dubbed “The Beast of Belsen” by camp inmates; he was a notorious Nazi war criminal, directly responsible for the deaths of thousands of people. Kramer adopted his own draconian policies at Auschwitz and Belsen and, along with Irma Grese, he terrorized his prisoners without remorse. After the war he was convicted of war crimes and hanged in Hameln prison by noted British executioner Albert Pierrepoint. Whilst on trial he stated his lack of feelings as he was “just following orders”.", "During World War II he was a counterintelligence agent assigned to the Twelfth Regiment of the Fourth Division, interrogating POW’s. He served in the most brutal campaigns of the European theater, including D-Day and the Battle of the Bulge. In 1945 in Germany he was hospitalized for '‘battle fatigue.’'", "Chief of staff of an army corps in World War I, he was active after the war in Germany's secret rearmament. In World War II he was promoted to field marshal (1940) and commanded armies in the invasions of Poland, France, and the Soviet Union. As commander in chief on the Western Front (1942�45), he fortified France against the expected Allied invasion. Removed briefly from command (1944), he returned to direct the Battle of the Bulge. He was captured in 1945 but released because of ill health.", "1945 – William Joyce (“Lord Haw Haw”) is captured in Flensburg. He is a British fascist who became a radio propagandist for the Nazis during the war.", "More and more, Hammett concentrated his energies on politics. He gave considerable sums of money to help fight fascism in Spain, co-published a magazine called Equality, and gave many political speeches. In 1942, he rejoined the U.S. Army during World War II as an unhealthy forty-eight-year old private and served three years in Alaska, editing the base newspaper called The Adakian.", "In 1935 Fritz was arrested by the SA (Nazi stormtroopers) and detained. Following his interrogation he died a week later in hospital at the Sachsenhausen concentration camp, apparently of pneumonia. [see: Feb. 19]", "He joined the army in 1943, at the age of 17. Two years later, he led a squad of men into the Dachau concentration camp, the first Americans to stumble on the horrors there, only hours after the Nazis had fled. During war service, in April 1945, he was shot in the knee, as a result of which he walked with a stick for the rest of his life. He spent much of his service in Britain, where he was stationed in Bournemouth and Taunton. It was this experience, he would say, that got him interested in British popular culture.", "While a POW during WWII, he became a medical orderly. Since he could speak some German, he was the prisoners' spokesman.", "armament and war industry. Loved extravagance and show; jovial, ruthless. Sentenced to hang for war crimes; took poison in 1946." ]

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[ "The Scopes Trial, formally known as The State of Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes and informally known as the Scopes Monkey Trial, was a landmark American legal case in 1925 in which high school science teacher, John Scopes , was accused of violating Tennessee's Butler Act , which made it unlawful to teach evolution in any state-funded school. [1]", "The Scopes Trial, formally known as The State of Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes and commonly referred to as the Scopes Monkey Trial, was an American legal case in 1925 in which a substitute high school teacher, John Scopes, was accused of violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which had made it unlawful to teach human evolution in any state-funded school. The trial was deliberately staged to attract publicity to the small town of Dayton, Tennessee, where it was held. Scopes was unsure whether he had ever actually taught evolution, but he purposely incriminated himself so that the case could have a defendant.", "The Scopes Trial—formally known as The State of Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes and informally known as the Scopes Monkey Trial—was a landmark American legal case in 1925 in which high school science teacher, John Scopes, was accused of violating Tennessee's Butler Act which made it unlawful to teach evolution.", "1925 Following a sensational 12-day trial, high school biology teacher John T. Scopes was found guilty of teaching evolution in his classroom and was fined $100.", "*1925 – Scopes Trial: In Dayton, Tennessee, high school biology teacher John T. Scopes is found guilty of teaching evolution in class and fined $100.", "An incident occurred early in the twentieth century that furthered the rift between Christianity and the scientific community. In 1925 in Dayton, Tennessee, a young high school teacher named John Scopes was put on trial for teaching the theory of evolution. Scopes was defended by the famous Clarence Darrow while William Jennings Bryan argued the case for the state of Tennessee.", "1925 � School teacher John Scopes is found guilty of teaching evolution in a Tennessee public school", "John Scopes is best known as the Tennessee educator found guilty of breaking the law for teaching evolution in his class room.", "1925: The Monkey Trial began in a small town in Tennessee when a school teacher, John Scopes, defended by one of the top US defence lawyers, Clarence Darrow, was charged for teaching Darwins theory of evolution. Brought by Bible fundamentalists claiming it was blasphemous, the trial attracted wide press interest.", "\"monkey trial\": In 1925, John Scopes was convicted and fined $100 for teaching evolution in his Dayton, Tenn., classroom in the first highly publicized trial concerning the teaching of evolution. The press reported that although they lost the case, Scopes's team had won the argument. The verdict had a chilling effect on teaching evolution in the classroom, however, and not until the 1960s did it reappear in schoolbooks.", "John Thomas Scopes (August 3, 1900 – October 21, 1970) was a teacher in Dayton, Tennessee, who was charged on May 5, 1925 for violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which prohibited the teaching of evolution in Tennessee schools. He was tried in a case known as the Scopes Trial, in which he was found guilty and fined $100.", "A trial in the heart of Tennessee came to represent the changing culture of the 1920s, as well as those who sought to preserve traditional views. John Scopes, a recent graduate of the University of Kentucky, was teaching biology in Dayton, Tennessee, when he was found in violation of a state law that prohibited the teaching of Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution. Darwin’s theories were taught throughout the United States at the time, but they raised the ire of conservatives and evangelicals who believed that evolution ran counter to deeply held religious beliefs about the divine creation of man. In 1925, leading public figures such as William Jennings Bryan arose to defend the state law of Tennessee. Clarence Darrow agreed to defend Scopes’s right to academic freedom. The resulting trial, known as the Scopes Monkey Trial A highly publicized trial of high school teacher John Scopes who violated a Tennessee law that forbade the teaching of evolution. The trial would become emblematic of the culture wars of the early twentieth century between conservative Christian fundamentalists and modernists who tended to be more secular and liberal., quickly descended into a media circus. As news reporters covered the trial’s proceedings via live radio, Americans everywhere tuned in to listen as the academics squared off against the defenders of tradition and old-time religion.", "Here, from July 10 to 21, 1925 JohnThomas Scopes, a County High School teacher, was tried for teaching that a man descended from a lower order of animals in violation of a lately passed state law. William Jennings Bryan assisted the prosecution; Clarence Darrow, Arthur Garfield Hays, and Dudley Field Malone the defense. Scopes was convicted.", "The law was challenged by the ACLU in the famed Scopes Trial, in which John Scopes, a high school science teacher who agreed to be arrested on a charge of having taught evolution, and was nominally served a warrant on May 5, 1925. Scopes was indicted on May 25 and ultimately convicted; on appeal the Tennessee Supreme Court found the law to be constitutional under the Tennessee State Constitution, because:", "Scopes was found guilty, but the verdict was overturned on a technicality and he went free. The trial drew intense national publicity, as national reporters flocked to the small town of Dayton, Tennessee , to cover the big-name lawyers representing each side. William Jennings Bryan , three-time presidential candidate for the Democrats , argued for the prosecution, while Clarence Darrow , the famed defense attorney, spoke for Scopes. The trial set modernists , who said evolution was consistent with religion, against fundamentalists who said the word of God as revealed in the Bible took priority over all human knowledge. The trial was thus both a theological contest , and a trial on the veracity of modern science regarding the creation-evolution controversy . The teaching of evolution expanded, as fundamentalist efforts to use state laws to reverse the trend had failed in the court of public opinion . [2]", "Scopes, John: The 24-year-old teacher in the public high school in Dayton, Tenn., who was the defendant in the \"monkey trial\" of 1925. He agreed to be the focus of a test case attacking a newly passed Tennessee state law against teaching evolution or any other theory denying the biblical account of the creation of man, and was arrested and tried, with the American Civil Liberties Union backing his defense.", "** Scopes Trial: In Dayton, Tennessee, the so-called \"Monkey Trial\" began with John T. Scopes, a young high school science teacher, accused of teaching evolution in violation of a Tennessee state law.", "In 1925 , following the passing of a bill by the Tennessee legislature, John Thomas Scopes, a popular football coach and biology teacher at Dayton High School, became the centerpiece of one of the Untied States most famous court cases.", "John Thomas Scopes (August 3, 1900 – October 21, 1970), a teacher in Dayton, Tennessee at the age of 24, was charged on May 25, 1925 with violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which prohibited the teaching of evolution in Tennessee schools.", "Monkey Trial:� On August 20, U.S. District Judge Frank Gray, Jr., declared unconstitutional a 1973 state law requiring that public school textbooks give equal representation to the Biblical account of creation.� The decision, which coincided with a similar ruling by the state supreme court, came just over 50 years after the \"monkey trial\" conviction of John Scopes, a Tennessee schoolteacher who defied state law by teaching Darwinian theories of evolution to his high school class.", "In 1925, Darrow defended John T. Scopes in the State of Tennessee v. Scopes trial. It has often been called the \"Scopes Monkey Trial,\" a title popularized by author and journalist H.L. Mencken. The trial pitted Darrow against William Jennings Bryan in an American court case that tested the Butler Act, which had been passed on March 21, 1925. The act forbade the teaching of \"the Evolution Theory\" in any state-funded educational establishment in Tennessee. More broadly, the Butler Act outlawed in state-funded schools (including universities) the teaching of \"any theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible, and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals.\"", "In July, Tennessee legislators made it unlawful to teach anything but creationism. John Scopes, a high school teacher in Dayton decided to test the law. He was convicted and fined $100.", "Scopes was found guilty, but the verdict was overturned on a technicality and he went free. The trial drew intense national publicity, as national reporters flocked to the small town of Dayton, Tennessee, to cover the big-name lawyers representing each side. William Jennings Bryan, three time presidential candidate for the Democrats, argued for the prosecution, while Clarence Darrow, the famed defense attorney, spoke for Scopes. The trial saw modernists, who said religion was consistent with evolution, against fundamentalists who said the word of God as revealed in the Bible took priority over all human knowledge. The trial was thus both a theological contest, and a trial on the veracity of modern science regarding the creation-evolution controversy. The teaching of evolution expanded, as fundamentalist efforts to use state laws to reverse the trend had failed in the court of public opinion.", "United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925)", "1925: Tennessee state banned the teaching of Darwins theory of evolution. One teacher later disobeyed and sparked off one of the most bizarre court cases ever, known as the Monkey Trial.", "Evolution: Tennessee formally repeals the 1925 law banning the teaching of evolution made famous in the Scopes Trial", "Scopes was found guilty and fined $100 (), but the verdict was overturned on a technicality. The trial served its purpose of drawing intense national publicity, as national reporters flocked to Dayton to cover the big-name lawyers who had agreed to represent each side. William Jennings Bryan, three-time presidential candidate, argued for the prosecution, while Clarence Darrow, the famed defense attorney, spoke for Scopes. The trial publicized the Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy, which set Modernists, who said evolution was not inconsistent with religion, against Fundamentalists, who said the word of God as revealed in the Bible took priority over all human knowledge. The case was thus seen as both a theological contest and a trial on whether modern science should be taught in schools.", "May 25, 1925 – Scopes is indicted by a grand jury for violating Tennessee's anti-evolution law.", "Clarence Darrow was Scopes defendant. William Jennings Bryan was the prosecutor. Trial was on July 10, 1925. Became an overnight sensation. Scopes was found guilty and was only fined $100.", "The day after this exchange, Darrow changed his client's plea to guilty. Scopes was convicted and fined $100. However, the conviction was thrown out on a technicality by the Tennessee Supreme Court: that the judge, and not the jury, had determined the $100 fine. In 1967, the Supreme Court struck down Tennessee's anti-evolution law for violating the Constitution's prohibition against the establishment of religion.", "After graduating from Salem’s class of 1919, Scopes got a law degree from the University of Kentucky in 1924 and moved to Dayton, Tennessee. Here he landed a job as football coach and fill-in teacher at Rhea County High School, when the principal (who was also a teacher and the school’s football coach) resigned suddenly.", "May 9, 1925 - At a preliminary hearing, three Rhea County justices of the peace formally bind Scopes to a grand jury. Law professor John Neal, from Knoxville, appears to represent Scopes, who is released without bond." ]

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[ "Roulette is fun and easy to play. The roulette wheel is marked with numbers 1 through 36 and symbols \"0\" and \"00.\" The numbers are alternately colored red and black and the \"0\" and \"00\" are green. Color and number combinations offer a variety of betting options.", "American and European roulette are very similar games. The only real difference is the option of one extra number spot—the “00.” In the European roulette game, the table shows spots from 0 to 36 in alternating colors of red and black. American roulette players get to choose from the added 00 spot. Both the “0” and the “00” spots on the American table are the only “self-colored” slots that are not red or black that players can choose from. On the roulette wheel both “zero” spots are green in color rather than red or black. It is important to note that those two spots are also exempt from the possible “red” or “black” winning spins when that option is chose.", "The Roulette Wheel is marked with numbers 0 through 36. The numbers are alternately coloured red and black, and the \"0\" is green.", "French and European roulette wheels have only one green coloured slot, the zero number. Each number changes color repeatedly between the roulette signature colors of red and black.", "Except for 0 and 00, the slots on the wheel alternate between red and black. The strange order of the numbers on the wheel is intended so that high and low numbers, as well as odd and even numbers, tend to alternate.", "The game consists of a roulette wheel, a wooden wheel that contains 37 or 38 slots. The zero (and double zero in America) slot is green, while the number slots (from 1 to 36) alternate between black and red. The second part is the roulette ball that spins on that wooden wheel until it lands in a particular slot to reveal the winning number for that round. The wagering area is usually found on a green piece of cloth right next to the wheel. It is where players will place their chips and choose the numbers and bets that they wish to place their stakes on.", "The American roulette wheel has an extra green compartment for a double zero '00' number. Shown in the picture below.", "The Roulette Wheel with the single green slot marked as a [0], is of the European and French Roulette wheel games. Compare this to the American Roulette Wheel which has one more green slot on the wheel marked as a [00] and you can see that your chances of winning are reduced by this additional green slot.", "French roulette as described by at the end of the Victorian era, has both the zero and the \"double zero\". The zero was coloured red and also counted as \"Pair\" and \"Manque\"; the double zero was black and also counted as \"Impair\" and \"Passe\".", "In American roulette , the red and black pockets on the wheel are arranged in a certain order corresponding to that on the layout to balance high and low, even and odd and red and black color numbers on the wheel:", "As there are '8 RED EVEN' and '10 RED ODD' and in comparison '8 BLACK ODD' and '10 BLACK EVEN' roulette wheel/table numbers.", "Double Zero '00' the extra compartment added to the American roulette wheel, diagonally opposes the single zero '0'. But the extra double zero isn't the only modification made. The American roulette wheels number sequence in comparison to the European/French wheel, is completely different too.", "To determine the winning number and color, a croupier spins a wheel in one direction, then spins a ball in the opposite direction around a tilted circular track running around the circumference of the wheel. The ball eventually loses momentum and falls onto the wheel and into one of 37 (in French/European roulette) or 38 (in American roulette) colored and numbered pockets on the wheel", "The wheel is a crucial component of the roulette game. Even the term 'roulette' itself means 'small wheel' in French. According to the number of pockets on the wheel we differentiate two types of the roulette game - European with 37 pockets (36 plus one zero) and American with 38 pockets as it includes single zero and double zero. But the arrangement of numbers on the wheel is different in European and American variants of the game.", "If you are not so familiar with roulette, it uses a felt long table with a wheel on one end. There are numbered boxes (for numbers 1 to 36) and a numbered wheel as well (up to the number 38), both with corresponding background color. Modern roulette now makes use of a plastic hard ball instead of the original ivory hard ball.", "3. Low (1-18) and High (19-36) numbers should alternate as much as possible. In European roulette the only point where this condition is not met is the 5 next to 10. In the American wheel there are many sectors with adjacent Low numbers and adjacent high numbers. This is why the American wheel is not considered as perfectly balanced as the European.", "A roulette wheel consists of a wheel like that pictured to the right that revolves inside a bowl around which a ball rolls until eventually ball and wheel come to rest with the ball in one of the 38 (or on modern European/Latin American tables, 37) divisions around the edge of the wheel. Prior to rolling the ball, people place bets on what number will come up by laying down chips on a betting mat, the precise location of the chips indicating the bet being made. Roulette is a game of French origin and on a traditional table, the French terms on the betting area are still used even in English speaking areas. However, on most US tables, English terms and a slightly different style of mat are used.", "Some game historians attribute the original roulette game to ancient China where a stone spinning wheel was used, but instead of having numbers it had animals drawn on it. In the middle of the spinning device there were the numbers 666. Surprisingly enough when adding the total numbers on the modern roulette wheel the outcome is also 666.", "There are 38 numbers on an American roulette wheel and there are 37 numbers of a French roulette wheel, both wheels add up to 666", "The object of Roulette is to pick the number where the spinning ball will land on the wheel. You can also bet combinations of numbers or choose the color or whether the number will be odd or even.", "While not always present, Roulette layouts sometimes include a ‘Racetrack’ which displays the numbers in the same order as the Roulette wheel and allows the player to bet on sequences of numbers as they appear on the wheel. Typically these Racketrack layouts are found on European Roulette games with specific number groupings given French names;", "In both American and European, the order of the numbers on the wheel-track is totally different than what their arithmetic value would suggest and totally different for each of the two types of wheels. This is one of the secrets why roulette is such an amazingly balanced game in theory. The succession of the numbers on the wheel is well thought out in order to accomplish four different things:", "The history board on roulette tables gave the illusion that the previous numbers the ball has landed in means that it should have a higher chance of landing on a number not on the board. Except the roulette table has no concept of memory and the ball has an equal chance of landing on the same number as before no matter how many plays were made. If the roulette wheel has any bias at all, it's more likely in favor of the numbers on the board — but don't bet on it, as the gambling industry works very hard to ensure their devices are all truly random.", "Some people and books claim that roulette wheels are biased, with a heavy side and a light side. Gravity causes the numbers in the heavy side to hit more often. This, I believe, used to be true when the quality of the equipment was poor. However, modern roulette wheels are much better and very rigorously tested. Only in a casino using a very dated wheel, may you be able to find a biased one by testing many thousands of spins. Based on stories I have heard, your odds of finding such wheels are probably best in Europe.", "In European roulette the arrangement of numbers on the wheel differs significantly. Numbers are arranged in certain sequences:", "Many of the most famous incidents in roulette history have involved players taking advantage of biased wheels. These are roulette wheels that do not have the proper construction to ensure that every pocket will be hit with equal probability. If a particular wheel has a bias towards certain numbers then players might be able to take advantage of this, as it is possible that those numbers could be hit frequently enough to overcome the house edge.", "For a little fun, I wrote a little roulette simulator. You can toggle between the American and European wheels. Pressing the spin button gives the wheel a random spin.", "There is the interesting case of the former university prof who theorised despite the fact that roulette wheels are supposed to be perfectly balanced, that mechanical wear will eventually show a bias to certain numbers. It involved analyzing around 4000 spins (of an individual wheel) and indeed he was able to gain an advantage. He was able to win big for a while, but was eventually trespassed.", "Nowadays when manufacturers have high-tech instruments at their disposal, roulette wheels are equally precise tools that don’t age easily and don’t malfunction. Technology solved most of the inconveniences that kept casinos awake at night, but brought up new challenges such as dealing with roulette deceleration", "As we have mentioned earlier, systems and strategies rarely will do you any work in the game of Roulette. That is exactly the reason why some players try to beat the game by finding a biased wheel thanks to a small physical imperfection. A flaw of such a wheel could cause some numbers to hit more frequently.", "In researching this article, I discovered another difference between American and European roulette wheels. This is a subtle difference, and one that I did not find well documented, but photo research seems to uphold.", "Why then, are the numbers in a roulette wheel arranged in a pseudo-random way? It's not as if a roulette player has any input as to where the balls lands. Why not place all the numbers in numeric order and be done with it?" ]

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[ "Have you heard these English idioms before? Over the next three days, we are going to look at these three English ❛bird❜ idioms. Let’s start with the first one: a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. It is a proverb that means ❝the things you already have are worth more than the things you only hope to get❞; in other words, ❝be happy with what you have. It’s very likely better than what you might get❞.", "Proverbs: A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush | ESL Podcast Blog", "Low risk suggested by the Greek proverb ——A bird in hand is worth two in the... bush As the saying goes “A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush”, which is popularly applied to variety of daily life, because it warns us about the effects of greed, we can conclude from it that risk control can be an important element of investment. As follows, we will discuss how to manage the low risk in the investment. 1. Low risk in amount of capital 2. Low risk in time span of investment 3. Low risk...", "Story Relating To The Proverb a Bird In Hand Is Worth Two In Bush Free Essays", "a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush: Something you have for certain now is of more value than better you may get, especially if you risk losing what you have in order to get it.", "Prov. Having something for certain is better than the possibility of getting something better. I might get a better offer, but a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. Bill has offered to buy my car for $3,000 cash. Someone else might pay more, but a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.", "Now that you have looked at the meaning of the idiom a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush, you can, perhaps, laugh when you look at the comic above when the one bird says ❛Hey look at me! I’m worth more than them put together!❞.", "Talk Hard - Cliche Busters: One in the hand is worth two in the bush. - Duration: 2:53. TalkHardChicago 156 views", "Are not two sparrows sold for a farthing? and one of them shall not fall on the ground without your Father. But the very hairs of your head are all numbered. Fear ye not therefore, ye are of more value than many sparrows. [7]", "The proverbs most often are paired in contrasts: diligence vs. laziness, honesty vs. dishonesty, planning vs. hastily taken decisions, dealing justly vs. taking advantage of the vulnerable, seeking good advice vs. arrogance, etc. More proverbs in the book talk about our wise speech than any other subject, with the second largest number covering work and its correlate, money. Though the book divides into the seven collections referenced above, the proverbs within these collections circle back over the same topics repeatedly. For that reason, this article will discuss work-related teachings by topic rather than by moving through each collection in the order in which it appears in the book. A table of verses , with links to the places they are discussed in the article, may be found at the end of the article. This is intended to aid readers in locating where in the article a particular verse or passage is discussed, not to encourage readers to read individual verses in isolation.", "Interpreting proverbs is often complex, but is best done in a context. Interpreting proverbs from other cultures is much more difficult than interpreting proverbs in ones own culture. Even within English-speaking cultures, there is difference of opinion on how to interpret the proverb A rolling stone gathers no moss. Some see it as condemning a person that keeps moving, seeing moss as a positive thing, such as profit; others see it the proverb as praising people that keep moving and developing, seeing moss as a negative thing, such as negative habits.", "(Great thanks to David Barnhart, Ben Zimmer, and wikicitas whose inquiries led QI to formulate this question and perform this exploration. Special thanks to Barry Popik who also fruitfully examined this saying , and to “The Dictionary of Modern Proverbs” which has a valuable entry on this topic.)", "1. Proverbs expressing general attitude towards life and the laws that govern life. * Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy,... wealthy and wise. * It’s no use locking the stable door after the horse has bolted. * Laugh and the world laughs with you, weep and you weep alone. * See a pin and pick it up, all the day you’ll have good luck; see a pin and let it lie, bad luck you’ll have all day. * ‘Tis better to have loved and lost, than never to have loved at all. ...", "Meaning: \"This Proverb aims at all thoſe Perſons, who, niggardly to an Exceſs of their own, would fain gain the Character of Generous or Charitable at other People’s Expences, and ſo are very liberal of other People's Pockets to ſave their own, either in Donations of Amity or Alms.\"", "Meaning: From a story about a fox that wants to eat some rowanberries that he can’t reach because they’re high up in a tree. A crow lands in the tree and starts eating the berries. When the crow asks the fox if he wants some, the fox replies No, they’re sour. The proverb can be used to state that you think someone really wants something the person claims they do not or that the person makes up an excuse for not wanting it because they cannot get it anyway.", "That may be Eastern also. It hints of a long weary desert; no grass, no water, and then the cruel mirage that breaks down the heart of the wayfarer at last. On the other hand, it is not out of harmony with the landscape of Man, where the mountains look green sometimes from a distance when they are really bare and stark, and so typify that waste of heart when life is dry of the moisture of hope, and all the world is as a parched wilderness. However, there is one proverb which is so Manx in spirit that I could almost take oath on its paternity, so exactly does it fit the religious temper of our people, though it contains a word that must strike an English ear as irreverent: “When one poor man helps another poor man, God himself laughs.”", "Meaning: From a story about a fox that wants to eat some rowanberries that he can't reach because they're high up in a tree. A crow lands in the tree and starts eating the berries. When the crow asks the fox if he wants some, the fox replies No, they're sour. The proverb can be used to state that you think someone really wants something the person claims they do not or that the person makes up an excuse for not wanting it because they cannot get it anyway.", "Mieder, Wolfgang; Kingsbury, Stewart A.; Harder, Kelsie B. (1992). A Dictionary of American proverbs. p. 351.", "Mieder, Wolfgang; Kingsbury, Stewart A.; Harder, Kelsie B. (1992). A Dictionary of American proverbs. p. 81.", "Also, the following pair are counter proverbs from the Kasena of Ghana \"It is the patient person who will milk a barren cow\" and \"The person who would milk a barren cow must prepare for a kick on the forehead\" The two contradict each other, whether they are used in an argument or not (though indeed they were used in an argument). But the same work contains an appendix with many examples of proverbs used in arguing for contrary positions, but proverbs that are not inherently contradictory, such as \"One is better off with hope of a cow's return than news of its death\" countered by \"If you don't know a goat [before its death] you mock at its skin\". Though this pair was used in a contradictory way in a conversation, they are not a set of \"counter proverbs\".", "Mieder, Wolfgang; Kingsbury, Stewart A.; Harder, Kelsie B. (1992). A Dictionary of American proverbs. p. 32.", "Meaning: This proverb could mean a multitude of things, however it is quite apparent that the mean meaning is that something strange will not happen for no reason at all. Obviously, a toad does not usually run in the daytime, unless something happened, and the reader can infer that the proverb means that everything happens for a reason.", "John Heywood , Proverbs, Part I, Chapter IX; reported as a proverb in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 643.", "A proverbial phrase or a proverbial expression is type of a conventional saying similar to proverbs and transmitted by oral tradition. The difference is that a proverb is a fixed expression, while a proverbial phrase permits alterations to fit the grammar of the context. ", "  Proverb 17: \"A child's fingers are not scalded by a piece of hot yam which its mother puts into its palm.\" (  Chapter 8 )", "Meaning: “There are a Set of People in the World of fo unfettled and reftleis a Temper, and such Admirers of Novelty, that they can never be long pleafed with one way of’ living, no more than to continue long in one Habitation; but before they are well enter’d upon one Bufinefs, dip into another, and before they are well fettled in one Habitation, remove to another; fo that they are always bufily beginning to live, but by reafon of Ficklenefs and Impatience, never arrive at a way of living: fuch Perfons fall under the Doom of this Proverb, which is delign’d to fix the Volatility of their Tempers, by laying before them the ill Confequences of fuch Ficklenefs and Inconltancy.”", "Proverbs are most often characterized by their general use of figurative language, especially metaphor, and also their occasional play on words. While the original figurative meaning of �stitch� in our example above is not clear, its metaphorical nature is certain. (This is true of many other figura�tive expressions In English, e.g. �not by a long chalk.�)", "'A fool and his money are soon parted' - the meaning and origin of this phrase", "Examples of Proverbs that apply to a host of situations and are to be interpreted in a broad metaphorical sense (not just literally) are:", "According to David W. Maurer, writing in The Big Con (1940), there was a similar saying amongst con men: \"There's a mark born every minute, and one to trim 'em and one to knock 'em.\" Here \"trim\" means to steal from, and \"knock\" means to persuade away from a scam. The meaning is that there is no shortage of new victims, nor of con men, nor of honest men.", "This quote about being neither a borrower or lender is not from the Bible, it’s from the William Shakespeare play Hamlet, Act 1, scene 3, 75–77. In the play. Polonius is giving advice to Laertes, and this is but one of the quotes of wisdom he imparts. There is actually a more famous quote within Scene 3 of Hamlet, and that is “to thine own self be true”.", "The fable that the moral comes from is a simple one, usually only a few lines long. The general story goes as follows:" ]

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[ "Powell's City of Books claims to be the largest independent new and used bookstore in the world, occupying a multistory building on an entire city block in the Pearl District. In 2010, Powell's Technical Books was relocated to Powell's Books Bldg. 2 across the street from the flagship store. In 2012, the city was named by Travel & Leisure magazine as the No. 1 city in the country for book stores.", "The World's Largest Bookstore - Depending on how you measure \"largest,\" there are three different bookstores with legitimate claims to the \"World's Largest Bookstore\" title.  They are Barnes & Noble in New York,  The World's Biggest Bookstore in Toronto, and Powell's Book Store in Portland, Oregon.", "Portland State University, located in downtown Portland, has the second largest enrollment rate of any university in the state (after Oregon State University), with a student body of nearly 30,000. It has been named among the top fifteen percentile of American universities by The Princeton Review for undergraduate education, and has been internationally recognized for its degrees in Masters of Business Administration and urban planning. The city is also home to the Oregon Health & Science University, as well as Portland Community College.", "The Strand Broadway and East 12th Street New York, New York 212-473-1452 The Strand Book Store is an independent bookstore famous for its giant collection of new, rare, used, and out-of-print books; its advertising slogan “18 miles of books”; and the creative chaos on and around its shelves. And there’s some rock ’n’ roll history here, too, because back in the early 1970s both Patti Smith and soon-to-be Television leader Tom Verlaine both worked here together.", "Cheap Eats,” and the like. This index is easier to follow than the chapter headings. “Life already has its ups and downs, so you may not be looking for any more of those, but there are a few places in the Portland area that can give you quite a lift. Inside Powell’s City of Books... you’ll find the world’s only three-door elevator.”", "hometown -- by turning it into the world's largest used bookstore. He is buying up commercial buildings and filling them with used books -- hundreds of thousands of used books gathered from all over the country -- as part of a quixotic scheme to turn this sleepy rural community into a mecca for book lovers. His dream is to create an American version of Hay-on-Wye, the legendary British book town that draws visitors from all over the world.", "In 2008, USA Today listed nine top bookstore travel destinations in the United States as: Books & Books in Coral Gables, Florida; City Lights Books in San Francisco; The Elliott Bay Book Company in Seattle; Politics and Prose in Washington, DC; Powell's Books in Portland, Oregon; Prairie Lights in Iowa City, Iowa; Tattered Cover in Denver, Colorado; That Bookstore in Blytheville in Blytheville, Arkansas; and the Strand Book Store in New York City. ", "The Pearl, adjacent to downtown, is also about a 15-minute walk, or a short ride by free public transit, from the city's latest arts buzz: The Portland Art Museum's new Jubitz Center for Modern and Contemporary Art, which opened Saturday. The landmark former Masonic Temple is now the Pacific Northwest's largest repository of modern art.", "West of downtown on Central Avenue is the district known as 600 Block Arts District. The district contains art from Bohemian origins and clothing stores. The eve-N-odd gallery is located in the historic Crislip Arcade built in 1925. The refurbished shopping arcade is one of 13 original city arcades built in the city. Only three are left and only the Crislip arcade is still being used as a place for small businesses to set up shop. Further west is the Grand Central District located within Historic Kenwood District. It is known for its artistic community, LGBT presence, and hosting of the annual St. Pete Pride parade. Haslam's Bookstore can also be found in the Grand Central District. It is the largest independent bookstore in Florida with over 30,000 square feet. Like its name implies, Old Northeast is adjacent to downtown from the northeast. It is known for its historic status and eclectic architecture. St. Petersburg boasts two historic neighborhoods: Roser Park, located just south of the downtown area, and Grenada Terrace, in the Old Northeast Neighborhood. Both are known for stately architecture and together, comprise the urban core of St. Petersburg. ", "Los Angeles is home to dozens of independent bookstores, but the three most tuned in to contemporary literary culture are Vroman’s Bookstore in Pasadena, Book Soup on the Sunset Strip in West Hollywood, and Skylight Books in the Los Feliz neighborhood. Vroman’s (695 East Colorado Boulevard) claims to be California’s oldest and largest independent bookstore. While its Pasadena location seems out of the way to some, it regularly hosts big draws like David Sedaris. Book Soup (8818 Sunset Boulevard), which offers a heavy selection of art titles and hip fiction in a compressed space, has got to be one of the most awkward places on record to give a reading. Still, its L-shaped layout, thinner than a grocery store aisle, does offer intimacy and attracts big-name authors such as Patti Smith. Skylight Books (1818 North Vermont Avenue)—known to locals for the enormous ficus tree that grows in the middle of the store, just under the eponymous skylight—hosts readings by authors such as David Mitchell and Dave Eggers and features an eclectic stock (you’ll find Chomsky with your Chabon) and a newly opened annex with art books, comics, and magazines.", "The five quadrants of Portland have come to develop distinctive identities over time, with mild cultural differences and friendly rivalries between their residents, especially between those who live east of the Willamette River versus west of the river. The official quadrants of Portland are: North, Northwest, Northeast, Southwest, and Southeast, with downtown Portland being located in the SW quadrant. The Willamette River divides the east and west quadrants while Burnside Street, which traverses the entire city lengthwise, divides the north and south quadrants. All addresses within the city are denoted as belonging to one of these specific quadrants with the prefixes: N, NW, NE, SW or SE.", "Legacy Books is an independent bookstore located in Plano, Texas, an affluent suburb of Dallas. One might think it foolish to build a bookstore in the current climate of online book sellers and retail chains losing money. How does one draw the public into a bookstore when they can receive the exact same product online？The solution was to create a store that served as much as a public space (like a hotel lobby or department store) as it did a bookstore, with interlocking spaces and upper floor “galleries” to view the action within. With this in mind, the designers broke apart the original two-storey vacant shell space – eroding away the floor plate and sliding mezzanine floors into that void. Instead of losing space the designers kept the same amount of square footage, while increasing the perceived size of the interior. The plan includes interesting features such as the café, demonstration cooking area, a Wi-Fi bar, event space, and the art & architecture library. The plan is organised around the primary design element: the elevator. Each floor floats from it and stairs wrap around it. Pressed aluminum panels surround the elevator to create a skin of typeface letters, reminiscent of printing presses. Also unique to this bookstore is the centrally located demonstration cooking area which allows chefs to show off their cooking skills while promoting their latest books. The display cooking area can also be viewed from multiple", "At many Park Service sites a bookstore is operated by a non-profit cooperating association. The largest example is Eastern National, which runs bookstores in 30 states with 178 stores.", "There are a number of bookstores around campus that will be happy to take your life savings in exchange for a text book. University Book Store's main location is across the street from the Union at 360 W. State Street. University Bookstore is the original home of Purdue Pete. The Book Store used Purdue Pete for their logo, and the University later adopted him as the Purdue Mascot. University Book Store also has a smaller branch across from Mackey Arena at 720 Northwestern Avenue. Follett's Bookstore has three locations, 1400 W. State Street in Purdue West, 308 W. State Street in The Village, and 714 Northwestern Avenue across from Lambert Fieldhouse.", "Renaissance Books, 834 N Plankinton Ave, ☎ +1 414 271-6850. This store is legendary, a huge warehouse with 5 floors filled with half-a-million used books. The place is dingy, it might look closed even if it's not. The sections are clearly marked and prices are reasonable.   edit", "Oregon is also the home of large corporations in other industries. The world headquarters of Nike are located near Beaverton. Medford is home to Harry and David, which sells gift items under several brands. Medford is also home to the national headquarters of the Fortune 1000 company, Lithia Motors. Portland is home to one of the West's largest trade book publishing houses, Graphic Arts Center Publishing. Oregon is also home to Mentor Graphics Corporation, a world leader in electronic design automation located in Wilsonville and employs roughly 4,500 people worldwide.", "On 2 February 2016, General Growth Properties’ CEO, Sandeep Mathrani, during a year-end conference call with investors, analysts and reporters mentioned that Amazon plans to roll out 300 to 400 bookstores around the country. This was an unconfirmed comment, however due to the source, a media frenzy ensued. In November 2015, Amazon opened its first physical bookstore location. It is aptly named, Amazon Books and is located in University Village in Seattle. The store is 5,500 square feet and prices for all products match those on its website.", "* For the last year, Allen Fahden has operated the READundant bookstore in Nicollet mall in Minneapolis, set up like a traditional bookstore (sections on sports, religion, history, etc.) but its 5,000-book inventory consisting of only one title-- Fahden's own management book, Innovation on Demand. Fahden said his store is based on one of his management principles: the use of opposites to generate creative thoughts. The store's in-house best-seller list shows Innovation on Demand occupying each of the ten slots.", "The Portland Art Museum owns the city's largest art collection and presents a variety of touring exhibitions each year, and with the recent addition of the Modern and Contemporary Art wing, it became one of the United States' 25 largest museums.", "Browse your way around 6.5km of book shelves, housing 200,000 titles at the world-famous London bookshop, Foyles. This vast bookshop has four floors crammed with every kind of book imaginable. As well as stocking the UK's largest range of books, this flagship store has a café, auditorium and gallery, and hosts literary and music events.", "Looking for the latest bestsellers? London has every shop a book lover could possibly need for browsing, reading or shopping for gifts; from specialist bookshops and book markets for rare treasures at rewarding prices, to  second-hand bookshops , academic bookshops and high street chains. London even boasts Europe's largest bookshop, Waterstone's Piccadilly .", "Q Just a small corner of one of the four large rooms available to browse at the bookstore", "Portland Public Schools is the largest school system in Maine, serving more than 7,000 students. With about 230 restaurants, Portland's per capita restaurant density ranks among the top cities in the United States.", "Portland is often awarded \"Greenest City in America\" and \"most green cities\" designations. Popular Science awarded Portland the title of the Greenest City in America in 2008, and Grist magazine listed it in 2007 as the second greenest city in the world. The city became a pioneer of state-directed metropolitan planning, a program which was instated statewide in 1969 to compact the urban growth boundaries of the city.", "Housed in a shotgun cottage, Maple Street Book Shop is a favorite among book lovers and collectors. The cozy shop stocks a surprising number of best sellers, new titles, and classics in its narrow isles and small rooms in addition to its larger than average collection of local and regional authors and titles. Knowledgeable employees are always on hand to assist with questions about local authors and rare or collectible books that they will happily try to track down. Maple Street Book Shop is a frequent stop on book tours and is often host to signings and readings by regional and national authors. Don't leave without one of the store's signature bumper stickers: \"Fight the Stupids.\"", "Paris is a city of books and bookstores. In the 1970s, 80 percent of French-language publishing houses were found in Paris, almost all on the Left Bank in the 5th, 6th and 7th arrondissements. Since that time, because of high prices, some publishers have moved out to the less expensive areas. It is also a city of small bookstores; There are about 150 bookstores in the 5th arrondissement alone, plus another 250 book stalls along the Seine. Small Paris bookstores are protected against competition from discount booksellers by French law; books, even e-books, cannot be discounted more than five percent below their publisher's cover price. ", "A bookstore with Jewish t-shirts, jewelry, photos, etc. located just west of the Western Wall. It is the Jewish version of a Christian bookstore. I spent a couple hours on two different occasions talking to the owner. He has written two books.", "In 1912, Leon Leonwood Bean opened a store in the basement of his brother's apparel shop at Freeport Corner, selling the \"Bean Boot\" (or Maine Hunting Shoe). This store, L. L. Bean, became so popular that in 1951 it started remaining open 24 hours a day. Its retail and mail order catalog facilities expanded into Freeport's principal business, and a worldwide company with annual sales of over a billion dollars.There is now a park that is dedicated in his name.", "There's a dusty old bookstore in Seattle where the proprietor keeps odd hours and knows the location of every book in his stock. What surprises hide in its stacks?", "The Royal Library, belonging to the University of Copenhagen, is the largest library in the Nordic countries with an almost complete collection of all printed Danish books since 1482. Founded in 1648, the Royal Library is located at four sites in the city, the main one being on the Slotsholmen waterfront. Copenhagen's public library network has over 20 outlets, the largest being the Central Library (Københavns Hovedbibliotek) on Krystalgade in the inner city. ", "Drug store that once had a lending library of books, mostly mysteries, which William Faulkner regularly checked out.", "Built in a central neighborhood in Manchester, on a tightly-bounded lot, surrounded by narrow streets and tall warehouses, the building was built in a soaring cathedral-like style, with the many tall windows designed to admit good reading light adding to the churchy appearance. Indeed, the main reading room has been described as providing a “cloister quietude,” being situated in the center of the building and 30 feet above street level in order to escape the industrial and commercial din of Manchester." ]

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[ "William Hesketh Lever (1851 – 1925) was born in Bolton. He was the son of a wholesale grocer, and at the age of sixteen entered the family firm, quickly making his mark and becoming a partner at twenty one. Under his guidance the firm began to specialise in the marketing of soap, and in 1885 he and his brother James founded Lever Brothers, a company dedicated to the manufacture of Sunlight Soap. The soap was made from superior ingredients compared to most of its competitors, and was attractively packaged and cleverly advertised. The company initially leased a factory in Warrington, but as demand for Lever’s product accelerated new premises were sought, and in 1888 construction of the factory at Port Sunlight began. In the years that followed the firm continued to grow, as international markets were conquered and other businesses (including margarine manufacture) developed. A few years after Lever’s death the company merged with a group of Dutch manufacturers to form the giant Unilever organisation, which still has a plant at Port Sunlight today.", "Lever Brothers was a British manufacturing company founded in 1885 by brothers William Hesketh Lever (1851–1925) and James Darcy Lever (1854–1916). They invested in and successfully promoted a new soap-making process invented by chemist William Hough Watson. In 1930, Lever Brothers merged with Margarine Unie to form Unilever.", "After working for his father's wholesale grocery business, in 1886 he established a soap manufacturing company, Lever Brothers, with his brother James. It is now part of Unilever. It was one of the first companies to manufacture soap from vegetable oils, and with Lever's business acumen and marketing practices, produced a great fortune.", "William Gossage produced low-priced, good-quality soap from the 1850s. William Hesketh Lever and his brother, James, bought a small soap works in Warrington in 1886 and founded what is still one of the largest soap businesses, formerly called Lever Brothers and now called Unilever. These soap businesses were among the first to employ large-scale advertising campaigns.", "Port Sunlight was built by Lever Brothers to accommodate workers in its soap factory (now part of Unilever); work commenced in 1888. The name is derived from Lever Brothers' most popular brand of cleaning agent, Sunlight.", "The amalgamation of the operations of British soap maker Lever Brothers ,William Hulme Lever and Dutch margarine producer Margarine Unie, Anton Jurgens en Samuel van den Bergh, a merger as palm oil was a major raw material for both margarines and soaps and could be imported more efficiently in larger quantities.", "In 1996 Unilever merged Elida Gibbs and Lever Brothers in its UK operations. It also purchased Helene Curtis, significantly expanding its presence in the United States shampoo and deodorant market. The purchase brought Unilever the Suave and Finesse hair-care product brands and Degree deodorant brand.", "Lever Brothers was one of several British companies that took an interest in the welfare of its employees. The model village of Port Sunlight was developed between 1888 and 1914 adjoining the soap factory to accommodate the company's staff in good quality housing, with high architectural standards and many community facilities.", "The company grew and operated until 1930, when it merged with a Dutch margarine company, Margarine Unie, to form Unilever, the first modern multinational company. As part of the agreement, Lever Brothers changed its name to Unilever PLC, and forms the British half of the dual-listed company. Although the two companies have separate shareholders and stock exchange listings, they have a common board of directors and essentially operate as one company.", "c.1917 Dispute with Brunner, Mond and Co , who had an agreement with Lever Brothers as sole supplier of alkali, as a result of Brunners acquiring certain soap manufacturers. As result of legal case, the 2 parties agreed on a course of action that was mutually acceptable.", "1929 Lever Brothers continued to grow and then merged with the Dutch company, Margarine Unie , to form Unilever , the first modern multinational company. The Lever Brothers name was kept for a time as an imprint, as well as the name of the US subsidiary, Lever Brothers Company, and a Canadian subsidiary, Lever Brothers Ltd.", "The welfare benefits introduced by Jeremiah Colman parallel with Lord Lever’s work in the village of Port Sunlight, the birthplace of Unilever, later in the 19th century, making the purchase of the Colman’s brand by Unilever in 1995 a natural next step in its journey. Today, Colman’s not only provides the UK’s favourite range of mustards, there are also condiments like mint, apple and tartare sauce in both the UK and Ireland, plus a wide selection of casserole mixes and pour over sauces, all designed to help family meals taste great.", "Lipton is a brand of tea , owned by the company Unilever . Lipton was also a supermarket chain in the United Kingdom before it was sold off to Argyll Foods , to allow the company to focus solely on tea. The company is named after its founder Thomas Lipton . The Lipton ready-to-drink beverages are sold by Pepsi Lipton International, a company jointly owned by Unilever and PepsiCo .", "1917-22 William Lever (Baron Leverhulme) built up a private portfolio of companies that included some dealing with produce from his newly acquired estate in Scotland's Western Isles. Many of these, including MacFisheries , were eventually bought by Lever Brothers", "- American Cotton Oil Company, a predecessor company to Bestfoods , now part of Unilever . ^  ", "UNILEVER Everyday 150 million people buy a unilever product to feed themselves or clean themselves or their homes. Employing... over 206,000 people in over 100 countries and 2000 alone in uk achieving an annual sales of about 900 million pounds in UK, unilever today is one of the largest international company today. Like many companies even unilever has faced its ups and downs. it was established in the 1885 and faced many difficulties until the end of second world war, even though in spread in fragments...", "William Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme (1851–1925) – Born in Bolton. Co-founder of Lever Brothers which became Unilever.", "1929    Lipton Tea Company (retail) merges with Home and Colonial, the child of the margarine trust wars,  to form a multiple grocery group with more than 3,000 stores. It traded as Home & Colonial till 1961, when it became Allied Stores, owned by  Unilever. ", "The US division carried the Lever Brothers name until the 1990s, when it adopted that of the parent company. The American unit has headquarters in New Jersey, and no longer maintains a presence at Lever House, the iconic skyscraper on Park Avenue in New York City.", "After 1945 Unilever's once successful US businesses (Lever Brothers and T.J. Lipton) began to decline. As a result, Unilever began to operate a \"hands off\" policy towards the subsidiaries, and left American management to its own devices.", "What started out as a two man partnership in Cincinnati, Ohio has grown into the world’s largest manufacturer of consumer packaged goods with... operations in 80 countries and markets 300 brands in 180 countries around the world. In 1837 William Procter and James Gamble formed Procter & Gamble (P&G) to manufacture and sell candles and soap. Being that Cincinnati was booming from its hog butchering trade the suggestion for the partnership apparently came from their mutual father-in-law, Alexander...", "Nestlé was formed in 1905 by the merger of the Anglo-Swiss Milk Company, established in 1866 by brothers George Page and Charles Page, and Farine Lactée Henri Nestlé, founded in 1866 by Henri Nestlé. The company grew significantly during the First World War and again following the Second World War, expanding its offerings beyond its early condensed milk and infant formula products. The company has made a number of corporate acquisitions, including Crosse & Blackwell in 1950, Findus in 1963, Libby's in 1971, Rowntree Mackintosh in 1988, and Gerber in 2007.", "Soft drinks soon outgrew their origins in the medical world and became a widely consumed beverage, available cheaply for the masses. By the 1840s there were more than fifty soft drinks manufacturers - an increase from just ten in the previous decade. For the Great Exhibition of 1851, Schweppes was designated the official drink supplier and sold over a million bottles of lemonade, ginger beer, Seltzer water and soda-water. There was even a Schweppes soda water fountain, situated directly at the entrance to the Exhibition.", "The Procter & Gamble Company, or P&G ( PG ), is the largest household and personal products company in the world. The company was established in 1837 by founders William Procter and James Gamble. P&G, along with its subsidiaries, manufactures and sells consumer packaged goods. The company is geographically diversified and sells its products in more than 180 countries and territories.", "Sainsbury's is the second largest chain of supermarkets in the United Kingdom, with a 16.9% share of the UK supermarket sector. Founded in 1869, by John James Sainsbury with a shop in Drury Lane, London, the company became the largest grocery retailer in 1922, was an early adopter of self-service retailing in the UK, and had its heyday during the 1980s. In 1995, Tesco overtook Sainsbury's to become the market leader, and Asda became the second largest in 2003, demoting Sainsbury's to third place for most of the subsequent period until 2014, when Sainsbury's regained second place. The holding company, J Sainsbury plc, is split into three divisions: Sainsbury's Supermarkets Ltd, Sainsbury's Convenience Stores Ltd (Sainsbury's Local), and Sainsbury's Bank. The group's head office is in the Sainsbury's Store Support Centre in Holborn Circus, City of London. The group also has interests in property.", "Harrods began expanding beyond its single store, acquiring other store chains, such as Dickins & Jones in 1814. That store had been established in 1790 on London's Oxford Street before moving to its Regent Street location in 1835. Harrods later went on to take over Rackhams, founded as a drapery shop in Birmingham in 1851 before expanding to become a small, regional chain of department stores. Another addition to the Harrods empire was the DH Evans stores, which had been founded in 1879 and which opened a London store in 1932.", "The company was founded in 1888 as Pettigrew & Stephens. The store sold a wide range of goods, including clothes, millinery, confectionery, carpets, furniture, ironmongery and china.", "Started as a group of market stall by Jack Cohen in 1919, Tesco is now the grocery market leader in UK, Republic of Ireland, Malaysia and Thailand. It operates in 12 countries across Europe, Asia and North America. Its stores offer food, groceries, clothing and general merchandise.", "By 1900, London, Glasgow and Liverpool were the three largest shopping centres in the country. The company Lewis's started in Liverpool in 1856 and experimented with new ways of advertising (such as flooding the basement of the Manchester store to create a mini Venice.) Lewis's built up the largest chain of stores in the country, opening branches in Manchester (1877), Birmingham, Glasgow, Leeds, Hanley, London, Blackpool, Bristol and Leicester. ", "Harrods is the world famous department store distinguished by its elegance and luxury. Founded in 1889 by Charles Harrod from a humble ground floor grocery store, it has transformed itself into a magnificent 7-storey wonder store offering all things beautiful and much-sought-after brands, both international and local. It has under its department store, over 5000 men and women from fifty different countries.", "In 1838 Joseph Huntley was forced by ill-health to retire, handing control of the business to his older son Thomas. In 1841, Thomas took as a business partner George Palmer, a distant cousin and member of the Society of Friends. George Palmer soon became the chief force behind its success, establishing sales agents across the country. The company soon outgrew its original shop and moved to a factory on King’s Road in 1846, near the Great Western Railway. The factory had an internal railway system with its own steam locomotives and one of these has been preserved near Bradford. ", "Lea & Perrins is a United Kingdom based food division of the H. J. Heinz Company, originating in Worcester, England. Lea & Perrins was previously part of HP Foods, a company that was bought by Heinz from previous owner Danone in 2005." ]

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[ "The Chevrolet Tahoe and GMC Yukon currently serve as a part of General Motors' full-size SUV family. Lengthened wheelbase models are available for both as the Suburban for Chevrolet and Yukon XL for GMC. A luxury Denali model joined the Yukon lineup in 1998. As of 2002, a Denali version of the Yukon XL has also been available as the Yukon XL Denali. The Cadillac Escalade is closely related to the Denali models of the Yukon. As of February 2014, the 2014 Tahoe was the top-ranked Affordable Large SUV in U.S. News & World Reports rankings. ", "The Chevrolet Tahoe (and its rebadged version GMC Yukon) are full-size SUVs from General Motors. Chevrolet and GMC sold two different-sized SUVs under their Blazer/Jimmy model names through the early 1990s. This situation changed when GMC rebadged the full-size Jimmy as the Yukon in 1992. Chevrolet waited until 1995 to rebadge the redesigned mid-size S-10 Blazer as the Blazer, renaming the full-size Blazer as the Tahoe. The name Tahoe refers to the rugged and scenic area surrounding Lake Tahoe in the western United States. The name Yukon refers to the Yukon territory of northern Canada. For the 1995 model year, the Tahoe and Yukon gained a new 4-door model slotting in size between the 2-door models and the longer wheelbase and higher passenger capacity Chevrolet Suburban and newly named Yukon XL.", "There’s a lot of history at GM’s Arlington plant. The first car ever produced there was a Pontiac Chieftain, assembled January 6, 1954. Other notable vehicles that have rolled out of the factory doors include the Pontiac GTO , Cadillac Brougham, Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme, Buick Roadmaster , and Chevrolet Caprice . Today, the plant builds large SUVs, of which the most popular is the Chevrolet Tahoe , at 101,080 units last year. The GMC Yukon follows at 85,421 copies, along with the Chevrolet Suburban at 58,976 examples, and the Cadillac Escalade at 24,177.", "The Tahoe and Yukon are now built on the GMT K2XX platform and assigned as K2UC (for Chevrolet Tahoe) and K2UG (for GMC Yukon). Production on the Tahoe and Yukon began in December 2013 with the first completed SUVs being used for testing purposes, and started officially shipping the vehicles to dealerships on February 5, 2014. The 2015 Tahoe was later named the fastest-selling vehicle for the month of February 2014, averaging seven days of sales upon its release. ", "The eleventh generation Chevrolet Suburban, GMC Yukon XL, and Yukon Denali XL were introduced to the public on September 12, 2013, and GM unveiled the vehicles in different locations (The Suburban in New York, Yukon XL in Los Angeles) on that date. Both vehicles are based on the GMT K2XX platform and will carry unique serial designated numbers, identified by platform (K2), brand (YC for Chevrolet, YG for GMC), drivetrain (C for 2WD; K for 4WD), tonnage (15 for half-ton, 25 for 3/4-ton, 35 for 1-ton), wheelbase (7 for short, 9 for long), and 06 for SUV, which means that a K2YC-K-15-9-06 would be identified as a Chevrolet Suburban 1500 4WD. The Suburban and Yukon XL went on sale in February 2014 as a 2015 model, with the vehicles built exclusively in Arlington, Texas. ", "For 2007, the GMC Yukon and Chevrolet Tahoe received different front fascias, hood, and tail lights. The GMC Yukon boasted a monolithic grille and headlights, while the Chevrolet Tahoe grille was divided by a body colored bar similar to the chrome bar found on most GMT800 Tahoes. Both the redesigned Yukon and Tahoe featured a more angular design that gave the vehicles a more upscale appearance than their predecessors. The interior was significantly redesigned as well, features a real wooded trim dashboard with new chrome accented instrument controls. New door panels as well as new seats were also added to the interior.", "Once GM’s bread-and-butter, truck and SUV development is in chaos as GM grapples with upcoming CAFE standards, the fear of gas price shocks and a buying public that appears to be “over” the body-on-frame craze. Expect Tahoe, Yukon, Suburban and Yukon XL to soldier on until at least 2013, unless GM rushes out more Lambda clones in the meantime.", "Like the 2007–14 version, both the Suburban and Yukon XL do not share a single piece of sheetmetal or lighting element with the brands' full-size pick-up trucks, and the front grilles of both vehicles are slightly altered to give it their own identity. The front headlights features projector-beam headlamps that flanks the Chevrolet-signature dual-port grille – chrome on all models, sweeping into the front fenders, while Tahoe and Suburban LTZ and Yukon and Yukon XL Denali trims feature projector beam high-intensity discharge headlamps and light-emitting diode daytime running lamps. The Yukon and Yukon XL also feature projector-beam halogen headlamps on all SLE and SLT trims. The improved safety features included a 360-degree radar detection for crash avoidance and occupant protection and a high-tech anti-theft system that now includes vertical and interior sensors, in-glass and window breaking, a triggering alarm and a shutdown device that prevents the vehicle from moving. The latter is expected to address the issues regarding the constant thefts of the vehicles, especially with the previous generation's removable seats and items left in the cargo space, which has become a target for carjackers who see the third row seats as valuable on the black market. According to General Motors' head of Global Vehicle Security Bill Biondo, \"We have engineered a layered approach to vehicle security,\" adding that \"With new standard features and the available theft protection package, we are making the vehicles less attractive target to thieves and more secure for our customers.\" ", "Chevrolet Suburban is probably one of the oldest names in the SUV realm. This vehicle first arrived in the 1930s and had gone through many phases of change. On this line, this humongous SUV has received a new generational change and is set to come out as 2017 Chevrolet Suburban soon.", "After GM phased out the D platform in 1996, Cadillac was left with a completely front-wheel drive lineup except for the European-based Catera, introduced for 1997. The GMC Yukon Denali -based Escalade , Cadillac's first sport utility vehicle , was introduced in 1998 for the 1999 model year, and featured standard all-wheel drive . It was quickly created to capitalize on the instant market success of the Lincoln Navigator launched as a 1998 model and seemingly destined to propel the Lincoln brand's sales total for the 1998 calendar year well ahead of Cadillac's.", "A more-efficient, direct-injected EcoTec3 V8 powertrain (5.3 for the Suburban, 6.2 for Yukon XL/Yukon Denali XL) coupled with improved aerodynamics, helped the SUVs offer greater estimated highway fuel economy and improving its MPG and CAFE estimates to 16MPG (City)/23MPG (Highway)/18 (Combined) for 2WD, and 15MPG (City)/22MPG (Highway)/18 (Combined) for 4WD. The increased MPGs also vaulted the Suburban/Yukon XL into the top spot among large SUVs with the most efficient MPG rating numbers for this segment. However, when Motor Trend (which placed the 2015 Suburban on the front cover of its June 2014 issue) did a road test review on the SUVs, it estimated the 4WD MPG on the Suburban LTZ to be slightly better at around 15.2 City and 22.3 Highway, while the 4WD Yukon Denali XL, whose MPG is rated at 14 City/20 Highway, was estimated lower at 12.4 City and 19.2 Highway. ", "Only a few years later, Chevy revealed the SUV in its archaic form: the Suburban Carryall. Sporting rough terrain riding capabilities, seating for 8 and weighing around 1½ tons, it marked the beginning of Chevy's future SUV line-up.", "The Suburban is sold in the United States (including the insular territories), Canada, Mexico, Chile, Panama and the Middle East (except Israel) as a Left-hand drive vehicle, while the Yukon XL is sold only in North America (United States and Canada) and The Middle East territories (except Israel).", "On March 28, 2014, GM announced a recall on the 2015 Suburban and Yukon XL in order to fix a \"transmission oil cooler line that is not securely seated in its fitting,\" causing the vehicle to stop and rupture the oil cooling line, resulting in the engine to malfunction and catching fire immediately. The move comes on the heels on an incident that happened on March 23, 2014, when a 2015 GMC Yukon caught fire and went up in flames in Anaheim, California during a test drive. Despite being an isolated incident, the 2015 Suburban and Yukon XL are not tied to GM's announced recall of its vehicles (from previous generation models and discontinued brands that were produced prior to, during, and after, GM's restructuring in 2010) that was made on March 17, 2014. ", "In 1935, Chevrolet introduced the CarryAll, which later became known as the Suburban. Based on the 1933 and 1934 model built exclusively for the National Guard units, this commercial version was guilt on the same half-ton truck frame as the earlier models but featured all-metal wagon bodies resembling the popular woodie wagons of the time. It had windows, two removable upholstered seats and room for eight people.", "SUVs making the top 20 list include Ford's Explorer at No. 19, Chevrolet Equinox at No. 14, Toyota RAV4 at No. 13, Ford Escape at No. 11 and Honda CR-V at No. 8.", "Chevrolet added Apple CarPlay and Android Auto Capability features to the Suburban starting with the 2016 models. However, only one of their phone brands at any one time can be used, while the Android Auto option will only be available on LT and LTZ trims featuring 8-inch screens. ", "The Bronco was introduced in 1966 as a competitor to the small four-wheel-drive compact SUVs that included the Jeep CJ-5 and International Harvester Scout, and it was built on its own platform. A major redesign in 1978 moved the Bronco to a larger size, using a shortened Ford F-Series truck chassis to compete with both the similarly adapted Chevy K5 Blazer, as well as the Dodge Ramcharger. Most Broncos are usually equipped with a Spare tire swing away carrier found on the outside of the rear end door.", "The actual first generation model was offered by Chevrolet as a \"Carryall Suburban\". It shared the front sheetmetal and frames of the 1/2 ton pickup models of the same year, but featured all-metal wagon bodies differing very little in shape from contemporary \"woodie\" wagons. Seating for up to eight occupants was available, with three in front row, two in the middle row, and three in the rear row. Either the side-hinged rear panel doors or a rear tailgate/lift window could be selected for cargo area access.", "When Jennifer and Bobby Post traded in their 2001 Chevy Suburban last year for a shiny new Ford F-350 turbo diesel with an extended cab, it seemed like a great deal. Even though they still owed $9,500 on their SUV after the trade-in value, they didn't have to put a penny down.", "The first generation Pathfinder was introduced as a two-door SUV, and shared styling and most components with the Nissan Hardbody Truck. Built on a ladder-type frame, the Pathfinder was Nissan's response to the Chevrolet Blazer, Ford Bronco II, Jeep Cherokee, and non-American SUVs like the Toyota 4Runner, and the Isuzu MU.", "The Suburban was offered with the choice of either a 5.7-liter Vortec V8, producing 190 kW and 447 Nm of torque, or a 6.5-liter turbodiesel V8 outputting 145 kW and 583 Nm. The former choice was designated the \"1500\" name, while the turbodiesel saw the \"2500\" identify. The 5.7-liter petrol engine is LPG-compatible, and such systems can be retrofitted if desired. Regardless of the engine specified, the car was equipped with a four-speed automatic transmission. However, what differed was the type of transmission. Petrol motors were fitted with the GM 4L60-E transmission, with the GM 4L80-E reserved for the diesel. A dashboard switch allows the vehicle to power all four wheels simultaneously, or just the rear wheels, and even allows for the low range gearing to instigate.", "The 2017 Chevy Silverado is big, bold and, now, more fuel efficient. This truck can handle almost anything you can throw at it, making it a great choice whether you're hauling families or hauling trailers. The Silverado is available with one of three EcoTec engines, a fully updated cabin with available MyLink connectivity and other features designed for the most discerning truck owners. Other new features include available front Park Assist, in addition to the rear Park Assist already available, and a sliding rear window with a defroster.", "In May 2004, GM delivered the world's first full-sized hybrid pickups, the 1/2-ton Silverado/Sierra. These mild hybrids did not use electrical energy for propulsion, like GM's later designs. In 2005, the Opel Astra diesel Hybrid concept vehicle was introduced. The 2006 Saturn Vue Green Line was the first hybrid passenger vehicle from GM and is also a mild design. GM has hinted at new hybrid technologies to be employed that will be optimized for higher speeds in freeway driving.", "In North America, the term minivan derives from the size comparison to traditional full-size vans (like the Ford E-Series, Dodge Ram Van, and the Chevrolet Van); while full-size vans derived their underpinnings upon full-size pickup trucks, the first generation of minivans sold in North America were derived from either compact pickup trucks or passenger cars (or both). ", "In the 1980s, the compact Mazda B-series, Isuzu Faster and Mitsubishi Forte appeared. Subsequently, American manufacturers built their own compact pickups for the domestic market: the Ford Ranger, and the Chevrolet S-10. Minivans make inroads into the pickups' market share. In the 1990s Pickups' market share was further eroded by the popularity of sport utility vehicles.", "Ford rode a wave of popularity in the 1990s, thanks in part to the huge success of its Explorer midsize SUV. The truck played a huge role in ushering in the era of the SUV. In 1999, Ford expanded its family yet again with the purchase of Volvo's car division, and, in 2000, it acquired Land Rover. For awhile, there was talk of Ford even taking General Motors' spot as the No. 1 automaker in the world.", "On October 16, 1958, Chevrolet begins to sell a car-truck hybrid that it calls the El Camino. Inspired by the Ford Ranchero, which had already been on the market for two years, the El Camino was a combination sedan-pickup truck built on the Impala body, with the same “cat’s eye”...", "The Ford Bronco is a sports utility vehicle (SUV) manufactured and marketed by Ford from 1966 to 1996, over five generations.", "This 1959 Chevrolet Apache pickup was spotted in a wooded junkyard of old, worn out vehicles. It is one of the Task Force line of pickups built from 1955 through 1959 for Chevrolet and GMC. Chevrolet introduced its innovative small block 265 cubic-inch V-8 in the Task Force series. The new modern styling as well as the innovative V-8 made Chevrolet the best selling truck brand for the second half of the 1950s. (Photo by John Harper)", "Well, the Outback has all the function I need without many of the dispensable extras. I love that it's roomy enough to haul the basics, yet compact enough to squeeze into that must-have, skinny parking spot, as well as rugged enough (all-wheel drive) to take me just about anywhere.", "The Nissan Pathfinder is a crossover manufactured by Nissan Motors since 1985, derived from Nissan's compact pickup truck platform. The Pathfinder is positioned in size between the Murano and Armada or Patrol, but in price between the Xterra and Murano." ]

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[ "The New Deal was a programme of economic and social reforms brought in by US president Franklin D. Roosevelt between 1933 and 1939 to help the United States recover from the depression of the 1930s. Roosevelt's measures aroused a lot of opposition, in particular from conservative politicians.", "The New Deal is a series of economic programs implemented in the United States between 1933 and 1936. They were passed by the U.S. Congress during the first term of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The programs were responses to the Great Depression, and focused on what historians call the \"3 Rs\": relief, recovery, and reform. That is, Relief for the unemployed and poor; Recovery of the economy to normal levels; and Reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression. The New Deal produced a political realignment, making the Democratic Party the majority (as well as the party which held the White House for seven out of nine Presidential terms from 1933 to 1969), with its base in liberal ideas, big city machines, and newly empowered labor unions, ethnic minorities, and the white South. The Republicans were split, either opposing the entire New Deal as an enemy of business and growth, or accepting some of it and promising to make it more efficient. The realignment crystallized into the New Deal Coalition that dominated most American elections into the 1960s, while the opposition Conservative Coalition largely controlled Congress from 1938 to 1964.", "The New Deal was a series of economic programs passed by the U.S. (FDR) Congress during the first term of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, President of the United States, from 1933 to 1938. The programs were responses to the Great Depression, and focused on what historians call the \"3 rs\": relief, recovery and reform. That is, relief for the unemployed and poor; recovery of the economy to normal levels; and reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression.", "The New Deal was the name that United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt gave to his complex package of economic programs 1933-36 with the goals of what historians call the 3 Rs, of giving Relief to the unemployed and badly hurt farmers, Reform of business and financial practices, and promoting Recovery of the economy during the Great Depression.", "The New Deal was President Franklin D. Roosevelt's plan for, and active government response to, the Great Depression. It called for experimentation in providing relief for individuals, recovery of the economy, and reform of the American system.", "The New Deal was a series of social liberal programs enacted in the United States between 1933 and 1938, and a few that came later. They included both laws passed by Congress as well as presidential executive orders during the first term (1933–1937) of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The programs were in response to the Great Depression, and focused on what historians refer to as the \"3 Rs,\" Relief, Recovery, and Reform: relief for the unemployed and poor, recovery of the economy to normal levels, and reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression. ", "On November 3, 1936, in a landslide win, incumbent President Franklin D. Roosevelt was re-elected to the US Presidential office after defeating the Republican candidate, Alf Landon. President Roosevelt had first assumed office four years earlier at a time when the U.S.A. was going through the worst of an economic crisis commonly referred to as \"the Great Depression\". Roosevelt introduced a new policy called the ‘New Deal’ to handle this crisis. Though successful at first, the ‘New Deal’ was unable to introduce significant changes to recover the U.S. economy fully. This was the major issue that formed the basis of the campaign for the Republican opposition. However, Landon was no match for the forceful personality of Roosevelt, and, in the end, Roosevelt won over the votes of the people, with his leadership qualities, rather than his policies, likely giving him the necessary boost to do so.", "July 2, 1932, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt coined the term “New Deal” in his acceptance speech for the Democratic presidential nomination.", "During the 1930s, Americans suffered through the Great Depression, the worst economic downturn in U.S. history. To fight widespread unemployment and poverty, President Franklin Roosevelt created the New Deal programs. For the first time, the federal government assumed a major role in ensuring the welfare of its citizens. Americans began to look to their federal government to provide benefits for the needy and legal protection for the powerless.", "* Franklin D. Roosevelt is elected President of the United States in November 1932. Roosevelt initiates a widespread social welfare strategy called the \"New Deal\" to combat the economic and social devastation of the Great Depression. The economic agenda of the \"New Deal\" was a radical departure from previous laissez-faire economics.", "Top right: Franklin Delano Roosevelt , who was responsible for initiatives and programs collectively known as the New Deal.", "2. In 1933, the newly elected Franklin D. Roosevelt pledges to bring about the recovery through government intervention (The New Deal), including the development of public housing.", "In his first inaugural address, United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt, made some attempt to assess the enormous damage: \"The withered leaves of industrial enterprise lie on every side; farmers find no markets for their produce; the savings of many years in thousands of families are gone. More important, a host of unemployed citizens face the grim problem of existence, and an equally great number toil with little return.\" He was speaking of the Great Depression of 1929 to 1940, which began and centered in the United States but spread quickly throughout the industrial world. Despite describing the Great Depression with grim words, this economic catastrophe and its impact defied description. The United States had never felt such a severe blow to its economy. President Roosevelt's New Deal reshaped the economy and structure of the United States, however, in order to end the poverty during the crisis. The New Deal programs would employ and give financial security to millions of Americans. These programs would prove to be effective and extremely beneficial to the American society as some still provide the economic security and benefits today.", "Roosevelt, a fifth cousin to former president Theodore Roosevelt, first came to the White House in 1933 with a promise to lead America out of the Great Depression. Aided by a Democratic Congress, Roosevelt took prompt action, and most of his “New Deal” proposals, such as the Agricultural Adjustment Act, National Industrial Recovery Act, and creation of the Public Works Administration and Tennessee Valley Authority, were approved within his first 100 days in office. Although criticized by many in the business community, Roosevelt’s progressive legislation improved America’s economic climate, and in 1936 he easily won reelection.", "On May 29, 1933, Franklin Roosevelt declared a national emergency that had been brought about by a series of events that culminated in the stock market crash of 1929 and the massive unemployment that followed. In order to “put people to work,” Roosevelt proposed a “New Deal” for the country. As part of this deal, Congress passed his National Industrial Recovery Bill that effectively suspended anti-trust laws and compelled industries to write their own fair trade codes, which would be examined by the President before approval. The idea, in general terms, was to make each industry share the available work among as many people as possible. Just over six months later, when Prohibition was repealed, the beer, wine, and spirits industries had to devise codes of their own.", "Roosevelt entered office without a specific set of plans for dealing with the Great Depression; so he improvised as Congress to a very wide variety of voices. [38] The \"First New Deal\" (1933-34) encompassed the proposals offered by a wide spectrum of groups. (Not included was the Socialist Party , whose influence was all but destroyed. [39] ) This first phase of the New Deal was also characterized by fiscal conservatism (see Economy Act , below) and experimentation with several different, sometimes contradictory, cures for economic ills. The consequences were uneven. Some programs, especially the NRA and the silver program, have been widely seen as failures. Other programs lasted about a decade; some became permanent. The economy shot upward, with FDR's first term marking one of the fastest periods of GDP growth in history. However a downturn in 1937-38 raised questions to just how successful the policies were, with the great majority of economist and historians agreeing they were an overall benefit.", "Known as FDR by many, he will always be remembered for igniting hope in the millions of people in the United States who were suffering from the consequences of the Great Depression. One of his most well known programs was the New Deal , in which he started a chain of events to stimulate the economy. It was successful at first and the economy was booming; however, by 1937, a recession began.", "In its early years, the New Deal sponsored a remarkable series of legislative initiatives and achieved significant increases in production and prices â but it did not bring an end to the Depression. As the sense of immediate crisis eased, new demands emerged. Businessmen mourned the end of “laissez-faire” and chafed under the regulations of the NIRA. Vocal attacks also mounted from the political left and right as dreamers, schemers, and politicians alike emerged with economic panaceas that drew wide audiences. Dr. Francis E. Townsend advocated generous old-age pensions. Father Charles Coughlin, the âradio priest,â called for inflationary policies and blamed international bankers in speeches increasingly peppered with anti-Semitic imagery. Most formidably, Senator Huey P. Long of Louisiana, an eloquent and ruthless spokesman for the displaced, advocated a radical redistribution of wealth. (If he had not been assassinated in September 1935, Long very likely would have launched a presidential challenge to Franklin Roosevelt in 1936.)", "Roosevelt's Presidential campaign in 1932 saw the New York governor committing himself to battling the Great Depression, promoting a platform with \"Three R's - relief, recovery and reform.\" He coined the term \" New Deal \" when he stated: \"I pledge you, I pledge myself, to a new deal for the American people.\" On February 15 , 1933 after his victory in the 1932 election, President-elect Roosevelt was nearly assassinated in Miami, Florida (the assassin did manage to kill Chicago, Illinois Mayor Anton J. Cermak ). In reference to the Great Depression, Roosevelt proclaimed \"The only thing we have to fear is fear itself\" in his inauguration speech on ( March 4 , 1933 ). Roosevelt's first weeks in office were called The Hundred Days, as during the first part of his administration he authored and approved a flurry of Congressional acts to institute immediate change and keep the nation's economy from destabilizing. He insituted a four-day \"banking holiday\" two days after he took office: a four-day period in which all banks in the country closed, allowing the institutions a brief period to recover and reorganize. During this time of crisis Roosevelt addressed the nation for the first time as President on March 12, 1933 in the first of many \" Fireside Chats.\" ", "Recovery was Roosevelt's first task. In the First New Deal (1933-35) he attempted to muster a spirit of emergency and rally all interests behind a common effort in which something was provided for everyone. Excessive competition and production were blamed for the collapse. Therefore, business proprietors and farmers were allowed to cooperate in establishing prices that would provide them with a profitable return and induce an upward turn (under the National Recovery Administration and the Agricultural Adjustment Administration). By 1935, however, 10 million were still unemployed, the economy seemed lodged at a new plateau, and the U.S. Supreme Court was ruling such agencies unconstitutional.", "During Roosevelt's presidency; the gold standard was abandoned and the Social Security Act introduced. The Social Security Act provided unemployment compensation, retirement funds, and disability insurance on a national scale. The dollar was devalued to stimulate foreign trade and to support more competitive business practices. As part of the New Deal, aid and assistance were provided to farms and businesses. The National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) was passed to stabilized industry by eliminating cutthroat practices, maintaining prices, and promoting labor unionization. The United States Supreme Court claimed that the NIRA and the Agricultural Adjustment Acts were unconstitutional. In 1938 Roosevelt had Congress pass another AA Act that did fit the Supreme Court's Standards. Employment for the unemployed and \"a chicken in every pot\" were the themes of the times. Many critics called the programs socialistic and said they were creating a welfare state funded by the government. Roosevelt's social welfare platform created federal deficits never seen before in this country.", "US president during Great Depression and WWII; developed the \"New Deal\" for dealing with the Great Depression, led the US to victory in WWII", "During the Great Depression of the 1930s, he created the New Deal to provide relief for the unemployed, recovery of the economy, and reform of the economic and banking systems.", "A major economic recovery effort was made when the Hundred Days Congress passed the National Industrial Recovery Act on June 16, 1933, which created the National Recovery Administration (NRA). The NRA was the most complex and far-reaching of New Deal programs, designed to assist industry, labor, and the unemployed, first with immediate relief, and then with long-range recovery and reform. In order to spread existing labor over more people, over two hundred individual industries were required to work out codes of \"fair competition\" which placed a ceiling on the maximum hours of labor per week allowed each worker, and a minimum wage for which he would labor. Workers were guaranteed the right to organize and were granted collective bargaining rights through representatives of their own choosing. Anti-union contracts were expressly forbidden, and further safeguards were enacted to protect against child labor.", "Herbert Hoover (1929-1933) was inaugurated on the year of the stock market crash that sent the country into the Great Depression. Although Hoover pushed for money to be appropriated for large-scale projects, he opposed federal relief payments directly to individuals. The national economy never recovered during his term, and the shantytowns that developed were nicknamed \"Hoovervilles.\"", "Roosevelt’s quest to end the Great Depression was just beginning. Next,he asked Congress to take the first step toward ending Prohibition—one of the more divisive issues of the 1920s—by making it legal once again for Americans to buy beer. (At the end of the year, Congress ratified the 21st Amendment and ended Prohibition for good.) In May, he signed the Tennessee Valley Authority Act into law, enabling the federal government to build dams along the Tennessee River that controlled flooding and generated inexpensive hydroelectric power for the people in the region. That same month, Congress passed a bill that paid commodity farmers (farmers who produced things like wheat, dairy products, tobacco and corn) to leave their fields fallow in order to end agricultural surpluses and boost prices. June’s National Industrial Recovery Act guaranteed that workers would have the right to unionize and bargain collectively for higher wages and better working conditions; it also suspended some antitrust laws and established a federally funded Public Works Administration.", "president who implemented a series of reform packages aimed at restoring the economy during the great depression; most important packages were WPA, FDIC, Social Security, etc.", "the president of the United States during the Great Depression and World War II whose social and economic policies helped to end the Depression.", "The administration insisted that business would have to ensure that the incomes of workers would rise along with their prices. The product of all these impulses and pressures was the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) which was passed by Congress in June 1933. The NIRA established the National Planning Board, also called the National Resources Planning Board (NRPB), to assist in planning the economy by providing recommendations and information. Fredric A. Delano, the president's uncle, was appointed head of the NRPB. [12]", "The administration insisted that business would have to ensure that the incomes of workers would rise along with their prices. The product of all these impulses and pressures was the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) which was passed by Congress in June 1933. The NIRA established the National Planning Board, also called the National Resources Planning Board (NRPB), to assist in planning the economy by providing recommendations and information. Fredric A. Delano, the president's uncle, was appointed head of the NRPB.[31]", "He was elected President in November 1932, to the first of four terms. By March there were 13,000,000 unemployed, and almost every bank was closed. In his first \"hundred days,\" he proposed, and Congress enacted, a sweeping program to bring recovery to business and agriculture, relief to the unemployed and to those in danger of losing farms and homes, and reform, especially through the establishment of the Tennessee Valley Authority.", "The National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), officially known as the Act of June 16, 1933 (Ch. 90, 48 Stat. 195, formerly codified at 15 U.S.C. sec. 703), was an American statute which authorized the President of the United States to regulate industry and permit cartels and monopolies in an attempt to stimulate economic recovery, and established a national public works program" ]

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[ "Green Eggs and Ham is a best-selling and critically acclaimed children's book by Dr. Seuss, first published on August 12, 1960. As of 2001, according to Publishers Weekly, it was the fourth best-selling English-language children's book of all time. The story has appeared in several adaptations starting with 1973's Dr. Seuss on the Loose starring Paul Winchell as the voice of both Sam-I-Am and the first-person narrating man. ", "Green Eggs and Ham is a best-selling and critically acclaimed book by Dr. Seuss (the pen name of Theodor Seuss Geisel), first published on August 12, 1960. As of 2001, according to Publishers Weekly, it was the fourth best-selling English-language children’s book of all time.The story has appeared in several animated adaptations, starting with 1973’s Dr. Seuss on the Loose: The Sneetches, The Zax; Green Eggs and Ham, starring Paul Winchell as the voice of both Sam-I-Am and the first-person narrating man.", "Dr. Seuss’ editor Bennett Cerf bet him he couldn’t write a book using 50 or fewer words. The result is 1960’s “Green Eggs and Ham.” Although the Cat and the Grinch are among Seuss’ most iconic characters, the story of Sam-I-Am trying to convince an unknown character to eat green eggs and ham has sold more than eight million copies since publication, according to a 2011 Publishers Weekly list .", "Theodor Seuss Geisel (pronounced /ˈɡaɪzəl/; March 2, 1904 in Springfield, Massachusetts � September 24, 1991) was an American writer and cartoonist most widely known for his children's books written under the pen name Dr. Seuss. He published over 60 children's books, which were often characterized by imaginative characters, rhyme, and frequent use of trisyllabic meter. His most celebrated books include the bestselling Green Eggs and Ham, The Cat in the Hat, and One Fish Two Fish Red Fish Blue Fish. Numerous adaptations of his work have been created, including eleven television specials, three feature films, and a Broadway musical.", "On this day in 1904, Theodor Geisel, better known to the world as Dr. Seuss, the author and illustrator of such beloved children’s books as “The Cat in the Hat” and “Green Eggs and Ham,” is born in Springfield, Massachusetts . Geisel, who used his middle name (which was also his mother’s maiden name) as his pen name, wrote 48 books–including some for adults–that have sold well over 200 million copies and been translated into multiple languages. Dr. Seuss books are known for their whimsical rhymes and quirky characters, which have names like the Lorax and the Sneetches and live in places like Hooterville.", "Theodor Seuss Geisel, who used the pseudonym \"Dr. Seuss,\" wrote and illustrated 45 children’s books filled with memorable characters, earnest messages, and limericks (silly, witty poems). Many of Dr. Seuss’s books have become classics such as The Cat in the Hat, How the Grinch Stole Christmas!, Horton Hears a Who, and Green Eggs and Ham.", "Theodor Seuss Geisel (1904-1991) also known as Dr. Seuss published 46 books for children. His first book for children was titled And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street (1937). Known for his rhyme and imaginative characters, his bestselling books included The Cat in the Hat, Green Eggs and Ham, Hop on Pop, One Fish Two Fish Red Fish Blue Fish, Horton Hears a Who! and the holiday classic How the Grinch Stole Christmas!. The Cat in the Hat has sold more than 11 million copies.", "Theodor Geisel (1904-1991), better known as Dr. Seuss, wrote the popular children's book The Cat in the Hat, among others.", "Theodor Seuss Giesel; lovingly known as Dr. Seuss, is a 19th century American writer. No kid's childhood could have escaped from that fuss-creator cat, from the book 'Cat In The Hat'. Dr. Seuss is the creator & illustrator; who formed these series of children books. Dr. Seuss' another book – 'Green Eggs And Ham', is a peculiar one; as Dr. Seuss completed the whole book with just 50 different words.", "Over the course of his long career, Geisel wrote over 60 books. Though most were published under his well-known pseudonym, Dr. Seuss, he also authored over a dozen books as Theo. LeSieg and one as Rosetta Stone. As one of the most popular children's authors of all time, Geisel's books have topped many bestseller lists, sold over 222 million copies, and been translated into more than 15 languages. In 2000, Publishers Weekly compiled a list of the best-selling children's books of all time; of the top 100 hardcover books, 16 were written by Geisel, including Green Eggs and Ham, at number 4, The Cat in the Hat, at number 9, and One Fish Two Fish Red Fish Blue Fish, at number 13. In the years after his death in 1991, several additional books have been published based on his sketches and notes; these include Hooray for Diffendoofer Day! and Daisy-Head Mayzie. Though they were all published under the name Dr. Seuss, only My Many Colored Days, originally written in 1973, was entirely by Geisel.", "Dr. Seuss is most famous for his children's books, including \"The Cat in the Hat\" and \"Green Eggs and Ham.\" Theodor Seuss Geisel wrote and published more than 60 children's books, and he also used the pen names of Theo LeSieg, Rosetta Stone and Theophrastus Seuss.", "The Cat in the Hat is a children's book written and illustrated by Theodor Geisel under the pen name Dr. Seuss and first published in 1957. The story centers on a tall anthropomorphic cat, who wears a red and white-striped hat and a red bow tie. The Cat shows up at the house of Sally and her unnamed brother one rainy day when their mother is away. Ignoring repeated objections from the children's fish, the Cat shows the children a few of his tricks in an attempt to entertain them. In the process he and his companions, Thing One and Thing Two, wreck the house. The children and the fish become more and more alarmed until the Cat produces a machine that he uses to clean everything up. He then says his goodbyes and disappears just before the children's mother walks in.", "In 1937 Springfield, Mass.-born Dr. Seuss (Theodor \"Ted\" Seuss Geisel) (1904-91) pub. his first novel And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street after it was rejected by 23 publishers before an old college friend from New York's Vanguard Press was bumped into on Madison Ave.? In 1938 he pub. The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins ; written in prose; King Derwin of Didd; his 500th hat finally stays off; followed by sequel \"Bartholomew and the Oobleck\" (1949). In 1940 he pub. Horton Hatches the Egg . In 1950 he pub. If I Ran the Zoo , which coins the word \"nerd\". In 1957 he pub. The Cat in the Hat (Mar.); 1,626 words long; uses only 236 different words (word with most syllables = \"another\"); written in anapestic (..-) tetrameter; latch-key kids Sally and her older brother (the narrator) are visited by the Cat, Thing One and Thing Two. In 1960 he pub. Green Eggs and Ham , which uses only 53 different words. On Dec. 23, 1966 CBS-TV broadcasts Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas , narrated by Boris Karloff, becoming an annual Xmas tradition. In 1985 he pub. You're Only Old Once: A Book for Obsolete Children .", "Theodor Seuss Geisel ( / ˈ ɡ aɪ z əl / ; March 2, 1904 – September 24, 1991) was an American writer, poet, and cartoonist . He was most widely known for his children's books written and illustrated as Dr. Seuss. He had used the pen name Dr. Theophrastus Seuss in college and later used Theo LeSieg and Rosetta Stone. [2]", "Theodor Seuss Geisel 1904 � 1991) was an American writer, poet, and cartoonist most widely known for his children's books written under the pen names Dr. Seuss.", "i / ˈ ɡ aɪ z əl / ; March 2, 1904 – September 24, 1991) was an American writer, poet, and cartoonist . He was most widely known for his children's books , which he wrote and illustrated under the pseudonym Dr. Seuss. He had used the pen name Dr. Theophrastus Seuss in college and later used Theo LeSieg and Rosetta Stone. [2]", "Dr. Seuss - Mini Biography (TV-PG; 4:10) Theodor Seuss Geisel was born in 1904 in Massachusetts. He published his first children's book, “And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street,” under the name of Dr. Seuss in 1937. He has since become a world renowned children's author.", "Over the years, zany animal characters, names and book titles were the Dr. Seuss trademarks. There was \"Yertle the Tertle\" (1958), \"Fox in Socks\" (1965), \"Mr. Brown Can Moo! Can You?\" (1970) and others too improbable to mention.", "To accompany the article, he has drawn a self-portrait of Geisel looking into his bathroom mirror and the Grinch looking back. Seuss told many variations on this story, but he always mentions his identification with the Grinch, once describing him as a “nasty anti-Christmas character that was really myself.”", "Dr. Seuss’ superb rhyming text is as creative as it is funny. He easily finds the perfect rhyming of each word while telling a story through his rhymes. Dr. Seuss’ illustrations are also excellent in this book as the coloring in this book mostly consists of red, white, blue, and black. Dr. Seuss’ illustrations always stand out from other children’s books and the illustration that stood out the most was the image of Sally being pulled by one of the kite strings as Thing One and Thing Two are playing recklessly in the house. Most children’s do not put images of children being pulled by something that could endanger them, but “The Cat in the Hat” does it so delicately that it is not really a threat to the book’s young audience. This image also showcases that when the boy emphasizes that what the Things were doing was not fun at all, he shows Sally being forcefully pulled in by the Things’ riotous antics.", "Dr. Seuss' never-before-published book, \"What Pet Should I Get?\" is seen on display on the day it is released for sale Photo: Getty Images", "Dr. Seuss whose real name is Theodor Seuss Geisel, wrote the 3rd Best Selling children's book of all time using only 50 words. Dr. Seuss", "The appellation , \"Dr. Seuss,\" has become a name that often evokes fond memories of a cherished childhood. Entrenched in monotony of gray day when, \"The sun did not shine./ It was too wet to play,\" we only had to look at the grinning face of Dr. Seuss's famous cat to remind us that there was more to do than wait as time slipped away. There was something appealing in the simple anapestic tetrameter rhythm, coupled with nonsensical words and illustrations of outlandish creatures that seemed to call out to the vibrant, dynamic imagination of a child.", "Instead, Seuss debuted the Cat and the Grinch the same year in 1957, two of his most famous characters. The Cat and the Grinch were also facets of the man, Nel said. The rule-breaking, mischievous Cat spoke to the author’s sense of play, while the Grinch represented the cantankerous part of Seuss’ personality.", "Cat in the Hat and more DR SEUSS Audio Book CD NEW - The House of Oojah - AudioBooks, Audio, Books, Talking Books, Books on Tape, CD, Mp3 - Australia - Online Store Shop on-line", "This is not the only connection to Soulja Boy. Their rhymes are equally retarded. Perhaps Dr Seuss is Soulja Boy, just taking on a new persona in order to achieve fame and riches? Let's take a look at some samples of their rhymes:", "* Geisel, Theodor (1987). Dr. Seuss from Then to Now: A Catalogue of the Retrospective Exhibition. Random House. ISBN 0394892682.", "Dr. Seuss returns with newly discovered book Another new Dr. Seuss book turns up and will be published this summer. Check out this story on USATODAY.com: http://usat.ly/1A5NNwB", "After the war, Geisel focused on children's books, writing classics such as If I Ran the Zoo (1950), Horton Hears a Who! (1955), If I Ran the Circus (1956), The Cat in the Hat (1957), How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (1957), and Green Eggs and Ham (1960). He published over 60 books during his career, which have spawned numerous adaptations, including 11 television specials, four feature films, a Broadway musical, and four television series. He won the Lewis Carroll Shelf Award in 1958 for Horton Hatches the Egg and again in 1961 for And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street. Geisel's birthday, March 2, has been adopted as the annual date for National Read Across America Day, an initiative on reading created by the National Education Association.", "Your Review : This is a great book in this Sam starts going to school and gives himself a haircut and flushes his sisters goldfish down the toilet and does many more things", "Dr. Seuss (Theodor Geisel) with models of some of the characters he created in his popular …", "Ages 4-8. A saying: It pays to have a little chutzpah (nerve). With Old World charm, universal humor, and just a bit of chutzpah, Simms Taback offers this lively spin on thirteen playful tales-as only he could. Paired with his trademark vibrant and hilarious artwork, these stories illustrate ultimate universal truths and important life lessons, from the difference between a shlemiel and a shlimazel to the idea that just because you can talk doesn't mean you make sense.Taback delivers the perfect combination of wisdom and humor-just the way your zayda (grandpa) would. Click the book cover above to read more." ]

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[ "July 23, 1984: Vanessa Williams resigns as Miss America after Penthouse magazine announces it will publish photos of her posing nude", "July 23 – Vanessa Lynn Williams becomes the first Miss America to resign when she surrenders her crown, after nude photos of her appear in \" Penthouse \" magazine.", "Vanessa Williams, Miss America 1984, gave up her crown yesterday at the request of pageant officials in a scandal over nude, sexually explicit photographs of her that appeared in Penthouse magazine.", "23 - Vanessa Williams resigns from her position as Miss America due to nude pictures in Penthouse. It is the first resignation in the history of the pageant.", "Vanessa Lynn Williams (born March 18, 1963) is an American actress, singer, and fashion designer. She initially gained recognition as the first African-American recipient of the Miss America title when she was crowned Miss America 1984 in September 1983. However, a few weeks prior to the end of her reign, she learned that Penthouse magazine would be publishing unauthorized nude photographs of her in an upcoming issue. Williams thus resigned as Miss America on July 22, 1984 (under pressure from the Miss America Organization), and was replaced by first runner-up Miss New Jersey Suzette Charles. A few years later, she rebounded as an entertainer with the song \"The Right Stuff.\" She then had a string of successful albums and singles and also found success as an actress (she is particularly well known for her roles as Teri Joseph in the 1997 feature film Soul Food, Wilhelmina Slater in Ugly Betty, and Renee Perry in Desperate Housewives).", "On the twentieth place is located Vanessa Williams who also became a star of “Desperate Housewives” TV show. The actress and singer, as well as producer and model has entered the world’s history in 1984 when she became the first black woman who won the “Miss America” contest. In 1984 the “Penthouse” has published pictures of lesbian theme for which she posed nude, there was a huge scandal after which Williams has refused on her “Miss America” title, and became a singer, a very successful singer especially in the period from 1988 to 1997. Her song to the “Pocahontas” cartoon has won the Grammy, Oscar and Golden Globe award as the best song to a movie.", "Burns appeared in this character along with Vanessa Williams on the September 1984 cover of Penthouse magazine, the issue which contained the infamous nude photos of Williams, as well as the first appearance of underage pornographic film star Nora Kuzma, better known to the world as Traci Lords. A blurb on the cover even announced \"Oh God, she's naked!\"", "Burns appeared in this character along with Vanessa Williams on the September 1984 cover of Penthouse magazine, the issue which contained the notorious nude photos of Williams, as well as the first appearance of underage pornographic film star Traci Lords. A blurb on the cover even announced \"Oh God, she's nude!\"", "Williams was born in Millwood, New York, to Helen L. (Tinch) and Milton Augustine Williams, Jr., both music teachers. Vanessa and her brother grew up in suburban New York in comfortable surroundings. Vanessa sang and danced in school productions and signed her high school yearbook with a promise to \"see you on Broadway\". After winning a performing scholarship to Syracuse University, she left school and tried to make it in New York show business. She began entering beauty contests in 1984, eventually winning Miss New York and then becoming the first African-American Miss America. During her reign, some nude girl-girl photos, taken while she was in New York, surfaced in Penthouse magazine. Although the photos were taken before her beauty contest victories, she was forced to resign her crown. Many predicted that her future in show business was over. She landed a recording contract and released several hit albums, including \"The Comfort Zone\" and \"The Sweetest Days\".", "New York Daily News covers Vanessa Williams giving up her Miss America crown on July 24, 1984 after nude photos of her were released.", "The magazine's pictorials offered more sexually explicit content than was commonly seen in most openly sold men's magazines of the era; it was the first to show female pubic hair, followed by full-frontal nudity and then the exposed vulva and anus. Penthouse has also, over the years, featured a number of authorized and unauthorized photos of celebrities such as Madonna and Vanessa Lynn Williams. In both cases, the photos were taken earlier in their careers and sold to Penthouse only after Madonna and Williams became famous. In the late 1990s, the magazine began to show more \"fetish\" content such as urination, bondage and \"facials.\"", "Williams, of the Westchester County community of Millwood, was asked by pageant officials to resign or be stripped of her title for posing nude and in sexually explicit poses with another woman. The photos appear in Penthouse’s September edition, which hit the newsstands Sunday.", "It might have been the lowest point in her life, as she told People in 1984, but the scandal that led Vanessa Williams to resign her post as Miss America also set her up for one of the greatest comebacks in entertainment history.", "On Tuesday, Dick Clark Productions announced via People Magazine that Vanessa Williams would be returning to Miss America.", "Vanessa Lynn Williams was born March 18, 1963, in Millwood, New York, to music teacher parents. She attended Syracuse University and studied musical theater. In 1982, while working a summer job as a receptionist at a modeling agency in Mt. Kisco, New York, photographer Thomas Chiapel took the nude pictures of Williams, telling her they�d be shot in silhouette and that she wouldn�t be recognizable. After Williams became Miss America, the photographer sold the pictures to Penthouse without her knowledge. Williams later dropped lawsuits against the magazine and photographer after it was learned that she had signed a model release form at the time the photos were taken.", "The genesis of the photos dated back to 1982, when she worked as an assistant and makeup artist for New York photographer Tom Chiapel. According to People Magazine, Williams posed nude with another woman in what was viewed as very provocative positions. The magazine also reports that she posed nude for photographer Gregg Whitman. even though Williams reportedly did not feel as comfortable with Whitman’s photos as she did with Chiapel’s. After several attempts, she convinced Whitman to hand over the negatives — or so she thought.", "The same issue also caused controversy with nude pictures of Vanessa Williams that caused her to be stripped of her Miss America crown.", "Yvonne Hemsey—Getty Images Vanessa Williams resigns her Miss America title, July 23, 1984, in New York City.", "Vanessa Williams becomes Miss America judge 3 decades after nude scandal lost her the title | Daily Mail Online", "But in light of more recent celebrity nude hacks it’s interesting to consider how the Miss America Organization would handle the Williams incident today. The Williams story isn’t anything new in Hollywood. She was told the photos she took in 1982 would be in silhouette and never published. In a 1984 piece for People , Williams wrote, “I feel as if I were just a sacrificial lamb. The past just came up and kicked me. I felt betrayed and violated, like I had been raped.”", "Vanessa Williams provided us with one of the nicer moments of 1992 when \"Save at the Best For Last\" reached #1, also used to close Priscilla: Queen Of at the Desert. Most recently known as the super bitch on Ugly Betty, the former Miss America has moved from music into film and TV, being one of the rare artists that has found success in all fields. Not to be confused with the early Melrose Place actress, or the gospel singer of the same names, Vanessa recently told Barbara Walters of her frequent use of Botox to freeze her face!", "Williams was well into her reign when she received an anonymous tip that nude photos from before her pageant days had been made public. The photos had been taken by photographer Tom Chiapel, for whom Williams had worked as an assistant and makeup artist in 1982.", "Whether or not she really did ever hit “rock bottom” at age 21, Williams’s comeback was sensational. Multiple Grammy nominations, Broadway roles, films, a hit TV series , and an Academy Award–winning song later, Williams has made the most of the last 32 years. But in a statement from the Miss America Organization announcing Williams’s role as head judge, there is no mention of the scandal that rocked the pageant world. C.E.O. and newly minted executive chairman Sam Haskell said, “Vanessa Williams made history by becoming the first African American to win the competition when she was crowned Miss America 1984, and she went on to conquer the worlds of music, Broadway, television, and film. It is a great honor to welcome her back to the competition as our head judge.”", "Anna Nicole Smith (born Vickie Lynn Hogan; November 28, 1967 – February 8, 2007) was an American model, actress, and television personality. Smith first gained popularity in Playboy, winning the 1993 Playmate of the Year. She modeled for fashion companies including Guess, H&M, Heatherette, and Lane Bryant.", "1963 ● Vanessa L. Williams → Model and disgraced Miss America winner turned successful actress and R&B/pop vocalist, “Save The Best For Last” (#1, 1992)", "Vanessa Williams Recalls Miss America Nude Scandal: 'It Took Every Ounce of Credibility That I Had'", "Vanessa Williams, the first black Miss America, waves to crowd after being crowned the 1984 Miss America in Sept. 18, 1983.", "Vanessa L. Williams becomes the first African-American to be crowned Miss America, in Atlantic City, New Jersey.", "Tall (5'10\"), busty and voluptuous brunette knockout Wendy Hamilton was born on December 20, 1967 in Detroit, Michigan. Wendy grew up on Florida's Gulf Coast. Her father raced Corvette sports cars and was a test pilot for speed boats while her mother was a fashion model. Hamilton started out modeling swimsuits at age twelve in local fashion shows; she made her modeling debut at a shopping mall in Bradenton, Florida in 1979. Wendy was the captain of the basketball team the Hurricanes at Manatee High School in Bradenton. In 1988 she survived two brutal automobile accidents which occurred at the same exact Detroit intersection (one of these crashes sent her flying through the windshield of her car and the resultant severe injuries required 180 stitches). Hamilton was the Playmate of the Month in the December, 1991 issue of \"Playboy.\" Wendy was featured in a large number of \"Playboy\" videos and posed for a slew of \"Playboy\" newsstand special editions. Moreover, Wendy Hamilton not only made a guest appearance on an episode of the TV series \"NewsRadio,\" but also acted in several low-budget movies which include \"Ski School 2,\" \"The Dallas Connection,\" and \"Midnight Temptations.\"", "1963 Birthday - Vanessa L. Williams, born in Millwood, New York, 1st black Miss America 1983 and singer", "In 1983, Williams became the first African-American Miss America, and while she was certainly excited to win, the 52-year-old actress admitted to Robin Roberts on Good Morning America that she didn't see it being about \"making history.\" That is until she started touring the country.", "This issue's cover model is Barbi Benton, Hugh Hefner's girlfriend for the better part of eight years. She appeared on three more covers in the following two decades: March 1970, May 1972, and December 1985. However, she was never named a Playmate of the Month." ]

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[ "New governments were formed in the South starting in 1865. The first state to be readmitted to the Union was Tennessee in 1866. The last state was Georgia in 1870. As part of being readmitted to the Union, states had to ratify the new amendments to the Constitution.", "1866 – Reconstruction: Tennessee becomes the first U.S. State to be readmitted to the Union following the American Civil War.", "With Congress out of session, the new President, Andrew Johnson, began a period known as \"Presidential Reconstruction\", in which he personally oversaw the creation of new state governments throughout the South. He oversaw the convening of state political conventions populated by delegates whom he deemed to be loyal. Three leading issues came before the convention: secession itself, the abolition of slavery, and the Confederate war debt. Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, and South Carolina held conventions in 1865, while Texas' convention did not organize until March 1866. Johnson hoped to prevent deliberation over whether to re-admit the Southern states by accomplishing full ratification before Congress reconvened in December. He believed he could silence those who wished to deny the Southern states their place in the Union by pointing to how essential their assent had been to the successful ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment. ", "Seven Deep South cotton states seceded by February 1861, starting with South Carolina, Mississippi , Florida , Alabama , Georgia, Louisiana , and Texas. These seven states formed the Confederate States of America (February 4, 1861), with Jefferson Davis as president, and a governmental structure closely modeled on the U.S. Constitution . Following the attack on Fort Sumter, President Lincoln called for a volunteer army from each state. Within two months, four more Southern slave states declared their secession and joined the Confederacy: Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina and Tennessee. The northwestern portion of Virginia subsequently seceded from Virginia, joining the Union as the new state of West Virginia on June 20, 1863. By the end of 1861, Missouri and Kentucky were divided— each of them having a pro-Southern and pro-Northern government.", "As Confederate states came back under control of the US Army, President Abraham Lincoln set up reconstructed governments in Tennessee, Arkansas, and Louisiana during the war. He experimented by giving land to former slaves in South Carolina. By fall 1865, the new President Andrew Johnson declared the war goals of national unity and the ending of slavery achieved and reconstruction completed. Republicans in Congress, refusing to accept Johnson's terms, rejected new members of Congress, some of whom had been high Confederate officials a few months before. Johnson broke with the Republicans after vetoing two key bills that supported the Freedman's Bureau and provided federal civil rights to the freedmen. The 1866 Congressional elections turned on the issue of Reconstruction, producing a sweeping Republican victory in the North, and providing the Radical Republicans with sufficient control of Congress to override Johnson's vetoes and commence their own \"Radical Reconstruction\" in 1867. ", "The election of Abraham Lincoln in November 1860 provoked the secession of the Southern States from the Union. South Carolina was the first to leave. By the time of the convening of a constitutional convention to establish the Confederacy in February 1861, six other states had joined her. The majority of the Southern leaders who attended the convention expected a peaceful secession; they did not anticipate that their action would lead to bloody conflict. They were wrong. Fort Sumter, lying in the harbor off the city of Charleston, South Carolina, would prove the point.", "As state capital, Montgomery began to influence state politics, and it would also play a prominent role on the national stage. Beginning February 4, 1861, representatives from Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina met in Montgomery, host of the Southern Convention, to form the Confederate States of America. Montgomery was named the first capital of the nation, and Jefferson Davis was inaugurated as President on the steps of the State Capitol. On April 12, 1865, following the Battle of Selma, Major General James H. Wilson captured Montgomery for the Union. ", "States began seceding after the Election of Abraham Lincoln, even before he was inaugurated. South Carolina (December 20, 1860), Mississippi (January 9, 1861), Florida (January 10, 1861), Alabama (January 11, 1861), Georgia (January 19, 1861), Louisiana (January 26, 1861), and Texas (February 1, 1861). On February 4, 1861, the states farthest south, where slavery and plantations agriculture were dominant, formed the Confederate States of America with Jefferson Davis as President. They established their capital at Montgomery, Alabama and took over federal forts on their territory. They also wrote a constitution that was adopted on March 11, 1861.", "Members of the South Carolina legislature had previously sworn to secede from the Union if Lincoln was elected, and the state declared its secession on December 20, 1860. In January and February, six other cotton states of the Deep South followed suit: Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. The other eight slave states postponed a decision, but the seven formed a new government in Montgomery, Alabama, in February: the Confederate States of America. Throughout the South, Confederates seized federal arsenals and forts, without resistance, and forced the surrender of all U.S. forces in Texas. The sitting President, James Buchanan, believed he had no constitutional power to act, and in the four months between Lincoln's election and his inauguration, the South strengthened its military position. ", "On March 11, 1861, the Confederate Constitution of seven state signatories – South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas – replaced the February 7 Provisional Confederate States Constitution with one stating in its preamble a desire for a \"permanent federal government\". Four additional slave-holding states – Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee – declared their secession and joined the Confederacy following a call by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln for troops from each state to recapture Sumter and other lost federal properties in the South. Missouri and Kentucky were represented by partisan factions from those states, while the legitimate governments of those two states retained formal adherence to the Union. Also aligned with the Confederacy were two of the \"Five Civilized Tribes\" located in Indian Territory and a new, but uncontrolled, Confederate Territory of Arizona. Efforts by certain factions in Maryland to secede were halted by federal imposition of martial law, while Delaware, though of divided loyalty, did not attempt it. A Unionist government in western parts of Virginia organized the new state of West Virginia, which was admitted to the Union during the war on June 20, 1863.", "Upholding a promise he had made in his inaugural address, James Buchanan did not seek reelection in 1860. At their national convention, the Democrats were split over their choice for a nominee, with Northern Democrats selecting Stephen Douglas (1813-1861) of Illinois and Southern Democrats picking Vice President Breckinridge. The Republicans chose Abraham Lincoln , and the Constitutional Union Party nominated John Bell (1796-1869). Lincoln won 180 electoral votes (and a little less than 40 percent of the popular vote), while his challengers garnered a combined electoral 123 votes. On December 20, 1860, in response to Lincoln’s victory, South Carolina seceded from the Union. By the time of his inauguration on March 4, 1861, six more states– Mississippi , Florida , Alabama , Georgia , Louisiana and Texas–had also seceded and formed the Confederate States of America .", "South Carolina was the first state to ratify the Articles of Confederation and the eighth state to ratify the U.S. Constitution on May 23, 1788. South Carolina became the first state to vote to secede from the Union on December 20, 1860. After the American Civil War, it was readmitted into the United States on June 25, 1868.In Texas vs. White (1869), the Supreme Court ruled that the ordinances of secession (including that of South Carolina) were invalid, and thus those states had never left the Union. However, South Carolina did not regain representation in Congress until that date.", "Claiming authority over the area, on January 9th, 1861, South Carolina authorities seized Federal property in Charleston Harbor. On April 12th, Confederate batteries began to bombarded Fort Sumter, where Anderson and his Army were based. Two days later, Anderson and his command surrendered, and a surrender ceremony was held. Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina seceded during April and May to join the Confederacy as well. In other states and territories, sympathizers and local governments mobilized troops and pledged their support for the Confederate cause. From that point on, tensions escalated around much of a nation that now found itself in the throes of a war pitting brother against brother. In other words, this event has an important legacy in American history in that it is considered the beginning of the American Civil War.", "In November 1860, Abraham Lincoln , a former U.S. congressman from Illinois and member of the anti-slavery Republican Party, was elected America’s 16th president. On December 20 of that same year, slaveholding South Carolina seceded from the Union. Six more Southern states soon followed, and in February 1861, they formed the Confederate States of America (which would eventually include a total of 11 Southern states). Lincoln was inaugurated on March 4, 1861, and just over a month later, on April 12, the U.S. Civil War broke out when Confederate forces fired on Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina. That June, Tennessee voters approved a referendum to secede from the Union and join the Confederacy.", "1860 - South Carolina is the first state to secede from the Union and join the Confederacy.", "That same day Mississippi seceded; in short order Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas followed suit. On February 4, 1861, a convention of these seceded states met in Montgomery, Ala., and formed the Confederate States of America. On March 3, 1861, the day before Abraham Lincoln was sworn in as President of the United States, newly commissioned Confederate Brig. Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard assumed command of all troops, “in or near Charleston Harbor.”", "In 1867 the U.S. Congress assumed control of Reconstruction efforts (1867-76) in the South, with Georgia and other southern states again placed under military authority. Major General John Pope was placed in command of Georgia on April 1, 1867, and shortly afterward took up his duties in Atlanta. A new constitutional convention was called for the state, and General Pope ordered the convention to assemble in Atlanta, reportedly because Milledgeville innkeepers had proclaimed that black delegates would not be welcome in their inns. The convention met in Atlanta from December 1867 to March 1868.", "1860, 20 December,  the State of South Carolina announced it would secede and become a separate republic. The Federal Government's response to this bold move was to immediately call on various States to send troops to suppress the South Carolinians. Six Southern states promptly refused to comply. They too seceded and joining with South Carolina, formed The Confederate States of America, with Mississippian Jefferson Davis as their President. (Two of the seven Governors were Freemasons: John Ellis of North Carolina and Isham Harris from Tennessee). Some six weeks later a Peace Convention was held on 4 February, 1861, with both sides in attendance. It hoped to put an end to the dangerous situation, but it failed. Notable Freemasons at that meeting were John Crittenden and Stephen Douglas of Kentucky, and Robert Toombs from Georgia. THE electronic NORTH CAROLINA MASON July/August, 1993 vol.1 #3 ", "The American Civil War broke out in April of 1861 with the attack on Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina . Federal troops of the U.S. had retreated to Fort Sumter soon after South Carolina declared their secession. U.S. President Buchanan had attempted to resupply Sumter by sending a merchant ship but Confederate forces fired upon the ship, driving it away. The Confederate cabinet decided at a meeting in Montgomery to open fire on Fort Sumter in an attempt to force its surrender before the relief fleet arrived. On April 12, 1861, Confederate troops, following orders from Davis and his Secretary of War, fired upon the federal troops occupying Fort Sumter, forcing their surrender. Following the surrender of Fort Sumter, Lincoln called for all the states in the Union to send troops to invade the South to recapture Sumter. [17] Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers for three months of duty. Border state leaders had repeatedly warned Lincoln against an invasion. Now Unionists were dispirited and pro-Confederates elated, as they pushed for secession on the grounds Lincoln's invasion violated the basic comity among states. Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina joined the Confederacy for a total of 11. Once Virginia joined the Confederate States, the Confederate capital was moved from Montgomery, Alabama, to Richmond, Virginia . All but two major battles took place in Confederate territory.", "The city of Montgomery prospered and became the county seat in 1822 and Alabama's permanent capital in 1846. Although it bears the same name as the county, the city was named in honor of a different person, Maj. Gen. Richard Montgomery, who lost his life in the Revolutionary War in the assault against Quebec. The city and the county of Montgomery have been the site of many firsts, with the distinction of being known as the birthplace of the both the Civil War and the civil-rights movement. On February 18, 1861, Jefferson Davis was sworn in as the president of the Confederate States of America in its initial capital of Montgomery. It was from Montgomery that a telegram was sent to authorize the bombardment of Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, thus commencing the", "In late 1860 and early 1861, South Carolina and other southern states withdrew from the Union. They formed a new nation called the Confederate States of America.", "Blacks were solidly Republican in this period, having gained emancipation and suffrage with the President Lincoln and his party and later fellow Republican President Ulysses S. Grant defending African American's newly won freedom and civil rights in the South during Reconstruction. After Federal troops left, Southern states disfranchised most blacks and many poor whites from 1890–1908 through constitutional amendments and statutes that created barriers to voter registration and voting, such as poll taxes and literacy tests. By the late nineteenth century, Southern white Democrats defeated some biracial Populist-Republican coalitions and regained power in the state legislatures of the former Confederacy; they passed laws establishing racial segregation and Jim Crow. In the border states and North, blacks continued to exercise the vote; the well-established Maryland African-American community defeated attempts there to disfranchise them.", "When the news came out that Abraham Lincoln and his party had won this election, something strange happened. Seven states in the country, claimed to be no longer part of the United States. It was only a short period of time before this group grew out to 11 states in total, and they formed the Confederate State of America. This group was lead by the man Jefferson Davis. These states all wanted to continue to trade an use slaves, in which the Northern States (mostly referred as \"The Union\") disagreed.", "By about 1872 most Southern States were electing White Legislatures, so the Ku Klux Klan was formally \"abolished\" about 1874. Reconstruction ended with the presidential election of 1876 when Rutherford B. Hayes was elected US President over Samuel B. Tilden and Union troops were removed from the South in 1877.", "Georgia, one of the thirteen colonies, ratified the US Constitution on January 2, 1788, becoming the fourth state to do so; it joined the Confederacy on January 19, 1861, and re-entered the Union after the Civil War.", "Georgia, one of the thirteen colonies, ratified the US Constitution on January 2, 1788, becoming the fourth state to do so; it joined the Confederacy on January 19, 1861, and re-entered the Union after the Civil War.", "With Congressional Reconstruction in place, the Southern states, supervised by federal troops, formed new state governments that were dominated by Republicans. By the end of March 1870 all of the former Confederate states had been readmitted to the Union. Black male suffrage was vital to the Congressional plan. By giving 700,000 former slaves the right to vote, Congressional Reconstruction created a new electorate in the South; blacks held voting majorities in five states.", "During the American Civil War , Union general Joseph A.J. Lightburn was forced back to Charleston from Fayetteville to the southeast on September 11, 1862. Two days later Confederate general William Loring defeated Lightburn there and occupied Charleston for almost two months. Confederate forces took salt supplies and other goods from the Kanawha River valley, destroying most of the saltworks as they departed. Charleston was nominated as the state capital in 1870, but it took seven years and a popular vote before the capital moved there permanently.", "1861 Confederate constitutional convention meets for 1st time, Jefferson Davis is elected President of the Confederacy", "American politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history, 1861 to 1865, during the American Civil War.", "In 1865, reinforced Union troops attacked Charleston and seized control of the city. After the eventual defeat of the Confederacy, Federal forces remained in Charleston during its reconstruction from war which had shattered the prosperity of Charleston. Slaves were freed, economy improved and Charleston enjoyed renewed vitality and commitment to reconstruction, preservation and dedication to restoring community and society institutions.", "He won the Republican Party nomination in 1860 and was elected president later that year. During his term, he helped preserve the United States by leading the defeat of the secessionist Confederate States of America in the American Civil War." ]

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[ "Had the McCain/Palin ticket won, John McCain would have been the oldest president in history, and Sarah Palin would have been the first woman vice president.", "On February 10, 2007, Obama formally announced his candidacy for president of the United States. A victory in the Iowa primary made him a viable challenger to the early frontrunner, the former first lady and current New York Senator Hillary Clinton, whom he outlasted in a grueling primary campaign to claim the Democratic nomination in early June 2008. Obama chose as his running mate Joseph R. Biden Jr. Biden had been a U.S. senator from Delaware since 1972, was a one-time Democratic candidate for president and served as chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Obama’s opponent was long-time Arizona Senator John S. McCain, a Vietnam veteran and former prisoner-of-war, who chose Alaska Governor Sarah Palin as his running mate. If elected, Palin would have been the nation’s first-ever female vice-president.", "My choice would be John McCain and Sarah Palin mainly because, with Sarah, I think she'd make a good president because she's a no-nonsense gal and she has much more experience than Barack Obama . Europe now is not infatuated with Barack Obama anymore. They are infatuated with Sarah Palin.", "August 29, 2008 - John McCain chooses Sarah Palin, 1st term Governor of Alaska, as his running mate, making the contest between Barack Obama and himself, the first time a presidential election included both an African-American candidate and a woman am ongst the Presidential and Vice Presidential nominees for president among the Democratic and Republican tickets.", "And yet, had events turned out differently, it would be she, rather than Cindy, who would be vying to be First Lady. She is McCain’s first wife, Carol, who was a famous beauty and a successful swimwear model when they married in 1965.", "*Michelle Obama is the third First Lady born in Chicago, Illinois, after Betty Ford (1918) and Hillary Clinton (1947).", "U.S. First Lady: Michelle Obama became the nation's first black First Lady when her husband, Barack Obama, defeated Sen. John McCain in the general election on November 4, 2008.", "On this day in 2008, Senator Barack Obama of Illinois defeats Senator John McCain of Arizona to become the 44th U.S. president, and the first African American elected to the White House. The 47-year-old Democrat garnered 365 electoral votes and nearly 53 percent of the popular vote, while his 72-year-old Republican challenger captured 173 electoral votes and more than 45 percent of the popular vote. Obama’s vice-presidential running mate was Senator Joe Biden of Delaware, while McCain’s running mate was Governor Sarah Palin of Alaska, the first female Republican ever nominated for the vice presidency.", "The incumbent president, George W. Bush, was ineligible to be elected to a third term due to term limits in the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution. McCain secured the Republican nomination by March 2008, but the Democratic nomination was marked by a sharp contest between Obama and initial front-runner Senator Hillary Clinton, with Obama not securing the nomination until early June. Early campaigning had focused heavily on the Iraq War and the unpopularity of outgoing Republican President George W. Bush, but all candidates focused on domestic concerns as well, which grew more prominent as the economy experienced the onset of the Great Recession and a major financial crisis that peaked in September 2008.", "First Lady Michelle LaVaughn Robinson Obama is a lawyer, writer, and the wife of the 44th and current President, Barack Obama. She is the first African-American First Lady of the United States. Through her four main initiatives, she has become a role model for women and an advocate for healthy families, service members and their families, higher education, and international adolescent girls education.", "Through the latter months of 2007 leading up to the state primaries and caucuses of the 2008 presidential campaign, Michelle Obama continued to work, reducing her hours at the University of Chicago Medical Center while increasing the days she spent speaking to groups throughout the country. She initially limited her absences from home to day trips and then eventually to trips involving one-overnight away from home per week, in order to maintain her responsibilities as mother to her two young daughters. In October 2007, she participated in the first forum ever held which gathered nearly all the spouses of both Democratic and Republican candidates running for the presidency, at the Women’s Conference in Long Beach, California, hosted by California’s First Lady Maria Shriver.", "Alaska Governor Sarah Palin was revealed as McCain's surprise choice for running mate on August 29, 2008. McCain was only the second U.S. major-party presidential nominee to select a woman for running mate and the first Republican to do so; Palin would have become the first female Vice President of the United States if she had been elected. On September 3, 2008, McCain and Palin became the Republican Party's presidential and vice presidential nominees, respectively, at the 2008 Republican National Convention in Saint Paul, Minnesota. McCain surged ahead of Obama in national polls following the convention, as the Palin pick energized core Republican voters who had previously been wary of him. However, by the campaign's own later admission, the rollout of Palin to the national media went poorly, and voter reactions to Palin grew increasingly negative, especially among independents and other voters concerned about her qualifications. ", "While Michelle Obama is the First Lady, and is typically identified on the news and in the media as First Lady Michelle Obama such references are examples of a news reader/writer identifying Mrs. Obama in the third person for clarity in a news story.", "* Rudy Giuliani, former Mayor of New York City (withdrew on January 30, 2008 and endorsed John McCain)", "Sarah Palin was born on February 11, 1964 in Sandpoint, Idaho. Palin entered politics in 1992. In 2006, she became the youngest and first female governor of Alaska. John McCain picked her as his running mate in 2008. After her campaign lost the 2008 presidential election, Palin returned to her home state of Alaska. She resigned as governor in July 2009. Since then, Palin has served as a contributor for Fox News and written several books. She launched her own online news channel in July 2014.", "Michelle Obama (1964-) was an American first lady and the wife of Barack Obama, the 44th president of the United States. An Ivy League graduate, she built a successful career, first as a lawyer, and then in the private sector, which she maintained throughout her husband’s early political career. Concerned about the effect the campaign would have on their young daugthers, Michelle was initially reluctant to support the idea of her husband’s run for the presidency. Despite her initial misgivings, she proved to be an effective surrogate for him on the campaign trail. After her husband’s election, she chose a number of causes to support; advocating for support for military families and encouraging healthy eating to solve the epidemic of childhood obesity. As a young mother, a fashion icon and the first African-American first lady, Michelle Obama became a role model to many Americans.", "The Second Lady of the United States is an informal title for the wife of the Vice President of the United States, coined in contrast to the First Lady (who is almost always the wife of the president). The term \"Second Lady\" may have been first used by Jennie Tuttle Hobart to refer to herself, later fell out of favor, but was revived in the 1980s. During the 1990s the title was again abandoned, in favor of \"wife of the Vice-President\", but was later resurrected during the administration of Barack Obama. ", "Carly Fiorina (2016) –Fiorina was a candidate for the Republican nomination for president. She withdrew from the race after poor showings in the Iowa caucuses and New Hampshire primary. Fiorina formerly served as a technology business executive at AT&T, Lucent,  and Hewlett Packard, where she served as the company’s Chief Executive Officer from 1999 to 2005. Since then, Fiorina has served on many boards and was an advisor to John McCain’s 2008 presidential election. In 2010, she ran unsuccessfully for the U.S. Senate in California against incumbent Senator Barbara Boxer.", "Had it not been for Jane Wyman, the current Republican presidential lineup would be without its front-runners. There would be no Mayor Giuliani, divorced twice, married three times, currently married to a twice-divorced wife, Judith; no Fred Thompson, divorced once, married twice; and no Senator McCain, divorced once, married twice, currently married to a divorcee, Cindy. All three might raise a toast to Wyman.", "John Sidney McCain III (born August 29, 1936) is the senior United States Senator from Arizona. He was the Republican presidential nominee in the 2008 United States presidential election.", "Sarah Palin was the first woman Governor of Alaska, and as John McCain 's running mate in the 2008 presidential election, was the first woman Vice Presidential nomination on the Republican ticket. McCain's choice was sudden and surprising, as Palin had been an unknown figure on the national stage. Prior to being chosen, she had met McCain once, at a National Governors Association meeting, and conversed briefly with him over telephone calls. The lightest possible vetting occurred -- McCain's team landed in Alaska only one day prior to the announcement that she would be his running mate.", "Michelle Obama's mother (birthname Marian Lois Shields, born July 30, 1937), is descended from Dolphus Shields and his wife. She is now widowed, but had married Michelle's father, Fraser Robinson, on October 27, 1960. Robinson was formerly a secretary at Spiegel catalog and a bank. While Michelle and Barack Obama were campaigning in 2008, Robinson tended the Obamas' young children. She has continued to help care for them while living in the White House as part of the First Family; she is the first live-in grandmother since Elivera M. Doud during the Eisenhower administration. Some media outlets have dubbed Robinson as the \"First Granny\". Marian takes Sasha and Malia to school daily and enjoys life in Washington. ", "U.S. President Barack Obama, who won a second term in office by defeating Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney, waves with his daughters Malia (R) and Sasha and wife Michelle (L) before addressing supporters during his election night victory rally in Chicago, November 7, 2012. REUTERS/Jeff Haynes (UNITED STATES - Tags: POLITICS ELECTIONS USA PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION TPX IMAGES OF THE DAY)", "On August 27, she visited McCain's vacation home near Sedona, Arizona, where she was offered the position of vice-presidential candidate. According to Jill Hazelbaker, a spokeswoman for McCain, he had previously met Palin at the National Governors Association meeting in Washington in February 2008 and had come away \"extraordinarily impressed.\" Palin was the only prospective running mate who had a face-to-face interview with McCain to discuss joining the ticket that week. Nonetheless, Palin's selection was a surprise to many as speculation had centered on other candidates, such as Minnesota Governor Tim Pawlenty, Louisiana Governor Bobby Jindal, former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney, U.S. Senator Joe Lieberman of Connecticut, and former Pennsylvania Governor Tom Ridge. On August 29, in Dayton, Ohio, McCain announced that he had chosen Palin as his running mate.", "2000: Hillary Clinton is first First Lady in Senate. Hillary Rodham Clinton, wife of the president, makes history when she wins a New York Senate seat.", "McCain began a search for a running mate to join the Republican ticket after clinching the Republican nomination. Former candidates Mitt Romney and Mike Huckabee were mentioned as possibilities, as were many other leaders in the Republican Party and the business world. Over Memorial Day weekend, McCain invited Romney, Florida Governor Charlie Crist, and Louisiana Governor Bobby Jindal to his Sedona, Arizona ranch for informal get-togethers intended to assess personal chemistry for possible running mate selection. ", "The 2008 Democratic presidential nominee, Senator Barack Obama of Illinois , 47, is projected to win at least 349 electoral votes, more than enough to clinch the Presidency of the United States . Obama is the first African American to be elected President in U.S. history. His Republican opponent, Arizona senator John McCain is projected to win at least 173 electoral votes. McCain has phoned Obama to concede the election. Obama officially became the President-elect when John McCain issued his concession speech shortly after 9:00PM Mountain Time.", "From 2006 to 2009, Palin served as governor of Alaska ; she was also John McCain's running mate in the 2008 presidential election. After resigning from her position as governor in 2009, Palin went on to write a number of books and star in a reality television series.", "The nomination would be a remarkable union between the former first lady who was an early favorite to win the presidency and the first-term senator who upset her in the primary and cruised to a general election victory. Such a high-profile seat in the Cabinet for Clinton also would be another achievement for the most accomplished former first lady in U.S. history, who has been the first presidential spouse to serve in the Senate and run for the White House herself.", "She is an American politician, commentator, and author who served as the ninth Governor of Alaska, from 2006 to her resignation in 2009. As the Republican Party nominee for Vice President in the 2008 Presidential election, alongside Arizona Senator John McCain, she was the first Alaskan on the national ticket of a major political party, and the first Republican woman nominated for the Vice Presidency.", "The former Alaska governor, who was Republican Senator John McCain's vice presidential running mate in the 2008 campaign, was coy about whether she will join what could be a long list of challengers to Democratic President Barack Obama.", "* Tim Pawlenty, former governor of Minnesota (withdrew on August 14, 2011, and endorsed Mitt Romney) " ]

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[ "Carl Weathers as Apollo Creed, Rocky's opponent and the heavyweight champion (the character was influenced by the outspoken boxing great Muhammad Ali)[2]", "Rocky Balboa ( Sylvester Stallone ) is a small-time boxer who seems to be going nowhere in life. Ignored by his trainer, Mickey Goldmill ( Burgess Meredith ) Rocky fights in sleazy clubs and works as a collector for a local loan shark . At the same time, Rocky unsuccessfully courts Adrian Pennino ( Talia Shire ), a painfully shy girl, with her alcoholic brother, Paulie ( Burt Young ). But when the heavyweight champion of the world, Apollo Creed ( Carl Weathers ), chooses Rocky at random as his opponent in an upcoming title fight, Rocky realizes he now has the chance to prove he is not worthless. With Adrian at his side and Mickey as his new manager, Rocky fights for the title and more importantly, for his own self-resepect.", "Rocky Balboa (Sylvester Stallone) is a small-time boxer who seems to be going nowhere in life, as he works day-in and day-out as a collector for a loan shark and fights in sleazy clubs for low-paid reward, to which Rocky is mocked and told that he's nothing but a 'bum,' especially by gym trainer Mickey Goldmill (Burgess Meredith). At the same time, Rocky successfully courts Adrian Pennino (Talia Shire), a painfully shy woman with an alcoholic brother, Paulie (Burt Young). But when heavyweight champion of the world Apollo Creed (Carl Weathers) chooses Rocky at random as his opponent in a title fight, Rocky realizes he now has the chance to prove he is not worthless. With Adrian's support and Mickey becoming his trainer and manager, Rocky fights for his self-respect.", "'Rocky' (1976) – Sylvester Stallone, left, as struggling boxer Rocky Balboa, gets his shot at the championship against Carl Weathers as Apollo Creed in this best picture winner. Like its hero, \"Rocky\" was an underdog, a low-budget film written by Stallone, then an unknown actor, that became one of the decade's biggest sleeper hits. Stallone would go on to make five sequels.", "Sylvester Stallone returns to the character which made him famous in this wildly successful sequel. Rocky III starts with the Italian Stallion so famous that his likeness is everywhere, including pinball machines. Fame and complacency soon cause Balboa to lose his title to young thug Clubber Lang (Mr. T), who inadvertently causes the death of Rocky's beloved trainer, Mickey (Burgess Meredith), before their first championship bout. After sinking into a depression, Balboa must regain the love and support of his family, as well as the elusive \"eye of the tiger,\" the hungry need to beat the opponent which former foe Apollo Creed (Carl Weathers) teaches him during this film's de rigueur training sequence. In the end, Balboa faces off against Lang for a second time. \"Eye of the Tiger,\" the theme song Stallone commissioned from the band Survivor, became a huge hit single.", "In Rocky, Creed essentially cleans out his division of serious challengers and magnanimously decides to fight rookie contender, Balboa, for the fan spectacle. In the film and its sequel, Balboa and Creed find themselves basically evenly matched in the ring, ending up friends by the third movie. Creed had multiple nicknames, including most prominently \"The Master of Disaster.\" Others include \"The King of Sting,\" \"The Dancing Destroyer,\" \"The Prince of Punch,\" and \"The Count of Monte Fisto.\" A 2013 poll of former heavyweight champions and boxing writers, including former WBA heavyweight star James \"Bonecrusher\" Smith, ranked Creed as the second-best boxer in the Rocky series. All of Creed's championship fights were scheduled for the 15-round distance. Championship fights did not convert from 15 rounds to 12 rounds until 1982 (WBC), and 1988 (WBA and IBF.)", "Rocky is a 1976 American sports drama film directed by John G. Avildsen and both written by and starring Sylvester Stallone. It tells the rags to riches American Dream story of Rocky Balboa, an uneducated but kind-hearted working class Italian-American boxer working as a debt collector for a loan shark in the slums of Philadelphia. Rocky starts out as a small-time club fighter, and later gets a shot at the world heavyweight championship. The film also stars Talia Shire as Adrian, Burt Young as Adrian's brother Paulie, Burgess Meredith as Rocky's trainer Mickey Goldmill, and Carl Weathers as the champion, Apollo Creed.", "Apollo Creed is a fictional character from the Rocky films, initially portrayed as the undisputed heavyweight champion of the world. He was played by Carl Weathers. He is a tough but agile African-American boxer with a Larry Holmes-like jab, and his name is a reference to the Apostle's Creed. The character was inspired by the real-life champion Muhammad Ali, having what one author remarked as the same \"brash, vocal, theatrical\" personality. Protagonist Rocky Balboa, Creed's rival in Rocky and Rocky II, faces underdog odds (five-to-one in Rocky II) and views Creed with respect, pointedly refusing the prodding of a reporter to 'trash talk' against Creed by laconically remarking, \"He's great.\"", "Set in late 1975, Rocky Balboa is a hard-living but failing prize fighter from an Italian neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Between fights, he works as an enforcer for loan shark Tony Gazzo. The World Heavyweight Champion, Apollo Creed, announces plans to hold a match in Philadelphia during the upcoming United States Bicentennial. However, he is informed five weeks from the fight date that his scheduled opponent, Mac Lee Greene, is unable to compete due to an injured hand. With all other potential replacements booked up or otherwise unavailable, Creed decides to spice things up by giving a local contender a chance to face him. He finds Balboa in the paper, liking his nickname \"The Italian Stallion\" and his fighting style, being Southpaw.", "* Sylvester Stallone as Rocky Balboa, \"The Italian Stallion\": Heavyweight Champion of the World, who continues to defend his title against other fighters. When Lang challenges Rocky and wins, after the surprising death of Mickey, the public cries for a rematch. As Rocky is reluctant, former rival Apollo Creed befriends and trains The Italian Stallion in his preparation to take on Clubber Lang.", "After poor financial management and a brain-damaged career as a boxer after fighting Drago, Rocky suffers bankruptcy, retires, moves back to his South Philadelphia urban-blighted neighborhood, and trains up-and-coming heavyweight boxer Tommy \"Machine\" Gunn (real life boxer Tommy Morrison) in Mickey's old gym; Rocky is ultimately forced into a street brawl/match with his former protege after the arrogant fighter won the heavyweight championship from Union Cane (Micheal Williams) and was manipulatively prodded by Don King-like promoter George Washington Duke (Richard Gant) to challenge true champ Rocky; Mickey reappears in flashbacks as Rocky's spiritual guide.", "With his character's death, Carl Weathers departed the franchise after Rocky IV . In Rocky V , the fifth installment of the series, after Rocky Balboa defeated Ivan Drago, Apollo's trainer Duke congratulated Rocky by showing that he made everyone proud, especially for Apollo by holding up his red, white, and blue trunks. Apollo was thereafter only mentioned briefly in past tenses, including a flashback scene between Mickey and Rocky before Balboa's first fight with Creed where Mickey states, \"Apollo won't know what hit him.\" Rocky's pupil Tommy Gunn also claimed to have been a fan of Rocky since his first fight with Apollo. Tommy was eventually allowed to wear Creed's trunks. There was a poster of Apollo and Rocky during the events of Rocky II in Rocky Jr's bedroom before the Balboas went bankrupt. During Tommy's fight with Union Cane, Rocky commented that it was like his own first fight with Apollo. Later, during Rocky's street fight with Tommy, he began to hallucinate and saw images of Apollo's death at the hands of Drago, believing that he was about to suffer the same fate. However, a vision of Mickey telling him to get up gave Rocky the strength to win the street fight.", "In the five years since winning the world heavyweight title, Rocky has had a string of ten successful title defenses and has seen his fame, wealth and celebrity increase. While unveiling a statue of himself at the steps of the Philadelphia Museum of Art, Rocky is publicly challenged by James \"Clubber\" Lang (Mr. T), a ferocious new boxer rapidly climbing the ranks. Lang accuses Rocky of selective matchmaking by intentionally accepting challenges from lesser opponents. Lang also proceeds to question Rocky's manhood to his wife Adrian (Talia Shire) further enraging him and his challenge is vocally accepted.", "While Rocky features several elements of previous films — Golden Boy (1939), On the Waterfront (1954), Marty (1955), Somebody Up There Likes Me (1956) — it mostly pulls its punches from a real-life. In March 1975, Stallone was in the crowd at Madison Square Garden to witness underdog Chuck Wepner nearly upset an unsuspecting Muhammed Ali, knocking the champ down and lasting until 19 seconds before the final bell.", "The difference physically and emotionally between Stallone circa 1976 and Stallone circa 1982 was brought to the foreground by the third Rocky, which had the unenviable task of trying to turn one of the biggest movie stars on the planet back into an underdog. In short order, the movie kills off Rocky’s beloved trainer Mickey (Burgess Meredith) and introduces a ferocious new challenger, Clubber Lang (Mr. T), who defeats the unprepared champ. Back at square one, Rocky needs to overcome his guilt about Mickey’s death and his fear that he’s never been a true champion in order to secure yet another improbable victory.", "Rocky IV is a 1985 boxing film, the fourth and most financially successful movie of the Rocky franchise. [1] Rocky Balboa (played again by Sylvester Stallone ), plans to retire from boxing after regaining his title from James \"Clubber\" Lang in Rocky III . An unknown amateur boxer from the Soviet Union , Ivan Drago (played by Dolph Lundgren ), however, makes a bid to enter the U.S. boxing ranks. After an exhibition match with Apollo Creed goes horribly and tragically wrong, Rocky must step in and challenge the Russian boxer himself to avenge the passing of his friend.", "Rocky defended his title a total of six times, and the only boxer who managed to last fifteen rounds against him was the light heavyweight legend, Ezzard Charles, in their bout in the June of 1954. But he too was knocked out by Rocky in his next title defense exactly three months later. In the final match of his career in September, 1955, Rocky Marciano faced Archie Moor. Moor knocked down Rocky in the second round itself, and it was only the second time in Rocky’s career that he had been knocked down. But he recovered to knock-out Archie in the ninth round, a fitting end to a legendary career. When Rocky hung up his gloves for good the following year, his win-loss record read 49-0, with no ties and an unbelievable 43 knockouts.", "In September 1952, the “Rock” squared off against Jersey Joe Walcott , the heavyweight champion of the world. In an interview before the fight, Walcott said: “This kid can’t fight. If I don’t whip him, take my name out of the record books.” After a grueling 13 rounds, Marciano delivered a powerful right punch that knocked Jersey Joe out cold. Rocky defended his title as heavyweight champion of the world six times before his retirement in 1956.", "* Sylvester Stallone as Rocky Balboa, \"The Italian Stallion\": Beloved Heavyweight Champion of the World, who agrees to support and train Apollo Creed in his match with Russian boxer, Ivan Drago. After Apollo's death in the ring Rocky agrees to a match versus the Russian, in Russia.", "On January 1, 1976 at the Philadelphia Spectrum , Balboa fights Creed, who didn't take the fight seriously during training. In the first round, Rocky knocks Creed down, the first time he had ever been knocked down in his career and Creed breaks Rocky's nose, also for the first time in his career. Creed soon realizes that while Balboa doesn't have his skill, he has a punch like a concrete block and was determined not to quit even when Mickey tells him to. The fight becomes a long and hard battle for both men. Rocky was almost knocked out in the 14th round, but managed to get up. The 15th round finally began. Rocky managed to pummel Creed until the bell rang. Although Creed wins the fight by a split decision , it is the first time an opponent has lasted the full 15 rounds against him. Both men, battered beyond belief, agree that there would be no rematch. Rocky was fine with this as he only wanted to go the distance with Creed. After the match, Adrian confessed to Rocky that she loved him.", "One of the ring commentators speaks to the camera: \"The electricity is all over the place tonight as Rocky Balboa....could be 'The Caveman against the Cavalier'.\" As Rocky moves toward the ring, Mickey asks him about the name of Paulie's meat-packing plant (Shamrock Meats, Inc.) sewn on the back of his robe, and he responds: \"Paulie gets three grand, I get the robe.\" As Rocky enters the arena, Paulie complains to him about the costly $200 baggy robe. The announcer describes Rocky's dismal chances as he approaches closer to the ring: \"A fifty-to-one underdog living a Cinderella story, but he's captured people's imaginations all over the world...And his record 44 victories - he's had 38 by knock-out, and he's lost 20 bouts.\" Speculation and Las Vegas odds say he hasn't the \"stamina and the skill\" to last more than three rounds.", "The movie features returning co-stars Carl Weathers, Burgess Meredith, Talia Shire and Burt Young. Rocky III also marks the film debuts of Mr. T as James \"Clubber\" Lang, and of professional wrestler Hulk Hogan as the supporting character \"Thunderlips\".", "Upon reviewing the local boxers in Philadelphia, Creed is drawn to a club fighter named Rocky Balboa because Balboa is Italian and has a catchy nickname, \"The Italian Stallion\". Creed also explains his choice by saying: \"Who discovered America? An Italian , right? What better way to celebrate its 200th birthday than to get it on with one of his descendants?\" Creed brushes off the idea of the left-handed Balboa giving him a fight, pledging to knock him out in three rounds. [8] In spite of his trainer's concern when he sees Balboa in a television interview, training by punching sides of beef in a meat-packing plant, Creed puts more effort into giving everyone a good show rather than training for the bout. When the match takes place, Creed dresses up like both George Washington and Uncle Sam in the pre-fight festivities (with his matching trademark \"stars and stripes\" boxing shorts) and is in a jovial mood until Balboa knocks him down in the first round with a single uppercut, the first time Creed has been knocked down in his career. [9] He then endures a gruelling 15-round fight with Balboa, who gets to his feet after Creed takes him down with an uppercut in the 14th round in what appears to be the end of the match. This was the first time anyone had ever taken the champion the full 15 rounds.", "In the third round, Balboa started to block Lang's extremely powerful blows, and even started to taunt him like he did at the end of the second round, prompting Lang's temper to build, and prompting Lang to throw even more punches. However, due to Rocky's blocking techniques, Lang's extremely powerful punches weren’t connecting fully and due to fatigue, weren’t doing as much damage, eventually Lang fatigued severely, being near incapable of landing his blows onto Rocky. Balboa then unleashed punch after punch mainly targeting Lang’s body to gas him even more. Lang would then fall and was unable to get up before the count of 10, therefore suffering his first ever loss and losing his title to Balboa.", "More than just a popular series of Hollywood films or the fictional prizefighter whose life and career they chronicle, Rocky is a late-twentieth-century cultural phenomenon that reframed Philadelphia for local, national, and international audiences. Rocky premiered in 1976. Written by and starring Sylvester Stallone (b. 1946), the film introduced audiences to Rocky Balboa: a down-and-out ⇒ Read More", "Creed treated the fight as more of a show than an actual fight until Rocky knocked him down, the first time Creed was ever knocked down in his career. He went through a grueling 15-rounder with the game Balboa, which he won by split decision. He, at first, declined a rematch.", "This article is about the fictional boxer. For the sixth film in the Rocky series, see Rocky Balboa (film).", "This was built by Sylvester Stallone in his boxer Rocky film, which is about an underdog from Philadelphia, who earned a title fight at heavyweight. Joe Frazier had a cameo in this film.", "Heavyweight Boxing Champion Rocky Marciano1953 - Rocky Marciano TKOs Roland LaStarza in 11 for heavyweight boxing title", "Sylvester Stallone as Rocky Balboa, an enforcer for a loan shark by day and a semi-pro boxer by night. He is given the chance at the heavyweight title", "Rocky Marciano was a heavyweight champion of the world from September 23, 1952, to April 27, 1956.", "Rocky Marciano was born Rocco Francis Marchegiano. He was an American boxer who was a former heavyweight champion of the world from 1952 to 1956 and was also nicknamed “The Brockton Blockbuster” and “The Rock from Brockton”." ]

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[ "Peloton - (from French, literally meaning little ball or platoon and also related to the English word pellet) is the large main group in a road bicycle race. May also be called the field, bunch, or pack. Riders in a group save energy by riding close (drafting or slipstreaming) near and, particularly behind, other riders. The reduction in drag is dramatic; in the middle of a well-developed group it can be as much as 40%.", "; Peloton: (from French, literally meaning little ball or platoon and also related to the English word pellet) is the large main group in a road bicycle race. May also be called the field, bunch, or pack. Riders in a group save energy by riding close (drafting or slipstreaming) near and, particularly behind, other riders. The reduction in drag is dramatic; in the middle of a well-developed group it can be as much as 40%. ", "Many cycling clubs hold organized rides in which bicyclists of all levels participate. The typical organized ride starts with a large group of riders, called the mass, bunch or even peloton. This will thin out over the course of the ride. Many riders choose to ride together in groups of the same skill level to take advantage of drafting.", "Peloton: It's the French word for \"pack\" and it's essentially just that, the biggest pack of riders.", "Or \"the pack,\" this is used to refer to the main group of riders sticking together in an event or race.", "The Tour is a tactical affair. Riders don't simply set off attempting to go as fast as they can at all times. They largely ride together in a main group called the peloton with small groups breaking away off the front in nearly every stage. It is customary for a group of three to six or so riders to break off the peloton early and go out ahead, often just to reward their sponsor with some time on camera, sometimes hoping they can make it stick for the whole day's racing and take a stage win. The breakaways rarely contain overall contenders, and the peloton will happily let them stray around five to 10 minutes down the road, depending on who's among them, before swallowing them up again when they have tired out.", "peloton (PELL|uh|tahn)- A French term, this is the main group of riders, also known as the “pack,” or “bunch” or “main field”", "Or \"the field,\" this is used to refer to the main group of riders sticking together in an event or race.", "A densely packed group of riders, sheltering in each others' draft. In a mass-start race, most of the competitors usually end up in one large peloton for most of the race. The word is French , from a term that means rolled up in a ball...a related word, peloter, means to caress sensually, cuddle.", "Tour de France, the world’s most prestigious and most difficult bicycle race. Of the three foremost races (the others being the Giro d’Italia and the Vuelta a España), the Tour de France attracts the world’s best riders. Staged for three weeks each July—usually in some 20 daylong stages—the Tour typically comprises 20 professional teams of 9 riders each and covers some 3,600 km (2,235 miles), mainly in France, with occasional and brief visits to such countries as Belgium , Italy , Germany , and Spain . Although the race may start outside France—as was the case in 2007, when England hosted the opening stage for the first time—it always heads there quickly; the Tour is France’s premier annual sporting event and has deep cultural roots. It is watched by huge crowds from the roadside and is televised around the world as one of the supreme tests of athletic endurance. Part of the difficulty cyclists face in the Tour is that it is divided among time-trial racing and racing stages covering both flat land and great stretches of mountainous inclines. It is a rare cyclist who can perform well at both time trials and climbing, and those who can usually wear the yellow jersey (maillot jaune) of victory at the end of the race in Paris .", "Peloton refers to the main group of cyclists riding together during a stage. Literally translated as \"little ball\", the term was first used to refer to a small group of soldiers, who, like cyclists, travel in tight formation.", "The Tour de France ( official website ), often nicknamed Le Tour or La Grande Boucle (The Great Loop), is a bicycle stage race ran every year in July.", "The Tour de France is an annual road bicycle race held over 23 days in July. Established in 1903 by newspaper L'Auto, the tour is the most well-known and prestigious of cycling's three \"Grand Tours\"; the others are the Giro d'Italia and the Vuelta a España. The race usually covers approximately 3,500 kilometres (2,200 mi), passing through France and neighbouring countries such as Belgium. The race is broken into day-long segments, called stages. Individual finishing times for each stage are totalled to determine the overall winner at the end of the race. The course changes every year, but has always finished in Paris; since 1975 it has finished along the Champs-Élysées.", "WHAT IT MEANS > This is the large group of riders that forms at the back of the race, usually during the mountain stages. This is where you find the sprinters and the big men, the domestiques who have done their job of shepherding their team leader for the day, the worn out and injured and those who just haven’t got the “legs” that day.", "The Tour de France is a prestigious multistage bike race that takes place in France and sometimes the surrounding countries.", "Let’s start with that swarm. Known as the peloton, it will consist of 198 riders from 22 teams before the inevitable abandonments. Much like an apian equivalent, each member has a defined role within the hierarchy. Each team has a leader, whose task is to finish as high in the overall general classification as possible. It is the job of his team‑mates to help him in this quest by providing shelter from the elements, nullifying attacks from rival riders, helping to pace him up the mountains and keeping his energy levels topped up with light refreshments from the team support car that follows the peloton and whose occupants are in constant, often unwelcome, radio contact with their riders.", "The Tour de France is a large international cycling race that takes place every year over three weeks in July. While the 2,235-mile race may begin outside of France, it always ends in Paris. Cyclists have been racing in the Tour de France since 1903, when Henri Desgrange created the event in an effort to increase circulation of his newspaper, L'Auto. Competitors vie for the yellow jersey, which is awarded to the cyclist who completes the course in the shortest time. A green jersey, a polka-dotted jersey, and a white jersey are also awarded for various cycling feats.", "Yellow, polka dot, green and white. The defining colors of cycling’s greatest race. The one hundred and third riding of Tour de France will begin Saturday, July 2nd in Mont Saint-Michel, France.  The world’s most historic and prestigious bike race will test cycling’s elite as they compete in a 3 week, 2,200 mile race over 21 stages.  While the peloton will don numerous colorful jerseys from twenty-two different teams, there are four colors to watch out for. ", "The number of teams usually varies between 20 and 22, with nine riders in each. All of the stages are timed to the finish; the riders' times are compounded with their previous stage times. The rider with the lowest aggregate time is the leader of the race and gets to don the coveted yellow jersey. While the general classification garners the most attention there are other contests held within the Tour: the points classification for the sprinters, the mountains classification for the climbers, young rider classification for riders under the age of 26, and the team classification for the fastest teams. Gaining a stage win is also a hotly contested competition, fought for by a specialist cycling sprinter on each team.", "Professional racing has been most popular in Western Europe, centered historically on France, Spain, Italy and the Low Countries. Since the mid-1980s the sport has diversified with professional races now held on all continents of the globe. Semi-professional and amateur races are also held in many countries. The sport is governed by the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI). As well as the UCI's annual World Championships for men and women, the biggest event is the Tour de France, a three week race that typically attracts over 500,000 supporters a day.", "The Tour de France is an annual multiple stage bicycle race primarily held in France, while also occasionally making passes through nearby countries. The race was first organized in 1903 to increase paper sales for the magazine L'Auto; it is currently run by the Amaury Sport Organisation. The race has been held annually since its first edition in 1903 except when it was stopped for the two World Wars. As the Tour gained prominence and popularity the race was lengthened and its reach began to extend around the globe. Participation expanded from a primarily French field, as riders from all over the world began to participate in the race each year. The Tour is a UCI World Tour event, which means that the teams that compete in the race are mostly UCI WorldTeams, with the exception of the teams that the organizers invite. ", "In France, the race is also nicknamed «la Grande Boucle», which means the «big loop» as it goes through many French cities. In 2009, 78 TV channels broadcasted the Tour de France in 170 countries.", "The Tour de France started in 1903, and is is the world's biggest cycling race. It is a 22-day, 20-stage road race that is usually run over more than 3,000 km (1,864 mi). It is a circuit of most areas around France and, sometimes, neighbouring countries. The race is broken into stages from one town to another, each of which is an individual race. The time taken to complete each stage becomes a cumulative total to decide the outright winner at the end of the Tour.", "The green jersey is a term used in road bicycle racing and Grand Tour stage races in particular. The green jersey is a distinctive racing jersey worn by the leader in a subsidiary competition. While the overall race leader in the Tour de France will wear the yellow jersey, or \"maillot jaune\", the green jersey will be worn by the leader in the points competition. Since 2009, the Vuelta a España has also used the green jersey to signify the leader of the points competition. In the Giro d'Italia, the green jersey was, from 1974 to 2011, worn by the King of the Mountains, the leader in the competition for climbing specialists.", "A total of 198 riders start the Tour in 22 teams of nine. Each member has to be dressed identically - with team shorts, jerseys, socks, shoes, gloves, and helmets.", "* Road bicycle racing has increased in popularity, fueled by the success of cyclists Greg LeMond and the eight consecutive Tours de France won by American contestants (although all eight were discarded in the wake of doping revelations against the two winners, Lance Armstrong and Floyd Landis). Mountain biking is also widely practiced, especially in the Rocky Mountains.", "The race is determined on points. Riders perform as individuals and as part of a team. Lance Armstrong is one of the legendary winners of the race as he has won it seven times.", "The Tour de France features 22 teams racing over 21 stages for 3,656 kilometres as they chase the yellow jersey", "While it is not possible to talk about every rider who has competed for the yellow jersey, won stages or the race, most of the names below are regularly mentioned in connection with the tour and provide a spectrum of the talent that has made the race the biggest sporting event in the world.", "They were mostly French, with a few Belgians, Swiss, Germans and Italians. A third of them were professionals with sponsorship from bike manufacturers, but all were motivated by the 20,000 francs being offered up in prize money.", "Combine: The Tour has had a competiton that uses an aggregate of General Classification, Mountains and Points competitions to arrive at the winner of the Combine category.", "Famous Racers in The Tour De France Content from the guide to life, the universe and everything" ]

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[ "Magician Penn Jillette and his wife Emily named their children Moxie CrimeFighter and Zolten. The couple liked the name Moxie and the middle name is a joke, since Emily does not have a middle name and thought CrimeFighter would be funny. Zolten is Emily's maiden name.âXFINITY Entertainment Staff (Photo by Ethan Miller/Getty Images)", "Moxie CrimeFighter and Zolten are the children of Penn Jillette, actor/comedian/verbose half of Penn & Teller. Is there a cooler middle name out there than CrimeFighter? And is Zolten not a CrimeFighter? Has Jillette set up a good versus evil scenario with his children by not giving Zolten a Batman-quality middle name as well? So many unanswered questions.", "Not that a name like Apple Martin stands out among celebrity children anymore. The director Peter Farrelly plucked that very name for his daughter before Apple Martin came along. Even that name seems drab compared with Hollywood baby names like Pilot Inspektor, cooked up by Jason Lee, the star of \"My Name Is Earl,\" or Banjo, the inspiration of the \"Six Feet Under\" star Rachel Griffiths, or Moxie CrimeFighter, a name chosen last year by the comedian and magician Penn Jillette for his daughter.", "Magician Penn Jillette's wife doesn't have a middle name, so when choosing their daughter's moniker, they decided to get creative, resulting in the name Moxie Crimefighter.", "When comedian Penn Jillette gave his daughter this cool but cruel middle name, he said “we chose her middle name because when she’s pulled over for speeding she can say, ‘But officer, we’re on the same side. My middle name is CrimeFighter.’” Err, whatever.", "Elvis Aaron Presley (January 8, 1935 – August 16, 1977), often known simply as Elvis and also called \"The King of Rock 'n' Roll\" or simply \"The King\", was an American singer, musician and actor. He remains a pop icon and is regarded by some to be the most important, original entertainer of the last fifty years. ", "The unusual celebrity baby name is not new. Decades ago, Anthony Perkins named his sons Osgood and Elvis, and Marlon Brando named his daughter Cheyenne. And Ms. Paltrow, the daughter of the actress Blythe Danner and the director and producer Bruce Paltrow, is named Gwyneth, after all.", "Mary J. Blige, African-American singer; Kid Rock, American rock singer; Sean Astin, American actor; Johnny Knoxville, American actor; Ewan McGregor, Scottish actor; Shannen Doherty, American actress; Allan Houston, American NBA player; Tony Stewart, American race car driver; Noah Wyle, American actor; Mark Wahlberg, American actor and singer; Bobby Jindal, American Governor of Louisiana; Julian Assange, Australian activist; Marc Andreessen, American software developer; Kristi Yamaguchi, American figure skater; Corey Feldman, American actor; Penny Hardaway, American basketball player; Alison Krauss, American country singer; Tom Green, Canadian entertainer; Jeff Gordon, American race car driver; Pete Sampras, American tennis player; Chris Tucker, American actor and comedian; Amy Poehler, American actress; Lance Armstrong, American cyclist; Luke Wilson, American actor; Tiffany, American singer; Sacha Baron Cohen, English comedian and actor; Dannii Minogue, Australian singer; Snoop Dogg, African-American rapper; Winona Ryder, American actress; David DeLuise, American actor; Christina Applegate, American actress; Corey Haim, Canadian actor (d. 2010);p Ricky Martin, Puerto Rican singer", "As if celebs don't get enough unwanted attention, strange celeb baby names seem like they're here to stay.", "I know that none of these three names are weird or unusual at all, in any way. In fact, they are all extremely normal, common names that I'm sure you all hear practically every day. But Elvis Costello is my favorite musical artist of all time, which is why I love posting about him here at AmIRight. He has twin sons, Dexter and Frank, who are currently eight years old, born in 2006, with his current wife who is none other than the great jazz singer and pianist Diana Krall. He also has a much older son named Matthew from his first marriage to Mary Burgoyne. After his marriage to Mary ended in the mid-1980s and before he married Diana in 2003, Elvis was married to Cait O'Riordan, who had been the bassist for The Pogues, and they were married from 1986 until they split in 2002, but Elvis and Cait did not have any children together.", "Over recent years dozens of celebrities have marked their children out in the playground by giving them a strange name.", "But the image of Martin as a Vegas entertainer in a tuxedo has been an enduring one. \"Ain't That a Kick in the Head?\", a song Martin performed in Ocean's 11, did not become a hit at the time, but has enjoyed a revival in the media and pop culture. For three decades, Martin was among the most popular acts in Las Vegas. Martin sang and was one of the smoothest comics in the business, benefiting from the decade of comedy with Lewis. Martin's daughter, Gail, also sang in Vegas and on his TV show, co-hosting his summer replacement series on NBC. Daughter Deana and son Ricci are singers who continue to perform. Eldest son Craig was a producer on Martin's television show and daughter Claudia was an actress in films such as For Those Who Think Young. Though often thought of as a ladies' man, Martin spent a lot of time with his family; as second wife Jeanne put it, prior to the couple's divorce, \"He was home every night for dinner.\"", "Comedian, actor and director Jerry Lewis was born Joseph Levitch on March 16, 1926, in Newark, New Jersey. His father, Daniel Levitch, who went by the stage name Danny Lewis, was an actor, master of ceremonies and all-around performer. His mother, Rae Lewis, played piano for the New York City radio station WOR and was her husband's musical director. Growing up in a show-business family, Lewis began following in his parents' footsteps as a performer from a very young age. He made his debut at the age of 5, singing \"Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?\" at New York's \"Borscht Belt\" nightclubs in the Catskill Mountains.", "Guns N’ Roses revelled in stage names. Axl Rose is really William Bruce Bailey. Duff McKagan’s real first name is Michael. But Izzy Stradlin? Izzy is a shortener of Jeffrey Dean Isbel’s surname. “Stradlin” is alleged to be about his favorite sexual position. Ahem. Let’s just call him Izzy. Or Jeff.", "Jamie Foxx. REAL NAME: Eric Marlon Bishop. \"Foxx\" was a tribute to legendary comedian Redd Foxx.", "Former Australia's Funniest Home Videos host Toni Pearen has called her daughter, born in August 2012, Ever. Her son, 2, is named Lucky. Ever is also the name of Milla Jovovich's daughter and Alanis Morissette's son.", "Famous People Who Named Their Son Beau - Emma Bunton (singer, former Spice Girl); David Cassidy (1970s teen idol); Joe Biden (U.S. Vice President); Lloyd Bridges (actor); Tanya Tucker (country singer); Tommy Smothers (comic); Wendy Wilson (singer)", "Jason Lee of \"My Name is Earl\" and his former fiancee Beth Riesgraf named their son Pilot Inspektor (pictured here). The couple came up with the name after listening to a song by indie rock band \"Grandaddy.\"âXFINITY Entertainment Staff (Photo by Michael Buckner/Getty Images for IMG)", "Lopez gave birth to a son, Maximilian David and a daughter, Emme Maribel, in Long Island, New York on February 22, 2008. The twins were introduced in the March 11, 2008 issue of People, for which the magazine paid a reported $6 million — the photographs of the twins became the most expensive celebrity picture ever taken at the time. Three years later in July 2011, the couple announced their split, with Anthony filing for divorce in April 2012. Their divorce was finalized on June 16, 2014, with Lopez retaining primary physical custody of the two children. On December 31, 2014, she legally changed her name back to Jennifer Lopez, dropping Anthony's last name (Muñiz). ", "In an attempt to avoid the unprecedented media frenzy surrounding their relationship, Jolie and Pitt traveled to Namibia for the birth of their first biological child. On May 27, 2006, she gave birth to a daughter, Shiloh Nouvel, in Swakopmund. They sold the first pictures of Shiloh through the distributor Getty Images with the aim of benefiting charity, rather than allowing paparazzi to make these valuable photographs. People and Hello! purchased the North American and British rights to the images for $4.1 and $3.5 million respectively, a record in celebrity photojournalism at that time, with all proceeds donated to UNICEF. ", "Dirnt has a daughter, Estelle Desiree, who was born in April 1997 (with first wife Anastasia) and has the nickname \"Hero.\" He won full custody of her in the summer of 2008 and took her to live in Oakland. In 2004, he married his then girlfriend Sarah. The two divorced that same year because he was spending too much time in the studio recording  American Idiot . On March 14, 2009, Dirnt married Brittney Cade. Their wedding was a private ceremony in Brittney's hometown of  Ojai, California . Dirnt has two children with Cade: a son, Brixton Michael, born on October 11, 2008, and a daughter, Ryan Ruby Mae, born on November 29, 2010.", "*Noddy Holder of glam rock band Slade and his wife Suzan Price named their son Django in honour of Reinhardt.", "Rocker Travis Barker and his on-and-off again reality-star wife Shanna Moakler have son Landon Asher and daughter Alabama Luella. âXFINITY Entertainment Staff (Photo by Kevin Winter/Getty Images)", "Louis C.K. was born on September 12, 1967 in Washington, District of Columbia, USA as Louis Szekely. He is a writer and producer, known for Late Night with Conan O'Brien (1993), Louie (2010) and Louis C.K. Oh My God (2013). He was previously married to Alix Bailey .", "A judge awards custody of Bette Lee Kovacs (15) and sister Kippie Raleigh to Edith (Edie) Adams Kovacs. Bette Kovacs, the first wife of the late comedian Ernie Kovacs, had been seeking custody of the two children.", "He was born Jerome Levitch on March 16, 1926, in Newark, New Jersey. His father, Daniel Levitch, who went by the stage name Danny Lewis, was an actor, master of ceremonies and all-around performer. His mother, Rae Lewis, played piano for the New York City radio station WOR and was her husband's musical director. Growing up in a show business family, Lewis began following in his parents' footsteps as a performer from a very young age. He made his debut at the age of five, singing \"Brother, Can You Spare A Dime?\" at New York's \"Borscht Belt\" nightclubs in the Catskill Mountains.", "A Hungarian-American magician and escapologist, stunt performer, actor and film producer, as well as a skeptic and investigator of spiritualists. He became world-renowned for his stunts and feats of escapology even more than for his magical illusions. Date and photographer: Unknown.", "Youngest child of a family from Las Vegas. Curiously, he is also the youngest member of the Killers.", "Born in Massachusetts, Carell now resides in Los Angeles with his wife, actress Nancy Walls (NBC's Saturday Night Live), whom he met while at The Second City improv group in Chicago, where both were members. He is the proud father of a daughter and a son.", " 2006 Wild West Comedy Show: 30 Days & 30 Nights - Hollywood to the Heartland (Documentary) (performer: \"Too Much\", \"Viva Las Vegas\", \"Burning Love\")", "She had two sons, Nico \"Nicky\" Charisse from her first marriage, and Tony Martin, Jr., born 1950, from her second. One of her daughters-in-law is onlyu.co.il , who was megaupload.com magazine's mekusharim.co.il for 1972. A niece of hers by marriage is actress ebay.com .", "He was born in a gypsy caravan during the night of January 23, 1910, near the Belgian town of Liberchies, neighboring Charleroi. His unmarried mother, known to audiences as \"La Belle Laurence,\" was a dancer and acrobat working with a wandering troupe of Gypsy comedians and musicians." ]

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[ "DRIVER – This is the club known as the 1 wood. It is usually the club that hits the ball the farthest. It is also a person that very rich people have to haul them around.", "Woods are the golf clubs that propel the ball the farthest (from 200 to 350 yards, when used properly). At one time, the head of this type of golf club was actually made of wood (e.g. persimmon or hickory), which gave the club its name. Nowadays, however, woods are made of metals, such as steel, titanium, and other alloys. The head of a wood is large and rounded, with a flat bottom to glide over the ground during the course of a shot. The club face is big, and the typical wood has a degree of loft, measured at a right angle to the ground, lower than other clubs. The driver, or 1-wood, is the least lofted and is employed to hit the ball the farthest. Woods with higher numbers are generally known as fairway woods. These are more lofted, and as the name suggests, are designed to hit the ball in the fairway or when on a tee.", "In golf terms, the “longest” woods or irons are the clubs that typically hit the ball the farthest. In both cases, the longer clubs have lower numbers, so a 3-wood, for example, will hit the ball farther than a 7-wood, all other things being equal. The driver is technically a 1-wood, although the numerical designation is almost never used. A driver is used almost exclusively off the tee, except by pros and amateurs who are skilled enough to hit driver in the fairway. The longest fairway wood commonly used by most golfers is the 3-wood.", "A wood is a type of club used in the sport of golf. Woods have longer shafts and larger, rounder heads than other club types, and are used to hit the ball longer distances than other types.", "      The starting place for each hole to be played is the teeing ground. The front is indicated by two markers, and the teeing ground is the rectangular space two club lengths in depth directly behind the line indicated by the markers. The player tees his ball anywhere within this space, usually setting it up on a small wooden or plastic peg (called a tee), and strikes it toward the hole. The stroke from the teeing ground is called the drive. For this the player usually employs a number 1 wood club, or driver, although, to avoid a hazard or to attempt to place his ball in a favourable position for his second shot (for example, on a long hole with a sharp bend, or dogleg), he may prefer one of the other woods or an iron. On short, par-three holes most players use an iron.", "Irons have club heads made of metal and are typically used by golfers when their ball is fewer than 200 yards from the green. Numbered 1 through 9, the irons possess a higher degree of loft than the woods, with the 9-iron having the most. 1-, 2-, and 3-irons are called long irons and have little loft, meaning they can send the golf ball the farthest. The 4-, 5-, and 6-irons are known as the middle irons and are used when the ball is about 150 to 170 yards from the hole. The short irons are the 7-, 8-, and 9-irons and get the ball in the air quickly due to their loft. A normal golf set contains 3- through 9-irons because the 1- and 2-irons are the most difficult to master.", "While 14 clubs is a maximum, it is not a minimum; players are free to use any lesser number of clubs they think will be useful, so substitutions for the common omissions above are not always made; a player may simply choose to play without a 5-wood or 2–4 irons, instead using a 4-wood and moving directly to their 5-iron as desired distance decreases (a 4-wood in a skilled golfer's hands averages 200 yards; a 5-iron in the same player's hands would be about 160, which is a large gap but not unplayable). Other clubs may be omitted as well. On courses where bags must be carried by the player, the player may take only the odd-numbered irons; without the 4, 6 or 8 irons (the 3 is sometimes removed instead of the 4) the bag's weight is considerably reduced. Carrying only a driver, 3-wood, 4-hybrid, 5-7-9 irons, pitching and sand wedges, and a putter reduces the number of clubs in the bag to 9; this is a common load-out for a \"Sunday bag\" taken to the driving range or to an informal game. A skilled player can usually overcome the lesser selection of club lofts by reducing their swing speed on a lower-loft iron and/or placing the ball further forward in their stance to get the same carry distance and/or launch angle as the next higher loft number.", "b. Sports Any of a series of golf clubs used to hit long shots, having a bulbous head made of wood, metal, or graphite, and numbered one to five in order of increasing loft.", "The furthest shooting drivers of all are long-drive-clubs, which may have a 48-inch shaft. This is the maximum legal shaft length in golf. Maximum length shafts are unpopular even in professional golf, due to the shot inconsistency and smaller error margin they provide.", "In golf, a hole in one or hole-in-one (also known as an ace, mostly in American English) is when a ball hit from a tee shot finishes in the cup. This awards the player a score of one for the hole. Holes in one most commonly occur on par 3 holes, the shortest distance holes on a standard size golf course. Longer hitters have also accomplished this feat on longer holes, though nearly all par 4 and par 5 holes are too long for golfers to reach in a single shot. While well known outside of golf and often requiring a well hit shot and significant power, holes in one are considered to also contain an element of luck. As such, they are more common and considered less impressive than other hole accomplishments such as completing a par 5 in two shots (an albatross). As of October 2008, a condor (four under par) hole-in-one on a par 5 hole had been recorded on four occasions, aided by thin air at high altitude, or by cutting the corner on a doglegged or horseshoe-shaped hole.", "Variations on this basic set abound; several club options usually exist for almost any shot depending on the player's skill level and playing style, and the only club universally considered to be indispensable is the putter. Some consider the modern deep-faced driver to be equally irreplaceable; this is cause for some debate, as professional players including Tiger Woods have played and won tournaments without using a driver, instead using a 3-wood for tee shots and making up the difference on the approach using a lower-lofted iron.", "Higher-number woods are generally known as fairway woods and, as their name suggests, are designed for shots from off the turf of the fairway that still require long distance, such as the second shot of a par-5 or a long par-4 hole. They have two important features: a higher loft to lift the ball out of the turf and over low obstacles like hills, and a shallower face height which allows a player to hit a ball from the ground using the exact center of the club, providing greater distance for such shots. These two design features enable players to hit fairway woods off the ground with greater ease than modern deep-faced drivers. Fairway woods are also useful off the tee depending on the hole; players may for instance wish to play their tee shot short (known as \"laying up\") due to a dogleg or a hazard in range of their driver, and will opt instead for their 3-wood. Fairway woods are typically made with a slightly shorter and stiffer shaft, a smaller clubhead and more loft than a driver or 2-wood.", "Describing the golfer whose ball is farthest from the hole. The player who is away should always play first.", "2002 CALLAWAY GOLF CLUBS BIG BERTHA 8 PIECE IRON SET STEEL BIG BERTHA X-12 IRON. And 1 Callaway Big Bertha X-12 IRONS-S. CALLAWAY GOLF CLUBS- 4,5,6,7,8,9,10 One W 50?. ALL 9 GOLF CLUBS ARE IN USED...", "Your irons will be numbered 1 through 9. The long irons are 1, 2, and 3 irons, and they have greater distance yet minimal loft. The middle irons are 4, 5, and 6 irons, and these tend to be used when the ball is 150 to 170 yards (137 to 155 m) from the green. Short irons are the 7, 8, and 9 irons.", "The designation for iron was in the past only for golf clubs where the clubheads were actually made out of iron. Nowadays also golf clubs which are made out of other metal are called iron. Distances between 20 and 180 meters are shot with irons. The numeration of irons has a special meaning: a iron 1 has only few loft, an iron 9 on the other hand side has a lot of loft. Furthermore the irons differentiate also because of different lengths of the shafts, thus the irons 1 and 2 have for instance longer shafts and therefore they are harder to play. Therefore the irons 3 to 9, the sand-wedge and the pitching wedge are are commonly more likely played among most of the golfers. Most of the time irons are used to hit from the fairway, but sometimes also from the tee. Characteristic for irons are their grooves, thus scoring lines at the clubface.", "Wood : Formerly a club with a wooden head, but now a club that has a large head of wood or metal. It's generally used for shots requiring greater distance than irons.", "Golf is a sport in which athletes (or golfers) use many types of clubs to hit balls into a series of holes on a course using the fewest number of strokes. A golf game is played on a golf course, generally consisting of an arranged progression of either 9 or 18 \"holes\".", "Irons are clubs with a solid, all-metal head featuring a flat angled face, and a shorter shaft and more upright lie angle than a wood, for ease of access. Irons are designed for a variety of shots from all over the course, from the tee box on short or dog-legged holes, to the fairway or rough on approach to the green, to tricky situations like punching through or lobbing over trees, getting out of hazards, or hitting from tight lies requiring a compact swing. Most of the irons have a number from 1 to 9 (the numbers in most common use are from 3 to 9), corresponding to their relative loft angle within a matched set. Irons are typically grouped according to their intended distance (which also roughly corresponds to their shaft length and thus their difficulty to hit the ball); in the numbered irons, there are long irons (2–4), medium irons (5–7), and short irons (8–9), with progressively higher loft angles, shorter shafts, and heavier club heads.", ";Hole in one: Hitting the ball from the tee into the hole, using only one stroke.", "The irons from 2 to 4 are typically called the \"long irons\"; they have the lowest lofts and the longest shafts, and are designed to hit the ball long distances (180-260 yards) with a low launch angle. They are typically used from the fairway or rough, but are also useful in trouble spots such as when \"punching out\" from underneath a stand of trees.", "Golf — players use a club to hit balls into a series of holes on a course, using the fewest number of strokes.", "After initially testing this club, I assumed that I would only use it green-side when I got into thick rough or when a bump and run was the best option, but after a more thorough range testing and some on course time, I found I could use it from further away.  I couldn’t believe how easy to hit straight it was from even 100 yards.  It went much higher than expected and landed with dramatic spin keeping the ball very close to its mark on the green.   It had a very solid feel at impact paired with a low stainless click when struck.  I really liked the dark smoke finish on the Niblick.  It kept the bright AZ sun from reflecting in my face.  Although, as much as I loved the dark smoke finish, it did seem to wear rather quickly while playing on the dry desert courses in Phoenix.", "Woodie:  When the ball hits any part of a tree and the golfer still completes the hole with a par.", "The position of the clubface in relation to the target line at the point the golf club strikes the golf ball, thus at impact, is either called open clubface or open face. In the ideal situation the clubface is square, thus in a 90 degree angle, to the target line. But it is more than 90 degrees at the open clubface. Thus, the toe of the golf club is revolved a little backwards, therefore, at impact, the heel of the club arrives earlier at the golf ball as the toe does. This open face often causes a slice or a push, and therefore highly skilled golfers sometimes play with an open clubface on purpose, in order to hit a slice. The opposite of this clubface position is the closed face.", "follows: Nearest the Pin on hole 6 - Dave Williams. Nearest the Pin in 2 shots on 18 Mark Edmundson. The Longest Drive on the 10th hole went to big hitting Dave Haworth. The team competition was hard fought and eventually the team of Joe King / Ed Crossley / Andy Macfarlane / Del Allwood came out on top with a", "The better you are, the more specialized your game becomes. And that specialization for the best players leads to a concentration on the short game. Most top players hit the ball far enough that they rarely use a long iron, hence the ability to bypass 2-irons or 2 hybrids in favor of an additional wedge.", "Hole in one - Getting the ball directly from the tee into the hole with one stroke.", "; Club-face: The surface of the club-head which is designed to strike the golf ball. Striking the ball with the center of the clubface maximizes distance and accuracy.", "   These irons make up the middle of a set, numbered 5, 6, and 7.  These iron usually range in loft from 25� to 38� and are designed for distance and accuracy on your approach shot onto the green. ", "The section of the course from which one hits the first shot on every hole; also a small conical piece of wood or plastic (originally a small earthen mound) on which one places the ball to hit the first shot on each hole.", "Of course, the best possible score anyone can get on a single hole is the self-describing “Hole-in-One” shot, where the ball reaches its goal with one precise shot." ]

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[ "The effect meningitis has on the body can differ depending upon your age, health, and the severity and cause of the meningitis. In infants, rashes, seizures, vomiting and fever are just some of the physical effects of meningitis. The fontanelles may appear bulging or firm due to increased pressure of the fluid around the brain. The nerves of the eyes or face may be affected, causing an eye to turn in or the face to appear lopsided. In young people and adults, you may see a rise in bodily temperature, increased sensitivity to light, confusion, fever, and tightness in the neck muscles; in some cases, pressure on the brain will cause vomiting or swelling. Meningitis, even when treated, can be a life threatening illness.", "Viral Meningitis affect the CNS: Central Nervous System. To be specific, Viral Meningitis actually affects a part of the brain known as the meninges; which are membranes that cover the brain and the spinal cord. This could lead to severe brain damage", "Meningitis is a disease that causes swelling in the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. Membranes are soft, thin layers that protect and connect organs and cells in the body. The life-threatening disease can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or other small organisms. Common symptoms include a stiff neck and severe headache, as well as a sudden high fever and confusion.", "Meningitis (meh-nin-JY-tis) is an inflammation of the membranes that surround the brain and the spinal cord (the meninges, meh-NIN-jeez). Meningitis is most often caused by infection with a virus or a bacterium.", "Meningitis is an infection of the protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord (meninges).", "Meningitis. Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges , the three layers of membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. Meningitis is usually caused by bacteria or viruses, and may produce chronic headaches.", "Meningitis - is the inflammation of the protective membranes covering the central nervous system, known collectively as the meninges. Meningitis may develop in response to a number of causes, most prominently bacteria, viruses and other infectious agents, but also physical injury, cancer, or certain drugs. While some forms of meningitis are mild and resolve on their own, meningitis is a potentially serious condition owing to the proximity of the inflammation to the brain and spinal cord. The potential for serious neurological damage or even death necessitates prompt medical attention and evaluation.", "Meningitis refers to inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord known as the meninges. The inflammation is usually caused by an infection frequently with a bacteria or virus, but meningitis can also be caused by less common pathogens such as fungi. The severity of illness and the treatment for meningitis differ depending on the cause. Thus, it is important to know the specific cause of meningitis.", "Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, the membranes that surround the brain. There are three meninges, including the following:", "Stiff neck and back are common in meningitis. It may become difficult to turn your neck at all. In severe cases, the head, neck, and spine become painfully rigid and arched (opisthotonos). Babies and young children are more likely to experience opisthotonos than older people. A baby with meningitis may produce a high-pitched scream when you try to pick them up. Joint stiffness may continue long after the illness clears up, and arthritis can also be an after effect.", "Meningococcal bacteria can multiply freely in CSF, and there they release poisons, causing inflammation and swelling in the meninges and the brain tissue itself. This increases pressure on your brain, producing symptoms of meningitis such as headache, stiff neck and dislike of bright lights. As the disease progresses, you become drowsy, confused, and delirious, you may have seizures and eventually lose consciousness.", "Meningitis means swelling of the lining around the brain and spinal cord. Septicaemia is blood poisoning caused by the same germs.", "Bacteria can multiply freely in CSF, and there they release poisons, causing inflammation and swelling in the meninges and the brain tissue itself. This increases pressure on the brain, producing symptoms of meningitis such as headache, stiff neck and dislike of bright lights. As the disease progresses, individuals become drowsy, confused, and delirious. They may have seizures and eventually lose consciousness.", "Meningitis: A term in modern usage which is used for inflammation of the membranes on the surface of the brain, involving high fever, severe headache, and stiff muscles in the neck or back.  Can be caused by bacterial, viral or fungal infections  Synonym: brain fever and cerebrospinal fever.", "Meningitis caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis (known as \"meningococcal meningitis\") can be differentiated from meningitis with other causes by a rapidly spreading petechial rash, which may precede other symptoms. The rash consists of numerous small, irregular purple or red spots (\"petechiae\") on the trunk, lower extremities, mucous membranes, conjuctiva, and (occasionally) the palms of the hands or soles of the feet. The rash is typically non-blanching; the redness does not disappear when pressed with a finger or a glass tumbler. Although this rash is not necessarily present in meningococcal meningitis, it is relatively specific for the disease; it does, however, occasionally occur in meningitis due to other bacteria. Other clues on the cause of meningitis may be the skin signs of hand, foot and mouth disease and genital herpes, both of which are associated with various forms of viral meningitis.", "In rare cases, GAS bacteria can cause meningitis if they gain access to the ‘meninges’ - the membranes that surround and protect your brain and spinal cord. The meninges are filled with a liquid called cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which is there to bathe the brain and cushion it against physical damage when you hit your head.", "The most common symptoms of meningitis are headache and neck stiffness associated with fever, confusion or altered consciousness, vomiting, and an inability to tolerate light (photophobia) or loud noises (phonophobia). Children often exhibit only non-specific symptoms, such as irritability and drowsiness. If a rash is present, it may indicate a particular cause of meningitis; for instance, meningitis caused by meningococcal bacteria may be accompanied by a characteristic rash.", "Headache can be an early warning sign of meningitis. Residual headaches may be a problem for some time. Inflammation of the brain can cause a wide range of problems, including cognitive issues and seizures. Trouble with memory and concentration may last well after the illness has passed. Children may be left with lingering learning difficulties.", "The large-scale inflammation that occurs in the subarachnoid space during meningitis is not a direct result of bacterial infection but can rather largely be attributed to the response of the immune system to the entry of bacteria into the central nervous system. When components of the bacterial cell membrane are identified by the immune cells of the brain (astrocytes and microglia), they respond by releasing large amounts of cytokines, hormone-like mediators that recruit other immune cells and stimulate other tissues to participate in an immune response. The blood–brain barrier becomes more permeable, leading to \"vasogenic\" cerebral edema (swelling of the brain due to fluid leakage from blood vessels). Large numbers of white blood cells enter the CSF, causing inflammation of the meninges and leading to \"interstitial\" edema (swelling due to fluid between the cells). In addition, the walls of the blood vessels themselves become inflamed (cerebral vasculitis), which leads to decreased blood flow and a third type of edema, \"cytotoxic\" edema. The three forms of cerebral edema all lead to increased intracranial pressure; together with the lowered blood pressure often encountered in acute infection, this means that it is harder for blood to enter the brain, consequently brain cells are deprived of oxygen and undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death).", "Complications from bacterial meningitis can occur rapidly and be severe, even with quick diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Complications include sepsis * , brain swelling, seizures, shock * , organ failure (such as of the kidneys * ), and death. Up to 15 percent of cases of meningitis caused by meningococcus are fatal. Long-term effects are seen in about 10 percent of those who survive bacterial meningitis and can include hearing loss, seizure disorder, learning disabilities, and other problems resulting from brain injury. Meningitis caused by the bacteria that cause tuberculosis is particularly likely to damage the nervous system.", "If you feel like you've got the flu with unusual stiffness in your neck, it could be meningitis.", "In adults, the most common symptom of meningitis is a severe headache, occurring in almost 90% of cases of bacterial meningitis, followed by nuchal rigidity (the inability to flex the neck forward passively due to increased neck muscle tone and stiffness). The classic triad of diagnostic signs consists of nuchal rigidity, sudden high fever, and altered mental status; however, all three features are present in only 44–46% of bacterial meningitis cases. If none of the three signs are present, acute meningitis is extremely unlikely. Other signs commonly associated with meningitis include photophobia (intolerance to bright light) and phonophobia (intolerance to loud noises). Small children often do not exhibit the aforementioned symptoms, and may only be irritable and look unwell. The fontanelle (the soft spot on the top of a baby's head) can bulge in infants aged up to 6 months. Other features that distinguish meningitis from less severe illnesses in young children are leg pain, cold extremities, and an abnormal skin color. ", "Inflammation of the membranes of the spinal cord or brain, usually but not always caused by an infectious illness. Bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency that must be treated and diagnosed quickly to obtain the best outcome. It is fatal in 10% to 40% of cases, even with optimal therapy, and may result in persistent neurological injury in about 10% of patients who survive the initial infection. In the U.S., bacterial meningitis formerly affected infants and children more than adults; the demographics of the disease changed in the 1990s after vaccines against Haemophilus influenzae were introduced into pediatric care. Infectious meningitis now is largely a disease of adults and usually is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae or Neisseria meningitidis, although other microbes may be responsible. Intravenous steroids (such as dexamethasone) given at the beginning of therapy decreases the risk of death and disability. illustration; meningitic (men-en-jit'ik), adjective", "Nervous system abnormalities can include numbness, pain, Bell's palsy (paralysis of the facial muscles, usually on one side), and meningitis (fever, stiff neck, and severe headache).", "Meningitis gets attention because it not only makes a person feel sick, it can have lasting effects on a person's ability to think and learn. It also can cause hearing loss. But many people recover from the infection without permanent damage. And the illness is so rare, you may never know anyone who gets it.", "Poor coordination, dizziness, and clumsiness may remain for some time after a bout with meningitis. Children may have emotional problems following the illness, including clinginess, moodiness, and sleep disturbances.", "Meningococcal disease is a serious and potentially life-threatening infection caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis Common symptoms of meningococcal disease include high fever, neck stiffness, confusion, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and/or petechial or purpuric rash. Without appropriate and urgent treatment, the infection can progress rapidly and result in death.", "Some forms of meningitis are preventable by immunization with the meningococcal, mumps, pneumococcal, and Hib vaccines. Giving antibiotics to people with significant exposure to certain types of meningitis may also be useful. The first treatment in acute meningitis consists of promptly giving antibiotics and sometimes antiviral drugs. Corticosteroids can also be used to prevent complications from excessive inflammation. Meningitis can lead to serious long-term consequences such as deafness, epilepsy, hydrocephalus, or cognitive deficits, especially if not treated quickly.", "The following are the most common symptoms of meningitis. However, each individual may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include:", "Other treatments for meningitis involve decreasing inflammation (with steroid preparations) and paying careful attention to the balance of fluids, glucose, sodium, potassium, oxygen, and carbon dioxide in the patient's system. Patients who develop seizures will require medications to halt the seizures and prevent their return.", "Anyone can develop just about any kind of meningitis. But research has shown that some age groups have higher rates of meningitis than others. They are:", "Most people with bacterial meningitis who are treated quickly will also make a full recovery, although some are left with serious, long-term problems. These can include:" ]

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[ "1925: The \"Scopes monkey trial\" ended in Dayton, Tennessee when John Scopes was found guilty and fined $100.00 for teaching Darwin's theory of evolution in violation of a Tennessee statute enacted earlier in the year. Scopes' conviction was later overturned (listen to our Sermon Darwin's Theory of Evolution ).", "Twenty-four-year-old John Scopes was arrested and put on trial in 1925 for violating Tennessee state law by teaching Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution as part of his public high school curriculum. The “monkey trial,” as it became known, garnered national attention and publicized scientific evidence for evolution, but resulted in a guilty verdict for Scopes, who was fined $100. It was not until 1968 that the Supreme Court asserted that any law banning the teaching of evolution in public schools was unconstitutional.", "After eight days of trial, it took the jury only nine minutes to deliberate. Scopes was found guilty on July 21 and ordered to pay a US$100 fine (approximately $1,250 in 2010 when adjusted from 1925 for inflation).[29] Raulston imposed the fine before Scopes was given an opportunity to say anything about why the court should not impose punishment upon him and after Neal brought the error to the judge's attention the defendant spoke for the first and only time in court:", "*1925 – Scopes Trial: In Dayton, Tennessee, high school biology teacher John T. Scopes is found guilty of teaching evolution in class and fined $100.", "The case ended on July 21, 1925, with a guilty verdict, and Scopes was fined 100 dollars. The case was appealed to the Tennessee Supreme Court. In a 3-1 decision written by Chief Justice Grafton Green the Butler Act was held to be constitutional, but the court overturned Scopes's conviction on a technicality: the judge had set the fine instead of the jury. The Butler Act remained until May 18, 1967, when it was repealed by the Tennessee legislature.", "July 21, 1925 – The final day of the trial opens with Judge Raulston's ruling that Bryan cannot return to the stand and that his testimony should be expunged from the record. Raulston declares that Bryan's testimony \"can shed no light upon any issues that will be pending before the higher courts.\" Darrow then asks the court to bring in the jury and find Scopes guilty — a move that would allow a higher court to consider an appeal. The jury returns its guilty verdict after nine minutes of deliberation. Scopes is fined $100, which both Bryan and the ACLU offer to pay for him.", "The court found Scopes guilty and fined him $100. Defense attorney Clarence Darrow congratulated those on his own side, then compared the trial to a witchcraft trial. After the trial, Science News-Letter (forerunner of today’s Science News), began a scholarship fund to send Scopes to graduate school. Scopes decided to study geology at the University of Chicago and later worked in the oil industry in Venezuela and the United States .", "* July 21 – Scopes Trial: In Dayton, Tennessee, high school biology teacher John T. Scopes was found guilty of teaching evolution in class and fined $100.", "The trial ended in a conviction. The judge imposed a fine of $100 and John Scopes spoke for the first time. \"Your honor,\" he said, \"I feel that I have been convicted of violating an unjust statute. I will continue in the future, as I have in the past, to oppose this law in any way I can.\"", "Within two months, a Dayton, Tennessee high school science teacher, John T. Scopes was indicted, and later convicted, in the famous �Monkey Trial� for teaching his students the theory of evolution; that man descended from a lower order of animals ... or monkeys. Scopes was fined $100. Defense Attorney Clarence Darrow stated that this was �the first case of its kind since we stopped trying people for witchcraft.�", "Scopes was found guilty and fined $100 (), but the verdict was overturned on a technicality. The trial served its purpose of drawing intense national publicity, as national reporters flocked to Dayton to cover the big-name lawyers who had agreed to represent each side. William Jennings Bryan, three-time presidential candidate, argued for the prosecution, while Clarence Darrow, the famed defense attorney, spoke for Scopes. The trial publicized the Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy, which set Modernists, who said evolution was not inconsistent with religion, against Fundamentalists, who said the word of God as revealed in the Bible took priority over all human knowledge. The case was thus seen as both a theological contest and a trial on whether modern science should be taught in schools.", "The Scopes Trial—formally known as The State of Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes and informally known as the Scopes Monkey Trial—was a landmark American legal case in 1925 in which high school science teacher, John Scopes, was accused of violating Tennessee's Butler Act which made it unlawful to teach evolution.", "The Scopes Trial, formally known as The State of Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes and commonly referred to as the Scopes Monkey Trial, was an American legal case in 1925 in which a substitute high school teacher, John Scopes, was accused of violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which had made it unlawful to teach human evolution in any state-funded school. The trial was deliberately staged to attract publicity to the small town of Dayton, Tennessee, where it was held. Scopes was unsure whether he had ever actually taught evolution, but he purposely incriminated himself so that the case could have a defendant.", "John Scopes is best known as the Tennessee educator found guilty of breaking the law for teaching evolution in his class room.", "Here, from July 10 to 21, 1925 JohnThomas Scopes, a County High School teacher, was tried for teaching that a man descended from a lower order of animals in violation of a lately passed state law. William Jennings Bryan assisted the prosecution; Clarence Darrow, Arthur Garfield Hays, and Dudley Field Malone the defense. Scopes was convicted.", "Scopes urged students to testify against him and coached them in their answers. He was indicted on May 25, after three students testified against him at the grand jury; one student afterwards told reporters, \"I believe in part of evolution, but I don't believe in the monkey business.\" Judge John T. Raulston accelerated the convening of the grand jury and \"... all but instructed the grand jury to indict Scopes, despite the meager evidence against him and the widely reported stories questioning whether the willing defendant had ever taught evolution in the classroom\". Scopes was charged with having taught from the chapter on evolution to an April 24, 1925, high-school class in violation of the Butler Act and nominally arrested, though he was never actually detained. Paul Patterson, owner of The Baltimore Sun, put up $500 in bail for Scopes. ", "1925 � School teacher John Scopes is found guilty of teaching evolution in a Tennessee public school", "In Dayton, Tennessee, the so-called \"Monkey Trial\" begins with John Thomas Scopes, a young high school science teacher, accused of teaching evolution in violation of a Tennessee state law. The law, which had been passed in March, made it a misdemeanor punishable by fine to \"teach any theory that... read more � http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/monkey-trial-begins?et_cid=77631367&et_rid=791801616&linkid=http%3a%2f%2fwww.history.com%2fthis-day-in-history%2fmonkey-trial-begins", "* 1925 – Scopes Trial: In Dayton, Tennessee, the so-called \"Monkey Trial\" begins of John T. Scopes, a young high school science teacher accused of teaching evolution in violation of the Butler Act.", "The court case of \"the State of Tennessee vs. John Thomas Scopes,\" or better known as \"the monkey trial,\" may have lasted just over two weeks, but the outcome of the trial would show its effects far into the late twentieth century.", "In 1925, the famous Scopes Trial was held in Dayton and, for a period of time, filled the town with hucksters of every description and journalists from around the world. The participants included William Jennings Bryan in the role of prosecutor and Clarence Darrow as the principal defense counsel. The trial was over the issue of whether evolution should be taught in public schools. John T. Scopes, the defendant in the trial, was a local science teacher who was recruited by George Rappleyea to begin to teach evolution in his science class, despite it being against Tennessee law at that time. Rappleyea believed that this conflict would create an enormous amount of publicity for the town, and he was absolutely right. The town bustled with activity as people began to flock from near and far to hear the verdict on this controversial issue.", "Eighty years ago, in July 1925, the mixture of religion, science and the public schools caught fire in Dayton, Tenn. The Scopes trial — or \"Monkey Trial,\" as it was called — dominated headlines across the country. The trial lasted just a week, but the questions it raised are as divisive now as they were back then. NPR looks back at the Scopes trial, the events that led up to it and its aftermath:", "Scopes was found guilty, but the verdict was overturned on a technicality and he went free. The trial drew intense national publicity, as national reporters flocked to the small town of Dayton, Tennessee , to cover the big-name lawyers representing each side. William Jennings Bryan , three-time presidential candidate for the Democrats , argued for the prosecution, while Clarence Darrow , the famed defense attorney, spoke for Scopes. The trial set modernists , who said evolution was consistent with religion, against fundamentalists who said the word of God as revealed in the Bible took priority over all human knowledge. The trial was thus both a theological contest , and a trial on the veracity of modern science regarding the creation-evolution controversy . The teaching of evolution expanded, as fundamentalist efforts to use state laws to reverse the trend had failed in the court of public opinion . [2]", "John Thomas Scopes (August 3, 1900 – October 21, 1970), a teacher in Dayton, Tennessee at the age of 24, was charged on May 25, 1925 with violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which prohibited the teaching of evolution in Tennessee schools.", "In response, the American Civil Liberties Union financed a test case in which John Scopes, a Tennessee high school science teacher, agreed to be tried for violating the Act. Scopes, who had substituted for the regular biology teacher, was charged on May 5, 1925, with teaching evolution from a chapter in George William Hunter's textbook, Civic Biology: Presented in Problems (1914), which described the theory of evolution, race, and eugenics. The two sides brought in the biggest legal names in the nation, William Jennings Bryan for the prosecution and Clarence Darrow for the defense, and the trial was followed on radio transmissions throughout America. ", "   The trial began in Drayton on the 11th of July, 1925 , In the small town of Dayton, Tennessee. A group of teachers decided to test a law called the Butler Law. The Butler law made it illegal to teach the theory of evolution and instead mandated the biblical interpretation of creationism. The teachers felt that academic freedom and integrity as well as separation of church and state was at stake. Twenty four year old science teacher and football coach John T. Scopes would teach the class. Knowing he would be arrested Scopes taught the class and set into motion one of the most important trials in American history.", "The title might also have been inspired by the male attorney Sue K. Hicks of Madisonville, Tennessee, a friend of John Scopes who agreed to be a prosecutor in what was to become known as the \"Scopes Monkey Trial\". Hicks was named after his mother who died after giving birth to him.[5]", "The trial was covered by famous journalists from the South and around the world, including H. L. Mencken for The Baltimore Sun, which was also paying part of the defense's expenses. It was Mencken who provided the trial with its most colorful labels such as the \"Monkey Trial\" of \"the infidel Scopes\". It was also the first United States trial to be broadcast on national radio. ", "The trial was covered by famous journalists from the South and around the world, including H. L. Mencken for The Baltimore Sun, which was also paying part of the defense's expenses. It was Mencken who provided the trial with its most colorful labels such as the \"Monkey trial\" of \"the infidel Scopes\". It was also the first United States trial to be broadcast on national radio.", "May 25, 1925 – Scopes is indicted by a grand jury for violating Tennessee's anti-evolution law.", "Thomas Scopes, a County High School teacher, was tried for teaching that a man descended from a lower order of animals in violation of a lately passed state law. William Jennings Bryan assisted the prosecution; Clarence Darrow, Arthur Garfield Hays, and Dudley Field Malone the defense. Scopes was convicted.", "The verdict was overturned in January 1927. Scopes died from a terminal stroke at the age of 70 on October 21, 1970. He is buried in Oak Grove Cemetery in Paducah, Kentucky." ]

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[ "Yogi Bear (voiced by Daws Butler impersonating Art Carney) and Boo-Boo Bear (voiced by Don Messick) reside in Jellystone Park and would often try to steal picnic baskets while evading Ranger Smith (voiced by Don Messick). Yogi also has a relationship with his girlfriend Cindy Bear (voiced by Julie Bennett).", "The plot of most of Yogi's cartoons centered on his antics in the fictional Jellystone Park, a variant of the real Yellowstone National Park . Yogi, accompanied by his constant companion Boo-Boo Bear , would often try to steal picnic baskets from campers in the park, much to the displeasure of Park Ranger Smith . Yogi's girlfriend, Cindy Bear , sometimes appeared and usually disapproved of Yogi's antics.", "The plot of most of Yogi's cartoons centered on his antics in the fictional Jellystone Park, a variant of the real Yellowstone National Park. Yogi, accompanied by his constant companion Boo-Boo Bear, would often try to steal picnic baskets from campers in the park, much to the displeasure of Park Ranger Smith. Yogi's girlfriend, Cindy Bear, sometimes appeared and usually disapproved of Yogi's antics.", "Cast: Dan Aykroyd, Justin Timberlake, Anna Faris, Tom Cavanagh, T.J. Miller, Nathan Corddry, Andrew Daly, Josh Robert Thompson, David Stott Director: Eric Brevig Summary: When the greedy mayor (Andrew Daly) decides to close Jellystone Park to cash in by selling the land, Yogi Bear (voiced by Dan Aykroyd) and his sidekick Boo-Boo (voiced by Justin Timberlake) must team with their adversary, Ranger Smith (Tom Cavanagh), to save their home. Meanwhile, filmmaker Rachel (Anna Faris) follows Yogi and captures his antics. My Thoughts: \"Dan Aykroyd and Justin Timberlake deserve props for the voices. They did a great job. But the film itself was a little on the boring side bringing very few laughs. My niece's and nephew completely disagree with me, as they should considering they are the audience for which this film was intended to be made for. But us grown ups who loved this cartoon as a child will in the end, prefer the cartoon over the film.\"", "[reviewed by Sylvain Richard] Jellystone�s most notorious resident, pic-a-nic basket-stealing talking-bear Yogi (Dan Akroyd) along with his sidekick Boo Boo (Justin Timberlake) come to the big screen in Real-D-3D live action adventure that is combined with CGI. You have to be quick-witted and ingenious if you reside in Jellystone Park and your daily diet consists of all the delicious treats found in a pic-a-nic basket. This is so with Yogi Bear especially if you must also be one step ahead of Ranger Smith (Tom Cavanagh). Rachel Johnson (Anna Faris) arrives to film a nature documentary on the famous i.e. notorious bear. Meanwhile Mayor Brown (Andrew Daly) decides to close down and sell Jellystone in order to pay off the city�s debt. Now Yow and the Ranger must join forces in order to save the Park. The animation is without depth and the focus is more on gags than on character development. Roger Kumble�s �Furry Vengeance� handles the theme of environment versus profit in a more powerful and entertaining way.", "Description : A documentary filmmaker travels to Jellystone Park to shoot a project and soon crosses paths with Yogi Bear, his sidekick Boo-Boo, and Ranger Smith.", "Both Yogi Bear and Boo-Boo appeared as members of Mandy's Nazi group in her neighborhood. Yogi Bear held Hector Con Carne and Stomach in his body alluding to Boskov.", "All signs point to Jellystone Park! What kind of pic-a-nic mischief will Yogi and Boo Boo get into next? By Nina Aub?. 3 1/2\" H.", "* Pixie and Dixie and Mr. Jinks appeared in The Yogi Bear Show episode \"Yogi's Birthday Party.\"", "The Yogi Bear Show is an animated television series produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions about a fast-talking picnic basket stealing bear named Yogi. The show debuted in syndication on January 30, 1961 and ran for 33 episodes until January 6, 1962 and included two segments, Snagglepuss and Yakky Doodle . The show had a two year production run.", "Like many Hanna-Barbera characters, Yogi's personality and mannerisms were based on a popular celebrity of the time. Art Carney 's Ed Norton character on The Honeymooners was said to be Yogi's inspiration; [5] [6] his voice mannerisms broadly mimic Carney as Norton. [7] Norton, in turn, received influence from the Borscht Belt and comedians of vaudeville . [6]", "Besides often speaking in rhyme , Yogi Bear had a number of catchphrases , including his pet name for picnic baskets (\"pic-a-nic baskets\") and his favorite self-promotion (\"I'm smarter than the av-er-age bear!\"), [10] although he often overestimates his own cleverness. Another characteristic of Yogi was his deep and silly voice. He often greets the ranger with a cordial, \"Hello, Mr. Ranger, sir!\" and \"Hey there, Boo Boo!\" as his preferred greeting to his sidekick , Boo Boo. Yogi would also often use puns in his speech, and had a habit of pronouncing large words with a long vocal flourish.", "This was the self-promoting saying of Yogi Bear, a cartoon character in two American television series, beginning in 1958. Yogi thought he was quite clever at devising ways to steal campers’ picnic baskets at Jellystone National Park — a takeoff on Yellowstone Park. Delivered in an affected manner borrowed from a human character in another TV show, “I’m smarter than your average bear” became a catchphrase in the popular culture.", "Besides often speaking in rhyme, Yogi Bear had a number of catchphrases, including his pet name for picnic baskets (\"pic-a-nic baskets\") and his favorite self-promotion (\"I'm smarter than the av-er-age bear!\"), although he often overestimates his own cleverness. Another characteristic of Yogi was his deep and silly voice. He often greets the ranger with a cordial, \"Hello, Mr. Ranger, sir!\" and \"Hey there, Boo Boo!\" as his preferred greeting to his sidekick, Boo Boo. Yogi would also often use puns in his speech, and had a habit of pronouncing large words with a long vocal flourish.", "Yogi Bear had several of his own unsuccessful spin-offs which bore more than a passing resemblence to Wacky Races. Yogi's Space Race was a flop, which featured the same format as Wacky Races, except it was held in space, even featuring a villian with an uncanny likeness to you-know-who. However, the audience was not fooled: they knew a cheap imitation when they saw it. The other Yogi spin-off, Yogi's Treasure Trail actually featured Dick Dastardly in it, and had an equally pitiful reception.", "Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta (born March 28 , 1986 ), known by her stage name Lady Gaga, is an American singer-songwriter, record producer, dancer, activist, businesswoman, fashion designer, actress and philanthropist who along with Elton John contributed the song \" Hello, Hello \" in the 2011 Touchstone Pictures film Gnomeo & Juliet . She also appeared in the 2012 Disney animated short Electric Holiday . She has recently recorded a holiday special with the Muppets , which was aired in 2013 , and made a cameo appearance in Muppets Most Wanted with Tony Bennett . She took Kermit the Frog as her date to the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards. In an interview with Perez Hilton, Miss Piggy dismissed the concept of them dating, saying that \"No, no I don’t talk about lies. I talk about truth.\" She also made headlines wearing a top made entirely of plush Kermit the Frogs by Jean Charles de Castelbajac on German television. She wore the outfit as a statement against wearing fur as it \"looked like a bunch of dead Muppets\". Jason Segel had written a cameo for her in The Muppets , but she does not appear in the finished movie. She also made a cameo in the Phineas and Ferb episode, \" Great Balls of Water \".", "Animation historian Christopher P. Lehman considers the original concept of the Yogi Bear series to contain political symbolism relative to its era of production. During the late 1950s and early 1960s, racial segregation in the United States was still legally enforced, people were confined to living in their designated social \"place\", and attempts to venture outside it came with serious consequences. Yogi also has a designated social place, restricted to spending his life in Jellystone Park, under an overseer in the form of a White park ranger. ", "* Yogi Bear and the Three Stooges Meet the Mad, Mad, Mad Dr. No-No, a 1966 comedy album", "In 1993 after traveling to Lucknow, India in 1990 and meeting guru Sri Hariwansh Lal Poonja (1910-97) AKA Papaji, who gives her the name Gangaji, Tex.-born Merle Antoinette \"Toni\" Roberson (1942-) sets up the Gangaji Foundation in Ashland, Ore., and becomes a popular New Age teacher, going on to pub. Just Like You: An Autobiography (2003), The Diamond in Your Pocket: Discovering Your True Radiance (2007), and Hidden Treasure: Uncovering the Truth in Your Life Story (2011). Her husband Eli Jaxon-Bear (Elliot J. Zeldow) (1947-) founds the Leela Foundation , later getting caught cheating on her.", "Today, she divides her time between her homes in New Mexico and California. In 1991, she was listed as one of the 50 Most Beautiful People in the World.  In 2002, she and Ryan O'Neal made a special appearance at the Academy Awards to present the Humanitarian Award.  She has been a outspoken advocate for animal rights and made a Public Service Announcement for PETA in 2006.  Also in 2006, she made her Broadway debut in Festen, which she found terrifying and exhilarating at the same time. Unfortunately, the play closed after only one month but she was happy to have had the experience. She is still close friends with Steve's first wife Neile and attended Chad's wedding in 1987. View Pictures of Chad's wedding here .  She has remained life-long friends with Robert Evans and accompanied him when he received his star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.  She also donates her time to preserving the heritage and historical sites of her adopted state of New Mexico.", "From the time of the character's debut until 1988, Yogi was voiced by voice actor Daws Butler . Butler died in 1988; his last performance as Yogi was in the television film Yogi and the Invasion of the Space Bears .", "From the time of the character's debut until 1988, Yogi was voiced by voice actor Daws Butler. Butler died in 1988; his last performance as Yogi was in the television film Yogi and the Invasion of the Space Bears.", "Yosemite National Park is a United States National Park spanning eastern portions of Tuolumne, Mariposa and Madera counties in the central eastern portion of the U.S. state of California. The park, which is managed by the National Park Service, covers an area of 747,956 acres (3,026.87 km2) and reaches across the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada mountain chain. Over 3.7 million people visit Yosemite each year: most spend their time in the seven square miles (18 km2) of Yosemite Valley. Designated a World Heritage Site in 1984, Yosemite is internationally recognized for its spectacular granite cliffs, waterfalls, clear streams, giant sequoia groves, and biological diversity. Almost 95% of the park is designated wilderness. Yosemite was central to the development of the national park idea. First, Galen Clark and others lobbied to protect Yosemite Valley from development, ultimately leading to President Abraham Lincoln’s signing the Yosemite Grant in 1864. Later, John Muir led a successful movement to establish a larger national park encompassing not just the valley, but surrounding mountains and forests as well—paving the way for the United States national park system.", "Cathy Silvers (born May 27, 1961) is an American actress and author, and the daughter of legendary actor/comedian Phil Silvers. She is best known for her role as boy-crazy teenager Jenny Piccolo in later seasons of the TV sitcom Happy Days. Cathy is the author of Happy Days Healthy Living, Random House and owner of Healthy Living Organic Food business.", "In 2005, when asked during a television interview for her film Basic Instinct 2 about \"life imitating art\" (referring to her character's bisexuality), Stone said, \"Why not? Middle age is an open-minded period\". In 2011, Stone stated on Piers Morgan Tonight that she was never married to George Howe Englund, Jr., despite rumors to the contrary, particularly on the Internet. She currently lives in West Hollywood, California and owns a ranch in New Zealand. Stone is a convert to Tibetan Buddhism. She believes in God and describes herself as religious. ", "Yosemite National Park, scenic mountain region in east-central California , U.S. It is situated about 140 miles (225 km) east of the city of San Francisco and some 100 miles (160 km) southeast of Sacramento . Devils Postpile National Monument lies about 15 miles (25 km) to the east, and Kings Canyon National Park is about 40 miles (65 km) to the southeast. The park, surrounded on all sides by national forest lands, encompasses 1,189 square miles (3,080 square km). It was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1984. Park headquarters are located at Yosemite Village in Yosemite Valley, in the west-central part of the park.", "The body of extreme-sports legend Dean Potter was found in Yosemite National Park during a helicopter search May 17, park spokesman Scott Gediman said. Friends had reported Potter and another athlete, Graham Hunt, missing, and it is believed that the pair BASE jumped from Taft Point, a scenic overhang in the park. Potter was 43, and Hunt was 29.", "On Jan. 8, 2010, YouTube user Hungrybear9562, whose real name is Paul Vasquez, uploaded a candid video of a spectacular site just outside his front yard near Yosemite National Park in California. The vision captured was of a rare double rainbow, and it caused a spectacular reaction of exuberance and amazement from Vasquez that was also caught on tape.", "Cruz had a three-year relationship with Tom Cruise after they appeared together in Vanilla Sky. It ended in January 2004. In April 2003, she filed a lawsuit against the Australian magazine New Idea for defamation over an article about her relationship with Cruise. ", "Jorgeson first visited Yosemite for bouldering on his 16th birthday. He's made a tradition of returning to the valley for his birthday every year since. \"The granite here has defined my style and what I like to seek out,\" Jorgeson said. \"It's been hugely influential in leading up to what I'm doing right now on the Dawn Wall.\"", "In the early 1990s, Stone became a member of the Church of Scientology . Stone remained with the religion until recently when she converted to Buddhism , after fellow actor Richard Gere introduced her to the Dalai Lama . [26] She is an ordained minister with the Universal Life Church . [27]", "In 2007, Portman traveled to Rwanda with Jack Hanna, to film the documentary, Gorillas on the Brink. Later, at a naming ceremony, Portman named a baby gorilla Gukina, which means \"to play.\" Portman has been an advocate of environmental causes since childhood, when she joined an environmental song and dance troupe known as World Patrol Kids. She is also a member of the One Voice movement. " ]

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[ "Walter Leland Cronkite, Jr. (Nov 4, 1916 â July 17, 2009) American broadcast journalist, best known as anchorman for the CBS Evening News for 19 years (1962â81). During the heyday of CBS News in the 1960s and 1970s, he was often cited as \"the most trusted man in America\" after being so named in an opinion poll. He reported many events from 1937 to 1981, including bombings in World War II; the Nuremberg trials; combat in the Vietnam War;[8] Watergate; the Iran Hostage Crisis ; and the murders of President John F. Kennedy , civil rights pioneer Martin Luther King , Jr., and Beatles musician John Lennon. He was also known for his extensive coverage of the U.S. space program, from Project Mercury to the Moon landings to the Space Shuttle . He was the only non-NASA recipient of a Moon-rock award. Cronkite is well known for his departing catchphrase \"And that's the way it is,\" followed by the date on which the appearance aired.", "Walter Leland Cronkite, Jr. (November 4, 1916 – July 17, 2009) [2] [3] [4] was an American broadcast journalist , best known as anchorman for the CBS Evening News for 19 years (1962–81). During the heyday of CBS News in the 1960s and 1970s, he was often cited as \"the most trusted man in America\" after being so named in an opinion poll . [5] [6] [7] Although he reported many events from 1937 to 1981, including bombing in World War II , the Nuremberg trials , combat in the Vietnam War , [8] Watergate , the Iran Hostage Crisis , and the murders of President John F. Kennedy , civil rights pioneer Martin Luther King, Jr. , and The Beatles musician John Lennon , he was known for extensive TV coverage of the U.S. space program, from Project Mercury to the Moon landings to the Space Shuttle . He was the only non-NASA recipient of a Moon-rock award. Cronkite is well known for his departing catchphrase \"And that's the way it is,\" followed by the date on which the appearance is aired.", "1981 - Walter Cronkite, the dean of American television newscasters, said �And that�s the way it is� for the final time, as he closed the CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite. An audience estimated at 17,000,000 viewers saw �the most trusted man in America� sign-off. Cronkite retired after more than 30 years in broadcasting. He was replaced by Dan Rather at the anchor desk.", "CBS News will honor the legendary anchorman Walter Cronkite who passed away on Friday, July 17, 2009 at the age of 92 with the primetime special THAT’S THE WAY IT WAS: REMEMBERING WALTER CRONKITE to be broadcast on Sunday, July 19 at 7:00PM ET on the CBS Television Network.", "Walter Cronkite helped launch the CBS Evening News in 1962 and served as its news anchor until his retirement in 1981. The hallmarks of his style were honesty, impartiality and level-headedness, and “And that's the way it is” was his jaunty nightly sign-off. Identified in public opinion polls as the man Americans most trusted, he provided a voice of reason during the Vietnam and Watergate eras.", "\"Uncle Walter\" increasingly became the most-admired figure in the news media. His sign-off, \"And that's the way it is,\" became a national catch-phrase. His coverage of moon missions was legendary, with his ability to anchor, unperturbed, for hour upon hour, earning him the affectionate nickname \"Old Iron Pants.\"", "And that's the way it is. ...[reads date]. This is Walter Cronkite, CBS News; good night.", "Walter Cronkite , the television newsman whose steady baritone informed, reassured and guided the nation during the tumultuous 1960s and '70s and who was still regarded as \"the most trusted man in America\" years after leaving his CBS anchor chair, has died. He was 92.", "One of Cronkite's trademarks was ending the CBS Evening News with the phrase \"...And that's the way it is,\" followed by the date. [9] Keeping to standards of objective journalism, he omitted this phrase on nights when he ended the newscast with opinion or commentary. [10] Beginning with January 16, 1980, Day 50 of the Iran hostage crisis , Cronkite added the length of the hostages' captivity to the show's closing to remind the audience of the unresolved situation, ending only on Day 444, January 20, 1981. [20] [21]", "Carson had no guests on his final episode of The Tonight Show on May 22, 1992, which was instead a retrospective show taped before an invitation-only studio audience of family, friends, and crew.[44][45] More than fifty million people tuned in for this finale, which ended with Carson sitting on a stool alone at center stage, similar to Jack Paar's last show. He said these final words in conclusion:", "Carson had no guests on his final episode of The Tonight Show on May 22, 1992, which was instead a retrospective show taped before an invitation-only studio audience of family, friends, and crew. [44] [45] More than fifty million people tuned in for this finale, which ended with Carson sitting on a stool alone at center stage, similar to Jack Paar 's last show. He said these final words in conclusion:", "Stars of US TV have paid tribute to legendary presenter Johnny Carson, who died on Sunday at the age of 79.", "\"I am one of the lucky people in the world. I have found something I liked to do, and I have enjoyed every single minute of it,\" a teary-eyed Carson said as he closed the show for the last time in 1992. \"I bid you a very heartfelt goodnight.\"", "Despite the various changes, Chancellor was never able to break the grip that Walter Cronkite and the CBS Evening News had on the American news viewer, although Nightly News was sometimes a strong second place in the evening news ratings for most of the 1970s. After stepping down from the anchor desk on April 2, 1982, Chancellor remained on the program as an editorial commentator until his retirement in 1993.", "Frank Carson, the comedian known for the catchphrase, “it's the way I tell 'em”, has died, aged 85.", "Carson retired from show business on May 22, 1992, at age 66, when he stepped down as host of The Tonight Show. His farewell was a major media event, often emotional for Carson, his colleagues, and the audiences, and stretched over several nights. In tribute to Carson and his enormous influence, several networks that had late-night variety talk shows “went dark” for the entire hour he did the last show. The Tonight Show finally won the Emmy for Outstanding Late-night Series after 13 tries later that year, buoyed by the penultimate broadcast which featured Johnny’s final two guests, Robin Williams and Bette Midler .", "John William \"Johnny\" Carson (October 23, 1925 – January 23, 2005) was an American television talk show host and comedian, best known for his 30 years as host of The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson (1962–1992). Carson received six Emmy Awards, the Governor's Award, and a 1985 Peabody Award. He was inducted into the Television Academy Hall of Fame in 1987. Johnny Carson was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1992 and received a Kennedy Center Honor in 1993. ", "(CNN) -- Johnny Carson, host of NBC's \"The Tonight Show\" for nearly 30 years, died Sunday of emphysema.", "Johnny Carson (TV host) -- Dead. Emphysema. Died January 23, 2005. Born October 23, 1925. Longtime host of The Tonight Show (1962-1992), rumored to have done a little joke-writing for David Letterman before his death.  ", "1992 - Johnny Carson hosted The Tonight Show for the last time. It was the end of three decades of late nights spent with Carson and his sidekick, Ed McMahon and bandleader, Doc Severinsen. Comedian Jay Leno replaced Carson.", "The cause of death, according to various reports, was emphysema. The most dominant television talk-show host in history died with family members at his side.", "Joe Garagiola, MLB announcer, died on March 23 at age 90. In addition to a sportscasting career that was honored by the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1991, Garagiola also was known as a panelist on NBC's \"Today\" show and a guest host on \"The Tonight Show.\"", "Frank Carson , who passed away at the age of 85 yesterday, had a long and varied career on television. The comedian starred in everything from Opportunity Knocks to Tiswas to Noel's House Party - here, we present a selection of clips of his TV appearances. Opportunity Knocks", "During the period 1971 to 1986, Stewart covered F1 races, NASCAR races and Indianapolis 500 as a color commentator, and also functioned as host for the latter. Jackie was a play-by-play announcer for the Luge at the 1976 Winter Olympics and the Equestrian at the 1976 Summer Olympics (partnered with Chris Schenkel) on ABC's Wide World of Sports. He was noted for his insightful analysis, Scottish accent, and rapid delivery, which once caused Jim McKay to remark that Stewart spoke almost as fast as he drove.", "Johnny Olson, the announcer for many Goodson-Todman shows of the era, was the program's original announcer until his death in October 1985. Olson was replaced by Rod Roddy in February 1986, who remained with the program until shortly before his death in October 2003. Los Angeles meteorologist Rich Fields took over as the announcer in April 2004 and stayed on until the end of season 38 in August 2010. Following a change of direction and a search for an announcer with more experience in improvisational comedy, veteran TV host George Gray was confirmed as the show's current announcer on the April 18, 2011 episode. After Olson's and Roddy's deaths in 1985 and 2003, respectively and Fields' departure in 2010, a number of announcers auditioned before a permanent replacement was hired. In addition to Roddy, Gene Wood, Rich Jeffries, and Bob Hilton auditioned to replace Olson. Former Family Feud announcer Burton Richardson, Paul Boland and former Supermarket Sweep announcer Randy West substituted for Roddy during his illnesses. In addition to West and Richardson, Daniel Rosen, Art Sanders, Roger Rose, Don Bishop and current Wheel of Fortune announcer Jim Thornton also auditioned for the role eventually filled by Fields. Richardson substituted for Fields while he recovered from laryngitis in December 2006. In addition to Gray, TV host JD Roberto, comedians Jeff B. Davis, Brad Sherwood and David H. Lawrence XVII and actor/comedian Steve White also auditioned for the role.", "Late-night televison talk show host Johnny Carson blows a kiss to his wife in the audience and tells her he loves her at the end of the final taping of \"The Tonight Show\" in Burbank, Ca., Friday, May 22, 1992. ... more", "Howard Cosell (sportscaster) -- Dead. Heart aneurysm. Died April 23, 1995. Born March 21, 1920.   IMDb", "Johnny Carson took over “The Tonight Show” in 1962. Paar had a prime-time talk show for three more seasons, then retired from television in 1965.", "In 1973–74, Spitz appeared on TV's The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour. On the TV drama Emergency!, he portrayed Pete Barlow, who accidentally shoots his wife (played by Spitz's wife, Suzy). He also appeared briefly on the The Dean Martin Celebrity Roast of then-Governor of California Ronald Reagan in September 1973.", "Johnny Carson (1925 - ) Comedian that hosted The Tonight Show for 30 years; born in Corning.", "\"On the big occasion he was always there - if he wasn't there it wasn't a big occasion. He was the doyen of sports commentating.\"", "'On the big occasion he was always there - if he wasn't there it wasn't a big occasion. He was the doyen of sports commentating.'" ]

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[ "73-year-old Elizabeth Taylor is now a mother of four, grandmother of nine and great-grandmother of four. The former screen beauty, who considers King of Pop Michael Jackson among her closest friends, has been married eight times to seven husbands: hotel heir Nicky Hilton, actor Michael Wilding, producer Mike Todd, singer Eddie Fisher, actor Richard Burton, Senator John Warner and Larry Fortensky. Her past relationships include director Stanley Donen, attorney Victor Luna, business executive Dennis Stein and actor Montgomery Clift.", "Academy Award-winning actress Elizabeth Taylor, who died in 2011, was married eight times but had only seven husbands. She was married twice (in 1964 and 1975) to fellow actor Richard Burton whom she met on the set of \"Cleopatra\" while both were married to others.", "The late actress Elizabeth Taylor was married eight times to seven men. In order, her husbands were: hotelier Conrad \"Nicky\" Hilton, Jr., actor Michael Wilding, producer Mike Todd, singer Eddie Fisher, actor Richard Burton, Senator John Warner and construction worker Larry Fortensky. Taylor was widowed once, when Todd died suddenly in a plane crash. She and Burton were married (and divorced) twice. âXFINITY Entertainment Staff (PHOTO: Getty)", "Actress Elizabeth Taylor, who turns 50 Saturday, Febr. 27, 1982, is shown through the years with her six husbands. Top row, from left: Conrad Hilton Jr. in 1950; actor Michael Wilding in 1951; producer Mike Todd in 1957; Bottom row, from left: singer Eddie Fisher in 1959; actor Richard Burton in 1972 and John Warner in 1976.", "Personal Life: Between 1950 and 1996, Taylor was married eight times to seven husbands. This began with Conrad Hilton between May 1950 and January 1951. Following that, Taylor married Michael Wilding in February 1952 and the couple separated in January, 1957. The following month, Taylor married Mike Todd, yet the marriage was cut short when Todd died in March, 1958. In May, 1959, she married Eddie Fisher, Todd's best friend, and they remained married until March, 1964. ", "Dame Elizabeth Taylor, who died on March 23 aged 79, made more than 50 films, won two Oscars, was a grandmother at 39 and was married eight times to seven men.", "Elizabeth Taylor had been married so often, as the old joke goes, she had rice marks on her face. She'd been wed eight times to seven men (Richard Burton walked the aisle twice with her). It was Taylor's last husband, blue collar worker Larry Fortensky that raised eyebrows, however. The odd couple met in a rehab center. Fortensky, who was a construction worker, was a beefy, good looking guy twenty years years younger than La Liz. While May/December romances are all the norm when the man is older, the public still frowned on women taking up with younger men - at least in the \"pre-cougar\" era. The couple married in 1991 and the union lasted five years before the seemingly inevitable divorce. Fortensky, who has faced health and financial problems in the ensuing years, has kept mum about his relationship with Liz, but is now talking. He »", "STEVE EMBER: And I’m Steve Ember with PEOPLE IN AMERICA in VOA Special English. Today we tell about the film star Elizabeth Taylor. She made over sixty films during her long career in Hollywood. She was famous for her striking beauty, violet eyes and shining black hair. Taylor was equally known for her complex private life and eight marriages. Beginning in the nineteen eighties, she also raised millions of dollars to support AIDS research.", "Dame Elizabeth Rosemond \"Liz\" Taylor, DBE was a British-American actress. From her early years as a child star with MGM, she became one of the great screen actresses of Hollywood's Golden Age. As one of the world's most famous film stars, Taylor was recognized for her acting ability and for her glamorous lifestyle, beauty, and distinctive violet eyes. National Velvet was Taylor's first success, and she starred in Father of the Bride, A Place in the Sun, Giant, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, and Suddenly, Last Summer. She won the Academy Award for Best Actress for BUtterfield 8, played the title role in Cleopatra, and married her costar Richard Burton. They appeared together in 11 films, including Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, for which Taylor won a second Academy Award. From the mid-1970s, she appeared less frequently in film, and made occasional appearances in television and theatre. Her much-publicized personal life included eight marriages and several life-threatening illnesses. From the mid-1980s, Taylor championed HIV and AIDS programs; she co-founded the American Foundation for AIDS Research in 1985, and the Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation in 1993. She received the Presidential Citizens Medal, the Legion of Honour, the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award and a Life Achievement Award from the American Film Institute, who named her seventh on their list of the \"Greatest American Screen Legends\". Taylor died of congestive heart failure in March 2011 at the age of 79, having suffered many years of ill health.", "Elizabeth Taylor’s last two marriages also ended in divorce. She was married to Senator John Warner of Virginia and, later, to a builder named Larry Fortensky.", "Taylor's acting career began to decline in the late 1960s, although she continued starring in films until the mid-1970s, after which she focused on supporting the career of her sixth husband, Senator John Warner. In the 1980s, she acted in her first substantial stage roles and in several television films and series, and became the first celebrity to launch a perfume brand. Taylor was also one of the first celebrities to take part in HIV/AIDS activism. She co-founded the American Foundation for AIDS Research (amfAR) in 1985 and The Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation in 1991. From the early 1990s until her death, she dedicated her time to philanthropy. She received several accolades for it, including the Presidential Citizens Medal.", "Elizabeth Taylor 's eighth and final husband Larry Fortensky tells the Daily Mail all about his famous marriage to the iconic screen star, spurred on by what he calls false accusations of gold-digging and a loveless marriage. In fact, says the former builder, he and Taylor enjoyed a passionate relationship for many years, continued to talk frequently after their divorce, and he never asked her for any money. \"Enough is enough,\" he says. \"It is time for me to tell my story and the truth about Elizabeth and me and to stop these lies once and for all.\" Today, Fortensky is »", "Oscars 1960: Elizabeth Taylor with her fourth husband Eddie Fisher, with her award for best actress for her role in Butterfield 8", "Dame Elizabeth and Burton divorced their respective spouses and wed in 1964. He would become Taylor's fifth - and sixth - husband.", "Taylor won another Oscar for her performance alongside Burton in Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966). Over a dozen films followed, as did a divorce from Burton. The couple remarried in October 1975 before divorcing for the second and final time in July 1976. In 1978 Taylor married for the seventh time. Her new husband was John Warner, a candidate", "Taylor married his third wife, Carol Kikumura, on 15 October 1980. He is the father of CNN financial reporter Felicia Taylor (born 1964) from his second marriage to model Mary Hilem (1 June 1963 – 18 September 1969). His first wife was model Peggy Williams (1951–1954).", "She was married a staggering eight times to seven men -- she wed Richard Burton, the love of her life, twice.", "Sometimes her film roles seemed to be a mirror image of her life. More than most movie stars, she seemed to exist in the public domain. She was pursued by paparazzi and denounced by the Vatican. But behind the seemingly scandalous behavior was a woman with a clear sense of morality: she habitually married her lovers. People watched and counted, with vicarious pleasure, as she became Elizabeth Taylor Hilton Wilding Todd Fisher Burton Burton Warner Fortensky — enough marriages to certify her career as a serial wife. Asked why she married so often, she said, in an assumed drawl: “I don’t know, honey. It sure beats the hell out of me.”", "Her third husband Michael Todd gave her a 29-carat diamond ring during their marriage, a feat topped by fifth husband Richard Burton when he gave her the 69-carat \"Burton-Cartier\" (later renamed \"Burton-Taylor\") diamond. Fourth-husband Eddie Fisher said that a $50,000 diamond could keep Taylor happy for approximately four days.", "Actress Elizabeth Taylor = Eyes-blaze. Total, rich star = Christ, eyes-blaze! To altar! [had many husbands]", "HAMMER: There`s Elizabeth Taylor in 1963 as Cleopatra. That`s a movie she made $1 million for. But it was on that movie set that Taylor met one of the great loves of her life, Richard Burton. The two started a very public affair and then went on to marry and divorce twice.", "Legends: Taylor with Richard Burton on their first wedding day in 1964. He was to be her fifth and sixth husband", "Aside from Todd and jewellery, Richard Burton was one of the three, true, great loves of Taylor's life. The couple married March, 1964 - just nine days after Taylor's marriage with Fisher ended - and the couple were together until June, 1974. The couple then privately remarried in October, 1975, although by July, 1976, they had split again. Taylor married John Warner in December, 1976, and stayed with him until November, 1982. Finally, Taylor was married to Larry Fortensky from October, 1991 until October, 1996. In that same year, she appeared on a television show that referred to her as \"Elizabeth Taylor-Hilton-Wilding-Todd-Fisher-Burton-Burton-Warner-Fortensky\". ", "The first step of that transition came in 1950 when Taylor was 17. On one hand, she played a bride onscreen in the original Father of the Bride, opposite Spencer Tracy as her father and Joan Bennett as her mother. Meanwhile in real life, Taylor got married to playboy Nicky Hilton, son to the hotel magnate Conrad. Unfortunately the young husband was prone to drink and, it emerged years later, to emotional and physical violence, and the marriage ended in January of 1951. Still, at the very least the ill-fated union signalled that Elizabeth Taylor, teen starlet, had given away to Elizabeth Taylor, star. And she soon proved that she had the talent to back up her fame.", "Elizabeth Taylor , the actress who dazzled generations of moviegoers with her stunning beauty and whose name was synonymous with Hollywood glamour, died on Wednesday in Los Angeles. She was 79.", "During an April 2007 Entertainment Tonight (1981) interview with Mary Hart , ex-wife Elizabeth Taylor revealed that she recently telephoned him and they spoke for the first time in over 40 years.", "The subsequent years proved to be an up-and-down affair for Taylor. There were more marriages, more divorces, health obstacles, and a struggling film career, with movies that gained little traction with critics or the movie-going public.", "MALTIN: Who is a beautiful and talented woman. But Elizabeth Taylor - again, there was a continuity. You know, people spent years, decades, a whole lifetime, 65 years or more, watching Elizabeth Taylor.", "HAMMER: That`s not an exaggeration. Elizabeth Taylor`s movie career spanned more than 50 films, including \"Who`s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?\"", "This was the only marriage not to end in Divorce. Taylor was widowed on March 22, 1958.", "\"I met Elizabeth Taylor several times. She was witty and self-deprecating, which I found surprising and delightful. She loved to laugh.\" - Steve Martin", "But after their marriage in October 1991 — he was 39, she was 59 — the relationship was buffeted by a series of misfortunes. Liz Taylor’s mother died, her secretary killed himself and her publicist died of cancer. Following a hip replacement in 1994, which left Liz in great discomfort, she and Fortensky started to sleep in separate rooms." ]

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[ "1. What is the name of the paranoid android in Douglas Adams’ “Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy”?", "\"Paranoid Android\" is a song by the English alternative rock band Radiohead from on their third album OK Computer (1997). The darkly humourous lyrics were written primarily by singer Thom Yorke following an unpleasant experience in a Los Angeles bar. The song is more than six minutes long and contains four distinct sections. \"Paranoid Android\" takes its name from Marvin the Paranoid Android of Douglas Adams' The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy series.", "* Douglas Adams, in his book The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy wrote a line of dialogue for the character Marvin, the Paranoid Android that said: \"Nothing. Not an electronic sausage.\" Douglas Adams often acknowledged having been influenced by the Goons.", "      Don't try to engage my enthusiasum because I haven't got one. [Marvin the Paranoid Android, from the Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]", "One Thursday morning, Arthur Dent discovers that his house is to be immediately demolished to make way for a bypass. He tries delaying the bulldozers by lying down in front of them. Ford Prefect, a friend of Arthur's, convinces him to go to the pub with him. Over a pint of beer (as \"muscle relaxant\"), Ford explains that he is an alien from a planet in the vicinity of Betelgeuse, and a journalist working on the Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, a universal guide book, and that the Earth is to be demolished later that day by a race called Vogons, to make way for a hyperspace bypass. Suddenly, a Vogon Constructor Fleet appears in the sky and destroys the planet. Ford saves himself and Arthur by hitching a ride on a Vogon ship. The two are found and forced to listen to poetry. They are then thrown out of an airlock, but are picked up by the starship Heart of Gold. They find Ford's \"semi-cousin\" Zaphod Beeblebrox, the President of the Galaxy. He has stolen the ship along with Tricia \"Trillian\" McMillan, an Earth woman whom Arthur had met previously, and Marvin the Paranoid Android, a clinically depressed robot that constantly complains about life.", "There have been three audiobook recordings of the novel. The first was an abridged edition (ISBN 0-671-62964-6), recorded in the mid-1980s by Stephen Moore, best known for playing the voice of Marvin the Paranoid Android in the radio series, LP adaptations and in the TV series. In 1990, Adams himself recorded an unabridged edition for Dove Audiobooks (ISBN 1-55800-273-1), later re-released by New Millennium Audio (ISBN 1-59007-257-X) in the United States and available from BBC Audiobooks in the United Kingdom. Also by arrangement with Dove, ISIS Publishing Ltd produced a numbered exclusive edition signed by Douglas Adams (ISBN 1-85695-028-X) in 1994. To tie-in with the 2005 film, actor Stephen Fry, the film's voice of the Guide, recorded a second unabridged edition (ISBN 0-7393-2220-6).", "The Hitchhiker�s Guide to the Galaxy (2005, Touchstone, dir. Garth Jennings, based on book by Douglas Adams) starts out when a pudgy Brit named Arthur Dent (Martin Freeman) is evicted from his house for a new road. Suddenly, the whole world is to be demolished for an intergalactic highway. And it is. Arthur hitches a ride for a comic ride on the spaceship. Never worry, the Universe has a planet factory, and the Earth can be replaced to order. Sam Rockwell plays the president of the Universe, elected because he is not too smart (guess who the comparison is to�), but he is attractive (the two head thing is superfluous) and gradually his tunic comes a but undone. John Malovich makes an appearance, almost being himself. At the end, Arthur has to get zapped when he gets his house back (no foreclosures here), and there is one major technical error regarding his arms (how many people notice). The mice and then the dolphins are above us in the IQ-test chain. (Stuart Little 1 and 2 kids� movies, bring them on! Forget Snowbell.) The film is pure satire and pure spectacle.", "The batch of weird characters includes Arthur's rival, a two-headed president of the galaxy (Sam Rockwell) who's a cross between George W. Bush and a gaudy rock star, Arthur's Earth girl crush (Zooey Deschanel) and Hitchhiker's Guide's most likeable character, a depressed robot voiced by Alan Rickman. The robot, the president, the girl, the friend and Arthur band together to wander the cosmos, turning into vegetables and looking for a planet that may or may not exist. Add to all this such lessons as Don't Think, Man is Puny and Insignificant and rubbish about whales, mice and petunias and you have a drug-induced remake of Chitty Chitty Bang Bang for Libertarians.", "In The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy by Douglas Adams, the character Ford Prefect, actually an alien from Betelgeuse, claims to be an out-of-work actor from Guildford. ", "The title derives from a joke early in the series, when Arthur Dent discovers that the entry for Earth in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy consists, in its entirety, of the word \"Harmless\". His friend Ford Prefect, a contributor to the Guide, assures him that the next edition will contain the article on Earth that Ford has spent the last 15 years researching—somewhat cut due to space restrictions, but still an improvement. The revised article, he eventually admits, will simply read \"Mostly harmless\". It later turns out that Ford had written a long essay on how to have fun on Earth, but the editors in the guide's main office building edited everything out. Later in the series, Ford is surprised to discover that all of his contribution had been edited back into the Guide, prompting his reunion with Arthur on the alternative Earth in So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish.", "There is also a tongue-in-cheek reference to zebra crossings in the science-fiction comedy The Hitchhikers Guide to The Galaxy by English author Douglas Adams, in reference to Man using the improbable creature called the Babel Fish as proof to the non-existence of God... the novel says, \"Man then goes on to prove that black is white and gets himself killed at the next zebra crossing.\"", "Forget Asimov or PKD. Douglas Adams was so brilliant a visionary that even in the late 1970s he was able to foresee a time when digital watches would look pretty silly. The Hitchhiker's Guide To The Galaxy – a radio show before it was a novel, and a film, and a game, and a TV show – was incredibly clever and wildly funny. Thanks to the Guide, an entire generation of Britons was nursed to adulthood with the phrases \"Don’t Panic\" and \"Mostly Harmless\", and the number 42. Sam Leith ", "Q1 “Life, don’t talk to me about life.” Which character in The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy said this?", "*Douglas Adams described a tablet computer in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy and the associated comedy of the same name (1978)", "But the film’s most magnetic embodiment of this uncertainty is the “replicant” Roy Batty, played by Rutger Hauer. As a replicant, Batty is an unusual and ultimately unknown mixture of organic clone and robot, full of memories both real and artificial; he seems almost confused at his own apparent emotion. While we often think of robots as incapable of understanding beauty, Batty spontaneously speaks one of the movie’s most poetic lines, and somehow Hauer sells it.", "Robby exhibits artificial intelligence, but has a distinct personality that exhibits a (possibly unintentional) dry wit. He is instructed by Morbius to be helpful to the Earthmen and does so by synthesizing and transporting to their landing site 10 tons of \"isotope 217\", a light-weight though effective replacement for the requested lead shielding needed to house the C57-D’s main stardrive to power an attempt to contact Earth base for further instructions. Morbius programmed Robby to obey a system of rules similar to Isaac Asimov’s Three Laws of Robotics as expressed in I, Robot (1950). One of the laws is a rule against harming or killing humans; this becomes an important plot point near the conclusion of the film when Robby refuses to kill the Id monster. The robot recognizes that the invisible creature is an alter ego/extension of Dr. Morbius. Hollywood purposely, and misleadingly, depicts Robby in film’s advertising posters as a terrifying adversarial creature carrying a seductively posed unconscious maiden, but no such scene is in the film and doesn't reflect in any way Robby's benevolent and intelligent character. Robby only carries one person during the movie, crewman Dr. Ostro, when he is mortally wounded near the end of the film.", "In the novel, J.R. Isadore is a \"chickenhead,\" a person of borderline intelligence who is thus not allowed to emigrate. In the film, he is a brilliant android designer and cannot emigrate due to a hormone disorder.", "* The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, by Douglas Adams and Steve Meretzky of Infocom (1984), was notable in that the author of the original work was involved in the reinterpretation.", "On stardate 2712.4, the Enterprise reached Exo III. Korby was found, exploring and exploiting a sophisticated android manufacturing technology, the legacy of a long-dead civilization. Korby had replaced his own damaged body, transplanting his personality into an android replica, and had built himself a beautiful companion, Andrea . After exhibiting his madness, the android Korby was destroyed. Initially, Chapel doubted if she should stay aboard, but she elected to remain with the Enterprise throughout the five-year mission. ( TOS : \" What Are Little Girls Made Of? \")", "The long-overdue screen adaptation of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy is likely to amuse and vex fans while leaving casual observers mildly baffled.", "* Dr. John A. Zoidberg (Billy West) – Zoidberg is a lobster-like alien from the planet Decapod 10, and the neurotic staff physician of Planet Express. Although he claims to be an expert on humans, his knowledge of human anatomy and physiology is woefully inaccurate. Zoidberg's expertise seems to be with extra-terrestrial creatures. Homeless and penniless, he lives in the dumpster behind Planet Express. Although Zoidberg is depicted as being Professor Farnsworth's long-time friend he is held in contempt by everyone on the crew.", "Deckard's unicorn dream sequence, inserted into the Director's Cut, coinciding with Gaff's parting gift of an origami unicorn is seen by many as showing that Deckard is a replicant – as Gaff could have accessed Deckard's implanted memories. The interpretation that Deckard is a replicant is challenged by others who believe the unicorn imagery shows that the characters, whether human or replicant, share the same dreams and recognize their affinity, or that the absence of a decisive answer is crucial to the film's main theme. The inherent ambiguity and uncertainty of the film, as well as its textual richness, have permitted viewers to see it from their own perspectives. ", "On the other hand the adventures of Rick Deckert, bounty hunter of androids during a near future time was interesting. Dick does great in describing this new Earth, with its predictions of massive fall-out, \"chickenheads\" (retarded people affected by radiation), and the androids.", "Dr. John A. Zoidberg (Billy West) – Zoidberg is a lobster-like alien from the planet Decapod 10, and the neurotic staff physician of Planet Express. Although he claims to be an expert on humans, his knowledge of human anatomy and physiology is woefully inaccurate. Zoidberg's expertise seems to be with extra-terrestrial creatures. He is homeless and penniless; living in the dumpster behind Planet Express. Although Zoidberg is depicted as being Professor Farnsworth's long-time friend he is held in contempt by everyone on the crew.", "A man who wears a white gown with a large number 9 on it. He is voiced by David Herman and is a cameo character appearing in the first and second production seasons of Futurama. He reappeared in Bender's Big Score and Into the Wild Green Yonder, where it was revealed he was the Grand Curator of the Legion of Mad Fellows. When Nine became grand curator is unknown, but the audio commentary track for Into the Wild Green Yonder hints that he was in the Legion prior to the year 3000. As grand curator (which is essentially a knowledgeable leader) of the Legion, he becomes the story teller for Philip J. Fry's mission to possibly end the epic long battle between two ancient races, as they by 3009 have noticed that the Chi have been re-emerging. It is later revealed in \"Murder On the Planet Express\" that he operates a discount spy store called For Your Eyes Mainly.", "Blade Runner is a 1982 American science fiction film directed by Ridley Scott and starring Harrison Ford, Rutger Hauer, and Sean Young. The screenplay, written by Hampton Fancher and David Peoples, is loosely based on the novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? by Philip K. Dick.", "Blade Runner is a 1982 American science fiction film, directed by Ridley Scott and starring Harrison Ford, Rutger Hauer, and Sean Young. The screenplay, written by Hampton Fancher and David Peoples, is based loosely on the novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? by Philip K. Dick.", "Kubrick spent five years developing his next film, 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), having been highly impressed with science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke's novel Childhood's End, about a superior race of alien beings who assist mankind in eliminating their old selves. After meeting Clarke in New York City in April 1964, Kubrick made the suggestion to work on his 1948 short story The Sentinel, about a tetrahedron which is found on the Moon which alerts aliens of mankind. That year, Clarke began writing the novel 2001: A Space Odyssey, and the screenplay was written by Kubrick and Clarke in collaboration. The film's theme, the birthing of one intelligence by another, is developed in two parallel intersecting stories on two very different times scales. One depicts transitions between various stages of man, from ape to \"star child\", as man is reborn into a new existence, each step shepherded by an enigmatic alien intelligence seen only in its artifacts: a series of seemingly indestructible eons-old black monoliths. In space, the enemy is a supercomputer known as HAL who runs the spaceship, a character which novelist Clancy Sigal described as being \"far, far more human, more humorous and conceivably decent than anything else that may emerge from this far-seeing enterprise\".", "Who seeks to “befriend” him, and what is his motive? What is the nickname of Jack Dawkins? (“the artful Dodger”) What kind of language does he speak? (thieves’ argot)", "In a 1993 HBO special, Dennis Miller referred to H. Ross Perot as a \"Simon Bar Sinister Replicant\", also a reference to the synthetic people in the film Blade Runner, or the book Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?", "Philip K Dick’s 1968 novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep is a very different creature altogether. Although the broad outlines of the story are similar, there are some dramatic differences with the novel. In fact, some of the most important aspects of the book were dropped by director Ridley Scott:", "The author of the novel Ready Player One . A story set in a dystopia future that is so bleak that humanity collectively lives through the OASIS, a full immersion computer game, where the games creator has left his huge fortune to whoever can find his hidden 'Easter Egg.' A great novel for fans of sci-fi and humour similar to Terry Pratchett, he's even mentioned a couple of times. Recommended by Jagra 17:06, 17 September 2015 (UTC)." ]

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[ "Sacha Noam Baron Cohen (born 13 October 1971) is an English actor, comedian, and screenwriter. A graduate of Christ's College, Cambridge, Baron Cohen is most widely known for creating and portraying four fictional characters: Ali G, Borat Sagdiyev, Brüno Gehard and Admiral General Aladeen. Like his idol Peter Sellers, he uses a variety of accents and guises for his characters. ", "*Sacha Baron Cohen (born 1971), British actor and comedian of Ali G, Borat, and Brüno fame", "Brüno Gehard (; sometimes spelled Bruno or Brueno) is a retired satirical fictional character portrayed by English comedian Sacha Baron Cohen. A flamboyantly gay Austrian fashion reporter, Brüno first appeared during short sketches on The Paramount Comedy Channel in 1998, before reappearing on Da Ali G Show with his partner Adrian Chan. Following the success of Ali G Indahouse and Borat, Universal Studios gained rights to produce and release a feature film, Brüno. Along with Baron Cohen's other character, Borat, Brüno has been retired. ", "When he's not in character, the British comedian behind the outrageously wild Ali G., Borat and Bruno, tries to stay out of the spotlight. Who is Sacha Baron Cohen?", "Two strangely-popular mockumentary comedies were released by marquee comedian Sacha Baron Cohen: the satirical Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan (2006) - about a fictitious, anti-Semitic, sexist and racist Kazakhstani journalist who traveled through the US and interacted in unscripted situations. His follow-up film Bruno (2009) - was about a flamboyantly gay Austrian fashion journalist. The two films were among the most popular (and controversial) comedies of the decade.", "Borat, of course, is not really from Kazakhstan. He's not really \"Borat.\" He's Sacha Baron Cohen, a British, Jewish, Cambridge-educated comedian who plays the fictional Kazakh reporter on HBO's \"Da Ali G Show\" and in his upcoming film.", "Clockwise from top, actor Sacha Baron Cohen in costume as Brüno the camp fashion reporter; presenting the award for Best Male Performance at the 2009 MTV Movie Awards; as Borat the Kazakh TV journalist; and as himself.  (REUTERS / ASSOCIATED PRESS)  ", "He is more known for his roles in his movies than he is as an actor, but his interpretation of the characters he was portraying quickly made him famous. Cohen is responsible for bringing to life the characters of Borat Sagdiyev, Bruno Gehard, Ali G, and Admiral General Aladeen. Starting with Da Ali G Show, Cohen starred as Ali G, a gangster-like talk show host. The show also contained cameo appearances by Borat and Bruno. Both Bruno and Borat got their own feature films, and Cohen continued on to have the lead in The Dictator. His ability to convincingly portray 4 completely different personas is what made this actor so well known. However, you tend to hear “the Borat guy” more often than his actual name.", "Some LGBT groups have criticized the character as perpetuating LGBT stereotypes. \"Sacha Baron Cohen's well-meaning attempt at satire is problematic in many places and outright offensive in others,\" Rashad Robinson, senior director of media programmes for the Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD) told the New York Times. The character was well received by The Guardian, who described Brüno as, \"howlingly funny, staggeringly rude, brutally incorrect and very often just brilliant\". ", "There are few things the man behind Ali G., Borat and now alarmingly camp Austrian fashion reporter Brüno likes better than a nice, nude tussle. At least when he's in character as a buffoonish interviewer who engages in sincere, increasingly ridiculous conversation with real-life people, as we'll find out again when the Brüno movie is released this summer.", "David Edward Williams (born 20 August 1971), known as David Walliams, is an English comedian, actor, author, presenter, television presenter and activist, known for his partnership with Matt Lucas on the BBC One sketch shows Little Britain, Rock Profile and Come Fly with Me. <br /><br />Since 2012 Walliams has been a judge on the ITV talent show Britain's Got Talent. He wrote and starred in two series of the BBC One sitcom Big School, playing the role of chemistry teacher Keith Church. Read Less", "Benjamin Charles \"Ben\" Elton (born 3 May 1959) is an English comedian, author, playwright, actor and director. He was a part of London's alternative comedy movement of the 1980s and became a writer on series such as The Young Ones and Blackadder, as well as continuing as a stand-up comedian on stage and television. His style in the 1980s was left-wing political satire. Since then he has published 15 novels and written the musicals We Will Rock You (2002) and Love Never Dies (2010), the sequel to The Phantom of the Opera.", "Zaltzman's former comedy partner, John Oliver, is now a rare example of a British comedian succeeding in the US, as part of Jon Stewart's Daily Show team. Given that Zaltzman bears a passing resemblance to Sideshow Bob in The Simpsons, it's a surprise that he's not crossed the pond. Oliver's David Baddiel-meets-Ben Elton persona might be more in your face than Zaltzman's quieter charm, but both are brilliant in satire – an area Britain excels in.", "More contemporary British humorists are George MacDonald Fraser, Tom Sharpe, Kingsley Amis, Terry Pratchett, Richard Gordon, Rob Grant, Douglas Adams, Evelyn Waugh, Nick Hornby, Helen Fielding, Eric Sykes, Leslie Thomas, Stephen Fry, Richard Asplin, Mike Harding, Joseph Connolly, and Ben Elton.", "John Marwood Cleese (; born 27 October 1939) is an English actor, comedian, writer, and film producer. He achieved success at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe and as a scriptwriter and performer on The Frost Report. In the late 1960s, he co-founded Monty Python, the comedy troupe responsible for the sketch show Monty Python's Flying Circus and the four Monty Python films: And Now for Something Completely Different, Monty Python and the Holy Grail, Life of Brian and The Meaning of Life.", "In general, compared to Borat, Brüno focuses more on a) effectively shocking it's viewers with the (sexual) misconduct of the main character and b) stunts of this main character in front of a large audience. Essentially, this time the shock effect is moved from the 'random' people that appear in the movie, to the audience looking at the movie.", "Rowan Sebastian Atkinson, CBE (born 6 January 1955) is an English actor, comedian, and screenwriter best known for his work on the sitcoms Blackadder and Mr. Bean. Atkinson first came to prominence in the sketch comedy show Not the Nine O'Clock News (1979–82), and via his participation in The Secret Policeman's Ball from 1979. His other work includes the Bond movie Never Say Never Again and the sitcom The Thin Blue Line (1995–1996).", "Harry Hill (born Matthew Keith Hall; 1 October 1964) is an English comedian, author and television presenter, best known for singing chart topping hits since 2004 and hosting Harry Hill's TV Burp for eleven years, from 2001 to 2012. A former physician, Hill began his career in comedy when he began hosting his popular radio show Harry Hill's Fruit Corner, but has worked on a number of projects, including his 2013 film The Harry Hill Movie.", "Stephen John \"Steve\" Coogan (born 14 October 1965) is an English actor, stand-up comedian, impressionist, writer, and producer. He began his career in the 1980s, working as a voice artist on the satirical puppet show Spitting Image and providing voiceovers for television advertisements. In the early 1990s, he began creating original comic characters, leading him to win the Perrier Award at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. In 1999, he co-founded the production company Baby Cow Productions.", "Paul James O'Grady, MBE (born 14 June 1955) is an English comedian, television presenter, actor, writer and radio disc-jockey. He achieved fame using his comedic drag queen character, Lily Savage, and later became well known for presenting TV shows as himself, such as The Paul O'Grady Show.", "Ricky Dene Gervais (born 25 June 1961) is an English comedy writer, director, and performer from Reading, Berkshire, England. Gervais achieved mainstream fame with his award-winning BBC2 television programme The Office , which he co-wrote and co-directed with long-time friend and collaborator Stephen Merchant . In 2005, Gervais and Merchant returned with a new sitcom, Extras , which won a Golden Globe for Best Comedy. Ricky's profile increased further when he was given a three-year stint as host of the Golden Globe Awards themselves. In addition to writing and directing sitcoms and films, Gervais and Merchant formerly hosted a radio show and have recorded a number of podcasts with their friend Karl Pilkington .", "Who? British stand-up comic, actor and presenter made infamous by the Sachsgate scandal, had a hilarious turn in last year’s Forgetting Sarah Marshall , and is set to star in a spin-off, Get Him To The Greek .", "6723074 Meet the Real Sacha Baron Cohen]. Fresh Air. 4 January 2007 (advance to 21:10 in the interview).", "Hugely entertaining and refreshingly honest, So Me is the memoir everybody has been waiting for. Graham Norton, whose impish charm and quick wit has earned him a place in our hearts, looks back at his life so far, a personal journey that begins in a remote village in Ireland forty years ago. Packed with anecdotes about his time at Cork University before dropping out and joining a commune of hippies in San Francisco, about his disastrous attempts at becoming a serious actor and about the rise of his comedy career in London, this is a hilarious, insightful and at times moving account of a very colourful life. As Norton puts it himself, So Me is \"a real romp through a journey from living in a cockroach-infested council flat in Hackney to buying Claudia Schiffer's townhouse in Manhattan, from my mother dragging me to school to me dragging her to Sharon Stone's house for New Year's brunch\". Containing Graham Norton's trademark stamp of surreal humour and wry observation, So Me is a treat for all of the presenter's millions of fans.", "Les Dawson replaces the original host Terry Wogan. Famous for it's funny microphone on a stick, and its blankety blanks", "Jonathan Ross and a guest host presided over this alternative variety show featuring a high proportion of comedy, including notable appearances by Steve Coogan, Mark Thomas and Denis Leary.", "Known for his improvisation skill, his humour is rooted in deadpan, surreal and sometimes dark comedy. Considered by some critics, fellow comedians and members of the public to be among Britain's greatest comedians, he is well known for his regular appearances as a team captain on the BBC panel game Have I Got News for You, and as the former host of Room 101, as well as for several appearances on the original British version of the improvisional comedy television show Whose Line Is It Anyway?", "Pedro appeared in Comic Relief, acting as room service when Daffyd was interviewing Elton John. Pedro's character was likely based on David Walliams' impersonation of Ricky Martin.", "He will host a one-off show featuring classic sketches and interviews with guests who were \"gunged\" on the programme, such as Sir Trevor McDonald.", "Actor and comedian known for 'The Fast Show', 'Cold Feet' and for his work with Steve Coogan.", "Best known as the hapless MP Ben Swain in \"The Thick Of It\", Justin has also appeared in \"Father Brown\", \"Are You Being Served\", \"The Suspicions of Mr Whicher\", \"Veep\", \"The Old Guys\", \"The Trip\", and \"Skins\". His film work includes \"Love and Friendship\", \"The Death Of Stalin\", \"Paddington\" and \"Thor\". He is a regular voice on Radio Four as an actor and presenter and is well known to live comedy audiences for his Perrier nominated show as horrific children's entertainer Jeremy Lion.", "Shaun Micallef (born 18 July 1962) is an Australian actor, comedian and writer. After ten years of working in insurance law as a solicitor in Adelaide, Micallef moved to Melbourne to pursue a full-time comedy career in 1993. He first gained recognition as a cast member of the sketch comedy show Full Frontal, which in turn led to a number of television roles including his own sketch show, The Micallef P(r)ogram(me), the sitcom Welcher & Welcher and the variety show Micallef Tonight." ]

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[ "The comedy Police Academy (1984) was the 6th highest-grossing (domestic) film of 1984, with $81.2 million. There were six inferior sequels within ten years from 1985 to 1994, including Police Academy 2: Their First Assignment (1985), Police Academy 3: Back in Training (1986), Police Academy 4: Citizens on Patrol (1987), Police Academy 5: Assignment Miami Beach (1988), Police Academy 6: City Under Siege (1989), and Police Academy: Mission to Moscow (1994). There was also a short-lived TV series in 1997.", "Raiders of the Lost Ark (later marketed as Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark) is a 1981 American action adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg, with a screenplay written by Lawrence Kasdan, from a story by George Lucas and Philip Kaufman. It was produced by Frank Marshall for Lucasfilm Ltd., with Lucas and Howard Kazanjian as executive producers. Starring Harrison Ford, it was the first installment in the Indiana Jones film franchise to be released, though it is the second in internal chronological order. It pits Indiana Jones (Ford) against a group of Nazis who are searching for the Ark of the Covenant, which Adolf Hitler believes will make his army invincible. The film co-stars Karen Allen as Indiana's former lover, Marion Ravenwood; Paul Freeman as Indiana's nemesis, French archaeologist René Belloq; John Rhys-Davies as Indiana's sidekick, Sallah; Ronald Lacey as Gestapo agent Arnold Toht; and Denholm Elliott as Indiana's colleague, Marcus Brody.", "Skateboarder, Police Academy 4: Citizens on Patrol (also known as Citizens on Patrol: Police Academy 4), Warner Bros., 1987.", "The film was released in the United States on October 22, 1982. Despite initial mixed reviews, the film was a box office success, grossing $47.2 million at the box office. Since its release, First Blood has received reappraisal from critics, with many praising the roles of Stallone, Dennehy, and Crenna, and has been recognized as a cult classic and an influential film in the action genre. The film's success spawned a franchise, consisting of three sequels (all which were co-written by and starred Stallone), an animated series, comic books, and novels. A fifth film, tentatively titled Rambo: Last Stand, was cancelled in January 2016 when Stallone stated that he was retiring the character. ", "Star Wars: Episode V The Empire Strikes Back, marketed as simply The Empire Strikes Back, is the second Star Wars film and the second chapter of the original trilogy. Originally released in 1980 , the film has proved to be one of the most popular films of the series among many fans and critics. It was re-released with changes in 1997 and (on DVD) in 2004 . The film was re-released on Blu-ray format in September of 2011 . A radio adaptation was broadcast on National Public Radio in the U.S. in 1983. The film was selected in 2010 to be preserved by the Library of Congress as part of its National Film Registry .", "Lethal Weapon is a 1987 American buddy cop action film, and the first in a series of films, all directed by Richard Donner and starring Mel Gibson and Danny Glover as a mismatched pair of LAPD detectives, and Gary Busey as their primary adversary. After the first film, the series fell into the action thriller genres, and is generally considered to typify the \"buddy cop\" plot device.", "Dirty Harry was a critical and commercial success and set the style for a whole genre of police films. It was followed by four sequels: Magnum Force in 1973, The Enforcer in 1976, Sudden Impact in 1983 (directed by Eastwood himself) and The Dead Pool in 1988.", "Dirty Harry was a critical and commercial success and set the style for a whole genre of police films. The film was followed by four sequels: Magnum Force in 1973, The Enforcer in 1976, Sudden Impact in 1983 (directed by Eastwood himself), and The Dead Pool in 1988.", "  There were also 3 spin of feature films from the series: - 'On The Buses', 'Mutiny On The Buses' and 'Holiday On The Buses.'", "RoboCop (1987) (and its sequel, RoboCop 2 ) were violent, edgy and full of satire on mid- '80s corporate culture. While the second film was derided for focusing too much on shock value and having less of the satirical humor, the franchise was still doing pretty well for itself (an animated series was created during this time, and the films performed very well at the box office). Unfortunately, studio executives (likely smelling several marketing opportunities ) toned down the violence in the third film, RoboCop 3 , to appeal to younger viewers. While there were some elements that remained from the previous films (Basil Poledouris' score, a return to the silver armor from the first film, most of the surviving cast members returning and some of the satire), the end result was too juvenile for most audiences, and the film bombed both financially and critically. Although there were attempts to resurrect the franchise over the years (a mid-'90s Canadian-made TV series bombed after one season, a late-'90s cartoon was critically panned and a miniseries [ also filmed in Canada ] was made-for-TV, a 2014 reboot was seen as So Okay, It's Average ), it never really flew with audiences.", "After succeeding with the first installment of the series, id Software released Doom II: Hell on Earth in 1994. In 1997 the U.S. Marine Corps converted Doom’s monsters into opposition forces and used the resulting game, Marine Doom, to train troops in tactics and communications. After the series went on hiatus through the late 1990s, Doom 3 was released to great critical acclaim in 2004. In 2005 the popular video game title was made into a motion picture of the same name.", "The Terminator is a 1984 American science-fiction action film written and directed by James Cameron . It stars Arnold Schwarzenegger as the Terminator , a cyborg assassin sent back in time from 2029 to 1984 to kill Sarah Connor ( Linda Hamilton ), whose son will one day become a savior against machines in a post-apocalyptic future. Michael Biehn plays Kyle Reese , a soldier from the future sent back in time to protect Connor.", "*Full Metal Jacket (1987) — based on the book The Short-Timers, which tells of the experience of a soldier during the Vietnam War", "The character of RoboCop itself was inspired by British comic book hero as well as the Marvel Comics superhero Iron Man. An Iron Man comic book appears on screen during the film's convenience store robbery. Although both Neumeier and Verhoeven have declared themselves staunchly on the political left, Neumeier recalls on the audio commentary to Starship Troopers that many of his leftist friends wrongly perceived RoboCop as a fascist movie. However, on the 20th Anniversary DVD, producer Jon Davison referred to the film's message as \"fascism for liberals\" - a politically liberal film done in the most violent way possible.", "The scene where the hero has to turn himself into the police, echos the similar scene early in North by Northwest, when the hero winds up in the hands of the police after the mountain road incident. Both films show \"modern\", suburban style police stations, manned by skeptical, serious and intelligent acting officers. These officers seem like \"normal\" Americans, the kind that might have responsible jobs in business or industry. Both groups of officers treat the hero with disbelief and polite but deadly skepticism.", "Gibson moved into more mainstream commercial filmmaking with the popular Lethal Weapon series, in which he starred as LAPD Detective Martin Riggs , an emotionally unstable Vietnam veteran with a death wish and a penchant for violence and gunplay. In the films, he was partnered with the elder and more reserved Roger Murtaugh (played by Danny Glover ). This series would come to exemplify the action genre's so-called buddy film .", "The Big Rotten Apple : Both the original film and its New York-set sequels depict a city where violent crime is so out of control that citizens are forced to take vigilante action.", "Total Recall is a 1990 American science fiction action film directed by Paul Verhoeven, starring Arnold Schwarzenegger, Rachel Ticotin, Sharon Stone, Ronny Cox and Michael Ironside. The film is loosely based on the Philip K. Dick story \"We Can Remember It for You Wholesale\". It tells the story of a construction worker who is having troubling dreams about Mars and a mysterious woman there. It was written by Ronald Shusett, Dan O'Bannon, Jon Povill, and Gary Goldman, and won a Special Achievement Academy Award for its visual effects. The original score composed by Jerry Goldsmith won the BMI Film Music Award.", "In 2004, a Starsky & Hutch movie directed by Todd Phillips was released, starring Ben Stiller and Owen Wilson as Starsky and Hutch (respectively), spoofing the original TV series. Two streetwise undercover cops in 1975, driving in a red 1975 Ford Gran Torino, bust drug criminals with the help of underworld player, Huggy Bear (played by Snoop Dogg ). The film functions as a sort of prequel to the TV series, as it portrays when Starsky was first partnered with Hutchinson. The film also switches the personalities of the title characters. While in the TV show, Starsky was curious, laid-back, and streetwise, and Hutch was very serious and by-the-book. In the film, Starsky is the serious cop, and Hutch is laid-back. There are four Frat Pack members in this film, although not all are in major roles (one is an uncredited cameo).", "A policeman is turned down for his dream job as a secret service bodyguard to the president. While taking his daughter on a tour of the White House, he gets the chance to prove himself when terrorists seize control of the building, putting the head of state's life in his hands. Action thriller, with Channing Tatum, Jamie Foxx, Maggie Gyllenhaal and James Woods.", "In the first three films in the franchise, this is the drive behind most of our hero's actions. The first film sees our hero getting caught in the middle of a terrorist takeover of a high-rise building, with no way out, holding dozens of hostages with his wife among them and the police offers arriving to save the day being no help at all . The second is much of the same, except with entire plane-loads of people coming in for the holidays. The third film has a major subplot about a terrorist bomb in an elementary school.", "A top Army sniper who previously abandoned the military after a routine mission gave way to tragedy is double-crossed by the government after reluctantly being pressured back into service in Training Day director Antoine Fuqua's adaptation of Stephen Hunter's novel Point of Impact. There was a time when Bob Lee Swagger (Mark Wahlberg) was the best trigger-man in the military, but after growing disillusioned with the system, he disappeared without a trace. After being located at his remote mountain retreat by high-profile government officials following an extensive search, Swagger is coerced back into service in order to stop a determined assassin from taking out the President of the United States. In the process of carrying out his mission, however, Swagger suddenly realizes that he has been betrayed when he becomes the subject of a nationwide manhunt. Now wounded and desperate to reveal the culprits behind the conspiracy before it's too late, Swagger sets into motion a revenge plan that will send shockwaves rippling to some of the most powerful and corrupt leaders in the free world. Danny Glover, Rhona Mitra, and Ned Beatty co-star in this conspiracy-driven action thriller that asks what it truly means to serve one's country.", "The film spawned two sequels, both starring Eddie Murphy, in 1987 and 1994. Judge Reinhold also reprised his role of Billy Rosewood for the sequels. The second film met with mixed reviews but was a box office success while the third film was less successful critically and commercially. Faltermeyer's \"Axel F\" was used in both sequels.", "Patrick dropped out of college when drama class sparked his interest in acting, and entered film in 1986. After playing a supporting role in Die Hard 2 (1990), Patrick starred as the T-1000, the main antagonist of Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991) – a role he reprised for cameo appearances in Wayne's World (1992) and Last Action Hero (1993). Other notable film credits include Fire in the Sky (1993), Striptease (1996), Cop Land (1997), The Faculty (1998), Spy Kids (2001), Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle (2003), Walk the Line (2005), Flags of Our Fathers (2006), We Are Marshall (2006), Bridge to Terabithia (2007), The Men Who Stare at Goats (2009) and Safe House (2012).", "Way back in 1975, a team of plainclothes officers hit the streets of Bay City (AKA San Francisco). They didn't always play by the rules , but that's what made them the best cops the city had ever seen. Fast forward to 2004 and you've got a remake of one of the coolest retro TV shows. Ben Stiller (who plays Detective David Starsky) and Owen Wilson (who plays Detective Ken Hutchinson) have stepped up to the plate to take over the roles of Starsky and Hutch and they mean business. Stiller and Wilson are also joined by some pretty hot stars , like Snoop Dogg (as Huggy Bear), Vince Vaughn (as Reese Feldman) and Will Ferrell .", "Eight years after forming an unlikely quartet of special force ops, Col. John \"Hannibal\" Smith (LIAM NEESON) leads Lt. Templeton \"Face\" Peck (BRADLEY COOPER), Sgt. B.A. \"Bad Attitude\" Baracus (QUINTON \"RAMPAGE\" JACKSON) and Capt. H.M. \"Howling Mad\" Murdock (SHARLTO COPLEY) in covert operations for General Morrison (GERALD McRANEY). Now in Iraq, they set off to recover stolen U.S. Mint printing plates and $1 billion worth of newly printed currency. But they must contend with CIA agent Lynch (PATRICK WILSON) and civilian contractor Brock Pike (BRIAN BLOOM) who leads a private armed force working for Black Forest, all of whom also have their sights set on that.", "* Law Abiding Citizen — 2009 film by F. Gary Gray about the assassinations of Philadelphia city officials by an aggrieved family man (Gerard Butler)", "Although the 1984 film portrays the band hailing from the United Kingdom, all three actors who play the principal band members were actually born in the United States. (Christopher Guest, however, was raised in both countries, and he currently has dual citizenship and a title of nobility: Baron Haden-Guest.)", "Toy Soldiers is an action adventure starring Sean Astin, Wil Wheaton, Keith Coogan and Louis Gossett Jr in a story about a gang of terrorists who meet their match when they overrun an exclusive prep school for delinquent rich kids. Toy Soldiers was directed by Daniel Petrie Jr in 1991.", "Omni Consumer Products (OCP), on the verge of bankruptcy, creates an armed force called the Urban Rehabilitators (\"Rehabs\" for short), under the command of Paul McDaggett (John Castle). Ostensibly its purpose is to combat rising crime in Old Detroit, augmenting the ranks of the Detroit Police in apprehending violent criminals. In reality it has been set up to forcibly relocate the residents of Cadillac Heights, killing some of them (including the parents of Nikko, a Japanese-American computer whiz kid) in the process. The police force is gradually superseded by the Rehabs, and violent crime begins to spiral out of control. The Delta City dream of the former OCP CEO, \"Old Man\", lives on with the help of the Japanese zaibatsu Kanemitsu Corporation, which has bought a controlling stake in the organisation. Kanemitsu (Mako) sees the potential in the citywide redevelopment, and moves forward with the plans to remove the current citizens. The company develops and uses its own ninja robots (called \"Otomo\") to help McDaggett and the OCP President (Rip Torn) overcome the resistance of the anti-OCP militia forces.", "taglinE “Part man. Part machine. All cop. The future of law enforcement.” RElEasE DatE 17 July 1987", "The scenes where Lloyd Bridges is putting some commandos through their paces reminded of ffolkes. Roger Moore had his commandos running an obstacle course and clambering over large scaffolding as well. Perhaps one of the ffolks film makers was inspired by this?" ]

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[ "Commercial and introduction movie to Windows '98 from Microsoft's 1998 advertising campaign around the \"Where do you want to go today?\" tagline. The Wieden+Kennedy agency was in charge of these campaigns from 1995 to 1999.", "By 1993, Windows had become the most widely used GUI operating system in the world. Fortune Magazine named Microsoft as the \"1993 Most Innovative Company Operating in the U.S.\" The year also marked the end of a five-year copyright infringement legal case brought by Apple Computer, dubbed Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp., in which the ruling was in Microsoft's favor, the release of Windows for Workgroups 3.11, a new version of the consumer line of Windows, and Windows NT 3.1, a server-based operating system with a similar user interface to consumer versions of the operating system, but with an entirely different kernel. As part of its strategy to broaden its business, Microsoft released Microsoft Encarta on March 22, 1993, the first encyclopedia designed to run on a computer. Soon after, the Microsoft Home brand was introduced – encompassing Microsoft's new multimedia applications for Windows 3.x., Microsoft changed its slogan to \"Where do you want to go today?\" in 1994 as part of an attempt to appeal to nontechnical audiences in a US$100 million advertising campaign.", "GATESVILLE, WA / DenounceNewswire / -- December 13, 1996 -- Microsoft Corporation announced today that it was dropping its \"Where Do You Want To Go Today?\" ad campaign, calling it \"wildly successful,\" but perhaps a little \"too successful.\"", "In the 1990s, the appliance industry was very consolidated, with over 90% of the products being sold by just five companies. For example, in 1991, dishwasher manufacturing market share was split between General Electric with 40% market share, Whirlpool with 31% market share, Electrolux with 20% market share, Maytag with 7% market share and Thermador with just 2% of market share.", "If the company managed to impose itself on the European market, where it became one of the top-selling jeans labels during the 1990s, it was less successful in the United States. The financial collapse of Russ Togs at the start of the decade cut severely into the company's growth in that market. Despite the advertising campaign's success at attracting attention to the company's products, finding Diesel jeans and clothing remained difficult for many customers until the middle of the decade. Nonetheless, the company succeeded in placing its line in such prestigious locations as Bloomingdale's and Barney's New York and quickly built up a cult image.", "\"Don’t Leave Home Without It.\" In 1975, Ogilvy & Mather created this slogan for American Express. The commercials were among the first to include celebrity cameos, including Jim Henson, Stephen King, and Jerry Seinfeld. In 1985, BBDO responded with \"Visa, It’s Everywhere You Want to Be.\" And not to be outdone in the plastic slogan war, in 1997, MasterCard brought the heat with \"There are some things money can’t buy. For everything else, there’s MasterCard.\" Priceless.", "During the 1990s, drug marketers increased their consumer ad efforts. New FDA rules went into effect in 1997 that allowed direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription products for the first time. Several Warner-Lambert brands benefited, including the company's cholesterol-lowering drug, Lipitor, sales for which in 1999 increased 56% over the previous year, reaching $2.6 billion. The company's consumer ad expenditures for Lipitor increased from $7.8 million in 1998 to $55.4 million in 1999, ranking it among the top 10 pharmaceutical brands in spending.", "Many media reports said this was the first slogan change in 19 years — which is not quite true. Back in 1994, Wal-Mart was compelled to change its slogan, which had been “Always the low price. Always” when the National Advertising Review Board found it deceptive.", "Prior to the summer of 1990, Walmart had no presence on the West Coast or in the Northeast (except for a single Sam's Club in New Jersey which opened in November 1989), but in July and October that year, it opened its first stores in California and Pennsylvania, respectively. By the mid-1990s, it was far and away the most powerful retailer in the U.S. and expanded into Mexico in 1991 and Canada in 1994. Walmart stores opened throughout the rest of the U.S., with Vermont being the last state to get a store in 1995. ", "The tag line for PepsiCo's 1997 campaign, \"Generation Next,\" represented something of a return to the company's roots. Replacing the two-year-old theme \"Nothing Else Is a Pepsi,\" the new theme echoed one of Pepsi's most memorable campaigns of previous years, which featured the tag line \"Choice of a New Generation.\" Both themes were concocted by the New York ad agency BBDO. The \"Generation Next\" campaign was designed to leverage Pepsi's \"generation\" equities of humor and humanity while positioning Pepsi and its drinkers as looking in anticipation to the future. The new spots encompassed a diverse swath of themes and characters but retained traditional Pepsi features like the storyline approach.", "PepsiCo, Inc., entered the ready-to-drink tea market in 1991 when it joined with the Thomas J. Lipton Company (which later became part of Unilever) to form the Pepsi-Lipton Tea Partnership to market, produce, and develop tea-based drinks. Two ready-to-drink Lipton brands defined the partnership: Lipton's Brew (later renamed Lipton's Iced Tea), a bottled, hot-brewed tea; and Lipton Brisk, a lower-priced tea manufactured after the fashion of soft drinks and sold in aluminum cans. In 1996 Pepsi began backing the latter product with a high-profile campaign dubbed \"That's Brisk, Baby!\" Created by ad agency J. Walter Thompson, it featured model-animated versions of pop-culture icons.", "Just do it or JUST DO IT as it is stylized, is the tagline that forms the core component of Nike’s brand. Created in 1988 by advertising agency Wieden+Kennedy, the tagline or slogan ‘Just do it’ helped Nike increase its sport-shoe marketing revenues tremendously. Best known as one of the most famous business taglines ever, ‘Just do it’ appears in almost all Nike commercials just under the Swoosh (Nike’s tick logo). Just do it is undoubtedly a short and the most influential business taglines ever.", "In 1997 Quaker dropped longtime advertising agency Jordan, McGrath, Case & Taylor, which had handled its campaigns during the 1980s, in favor of FCB. A distinguished agency of long standing, FCB had fallen on hard times in the early 1990s, but with the Quaker account and others, analysts predicted renewed strength for the firm. Its first ads for Quaker, in 1997, used the song \"Heart and Soul.\" During most of 1998, FCB and Quaker concentrated on Quaker Oats Fruit & Oatmeal, as well as Quaker's Dino Eggs. The Dino Eggs, a brand extension for children whose introduction was tied to Universal Pictures's release of a new film in the popular Land Before Time series, were marketed in the shape of eggs. When hot water was added to them, they \"hatched\" into brightly colored dinosaurs.", "In June 2001, Microsoft indicated that it was planning to, in conjunction with Intel and other PC makers, spend at least US$1 billion on marketing and promoting Windows XP. The theme of the campaign, \"Yes You Can\", was designed to emphasize the platform's overall capabilities; an initial slogan, \"Prepare to Fly\", was dropped due to sensitivity issues after the September 11 attacks. A prominent aspect of Microsoft's campaign was a U.S. television commercial featuring Madonna's song \"Ray of Light\"; a Microsoft spokesperson stated that the song was chosen due to its optimistic tone and how it complimented the overall theme of the campaign.", "In 1982, Nike aired its first national television ads, created by newly formed ad agency Wieden+Kennedy, during the New York Marathon. This was the beginning of a successful partnership between Nike and W+K that remains intact today.", "The second leg of Into the Millennium Tour, which was also the first North American leg, was sponsored by Sears and was officially titled \"Sears Presents Backstreet Boys Into The Millennium\". The sponsorship was a part of Sears' new integrated marketing campaign that exclusively featured the Backstreet Boys. The campaign included a 30-second advertisement, featuring the group, which was aired from August 1–15, 1999. The advertising promoted a back-to-school sweepstakes which gave each of five fans the chance to win a $2,000 Sears shopping spree with their favorite Backstreet Boys member, and a trip for four to the group's concert on December 1, 1999 in Tampa, Florida. ", "The single Right Here, Right Now was resurrected in 2006 as an advertising jingle for the American retailer Kmart, an image campaign for CBS News, and was used in promotional advertisements for the now defunct television channel, TechTV. Ford Motors was using \"Right Here, Right Now\" in their 2010 televisual advertising campaign. A cover of the song was also recorded by New Zealand band The Feelers to be used in advertising for the 2011 Rugby World Cup. ", "Jul 27, 2009 ... ... and in ads and Web sites, big brands like Trident and Wrigley are ... in the", "There had not been any new commercials until 2004, when the airline changed its slogan to Fly Emirates. Keep Discovering. In 2008, Emirates launched a slogan mainly revolving around their route network of 100 destinations in 59+ countries across six continents – Fly Emirates. Keep Discovering and Fly Emirates. To over Six Continents. Most recently Emirates launched a campaign to promote Dubai as a destination using the slogan Fly Emirates. Meet Dubai. As of 2012, Emirates currently uses the slogan Hello Tomorrow.", "As early as the 1960s Pepsi signaled its intention to win over young consumers with its tag line \"Pepsi—For Those Who Think Young.\" In 1963 the soda giant unveiled its \"Pepsi Generation\" tag line, created by agency BBDO. This long-running campaign was replaced by \"The Choice of a New Generation\" in the 1980s and revised in 1997 as \"Generation Next.\"", "* When you want the taste of UN, there's only one (early 1990s, used concurrently with previous slogan)", "In 1969, KFC hired its first national advertising agency, Leo Burnett. John Hughes, later to become a filmmaker, worked as a copywriter on the account. A notable Burnett campaign in 1972 was the \"Get a bucket of chicken, have a barrel of fun\" jingle, performed by Barry Manilow.", "Tesco introduced a loyalty card, branded 'Clubcard' in 1995, and later an Internet shopping service. In 1996 the typeface of the logo was changed to the current version with stripe reflections underneath, whilst the corporate font used for store signage was changed from the familiar \"typewriter\" font that had been used since the 1970s. Overseas operations were introduced the same year. Terry Leahy assumed the role of Chief Executive on 21 February 1997, the appointment having been announced on 21 November 1995. ", "1989 \"The Choice of a New Generation\" theme expands to categorize Pepsi users as \"A Generation Ahead!\"", "So if this is what sold pickup trucks in the early '90s, what did the chick-car ads look like?", "A version of this article appears in print on September 20, 2013, on Page B7 of the New York edition with the headline: Old Slogan Returns as United Asserts It Is Customer-Focused. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe", "Some companies have responded to a changing world with taglines that reflect our increasingly global society.", "The first big-spending campaign of the decade is ushering in the 90s by exhuming a 60s brand strategy.", "\"The best a man can get\" was launched during Super Bowl XXIII in January 1989, kicking off an $80 million international campaign that used the same visual imagery (and, in broadcast media, the same music) in 19 North American and European nations in which it ran. The slogan, translated into 14 languages, remained in widespread use for a decade.", "* 1999 – Launch of the Corporate Travel & Entertainment card for medium and large businesses, recognising the different needs of this market sector", "What memorable commercials were introduced during the 90s that you can think of? This isn't a list of every commercial to appear in the decade, just the commercials that really stood out for one reason or another.", "The 'Just do it' slogan first appeared at the end of a TV advert in 1988 " ]

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[ "Irene Adler is the beautiful opera singer who bested the best detective in the world, the only woman to ever outwit Sherlock Holmes.  She has spent years in self-imposed exile in Europe, in an attempt to reinvent herself and create a new life, because she cannot remember the old one.  But now circumstances have forced this diva-turned-detective to investigate a past she doesn’t remember–on her home ground.", "Irene Adler is the only woman to ever have outwitted Sherlock Holmes... and the one who has come closest to stealing his heart.", "Irene Adler is the only woman ever to have outwitted Sherlock Holmes... and the one who has come closest to stealing his heart.", "Before Caleb Carr and Laurie R. King, Carole Nelson Douglas gave readers a compelling look into Victoriana with a bold new detective character: Irene Adler, the only woman ever to have \"outwitted\" Sherlock Holmes. An operatic diva and intellectual equal (and some would say superior) to most of the men she encounters, Irene is as much at home with disguises and a revolver as with high society and haute couture.", "Irene Adler is the beautiful opera singer who bested the best detective in the world, the only woman to ever outwit Sherlock Holmes. She has spent years in self-imposed exile in Europe, in an attempt to reinvent herself and create a new life, because she cannot remember the old one. But now circumstances have forced this diva-turned-detective to investigate a past she doesn't remember - on her home ground. Daredevil reporter Nelly Bly has lured Irene, her faithful chronicler and British parson's daughter Nell Huxleigh, and Holmes himself to America, offering information regarding Irene's parentage. New York City in 1889 proved to be both fascinating and perilous for Irene, and Nelly Bly's information was more harmful than helpful. Because now Irene and her allies - and enemies - must race to follow a deadly trail of hidden personal and political history back in time to the days of the California gold rush, thirty years earlier.They are pursuing the complex and contradictory life story of one of the most notorious women of the nineteenth century, and before the intrigue-ridden quest is over, Irene and Nell will uncover murderous international political conspiracies, lost treasure, and finally... the full, shocking secret of Irene's birth.", "Carole Nelson Douglas gives readers a delightful look into Victoriana with Irene Adler, the only woman ever to have outwitted Sherlock Holmes, in “A Scandal in Bohemia.”  A charismatic performer and the intellectual equal to the men she encounters, Irene Adler is as much at home with a spyglass and revolver as with haute couture and gala balls.", "The only woman to impress Holmes was Irene Adler, who according to Watson was always referred to by Holmes as \"the woman.\" Holmes himself is never directly quoted as using this term and even mentions her name in other cases. Adler is one of the few women who are mentioned in multiple Holmes stories, appearing in person in only one, \"A Scandal in Bohemia.\"", "Miss Irene Adler, the beautiful American opera singer who once outwitted Sherlock Homes (“to Holmes, she was always the woman”), is here given an unexpected talent: she is a superb detective.  Whether intervening on behalf of Oscar Wilde in a delicate mission of the heart, or maneuvering at Bram Stoker’s tea party, Irene’s brilliant reasoning powers rarely fail.  Only her search for Marie Antoinette’s long-lost Zone of Diamonds seems stymied; her investigation of a royal murder in the Kingdom of Bohemia ends with the apprehension of the villain.", "The Irene Adler, in this incarnation, is a dominatrix (children, don’t ask your parents what this means) who is (spoiler alert) under the employ of James Moriarty. Moriarty is the arch-nemesis of Sherlock Holmes, in case anyone out there was wondering. Anyway, Moriarty hires Adler to seduce Holmes and get him to give her information. Anyone even remotely familiar with the character of Sherlock Holmes knows this is not an easy task. He is known as “the world’s greatest detective” a.k.a. “not a moron.” Nevertheless, Irene Adler matches wits against Holmes… and wins and loses.", "The only woman in whom Holmes ever showed any interest that verged on the romantic was Irene Adler . According to Watson, she was always referred to by Holmes as \"The Woman\". Holmes himself is never directly quoted as using this term — even though he does mention her actual name several times in other cases. She is also one of the few women who are mentioned in multiple Holmes stories, though she actually appears in person only in one, \" A Scandal in Bohemia \". She is often thought to be the only woman who broke through Holmes' reserve. She is possibly the only woman who has ever \"beaten\" or outwitted Holmes in a mystery. However, it is important to note that Watson explicitly states, \"It was not that he felt any emotion akin to love for Irene Adler.\"", "The BBC reportedly received over 100 complaints about actress  Lara Pulver’s  portrayal of Holmes’s female sparring partner as an upmarket dominatrix who used pre-watershed seminudity to bewitch the detective in A Scandal in Belgravia. But some Sherlock purists objected on different grounds. Irene Adler as conceived by Conan Doyle in A Scandal in Bohemia, it was argued in  blog  after  blog , was a formidable woman of honour, who would never allow herself to become a pawn of Moriarty, or to fall for Holmes after showing him her breasts. Steven Moffat disagreed with the feminists. \"In the original,” he told The Guardian, “Irene Adler's victory over Sherlock Holmes was to move house and run away with her husband. That's not a feminist victory.\"", "Sherlock's arch enemy, yet they do help each other out when it is absolutely necessary. Sherlock's actual nemesis is master criminal James Moriarty, who is as intelligent as Sherlock, but uses his wits for crime. Sherlock doesn't have girlfriends, but is intrigued by Irene Adler, an intelligent criminal and high end escort.", "A series of mystery novels written by Carole Nelson Douglas features Irene Adler as the protagonist and sleuth, chronicling her life shortly before (in the novel Good Night, Mr. Holmes) and after her notable encounter with Sherlock Holmes and which feature Holmes as a supporting character. The series includes Godfrey Norton as Irene's supportive barrister husband; Penelope \"Nell\" Huxleigh, a vicar's daughter and former governess who is Irene's best friend and biographer; and Nell's love interest Quentin Stanhope. Historical characters such as Oscar Wilde, Bram Stoker, Alva Vanderbilt and Consuelo Vanderbilt, and journalist Nellie Bly, among others, also make appearances. In the books, Douglas strongly implies that Irene's mother was Lola Montez and her father possibly Ludwig I of Bavaria. Douglas provides Irene with a back story as a pint-size child vaudeville performer who was trained as an opera singer before going to work as a Pinkerton detective.", "Watson : Irene Adler! What a striking-looking woman from the brief glance I had of her! Seemsa only yesterday! What charm! Hmmmm. What poise! And what a mind! Sharp enough and brilliant enough to outwit the great Sherlock Holmes himself!", "The only woman in whom Holmes ever showed any interest that verged on the romantic was Irene Adler. According to Watson, she was always referred to by Holmes as \"The Woman.\" Holmes himself is never directly quoted as using this term – though he does mention her actual name several times in other cases. She is also one of the few women who are mentioned in multiple Holmes stories, though she actually appears in person only in one, \" A Scandal in Bohemia \". She is often thought to be the only woman who broke through Holmes' reserve. She is possibly the only woman who has ever \"beaten\" Holmes in a mystery; this point is unclear due to a comment with some chronological problems in one of the stories (see the Irene Adler or \" The Five Orange Pips \" articles for details). However, it is important to note that Watson explicitly states, \"It was not that he felt any emotion akin to love for Irene Adler.\" That said, we have only Watson's word that this is the case, and the nature of Sherlock's thoughts about her will always remain something of a question.", "In the 2014 NHK puppetry Sherlock Holmes, Irene Adler is a school nurse of a fictional boarding school Beeton School. At first she has an affair with Headmaster Ormstein but takes up with another man Godfrey Norton who teaches art and sees through the plot of Holmes and Watson in \"The Adventure of the Headmaster with Trouble\" based on \"A Scandal in Bohemia\". She is voiced by Rie Miyazawa. ", "In the 2009 novel The Language of Bees by Laurie R. King, it is stated that Irene Adler, who is deceased when the book begins, once had an affair with main character Sherlock Holmes and gave birth to a son, Damian Adler, an artist now known as The Addler.", "According to the critics from the New York Times, Publishers Weekly and daily newspapers, Irene Adler as “the dashing heroine in Carole Nelson Douglas’s enchanting Victorian series” is \"a Victorian age Ms. who blithely flouts conventions and triumphs in not one, but two careers—opera diva and detective” . . . “unconventional, irreverent, at least a century before her time—witty, competent, competitive, adventurous and like Holmes himself, fascinated with the curious and the criminal” . . . “the only woman Sherlock Holmes admired and indeed she lives up to the honor.”", "The only woman in whom Holmes ever showed any interest that verged on the romantic was Irene Adler . According to Watson, she was always referred to by Holmes as \"The Woman.\" Holmes himself never uses this term — though he does mention her actual name several times in other cases. She is also one of the few women who are mentioned in multiple Holmes stories, though she is actually only in one, \" A Scandal in Bohemia \". She is often thought to be the only woman who broke through Holmes' reserve. She is possibly the only woman who has ever \"beaten\" Holmes in a mystery; this point is unclear due to a comment with some chronological problems in one of the stories (see the Irene Adler or The Five Orange Pips articles for details).", "Scholars believe the fictitious Irene Adler in \" A Scandal in Bohemia \" (1891), the first Sherlock Holmes short story, who outwitted the private investigator when he sought an incriminating photograph of her and a European monarch, is based upon Langtry. [26]", "In one of the many scenes to showcase their similarities, Adler and Holmes prepare for battle. Both understand that appearance is important… but they look at it as part of the power struggle rather than simply looking pretty for one another.", "* American tennis player Billie Jean King defeated Bobby Riggs in the \"Battle of the Sexes\" tennis match in 1973. This match is remembered for its effect on society and its contribution to the women's movement. ", "King's career coincided with the women's liberation (feminist) movement of the 1970s. Her working-class upbringing in southern California and the second-class treatment she received as a professional athlete made her a natural spokesperson for the movement. Her role as a leader in the feminist cause reached its peak in September 1973, when she faced the 1939 men's tennis champion Bobby Riggs (1918–1995) in a nationally televised match at the Astrodome in Houston, Texas. King easily beat the aging Riggs and emerged as the winner of what had been billed as the \"Battle of the Sexes.\"", "Dr. Watson : Holmes, you are not seriously thinking of marrying that Adler woman, are you?", "National Women�s Hall of Famer: forced into retirement at age 65, she formed the Gray Panthers to fight age discrimination; her advice: �Speak your mind. Even if your voice shakes, well-aimed slingshots can topple giants.�; died Apr 22, 1995", "* Jane Snettisham, Aunt Dahlia's friend, who attempts to win Anatole from her in a bet", "Jane Snettisham, Aunt Dahlia 's friend, who attempts to win Anatole from her in a bet", "In a letter to Hailey, Watson reveals that Sherlock Holmes was Harry Nelson Pillsbury, who won the Hastings international chess tournament in 1895. Between 1891 and 1894 Pillsbury (Holmes) devoted his time preparing for the tournament.", "Holmes engages in hand to hand combat with his adversaries on occasions throughout the stories, inevitably emerging the victor. It is iterated in \"Gloria Scott\" that Holmes trained as a boxer.", "\"She's as headstrong as an allegory\", states Mrs Malaprop in Sheridan's The Rivals (1775), apparently mistaking allegory for alligator. She goes on to talk about \"the pineapple of politeness\", and her \"oracular tongue\" (instead of her vernacular), alongside a great many other tidally unintentional terrors. Mrs Malaprop's muddled use of language is the inspiration for malapropism – while the inspiration for her name was the French phrase mal à propos, meaning \"misplaced\" or \"wrongly positioned\".", "Margaret's acquaintance Gore Vidal, the noted American writer, wrote, \"She was far too intelligent for her station in life.\" He recalled a conversation with Margaret in which she discussed her public notoriety, saying, \"It was inevitable: when there are two sisters and one is the Queen, who must be the source of honour and all that is good, while the other must be the focus of the most creative malice, the evil sister.\"", "Finally, Estella is neither docile nor a fragile flower of Victorian femininity. She is a “femme fatale\", who is repeatedly cajoled by Ms. Havisham to wreak havoc on the hearts of the opposite sex." ]

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[ "Camels, also known as the 'ship of the desert', are one of the common animals seen in deserts across the globe. Restricted to the Gobi and Taklamakan deserts, the Bactrian camel has some distinctive features. It has two humps, which stores food in the form of fat, that can be converted into water. This enables the camel to remain without food or water for about two weeks. Camels have long legs and padded feet to prevent their feet from sinking into the sand and help in keeping their body above the hot surface of the sand. Their nostrils also have flaps that help in sealing the nose during a sandstorm, to prevent sand particles from entering it. They can bear the extreme heat and they have thick coats to reflect the sun's rays.", "Camels are called the 'ship of the desert'. They have been domesticated as beasts of burden longer than any other mammal.", "Camels are sometimes called \"ships of the desert\" because of their importance in travel and trade in desert environments. Camel's unique adaptations made them ideal animals for carrying goods and people across long distances, similar to how ships allow people to travel across oceans.", "Camels are called \"ships of the desert\" because of their numerous and unique physical traits that enable them survive in harsh desert climates, particularly their ability to consume very little water without dehydrating. There are several species of camels, such as the Arabian camel and Bactrian camel, which vary slightly in physical appearance, but share a suite of characteristics and physical features, such as broad flat feet and a double row of eyelashes, to help them survive in hot and arid deserts.", "A number of maritime analogies apply to the Sahara. One is that the sea of sand that is this desert has a shore called Sahel meaning shore in Arabic and closely relating to Swahili who as sea-going Bantus very definitely offer no problems about maritime history. Another is the clich�d camel as the ship of the desert but not nearly so well known is the camel-necked mtepe/dau as the camel of the sea (& note the type of Phoenician vessel described in the Greek language as the hippoi [= work] horse of the sea).", "Arab poets have often called the camel the 'ship of the desert.\" Long ago, Saydah Dhu alRumma said that his she-camel was a safiinat al-barr or land ship. His poem stated \"a land-ship whose reins beneath my cheek are passed.\" (Dhu lRumma, Diwan, edited by Charlile Henry Hayes Macartney, Cambridge, 1919, page 638)", "Prior to the invention of trucks and airplanes, desert peoples relied on camels for transportation because other large animals like horses and cattle could not withstand the harsh environment. Camels are able to travel long distances with very little food or water, even when carrying people or freight. This was especially important when crossing large, empty expanses of desert in which people were unable to resupply. Camels were used as \"ships of the desert\" in Africa and Asia and were imported to Australia to work in the harsh Outback environment.", "Camels were domesticated more than 3,500 years ago. Many people still depend on these “ships of the desert” for transportation. They can carry over 200 pounds for 20 miles in the hot desert heat.", "Dromedary or Arabian camel is found in Middle East and Arabian Peninsula. It is domestic animal and there is no threat of its extinction. The weight of Dromedary is between 400 to 700 kg and it is considered as one of the heaviest animals in the world. From ancient times it is used by human for purpose of transportation and this animal is also famous as “airplane of desert”.", "The camel is a large, strong desert animal. Camels can travel great distances across hot, dry deserts with little food or water. They walk easily on soft sand where trucks would get stuck, and carry people and heavy loads to places that have no roads. Camels also serve the people of the desert in many other ways.", "Because of the desert's extreme aridity, only a few specially adapted mammal species live in the Atacama, such as Darwin's leaf-eared mouse. The less arid parts of the desert are inhabited by the South American gray fox and the viscacha (a relative of the chinchilla). Larger animals, such as guanacos and vicuñas, graze in areas where grass grows, mainly because it is seasonally irrigated by melted snow. Vicuñas need to remain near a steady water supply, while guanacos can roam into more arid areas and survive longer without fresh water. Seals and sea lions often gather along the coast.", "Soils are red-brown, and there are some solonchaks. Most of the mountain terrain is devoid of vegetation, except for an occasional sparse cover of cactus and thorny brush. On the high plateaus are dry steppes. Deciduous and evergreen bushes and trees grow in the deep valleys. The Sharqa and the coastal part of Tihama have desert and semidesert vegetation. The date-palm grows in the oases. Typical fauna includes the gazelle, the wild ass (onager), and predators: the hyena, wolf, fox, wildcat, and leopard. The hamadril monkey is common in the south.", "Of course there are larger animals in the desert biome as they are able to feed on the small ones. Don’t be surprised if you find the puma, bobcat or dingo around. In various areas of the desert biome there are deer living there that they will find upon. In certain desert locations you will also find camels.", "The thinly populated grasslands support black bucks, chikara (gazelles), and some feathered game, notably francolins (partridges) and quail. Among the migratory birds, sand grouse, ducks, and geese are common. The desert is also the home of the endangered great bustard.", "It was during the 19th century that the camel, of all creatures, became a part of the fabled story of the deserts of the Southwest.  The animal’s history in the United States, however, began far earlier, in 1701, when a wealthy sea captain named Crowninshield brought a male and female to Salem, Massachusetts, where he exhibited them as curiosities.  A few other camels were imported for exhibition over the next century and a half.", "Board an iconic ‘ship of the desert’ and amble off across desert sands for a quintessential Sahara experience.", "If you need to get around the desert, a Dromedary can come in really handy. Of course, a Bactrian would also work. What are we talking about? Camels, of course!", "The most common gazelle in the Sahara desert is the Dorcas gazelle (Gazella dorcas), with several subspecies residing throughout northern Africa and the Middle East as well. The appearance of these gazelles can vary by subspecies, and ranges fawn to reddish-brown coats with stripes on the flanks and face in several shades of brown and white. They stand up to 2 feet tall and can weigh up to 44 pounds. Dorcas gazelles are highly adapted to desert life, and are able to get all required moisture from their plant matter-based diet without ever taking a drink of water. While these gazelles are not endangered, their population is considered vulnerable due to illegal hunting and habitat loss, caused by land development and agriculture.", "2. CAMEL A camel is a large, hump-backed ruminant (chews cud) of Asia and Africa. It was used to transport burdens or passengers.", "These antelope are mainly active during the night, particularly in the hot season; in the day, they dig 'beds' into the sand under shade to avoid the heat of the desert sun (2) , and also to shelter from sandstorms (10) . Small nomadic herds spend most of their time wandering in search of food (5) ; these previously numbered around 20 individuals but today groups are only two to four strong and lone individuals are also seen (6) . When the population was more abundant, these antelope migrated seasonally between the Sahara and the Sahel and aggregations of 1,000 individuals were seen (7) . The herds are led by a dominant male and breeding can occur all year round (5) . Males defend territories and mate with more than one female. Usually a single young is born and is fully weaned at around a month old (5) . In captivity, addax can live up to 25 years (5) .", "He was named \"Sham\" for the sun, this golden red stallion born in the Sultan of Morocco's stone stables. Upon his heel was a small white spot, the symbol of speed. But on his chest was the symbol of misfortune. Although he was as swift as the desert winds, Sham's proud pedigree would be scorned all his life by cruel masters and owners. This is the classic story of Sham and his friend, the stable boy Agba. Their adventures take them from the sands of the Sahara to the royal courts of France and, finally, to the green pastures and stately homes of England. For Sham was the renowned Godolphin Arabian, whose blood flows through the veins of almost every superior Thoroughbred. Sham's speed-like his story-has become legendary.", "Believed to be the ancestor of the domestic donkey, the African wild ass Equus africanus lives in scattered populations in the deserts and other arid areas of the Horn of Africa, and in Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia. The familial resemblance is strong, including stocky body shape, a light gray-to-fawn-color, and white undersides. The large ears are edged with black. Topping out at around 600 pounds, these tenacious animals eke out an existence in less-than-ideal conditions, possessing tough digestive systems that can break down desert vegetation and extract moisture from food. They can also go without water for a fairly long time, and can survive water loss of up to 30 percent of their body weight. That loss can be replenished with a drink of water lasting less than five minutes! Their large ears give them an excellent sense of hearing and help dissipate heat.", "1772: The world's most travelled goat died in London. She had circumnavigated the world twice, first on Dolphin under Captain Wallis, then on Cook's Endeavour. The Lord of the Admiralty signed a document acknowledging her age and adventures, but she died soon after.", "Camels are herbivores. Because they live in the dessert, they have to be able to eat desert plants. Thorny cacti would cause other animals a great deal of difficulty.", "Banthas are large, furry mammals that travel in herds through Tatooine's desert wastes. They serve as mounts for Tusken Raiders, and the two species share a close, almost mystical bond.", "In 1840, about six camels were shipped from Tenerife to Adelaide, but only one survived the journey to arrive on 12 October that year. The animal, a male called Harry, was owned by the explorer John Ainsworth Horrocks. Harry was ill-tempered but was included in an expedition the following year because he could carry heavy loads. The next major group of camels were imported into Australia in 1860, and between 1860 and 1907 10 to 12 thousand were imported. These were used mainly for riding and transport.", "^[Camel Riders] of various origins (e.g. Berber or Bedouin) are available for hire to the states of the Near East and", "According to Soviet research (cited in Peters and von den Driesch 1997: 662), Bactrian camels were present and probably eaten during the Hellenistic period in Choresmia, between the Aral Sea and the Amu Darya (Oxus) River. Finally, T�ang period (seventh/eighth century) tomb figures of Bactrian camels from China, some of which stand more than half a meter tall, are shown heavily laden with cargo (Vollmer, Keall and Nagai-Berthrong 1983: 47, 66) confirming their use as pack animals at this time.", "All along the coast, but mostly in the northernmost part of it, interaction between the water-laden air coming from the sea via southerly winds, some of the strongest of any coastal desert, and the dry air of the desert causes immense fogs and strong currents. It causes sailors to lose their way; this is testified by the remnants of a number of shipwrecks that can be found along the Skeleton Coast, in northern Namib. Some of these wrecked ships can be found as much as 50 m inland, as the desert slowly moves westwards into the sea, reclaiming land over a period of many years.", "Sailing homeward, the Doctor's ship had to pass the coast of Barbary. This coast is the seashore of the Great Desert. It is a wild, lonely place—all sand and stones. And it was here that the Barbary pirates lived.", "Due to their incredible endurance, these Large animals are the preferred mounts of desert-dwelling people. They tend to be ill-tempered beasts.", "They have very little need for drinking water, and can exist perfectly well from nothing but the bodily fluids of their prey for extended periods of time. This of course makes them particularly well-adapted to desert life, and as such they hold territories in several semi-desert regions of Africa and Asia." ]

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[ "Apollo is the Greek god of light, truth, prophecy, medicine, healing, plague, music, poetry, archery, and the arts. He has also been associated with the sun.", "In Greek and Roman mythology, Apollo, is one of the most important and diverse of the Olympian deities. The ideal of the kouros (a beardless youth), Apollo has been variously recognized as a god of light and the sun; truth and prophecy; archery; medicine and healing; music, poetry, and the arts; and more. Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto, and has a twin sister, the chaste huntress Artemis. Apollo is known in Greek-influenced Etruscan mythology as Apulu. Apollo was worshiped in both ancient Greek and Roman religion, as well as in the modern Greco-Roman Neopaganism.", "Apollo - Apollo is one of the most important and diverse of the Olympian deities in Greek and Roman mythology. The ideal of the kouros, Apollo has been variously recognized as a god of light and the sun; truth and prophecy; medicine, healing, and plague; music, poetry, and the arts; and more. Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto, and has a twin sister, the chaste huntress Artemis.", "Apollo (Attic, Ionic, and Homeric Greek: , Apollōn ( ); Doric: , Apellōn; Arcadocypriot: , Apeilōn; Aeolic: , Aploun; ) is one of the most important and complex of the Olympian deities in classical Greek and Roman religion and Greek and Roman mythology. The ideal of the kouros (a beardless, athletic youth), Apollo has been variously recognized as a god of music, truth and prophecy, healing, the sun and light, plague, poetry, and more. Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto, and has a twin sister, the chaste huntress Artemis. Apollo is known in Greek-influenced Etruscan mythology as Apulu. ", "Apollo (Attic, Ionic, and Homeric Greek: Ἀπόλλων, Apollōn (GEN Ἀπόλλωνος); Doric: Ἀπέλλων, Apellōn; Arcadocypriot: Ἀπείλων, Apeilōn; Aeolic: Ἄπλουν, Aploun; Latin: Apollō) is one of the most important and complex of the Olympian deities in classical Greek and Roman religion and Greek and Roman mythology. The ideal of the kouros (a beardless, athletic youth), Apollo has been variously recognized as a god of music, truth and prophecy, healing, the sun and light, plague, poetry, and more. Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto, and has a twin sister, the chaste huntress Artemis. Apollo is known in Greek-influenced Etruscan mythology as Apulu.", "Apollo is one of the most important and complex of the Olympian deities in ancient Greek and Roman religion, Greek and Roman mythology, and Greco-Roman Neopaganism. The ideal of the kouros (a beardless, athletic youth), Apollo has been variously recognized as a god of light and the sun, truth and prophecy, healing, plague, music, poetry, and more. Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto, and has a twin sister, the chaste huntress Artemis. Apollo is known in Greek-influenced Etruscan mythology as Apulu.", "The son of Zeus and Leto , and the twin brother of Artemis . Apollo was the god of music (principally the lyre, and he directed the choir of the Muses ) and also of prophecy, colonization, medicine, archery (but not for war or hunting), poetry, dance, intellectual inquiry and the carer of herds and flocks. He was also a god of light, known as \"Phoebus\" (radiant or beaming, and he was sometimes identified with Helios the sun god). He was also the god of plague and was worshiped as Smintheus (from sminthos, rat) and as Parnopius (from parnops, grasshopper) and was known as the destroyer of rats and locust, and according to Homer's Iliad, Apollo shot arrows of plague into the Greek camp. Apollo being the god of religious healing would give those guilty of murder and other immoral deeds a ritual purification. Sacred to Apollo are the swan (one legend says that Apollo flew on the back of a swan to the land of the Hyperboreans, he would spend the winter months among them), the wolf and the dolphin. His attributes are the bow and arrows, on his head a laurel crown, and the cithara (or lyre) and plectrum. But his most famous attribute is the tripod, the symbol of his prophetic powers.", "APOLLO, twin brother of Artemis, son of Zeus and Leto. The god of music. The Archer, far shooting with a silver bow. The god of healing who taught man medicine. The god of the sun and of truth. One of Apollo's more important daily tasks is to harness his chariot with four horses an drive the Sun across the sky. He is famous for his oracle at Delphi. People traveled to it from all over the greek world to divine the future. His tree was the laurel. The crow his bird. The dolphin his animal.", "Apollo (Apollwn), son of Zeus and Leto and twin to Artemis , goddess of the hunt and Moon, was the later Roman Olympian Sun god. A multi-faceted deity with dominion over light, reason, truth, prophecy, medicine, healing, archery, dance, poetry and the arts, he also led the Muses. The daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne (goddess of memory), the Muses were nine water nymphs personifying the arts and inspiring human creativity. They were Calliope, chief Muse and Muse of epic or heroic poetry; Clio, Muse of history; Erato, Muse of lyrics and erotic or love poetry; Euterpe, Muse of music and lyric poetry; Melpomene, Muse of tragedy; Polyhymnia, Muse of oratory, singing and rhetoric; Terpsichore, Muse of dance and choral song; Thalia, Muse of comedy and pastoral poetry; and Urania, Muse of astronomy.", "Son of Zeus and Leto, he is also called Phoebus, the radiant god of light, music, prophecy, and the arts. His most famous shrine was at Delphi, where his priestess, the Pythia, proclaimed the divine will. His son, Asclepius, the first physician, was patron of the healing arts.", "Apollo: God of music, poetry, art, oracles, archery, plague, medicine, sun, light and knowledge – Ancient Art", "APOLLO (Phoebus in Latin) was the son of Zeus and Leto. He was born on a small island on the boarder of Mykonos called Delos . People often say that he is the most Greek of all Gods. He is mentioned a lot in Greek poetry as the God of music, pictured with his golden lyre bringing happiness to Olympus by playing his peaceful music. He is also the God of light as no darkness ever crossed his life and the God of truth because nothing but the truth ever came out of his mouth.  One of Apollo’s most important tasks is to harness his chariot daily with four horses and drive the sun across the sky. The laurel was his favorite tree; many creatures were sacred to him but mostly were the dolphin and the crow.", "Apollo and his twin sister Artemis were the children of Zeus and Leto . Born in the little island of Delos he has been called \"the most Greek of all the gods.\" He is a beautiful figure in Greek poetry, the master musician who delights the gods of Olympus with his golden lyre. He is the Archer- god, master of the silver bow. He is the god of Light, in all the gods, like in men, there is a continuous struggle between good and evil, their light and dark sides, whatever the proportion of one to the other might be; in Apollo there was almost no darkness at all, his primitive and cruel side was shown only briefly and in very few myths. He is also the god of Truth, no false word ever fell from his lips, because of this his oracle at Delphi was very important to people, serving ad a link between men and gods. He was also the Healer- god, who first taught men medicine and the art of healing.", "The Greek god Apollo is the god of archery, also of plague and the sun, metaphorically perceived as shooting invisible arrows, Artemis the goddess of hunting. Heracles and Odysseus and other mythological figures are often depicted with a bow.", "Aaron Gilan -- APOLLO, God of the Sun, the Arts (particularly music), and Prophecy. Archer, Lawgiver, Patron of Medicine (who could also bring plagues), Protector of Herdsman, and Favorite Son. He was the son of ZEUS and LETO, and twin to ARTEMIS. He was born on the island of Delos, after nine days and nights of terrible labor, despite his twin sister's attempts to help. His two most famous precepts were \"know thyself\" and \"nothing in excess\". Despite his reputation as a pure, holy and cleansing God, he also had a dark side: his punishments could be cruel and he could act vindictively. In addition to the swan, he was also associated with the raven and the crow, as well as the snake and the wolf. Unsuccessful at love, he pursued and failed to win DAPHNE, CASSANDRA, CORONIS (whose son was ASCLEPIUS, the God of Healing and Medicine), MARPESA, SYBIL, and HYACINTH, son of the King of Sparta. APOLLO took over Delphi, a pre-Hellenic sanctuary of a Goddess (possibly a snake goddess), and ultimately shared it with DIONYSUS. APOLLO described his life's mission as: \"I will reveal to mankind the exact will of ZEUS.\"", "God of high culture, of light, medicine, music, and flocks, but also prophecy. Son of Zeus and Leto, he was another dragonslayer, against Pytho.", "Zeus ((Greek mythology) the supreme god of ancient Greek mythology; son of Rhea and Cronus whom he dethroned; husband and brother of Hera; brother of Poseidon and Hades; father of many gods; counterpart of Roman Jupiter)", "Even Greek philosophers had been credited with divinity. Empedocles claimed himself to be immortal, Epicurus was hailed as a god , and both Pythagoras and Plato were claimed to be of divine parentage * . Heroes and demigods were routinely ascribed a divine parent. Æneas was supposedly the son of the mortal Anchises and the goddess Aphrodite * . Theseus claimed to be the son of Poseidon and a mortal woman, Aethra * . Perseus was the son of Zeus, who impregnated a mortal woman, Danaë, by coming upon her in the form of a shower of gold (this story was known to early Christians and suggested possible parallels for Jesus\" divine conception ). Herakles was said to be the son of Zeus and a mortal woman, Alkmene * . So, according to some, was Dionysus. Æskelepios was believed to be the son of Apollo and the mortal Koronis * . Orion was said to be the son of Poseidon and the mortal Euryale * . The twins Castor and Pollux were born of Leda, a mortal woman, but fathered by Zeus. Pollux was born immortal , while Castor was born mortal and (like Herakles, Dionysus, Æskelepios, and Orion) was granted immortality after death. Generally these sons of gods lived exceptional lives before winning full deification. Herakles for example worked miracles, overcame evil and established peace throughout the world. He triumphed over death by descending into Hades, and then became a god.", "        Zeus, the god of the sky, is the ruler of the Olympian gods according to Greek Mythology. He is the son of Cronus and Rhea and is the father of many children, including Apollo, Athena, Hermes, Ares, Aphrodite, and Artemis.", "The Phoenician God Hermes was often represented in ancient art carrying a ram. Zeus, the greatest of all Greek Gods had once", "29. HYMN TO HESTIA AND HERMES Hestia, in the lofty homes of all immortal gods and humans who walk the ground, you won the eternal seat, the most ancient honor with great rewards and respect. Mortals have no feasts without you—they begin by pouring honey-sweet wine first and last to Hestia. Hermes, son of Zeus and Maia, Slayer of Argos, messenger of the blessed gods, whose golden wand grants good fortune, stay in these lovely homes together in friendship, in kindness help me, joining with revered and dear 10 Hestia—as you two observe the good deeds of earthbound folk, attend them in mind and body. Rejoice, daughter of Kronos and gold-wand Hermes — but I will remember both of you and the rest of the song.", "The cleverest and most precocious god was Hermes. His functions were related to travel for the most part, as a god of the roads, of commerce, of thievery, and an usher of the dead in the netherworld. He was also a phallic god, and pillars with a head called herms were set up in front of Greek homes. A god of intelligence, he invented the lyre, the pipes, the musical scale, astronomy, weights and measures, boxing, gymnastics, and the care of olive trees.", "\"To Zeus Keraunos (Ceraunus) (Thundering). O father Zeus, who shakest with fiery light the world, deep-sounding from thy lofty height. From thee proceeds the ethereal lightning's blaze, flashing around intolerable rays. Thy sacred thunders shake the blest abodes, the shining regions of the immortal Gods. Thy power divine the flaming lightning shrouds with dark investiture in fluid clouds. 'Tis thine to brandish thunders strong and dire, to scatter storms, and dreadful darts of fire; with roaring flames involving all around, and bolts of thunder of tremendous sound. Thy rapid dart can raise the hair upright, and shake the heart of man with wild affright. Sudden, unconquered, holy, thundering God, with noise unbounded flying all abroad; with all-devouring force, entire and strong, horrid, untamed, thou rollest the flames along. Rapid, ethereal bolt, descending fire, the earth, all-parent, trembles at thine ire; the sea all-shining, and each beast, that hears the sound terrific, with dread horror fears: when nature's face is bright with flashing fire, and in the heavens resound they thunders dire. They thunders white the azure garments tear, and burst the veil of all-surrounding air. O Zeus, all-blessed, may thy wrath severe, hurled in the bosom of the deep appear, and on the tops of mountains be revealed, for thy strong arm is not from us concealed. Propitious to these sacred rites incline, and to thy suppliants grant a life divine, add royal health, and gentle peace beside, with upright reasoning for a constant guide.\"", "Facts about the birth of the Greek God, Hermes have made it clear that he was quite a precocious child. The following lines are a brief description of this mighty, and intelligent, Hermes. The Olympian god - treacherous, thieving, of the articulately literate and the persuasively orate, cunning, exalting commerce and crossing boundaries between worlds by carrying their messages across, swift and athletic, of travel and merchants, was born out of a rape in the deep night between Zeus and the Pleiade, Maia (a mountain nymph and daughter of the Titan Atlas) in a cave on Mount Cyllene in Arcadia. A child of a higher mind and quite well-advanced for his years, Hermes climbed right out of his cradle the first day he was born. He got out and found an empty shell of a tortoise to whose back he attached strings of sinew (made of guts of either oxen or sheep) and invented a lyre. As all children quickly lose fancy after a thing overly used for a while, he played it gladly for a bit and then went on to fulfill other curiosities.", "A Greek god, son of Zeus and Semele. He was originally a god of the fertility of nature, associated with wild and ecstatic religious rites; in later traditions he is a god of wine who loosens inhibitions and inspires creativity in music and poetry", "\"Dionysos I call loud-sounding and divine, inspiring God, a twofold shape is thine: thy various names and attributes I sing, O firstborn (protogonos), thrice begotten (trigonos), Bakkheion (Bacchian) king. Rural, ineffable, two-formed, obscure, two-horned, with ivy crowned, and Euion pure: bull-faced and martial, bearer of the vine, endued with counsel prudent and divine: Eubouleos (Eubuleus), whom the leaves of vines adorn, of Zeus and Persephoneia occultly born in beds ineffable; all-blessed power, whom with triennial offerings men adore. Immortal Daimon, hear my suppliant voice, give me in blameless plenty to rejoice; and listen gracious to my mystic prayer surrounded with thy choir of nurses fair.\"", "was an Olympian god in Greek religion andmythology, son of Zeus and the Pleiade Maia. He was second youngest of the Olympian gods.", "The following is a list of gods and other divine and semi-divine figures from Greek mythology.", "Zeus, no doubt, was originally a god of a portion of nature, whence the oak with its eatable fruit and the fertile doves were sacred to him at Dodona and in Arcadia (hence also rain, storms, and the seasons were regarded as his work, and hence the Cretan stories of milk, honey, and cornucopia) ; but in the Homeric poems, this primitive character of a personification of certain powers of nature is already effaced to some extent, and the god appears as a political and national divinity, as the king and father of men, as the founder and protector of all institutions hallowed by law, custom. or religion.", "She was fierce and brave in battle; however, she only took part in wars that defended the state and home from outside enemies. She was the patron of the city, handcraft, and agriculture. She invented the bridle, which permitted man to tame horses, the trumpet, the flute, the pot, the rake, the plow, the yoke, the ship, and the chariot. She was the embodiment of wisdom, reason, and purity. She was Zeus ' favourite child and was allowed to use his weapons including his thunderbolt. Her holy tree was the olive tree and she was often symbolised as an owl.", "For those who know more stories of Greek gods, how is Zeus' story unique? Why is he chosen as the king of the gods?", "Sunlight (benign, ordered). Major god of joy. He is depicted carrying a basket into which are thrust three magickal peachwood arrows" ]

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[ "The world's longest above-ground mountain range is the Andes, about long. The range stretches from north to south through seven countries in South America, along the west coast of the continent: Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina. Aconcagua is the highest peak, at about . ", "The Andes, a continental mountain range along the western coast of South America is the longest mountain range in the world.", "The Andes is the longest mountain range in the world and boasts some of the highest peaks. The range is also known for its volcanoes, ruins of long-ago civilizations and the source of a malaria treatment.", "The Andes are the longest continental mountain range in the world. They are a continual range of highlands along the western coast of South America. This range is about 7000 km long, about 200 to wide (widest between 18° south and 20° south latitude), and of an average height of about 4000 m. The Andes extend from north to south through seven South American countries: Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina.", "Aconcagua is the highest point in the Andes , the world's longest mountain range. The Andes, beginning in northern South America and ending at the continent's tip, stretch over 4,300 miles (7,000 kilometers) in a narrow band along the west edge of South America. The Andes pass through seven countries-- Columbia , Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina , and Chile .", "The Andes Mountains is recognized as the world’s longest range that forms a chain of unbroken highlands in South America. The Andes mountain range extends across Argentina, Bolivia, Chile Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.", "The Andes . 7 000 km in length, they run the length of South America and are the highest mountain range outside of Asia. The diversity of the range is astounding, from the moist, warm north to the arid, frozen southern reaches. In total, the Andes stretch out over nearly 70 degrees of latitude, easily making them the longest mountain range on Earth. Until you look under water, that is, where the actual longest mountain ranges on Earth exist.", "The world's longest mountain chain, and the highest outside Asia, is the Andes, running 7000 miles from Colombia to the southern tip of South America. Unlike the Asian mountain ranges discussed earlier above, which resulted from collisions between continents, the Andes are a result of plates bearing ocean crust colliding with the continent of South America. Since the Cretaceous period (about 65 million years ago, the time of the dinosaurs), ocean crust has been sliding below the west coast of South America, sinking, melting, and causing volcanoes and uplift. The Andes are part of the \"Rim of Fire\" surrounding the Pacific, marked by volcanoes, earthquake zones, and deep ocean trenches. The glaciers and snowfields of the Andes supply water to the arid coast of central South America as well as to the Amazon Basin.", "The world’s longest mountain chain, the Andes, runs 4,505 miles (7,250 km) down the western edge of South America. Its steep slopes are terraced to grow barley, potatoes, and wheat on its colder, upper slopes, and coffee, tobacco, and corn on the warmer, lower slopes.", "Most of the great mountain systems now in existence were developed fairly late in geologic history. The greatest mountain masses are in North and South America, including the Andes, Rockies, Sierra Nevada, and Coast Ranges of the United States, Canada, and Alaska; and the Eurasian mountain belt, in which lie the Pyrenees, Atlas, Alps, Balkans, Caucasus, Hindu Kush, Himalayas, and other ranges. Among notable single peaks are Everest, K2 (Godwin-Austen), and Kanchenjunga in Asia; Aconcagua, Chimborazo, and Cotopaxi in South America; McKinley, Logan, and Popocatepetl in North America; Mont Blanc and Elbrus in Europe; Kilimanjaro, Kenya, and Ruwenzori in Africa.", "Mountain ranges outside of these two systems include the Arctic Cordillera, the Urals, the Appalachians, the Scandinavian Mountains, the Altai Mountains and the Hijaz Mountains. If the definition of a mountain range is stretched to include underwater mountains, then the Ocean Ridges form the longest continuous mountain system on Earth, with a length of . ", "This range is the highest mountain range in the world with all of the 14 ‘Eight-thousander’ (A mountain whose height is above 8000 meters) situated here including  Mt. Everest, K2 (Also known as Mt. Godwin-Austen), Kanchenjunga, Nanga Parbat, Annapurna, Dhaulagiri, Cho Oyu and Makalu are some of  the tallest peaks of the mountain range. However, the Himalayan mountain ranges are also the youngest on the Earth. Nearly 70 million years ago, the Indian continental plate, crashed into the Eurasian plate, resulting in the formation of the Himalayan range. Researchers state that the movement is continuing at a much slower pace even today resulting in the mountain range growing taller at a rate of 5mm per year", "The Transantarctica Mountains are one of the longest mountain ranges on earth, stretching 3500 km from one end of the continent to the other. The highest peak in the range reaches 14,764 feet (4,599 m). The summits and dry valleys with the 100-300 km wideTransantarctic Range are the only places on the continet not covered by snow and ice. The arid and cold environment in the valleys in the interior of the range limits vegetation to lichens, algae and fungi.", "is the world's longest continental mountain range. It is a continual range of highlands along the western coast of South America.", "The greatest mountain range is the Mid-Ocean Ridge, extending 64,374 km (40,000 mi) from the Arctic Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean, around Africa, Asia, and Australia, and under the Pacific Ocean to the west coast of North America. It has a greatest height of 4207m (13,800 ft) above the base ocean depth.", "Occupying the remote southwestern extremity of China is the high, mountain-rimmed plateau of Tibet; the world's highest plateau region, it has an average elevation of about 4510 m (about 14,800 ft) above sea level. Bordering ranges include the Himalayas on the south, the Pamirs and Karakorum Range on the west, and the Qilian and Kunlun mountains on the north. Mount Everest, the highest peak in the world at 8848 m (29,028 ft) rises in the Himalayas on the border of Nepal and Tibet. The surface of the plateau is dotted with salt lakes and marshes, is crossed by several mountain ranges, and also contains the headwaters of many major southern and eastern Asian rivers, including those of the Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra, Mekong, Yangtze (Chang Jiang), and Huang He (Yellow River). The landscape is bleak, barren, and rock strewn.", "The Andes range is the world’s highest mountain range outside of the continent of Asia . The highest peak, Mt. Aconcagua , rises to an elevation of about 6,962 m (22,841 ft) above sea level . The peak of Chimborazo in the Ecuadorean Andes is farther from the centre of the Earth than any other location on the Earth’s surface. This is because of the equatorial bulge that results from the Earth’s rotation . The world’s highest volcanoes are in the Andes, including Ojos del Salado on the Chile-Argentina frontier which rises to 6,893 m (22,615 ft). Fifty other Andean volcanoes also rise above 6,000 m (19,685 ft).", "by Reinhold Messner. Revised in 2001. Messner briefly details the big mountain walls in the world in the Himalayas, the Karakorum, the Alps, South America, Alaska and the Caucasus.", "A great arc of mountains, composed of the Himalaya , Hindu Kush, and Patkai ranges, define the Indian subcontinent. These mountains were formed by the ongoing tectonic collision of the Indian Plate with the Eurasian Plate which started some 50 million years ago. These mountain ranges are home to some of the world's tallest mountains and act as a natural barrier to cold polar winds. They also facilitate the monsoons winds drive climate in India. Rivers that originate in these mountains provide water to the fertile Indo-Gangetic plains. These mountains are recognised by biogeographers as the boundary between two of the earth 's great ecozones; the temperate Palearctic that covers most of Eurasia, and the tropical and subtropical Indomalaya ecozone that includes the Indian subcontinent extending into Southeast Asia and Indonesia. Historically, these ranges have also served as barriers to invaders.", "The largest types of exposed plutons are called batholiths. The Sierra Nevada mountains are a large batholith of igneous granite rock.", "The Tibetan Plateau (), also known in China as the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau or the Qingzang Plateau () or Himalayan Plateau, is a vast elevated plateau in Central Asia and East Asia, covering most of the Tibet Autonomous Region and Qinghai Province in western China, as well as part of Ladakh in Jammu and Kashmir state of India. It stretches approximately 1000 km north to south and 2500 km east to west. With an average elevation exceeding 4500 m, the Tibetan Plateau is sometimes called \"the Roof of the World\" and is the world's highest and largest plateau, with an area of 2500000 km2 (about five times the size of Metropolitan France). Sometimes termed the Third Pole, the Tibetan Plateau is the headwaters of the drainage basins of most of the streams in surrounding regions. Its tens of thousands of glaciers and other geographical and ecological features serve as a \"water tower\" storing water and maintaining flow. The impact of global warming on the Tibetan Plateau is of intense scientific interest.", "Kilimanjaro is a giant stratovolcano reaching an elevation of 19,335.6 ft. (5,895 m). Other names for this volcano are: Kilima Dscharo, Oldoinyo Oibor (white mountain in Masai), and Kilima Njaro meaning shining mountain in Swahili. This volcano's highest and youngest cone is named Kibo. Shira to the west and Mawenzi in the east are older cones that make up Kilimanjaro. Kibo has not been active in modern times, but steam and sulfur are still emitted. At the top of Kibo's summit is a 1 1/2 mile (2 1/4 Km) wide crater.", "All the same, vast unknown chunks of the world still tempt the purely adventurous. The most obvious are mountains: thousands remain unconquered. Then there are caves: speleologists, as cavers are more grandly known, reckon that a good half of them have never even been poked into. Antarctica, larger than the United States and Mexico combined, and Greenland still offer vast, untouched icebound stretches for the ultra-hardy. (The picture above shows a crevasse on Ross Island, Antarctica.) Millions of hectares of forest canopy in the Amazon Basin and in Africa and East Asia, especially Borneo and New Guinea, are yet to be inspected. Least charted of all is the seabed. Oliver Steeds, a leading British ocean explorer and film-maker, reckons that barely 1% of it has been explored. Lastly, there are still isolated peoples who have never been in contact with the outside world, and whose languages remain untranslated and unclassified.", "The region around the mountain has formed part of the Grossglockner-Pasterze special protected area within the High Tauern National Park. The view from the Grossglockner summit is one of the farthest of all mountains in the Eastern Alps. It ranges out to 220 km or, taking account of atmospheric refraction, almost 240 km. Its view over more than 150,000 km2 of the earth’s surface reaches as far as the Upper Swabian Plateau in the northwest, to Regensburg and the peaks of the Bohemian Forest in the north, to Mt. Ortler in the west, to the Padan Plain in the south, and to Mt. Triglav and the Totes Gebirge range in the east.", "The Aberdare Range, of which the highest peak is Mount Lesatima (Satima), reaching a height of 13,120 feet, and the Mau Escarpment rise steeply from the eastern portion of the Eastern (Great) Rift Valley . To the west, beyond the Uasin Gishu Plateau, Mount Elgon emerges gently from a level of about 6,200 feet; but the spectacular cliffs of its western face dominate the lower plains of eastern Uganda, which lie at about 3,600 feet. The rim of Elgon’s caldera is approximately 5 miles (8 km) in diameter and contains several peaks, of which Wagagai , at 14,178 feet, is the highest.", "�  Mid-oceanic ridge � A giant mountain range that lies under the ocean and extends around the world.", "The Kunlun Mountains are one of the longest mountain chains in Asia, extending across wester China and the Tibetan Plateau. The highest mountain is the Kunlun Goddess at 7,167 m (23,514 ft).", "Though some parts of the world, especially the most mountainous parts, have never been thoroughly mapped, it is unlikely that any mountains this high have been overlooked, because synthetic aperture radar can and has been used to measure elevations of most otherwise inaccessible places. Still, heights and/or prominences may be revised, so that the order of the list may change and even \"new\" mountains could enter the list over time. To be safe, the list has been extended to include all peaks.", "Top 10 Tallest/Highest Mountains in the World . Thanks For Watching. Please Subscribe, Like, Share and Comment.", "It is possible to organise an extension to this trek all the way across the Emperor Range to the west coast, which would take about one week in total. Mount Balbi is an active volcano with regular plumes of smoke and sulphurous vents. Mount Bagana is an even more active volcano to the south and is visible from Mount Balbi. Mount Billy Mitchell is a dormant volcano also in the Emperor Range, and has an especially beautiful 2 km wide caldera lake.", "It is possible to organise an extension to this trek all the way across the Emperor Range to the west coast, which would take about one week in total. Mount Balbi is an active volcano with regular plumes of smoke and sulphurous vents. Mount Bagana is an even more active volcano to the south and is visible from Mount Balbi. Mount Billy Mitchell is a dormant volcano also in the Emperor Range, and has an especially beautiful 2 km wide caldera lake.", "Gasherbrum II is not visible from any inhabited place.Its sheer rock faces are relentless and the objective dangers eat 19 lives. On top of that, it's located in a part of the world where the weather is very unstable" ]

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[ "Cash, Johnny February 26, 1932–September 12, 2003 Hendersonville Memory Gardens 353 East Main Street Hendersonville, Tennessee 615-824-8605 Johnny Cash, of course, was the singer/songwriter who was known as “The Man in Black” for his trademark wearing of all black clothing. Contrary to his songs and outlaw image, he never spent time in prison (except to visit). The legendary Cash was known for his deep and distinctive voice and the boomchick-a-boom or “freight train” sound of his Tennessee Three backing band. He started all his concerts with the simple introduction “Hello, I’m Johnny Cash.” Much of Cash’s music, especially that of his later career, was steeped in sorrow, moral tribulation, and redemption. His signature songs include “I Walk the Line,” “Folsom Prison Blues,” “Ring of Fire,” and “Man In Black.” He also recorded several humorous songs, such as “One Piece at a Time,” “The One on the Right Is on the Left,” and “A Boy Named Sue”; bouncy numbers such as “Get Rhythm”; and various train-related songs, such as “The Rock Island Line.” He sold over 50 million albums in his nearly 50-year career and is generally recognized as one of the most important musicians in the history of American popular music. Cash’s wife, country singer June Carter, is buried alongside him.", "*:Cash adds two verses to the song, one about a train coming down the track and the second about an engineer indicating two beverages he wants to try before he dies: \"a hot cup of coffee and a cool glass of tea.\" ", "In 1955, a tough, skinny guitar-singer who called himself J.R. Cash walked into the soon-to-be-famous Sun Studios in Memphis. It was a moment that would have an indelible effect on American culture. With his driving freight-train chords, steel-eyed intensity and a voice as deep and black as night, Cash sang blistering songs of heartache and survival that were gusty, full of real life and unlike anything heard before. That day kicked off the electrifying early career of Johnny Cash. As he pioneered a fiercely original sound that blazed a trail for rock, country, punk, folk and rap stars to come, Cash began a rough-and-tumble journey of personal transformation. In the most volatile period of his life, he evolved from a self-destructive pop star into the iconic 'Man in Black' - facing down his demons, fightings for the love that would raise him up, and learning how to walk the razor-thin line between destruction and redemption.", "If you really knew about Johnny Cash, then you know he had a fasination with trains. Folsom Prison is just one of his train songs. Check it out and see how many of his songs mention trains. I will give you one, Orange Blossom Special. Now you do the research and find the rest.", "That said, I can’t stop thinking about scenes like the one in which Cash, as a young singer in Memphis in the mid-’50s, enters the storefront that houses Sun Records and performs a gospel standard for Sam Phillips (played with sly feelers by Dallas Roberts), who dismisses the number as treacle. He then asks Cash: If you had an accident, were dying on the road, and had to sing one song to express how you felt about life, what would it be? With nothing to lose, Cash launches into ”Folsom Prison Blues,” and suddenly we hear the famous gravity — the ominous lyrics and weirdly overdeliberate bass voice that sounds like it’s trying to negotiate its way out of hell. As the band trickles in, Cash’s thrilling rockabilly freight train leaves the station.", "John R. \"Johnny\" Cash (February 26, 1932 – September 12, 2003) was an American singer-songwriter, actor, and author who was considered one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century. Although he is primarily remembered as a country icon, his songs and sound spanned other genres including rock and roll and rockabilly—especially early in his career—and blues, folk, and gospel. This crossover appeal won Cash the rare honor of induction in the Country Music Hall of Fame, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and the Gospel Music Hall of Fame.", "John R. \"Johnny\" Cash (February 26, 1932 - September 12, 2003), was an American singer-songwriter, actor, and author, who has been called one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century. Although he is primarily remembered as a country music artist, his songs and sound spanned many other genres including rockabilly and rock and roll--especially early in his career--as well as blues, folk, and gospel. This crossover appeal led to Cash being inducted in the Country Music Hall of Fame, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and Gospel Music Hall of Fame. Late in his career, Cash covered songs by several rock artists.", "This concept album ranks with the most thematically ambitious of Johnny Cash's career, though the title's a little misleading. Instead of a collection of train songs (the sort featured in the Cash catalogue from \"Hey Porter\" to \"Orange Blossom Special\"), he alternates the spoken-word narrative of a rail trip that crosses the country (and cuts across centuries) with songs about the characters you might meet along the way. From a Kentucky coal miner (\"Loading Coal\") to an Oregon logger (\"Lumberjack\") to a convict on a Mississippi chain gang (\"Going to Memphis\"), Cash inhabits the various manifestations of what he calls \"the heart and muscle of this land.\" In \"Slow Rider\" he combines the folk standard \"I Ride an Old Paint\" with the gunfighter legend of John Wesley Hardin. The reissue of this 1960 release adds four bonus tracks, story songs in a similar spirit but without the narration.", "Cash was known for his deep, distinctive bass - baritone voice, the \"chicka-boom\" freight train sound of his Tennessee Three backing band, his demeanor, and his dark clothing, which earned him the nickname \"The Man in Black\". He traditionally started his concerts with the introduction \"Hello, I'm Johnny Cash\".", "1969: Country music legend Johnny Cash with his guitar by the wheels of a steam train. (Michael Rougier/Getty)", "Much of Cash's music echoed themes of sorrow, moral tribulation and redemption, especially in the later stages of his career. His best-known songs included \"I Walk the Line\", \"Folsom Prison Blues\", \"Ring of Fire\", \"Get Rhythm\" and \"Man in Black\". He also recorded humorous numbers like \"One Piece at a Time\" and \"A Boy Named Sue\"; a duet with his future wife, June Carter, called \"Jackson\" (followed by many further duets after their marriage); and railroad songs including \"Hey, Porter\", \"Orange Blossom Special\" and \"Rock Island Line\". During the last stage of his career, Cash covered songs by several late 20th century rock artists, most notably \"Hurt\" by Nine Inch Nails.", "In the lyrics, the jailed protagonist listens to the whistle of a train outside his cell and recounts his crimes (\"I shot a man in Reno/just to watch him die\"), imagines the free people inside the train (\"They're probably drinking coffee and smoking big cigars\") and dreams of what he would do if he were free. \"I know I had it coming/I know I can't be free,\" sings the imprisoned man. \"But those people keep a'moving/and that's what tortures me.\"", "With his highly personal early 1960s work, Johnny Cash had been trying the patience of the Columbia brass, who were less than thrilled with his commercial performance. When \"Ring of Fire\" topped the country charts in 1963, it allowed him to continue the many ambitious concept albums-history lessons close to his heart. The eight songs on 1964's Bitter Tears are sung from the point of view of the American Indian (still the accepted term in 1964), and together they form a potent work that is both deeply real and highly spiritual. With assistance from co-composer Peter LaFarge, Cash offers an earnest, solemn portrait of Native Americans that examines a variety of issues through a range of viewpoints and contained in unadorned musical settings. Cash actually took out full-page ads daring radio programmers to play \"The Ballad of Ira Hayes,\" but all of the material hits home, from LaFarge's defiant \"As Long as the Grass Shall Grow\" to Johnny Horton's mournful, spooky \"The Vanishing Race.\"", "Johnny Cash and his songs have become an institution in our national life. Thanks to his recordings, the Man in Black with the cavernous baritone voice will remain as much a part of the American scene as the Mississippi River or the Rocky Mountains.", "At a disc jockeys convention in Nashville in November 1957, Sun launched their first ever album release, Cashs With His Hot And Blue Guitar, but Phillips was reluctant to record further LPs with the singer. This, and an unwillingness to increase his royalties, led to Cash relocating to Los Angeles and joining Columbia Records in 1958. His cautionary tale about a gunfighter not listening to his mother, Dont Take Your Guns To Town, sold half a million copies and prompted a response from Charlie Rich, The Ballad Of Billy Joe, which was also recorded by Jerry Lee Lewis. Its b-side, I Still Miss Someone, is one of Cashs best compositions, and has been revived by Flatt And Scruggs, Crystal Gayle and Emmylou Harris. In January 1960, Cash played the first of his celebrated prison shows at San Quentin (watched by a temporarily incarcerated Merle Haggard).", "The Song's Evolution - In Leadbelly's version of the song, the guitar imitates a train whistle that is presumably signalling to a toll gate operator that he is hauling only livestock, which should pass for free. In some later versions, the engineer actually talks to the toll agent. In still later versions, the story part of the song disappears altogether. In the 1960s, I recall folks singing this song just to draw attention to the then-struggling railroad's plight.", "There are references to both I Walk the Line and Folsom Prison Blues in “the Johnny Cash song”.", "The movie shows John R. Cash inventing himself. He came from a hard-working Arkansas family and grew up listening to country music on the radio, especially the Carter Family. He wrote his first song while he was serving in the Air Force in Germany. When he came back to the States, he got married and got a regular job but dreamed about being a recording artist. When his first wife, Vivian, complained he was spending more time on music than on her, he referred to his \"band\" and she said, \"your band is two mechanics who can't even hardly play.\"", "*johnny cash (legendary country star, known as \"the man in black\"/\"folsom prison blues\",\"i walk the line\", many, many others)(2003)", "Also in 1968, Cash recorded and released his most popular album, Johnny Cash at Folsom Prison . Recorded during a prison concert, the album spawned the number one country hit \"Folsom Prison Blues,\" which also crossed over into the pop charts. By the end of the year, the record had gone gold. The following year, he released a sequel, Johnny Cash at San Quentin , which had his only Top Ten pop single, \"A Boy Named Sue,\" which peaked at number three; it also hit number one on the country charts. Cash guested on Bob Dylan 's 1969 country-rock album Nashville Skyline . Dylan returned the favor by appearing on the first episode of The Johnny Cash Show, the singer's television program for ABC. The Johnny Cash Show ran for two years, between 1969 and 1971.", "Originally released in 1958 on Sun Records, Johnny Cash's second album was a smash success, with singles such as \"I Walk The Line,\" \"Guess Things Happen That Way,\" and \"Ballad Of A Teenage Queen\" shooting to the top of the charts and earning Cash a reputation as one of country's greatest songwriters and performers. The Man In Black is accompanied by Luther Perkins and Marshall Grant, known at the time as The Tennessee Two. The album was produced by Sun Records founder, Sam Phillips, and Jack Clement.", "The Johnny Cash song When The Man Comes Around opens and closes with Cash reading from Revelation .", "Johnny Cash: It was written by a guy named Badger Clark, in the ’30s. I don’t remember it all by heart. But you can get the spirit of it:", "9/12/03 - Johnny Cash - NASHVILLE, Tenn. (Sept. 12) - Johnny Cash, ''The Man in Black'' who became a towering figure in American music with such hits as ''Folsom Prison Blues,'' ''I Walk the Line,'' and ''A Boy Named Sue,'' died Friday. He was 71.", "Johnny Cash: No. I had no idea, even when my first record was released. For two or three days I heard it played over a Shreveport, Louisiana radio station, and I thought, “That’s too far away. That doesn’t matter. It’s too far away from Memphis.” It was a couple of months before I realized that the whole world was out there.", "We arrived at the El Rancho Motel and checked in. Cash was nervous about the weather in Nashville. He feared that the snow and ice would make it impossible for Carl Perkins, the Statler Brothers, the Tennessee Three, and Columbia's A&R man, Bob Johnston, to fly to Sacramento. So he called Nashville and found they had left and were laid over in San Francisco. While waiting for the others, we all met in one of our rooms. Reverend Gressett said he had a favor to ask of John.", "Singer Johnny Cash portrayed a noble but unrealistic John Brown in Book I, Episode Five of the 1985 TV miniseries North and South. ", "\"Train Of Love\" b/w ''There You Go'' (SUN 258) by Johnny Cash is released as Cash returns from a tour of   California.", "performer: \"WAITIN' FOR THE TRAIN TO COME IN\" 1945, \"WHY DON'T YOU DO RIGHT? GET ME SOME MONEY TOO\" 1947", "By Lynyrd Skynyrd. About the trials and tribulations of the latter day hobo. \"I jumped off a boxcar down around Tennesee. I was cold and tired and dirty hungry as could be. But I had my guitar and a hundred railroad songs. So I asked the policeman, can I stay here long? He said Mr. Hobo you got to go now, we don't want you round...\"", "lyrics were written as a poem by Robert May, but weren't set to music until 1947. Gene Autry recorded the hit song in 1949.", "Johnny Marks decided to adapt May's story into a song, which through the years has been recorded by many artists. It was first sung commercially by crooner Harry Brannon on New York City radio in the latter part of 1948 before Gene Autry recorded it formally in 1949, and has since filtered into the popular consciousness." ]

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[ "Generally, people with O Negative blood type are known as universal blood donors, as they can donate blood to anybody irrespective of their blood group.", "Persons with blood type O are so-called universal donors, since they can give blood to anyone having any of the blood types A, B, O or AB. Persons with blood type AB on the other hand, can give blood only to persons with AB blood type. A person with blood type A can not give blood to a person with blood type B and vice versa.", "In an emergency, anyone can receive type O red blood cells. Therefore, people with type O blood are known as \"universal donors.\" In addition, individuals of all types can receive type AB plasma because it does not contain anti-A or anti-B.", "The ABO system consists of A, B, AB, and O blood types. People with type A have antibodies in the blood against type B. People with type B have antibodies in the blood against type A. People with AB have no anti-A or anti-B antibodies. People with type O have both anti-A and anti-B antibodies. People with type AB blood are called universal recipients, because they can receive any of the ABO types. People with type O blood are called universal donors, because their blood can be given to people with any of the ABO types. Mismatches with the ABO and Rh blood types are responsible for the most serious, sometimes life-threatening, transfusion reactions. But these types of reactions are rare.", "In emergencies, there are exceptions to the rule that the donor's blood type must match the recipient's exactly. Blood type O negative is the only type of blood that people of all other blood types can receive. Medical teams use it in situations when patients need a transfusion but their blood type is unknown. Because of this, O negative donors are called \"universal donors.\" People who have type AB blood are called \"universal recipients\" because they can safely receive any type of blood.", "Type O-negative blood is called the universal donor type because it is compatible with any blood type. Type AB-positive blood is called the universal recipient type because a person who has it can receive blood of any type .", "With regard to transfusions of packed red blood cells, individuals with type O Rh D negative blood are often called universal donors, and those with type AB Rh D positive blood are called universal recipients; however, these terms are only generally true with respect to possible reactions of the recipient's anti-A and anti-B antibodies to transfused red blood cells, and also possible sensitization to Rh D antigens. One exception is individuals with hh antigen system (also known as the Bombay phenotype) who can only receive blood safely from other hh donors, because they form antibodies against the H antigen present on all red blood cells. ", "ABO blood group:  The major human blood type system which describes the oligosaccharide glycoprotein antigens found on the surface of human blood cells. According to the type of antigen present, a person may be assigned a blood type of A, B, AB or O. A second type of antigen, the Rh factor, renders a positive or negative blood type. The ABO blood group system is important because it determines who can donate blood to or accept blood from whom. Type A or AB blood will cause an immune reaction in people with type B blood and type B and AB blood will cause a reaction in people with type A blood. Conversely, type O blood has no A or B antigens, so people with type O blood are universal donors. And since AB blood already produces both antigens, people who are type AB can accept any of the other blood types without suffering an immune reaction. They are termed universal recipients.", "Previously, we discussed how a patient with Type O blood can receive A, B or AB types through transfusion. Taking into account Rh factor means that O negative blood can theoretically be transfused to any type of patient. Type O- blood is known as the universal donor.", "Group O Blood has neither A nor B Antigens. In the past, type O Blood was given to anyone. Donors of Blood group O were, in years past, referred to as 'universal donors.' Today, because of a better understanding of the complex issues regarding immune reaction related to incompatible donor Blood cells, type O Blood is no longer automatically seen as being suitable in most every case. Group AB Blood has neither anti A nor anti B antibodies, so any Blood can be transfused into it. Hence, persons with Blood group AB have often been seen as 'universal recipients.' [ view full text HERE ]", "Initially, O− blood was considered the universal donor type, which meant that an individual with any blood type could accept blood from an individual with this blood group without worrying about the threat of transfusion reaction. This was assumed on the basis that O− blood group doesn't have any antigens in it and hence, it doesn't react with other blood groups. However, recent studies have highlighted the fact that even O− type blood can have some antibodies, which may cause harmful reactions during blood transfusion. Although such cases are very rare, the possibility cannot be ruled out. In cases of emergency, however, O− blood can be administered to anyone, especially when there is a shortage of the required blood type or when it is a life-threatening situation. Because of this advantage, most of the blood banks make sure that they have reserves of this lifesaving blood type.", "Donor, universal:  A person who is type O in the ABO blood group system and can donate blood to all recipients.", "Only 7 percent of people in the U.S. have type O negative blood. Type O negative donors are universal red cell donors as their blood can be given to people of all blood types.", "A blood type is considered rare if fewer than 1 in 1,000 people have them. One of the rarest blood types in the world is Rh-null, which lack any antigens in the Rh system. There are only 9 active donors in the community of rare blood donors that have Rh-null blood. Rh-null is considered a universal blood for anyone with a rare blood type within the Rh system. However, anyone who has Rh-null blood can only receive Rh-null blood in a transfusion.", "If a blood cell is type A, the surface of the cell contains Antigens for type A and the body will produce antibodies for type B and vice versa for type B. Type AB contains both antigens on the surface and has neither antibodies. Blood type O has no antigens and thus have both A and B antibodies in its system. In this regard, blood type O may be the universal donor and blood type AB is the universal recipient.", "universal donor a person whose blood is type O in the ABO blood group system; such blood is sometimes used in emergency transfusion. Transfusion of blood cells rather than whole blood is preferred.", "3. The true universal donor is the Rh null blood. With only 43 people able to procure this blood in the recent past, it is the most rare blood group. Furthermore, it is the only blood group capable of donating to even the rare blood groups. This is due to the absence of majority of antigens in the blood.", "Receiving a blood transfusion is not the only time this information matters.  An individual who needs an organ transplant could also benefit from being a universal recipient.  If a patient has the AB blood type and needs an organ, they could accept an organ from donors of all blood types.  The process of matching a donor and recipient is more complicated than that, as there are other reasons a donor and recipient may not be compatible, but, generally speaking, a person with the AB blood type can receive an organ from a donor of any blood type.", "Which blood type is known as the universal donor? a. A b. O c. B d. AB", "The exception to these rules are people with the hh antigen system also called the Bombay blood type. These individuals cannot express the H antigen which is present in group O. They cannot make A antigen or B antigen since they are made from the H antigen. Therefore the people who have this blood type can donate to any other member of any blood type but can only receive blood from other Bombay blood type individuals. However this blood type is extremely rare occurring in only .0004% of the population. Therefore people with this blood type are at a great risk in finding compatible blood for a blood transfusion.", "Blood types must be accurately matched for a safe red blood cell transfusion. People with type O blood can donate to all blood types and people with type A blood can donate to people with type A and type AB. A person with type B blood can safely donate to people with type B and type AB. If a person has type AB blood, he may donate red cells only to others with type AB.", "Blood Types and Blood type systems are critical to accurately evaluation and categorizing our Blood. Transfusing a patient with the incorrect ABO group Blood may have fatal consequences. Donor red cells may be destroyed by an antibody in the recipient's plasma. The rapid intravascular hemolysis which occurs in ABO incompatible transfusions can precipitate severe disseminated coagulation (DIC), prolonged hypotension, acute uraemia and even death. It has also been recognized that a potent anti-A or anti-B in donor Blood of group O may destroy the A or B red cells of a non-O recipient. This, together with the discovery of other red cell group systems, has completely altered the significance of the term 'universal donor' which is often applied to Blood of group O.", "*Blood group A individuals have the A antigen on the surface of their RBCs, and blood serum containing IgM antibodies against the B antigen. Therefore, a group A individual can receive blood only from individuals of groups A or O (with A being preferable), and can donate blood to individuals with type A or AB.", "A person who has group O blood and is therefore able to serve as a donor to a person of any other blood group in the ABO system.", "Sometimes we will communicate specifically with groups of donors who have specific phenotypes such as those who have the Dce or the ‘Ro’ subtype or phenotype. While Ro blood is rare amongst White European people, it is much more common amongst Black African and African Caribbean people.", "Platelets do not need to belong to the same A-B-O blood group as the recipient or be cross-matched to ensure immune compatibility between donor and recipient unless they contain a significant amount of red blood cells (RBCs). The presence of RBCs imparts a reddish-orange color to the product, and is usually associated with whole-blood platelets. An effort is sometimes made to issue type specific platelets, but this is not critical as it is with RBCs.", "State which ABO groups could safely receive a red cell transfusion from donors of each of the following blood types: A, B, AB, O", "Blood from a donor needs to match the blood type of the person receiving it. There are eight main blood types:", "A+ blood group may receive blood from groups A+, A- , O+, or O-, while A- may do so from A- and O-.", "For blood transfusion, it is very important to make sure that both the recipient and the donor match in blood type.", "Donors.-Hospital personnel were classified in blood groups for emergency use, but donors were chiefly secured from lightly wounded and gassed patients who, on admission, were sent to wards near the shock wards. Patients with scabies and convalescents who were nonfebrile and in good condition also served as donors. No rewards were offered and all donations were voluntary, without compulsion of any kind. Not more than 600 cc. was drawn at any one time, and the same donor could not be used twice within one week.", "What is a universal recipient? I've heard of a universal donor , but I am not familiar with a universal recipient." ]

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[ "Hoover Dam- is one of the seven man-made wonders of the world. The dam is 727 feet high (70 stories) and 660 feet thick. Construction of the dam required 4.4 million cubic yards of concrete (which is enough to build a two lane highway from San Francisco to New York). In 1928 Congress appropriated $165 million in funds to build the Boulder Dam project for two purposes: flood control and the generation of electricity. Originally called Boulder Dam, it was renamed for Herbert Hoover, Secretary of Commerce, during the critical planning stages of the project. Completed in 1935, this gravity dam holds back the mighty Colorado River and forms the largest man-made lake, Lake Mead. Hoover Dam is located 40 miles from Las Vegas on Highway 93. Tours are available and they leave every few minutes from the exhibit building at the top of the dam. Regular Tours daily from 8-5:15pm Call (702) 293-8367", "Lake Mead, formed by the 726 ft-high Hoover Dam about 30 mi southeast of Las Vegas, Nevada, is the largest reservoir in the United States with a full capacity of 28945000 acre feet and a water surface of nearly 250 mi2. However, the lake has not been full for many years due to a combination of drought and increased water usage by Colorado River Basin states. Situated in the Lake Mead National Recreation Area, Lake Mead is a popular recreation site – visited by almost 8 million people a year – and a critical source of water for the Las Vegas metropolitan area, Central Arizona and Southern California.", "The dam, which cost $49 million dollars to build, was constructed to provide irritation water for agriculture, flood control, and for hydroelectric power generation. The impounding of the Colorado River by the Hoover Dam formed Lake Mead , which is the largest reservoir in the United States.", "As you explore, learn how Hoover Dam created Lake Mead, the largest manmade lake in the Western Hemisphere. Don’t miss your chance to stand on top of this remarkable structure, often called one of the 7 Manmade Wonders of the World.", "On September 30th, 1935, the United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) finished the Hoover Dam in Black Canyon. Behind the dam, Lake Mead rose, the largest artificial lake in the world. The dam stopped floods, stored water for droughts, and also powered one of the largest hydroelectric power plants in the world.", "Hoover Dam (also known as Boulder Dam) is one of the largest in America. It was built between 1931 and 1936 across Black Canyon and above the mighty Colorado River. It's a national historical landmark with remarkable views of the Colorado River, Lake Mead, and the canyons and valleys surrounding it. Needless to say, Hoover Dam is a must-see attraction.", "The reservoir that formed behind the dam is Lake Mead, one of the world's largest artificially created bodies of water. It covers an area of 603 square kilometers (233 square miles), and its shoreline measures 885 kilometers (550 miles). The hydroelectric generators of Hoover Dam—capable of supplying nearly 1.5 million kilowatts of power—provide electricity to Arizona, southern California , and Nevada.", "At the lower end of Grand Canyon, the Colorado widens into Lake Mead, the largest reservoir in the continental United States, formed by Hoover Dam on the border of Arizona and Nevada. Situated southeast of metropolitan Las Vegas, the dam is an integral component for management of the Colorado River, controlling floods and storing water for farms and cities in the lower Colorado River basin. Below the dam the river passes under the Mike O'Callaghan–Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge – which at nearly 900 ft above the water is the highest concrete arch bridge in the Western Hemisphere – and then turns due south towards Mexico, defining the Arizona–Nevada and Arizona–California borders.", "Hoover Dam impounds Lake Mead , and is located near Boulder City, Nevada , a municipality originally constructed for workers on the construction project, about 25 mi (40 km) southeast of Las Vegas, Nevada . The dam's generators provide power for public and private utilities in Nevada, Arizona, and California. Hoover Dam is a major tourist attraction; nearly a million people tour the dam each year. Heavily travelled U.S. 93 ran along the dam's crest until October 2010, when the Hoover Dam Bypass opened.", "The story of Hoover Dam begins long before the first bucket of concrete was poured on June 6, 1933, and it continues today with the recently opened Hoover Dam Bypass Bridge, an engineering marvel in itself, towering 900 feet above the Colorado River’s Black Canyon, just south of Hoover Dam. The new bridge diverts traffic from the top of the dam, lessening congestion and increasing security, while also offering unsurpassed views from its pedestrian walkway. Hoover Dam, spanning the Arizona-Nevada border about 30 miles southeast of Las Vegas, is the most-visited dam in the world, counting some 7 million tourists a year. With its 110-mile-long Lake Mead, Hoover Dam and its corresponding system of tunnels, outlet works, spillways, powerplant, and transmission lines has transformed this bone-dry slice of desert into a vacation paradise.", "Hoover Dam impounds Lake Mead, the largest reservoir in the United States by volume (when it is full). The dam is located near Boulder City, Nevada, a municipality originally constructed for workers on the construction project, about southeast of Las Vegas, Nevada. The dam's generators provide power for public and private utilities in Nevada, Arizona, and California. Hoover Dam is a major tourist attraction; nearly a million people tour the dam each year. The heavily travelled U.S. 93 ran along the dam's crest until October 2010, when the Hoover Dam Bypass opened.", "Hoover Dam, once known as Boulder Dam, is a concrete arch-gravity dam in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River, on the border between Arizona and Nevada. It was constructed between 1931 and 1936 during the Great Depression. Hoover Dam impounds Lake Mead, and is located near Boulder City, Nevada, In 1936 Los Angeles started receiving its electricity from generators at this facility", "Lake Mead was the first National Recreation Area. The Boulder Canyon Project Act, passed in 1928, authorized the Bureau of Reclamation to construct Hoover Dam on the Colorado River. Work began in 1931 and the dam, highest in the Western Hemisphere, was completed in 1935. The next year, under provisions of an agreement with the Bureau of Reclamation, the National Park Service assumed responsibility for all recreational activities at Lake Mead.", "The Hoover Dam project also provided the water supply crucial to developing Las Vegas for decades to come. Under the Colorado River Compact—which awarded seven states bordering the Colorado River shares of 7.5 million acre feet of water—Nevada received 300,000 acre feet. The dam's water supply from Lake Mead made possible the large, master-planned communities such as Summerlin and Green Valley in Southern Nevada. Without the dam and its water supply, the greater Las Vegas metropolitan area would never have seen its population grow to nearly two million by the year 2000.", "Hoover Dam, once known as Boulder Dam, is a concrete arch-gravity dam in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River, on the border between the U.S. states of Nevada and Arizona. It was constructed between 1931 and 1936 during the Great Depression and was dedicated on September 30, 1935, by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Its construction was the result of a massive effort involving thousands of workers, and cost over one hundred lives. The dam was controversially named after President Herbert Hoover.", "rating station and the world's largest concrete structure. It was surpassed in both these respects by the Grand Coulee Dam in 1945. This dam, located 30 miles from Las Vegas, Nevada, is named after Herbert Hoover, who played an instrumental role in its construction, first as the Secretary of Commerce and then later as the President of the United States. Construction began in 1931 and was completed in 1936. Lake Mead is the reservoir created by the dam, named after Elwood Mead, who oversaw the construction of the dam. The initial plans for the finished facade of both the dam and the power plant consisted of a simple, unadorned wall of concrete topped with a Gothic-inspired balustrade and a powerhouse that looked like little more than an industrial warehouse.This initial design was criticized by many as being too plain and unremarkable for a project of such immense scale, so Los Angeles-based architect Gordon B. Kaufmann was brought in to redesign the exteriors. Kaufmann greatly streamlined the buildings, and applied an elegant Art Deco style to the entire project, with sculptured turrets rising seamlessly from the dam face and clock faces on the intake towers set for the time in Nevada and Arizona, in the Pacific Standard Time Zone or Pacific Daylight Time Zone and Mountain Standard Time Zone time zones respectively (although", "In 1936, these two agencies cooperatively created the Boulder Dam Recreation Area, the first national recreation area established in the United States. It included the Hoover Dam itself as well as 25 miles of the Colorado River. Eleven years later, the agencies changed the name to Lake Mead National Recreation Area. In 1950 Davis Dam was completed near Bullhead City, Arizona. This dam and the lake it created, Lake Mohave, were incorporated into Lake Mead National Recreation Area as well.", "Control of water was the primary concern in the building of the dam. Power generation has allowed the dam project to be self sustaining: proceeds from the sale of power repaid the 50-year construction loan, and those revenues also finance the multi-million dollar yearly maintenance budget. Power is generated in step with and only with the release of water in response to downstream water demands. Lake Mead and downstream releases from the dam provide water for both municipal and irrigation uses. Water released from the Hoover Dam eventually reaches the All-American Canal for the irrigation of over 1,000,000 acres (400,000 ha) of land. Water from the lake serves 8 million people in Arizona, Nevada and California. [86]", "LAKE MEAD NRA, NV - AUGUST 19: The Hoover Dam is seen from the Mike O'Callaghan-Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge, part of the Hoover Dam Bypass Project which is under construction, August 19, 2010 in the Lake Mead National Recreation Area, Nevada. The 1,900-foot-long structure sits 890 feet above the Colorado River, about a quarter of a mile downstream from the Hoover Dam. The USD 240 million project to relieve vehicle traffic on the Hoover Dam began in 2003, and is scheduled to be open to traffic by November 2010. (Photo by Ethan Miller/Getty Images)", "Nevada: St. Thomas , under Lake Mead when the art deco Boulder Dam (aka Hoover Dam) was built on the Colorado River in 1931-1936, but due to drought conditions has been visible again since the late 1990s.", "LAKE MEAD NRA, AZ - JULY 30: The Arizona Intake Towers at the Hoover Dam July 30, 2007 in the Lake Mead National Recreation Area, Arizona. The white 'bathtub ring' on the rocks is from mineral deposits left by higher levels of water. A seven-year drought and increased water demand spurred by explosive population growth in the Southwest has caused the water level at Lake Mead, which supplies water to Las Vegas, Arizona and Southern California, to drop over 100 feet to its lowest level since the 1960s. The National Park Service has been forced to close or extend boat launch ramps, and move entire marinas to try to keep up with the receding water levels. Because the water at the lake, the largest man-made reservoir in North America, isn't being replenished as fast as it's being used, water managers are now working to come up with plans to combat the effects of continued population growth, drought and a dwindling supply of water from the Colorado River due to climate change. (Photo by Ethan Miller/Getty Images)", "Hoover Dam was constructed between 1931 and 1936 during the Great Depression. Its main purpose was to harness the Colorado River to prevent periodic catastrophic flooding, to allocate and distribute water, and to generate hydroelectricity for the Southwest. Even by today's standards Hoover Dam was a gigantic project. At the time it was the world's largest project made with concrete, not to mention the largest public works project in US history.", "Hoover Dam is located on the border between Arizona and Nevada . It is within Black Canyon on the Colorado River, near Las Vegas . The construction of Hoover Dam began in 1931. When completed in 1936, the dam was a major engineering achievement at a height of 221 meters (726 feet) and crest-width of 379 meters (1,244 feet).", "The dam itself is a massive curved wall, 660 feet thick at the bottom, tapering to 45 feet where a road crosses it at the top. It towers 726 feet above bedrock (about the height of a 60-story skyscraper) and acts as a plug between the canyon walls to hold back up to trillions of gallons of water in Lake Mead, the reservoir created by its construction. Four concrete intake towers on the lake side drop the water down about 600 feet to drive turbines and create power, after which the water spills out into the river and continues south.", "Hoover Dam is 1,244 feet long at the top.  It is 726 feet high from the lowest point of the foundation to the crest.  The dam is 660 feet thick at the base and tapers to 45 feet thick at the top.  Its reservoir was the largest artificial lake in the world for decades and is still the largest in the United States.  The huge volume of water stored in the reservoir weighs so much that it deformed the earth’s crust, causing more than 600 small earthquakes in the late 1930s.", "During the Great Depression the government contractor, Six Companies, six formerly independent companies that had merged to get the job, constructed the dam, the highest concrete arch dam in the United States. Lake Mead, the reservoir the dam impounds, is one of the largest human-made lakes in the world, with an area of 247 square miles. The dam itself is 726.4 feet from the foundation rock on the roadway to the crest, with towers and ornaments extending another 40 feet above the crest. It weighs more than 6.6 million tons. With 17 turbines, the power facility has a nameplate capacity of 2.074 million kilowatts.", "HOOVER DAM. Located in the Black Canyon on the Colorado River, Hoover Damlies about thirty miles southeast of Las Vegas, Nevada. The federal government built it for flood control, navigation, irrigation, water storage, and power generation. Farmers in the region experienced disastrous Colorado River floods before the dam was constructed.", "The dam is named after Herbert Hoover, the U.S. president who agreed to have the dam built so that Nevada, California, and Arizona could increase irrigation waters and manage flood waters, and create hydroelectric-power. It was built in just five years - an impressive feat, considering the dam is made of enough concrete to pave a road from New York to California.", "Hoover Dam is 726 feet (221 metres) high and 1,244 feet (379 metres) long at the crest. It contains 4,400,000 cubic yards (3,360,000 cubic metres) of concrete. Four reinforced-concrete intake towers located above the dam divert water from the reservoir into huge steel pipes called penstocks. The water, after falling some 500 feet (150 metres) through the pipes to a hydroelectric power plant in the base of the dam, turns 17 Francis-type vertical hydraulic turbines , which rotate a series of electric generators that have a total power capacity of 2,080 megawatts. More than half of the generated electric power goes to the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, the city of Los Angeles , and other destinations in southern California; the rest goes to Nevada and Arizona . The dam, power plant, and reservoir are owned and managed by the U.S. Department of the Interior’s Bureau of Reclamation.", "Between 1935 and 1963, about 91,500 acre-feet of sediment was deposited in Lake Mead each year. With closure of Glen Canyon Dam, about 370 miles upstream, the life of Lake Mead is indefinite.", "The cleared, underlying rock foundation of the dam site was reinforced with grout, called a grout curtain . Holes were driven into the walls and base of the canyon, as deep as 150 feet (46 m) into the rock, and any cavities encountered were to be filled with grout. This was done to stabilize the rock, to prevent water from seeping past the dam through the canyon rock, and to limit \"uplift\"—upward pressure from water seeping under the dam. The workers were under severe time constraints due to the beginning of the concrete pour, and when they encountered hot springs or cavities too large to readily fill, they moved on without resolving the problem. A total of 58 of the 393 holes were incompletely filled. [54] After the dam was completed and the lake began to fill, large numbers of significant leaks into the dam caused the Bureau of Reclamation to look into the situation. It found that the work had been incompletely done, and was based on less than a full understanding of the canyon's geology. New holes were drilled from inspection galleries inside the dam into the surrounding bedrock. [55] It took nine years (1938–47) under relative secrecy, to complete the supplemental grout curtain. [56]", "Bureau of Reclamation (2006). Reclamation: Managing Water in the West: Hoover Dam. US Department of the Interior. " ]

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[ "Rocky Top (formerly Coal Creek and Lake City) is a city in Anderson and Campbell counties in the eastern part of the U.S. state of Tennessee, northwest of Knoxville. The population was 1,781 at the 2010 census. Most of the community is in Anderson County and is included in the Knoxville Metropolitan Statistical Area. On June 26, 2014, the city officially changed its name from Lake City to Rocky Top, after a last-ditch effort by the owners of the copyright in the song \"Rocky Top\" was denied by a federal court.", "Tennessee was the last state to secede from the Union during the Civil War and the first state to be readmitted after the war.", "1866 – Reconstruction: Tennessee becomes the first U.S. State to be readmitted to the Union following the American Civil War.", "It's one of the archetypal Deep South states, along with Mississippi, Alabama and the non-Atlanta parts of Georgia. The Civil War started here; South Carolina was the first state to secede from the Union (and the last to be readmitted), and the first battle of the war took place at Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor. It was also the site of the first successful submarine attack on an enemy ship. Stephen Colbert is from there (but was born in Washington, D.C. ). Also the home state of Frank Underwood .", "In the early morning hours of April 12, 1861, rebels opened fire on Fort Sumter, at the entrance to the harbour of Charleston , South Carolina. Curiously, this first encounter of what would be the bloodiest war in the history of the United States claimed no victims. After a 34-hour bombardment, Maj. Robert Anderson surrendered his command of about 85 soldiers to some 5,500 besieging Confederate troops under P.G.T. Beauregard . Within weeks, four more Southern states (Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina) left the Union to join the Confederacy.", "1868 - Florida, Alabama, Louisiana, Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina were readmitted to the Union.", "Within two months, four more Southern slave states declared their secession and joined the Confederacy: Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina and Tennessee. The northwestern portion of Virginia subsequently seceded from Virginia, joining the Union as the new state of West Virginia on June 20, 1863. By the end of 1861, Missouri and Kentucky were effectively under Union control, with Confederate state governments in exile.", "Even as Lincoln took office in March 1861, Confederate forces threatened the federal-held Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina. On April 12, after Lincoln ordered a fleet to resupply Sumter, Confederate artillery fired the first shots of the Civil War. Sumter’s commander, Major Robert Anderson, surrendered after less than two days of bombardment, leaving the fort in the hands of Confederate forces under Pierre G.T. Beauregard. Four more southern states– Virginia , Arkansas , North Carolina and Tennessee–joined the Confederacy after Fort Sumter. Border slave states like Missouri , Kentucky and Maryland did not secede, but there was much Confederate sympathy among their citizens.", "South Carolina was the first state to ratify the Articles of Confederation and the eighth state to ratify the U.S. Constitution on May 23, 1788. South Carolina became the first state to vote to secede from the Union on December 20, 1860. After the American Civil War, it was readmitted into the United States on June 25, 1868.In Texas vs. White (1869), the Supreme Court ruled that the ordinances of secession (including that of South Carolina) were invalid, and thus those states had never left the Union. However, South Carolina did not regain representation in Congress until that date.", "As the Civil War began, poorer farmers were generally indifferent to questions of slavery and states' rights. The slaveholding planters held the most political power, however, and after some hesitation, Arkansas seceded (1861) from the Union. In the Civil War, Confederate defeats at Pea Ridge (Mar., 1862), Prairie Grove (Dec., 1862), and Arkansas Post (Jan., 1863) led to Union occupation of N Arkansas, and General Grant's Vicksburg campaign separated states W of the Mississippi from the rest of the Confederacy. In Sept., 1863, federal troops entered Little Rock, where a Unionist convention in Jan., 1864, set up a government that repudiated secession and abolished slavery. Because the state refused at first to enfranchise former slaves, Arkansas was not readmitted to the Union until 1868, when a new constitution gave African Americans the right to vote and hold office.", "Members of the South Carolina legislature had previously sworn to secede from the Union if Lincoln was elected, and the state declared its secession on December 20, 1860. In January and February, six other cotton states of the Deep South followed suit: Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. The other eight slave states postponed a decision, but the seven formed a new government in Montgomery, Alabama, in February: the Confederate States of America. Throughout the South, Confederates seized federal arsenals and forts, without resistance, and forced the surrender of all U.S. forces in Texas. The sitting President, James Buchanan, believed he had no constitutional power to act, and in the four months between Lincoln's election and his inauguration, the South strengthened its military position. ", "Four states in the upper South (Tennessee, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Virginia), which had repeatedly rejected Confederate overtures, now refused to send forces against their neighbors, declared their secession, and joined the Confederacy. To reward Virginia, the Confederate capital was moved to Richmond. The city was the symbol of the Confederacy. Richmond was in a highly vulnerable location at the end of a tortuous Confederate supply line. Although Richmond was heavily fortified, supplies for the city would be reduced by Sherman's capture of Atlanta and cut off almost entirely when Grant besieged Petersburg and its railroads that supplied the Southern capital.", "In Washington, proposals for compromise and reunion went nowhere, as the Confederates demanded complete, total, permanent independence. When Lincoln dispatched a supply ship to federal-held Fort Sumter, in South Carolina, the Confederate government ordered an attack on the fort, which surrendered on April 13. President Lincoln called upon the states to supply 75,000 troops to serve for ninety days to recover federal property, and, forced to choose sides, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina promptly voted to secede. Kentucky declared its neutrality. ", "1796: Tennessee, formerly part of North Carolina, is the 16th state admitted to the Union . On June 8, 1861, it joined the Confederacy and became a major battleground for the Civil War, re-entering the Union after war's end. Electors chose John Adams to be the second president of the United States.", "In the aftermath of the Confederate seizure of Fort Sumter in mid-April, Lincoln called upon the states to provide 75,000 soldiers to put down the rebellion. Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas and North Carolina responded by leaving the Union and joining the newly-formed \"Confederate States of America.\" This increased the size of the Confederacy by a third, and almost doubled its population and economic resources. Remaining with the Union, though, were four slave-holding border states -- Delaware, Missouri, Maryland and Kentucky -- and, predictably, the slave-holding District of Columbia.", "West Virginia was the only state that gained admission to the Union during the American Civil War.", "In 1860, North Carolina was a slave state, in which one-third of the population was enslaved. This was a smaller proportion than in many Southern states. The state did not vote to join the Confederacy until President Abraham Lincoln called on it to invade its sister state, South Carolina, becoming the last or second-to-last state to officially join the Confederacy. The title of \"last to join the Confederacy\" has been disputed; although Tennessee's informal secession on May 7, 1861, preceded North Carolina's official secession on May 20, the Tennessee legislature did not formally vote to secede until June 8, 1861. ", "Following Fort Sumter Arkansas ceded from the union on 6 May 1861. It was followed by Tennessee and North Carolina.", "In 1861, North Carolina seceded from the Union and joined the Confederacy in the Civil War. In 1865, North Carolina troops surrendered, leaving the state to be brought back into the Union in 1868.", "In late 1860 and early 1861, South Carolina and other southern states withdrew from the Union. They formed a new nation called the Confederate States of America.", "     The first state to secede from the Union was South Carolina. Significantly, this was not the first time that the people of South Carolina had discussed secession. During the debate over tariffs in the 1830s, South Carolina seriously considered secession. Fortunately, John C. Calhoun helped to solve the problem and South Carolina remained in the Union. But on December 20th, 1860, South Carolina held a secession convention in Charleston. The debate was quick and short. Representatives voted unanimously, 169 to 0 for secession. The rupture of the Union had finally occurred, and the secession of South Carolina opened the floodgates as four more states from the Deep South quickly joined her.", "After the Civil War broke out, Forrest returned to Tennessee from his Mississippi ventures, enlisted in the Confederate States Army (CSA), and trained at Fort Wright in Randolph, Tennessee. On July 14, 1861, he joined Captain Josiah White's Company \"E\", Tennessee Mounted Rifles as a private, along with his youngest brother and 15-year-old son. Upon seeing how badly equipped the CSA was, Forrest offered to buy horses and equipment with his own money for a regiment of Tennessee volunteer soldiers. ", "West Virginia became the 35th state following the Wheeling Conventions that eventually enabled the state to break away from Virginia during the American Civil War. West Virginia was admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863 and was the only state to form through secession from a Confederate state. West Virginia and Nevada were the only two states formed during the American Civil War.", "Although the state became a part of the Confederacy, East Tennessee was strongly pro-Union before secession, and strongly pro-Union Tennesseans remained there and existed in pockets throughout the state during the war. The Vice President of the United States, Andrew Johnson, was a Tennessee Union loyalist, as were a number of congressmen and state politicians. On the Confederate side, significant leaders included noted cavalryman Nathan B. Forrest and corps commanders Leonidas Polk and Benjamin F. Cheatham, as well as Governor Isham Harris.", "But roughly 31,000 Tennesseans, primarily from eastern Tennessee--also joined the Union Army. The state provided more soldiers to the Union cause than all other Confederate states combined.", "1862. February 25. Nashville becomes the first state capital in the Confederacy to fall to occupying Union forces. U.S. Consul in Bermuda Charles Allen Allen reports that the Confederate commerce raider CSS Nashville had better fortune than her namesake city. She obtained 150 tons of coal in St. George's, Bermuda, to continue her voyage and left Bermudian waters. ", "Kentucky was one of the border states during the American Civil War. Although frequently described as never having seceded, representatives from several counties met at Russellville calling themselves the \"Convention of the People of Kentucky\" and passed an Ordinance of Secession on November 20, 1861. They established a Confederate government of Kentucky with its capital in Bowling Green. ", "After Nashville was captured (the first Confederate state capital to fall) Andrew Johnson, an East Tennessean from Greeneville, was appointed military governor of the state by Lincoln. During this time, the military government abolished slavery (but with questionable legality).", "The James-Younger connection with Joseph Orville Shelby is well known. Born in Lexington, Ky., in 1830, Shelby was a boyhood playmate of John Hunt Morgan, who became a prominent Confederate raider in Kentucky. Shelby, whose family was related to the first governor of Kentucky, Isaac Shelby (1750–1826), rose to brigadier general in the Confederate Army. He served in every major Civil War campaign west of the Mississippi River, including the disastrous Missouri campaign in 1864. John Newman Edwards, whom he had befriended in Lexington, became his adjutant. Both Shelby and Edwards came to admire the courage of Frank James and the other Missouri guerrillas who were resisting Union forces. Frank was one of the guerrillas who saved General Shelby from capture on December 7, 1862, at the Battle of Prairie Grove, Ark. After Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered in April 1865, Shelby relocated to Mexico to offer his military services to Emperor Maximilian. Although Maximilian was soon shot by a firing squad, Shelby prospered in Tuxpan, Mexico. In 1867, he returned to Missouri, still a Confederate at heart. Almost certainly he harbored Frank and Jesse James when they were being pursued. Shelby owned 1,000-acre Travelers Rest, nine miles from Lexington, Mo., in Lafayette County, and he also owned 960 acres at Adrian in Missouri's Bates County. He was one of the largest wheat growers and landowners in the state.", "The Confederate States of America (Confederacy, Confederate States, and CSA) was the secessionist government formed by eleven southern states of the United States between 1861 and 1865, following the secession of each state from the United States. These actions precipitated, and were the opening chapters of the American Civil War . The Confederacy was eventually defeated in the Civil War and the states went through a period of Reconstruction before returning to full standing again in the U.S. Seven states declared their independence from the United States before Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated as president; four more did so after the American Civil War began in April 1861 when the Confederacy attacked a Union fortress at Fort Sumter. The United States (\"Union\") held secession illegal and refused recognition of the Confederacy. Confederate hopes that King Cotton would force Britain and France to intervene to rescue their cotton supply remained unfulfilled, and no European powers officially recognized the CSA. However, British commercial interests sold it warships and operated blockade runners to help supply it. The Union Blockade effectively shut down 95% of ordinary exports and imports; only blockade runners got through.", "        Tennessee became a state on June 1, 1796. On June 8, 1861, it joined the Confederacy", "The state legislature adopted this flag in March, 1885, to replace the original state flag that had been adopted on June 22, 1861, immediately following the state's secession from the Union on May 20, 1861. The red field of the old flag was replaced by blue in memory of the Bonnie Blue Flag which was used as a symbol of secession during the war. The overall stripe pattern is also reminiscent of the \"Stars and Bars\" flag." ]

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[ "Helen Beatrix Potter is a children’s author who was born on July 28, 1866 to Rupert and Helen Potter. She was born in London, England and as a British author, wrote and illustrated more than 20 children's books starring Peter Rabbit, Jemima Puddle-Duck, and Benjamin Bunny. She lived what one may describe as a solitary childhood spending holidays in the country.  ", "Beatrix Potter is regarded as one of the world's best-loved children's authors of all time. From her first book, The Tale of Peter Rabbit, published by Frederick Warne in 1902, she went on to create a series of stories based around animal characters including Mrs. Tiggy-winkle, Benjamin Bunny, Jemima Puddle-duck, Mr. Jeremy Fisher and Tom Kitten.", "Beatrix Potter (1866-1943) created a series of children's books including The Tale of Peter Rabbit (1902), Jemima Puddle-Duck , T he Tale of Tom Kitten , The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin , The Tale of Mr. Jeremy Fisher , The Tale of Benjamin Bunny , The Tailor of Gloucester , and Cecily Parsley's Nursery Rhymes (1922). The Tale of Peter Rabbit has sold more than 15 million copies. The Peter Rabbit books by Beatrix Potter have sold more than 150 million copies.", "The story of Jemima Puddle-Duck The gentleman increased their eyes above their magazine and searched curiously at Jemima - quot;Madam maybe you have destroyed your path? quot; said he. Author : Beatrix PotterFormat : Paperback.Condition : Used. No markings or tears proportions : 10.5cm x 14cm x 0.5cm About Beatix Potter Beatrix Potter was created in South Kensington London on 28 July 1866. Educated home by a succession of governesses she have little possibility to combine with other kiddies. Also the girl more youthful cousin Bertram was seldom at home; he had been delivered as a boy to boarding school leaving Beatrix alone together many animals.She had frogs newts ferrets as well as a pet bat. She also have two rabbits - 1st ended up being Benjamin who she referred to as an impudent cheeky little thing whilst the second ended up being Peter whom she took every-where with her on just a little contribute even in the occasional outing. Potter watched the pets all day on end sketching them and developing her skills as an artist.Beatrix Potter s dad is Rupert William Potter (1832-1914) boy of Edmund Potter. Rupert taught as a barrister but invested his days at", "Beatrix Potter - The Complete Tales 23 Stories complete plus Unabridged Get additional Beatrix Potter Audio CD click here Other Childrens Audio Books click here Beatrix Potter The Complete Tales - Audio Book CD Brand New : 6 CDs A fabulous six-CD sound box-set containing the whole assortment of stories by Beatrix Potter complete plus unabridged. The twenty-three stories inside this giftset have not lost their recognition plus market inside their millions all over the planet. Meet again the well-known characters which youngsters love plus love... PETER RABBIT SQUIRREL NUTKIN THE FLOPSY BUNNIES MRS TIGGY-WINKLE TOM KITTEN JEREMY FISHER JEMIMA PUDDLE-DUCK plus a lot more. These stories are wonderfully brought with existence with a talented cast of visitors including Patricia Routledge Timothy West Michael Hordern Janet Maw plus Rosemary Leach. Regarding the Author Beatrix Potter Hele", "Famous 20th century British illustrators of children's books include: Walter Crane (1845-1915), who became principal of the Royal College of Art (1898-99); Beatrix Potter (1866-1943), creator of the characters Peter Rabbit, Jeremy Fisher, Jemima Puddle-Duck, Mrs Tiggy-Winckle and others; Arthur Rackham (1867-1939), noted for works like Fairy Tales of the Brothers Grimm (1900), Siegfried and The Twilight of the Gods (1911), The Romance of King Arthur and His Knights of the Round Table (1917); Edmund Dulac (1882-1953), the French-born British artist best known for his illustrations of fairy-tale and legendary subjects; and the later Raymond Briggs (b.1934) the 20th century cartoonist, graphic artist and author of The Snowman.", "The Tale of Mr. Jeremy Fisher is a children's book, written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter. It was published by Frederick Warne & Co. in July 1906. Jeremy's origin lies in a letter she wrote to a child in 1893. She revised it in 1906, and moved its setting from the River Tay to the English Lake District. The tale reflects her love for the Lake District and her admiration for children's illustrator Randolph Caldecott.", "This year, the works of one of the most successful and universal writers of all time came into the public domain in many countries around the world. The Tale of Peter Rabbit, The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin, The Tale of Benjamin Bunny, The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck – in all, thirty-three books bearing the name “Beatrix Potter” have sold close to 200 million copies. Frank Delaney enquires into the more complex woman behind the safe and warm-hearted stories.", "The origin of The Tale of Mr. Jeremy Fisher lies in a story letter Potter wrote to a child in September 1893 while summering on the River Tay. The following year, she created nine sketches called \"A Frog he would a-fishing go\" and sold them to publisher Ernest Nister. They were released with verses by Clifton Bingham in 1896. ", "British author and artist Beatrix Potter (1866 1943) wrote and illustrated many children's books in the late nineteenth century. She is best known for her enchanting tales and endearing drawings of woodland creatures in human clothes, most notably Peter Rabbit. --This text refers to the Paperback edition.", "Allen Atkinson is the illustrator for this edition of the Potter classic. Such a wonderful talent who died so young, his Peter Rabbit Jemima Puddle-Duck, a duck before her time, wants to hatch her own eggs. While her sister-in-law is quite happy to bypass such a rigorous job, Jemima is adamant...her eggs, her hatching. She leaves the safety of the farm to find a special nesting spot, but this liberated ducky runs into a foxy gentleman who is not quite the good samaritan as she believes him to be.", "Her practical sense supervened. She provided colour, worked with the publishers on proofs and emendations – and then a great deal more. As The Tale of Peter Rabbit was published on 2 October 1902, she already had in the hopper The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin (look out for mushrooms) and The Tailor of Gloucester (her own all-time favourite). She was 36 years old, and so began the universal author.", "In 1902 South Kensington, Middlesex-born Helen Beatrix Potter (1866-1943) pub. The Tale of Peter Rabbit , a bestseller (45M copies); loses his jacket and shoes to Farmer McGregor while his siblings Flopsy, Mopsy, and Cottontail stay safely at home; he escapes and returns home to his mother, who puts him to bed and gives him camomile tea; The Tale of Benjamin Buddy sees Peter retrieve his lost duds.", "Building on the popularity of fables and fairy tales, specifically children's literature began to emerge in the nineteenth century with works such as Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) by Lewis Carroll, The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by Carlo Collodi and The Jungle Book (1894) by Rudyard Kipling, all employing anthropomorphic elements. This continued in the twentieth century with many of the most popular titles having anthropomorphic characters, examples being The Tales of Beatrix Potter (1901 onwards), The Wind in the Willows (1908) by Kenneth Grahame, The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe by C. S. Lewis and Winnie-the-Pooh (1926) by A. A. Milne.", "Literature for children developed as a separate category of literature especially in the Victorian era. Some works became internationally known, such as those of Lewis Carroll, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and its sequel Through the Looking-Glass. At the end of the Victorian era and leading into the Edwardian era, Beatrix Potter was an author and illustrator, best known for her children's books, which featured animal characters. In her thirties, Potter published The Tale of Peter Rabbit in 1902. Potter eventually went on to publish 23 children's books and become a wealthy woman. Michael O. Tunnell and James S. Jacobs, professors of children’s literature at Brigham Young University, write, “Potter was the first to use pictures as well as words to tell the story, incorporating coloured illustration with text, page for page.” Another classic of the period is Anna Sewell's animal novel Black Beauty (1877).", "J.K. Rowling. Which country can boast the most famous children’s authors? We can. The record speaks for itself. Beatrix Potter’s picture books still sell worldwide and A.A. Milne’s Pooh stories have appeared in almost every language, including Latin.", "Alan Alexander Milne (/ˈmɪln/; 18 January 1882 – 31 January 1956) was an English author, best known for his books about the teddy bear Winnie-the-Pooh and for various children's poems. Milne was a noted writer, primarily as a playwright, before the huge success of Pooh overshadowed all his previous work. Milne served in both World Wars, joining the British Army in World War I, and was a captain of the British Home Guard in World War II.", "A. A. Milne named the character Winnie-the-Pooh for a teddy bear owned by his son, Christopher Robin Milne, who was the basis for the character Christopher Robin. The rest of Christopher Robin Milne's toys, Piglet, Eeyore, Kanga, Roo and Tigger, were incorporated into Milne's stories. Two more characters, Owl and Rabbit, were created by Milne's imagination, while Gopher was added to the Disney version. Christopher Robin's toy bear is on display at the Main Branch of the New York Public Library in New York City. ", "In 1924, after the success of 'Vespers' Milne published a book of children's poems entitled 'When We Were Very Young', with drawings by Punch illustrator, Ernest Shepard. This book includes a poem about a Teddy Bear who \"however hard he tries grows tubby without exercise\". This was Pooh's first unofficial appearance in A.A. Milne's writing. 'When We Were Very Young' proved to be an instant success and sold over 50,000 copies within eight weeks.", "Alan Alexander Milne ( A. A. Milne) - Alan Alexander Milne ( A. A. Milne) When reminiscing on past memories of favorite books, cartoons, songs and stuffed animals, many people will think about Winnie the Pooh. The man behind all of your fun filled childhood adventured with Christopher Robin and his bear friend Pooh is Alan Alexander Milne, more commonly known as A. A. Milne. Besides his creation of Winnie the Pooh short story and poetry books he was a very accomplished man through out his whole life. He showed great affection to family members, friends, and to his wife and child....   [tags: Biography Biographies Pooh Essays]", "Frances Eliza Hodgson Burnett (24 November 1849 – 29 October 1924) was an English playwright and author. She is best known for her children's stories, in particular The Secret Garden (published in 1911), A Little Princess (published in 1905), and Little Lord Fauntleroy (published in 1885-6).", "Milne is most famous for his two Pooh books about a boy named Christopher Robin after his son, Christopher Robin Milne, and various characters inspired by his son's stuffed animals, most notably the bear named Winnie-the-Pooh. Christopher Robin Milne's stuffed bear, originally named \"Edward\", was renamed \"Winnie-the-Pooh\" after a Canadian black bear named Winnie (after Winnipeg), which was used as a military mascot in World War I, and left to London Zoo during the war. \"The pooh\" comes from a swan called \"Pooh\". E. H. Shepard illustrated the original Pooh books, using his own son's teddy, Growler (\"a magnificent bear\"), as the model. The rest of Christopher Robin Milne's toys, Piglet, Eeyore, Kanga, Roo and Tigger, were incorporated into A. A. Milne's stories, two more characters - Rabbit and Owl - were created by Milne's imagination. Christopher Robin Milne's own toys are now under glass in New York where 750,000 people visit them every year.", "Between 1920 and 1928, Christopher Robin Milne received other stuffed animals. In 1926, A.A. Milne began writing bedtime stories about his son's adventures with his stuffed animals, including his bear who was renamed, Winnie-the-Pooh. Thus Winnie-the-Pooh, Piglet, Tigger, Eeyore, Kanga, Roo, Owl, Rabbit, and the 100 Acre Wood were born.", "AA Milne 1882�1956 known for his books about the teddy bear Winnie-the-Pooh and for various children's poems. He created the characters of Kanga & Roo, In \"Vespers\" he wrote, \"Hush, hush, whisper who dares, Christopher Robin is saying his prayers\"", "85 Which well-known children's author, born in 1859 and died in 1932, was also Secretary of the Bank of England?", "Fraser-Simson, Harold. The Hums of Pooh. Lyrics by Pooh, Music by H. Fraser-Simon, Introduction and notes by A. A. Milne, Decorations by E. H. Shepard, additional lyric by Eeyore. New York: E.P. Dutton, c1930.", "The writer penned about 40 books for children, including perennial favourites The Railway Children and Five Children and It, and is credited by some as inventing the children's adventure story. In 1884, the political activist was among co-founders of the Fabian Society, the precursor to the Labour Party.", "To learn more, explore Banbury Chap Books and Nursery Toy Book Literature (1890) by Edwin Pearson. This book explores the history of fables as well as other books for children.", "Author. His best known work is \"The Wind in the Willows\", later dramatised by A.A. Milne as \"Toad of Toad Hall\".", "His poetry encompassed comic verses for children and religious poetry. His widely sold Cautionary Tales for Children included \"Jim, who ran away from his nurse, and was eaten by a lion\" and \"Matilda, who told lies and was burnt to death\". He also collaborated with G. K. Chesterton on a number of works. ", "Nesbit published approximately 40 books for children, including novels, collections of stories and picture books. Collaborating with others, she published almost as many more.", "By her late 20s Potter was a prolific letter writer who particularly enjoyed writing to children, especially those of her last governess, often illustrating her letters with quick sketches. It was while on holiday in Scotland in 1893 that she wrote just such a letter to her former governess's eldest son, Noel, telling the story of four rabbits named Flopsy, Mopsy, Cottontail and Peter." ]

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[ "Clinton \"Clint\" Eastwood, Jr. (born May 31, 1930) is an American film actor, director, producer, composer and politician. Following his breakthrough role on the TV series Rawhide (1959–65), Eastwood starred as the Man with No Name in Sergio Leone's Dollars Trilogy of spaghetti westerns (A Fistful of Dollars, For a Few Dollars More, and The Good, the Bad and the Ugly) in the 1960s, and as San Francisco Police Department Inspector Harry Callahan in the Dirty Harry films (Dirty Harry, Magnum Force, The Enforcer, Sudden Impact, and The Dead Pool) during the 1970s and 1980s. These roles, along with several others in which he plays tough-talking no-nonsense police officers, have made him an enduring cultural icon of masculinity.", "Harold Francis \"Dirty Harry\" Callahan is a fictional San Francisco police detective in the Dirty Harry film series , encompassing Dirty Harry (1971), Magnum Force (1973), The Enforcer (1976), Sudden Impact (1983), and The Dead Pool (1988). Callahan is portrayed by Clint Eastwood in each movie.", "Inspector Harold Francis \"Dirty Harry\" Callahan is a fictional character in the Dirty Harry film series, encompassing Dirty Harry (1971), Magnum Force (1973), The Enforcer (1976), Sudden Impact (1983) and The Dead Pool (1988). Callahan is portrayed by Clint Eastwood in each movie.", "Magnum Force .  Burbank, CA : Warner Home Video, c1987.  2 videodiscs (LaserVision) (122 min.) : sd., col. ; 12 in.  PN1995.9.D555 M34 1987 Video (12 inch) disc  videodisc 1-2 : A mysterious wave of assassinations is sweeping the San Francisco underworld. Detective \"Dirty Harry\" Callahan (Eastwood) discovers why: sharpshooting rookie policemen have turned vigilante.  Cast : Clint Eastwood, Hal Holbrook, Mitchell Ryan, David Soul, Felton Perry, Robert Urich.", "A tremendously controversial film, both decried as an apologia for fascism and hailed as the solution to a decade of rising crime, DIRTY HARRY propelled Clint Eastwood's career into the stratosphere while adding another archetype to join his Man with No Name in film iconography. Clint stars as Harry Callahan, a truculent San Francisco police detective well known for his vicious take-no-prisoners attitude toward criminals. With the city of San Francisco being terrorized by the psychotic killer kn...", "The Dead Pool is a 1988 American action film directed by Buddy Van Horn, written by Steve Sharon, and starring Clint Eastwood as Inspector \"Dirty\" Harry Callahan. It is the fifth and final film in the Dirty Harry film series, set in San Francisco, California.", "Dirty Harry was a critical and commercial success and set the style for a whole genre of police films. It was followed by four sequels: Magnum Force in 1973, The Enforcer in 1976, Sudden Impact in 1983 (directed by Eastwood himself) and The Dead Pool in 1988.", "The Dead Pool / Warner Bros., Inc.  Burbank, Calif. : Warner Home Video, c1989.  1 videodisc (LaserVision) (91 min.) : sd., col. ; 12 in.  PN1995.9.D555 D43 1989 Video (12 inch) disc : San Francisco detective Harry Callahan has become famous and finds his name lumped in with other celebrities who have become victims of an underground betting pool.  Cast : Clint Eastwood, Patricia Clarkson, Liam Neeson, Evan Kim.", "Once filming of Breezy had finished, Warners announced that Eastwood had agreed to reprise his role as Callahan in Magnum Force (1973), a sequel to Dirty Harry, about a group of rogue young officers (among them David Soul, Robert Urich and Tim Matheson) in the San Francisco Police Department who systematically exterminate the city's worst criminals. Although the film was a major success after release, grossing $58.1 million in the United States (a record for Eastwood), it was not a critical success. The New York Times critic Nora Sayre panned the often contradictory moral themes of the film, while the paper's Frank Rich called it \"the same old stuff\".", "Ferris Webster, Ted Post Magnum Force, which was released in 1973 as a sequel to Dirty Harry has Eastwood reprise his famous role as Inspector Callahan, which has him face crooked cops and a traitorous boss as well as suffering re- assignment from homicide to stakeout duty after his handling of the Scorpio case. Callahan and his new partner, Earlington -Early- Smith (Felton Perry), are called off a case in which a man acquitted of murder is found dead along with his chauffer, lawyer and bodyguard. Soon after, a mafia figure, and several of his family and friends are also gunned down. Then, a well-known pimp is murdered too. Callahan and Early are soon re-assigned to investigate the homicides. Featuring: New Commentary by writer John Milius-In this gritty, entertaining commentary, legendary Hollywood screenwriter Milius discusses Eastwood, the world of Dirty Harry and the rugged resilience of crime drama in American cinema; New Featurette \"A Moral Right: The Politics of Dirty Harry\" Filmmakers, social scientists and authors take a provocative look at the moral, political and ethical themes of the Dirty Harry films; The Hero Cop: Yesterday and Today; Trailer Gallery", "\"Dirty Harry\"'s popularity spawned four commercially successful sequels: \"Magnum Force\" (1973), \"The Enforcer\" (1976), \"Sudden Impact\" (1983) and \"The Dead Pool\" (1988). \"Sudden Impact\" contained another iconic line, \"Go ahead, make my day.\"", "Harry Callahan, a San Francisco police detective, was featured in five separate films from 1971 until 1988. He battled street thugs, organized crime, and more than one less-than-sane individual, and through it all he carried with him his trusty .44 Magnum, or, as he called it, \"the most powerful handgun in the world.\" Harry Callahan was the prototypical \"cop on the edge.\" He battled lieutenants and mayors as hard as bad guys, and his partners had a terrible way of winding up injured or worse.", "Dirty Harry was hugely influential as well. Not only did it launch a successful franchise it inspired many other vigilante style movie cops. Even John Wayne, who, like Paul Newman and Frank Sinatra, had also been up for the part of Harry Callahan, jumped on the bandwagon with 1974's McQ where he played a tough-as-nails Seattle police detective. But there is only one Dirty Harry and he will always be Clint Eastwood.", "Amazon.com: The Dirty Harry Collection (Dirty Harry/Magnum Force/The Enforcer/Sudden Impact/The Dead Pool): Clint Eastwood, Andrew Robinson, Liam Neeson, Sondra Locke, Tyne Daly, Harry Guardino, Reni Santoni, John Vernon, John Larch, John Mitchum, Mae Mercer, Lyn Edgington, Buddy Van Horn, Don Siegel, James Fargo, Ted Post, Charles B. Pierce, Dean Riesner, Durk Pearson: Movies & TV", "Sudden Impact is a 1983 American action thriller and the fourth film in the Dirty Harry series, directed by Clint Eastwood (making it the only Dirty Harry film to be directed by Eastwood himself), and starring Eastwood and Sondra Locke. The film tells the story of a gang rape victim (Locke) who decides seek revenge on the rapists ten years after the attack by killing them one by one. A police detective (Eastwood) famous for his unconventional and often brutal crime-fighting tactics is tasked with tracking down the serial killer. As the detective investigates the killings, he becomes romantically entangled with the woman, and he is drawn deeper into the mystery surrounding the murders.", "Dirty Harry Callahan is an Inspector with the San Francisco Police Department, usually with the Homicide department, although for disciplinary reasons he is occasionally transferred to other less prominent units, such as Personnel (in The Enforcer) or Stakeout (in Magnum Force) or just sent out of town on mundane research assignments (in Sudden Impact). Callahan's primary concern is protecting and avenging the victims of violent crime. Though proficient at apprehending criminals, his methods are often unconventional; while some claim that he is prepared to ignore the law and professional and ethical boundaries, regarding them as needless red tape hampering justice, his methods are usually within the law – he takes advantage of situations that justify his use of deadly force, sometimes almost creating those situations. When a group of men holding hostages in a liquor store in The Enforcer demand a getaway car, Callahan delivers one by driving the car through the store's plate glass window and then shooting the robbers. Rather than following the rules of the police department, Callahan inserts himself into the scene of the event at a time when the imminent use of deadly force by the criminals justifies his use of deadly force against the criminals. Conversely, in Sudden Impact when he finds out that Jennifer Spencer (Sondra Locke), the person responsible for a series of murders in San Francisco and San Paulo, was a rape victim killing her unpunished rapists, he lets her go free, indicating that he feels her retribution was justified.", "In the early 70s and for almost two decades, Clint Eastwood starred as the magnum-packing Dirty Harry. The original film in the series about the fascist, vigilante-hero cop was the action film Dirty Harry (1971) , directed by Eastwood's directorial mentor Don Siegel. It unleashed a flurry of similar, quasi-Mickey Spillane thrillers. In the first of many sequels, Eastwood starred as the intolerant Harry Callahan on the trail of the elusive 'Scorpio killer':", "The most famous and controversial officer in the San Francisco Police Department, Detective Inspector Harold \"Dirty Harry\" Callahan, is well known in the city for his mixture of ruthless and occasionally brutal pursuit of criminals and sharp detective skills. After a stint as a youth in the Marine Corps, Callahan joins the SFPD in the 1950s and eventually rises to the rank of Inspector, along the way becoming involved in several controversial cases and losing his wife in an automobile accident.", "The Enforcer  (1976) / produced by Robert Daley ; directed by James Fargo. Burbank, Calif. : Warner Home Video, c1987.  Burbank, Calif. : Warner Home Video, c1987. PN1995.9.D555 E55 1987 Video (12 inch) disc  : San Francisco detective Harry Callahan and his female partner track down psychopathic hoodlums terrorizing the city.  Cast : Clint Eastwood, Harry Guardino, Bradford Dillman, Tyne Daly.", "It is a recurring theme in the Dirty Harry movies that Callahan has a high turnover of partners; most are killed or wounded while working with him. In Dirty Harry, he mentions two unseen partners named Fanducci and Dietrich; Dietrich is in the hospital having been shot, while Fanducci is dead (in The Enforcer, it is referenced that Fanducci was killed in 1968). His partner in Dirty Harry, Chico Gonzalez, is shot by Scorpio and though he survives, he decides to quit the police (in Magnum Force, Harry remarks that Gonzalez became a college teacher after leaving the police force). His partner in Magnum Force, Earlington \"Early\" Smith is killed by a bomb planted in his mailbox. Kate Moore in The Enforcer is killed by terrorists while saving Callahan's life. She had previously cited to Harry the names of previous dead officers (Fanducci and Smith) to demonstrate that she is aware of the risks of being his partner. In Sudden Impact, Horace King is murdered by criminals who were waiting for Harry in his hotel room. Occasional Callahan partner Frank DiGiorgio was also killed, albeit whilst working with another officer. Of all Callahan's partners seen on screen, Al Quan and Gonzalez are the only two to survive.", "Clint Eastwood's iconic portrayal of the blunt, cynical, unorthodox detective who is seemingly in perpetual trouble with his incompetent bosses, set the style for a number of his later roles and, indeed, a whole genre of cop films. The film resonated with an American public that had become weary and frustrated with the increasing violent urban crime that was characteristic of the time. The box-office success of Dirty Harry led to the production of four sequels .", "Vigilante SF cop 'Dirty' Harry Callahan (Clint Eastwood), while holding his giant-sized .44 Magnum at a downed bank robber in the opening of Dirty Harry (1971) , said:", "in Don Siegel's violent action film Dirty Harry (1971) , Clint Eastwood starred as the intolerant, fascistic, magnum-packing, vigilante SF cop Harry Callahan on the trail of the elusive 'Scorpio killer' (Andy Robinson)", "After moving to California in the 1980s to further his career, he became friends with actor/director Clint Eastwood while living in Carmel, where Eastwood was elected mayor in 1986. After sharing a story treatment that Eastwood liked, Pierce became a writer for the fourth in the Dirty Harry series, 'Sudden Impact' (1983), which Eastwood directed. Its most famous line, \"Go ahead, make my day,\" has been ranked in the top ten of the American Film Institute's top movie quotes of all time.", "In the movie, Dirty Harry (1971), Clint Eastwood’s “Dirty Harry” Callahan was an inspector for the San Francisco Police Department. He spent his days killing hippies and restoring masculinity to the city. He was also on the trail of Scorpio, a serial killer who loved to taunt the police.  The real Dirty Harry was inspired by Dave Toschi, an inspector in the San Francisco Police Department.  The flamboyant San Francisco cop would also serve as the inspiration for 1968’s Bullitt, played by Steve McQueen.  Toschi was the cop who hunted down the real life Zodiac killer.  So were filmmakers suggesting that Toschi secretly killed the Zodiac killer in his off-hours? Not exactly. Dirty Harry writer John Milius said that whole aspect of Dirty Harry was inspired by another cop – a friend of his in Long Beach who remained unnamed, probably to avoid the wrath of Internal Affairs.", "Clint Eastwood is a tough-guy actor famous for such roles as the Man With No Name in a series of spaghetti westerns and brutal cop Harry Callahan in the Dirty Harry movies.", "Sudden Impact (1983) was directed by Clint Eastwood. Aging, but still bitter, Callahan is sent to a small town to follow up a lead in a murder case, which leads him directly to a rape victim who is out to avenge herself and her catatonic sister by killing the people who sexually assaulted them. The film is notable for Callahan's catchphrase, \"Go ahead, make my day\".", "The original script called for Callahan to be a tough New York City cop, but by the time Eastwood came onboard, and re-teamed with director Don Siegel (they’d already made three films together, including The Beguiled), it was decided that the setting should be San Francisco, a city both men loved.", "Director Siegel and star Eastwood had made other films together before this one: Coogan's Bluff (1968) with Eastwood as an Arizona deputy displaced to NYC, Two Mules for Sister Sara (1970), and The Beguiled (1971), and Siegel had also aided Eastwood with his directorial feature debut for Play Misty for Me (1971) . Siegel also directed the excellent NY police detective film Madigan (1968) a few years earlier without Eastwood, but with Harry Guardino. This film was the actor's third feature in 1971. The director took advantage of many scenic views and locales in the picturesque city of San Francisco within the film, although the most famous set-piece - the bank robbery on a downtown street in the film's opening - was shot on a Hollywood studio set.", "Actor, producer, director. (b. May 31, 1930, San Francisco.) How many would ever have thought that a tall, laconic, squinty star of spaghetti Westerns and cop thrillers would end up directing art movies? Not many, we'd guess. In truth, though, that's been just another phase, just a natural extension of a career that has consistently confounded expectations. Reportedly an easygoing but shiftless young man who'd already worked in a variety of dead-end menial jobs (such as gas-station attendant) before reaching Hollywood in 1955, Eastwood wangled a contract at Universal thanks to director Arthur Lubin, and played bit parts that year in Francis in the Navy, Tarantula and Revenge of the Creature", "Clint Eastwood plays a veteran detective who gets stuck with a rookie cop (Charlie Sheen) to chase down a German crook (Raul Julia.)", "The final scene, in which Callahan throws his badge into the water, is an homage to a similar scene from 1952's High Noon . [18] Eastwood initially did not want to toss the badge, believing it indicated that Callahan was quitting the police department. Siegel argued that tossing the badge was instead Callahan's indication of casting away the inefficiency of the police force's rules and bureaucracy. [18] Although Eastwood was able to convince Siegel not to have Callahan toss the badge, when the scene was filmed, Eastwood changed his mind and went with the current ending. [18]" ]

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[ "A mahout is an elephant rider, trainer, or keeper. Usually, a mahout starts as a boy in the family profession when he is assigned an elephant early in its life. They remain bonded to each other throughout their lives. ", "Riding Style: Bare Back, one person per Elephant in their daily program.  Program Cost: 3,500 Baht per day with 1-10 day programs available.  You get  to keep your Mahout outfit.  Trekking: If you have the time their best program is the 2-6 Day Trekking program where you stay with the Elephants and Mahouts day and night away from the ECC.  The program even includes camping in the Jungle with your Elephant and starts around 8,000 Baht.  Tourist Rides: They also have short 2 person chair rides separate from the Mahout program which isn’t the best way to ride on an Elephant.  30 minutes rides are 500 Baht and 1 hour is 1000 Baht.  Elephant Work Shows: At 10am, 11am, 1:30pm they have 40 minute work shows where they use about 15 Elephants to demonstrate traditional Elephant usage like moving logs.  This is different than the circus like shows where they balance on two legs and can get hurt.  Show is 200 Baht.  Elephant Camp Website: ( HERE ).", "Further east, large numbers of men were carried, with the senior commander either utilising the howdah or leading from his seat on the elephant's neck. The driver, called a mahout, was responsible for controlling the animal. In many armies, the mahout also carried a chisel-blade and a hammer (or sometimes poisoned weapons) to cut through the spinal cord and kill the animal if the elephant went berserk. ", "Here, at Elephant Nature Park, looking after an elephant is a mostly hands-off affair. There is no riding the elephants (except for Hope) and no bull hooks. The way we see it, our mahouts should be listening to the elephants, NOT the elephants listening to the mahouts. A good mahout has their elephant’s best interests in mind all of the time. Sadly, for many of our mahouts this perception is difficult to embrace or understand. Finding mahouts with the right personality to work with our elephants is challenging, to say the least.", "What a ridiculous article. The Mahout way of life is what these elephants need rescuing from. Beckie is right – riding elephants is abuse. And Amanda is right Elephant Nature Park is the real deal.", "The Elephant Mahout Project is located approximately 20km south of Pattaya on the eastern gulf of Thailand. The mahouts live with their elephants in a peaceful camp by the sea, offering controlled rides for tourists at various fixed times of the day.", "1. Mahouts were forced to take their elephants onto the city streets to beg.  It goes without saying that living and working in a city with all the dangers of traffic and pollution (which can cause respiratory problems) is no place for an elephant.  Sadly some mahouts also feed their elephants amphetamines to make them work longer hours; adequate food and/or grazing areas are in short supply and many elephants are forced to live under bridges and beside busy roads.", "So, when we notice a mahout who seems to enjoy interacting with elephants and the other animals as well, we are very grateful to have them working with us. Elephant Nature Park is lucky to have a number of mahouts who have made a positive difference in the lives of the elephants they care for.", "Our MOST popular tour!  And for good reason.  This tour includes all of our most wanted activities packed into a single day trip.  Learn how to be a Mahout and then get ready to get wet as you plunge into the Nam Khan river and give your personal elephant a refreshing bath!", "Well equipped with references from high authorities in Bangkok ordering the provincal governors and village chiefs to grant him all support, mainly means of transport as elephant s, boats or oxen, Mouhot arrived in Khorat. Despite the references the governor of Khorat refused to help him. For further transport Mouhot needed elephants; when not being given by the governor he had the only alternative to rent some in the surrounding villages, but there he would have to pay a much higher price for them, what extended his budged. He therefore decided to go back to Bangkok first, for demanding stricter orders from there for the governor.", "Ride a horse , a zebra , a donkey, an elephant or even an ostrich .", "We would like to introduce these mahouts to you, by telling you a little bit  about them and a typical day looking after their elephants.", "      Although water buffalo , oxen , horses, mules, donkeys, and camels are used primarily as draft, pack , or riding animals in Africa, they also provide milk, meat , hides, or skins.", "(Egypt) Righteousness, personified as a small feathered goddess ( Wikipedia entry ). One of the defining concepts of Egyptian civilization, Ma'at represented truth, justice, and order as opposed to chaos and evil (isfet). Like other early civilizations, the Egyptians conceived of the ruler's mission as maintaining the orderly succession of day, night, and the seasons upon which agriculture and therefore life itself depended. In Egyptian thought this responsibility was vastly expanded to include protection from enemies, wild animals, the desert, and lawlessness in general.", "Description:  King of the Gods, Guardian of the Eastern quarter.  Pictured as fair with golden skin riding an horse, elephant (Airavata) or in a chariot drawn by two tawy horses.", "Ostrich nyw - Ma'at, the personification of order, was shown as a seated woman wearing an ostrich feather as her headdress or as the feather itself.", "From the first documentation of the horse in Egypt, they had already established themselves animals of the greatest importance. They were loved, admired, and cherished by the noblest of men and the desert nomad. As history progresses the Prophet Mohamed taught that \"every man shall love his horse.\" Bedouin warriors mounted on their finest Arabian steeds proved to be invincible as Islam's power spread throughout the civilized world. Ahmad Ibn Tuleu, (1193-1250), the extraordinary Mameluke horseman built palatial gardens and a magnificent hippodrome to house his collection of the choicest Arabian horses. Saladin's horses prevented Richard the Lion Heart from conquering Egypt and were hailed by Sir Walter Scott in The Talisman. \"They spurned the sand from behind them -- they seemed to devour the desert before them.\"-Solomon, King of Israel built 40,000 stalls for his Arabian horses.", "A second class of sacred animals were those kept in large numbers near a temple. In animal cults, we encounter the ability of Egyptian gods to extend their existence almost endlessly so that they could be manifest not just in one ibis or crocodile, but in all ibises or all crocodiles. At Saqqara , for example, there was an extensive complex of buildings dedicated to the priestly care of large flocks of ibises, considered to be the manifestation of Thoth , and of falcons, who represented Horus . These flocks provided the enormous number of animal burials found in Egypt, which included literally millions of mummified animals in necropolises throughout the country. Besides the ibis necropolis at Saqqara, there are necropolises for cats at Bubastis , rams at Elephantine , crocodiles, snakes, falcons and ibises at Kom Ombo and ibises and falcons at Abydos .", "Culture: The Tuareg are semi-nomadic, taking their herds of goats, cows, and camels out to find pasture seasonally. The men are known as “The Blue Men of the Sahara Desert” because of the distinctive indigo blue veil they wear. Interestingly, the women do not wear veils. Women are respected and have a voice in decisions. They also own the tents and livestock.", "The ‘takhtravan’ is carried by two mules or camels, something after the fashion of the antequated sedan-chair. It is built of wood, having a slight roof to protect the traveller", "“The Bedouins delight in referring  to themselves as ‘the people of the camel.’ The Arabic language has over a 1,000 words related to the camel….Often they are referred to as ‘ships of the desert’ or beautiful women, precious jewels and the most valued of weapons….A number of historians even claim the rhythmic sway of these desert beasts as they walk even influenced the metre of Arabic music and poetry.”----Habeeb Salloum’s “Racing for Survival”   (12-09-09)", "The Bedouin tribes of the desert, believing the horse to be a gift from God, told many romantic tales of the Arabian's beginnings. One such legend claims God fashioned the desert south wind into a creature who \"shall fly without wings\". No matter how the horse came to the desert, Bedouins took them as prized members of their households. Individual horses were selected for the gentle, affectionate nature, the striking look and proud spirit the breed is known for today. The Arabian was also bred to withstand long treks across the desert and the tribal wars which sometimes followed such trips. The Bedouins developed horses with strength, courage and stamina required for survival, and for the speed and responsiveness needed to win the tribal skirmishes. All in all, the Arabian Horse developed a significant list of attributes!", "\"Near an oasis, a wealthy man on a camel travels accompanied by his servants.\" ( Janduz version)", "While traditional usage of pack animals by nomadic tribespeople is declining, a new market is growing in the tourist expeditions industry in regions such as the High Atlas mountains of Morocco, allowing visitors the comfort of backpacking with animals. The use of pack animals \"is considered a valid means of viewing and experiencing\" some National Parks in America, subject to guidelines and closed areas. ", "The entire group moves with the animals throughout the year. Common in Middle and East and N. Africa (Basseri)", "The karkadann (aka the “Lord of the Desert”) is a Persian or Arabic unicorn with strong ties to the rhinoceros . The karkadann was described by the scholar Al-Biruni, who was a native of Uzbekistan, as a dangerous, strong animal with the build of a buffalo and a horn that bent upward, even though the descriptions of the horn and its shape vary.", "Presently there came along the Djinn in charge of All Deserts, rolling in a cloud of dust (Djinns always travel that way because it is Magic), and he stopped to palaver and pow-pow with the Three.", "Although many of the animals in Egypt were associated with certain gods, goddesses and characteristics, many of them were also used for practical purposes.", "Melville William Hilton-Simpson , Among the Hill Folk of Algeria (1921), Read Books, 2007, p. 40", "Melville William Hilton-Simpson , Among the Hill Folk of Algeria (1921), Read Books, 2007, p. 4", "Most of the coastal area is hilly, sometimes even mountainous, and there are a few natural  harbours . The area from the coast to the  Tell Atlas  is fertile. South of the Tell Atlas is a  steppe  landscape, which ends with the  Saharan Atlas ; further south, there is the  Sahara  desert. The  Ahaggar Mountains  (Arabic: جبال هقار), also known as the Hoggar, are a highland region in central Sahara, southern Algeria. They are located about 1,500 km (932 miles) south of the capital, Algiers and just west of  Tamanghasset .", "Though stereotyped in Europe and North America as nomads, most Berbers were in fact traditionally farmers, living in mountains relatively close to the Mediterranean coast, or oasis dwellers, such as the Siwa of Egypt; but the Tuareg and Zenaga of the southern Sahara were almost wholly nomadic. Some groups, such as the Chaouis, practiced transhumance." ]

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[ "1984 Vanessa Williams becomes the 1st Miss America to resign when she surrenders her crown after nude photos of her appeared in Penthouse magazine", "July 23 – Vanessa Lynn Williams becomes the first Miss America to resign when she surrenders her crown, after nude photos of her appear in \" Penthouse \" magazine.", "July 23 – Vanessa Lynn Williams becomes the first Miss America to resign when she surrenders her crown, after nude photos of her appear in \"Penthouse\" magazine.", "These days, it seems like every young woman who receives a national pageant crown is soon at the center of controversy as drug problems or racy pictures come to light. Once upon a time, however, such incidents were relatively uncommon. Today (July 23) in 1984, Vanessa Williams became the first Miss America to resign over a scandal since the pageant’s inception in 1921.", "On this day in 1984, Vanessa Williams resigned as Miss America. The first African-American woman to receive the crown was forced to do so before nude pictures of her were published in Penthouse magazine.", "In the early 80s Vanessa Williams made history twice in being crowned Miss America. When she won the prize in September 1983, she was the first African-American woman to do so. By July 1984 she became the first Miss America to resign her crown, all over some nude photos from 1982 that were published in Penthouse without her consent. Though in 1984 Williams called the experience her “rock bottom,” it looks like the actress has made peace with her past. Thirty-two years later, she will return as head judge of the Miss America pageant.", "20. Cultural Events - Vanessa Lynn Williams becomes the first Miss America to resign when she surrenders her crown, after nude photos of her appear in \"Penthouse\" magazine. Read an erotic novel, a book that is first in a series OR a book with a nearly nude person on the cover.", "On this day in 1984, 21-year-old Vanessa Williams gives up her Miss America title, the first resignation in the pageant’s history, after Penthouse magazine announces plans to publish nude photos of the beauty queen in its September issue. Williams originally made history on September 17, 1983, when she became the first black woman to win the Miss America crown. Miss New Jersey, Suzette Charles, the first runner-up and also an African American, assumed Williams’ tiara for the two months that remained of her reign.", "23 - Vanessa Williams resigns from her position as Miss America due to nude pictures in Penthouse. It is the first resignation in the history of the pageant.", "In 1970, however, Cheryl Browne, Miss Iowa 1970, competed as the first African-American contestant in the Miss America 1971 pageant. She also participated in one of the last USO-Miss America tours in Vietnam. A decade later in 1983, Miss New York (and Miss Syracuse) 1983, Vanessa Williams (the first African-American woman to win the competition as Miss America 1984), faced discrimination in response to her win and later resigned under pressure due to a scandal involving nude photographs. Three decades after these events, Miss New York (and Miss Syracuse) 2013, Nina Davuluri, the first Indian-American woman to win the crown as Miss America 2014, faced xenophobic and racist comments in social media when she won. Two years later at the Miss America 2016 pageant, Miss America CEO Sam Haskell apologized to Vanessa Williams (who was serving as head judge) for what was said to her during the events of 1984. ", "New York Daily News covers Vanessa Williams giving up her Miss America crown on July 24, 1984 after nude photos of her were released.", "Suzette Charles (born Suzette DeGaetano, March 2, 1963) is an American singer, entertainer, and actress. She was Miss New Jersey in 1983, and served as Miss America 1984 for seven weeks after Vanessa Williams was forced to resign from the position that July.", "On this day, July 23, in 1984, then-21-year-old Williams handed over her crown — making her both the first black Miss America and the first to give up the title — after Penthouse announced that it would publish raunchy photos she had posed for two years earlier while working as a photographer’s assistant. The photographer had assured her at the time, she told People, that the photos were merely silhouettes, in which she’d be unidentifiable and that they would never leave the studio.", "Williams, who was Miss New York 1983, initially gained public recognition as the first African-American woman to win the title of Miss America when she was crowned Miss America 1984 in September 1983. Several weeks before the end of her reign, however, a scandal arose when Penthouse magazine bought and published unauthorized nude photographs of Williams. Williams was pressured to relinquish her title, and was succeeded by the first runner-up, Miss New Jersey 1983, Suzette Charles. ", "Even though “Vanessa the Undresser” as she was nicknamed back then, gave up her duties as the reigning Miss America of 1984, pageant officials did allow her to keep her bejeweled crown and the monies that she won.", "In 1985, Miss Utah 1984 Sharlene Wells Hawkes became the first foreign-born, bilingual Miss America, as she was born in Asunción, Paraguay. Miss Alabama 1994, Heather Whitestone, won the 1995 pageant becoming the first deaf Miss America (she lost most of her hearing at the age of 18 months). At the Miss America 1999 pageant held on September 19, 1998, Nicole Johnson (Miss Virginia 1998) became the first Miss America with diabetes and the first contestant to publicize an insulin pump. Around the same time, Miss America officials announced they had lifted the ban on contestants who were divorced or had had an abortion. This rule change, however, was rescinded and Miss America CEO Robert L. Beck, who had suggested it, was fired. Angela Perez Baraquio, Miss Hawaii 2000, was crowned Miss America 2001, thereby becoming the first Asian-American, the first Filipino-American, as well as the first teacher ever to win the pageant. ", "Vanessa Lynn Williams was born March 18, 1963, in Millwood, New York, to music teacher parents. She attended Syracuse University and studied musical theater. In 1982, while working a summer job as a receptionist at a modeling agency in Mt. Kisco, New York, photographer Thomas Chiapel took the nude pictures of Williams, telling her they�d be shot in silhouette and that she wouldn�t be recognizable. After Williams became Miss America, the photographer sold the pictures to Penthouse without her knowledge. Williams later dropped lawsuits against the magazine and photographer after it was learned that she had signed a model release form at the time the photos were taken.", "Williams was 10 months into her tenure as Miss America 1984 when it was revealed that nude photos she had taken with other women while working as an assistant make-up artist in 1982 would be published. She posed for the photos when she was either 18 or 19 and they were to run without her consent.", "The pageant’s organizers were aghast at the images , which appeared in Penthouse’s September 1984 issue with the headline, “Miss America: Oh, God, She’s Nude!” The magazine’s publisher had little compunction about printing them over Williams’ objections. Playboy, meanwhile, took the moral high ground: it had been offered the photos first, but turned them down partly in deference to Williams — and partly because, per TIME, “it does not use what Spokesman Dave Salyers calls lesbian material.”", "There she is, Miss America! Vanessa Williams will judge Sunday's Miss America pageant despite being stripped of the crown three decades ago (pictured here in September 1983 after winning the title)", "In 1985, Dynasty was the no. 1 show in the United States, beating out Dallas, which ranked at no. 2. For her portrayal of Alexis, Collins was nominated six times for a Golden Globe Award (every year from 1982 to 1987), winning once in 1983, the same year she was nominated for an Emmy as Best Actress in a Drama Series. Upon accepting the award, Collins thanked Sophia Loren for turning down the part of Alexis. At the age of 50, Collins appeared in a 12-page photo layout for Playboy magazine shot by George Hurrell. ", "She published a book entitled \"Sex,\" released in October 1992. Sales were brisk (1.5 million copies sold in several days) as it contained nude pictures of her along with S&M imagery. In 1978 she had posed for nude pictures which were not released until Playboy and Penthouse published them in July 1985.", "Monica Samille Lewinsky (born July 23, 1973) is an American activist, television personality, fashion designer, and former White House intern with whom President Bill Clinton admitted to having had what he called an \"inappropriate relationship\" while she worked at the White House in 1995 and 1996. The affair and its repercussions, which included Clinton's impeachment, became known as the Lewinsky scandal.", "In July 1988, she posed nude for Playboy magazine in a shoot by photographer Herb Ritts.[8] In October 1998, Crawford returned to the pages of Playboy for a second nude pictorial.[9]", "Anna Nicole Smith (born Vickie Lynn Hogan; November 28, 1967 – February 8, 2007) was an American model, actress, and television personality. Smith first gained popularity in Playboy, winning the 1993 Playmate of the Year. She modeled for fashion companies including Guess, H&M, Heatherette, and Lane Bryant.", "Farrah Fawcett appeared in Playboy magazine in December of 1978 (not nude) and then took it all off at age 48 in December of 1995. Tanya Roberts also did Playboy in October of 1982 after Charlie's Angels was cancelled.", "According to her August 1982 Playboy Magazine interview, in her youth she posed nude for an artist, who carved a statue of her that was placed in a public spot in Boston, MA. After the interview appeared, Bostonians searched for the statue in vain. The statue, four dancing nymphs, was later found in the possession of a private Massachusetts collector.", "Who was the first daughter of a U.S. president to pose nude for a Playboy video?", "\"America's Next Top Model\" winner Adrianne Curry poses on the February 2006 cover of Playboy magazine pre-breast implants.", "Anderson said she made the most of her last Playboy photo shoot. \"I took off all my clothes, and I rolled down the hill as fast as I can,\" she said. \"I was just screaming, and hair and boobs were flying, and shoes were going everywhere.\"", "Anderson said she made the most of her last Playboy photo-shoot. \"I took off all my clothes, and I rolled down the hill as fast as I can,\" she said. \"I was just screaming, and hair and boobs were flying, and shoes were going everywhere.\"", "Caused a stir with the American Family Association by posing in her underwear on the cover of Rolling Stone (1999)." ]

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[ "Plot: At a 1962 College, Dean Vernon Wormer is determined to expel the entire Delta Tau Chi Fraternity, but those troublemakers have other plans for him.", "“WAS it over when the Germans bombed Pearl Harbour? Hell no!”, thundered John \"Bluto\" Blutarsky in the 1978 film \"Animal House\", one of the highest-grossing comedies of all time. Bluto (played by the now immortal John Belushi) was rallying the beleaguered brothers of Delta Tau Chi, victims of the censorious Dean Vernon Wormer and his campaign to obliterate the fraternity of debauched misfits. Jump forward to 2014 and Dean Wormer has real-life company. A glut of new reports about excessive underage drinking, sexual assaults and otherwise dangerous behaviour in college fraternities has put university administrators on the defensive. Across the country, and particularly at elite institutions in the north-east, many are starting to crack down on these all-male and historically quite-white societies. ", "2. Animal House – A classic fraternity movie set at a 1962 college, where the dean, Dean Vernon Wormer, is determined to expel the entire Delta Tau Chi Fraternity, but those troublemakers (characters played by John Belushi, Karen Allen and Tom Hulce) have other plans for him (and his wife). Rochelle O’Gorman describes it as, “One of those movies that works for all the wrong reasons–disgusting, lowbrow, base humor that we are all far too sophisticated to find amusing.”", "Set at the fictional Faber College (the University of Oregon served as a stand-in during filming), Animal House centered around the disreputable Delta House fraternity, whose members enjoyed beer-soaked toga parties and crude pranks such as putting a horse in the dean’s office. Animal House was the first big hit for director John Landis, who went on to helm The Blues Brothers (1980), Trading Places (1983) and Coming to America (1988). The film’s cast included a then-unknown Kevin Bacon (Footloose, Mystic River), Karen Allen (Raiders of the Lost Ark) and Tom Hulce (Amadeus), all of whom were then just beginning their movie careers.", "A raunchy comic derivative of Animal House (1978) was Revenge of the Nerds (1984) that told about a group of outcast, misfit and bullied nerds in the Adams College chapter of Lamba Lamda Lamda (Tri-Lams), who feuded with the Alpha Beta jocks during a major tournament called the Greek Games. Surprisingly, it was the 16th highest-grossing (domestic) film of 1984, at $40.9 million. Its popularity led to three sequels (the last two were made-for-TV movies): Revenge of the Nerds II: Nerds in Paradise (1987), Revenge of the Nerds III: The Next Generation (1992), and Revenge of the Nerds IV: Nerds in Love (1994). An unsuccessful TV pilot was also released in 1991 based almost entirely on the movie.", "Kenney met Lampoon writer Ramis at the suggestion of Simmons. Ramis drew from his own fraternity experiences as a member of Zeta Beta Tau fraternity at Washington University in St. Louis and was working on a film treatment about college called \"Freshman Year\", but the magazine's editors were not happy with it. Kenney and Ramis started working on a new film treatment together, positing Charles Manson in a high school, calling it Laser Orgy Girls. Simmons was cool to this idea so they changed the setting to a \"northeastern college ... Ivy League kind of school\". Kenney was a fan of Miller’s fraternity stories and suggested using them as a basis for a movie. Kenney, Miller and Ramis began brainstorming ideas. They saw the film's 1962 setting as \"the last innocent year ... of America\", and the homecoming parade that ends the film as occurring on November 21, 1963, the day before President Kennedy's assassination. They agreed that Belushi should star in it and Ramis wrote the part of Bluto specifically for the comedian, having been friends with him while at Chicago's The Second City. ", "This musical about American high schoolers features music in the rock ‘n roll style of the 1950s and is the basis for the 1978 film starring John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John.", "Dazed and Confused (1993) was set on the last academic day (and night) of a Texas high school in the Bicentennial year of 1976 as seen through the eyes of graduating seniors and a new crop of entering freshmen students, while Grosse Pointe Blank (1997) (with John Cusack as a professional hitman attending a reunion dance in his Michigan hometown) and Romy & Michele's High School Reunion (1997) (with Mira Sorvino and Lisa Kudrow as dim-witted but scheming reunion-goers) both retroactively looked back to the 1980s as seen during a 10th HS reunion.", "Directed by Denzel Washington. Cast: Denzel Washington, Forest Whitaker, Nate Parker, Jurnee Smollett, Denzel Whitaker, John Heard, Kimberly Elise. Melvin B. Tolson is a professor at Wiley College in Texas. Wiley is a small African-American college. In 1935, Tolson inspired students to form the school's first debate team. Tolson turns a group of underdog students into a historically elite debate team which goes on to challenge Harvard in the national championship. Inspired by a true story. Special features: deleted scenes; \"The great debaters : an historical perspective;\" \"That's what my baby likes,\" music video; \"My soul is a witness,\" music video. 124 min. DVD X6464", "The climax of the film is a rugby match with a rival medical school during Simon's fifth and final year. After St Swithin's wins, the other side tries to steal the school mascot, a stuffed gorilla, resulting in a riot and car chase through the streets of London. Simon and his friends are almost expelled for their part in this by the humourless Dean of St Swithin's (Geoffrey Keen). When Simon helps Joy sneak into the nurses' residence after curfew, he accidentally falls through a skylight. This second incident gets him expelled, even though he is a short time away from completing his finals. Sir Lancelot, however, has fond memories of his own student days, particularly of the Dean's own youthful indiscretion (persuading a nurse to reenact Lady Godiva's ride). His discreet blackmail gets Simon reinstated. In the end, Richard fails (as does Tony), but Stella decides to enroll at St Swithin's herself so there will be at least one doctor in the family. Simon and Taffy graduate.", "\"If they move, kill 'em!\" Beginning and ending with two of the bloodiest battles in screen history, Sam Peckinpah 's classic revisionist Western ruthlessly takes apart the myths of the West. Released in the late '60s discord over Vietnam, in the wake of the controversial Bonnie and Clyde (1967) and the brutal \"spaghetti westerns\" of Sergio Leone , The Wild Bunch polarized critics and audiences over its ferocious bloodshed. One side hailed it as a classic appropriately pitched to the violence and nihilism of the times, while the other reviled it as depraved. After a failed payroll robbery, the outlaw Bunch, led by aging Pike Bishop ( William Holden ) and including Dutch ( Ernest Borgnine ), Angel ( Jaime Sanchez ), and Lyle and Tector Gorch ( Warren Oates and Ben Johnson ), heads for Mexico pursued by the gang of Pike's friend-turned-nemesis Deke Thornton ( Robert Ryan ). Ultimately caught between the corruption of railroad fat cat Harrigan ( Albert Dekker ) and federale general Mapache ( Emilio Fernandez ), and without a frontier for escape, the Bunch opts for a final Pyrrhic victory, striding purposefully to confront Mapache and avenge their friend Angel.", "\"If they move, kill 'em!\" Beginning and ending with two of the bloodiest battles in screen history, Sam Peckinpah's classic revisionist Western ruthlessly takes apart the myths of the West. Released in the late '60s discord over Vietnam, in the wake of the controversial Bonnie and Clyde (1967) and the brutal \"spaghetti westerns\" of Sergio Leone, The Wild Bunch polarized critics and audiences over its ferocious bloodshed. One side hailed it as a classic appropriately pitched to the violence and nihilism of the times, while the other reviled it as depraved. After a failed payroll robbery, the outlaw Bunch, led by aging Pike Bishop (William Holden) and including Dutch (Ernest Borgnine), Angel (Jaime Sanchez), and Lyle and Tector Gorch (Warren Oates and Ben Johnson), heads for Mexico pursued by the gang of Pike's friend-turned-nemesis Deke Thornton (Robert Ryan). Ultimately caught between the corruption of railroad fat cat Harrigan (Albert Dekker) and federale general Mapache (Emilio Fernandez), and without a frontier for escape, the Bunch opts for a final Pyrrhic victory, striding purposefully to confront Mapache and avenge their friend Angel.", "1954. The sexual hijinks of a group of mid-teen male students of Angel Beach High School in Florida are presented. Their main goal is to lose their collective virginity. In the process, they embark on games of sexual innuendo with their female classmates, as witnessed by the activities of Billy, Tommy and Pee Wee in their secret surveillance. Pee Wee is the most desperate, that desperation which gets him into one predicament after another, especially as he is the butt of many a prank. A side issue for Tim, basically a good guy, is dealing with his learned racism, which comes to the surface with the arrival to their school of new student, Jewish Brian Schwartz. The sexual pursuits at the school are not limited to the student body as new boys Phys Ed coach, Roy Brackett, has a mutual attraction with cheer-leading coach, Miss Lynn Honeywell, who doesn't want to go all the way; Coach Brackett's goal is to find out why Coach Warren has nicknamed Miss Honeywell \"Lassie\". All these goings-on... Written by Huggo", "A group of Florida high school students plan on losing their virginity. They go to Porky's, a nightclub out in the Everglades, believing that they can hire a prostitute to satisfy their sexual desires. Porky takes their money but humiliates the kids by dumping them in the swamp. When the group demands their money back, the sheriff, who turns out to be Porky's brother, arrives to drive them away, but not before his minions extort the rest of their money and cause them more embarrassment. After Mickey (who returned to Porky's for revenge) is beaten so badly he has to be hospitalized, the gang becomes hellbent on exacting revenge on Porky and his brother, eventually succeeding in sinking his establishment in the swamp. Porky and his men, joined by the sheriff, chase after the group, but they make it across the county line (out of Porky's brother's jurisdiction), where they are met by a group of the local police officers, one of whom is Mickey's older brother Ted, and the high school band. After Ted repeatedly damages Porky's car, he says that all charges against Porky for driving an unsafe vehicle will be dropped if the night's events are forgiven. Because the boys were too young to be legally allowed in Porky's in the first place, Porky and his brother have no choice but to agree. The film ends with the group getting their revenge and Pee Wee finally losing his virginity.", "Directed by Stanley Kubrick. Cast: Sterling Hayden, Coleen Gray, Vince Edwards, Jay C. Flippen, Ted DeCorsia, Marie Windsor, Elisha Cook, Jr., Kola Kwariani, Timothy Carey, Joe Sawyer. A group of small-time crooks plan and execute a daring race-track robbery--but their well-laid plans go awry. 85 min. DVD 720", "i’m trying to find a movie i’ve seen a long time ago…(5-6) years and i’m not even sure if robin was in it…it was about a afro-american young guy whose parents were dead and he was a good basketball player so he got a scholarship at a great expensive college and he was very good with literature …….his mentor was a great writer in the person of robin williams if i remember well… do u have any idea of what film am i talking about??", "Directed by Ralph Bakshi. With Skip Hinnant, Rosetta LeNoire, John McCurry, Judy Engles. A hypocritical swinging college student cat raises hell in a satiric vision of various elements on the 1960's.", "The Intruder is a 1962 American film directed by Roger Corman , after a 1959 novel by Charles Beaumont, starring William Shatner . The story depicts the machinations of a racist named Adam Cramer (portrayed by Shatner), who arrives in the fictitious small southern town of Caxton in order to incite townspeople to racial violence against the town's black minority and court-ordered school integration. The film is also known under its US reissue titles as I Hate Your Guts! and Shame, and The Stranger in the UK release. The novel was published in 1958 and film rights were optioned by Seven Arts. They were unable to get the project off the ground and Corman bought the rights in 1960. He tried to get the film made with producer Edward Small for United Artists but Small pulled out. Corman managed to raise some funds from Pathé Labs with Corman and his brother Gene putting in the balance. (Wikipedia)", "On Harry's graduation night in 1928, George (James Stewart) discusses his dreams of travel and building things with Mary Hatch (Donna Reed), who has had a crush on him from an early age. After the sudden death of his father, George postpones his plans in order to sort out the affairs of the family business, Bailey Brothers' Building and Loan, a longtime adversary to Henry F. Potter, a greedy banker who is the richest man in town. Potter wishes to dissolve the Building and Loan, which has been preventing him from controlling the entire town. George convinces the board of directors to vote against Potter, which they will do under the condition that George succeed his father, running the business along with his absent-minded uncle William \"Billy\" (Thomas Mitchell). He gives his college money to Harry, under the agreement that George will attend college after Harry graduates, whereupon Harry will assume the presidency of the Bailey Building & Loan.", "Two of the University of South Carolina fraternity brothers who appeared in the film, Justin Seay and Christopher Rotunda, sued the producers, claiming defamation . [70] [71] [72] The suit by Seay and Rotunda was dismissed in February 2007. [71] The students also had sought an injunction to prevent the DVD release of the film, which was denied. [70] [71] [72] [73]", "In the film, Sidney went away to Windsor College in Cincinnati with long-time friend Randy (Jamie Kennedy), but watched as many of her undergrad friends died, because of the revenge plot of Mrs. Loomis, Billy's mother (Laurie Metcalf), who was aided by student Mickey (Timothy Olyphant). Mrs. Loomis' motive for attempting to kill Sidney and her friends was revenge for Sidney killing her son in the first film. Sidney survived by the film's end, while both Mrs. Loomis and Mickey were shot and killed.", "A comedy revolving around a group of teenage friends, their mishaps, and their coming of age, set in 1970s Wisconsin.", "Diane uses a college classmate (J. Eddie Peck) to make Sam jealous; Cliff persuades Norm to join his fraternal organization.", "The Graduate is a 1967 American comedy-drama film directed by Mike Nichols. It is based on the 1963 novel The Graduate by Charles Webb, who wrote it shortly after graduating from Williams College. The screenplay was by Buck Henry, who makes a cameo appearance as a hotel clerk, and Calder Willingham.", "The Graduate is a 1967 American comedy-drama film directed by Mike Nichols. It is based on the 1963 novel The Graduate by Charles Webb, who wrote it shortly after graduating from Williams College. The screenplay is by Calder Willingham and Buck Henry, who appears in the film as a hotel clerk.", "The film begins with Ron Kovic's childhood during the summer of 1956 in Massapequa, Long Island, New York. He plays war in the woods, attends a Fourth of July parade, plays and wins at a local neighborhood baseball game, and watches President John F. Kennedy's inaugural address, which later inspires him to enlist in the Marines (it appears to be a chronological inconsistency that the introductory scenes bridge a period of five years, 1956–1961, while Ron and his friends seem to linger in the same childhood age).", "In November, 1970, virtually the entire football team and coaches of Marshall University (Huntington, W.V.) die in a plane crash. That spring, led by Nate Ruffin, a player who was ill and missed the fatal flight, students rally to convince the board of governors to play the 1971 season. The college president, Don Dedman, must find a coach, who then must find players. They petition the NCAA to allow freshmen to play, and coach Jack Lengyel motivates and leads young players at the same time that he reexamines the Lombardi creed that winning is the only thing. The father and the fiancée of a player who died find strength to move on. Can Marshall win even one game in 1971? Written by <jhailey@hotmail.com>", "In both film versions of MacDonald's novel, Cady is a career criminal with an obsessive grudge against an attorney named Sam Bowden (played by Gregory Peck in the first film and by Nick Nolte in the remake) who sent him to prison for rape . While in prison, Cady teaches himself to read as he nurtures his hatred of Bowden, made especially intense when his wife divorces him and takes their child. Upon his release, he terrorizes Bowden and his family, stalking his wife at their house, picking up an 18-year-old drifter at a bar whom he has consensual sex with and later rapes, and attempting to seduce Bowden's teenage daughter. After Bowden's failed attempts to get rid of Cady with bribery and a restraining order , he hires street thugs to rough Cady up, which only succeeds in making him angrier and more determined to make sure Bowden \"learns all about loss.\" Cady tracks the family to its summer home in the titular North Carolina beach town of Cape Fear and nearly kills them all. In the climax of the first film, Bowden puts Cady under citizen's arrest ; in the second, Cady apparently drowns after a fight with Bowden.", "After an eight-year prison term for rape and assault, Max Cady (Robert Mitchum) is set free. Immediately making a beeline to Sam Bowden (Gregory Peck), the former prosecutor responsible for Cady's conviction, Cady laconically informs Sam that he intends to \"pay back\" the attorney for his years behind bars. Conducting a meticulous campaign of terror, Cady is careful to stay within the law. Sam, realizing that Cady intends to wreak vengeance by raping the attorney's wife (Polly Bergen) and daughter (Lori Martin), tries to put the ex-criminal behind bars, but has no grounds to do so. Chief Dutton (Martin Balsam) tries to help Sam with a few strong-arm tactics, but succeeds only in having the courts take Cady's side in the matter. Things come to a head when Sam moves his family to the \"safety\" of a remote houseboat on Cape Fear river. Cady shows up unannounced and is about to ravage Bowden's wife and daughter and when Sam turns the tables.", "The fraternity Will and Carlton join. Though, they're only this way to Carlton because they don't want him in their frat and are fine with Will (until he tells them they can shove it for leading his cousin along like that).", "4. In 1969, Jackson was suspended for two years from Morehouse College and convicted of a second-degree felony when he and several other students held members of the college board of trustees hostage in exchange for school reform. In 1972, the actor earned his Bachelor's Degree from the college.", "In both film versions of MacDonald's novel, Cady is a criminal with an obsessive grudge against an attorney named Sam Bowden (played by Gregory Peck in the first film and by Nick Nolte in the remake) who sent him to prison for rape. While in prison, Cady teaches himself to read as he nurtures his hatred of Bowden, made especially intense when his wife divorces him and takes their child. Upon his release, he terrorizes Bowden and his family, stalking his wife at their house and attempting to seduce Bowden's teenaged daughter. After Bowden's failed attempts to get rid of Cady with bribery and a restraining order, he hires street thugs to rough Cady up, which only succeeds in making him angrier and more determined to make sure Bowden \"learns all about loss\". Cady tracks the family to its summer home in the titular North Carolina beach town of Cape Fear and nearly kills them all. In the climax of the first film, Bowden puts Cady under citizen's arrest; in the second, Cady apparently drowns after a fight with Bowden." ]

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[ "There a three basic parts to an insect - the head, thorax (the central portion of the body) and abdomen (the ball typically seen on many insects).", "Insects have segmented bodies supported by exoskeletons, the hard outer covering made mostly of chitin. The segments of the body are organized into three distinctive but interconnected units, or tagmata: a head, a thorax and an abdomen. The head supports a pair of sensory antennae, a pair of compound eyes, and, if present, one to three simple eyes (or ocelli) and three sets of variously modified appendages that form the mouthparts. The thorax has six segmented legs—one pair each for the prothorax, mesothorax and the metathorax segments making up the thorax—and, none, two or four wings. The abdomen consists of eleven segments, though in a few species of insects, these segments may be fused together or reduced in size. The abdomen also contains most of the digestive, respiratory, excretory and reproductive internal structures. Considerable variation and many adaptations in the body parts of insects occur, especially wings, legs, antenna and mouthparts.", "Differing mostly in their body parts, insects, such as ants, flies, wasps and dragonflies, have tri-segmented bodies consisting of the head, thorax and abdomen; crustaceans, such as crabs, lobsters, shrimps and crayfish, have only two body segments --- the head and thorax. These two segments fuse together into a cephalothorax and an abdomen. Insects have three pairs of legs attached to their thoracic region. Crustaceans have more than three pairs of legs --- usually five pairs in most species; however, this is highly variable as many species have more pairs.", "As with all insects, their bodies are made of three basic parts: the head with multi-faceted eyes, the thorax to which the four wings and six legs are attached, and the abdomen with its ten segments.", "Like all insects, wasps have a hard exoskeleton which protects their three main body parts, the head, the mesosoma (including the thorax and the first segment of the abdomen) and the metasoma. There is a narrow waist, the petiole, joining the first and second segments of the abdomen. The two pairs of membranous wings are held together by small hooks and the forewings are larger than the hind ones; in some species, the females have no wings. In females there is usually a rigid ovipositor which may be modified for injecting venom, piercing or sawing. It either extends freely or can be retracted, and may be developed into a stinger for both defence and for paralysing prey.", "The most visible parts of the body of an adult insect are: the head , the antennae , the mouthparts , the thorax , the wings , the legs , and the abdomen .", "The cephalothorax, also called prosoma in some groups, is a tagma of various arthropods, comprising the head and the thorax fused together, as distinct from the abdomen behind. (The terms prosoma and opisthosoma are equivalent to cephalothorax and abdomen in some groups.) The word cephalothorax is derived from the Greek words for head (, ') and thorax (, '). This fusion of the head and thorax is seen in chelicerates and crustaceans; in other groups, such as the Hexapoda (including insects), the head remains free of the thorax. In horseshoe crabs and many crustaceans, a hard shell called the carapace covers the cephalothorax. ", "The body of a Coleoptera is similar to that of other insects and consists of three main parts: Head, Thorax and Abdomen (see Beetle Anatomy ).", "Amongst the vast numbers of invertebrate animals in the Phylum Arthopoda, more than a million different kinds have bodies with three main parts--head, thorax, and abdomen. The head has eyes, antennae and mouthparts. The thorax has three pairs of legs. The entire body is protected by a tough outer covering called an exoskeleton. Animals that share these characteristics are called insects. The group to which they belong is called the Insecta.", " Arthropods are segmented, and generally there are distinct boundaries between the segments. For example, animals belonging to Class Insecta have three distinct segments: the head, the thorax (often grouped together with the head as the cephalothorax), and the abdomen. The rhinoceros beetle in the adjacent image has a head and thorax that are fused (a cephalothorax) and a large abdomen.", "Some other anatomical distinction exists between the larvae of the Nematocera and the Brachycera. Especially in the Brachycera, little demarcation is seen between the thorax and abdomen, though the demarcation may be visible in many Nematocera, such as mosquitoes; in the Brachycera, the head of the larva is not clearly distinguishable from the rest of the body, and few, if any, sclerites are present. Informally, such brachyceran larvae are called maggots, but the term is not technical and often applied indifferently to fly larvae or insect larvae in general. The eyes and antennae of brachyceran larvae are reduced or absent, and the abdomen also lacks appendages such as cerci. This lack of features is an adaptation to food such as carrion, decaying detritus, or host tissues surrounding endoparasites. Nematoceran larvae generally have well-developed eyes and antennae, while those of Brachyceran larvae are reduced or modified.", "The abdomen is the posterior of the three body regions of an adult insect. It is composed of 11 segments. The abdomen bears the external genitalia of the insect. In female insects these consist of an ovipositor.", "Heteropterans have features typical of all insects and special adaptations that differentiate them from other insect groups. The head tests new environments through light perceptions by compound eyes and simple eyes (ocelli) and through both scent and sound perceptions by the antennae. The mouthparts are located conveniently for quick exploitation of newly discovered food sources. The thorax bears support and transportation mechanisms, legs, and wings. An important function for the third body region, the abdomen, is reproduction. Sutures divide the body surface into sclerites (hard plates), which may be fused or separated by flexible membranes. Hairs, scales, or a variety of glandular secretions may adorn at least some areas of the body. The body surface may be raised into spines of a variety of shapes, knobs, or tubercles; tubercles often are setigerous—i.e., glandular with a straight or curved filament or bristle at the tip. Some of these projecting structures, which have bases associated with specialized cells, probably have a sensory function and respond to vibrations of air, substrate, or touch. Certain long hairs, each arising from a ringed socket, are called trichobothria, and their presence and arrangement on various parts of the body have taxonomic significance.", "The insect abdomen (54K jpg drawn by the artist mentioned below) is built up of a series of concave upper integumental plates known as 'tergites' and convex lower integumental plates known as 'sternites', the whole being held together by a tough yet stretchable membrane. It contains the insects digestive tract and reproductive organs, it consists of eleven segments in most orders of insects though the 11th segment is absent in the adult of most the higher orders. In many of the Hymenoptera, and several other orders, the number of abdominal segments is reduced and in the Honey Bee only seven segments are visible. In the 'Collembola' (Springtails) the abdomen has only six segments. In the Hymenoptera there is a constriction where the 1st and 2nd abdominal segments meet, this is called the waste, and the remaining portion of the abdomen is called the gaster.", "The nervous system of an insect can be divided into a brain and a ventral nerve cord. The head capsule is made up of six fused segments, each with a pair of ganglia, or a cluster of nerve cells outside of the brain. The first three pairs of ganglia are fused into the brain, while the three following pairs are fused into a structure of three pairs of ganglia under the insect's esophagus, called the subesophageal ganglion.", "The head has large eyes, distinctly separated on each side, and a distinct, forward-pointing proboscis attached underneath by a large bulb. The thorax is large, made of three fused segments. Three pairs of legs are attached to the thorax, as are two wings and two halteres. The abdomen is short but wide and changes dramatically in volume during feeding.", "The clypeus is a sclerite between the face and labrum, which is dorsally separated from the frons by the frontoclypeal suture in primitive insects. The clypeogenal suture laterally demarcates the clypeus, with the clypeus ventrally separated from the labrum by the clypeolabral suture. The clypeus differs in shape and size, such as species of Lepidoptera with a large clypeus with elongated mouthparts. The cheek or gena forms the sclerotized area on each side of the head below the compound eyes extending to the gular suture. Like many of the other parts making up the insect's head, the gena varies among species, with its boundaries difficult to establish. For example, in dragonflies and damselflies, it is between the compound eyes, clypeus, and mouthparts. The postgena is the area immediately posteriad, or posterior or lower on the gena of pterygote insects, and forms the lateral and ventral parts of the occipital arch. The occipital arch is a narrow band forming the posterior edge of the head capsule arching dorsally over the foramen. The subgenal area is usually narrow, located above the mouthparts; this area also includes the hypostoma and pleurostoma. The vertex extends anteriorly above the bases of the antennae as a prominent, pointed, concave rostrum. The posterior wall of the head capsule is penetrated by a large aperture, the foramen. Through it pass the organ systems, such as nerve cord, esophagus, salivary ducts, and musculature, connecting the head with the thorax. ", "The abdomen is the section behind the metathorax, made up of a series of rings, each with a hole for breathing and respiration, called a spiracle, composing three different segmented sclerites: the tergum, pleura, and the sternum. The tergum in almost all species is membranous, or usually soft and concealed by the wings and elytra when not in flight. The pleura are usually small or hidden in some species, with each pleuron having a single spiracle. The sternum is the most widely visible part of the abdomen, being a more or less sclerotized segment. The abdomen itself does not have any appendages, but some (for example, Mordellidae) have articulating sternal lobes. ", "The abdomen has eleven segments, the first of which is fused to the thorax and contains the auditory organ and tympanum. Segments two to eight are ring-shaped and joined by flexible membranes. Segments nine to eleven are reduced; segment nine bears a pair of cerci and segments ten and eleven house the reproductive organs. Female grasshoppers are normally larger than males, with short ovipositors. The name \"Caelifera\" comes from the Latin and means chisel-bearing, referring to the sharp ovipositor. ", "The mouth parts of an insect are located on the ventral or anterior part of the head. The mouth part structures typically present include:", "Body shape varying from elongate to ovate, 2-20 mm long; black to brown in colour, sometimes with contrasting markings. Head somewhat hypognathous, without being markedly constricted behind eyes, but may narrow somewhat; antennae 11-segmented, moniliform to filiform and serrated, sometimes with last 3-5 segments forming a distinct club. Pronotum somewhat quadrate, widening posteriorly; disc usually with postero-lateral pits; lateral margins carinate or ecarinate; prosternal process not reaching between fore coxae. Elytra covering all or most of abdomen; apex rounded or somewhat acute; surface punctate; tarsal formula 5-5-4, sometimes with penultimate segment lobed beneath.", "Body shape varying from elongate to ovate, 2-20 mm long; black to brown in colour, sometimes with contrasting markings. Head somewhat hypognathous, without being markedly constricted behind eyes, but may narrow somewhat; antennae 11-segmented, moniliform to filiform and serrated, sometimes with last 3-5 segments forming a distinct club. Pronotum somewhat quadrate, widening posteriorly; disc usually with postero-lateral pits; lateral margins carinate or ecarinate; prosternal process not reaching between fore coxae. Elytra covering all or most of abdomen; apex rounded or somewhat acute; surface punctate; tarsal formula 5-5-4, sometimes with penultimate segment lobed beneath.", "What name is given to the part of an insect�s body that bears the wings and legs?", "The frons is that part of the head immediately ventrad of the vertex (Fig. 3A). The frons varies in size, and its borders are sometimes difficult to establish. In most insects the frons is limited ventrally by the frontoclypeal suture (epistomal suture), a transverse suture located below the antennal sockets. As its name implies, the suture separates the dorsal frons from the ventral clypeus (Fig. 3A).", "The above image shows some of the internal organs and structures of the posterior half of a female grasshopper. Red-labeled structures include the forewing (1) and hind wing (2) as well as the trochanter (3), femur (4), tibia (5) and tarsus (6) of the hind leg. Other labeled structures include the proventriculus (7), intestine (8), rectum (9), anus (10), ovaries (11), vagina (12), air sacs (13), spiracle (14), Malpighian tubules (15) and ventral nerve cord. ", "�     An insect does not have a skeleton, or bone  inside. It has a hard covering on the outside called exoskeleton.", "A t the right you see a horse fly head, famous for its complex mouth parts that can cut right into a horse's (or human's) hide.  Horse fly mouth parts are composed of nine different parts. At the right the dark item pointed downward in the picture's bottom, center is the horsefly's mouthpart. The cylindrical section pointing downward, the labium, wraps around the slender, sharp, swordlike parts that slash into flesh, cutting across blood vessels. When blood flows to the skin's surface, then the oval, spongelike thing at the labium's base sops up the blood and the blood flows upward through the labium. The brown, triangular item between the mouthpart and the antler-like antennae pointing at the picture's right side is one of two maxillary palps, which help the fly feel and possibly smell/taste what the palps touch.", "Either of a pair of long, thin sensory appendages on the heads of insects, crustaceans, and some other arthropods.", "Fruit fly head showing the effects of the Antennapedia gene. This fly has legs where its antennae should be.", "Morphologists experience considerable difficulty in defining regions and determining homologies of structure on the insect head. We cannot unambiguously characterize topographical features of the insect head because more than a million species are involved in the definition, and they show incredible diversity in head anatomy. Shape alone is not adequate or suitable because there are many head shapes, and often a head shape can be derived independently in several unrelated lineages. Some head shapes are influenced by behavior.", "To learn more about the anatomy, click on the different body parts of this insect !!", "Above: left, an insect (Aleochara bilineata) whose 450 or so ommatidia, each about 4 micrometres in" ]

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[ "Uruguay, known officially as the Oriental Republic of Uruguay, the Eastern Republic of Uruguay or the Republic East of the Uruguay (River), is a country in the southeastern region of South America. It is bordered by the countries of Argentina to its west and Brazil to its north and east, with the Atlantic Ocean positioned to the south and southeast. Uruguay is home to a population of 3.3 million inhabitants, of whom some 1.8 million live in the metropolitan area of its capital and largest city, Montevideo. With an area of approximately 68,000 square miles (176,000 square kilometers), Uruguay is geographically the second-smallest nation in South America after Suriname.", "Uruguay (; ), officially the Oriental Republic of the Uruguay (), is a country in the southeastern region of South America. It is bordered by Argentina to its west and Brazil to its north and east, with the Río de la Plata (River of Silver) to the south and with the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast. Uruguay is home to an estimated 3.42 million people, of whom 1.8 million live in the metropolitan area of its capital and largest city, Montevideo. With an area of approximately 176000 km2, Uruguay is geographically the second-smallest nation in South America after Suriname.", "(yo͝o`rəgwā, gwī, Span. o͞oro͞ogwi`, o͞oro͞owī`), officially Oriental Republic of Uruguay, republic (2005 est. pop. 3,416,000), 68,536 sq mi (177,508 sq km), SE South America. The second smallest country (after Suriname) in South America, Uruguay extends from a short Atlantic coastline along the north bank of the Río de la Plata to the Uruguay River, which separates it on the west from Argentina. To the north is Brazil. The capital and largest city is Montevideo Montevideo", "Stamp-issuing status: active; Population: 3,261,707 (1997 estimate). A republic in South America, on the Atlantic coast between Brazil and Argentina. During most of the colonial period, Uruguay was disputed between Spain and Portugal, finally passing into Spanish control in 1778. In 1811 it revolted against Spain and, after passing back and forth between Argentine and Brazilian occupation, Uruguay became an independent republic in 1828. Uruguay's history during the 19th century was one of anarchy and civil war, with occasional armed intervention by Argentina and Brazil. After 1900, a stable government enabled the country to make considerable economic and social progress, and Uruguay was a pioneer in creating the welfare state. The rise of radical terrorism by the leftist \"Tupamaros\" during the 1960s, however, disrupted the country, which was already straining to maintain a large and expensive bureaucracy and system of social programs. A military coup in 1973 brought into power a brutal military dictatorship. Civilian rule was reestablished in 1985.", "Uruguay ( map ) is a country located in South America that shares its borders with Argentina and Brazil . The country is the second smallest in South America, after Suriname, with a land area of 68,036 square miles (176,215 sq km). Uruguay has a population of just over 3.5 million people. 1.4 million of Uruguay's citizens live within its capital, Montevideo, or in its surrounding areas. Uruguay is known as being one of South America's most economically developed nations.", "Today is Independence Day in Uruguay, a national holiday celebrating independence from Brazil on this day in 1825.   This South American nation, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, is slightly smaller than the state of Washington, with a population of 3 million.   Its economy is characterized by strong economic growth, an export-oriented agricultural sector, a well-educated work force, and high levels of social spending.   But it is very dependent on the economic well-being of its giant neighbors, Argentina and Brazil.   Church and state are officially separated.   Most Uruguayans adhere to the Roman Catholic faith, but with 31% professing no religion, Uruguay may be the most secular country in the western and southern hemispheres.", "Uruguay is located in southern South America with borders on the South Atlantic Ocean, Argentina and Brazil. It is a relatively small country with a topography consisting mostly of rolling plains and low hills. Its coast regions are made up of fertile lowlands. The country is also home to many rivers and the Uruguay River and the Rio de la Plata are some of its largest. Uruguay's climate is warm, temperate and there are rarely, if ever, freezing temperatures in the country.", "Uruguay is a country on the Atlantic coast of South America south of Brazil , it borders Argentina in west.", "Uruguay was inhabited by the Charrúa people for approximately 4000 years before the Portuguese established Colonia del Sacramento, one of the oldest European settlements in the country, in 1680. Montevideo was founded as a military stronghold by the Spanish in the early 18th century, signifying the competing claims over the region. Uruguay won its independence between 1811 and 1828, following a four-way struggle between Spain, Portugal, Argentina and Brazil. It remained subject to foreign influence and intervention throughout the 19th century, with the military playing a recurring role in domestic politics until the late 20th century. Modern Uruguay is a democratic constitutional republic, with a president who serves as both head of state and head of government.", "Uruguay is bordered to the north by Brazil , to the southeast by the Atlantic, and is separated from Argentina in the west and south by the River Uruguay, which widens out into the Rio de la Plata estuary. The landscape is made up of hilly meadows broken by streams and rivers. There are a string of beaches along the coast. Most of the country is grazing land for sheep and cattle. Montevideo , the most southern point of the nation, accommodates nearly half of the population. About 90% of the land is suitable for agriculture, although only 12% is used in this way.", ", officially Oriental Republic of Uruguay, republic (2005 est. pop. 3,416,000), 68,536 sq mi (177,508 sq km), SE South America. The second smallest country (after Suriname) in South America, Uruguay extends from a short Atlantic coastline along the north bank of the", "Borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile: Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana on the north, Colombia on the northwest, Bolivia and Peru on the west, Argentina and Paraguay on the southwest and Uruguay on the South. The Atlantic Ocean is on the east.", "Uruguay's independence was immediately threatened, as both Argentina and Brazil desired this land. Subsequently, it wasn't long before Montevideo was overrun, and warring factions immersed this new country into civil war and political dictatorships.", "Brazil occupies a large area along the eastern coast of South America and includes much of the continent's interior, sharing land borders with Uruguay to the south; Argentina and Paraguay to the southwest; Bolivia and Peru to the west; Colombia to the northwest; and Venezuela, Suriname, Guyana and the French overseas department of French Guiana to the north. It shares a border with every country in South America except for Ecuador and Chile. It also encompasses a number of oceanic archipelagos, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz. Its size, relief, climate, and natural resources make Brazil geographically diverse. Including its Atlantic islands, Brazil lies between latitudes 6°N and 34°S, and longitudes 28° and 74°W.", ", officially Argentine Republic, republic (2005 est. pop. 39,538,000), 1,072,157 sq mi (2,776,889 sq km), S South America. Argentina is bordered by Chile on the west, Bolivia and Paraguay on the north, Brazil and Uruguay on the northeast, and the Atlantic Ocean on the", "Argentina is a country in South America bordering the Southern Atlantic Ocean. Neighboring countries include Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Argentina's continental area is between the Andes mountain range in the west and the Atlantic Ocean in the east. Diverse geographical landscapes produce varying climates from tropical in the north to tundra in the far south. The government system is a republic; the president is the chief of state and head of government. Argentina has a mixed economic system which includes a variety of private freedom, combined with centralized economic planning and government regulation. Argentina is a member of the Common Market of the South (Mercosur).", "Argentina is a South American country, constituted as a federation of twenty-three provinces and an autonomous city. It is second in size on the South American continent to Brazil and eighth in the world. Argentina occupies a continental surface area of 2,766,890 km² (1,068,302 sq mi) between the Andes mountain range in the west and the southern Atlantic Ocean in the east and south. It is bordered by Paraguay and Bolivia in the north, Brazil and Uruguay in the northeast, and Chile in the west and south. The country claims the British-administered overseas territories of the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. Argentina also claims 969,464 km² (374,312 sq mi) of Antarctica, known as Argentine Antarctica, overlapping other claims made by Chile and the United Kingdom (British Antarctic Territory).", "With independence, United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, centred on modern-day Argentina with its capital in Buenos Aires, found itself in competition with the neighbouring Empire of Brazil for dominance across the Río de la Plata. The first conflict to emerge concerned the long-disputed Banda Oriental, or 'Eastern Strip', approximately present-day Uruguay; it had been re-annexed by Portugal in 1821, giving the country a strategic position over the Río de la Plata and control over the United Provinces' main port. Dom Pedro I then declared the region a province within the Empire of Brazil. Intending to regain control of the region, the United Provinces urged the people of the region, known as Orientales (or 'Easterners'), to rise up, giving them political and material support. In response, Brazil declared war on the United Provinces.", "Argentina's continental area is between the Andes mountain range in the west and the Atlantic Ocean in the east. It borders Paraguay and Bolivia to the north, Brazil and Uruguay to the northeast, and Chile to the west and south. Argentina claims the British overseas territories of the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. It also claims a part of Antarctica, overlapping claims made by Chile and the United Kingdom, though all claims were suspended by the Antarctic Treaty of 1961. Argentina today is one of the G-20 major economies. ( source Wikipedia )", "Bértola, Luis and Gabriel Porcile. “Argentina, Brasil, Uruguay y la Economía Mundial: una aproximación a diferentes regímenes de convergencia y divergencia.” In Ensayos de Historia Económica by Luis Bertola. Montevideo: Uruguay en la región y el mundo, 2000.", "In 1821, the Provincia Oriental del Río de la Plata, present-day Uruguay, was annexed by Portugal into Brazil under the name of Província Cisplatina before declaring independence on August 25, 1825 (after numerous prior revolts) and joining a regional federation with the United Provinces of the River Plate, present-day Argentina.", "Paraguay is a landlocked country (one of two in South America; the other is Bolivia) that is bordered by Argentina, Brazil and Bolivia.", "Chile (; ), officially the Republic of Chile (), is a South American country occupying a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far south. Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández, Salas y Gómez, Desventuradas, and Easter Island in Oceania. Chile also claims about 1250000 km2 of Antarctica, although all claims are suspended under the Antarctic Treaty.", "The United Provinces of the River Plate, including Provincia Oriental, fought Brazil during a 500-day war. Neither side gained the upper hand, and in 1828 the Treaty of Montevideo, fostered by Britain, gave birth to Uruguay as an independent state. ", "South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands are also claimed by Argentina. See Sovereignty of the Falkland Islands.", "Covering an area of 68,000 square miles, Uruguay is the second-smallest nation in South America. The population of Uruguay is estimated at 3,494,382.", "Beginning with Batlle y Ord��ez's government in the early twentieth century, Uruguay has been active in international and regional organizations. It joined the United Nations (UN) in 1945 and has been a member of most of its specialized agencies. In 1986 Uruguay was elected to membership in the UN's Economic and Social Council. In December 1989, Uruguay signed the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. Uruguay belonged to thirty-one other international organizations as well, including the Organization of American States (OAS), the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (Intelsat), the Latin American Economic System (Sistema Econ�mico Latinamericano--SELA), and the Latin American Integration Association (Asociaci�n Latinoamericana de Integraci�n-- ALADI). Uruguay was a signatory of the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (Rio Treaty), the Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America (Tlatelolco Treaty), and the R�o de la Plata Basin Treaty.", "After a long flight from Europe over the sea, Uruguay is the first neutral country on the South American landmass. It has many German settlers in the country; they tend to live in German villages and many of these settlers own large tracts of land.", "Region III consists of the nations of South America, including France (French Guiana is an overseas region of France in South America). It has a total of 13 member states and no member territories. The member states are: ", "The authors would like to acknowledge the contributions of Thomas E. Weil, Jan Knippers Black, Kenneth W. Martindale, David S. McMorris, Sally Engle Merry, and Frederick P. Munson, who wrote the 1971 first edition of Uruguay: A Country Study. The present volume incorporates portions of their work.", "Uruguay is, in many ways, a country that generates contemplation and introspection and its coastal towns offer the chance to simply disconnect and unwind. It offers a unique take on Latin American culture and history and all in all is a country of its people and experiences, and this is what makes it so special.", "Name of islands off of the southeastern coast of South America and the countries that claim them." ]

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[ "\"I Just Called to Say I Love You\" is a song written, produced, and performed by Stevie Wonder. The midtempo ballad expresses how simply calling someone to tell them you love them can make even the most unremarkable day of your life magical. It is one of Wonder's most simplistic, jingly and sentimental songs, and, with its quintessentially mid-80s synthesizers and drum machines, is a far cry from his more organic and experimental 1970s material. For those reasons it was savaged by critics upon its release. However, the public were seduced by its simple charms, making it one of Wonder's most successful singles to date. The song was number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for three weeks from October 13, 1984 and also became Wonder's first solo UK number-one hit, staying at the top for six weeks. It also became his tenth number-one on the R&B chart and his fourth number-one on the adult contemporary.     Download this sheet!", "NUMBER ONE'S OF THE EIGHTIES: 1984 Stevie Wonder: I Just Called To Say I Love You", "Over twenty-eight years later Stevie Wonder became the first artist ever to write, produce and entirely perform a Number 1 (\"I Just Called To Say I Love You\", Sep 1984).", "Stevie Wonder won an award for his popular song \"I Just Called to Say I Love You.\" The song was used in the 1984 movie \"The Woman in Red.\" âXFINITY Entertainment Staff", "Download Stevie Wonder - I Just Called To Say I Love You [1984] [Mw Hits] torrent - GloDLS", "12. Stevie Wonder – ‘I Just Called To Say I Love You’. Grown men weep salt tears that this schmaltzy stroll is the biggest selling Stevie Wonder single, but over here it was the only song of his we sent to No.1. We’re just going to have to swallow it. Year: 1984 Sold: 1.83m", "1984: \"I Just Called to Say I Love You\" Music & Lyrics by Stevie Wonder, performed by Stevie Wonder – The Woman in Red +", "I Just Called to Say I Love You was written, produced, and performed by Stevie Wonder. It was one of Wonder's most commercially successful singles, scoring number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for three weeks and number one on the UK charts for six weeks. It also became his tenth number one on the R&B chart, and his fourth number one on the adult contemporary chart. In addition to the Academy Award, the song won a Golden Globe for Best Original Song.", "This was Stevie Wonder's first #1 single in the UK. His only other one to date has been \" I Just Called To Say I Love You .\"", "Recorded live at Chicago's Regal Theater, this introduced 13-year-old \"Little\" Stevie Wonder to the world, although it spotlighted his harmonica and bongo playing more than it did his vocals (and the song wasn't written by the young \"genius,\" as Motown was calling him at the time). Divided over both sides of the single, it became the label's second No. 1 pop hit after \"Please Mr. Postman.\" Wilder than most fare on the radio at the time, the crowd noise made it somewhat reminiscent of \"What'd I Say\" by Stevie's idol, Ray Charles. And the drumming was done by Marvin Gaye. (BH)", "Stevie Wonder: Hi this is Stevie Wonder and I’d like to thank all of my fans for buying my records in Great Britain and I’d enjoy being there very much, and I’d like to thank very definitely al of my fan members in the TMAS and I’d like to say until I come over there, I just wanna have everybody to keep on saying, Yeah!", "Richard Pryor completes his three-year winning streak for comedy recording. Stevie Wonder and his double album “Songs in the Key of Life” are nominated for seven Grammys and win four, including album of the year and producer of the year. Since Wonder is traveling in Africa, he accepts the awards via satellite broadcast. After several technical issues, host Andy Williams blurts out to the blind musician, “Stevie, can you see us now?”", "By 1985, Stevie Wonder was an American icon,[citation needed] the subject of good-humored jokes about blindness and affectionately impersonated by Eddie Murphy on Saturday Night Live.[citation needed] Wonder sometimes joined in the jokes himself such as in The Motown Revue with Smokey Robinson. He was in a featured duet with Bruce Springsteen on the all-star charity single for African Famine Relief, \"We Are the World\", and he was part of another charity single the following year (1986), the AIDS-inspired \"That's What Friends Are For\". He also played the harmonica on the album Dreamland Express by John Denver in the song \"If Ever\", a song Wonder co-wrote with Stephanie Andrews. He also wrote the track \"I Do Love You\" for The Beach Boys' 1985 self-titled album. Stevie Wonder also played the harmonica on a track called \"Can't Help Lovin' That Man\" from \"Showboat\" on \"The Broadway Album\" by Barbra Streisand.", "By 1985, Stevie Wonder was an American icon, the subject of good-humored jokes about blindness and affectionately impersonated by Eddie Murphy on Saturday Night Live. Wonder sometimes joined in the jokes himself; in The Motown Revue Smokey Robinson presented Wonder with an award plaque, which he pretended to read for the audience– and to notice a spelling mistake. He was in a featured duet with Bruce Springsteen on the all-star charity single for African famine relief, \" We Are the World \", and he was part of another charity single the following year (1986), the AIDS-targeted \" That's What Friends Are For \". He also played the harmonica on the album Dreamland Express by John Denver in the song \" If Ever \", a song Wonder co-wrote with Stephanie Andrews. He also wrote the track \" I Do Love You \" for The Beach Boys ' 1985 self-titled album . Stevie Wonder also played the harmonica on a track called \"Can't Help Lovin' That Man\" from \"Showboat\" on the \" The Broadway Album \" by Barbra Streisand .", "Like the Temptations, Stevie Wonder's career has so many phases that it's hard to choose just several to represent his eclectic output. But this is the one where audiences knew that the 22-year-old man was undoubtedly no longer \"Little\" Stevie. The song was originally written for guitarist Jeff Beck (who played guitar on the concurrent Talking Book album), but Stevie's manager convinced him to record it himself. Good call, as the single — which remains about as funky as it can get — immediately shot to No. 1 on the charts. And Stevie Wonder's career and image would never again be the same. (BH)", "Stevie Wonder's \"Happy Birthday\" track was written in 1981 by the pianist/social activist as part of the campaign to have the birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr. become a national holiday. The song's lyrics, above keyboard synthesizers, find Wonder questioning why anyone would oppose to commemorating King's legacy by setting aside a day for him. \"I just never understood, how a man who died for good/could not have a day that would be set aside for his recognition,\" he sings. Preach, Stevie!", "Stevland Hardaway Morris (born Stevland Hardaway Judkins, May 13, 1950), known by his stage name Stevie Wonder, is an American musician, singer, songwriter, record producer, and multi-instrumentalist. A child prodigy, he is considered to be one of the most critically and commercially successful musical performers of the late 20th century. Wonder signed with Motown's Tamla label at the age of 11, and he continued performing and recording for Motown into the 2010s. He has been blind since shortly after birth.", "Stevie sang some of this when he made an appearance on The Cosby Show in 1986. The episode was called \"A Touch of Wonder,\" and was later cited by Ahmir \"Questlove\" Thompson as an inspiration to many young musicians who became interested in samplers and making music after seeing Wonder on the show.", "Stevie Wonder, original name Steveland Judkins or Steveland Morris (born May 13, 1950, Saginaw , Michigan , U.S.), American singer, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist, a child prodigy who developed into one of the most creative musical figures of the late 20th century.", "The highlight for this witness were the last few songs, each a different ode to love. First, a wonderful version of “If It’s Magic” – Stevie singing along with a recording of original harpist Dorthy Ashby encouraging the crowd that “we must become more of a united people of these United States” with the lyrics,", "The host and musical guest for this episode is Stevie Wonder. The sequences are: \"VD\", a Kannon AE-1 photo camera ad (its slogan \"so simple, anyone can use it\"), Eddie Murphy plays a Stevie Wonder Impersonator, Adolf Hitler writes his own diaries before he takes his own life, a pseudo-biopic of Stevie Wonder, Dion's, Cotton Land and The Hunchback Boy. Wonder performs \"Fingertips\", \"Overjoyed\" and \"Go Home\".", "There was a dispute among Wonder, his former writing partner Lee Garrett, and Lloyd Chiate as to who actually wrote the song. Chiate claimed in a lawsuit that he and Garrett wrote the song years before its 1984 release; however a jury ultimately sided with Wonder. ", "1972 was somewhat of a down year for Motown, with only 4 singles reaching the pop Top 10. Two of them, however, did go to #1: \"Papa Was a Rollin' Stone\" by the Temptations and \"Ben\" by Michael Jackson. Stevie Wonder, who by 1970 had been granted complete artistic freedom to produce his own albums, produced Talking Book [Tamla 319] in 1972, when he toured with the Rolling Stones as their opening act. Diana Ross began her film career with Lady Sings the Blues, receiving an Academy Award nomination for her portrayal of Billie Holiday.", "Conversation Peace and the live album Natural Wonder were also released in the 1990s. The former received its European launch at a high-profile March 1995 press conference in Paris, where Stevie mentioned how the tearing down of The Wall between East and West Berlin and the desire for a united Europe had played a significant part in the inspiration behind the album.", "In 1986, Stevie Wonder appeared on The Cosby Show, as himself, in the episode \"A Touch of Wonder\".", "1974 - Stevie Wonder got five Grammy Awards for his album, Innervisions and his hit songs, You Are The Sunshine of My Life and Superstition.", "from Talking Book by Stevie Wonder, Motown 1972-10-27. Sample from Stevie Wonder Song Review: A Greatest Hits Collection, Motown, 1996-12-10", "Hi Patricia. Stevie doesn�t usually talk about the meanings of her songs in rehearsals. But, sometimes she talks about them on stage when she introduces the songs.", "Stevie Wonder Born Stevland Hardaway Morris in 1950, Little Stevie Wonder was playing music as soon as", "Hi Jana. I was curious, does Stevie ever discuss what the meanings of her songs are? Thanks!", "Motown released \"Just My Imagination\" as a single on their Gordy label on January 14, 1971, with the up-tempo psychedelic soul song \"You Make Your Own Heaven and Hell Right Here on Earth\", from the 1970 Psychedelic Shack LP, as the b-side. The Temptations performed \"Just My Imagination\" and \"Get Ready\" for their final appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show, broadcast live on January 31. On-screen, Kendricks stood several feet away from the other Temptations, and made little eye contact with them; Otis Williams later remarked that one could see the group was no longer a complete unit:", "In the '80s, Havens recorded various slogans for all three broadcast networks, but returned to prominence performing in 1993 performing at President Bill Clinton 's first inauguration as well as the 1999 Tibetan Freedom Concert." ]

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[ "To analyse the poem, one must bear in mind that William Blake was a mystic and it is highly unlikely for a man such as him to write a poem merely praising the beauty of a tiger. The poem begins with the lines ‘Tyger, Tyger, burning bright, in the forests of the night’", "The two poems, \"The LambaE and \"The Tyger,aE both by William Blake, can be analyzed and applied in many different ways. ... The opening lines of the poem \"Tyger, Tyger burning bright, In the forests of the night,aE shows early on in the poem that this \"tigeraE is capable of destroying the forests, which themselves are a beautiful part of nature. ... The fourth stanza of \"the Tyger reads,\"What the hammer? ...", "The two poems, \"The LambaE and \"The Tyger,aE both by William Blake, can be analyzed and applied in many different ways. ... \"The LambaE is a poem that gives off an air of placidity with its flowing rhyme, child-like repetition, and soothing imagery. ... The opening lines of the poem \"Tyger, Tyger burning bright, In the forests of the night,aE shows early on in the poem that this \"tigeraE is capable of destroying the forests, which themselves are a beautiful part of nature. ... The fourth stanza of \"the Tyger reads,\"What the hammer? ...", "The first two lines of the poem are: \"Tyger, tyger, burning bright, in the forests of the nightaE. ... \"What immortal hand or eyeaE symbolizes a god-like creature that took part in the creation of the tyger. ... The fire in the tyger\"s eyes represents the evil burning within this horrifying creature. \"What shoulder and what artaE and the twisting of the tyger\"s sinew symbolize the creation of the tyger. ... These devices dovetail to create the feeling of an incantation, which again suggests the creation of the tyger. ...", "To conclude, in my opinion, William Blake wrote the poem with a simple structure and a perfect rhyme to help the reader see the images he wanted to transmit. Above all, the description of the tiger is glaringly graphic due to essentially the contrast between fire and night.", "The first and last stanzas are identical except the word \"could\" becomes \"dare\" in the second iteration. Kazin says to begin to wonder about the tiger, and its nature, can only lead to a daring to wonder about it. Blake achieves great power through the use of alliteration (\"frame\" and \"fearful\") combined with imagery, (burning, fire, eyes), and he structures the poem to ring with incessant repetitive questioning, demanding of the creature, \"Who made thee?\" In the third stanza the focus moves from the tiger, the creation, to the creator – of whom Blake wonders \"What dread hand? & what dread feet?\". \"The Tyger\" is six stanzas in length, each stanza four lines long. Much of the poem follows the metrical pattern of its first line and can be scanned as trochaic tetrameter catalectic. A number of lines, however, such as line four in the first stanza, fall into iambic tetrameter.", "Blake was regarded in his time as very strange, but many of his ideas make sense to the modern reader. When this poem was written it was most unusual for writers to show interest in wild animals. People did not have access to wildlife documentaries on television, as we do today: exotic animals might be seen in circuses and zoos, but tigers would be a rarity, perhaps turning up stuffed or as rugs (this was to become very common in the 19th century). Just as today the tiger is a symbol of (endangered) wildlife, so for Blake, the animal is important as a symbol - but of what? One clue is to be found in the comparison with The Lamb (see the next poem, and the fifth stanza of this one). Blake's images defy simple explanation: we cannot be certain what he wants us to think the tiger represents, but something of the majesty and power of God's creation in the natural world seems to be present.", "Blake was regarded in his time as very strange, but many of his ideas make sense to the modern reader. When this poem was written it was most unusual for writers to show interest in wild animals. People did not have access to wildlife documentaries on television, as we do today: exotic animals might be seen in circuses and zoos, but tigers would be a rarity, perhaps turning up stuffed or as rugs (this was to become very common in the 19th century). Just as today the tiger is a symbol of (endangered) wildlife, so for Blake, the animal is important as a symbol - but of what? One clue is to be found in the comparison with The Lamb (see the next poem, and the fifth stanza of this one). Blake's images defy simple explanation: we cannot be certain what he wants us to think the tiger represents, but something of the majesty and power of God's creation in the natural world seems to be present.", "The smithy represents a traditional image of artistic creation; here Blake applies it to the divine creation of the natural world. The “forging” of the tiger suggests a very physical, laborious, and deliberate kind of making; it emphasizes the awesome physical presence of the tiger and precludes the idea that such a creation could have been in any way accidentally or haphazardly produced. It also continues from the first description of the tiger the imagery of fire with its simultaneous connotations of creation, purification, and destruction. The speaker stands in awe of the tiger as a sheer physical and aesthetic achievement, even as he recoils in horror from the moral implications of such a creation; for the poem addresses not only the question of who could make such a creature as the tiger, but who would perform this act. This is a question of creative responsibility and of will, and the poet carefully includes this moral question with the consideration of physical power. Note, in the third stanza, the parallelism of “shoulder” and “art,” as well as the fact that it is not just the body but also the “heart” of the tiger that is being forged. The repeated use of word the “dare” to replace the “could” of the first stanza introduces a dimension of aspiration and willfulness into the sheer might of the creative act.", "The tiger initially appears as a strikingly sensuous image. However, as the poem progresses, it takes on a symbolic character, and comes to embody the spiritual and moral problem the poem explores: perfectly beautiful and yet perfectly destructive, Blake’s tiger becomes the symbolic center for an investigation into the presence of evil in the world. Since the tiger’s remarkable nature exists both in physical and moral terms, the speaker’s questions about its origin must also encompass both physical and moral dimensions. The poem’s series of questions repeatedly ask what sort of physical creative capacity the “fearful symmetry” of the tiger bespeaks; assumedly only a very strong and powerful being could be capable of such a creation.", "We might also comment on where these images come from. Blake's poems are full of references to nature, but these are not made from direct observation as a naturalist or a poet like Wordsworth makes them: rather nature is understood as in a book for children or in the Bible: we find exotic, fiery tigers, innocent, woolly lambs, magical trees bearing deadly fruit and sinister caterpillars and ravens. The town, which Blake does know, is depicted essentially realistically in London. All of the poems draw on the Bible for their images (in London this is less obvious, but the \"harlot\" and the \"new-born infant\" can both be found in the Bible).", "Home > Poets > 18th Century > William Blake > The Tiger by William Blake Analysis & Poem", "Published in the Songs of Experience , Blake's \"The Tyger\" is a poem about the nature of creation. The two introductory stanzas encompass much of the theme. They describe Blake's belief that The Tyger was indeed the result of some divine entity's intelligent design; the question being \"which?\" The speaker is asking whether the Tyger was created in Heaven by God or forged in Hell as some form of vengeance by the Devil. Then, the speaker introduces a particular poetic description of a large demonic predator having its nature perverted by some divine force who has no love for humanity. The description of the divine \"hammer\", \"chain\", \"furnace\" and\" anvil\" bring to mind the Greek god , Hephaestus , the blacksmith god of fire and metallurgy. He creates weapons, armor and artworks of other gods who only distain him tor his ugliness. Yet, the speaker asks how it is possible that God who created the Lamb, Jesus Christ , could also have created the Tyger. ", "William Blake (1757-1827), English artist, mystic and poet wrote Songs of Innocence (1789): a poetry collection written from the child�s point of view, of innocent wonderment and spontaneity in natural settings which includes �Little Boy Lost�, �Little Boy Found� and �The Lamb�;", "The third stanza furthers the powerful imagery-like description of a divine creator molding the Tyger creator into existence. Indeed, Blake's description of the Tyger’s creation is so terribly unnatural sounding. It is a particular poetic description of a large demonic predator having its nature perverted into carnivorous malevolence by some divine force that has no love for humanity that will share the world with it. This stanza describes a terrible bloody procedure", "The Hind and the Panther: A Poem, in Three Parts (1687) is an allegory in heroic couplets by John Dryden. At some 2600 lines it is much the longest of Dryden's poems, translations excepted, and perhaps the most controversial. The Hind and the Panther falls into three parts: the first is a description of the different religious denominations, in which the Roman Catholic church appears as \"A milk-white Hind, immortal and unchanged\",[4] the Church of England as a panther, the Independents as a bear, the Presbyterians as a wolf, the Quakers as a hare, the Socinians as a fox, the Freethinkers as an ape, and the Anabaptists as a boar;[5] the second part deals with the controversial topics of church authority and transubstantiation; and the third part argues that the Crown and the Anglican and Catholic Churches should form a united front against the Nonconformist churches and the Whigs.", "    The Trickster, like Merlin, the alchemical Mercurius, and other Trickster-like figures, is a shape-changer, often identified in Indian myths as various animals. All kinds of animals--bees, fleas, spiders, owls, geese, cats, dogs, pigs, and so on--appear in Lear's limericks. And Lear's nonsense songs, stories, and alphabets contain an even wider variety, from kangaroos, pelicans, guinea pigs, and storks in the songs and stories to the bear, the quail, the ape, the kingfisher, the rattlesnake, the yak, the zebra, and many others, in the alphabets.", "The Tyger and The Lamb go well together, because in them, Blake examines different, almost opposite or contradictory, ideas about the natural world, its creatures and their Creator. How do you see the two animals depicted? What images do you find interesting, and what do they tell you?", "The first part was written in Somerset in 1798, while the second was written in the Lake District in 1800. First published in 1816 along with The Pains of Sleep, this poem discusses how the title character retreats to the wood late one night to meet “her own betrothed knight,” who “Hath a toothless mastiff bitch.” She meets the woman Geraldine in the forest, who at the end is led forth by “The aged knight, Sir Leoline.” This poem begins, “’Tis the middle of the night by the castle clock, / And the owls have awakened the crowing cock.” FTP, identify this long poem by Samuel Taylor Coleridge.", "   Mole.—The eyes of the mole are so extremely minute, and so perfectly hid in its hair, that our ancestors considered it blind—a vulgar error to which reference is made by Caliban in the \"Tempest\" (iv. 1)—\"Pray you tread softly that the blind mole may not hear a foot fall.\" And again by Pericles (i. 1)—\"The blind mole casts copp’d hills towards heaven.\" Hence the expression \"blind as a mole.\" Alexander Ross  2 absurdly speaks of the mole's eyes as only the \"forms of eyes,\" given by nature \"rather for ornament than for use; as wings are given to the ostrich which never flies, and a long tail to the rat, which serves for no other purpose but to be catched sometimes by it.\" Sir Thomas Browne, however,", "In his 1786 poem “Address to the Deil,” Robert Burns described how “nighted trav’llers are allur’d/To their destruction” by “water-kelpies.” Mention of the kelpie is also found in “Popular Rhymes, Fireside Stories, and Amusements, of Scotland,” published in 1842. The book includes the story of a kelpie imprisoned by Lord Graham of Morphie, who used the horse spirit as cheap labor to build his family castle. After the creature was released, it fled back to the water, but not before cursing the man and his family. “The Doomed Rider” from “Scottish Fairy and Folk Tales,” published in 1901, describes an incident that happened in the woods during a harvest. A kelpie was said to rise from a small pond to foretell the death of a traveler. When the doomed man appeared, the farmers attempted to save him by locking him in a church and away from the kelpie, but to no avail -- the traveler was later found drowned in a water trough inside.", "13 The appearance of the living creatures was like burning coals of fire or like torches. Fire moved back and forth among the creatures; it was bright, and lightning flashed out of it. 14 The creatures sped back and forth like flashes of lightning.", "Singe The burning off of the down of a plucked bird by passing over a flame.", "In a room without a window there burnt a fire, guarded by a high and strong fender, and a lamp suspended from the ceiling by a chain. Grace Poole bent over the fire, apparently cooking something in a saucepan. In the deep shade, at the further end of the room, a figure ran backwards and forwards. What it was, whether beast or human being, one could not, at first sight, tell: it groveled, seemingly, on all fours; it snatched and growled like some strange wild animal: but it was covered with clothing; and a quantity of dark, grizzled hair, wild as a mane, hid its head and face. [250]", "A treacherous person, as in Ben secretly applied for the same job as his best friend; no one knew he was such a snake in the grass . This metaphor for treachery, alluding to a poisonous snake concealed in tall grass, was used in 37 b.c. by the Roman poet Virgil ( latet anguis in herba). It was first recorded in English in 1696 as the title of a book by Charles Leslie.", "This poem also raises questions about our modern day individual responses to animals often regarded as 'vermin'.", "Through this poem Burn's explores ideas of natural disaster and the vulnerability of all Earth's creatures. Burns was an early advocate against cruelty to animals and those who derived pleasure from causign such pain received the wrath of his pen on many occasions.", "\"Kubla Khan; or, A Vision in a Dream: A Fragment\" is a poem by Samuel Taylor Coleridge , which takes its title from the Mongol and Chinese emperor Kublai Khan of the Yuan Dynasty. Coleridge claimed he wrote the poem in the autumn of 1797 at a farmhouse near Exmoor , England, but it may have been composed on one of a number of other visits to the farm. It also may have been revised a number of times before it was first published in 1816.", "How, in these two poems, does Blake explore different ideas about God and nature? Which do you find more appealing (if either) and why?", "\"Tam o' Shanter\" is a narrative poem written by the Scottish poet Robert Burns in 1790, while living in Dumfries . First published in 1791, it is one of Burns' longer poems, and employs a mixture of Scots and English .", "\"Tam o' Shanter\" is a narrative poem written by the Scottish poet Robert Burns in 1790, while living in Dumfries. First published in 1791, it is one of Burns' longer poems, and employs a mixture of Scots and English.", "In Inferno, the villain, threatening to unleash a plague, leaves clues from The Inferno, Dante's 14th-century poem about hell." ]

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[ "80 years ago today infamous gangster John Dillinger was shot and killed by Federal agents outside Chicago’s Biograph Theater on the 22nd July, 1934.  Dillinger had become America’s most wanted man having managed to evaded the police and FBI for a year while embarking on a series of bank robberies.  ", "The Biograph Theater, at 2433 North Lincoln Avenue, near Lincoln Park in Chicago, Illinois, was originally a movie theater but now presents live productions. It is notable as the location where bank robber John Dillinger was shot by FBI agents after watching a gangster movie on July 22, 1934. The theater is on the National Register of Historic Places and was designated a Chicago Landmark on March 28, 2001.", "John Dillinger Jr., one of the most notorious criminals in US history, was gunned down by the FBI outside Chicago’s Biograph Theatre on 22nd July, 1934.", "Purvis led the manhunts that tracked outlaws Baby Face Nelson and Pretty Boy Floyd, and most famously John Dillinger, which ended in Chicago on July 22, 1934. However, after Purvis became a media figure for this feat, Hoover claimed that Purvis had been demoted and agent Samuel P. Cowley had been put in charge of the Dillinger case. Cowley was later shot by Baby Face Nelson, and Purvis visited him in the hospital shortly before he died. Purvis was praised for his actions. He reportedly incurred the wrath of Hoover, who had previously supported him, as Purvis sought and achieved publicity for his own role, overshadowing Hoover and the rest of the FBI. In a 2005 book co-authored by Purvis' son Alston, Hoover is portrayed as jealous of the attention given to Purvis after Dillinger was killed. ", "On July 22, 1934, Dillinger was ambushed and killed by FBI agents outside the Biograph Theater in Lincoln Park, Chicago. The next day the FBI announced that \"Pretty Boy\" Floyd was now Public Enemy No. 1. On October 22, 1934, Floyd was killed in a shootout with agents including Melvin Purvis. Subsequently, J. Edgar Hoover announced that \"Baby Face\" Nelson was now Public Enemy No. 1.", "On July 22, 1934, bank robber John Dillinger was shot to death by federal agents outside a movie theater in Chicago. 77 years ago!", "John Herbert Dillinger ( /dɪlɪndʒər/ ; June 22, 1903 – July 22, 1934) was an American gangster and bank robber in the Depression-era United States . His gang robbed twenty-four banks and four police stations. Dillinger escaped from jail twice; he was also charged with, but never convicted of, the murder of an East Chicago, Indiana police officer who shot Dillinger in his bullet-proof vest during a shootout, prompting him to return fire. It was Dillinger's only homicide charge.", "After evading police in four states for almost a year, Dillinger was wounded and returned to his father's home to recover. He returned to Chicago in July 1934 and met his end at the hands of police and federal agents who were informed of his whereabouts by Ana Cumpănaş (the owner of the brothel where Dillinger had sought refuge at the time). On July 22, 1934, the police and the Division of Investigation closed in on the Biograph Theater. Federal agents, led by Melvin Purvis and Samuel P. Cowley, moved to arrest Dillinger as he exited the theater. He drew a Colt Model 1908 Vest Pocket and attempted to flee, but was shot four times and killed.", "After evading police in four states for almost a year, Dillinger was wounded and returned to his father's home to recover. He returned to Chicago in July 1934 and met his end at the hands of police and federal agents who were informed of his whereabouts by Ana Cumpănaş (the owner of the brothel where Dillinger sought refuge at the time). On July 22, the police and Division of Investigation closed in on the Biograph Theater. Federal agents, led by Melvin Purvis and Samuel P. Cowley, moved to arrest Dillinger as he left the theater. He pulled a weapon and attempted to flee but was shot three times (four, according to some historians) and killed.", "John Herbert Dillinger Jr. (June 22, 1903 – July 22, 1934) was an American bank robber in the Midwest during the early 1930s. He was considered to be a dangerous criminal who was involved in the deaths of several police officers, robbed at least two dozen banks and four police stations, escaped from jail twice and was idolized by some as a modern-day Robin Hood . The exploits of Dillinger and his gang, along with those of other criminals of the Great Depression such as Bonnie and Clyde and Ma Barker , dominated the attention of the American press and its readers during what is sometimes referred to as the public enemy era (1931–1935), a period which led to the development of the modern, more sophisticated Federal Bureau of Investigation .", "On the evening of July 22, 1934 a dapper-looking man wearing a straw hat and a pin-striped suit stepped out of the Biograph Theater in downtown Chicago where he and two girlfriends had watched a film called Manhattan Melodrama starring Clark Gable. No sooner had they reached the sidewalk when a man appeared and identified himself as Melvin Purvis of the FBI. He ordered the man in the straw hat to surrender.  Several shots rang out and the fleeing man in the straw hat fell dead to the pavement, his left eye shredded by one of the shots fired by the other agents who lay in wait.", "During a phone call with Hoover, Purvis requests assistance from experienced cops in the film, a decision that Hoover actually made on his own. In reference to Dillinger's escape from Crown Point, Mann said \"[Dillinger] didn't take six or seven people hostage, he took 17 officers hostage with that wooden gun he had carved. It wouldn't be credible if you put it in a movie, so we had to tone it down.\" In the course of Dillinger's 1933–34 crime spree, he is depicted as killing multiple people; Gorn writes that Dillinger himself \"probably murdered just one man\": William Patrick O'Malley, a cop who had been shot during a holdup in East Chicago, Indiana. Although Purvis was in charge of the Bureau of Investigation's office in Chicago as depicted in the film, fellow agent Samuel Cowley led the Dillinger investigation in its final months before Dillinger's death. Homer Van Meter and Baby Face Nelson are shot to death by Purvis after a vehicular pursuit from the Little Bohemia Lodge in the film. Van Meter was actually killed by St. Paul police a few weeks after Dillinger's death, and Nelson was killed on November 27, 1934 in a gunfight with Cowley.", "Description : In \"The Vendetta,\" author Alston Purvis recounts the story of his father, Melvin Purvis, the iconic G-man and public hero made famous by his remarkable sweep of the great Public Enemies of the American DepressionOCoJohn Dillinger; Pretty Boy Floyd, and Baby Face Nelson. PurvisOCOs successes led FBI boss J. Edgar Hoover to grow increasingly jealous, to the point where he vowed to bring down Purvis. Hoover smeared PurvisOCOs reputation, and tried to erase his name from all records of the FBI's greatest triumphs. This book sets the record straight, and provides a grippingly authentic new telling of the gangster era, seen from the perspective of the pursuers.\"", "A team of federal agents and officers from police forces outside Chicago was formed, along with a very few Chicago police officers. Among them was Sergeant Martin Zarkovich, to whom Sage had informed on Dillinger. Federal officials felt that the Chicago police had been compromised and could not be trusted, and Hoover and Purvis also wanted a Federal coup for their own reasons. [82] Not chancing another embarrassing escape, the police were split into two teams. On Sunday, July 22, one team was sent to the Marbro Theater on the city's west side, while another team surrounded the Biograph Theater at 2433 N. Lincoln Avenue on the north side. During the stakeout, the Biograph's manager thought the agents were criminals setting up a robbery. He called the Chicago police who dutifully responded and had to be waved off by the federal agents, who told them that they were on a stakeout for an important target. [7]", "July 22, the day of the trap, we planned to grab Dillinger not to kill him. Three of us East Chicago Detectives went to Chicago with Zarkovich and O’Neill. We met Purvis at his office in the bankers building and were waiting there when Anna Sage called and said she was going with Polly Hamilton and Dillinger that night to the Biograph Theater around the corner. Purvis rounded up all federal agents and we surrounded the theater. Purvis sat in his car in front of the theater aiming a view of the lobby.", "Finally, Dillinger left the theater and was met by Melvin Purvis. He stepped down from the curb, just passing the alley entrance and tried to run. He reached for his own gun, but it was too late... four shots were fired and three hit Dillinger. The gangster fell, dead when he hit the pavement.", "This is the story of the last few years of the depression era bank robber John Dillinger (played by Johnny Depp). He loved what he did and could imagine little else that would make him happier. Living openly in 1930s Chicago, he had the run of the city with little fear of reprisals from the authorities: as long as he paid off the right people and followed the rules. It’s there that he meets Billie Frechette (Marion Cotillard) with whom he falls deeply in love. In parallel we meet Melvin Purvis (Christian Bale), the relentless FBI agent who would eventually track Dillinger down. The FBI was is in its early days and Director J. Edgar Hoover was keen to consolidate his power, prestige and influence, at the same time promote the clean cut image that so dominated the organization through his lifetime. Purvis eventually realizes that if he is going to get Dillinger, he will have to use street tactics and import like minded heavy-handed authorities who are unafraid to use any means necessary. After a few near misses, Dillinger is eventually betrayed by an acquaintance who tells the authorities just where to find him on a given night.", "On the evening that he was killed, Dillinger left the theater in the company of Anna Sage (the famed \"Lady in Red\") and with another girlfriend, Polly Hamilton. He had been hiding out in her North Halstead Street apartment but for months he had been pursued diligently by Melvin Purvis, the head of the Chicago branch of the FBI. Purvis had lived and breathed Dillinger (and would, after the robber's death, commit suicide) and had narrowly missed him several times at a State Street and Austin Cafe; at Dillinger's north woods hideout in Sault St. Marie; and at Wisconsin's Little Bohemia, where FBI agents recklessly killed a civilian and injured two others.", "On Sunday, July 22, 1934, at 5 p.m., Anna Sage told FBI agents in a hushed voice that she and Dillinger were planning to go either to the Biograph or Marboro theaters to see a film. Purvis decided to stake out the Biograph himself. Two other agents were posted at the Marboro. Purvis was standing just a few feet away from the theater entrance when the Clark Gable movie Manhattan Melodrama let out. As Dillinger passed, he looked Purvis directly in the eyes, but made no indication of recognition of suspicion. Following the prearranged signal, Purvis lit a cigar. As Dillinger and the two women walked down the street, an anxious Purvis quickly pulled out his gun, and yelled, \"Stick'em up, Johnnie, we have you surrounded!\" Dillinger began to run, reaching into his pants pocket to draw a gun. He entered an alley just as a volley of gunfire greeted him.", "When Melvin Purvis shoots down “Pretty Boy” Floyd, he asks Floyd for info on the whereabouts of Harry Campbell. In reality, Floyd was never associated with Campbell who robbed banks with Alvin Karpis and “Ma” Barker’s sons. The reason for this question may’ve been to simplify the narrative of the story. In real life, “Pretty Boy” Floyd was wanted by the FBI for his alleged part in the “Kansas City Massacre” on June 17th, 1933 in which an FBI agent, two Kansas policemen, a retired Oklahoma sheriff, and their captive Frank “Jelly” Nash, were ambushed and killed. This was the crime that set into motion the rise of J. Edgar Hoover and the FBI and the start of the “War On Crime”. Since this fact would (or could) possibly make the story on film more convoluted, the film makers instead have Purvis question Floyd about Campbell rather than the massacre as he did in real life.", "Alphonse Gabriel Capone (January 17, 1899 – January 25, 1947), popularly known as Al Capone, was an American gangster who led a crime syndicate dedicated to the smuggling and bootlegging of liquor and other illegal activities during the Prohibition Era of the 1920s and 1930s.", "Alphonse Gabriel Capone (January 17, 1899 – January 25, 1947), popularly known as Al Capone, was an American gangster who led a crime syndicate dedicated to the smuggling and bootlegging of liquor and other illegal activities during the Prohibition Era of the 1920s and 1930s.", "Alphonse Gabriel \"Al\" Capone (; January 17, 1899 – January 25, 1947) was an American gangster who attained fame during the Prohibition era as the co-founder and boss of the Chicago Outfit. His seven-year reign as crime boss ended when he was 33 years old.", "Plan B was quickly launched. The East Chicago cops would approach the FBI. In the book Dillinger Days , author John Toland states that, \"After the Little Bohemia incident, Hoover sent Special Agent Sam Cowley to take over the Special Squad in Chicago but Purvis remained head of the field office with its many responsibilities.\" Before Cowley left for Chicago he was told by Hoover , \"Stay on Dillinger. Go everywhere the trail takes you. Take (arrest) everyone who ever was remotely connected with the gang. Take him alive if you can but protect yourself.\" The contrast between Purvis and Cowley was sharp. Purvis was small and excitable, while Cowley was big and laid back. Cowley's judgement was sound, but he moved slowly and deliberately.", "9. In 1934, the Biograph Theatre in Chicago was the scene of the killing of which bank robber?", "Robert Leroy Parker (April 13, 1866 – November 7, 1908), better known as Butch Cassidy, was a notorious American train robber, bank robber, and leader of the Wild Bunch gang in the American Old West.", "Lester Joseph Gillis (December 6, 1908 – November 27, 1934), known by the alias George Nelson, better known as Baby Face Nelson, was an American bank robber in the 1930s. Gillis was given the nickname Baby Face due to his youthful appearance and small stature, although few dared call him \"Baby Face\" to his face. Criminal associates instead called him \"Jimmy\". Nelson entered into a partnership with John Dillinger, helping him escape from prison during the famed Crown Point, Indiana Jail escape, and was later labeled along with the remaining gang members as public enemy number one.", "Lester Joseph Gillis (December 6, 1908 – November 27, 1934), known by the alias George Nelson, better known as Baby Face Nelson, was an American bank robber in the 1930s. Gillis was given the nickname Baby Face due to his youthful appearance and small stature, although few dared call him \"Baby Face\" to his face. Criminal associates instead called him \"Jimmy\". Nelson entered into a partnership with John Dillinger, helping him escape from prison during the famed Crown Point, Indiana Jail escape, and was later labeled along with the remaining gang members as public enemy number one.", "Because of Prohibition, organized crime increased, especially in major cities. Gangsters got richer and more violent as they fought over control of liquor sales and other illegal activities such as prostitution and gambling, which also grew during the 1930s. The public was fascinated by big-city mob bosses who became the subject of newspaper stories and movies. Although they were far from urban speakeasies and gangland crime, rural residents also were fascinated by the underworld activities of mobsters. Gangs and outlaws with names like \"Pretty Boy Floyd,\" \"Baby Face\" Nelson, Ma and Fred Barker, and Bonnie and Clyde grabbed newspaper headlines. John Dillinger's armed robberies took place mostly in the Midwest, and he was named \"Public Enemy Number One.\"", "18. Name the leader of the Chicago gangsters responsible for the St Valentine’s Day Massacre in 1929?", "* January 6, 1935—Barker gang member William B. Harrison killed by fellow gangsters at Ontarioville, Illinois.", "*January - James Alderman, a prominent Florida bootlegger, is sentenced to hang by US District Court Judge Henry D. Clayton for the 1927 murders of a US Secret Service agent and two US Coast Guard crew members during an arrest at sea. Despite appeals to the US Supreme Court and President Herbert Hoover, Alderman would be hanged later that year on a Coast Guard base near Fort Lauderdale, Florida. " ]

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[ "The Rhodes Scholarship, named for the British mining magnate and South African politician Cecil John Rhodes, is an international postgraduate award for non-British students to study at the University of Oxford. The award is widely considered to be one of the world's most prestigious scholarships. Established in 1902, it was the first large-scale programme of international scholarships, inspiring creation of other awards like the Kennedy Scholarship for British nationals, the Fulbright Program for citizens of over 150 countries, the Marshall Scholarship for Americans, and more recently the international Gates Scholarship at Cambridge University , the Weidenfeld and Hoffman scholarship and leadership programme and two programs in China (namely, the Yenching Scholarship and Schwarzman Scholarship).", "Rhodes scholarships are awarded to 89 scholars every year, including 11 Canadians, to allow them to complete postgraduate work at the University of Oxford in England. They are awarded on the basis of “exceptional intellect, character, leadership, and commitment to service.”", "The Rhodes Scholarship, named after Cecil John Rhodes, is an international postgraduate award for study at Oxford University.", "The oldest and one of the most prestigious international postgraduate scholarships in the world, the Rhodes Scholarships fully fund postgraduate study at the University of Oxford in England. Each year, one Rhodes Scholar from Hong Kong is selected on the basis of intellect, character, leadership and commitment to service, to join 94 other Rhodes Scholars from around the world. Past Rhodes Scholars include US President Bill Clinton, US National Security AdvisorSusan Rice, and Pulitzer Prize-winner Siddharta Mukherjee.", "The Rhodes Scholarship , often known as one of the world's most prestigious and oldest scholarship, was initiated after the death of Cecil Rhodes in 1902. It is dedicated to bringing outstanding students from many countries around the world to study at the University of Oxford, the oldest university in the English-speaking world.", "Rhodes Scholarships have been award annually since 1902 and provide all expenses for two or three years of study at the University of Oxford in England, and may allow funding in some instances for four years.", "A Rhodes Scholarship offers the opportunity to study at Oxford University for two years, with all tuition fees paid and a living allowance provided. Thirty-two American Rhodes Scholars are selected from all over the nation to pursue a course of study of their own choosing at Oxford; students may work toward a master's degree or a second bachelor's degree.", "The Rhodes Scholarships, instituted under the will of Cecil Rhodes in 1903, provide all expenses for two or three years of study at the University of Oxford, and may allow funding in some instances for four years. Each year scholars are selected from Australia, Bermuda, Canada, China, Germany, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Jamaica & the Commonwealth Caribbean, Kenya, Malaysia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Southern Africa Southern Africa (including South Africa, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia and Swaziland), SJLP (including Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine), United Arab Emirates,United States, West Africa (from 2018), Zambia and Zimbabwe. The Rhodes Scholarship aspires to create outstanding leaders who would be motivated to fight ‘the world’s fight’, to ‘esteem the performance of public duties as their highest aim’ and to promote international understanding and peace. Studying at the University of Oxford will give the chosen Scholars access to world-class academicians in their field as well as a 7000 strong Rhodes alumni network, many of whom are well known advocates for expanded social justice and have advanced the frontiers of science and medicine.", "Rhodes Scholarships are awarded for a period of study at Oxford University. A Rhodes Scholarship covers all University and College fees, a personal stipend and one economy class airfare to Oxford at the start of the Scholarship, as well as an economy flight back to the student's home country at the conclusion of the Scholarship. The Rhodes Scholarship is normally for two years, but the Scholarship may be held from one to three years, depending on the degree program pursed by the scholar.", "The Rhodes Scholarship covers University and College fees and a stipend for living expenses for two and possibly three years of study at the University of Oxford. The stipend is set at £13,658  (UK pounds) per annum (2014-15). The Scholarship also covers travel to and from Oxford at the commencement and conclusion of tenure (subject to certain conditions), and private health insurance. In some cases, fees for a fourth year of doctoral study are underwritten.", "The Rhodes Scholarship is granted by Cambridge University, out of which oil industry propagandist Cambridge Energy Research Associates operates.", "Birthday - Cecil J. Rhodes (1853-1902) was born at Bishop's Stortford, Hertfordshire, England. As a South African millionaire and politician, he was said to have once controlled 90 percent of the world's diamond production. His will established the Rhodes Scholarships at Oxford University for young scholars aged 18-25. Rhodesia was also named for him.", "The Rhodes Scholarship is a very competitive scholarship, and application involves a commitment from you in terms of time, effort, and emotional capital. You will be asking a number of people to write detailed recommendations on your behalf, and NYU will also write a lengthy letter of endorsement. Because of this, you need to do due diligence. There needs to be a compelling reason why you want to do a two-year program at Oxford University.", "Rhodes has rendered services to Oriel College as a benefactor, leaving money to the college upon his death in 1902 His Rhodes Scholarship has helped many thousands of foreign students to study at the prestigious university; past recipients include the former US President Bill Clinton and Eric Lander, the pioneer of the Human Genome Project.", "Notes: Awards provide for all educational costs, such as matriculation, tuition, laboratory and certain other fees, are paid on the Scholar′s behalf by the Rhodes Trustees; each Scholar receives in addition a maintenance allowance adequate to meet necessary expenses for term-time and vacations and the Rhodes Trustees cover the necessary costs of travel to and from Oxford, and upon application, may approve additional grants for research purposes or study-related travel", "The Rhodes Scholarship web site  has official information and application materials. Dr. Hugley-Cook, SMU's Rhodes advisor, also has more information.", "AsianScientist (Apr. 22, 2011) - The Rhodes Scholarship is an international scholarship, awarded in many countries annually, including Asian countries such as India, Australia, New Zealand, and Hong Kong.", "Four South African boys' schools were mentioned in Rhodes' will, each to receive an annual scholarship: the Boys High School, in Stellenbosch (today known as Paul Roos Gymnasium); the Diocesan College (Bishops) in Rondebosch; the South African College Schools (SACS) in Newlands; and St Andrew's College in Grahamstown. These have subsequently been opened also to former students of their partner schools (girls' or co-educational schools). ", "Rhodes University invites candidates to apply for the Patrick & Margaret Flanagan Scholarship for international full-time postgraduate study in 2017.", "Amount of grant: The stipend of a Rhodes Scholarship consists of a direct payment to the scholar's college of all tuition fees, plus a maintenance allowance paid directly to the scholar.", "lMax Price (1980): Vice-chancellor, University of Cape Town – his daughter is a current Rhodes Scholar.", "In 1902 Cecil Rhodes died. He left money to provide scholarships for students from the colonies, the USA and Germany. Rhodes House was built in 1929. The Bridge of Sighs was built in 1914. St Peters College was founded in 1929. Nuffield College was founded in 1937. St Antonys College was founded in 1948. St Annes College was founded in 1952.", "Institutional Nomination: Some postgraduate scholarships and fellowships require that student applicants receive an institutional nomination, that is, a written endorsement from the designated faculty representative at Rhodes College. Because of this, there is an internal deadline for students to submit their applications for faculty review. This internal deadline is determined by Rhodes College and is much earlier than the external deadline that is set by the scholarship and fellowship organizations.", "Coccia worked closely through the application process with CUSE, which assists students and alumni with fellowships applications. Individuals interested in applying for the Rhodes and other awards are encouraged to visit http://fellows.nd.edu/ .", "The Rhodes Scholarship: A Walk Through History | Asian Scientist Magazine | Science, Technology and Medicine News Updates From Asia", "Further information and support materials (application timelines and checklists, information for recommenders, etc.) are available from the Center for Undergraduate Fellowships and Research. Interested students should review the Rhodes Scholarship website before beginning the application process.", "arbadian Chloe Walker is the latest recipient of the highly prestigious Rhodes Scholarship for the Commonwealth Caribbean area. In a short ceremony Tuesday, Walker was announced the 2013 winner at Government House, after a panel of judges chaired by Governor General Sir", "During the ensuing 100 years, the trustees added at one time or another approximately another 40 scholarships, though not all have continued. Some of these extended the scheme to Commonwealth countries not mentioned in the will. A more detailed allocation by region by year can be found at Rhodes Scholarship Allocations. Very brief summaries of some of the terms and conditions can be found on the trust's website. Complete details can be obtained from the nominating countries. ", "Online applications for the FirstRand Oxford African Studies Scholarship and the FirstRand Laurie Dippenaar Scholarship for international postgraduate study for 2017 will open on 16 December 2016 and close on 23 February 2017. No late applications will be accepted.", "In 1965, Muhammad Yunus was offered a Fulbright scholarship to study in the United States. Yunus completed Ph.D. in economics from Vanderbilt University in the United States by the State graduate program in development (GPED) in 1971.", "Link to the online application http://southafrica.usembassy.gov/postgraduate.html  and   http://apply.embark.com/student/fulbright/international/20 , please read the applications instructions carefully before completing your application.", "The Fulbright South Africa Graduate Studies Program will be accepting applications for the 2016-17 U.S. academic year until April 20, 2015.  This program provides South Africans the opportunity to pursue Master’s or Ph.D. degrees at U.S. academic institutions.  South African Ph.D. students can also use this program for a one-year non-degree program to conduct research and/or take courses at a U.S. academic institution.  The program is open to South African residents and permanent residents who have a Bachelor degree and/or Honours for the Master’s programor a Master’s degree for the Doctoral program.  The study grants are competitive and awarded for a period of two years.  " ]

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[ "A limerick is a form of poetry,[1] especially one in five-line anapestic meter with a strict rhyme scheme (AABBA), which is sometimes obscene with humorous intent. The first, second and fifth lines are usually longer than the third and fourth. The form can be found in England as of the early years of the 18th century.[2] It was popularized by Edward Lear in the 19th century,[3] although he did not use the term.", "A limerick is a form of poetry in five-line, predominantly Anapaest| meter with a strict rhyme scheme (AABBA), which is sometimes obscene with humorous intent. The third and fourth lines are usually shorter than the other three. The following example is a limerick of unknown origin:", "A limerick is a form of poetry, especially one in five-line, predominantly anapestic meter with a strict rhyme scheme (AABBA), which is sometimes obscene with humorous intent. The first, second and fifth lines are usually longer than the third and fourth.", "Most rhyme schemes are described using letters that correspond to sets of rhymes, so if the first, second and fourth lines of a quatrain rhyme with each other and the third line does not rhyme, the quatrain is said to have an \"a-a-b-a\" rhyme scheme. This rhyme scheme is the one used, for example, in the rubaiyat form. Similarly, an \"a-b-b-a\" quatrain (what is known as \" enclosed rhyme \") is used in such forms as the Petrarchan sonnet . Some types of more complicated rhyming schemes have developed names of their own, separate from the \"a-b-c\" convention, such as the ottava rima and terza rima . The types and use of differing rhyming schemes is discussed further in the main article .", "The nonsense poetry has some lovely lines although some of the language has certainly dated and could be considered a tad risqué these days (“Oh lovely pussy” etc) however its main audience is unlikely to be aware of any such double entendtres at their age. The book could be used as an example of rhyming poetry although I do find the rhythm structure of some of the verses to be a little awkward.", "The chant-like, musical incantations of “Kubla Khan” result from Coleridge’s masterful use of iambic tetrameter and alternating rhyme schemes. The first stanza is written in tetrameter with a rhyme scheme of ABAABCCDEDE, alternating between staggered rhymes and couplets. The second stanza expands into tetrameter and follows roughly the same rhyming pattern, also expanded— ABAABCCDDFFGGHIIHJJ. The third stanza tightens into tetrameter and rhymes ABABCC. The fourth stanza continues the tetrameter of the third and rhymes ABCCBDEDEFGFFFGHHG.", "written in iambic tercets. The rhyme scheme is aba bcb cdc ded (and so forth) for as long as the poet wishes ", "Rhyme Scheme - aabb xcxc - the opening couplets of the first two stanzas establish a happy mood, which juxtaposed with the shortened succeeding lines, brings out the disappointment experienced by the poet over the captain's death. Note the progression: Stanza 1 begins with two happy couplets; Stanza 2 begins with two celebrating couplets, but something isn't quite right as demonstrated by the off rhyme of \"bells\" and \"trills.\" Stanza 3 re-establishes the rhyming couplet pattern, but the message is as clear as the rhyme: the captain is dead.", "structure by the need to rhyme, it is used extensively in narrative and dramatic poetry. In", "This poem is composed of three stanzas. Each stanza contains eleven lines, two of which are short repetitions. The rhyme scheme for each stanza is ABABCDCD with the final three lines being composed of a short two-line refrain and ending in a repetition of the eighth line. Each ABABCDCD scheme is unique to every stanza; in other words, it is ABABCDCD, EFEFGHGH, and IJIJKLKL. The meter is very measured which lends to a nice, musical reading of the poem.", "A short sometimes vulgar, humorous poem consisting of five anapestic lines. Lines 1, 2, and 5 have seven to ten syllables, rhyme and have the same verbal rhythm. The 3rd and 4th lines have five to seven syllables, rhyme and have the same rhythm.", "The poem comprises six stanzas, from eight lines to twelve lines long. The rhyme is highly complex, each stanza with a different pattern. For example, stanza two is AABCDDDCF; the others are variations on this. He also uses assonant rhyme, as in ‘hundred’ and ‘blunder’d’.", "A book of poems, one of which (41-66) is \"Aesop's Garden.\" This is the kind of poetry that does not use punctuation except the parenthesis and the dash. I noted five levels of indentation. The poetry is heavy on imagery, including intercourse, birth, paradise, and the river. The first section of the six uses Zeno's paradox on the tortoise and the hare. The fifth section mentions Aesop's daughters (the muses?) and (63) says \"it is not the moral of the story/ but the endless narrative play/ of the moral.\"", "Throughout the ages, however, rhymed love poetry has been the prevalent form of this type of expression. Rhyme is achieved when sounds are repeated within a verse or at the end of two different verses. For example, we present a \"couplet\" which is composed of two end-rhymed verses:", "Poetry written in either rhyme or unrhymed lines that have no set fixed metrical pattern. Read more: What is Free Verse Poetry?", "Blank verse is a literary device defined as un-rhyming verse written in iambic pentameter. In poetry and prose, it has a consistent meter with 10 syllables in each line (pentameter); where, unstressed syllables are followed by stressed ones and five of which are stressed but do not rhyme. It is also known as un-rhymed iambic pentameter.", "Modern critics consider The Rape of the Lock to be the supreme example of mock-heroic verse in the English language. Written in heroic couplets, the poem was most likely composed during the late summer of 1711 and first published in the May edition of Lintot's Miscellany in 1712. The original version of the poem contained 334 lines in two cantos. A more elaborate version appeared two years later, extending the poem to 794 lines in five cantos; a slight final revision was completed for the poem's inclusion in Pope's Works (1717). Inspired by an actual event, The Rape of the Lock recounts the circumstances surrounding the theft of a lock of a young woman's hair by an impassioned male admirer, which caused a rift between the families involved. The poem was intended to restore harmonious relations between the estranged families. Subtitled “an heroi-comical poem,” The Rape of the Lock treats the petty matter in full-blown epic style, which results in a great deal of humor. It uses the elevated heroic language that John Dryden, Pope's literary forebear, had perfected in his translation of Virgil and incorporates amusing parodies of passages from John Milton's Paradise Lost, Vergil's Aeneid, and Homer's Iliad, which Pope was translating at the time. Celebrated as a masterstroke of English originality, The Rape of the Lock established Pope as a master of metrics and a sophisticated satirist.", "© R. I . C.Publ i cat i ons f or r evi ew pu r p(b) os sonl y• a• syllable poem ae describing poem", "Pope (1688-1744), the master of the heroic couplet, is generally regarded as the greatest English poet of the early 18th century. He was widely known for his satirical verse and for his translation of Homer.", "The poem's meter is anapestic tetrameter (four feet of unstressed-unstressed-stressed). The anapest is the same foot used to construct limericks, and the common metrical modifications that can be observed in the limerick form also can be observed in Moore's poem. For example, while the first two lines each use full anapests, lines 3 and 4 each drop the first unstressed syllable. Likewise, lines 9 and 10 drop the first unstressed syllable; they also add an extra unstressed syllable to the end.", "The poem is written in iambic tetrameter and rhymes in couplets. The first verse stanza (\"Had we...\") is ten couplets long, the second (\"But...\") six, and the third (\"Now therefore...\") seven.", "*Pope, Alexander. \"The Rape of the Lock.\" The Broadview Anthology of British Literature. Ed. Joseph Black, Leonard Conolly, Kate Flint, Isobel Grundy, Don LePan, Roy Liuzza, Jerome J., Anne Lake Prescott, Barry V. Quallis, Claire Waters. Broadview Press, 2006. 443–456. Print.", "Poetry that tells about the word. It uses the letters of the word for the first letter of each line.", "The first four poems are alphabetic acrostics, as if to express the gamut of sorrow from a to z (see Gottwald in Bibl.). In chapters 1 and 2 each letter of the alphabet introduces a verse of three lines (1:7 and 2:19 have four). Chapter 3 is a triple acrostic with each letter introducing each of three successive stichs; in chapter 4 each letter introduces a verse of two lines (chs. 2–4 have an unusual alphabetic order, with פ preceding ע; this alternative to the usual order is attested in an inscription from the biblical period; see *Alphabet). Chapter 5, while not acrostic, has 22 verses (like ch. 1, 2, 4), corresponding to the number of letters in the Hebrew alphabet, of one line each. Because of the limitations imposed on the poet's choice of words by the alphabetic structure, the logical connection of the verses is somewhat loose (in 3:17–42 these limitations have been largely overcome); themes are treated where the alphabet provides opportunity; the exegete must consequently piece together a complete picture of a theme from various passages.", "The poem begins with a description of Khan's Xanadu, near the river Alph which passes through caverns before reaching a dark or dead sea. Although the land is one of man-made \"pleasure\", there is a natural, \"sacred\" river that runs past it. The lines describing the river have a markedly different rhythm from the rest of the passage: [27]", "Free Verse is an irregular form of poetry in which the content free of traditional rules of versification,", "the metrical verse form most like everyday human speech; blank verse consists of unrhymed lines in iambic pentameter", "a poem is a naked person . . . some people say that i am a poet", "an anthropomorphic figure of speech where the poet describes an abstraction, a thing, or a non-human form as if it were a person", "a poem is a naked person . . . some people say that I am a poet", "A poem is a naked person . . . Some people say that I am a poet.", "usually irregular rather than uniform, generally of considerable length and sometimes continuous, sometimes divided in accordance with transitions of thought and mood in a complexity of stanzaic forms" ]

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[ "Lead is a dense, metallic chemical element (atomic number 82, atomic symbol Pb from the Latin plumbum) that has numerous industrial uses and is common in the environment. It is fairly soft and easy to mould, resists corossion well, and is common in applications where weight is not an issue. It is used in automotive batteries, pigments, drainage plumbing and ammunition. It is also used as a radiation shield as one inch of lead provides as much protection against radiation as a foot of solid concrete.", "Lead, atomic number 82, has the symbol Pb from its latin name plumbum . It is a soft malleable metal and when freshly cut has a bluish-white colour which soon tarnishes to a dull grey when exposed to the air. Lead has been known since prehistoric times as it is widespread and easy to extract and work with.", "Lead –  is a chemical element in the carbon group with symbol Pb (from Latin: plumbum) and its atomic number is 82. Lead is a soft and malleable metal, which is regarded as a heavy metal and poor metal. Metallic lead has a bluish-white colour after being freshly cut, but it soon tarnishes to a dull grayish colour when exposed to air. Lead has a shiny chrome-silver luster when it is melted into a liquid. It is also the heaviest non-radioactive element.", "Description: Lead is a main-group element with symbol Pb (Latin: plumbum) and atomic number 82.it is a soft, malleable poor metal. It is also counted as one of the ...", "Lead is a chemical element in the carbon group with symbol Pb (from ) and atomic number 82. It is a soft, malleable and heavy post-transition metal. Freshly cut, solid lead has a bluish-white color that soon tarnishes to a dull grayish color when exposed to air; the liquid metal has shiny chrome-silver luster. Lead has the highest atomic number of any non-radioactive element (two radioactive elements, namely technetium and promethium, are lighter), although the next higher element, bismuth, has one isotope with a half-life that is long enough (over one billion times the estimated age of the universe) to be considered stable. Lead's four stable isotopes each have 82 protons, a magic number in the nuclear shell model of atomic nuclei. The isotope lead-208 also has 126 neutrons, another magic number, and is hence double magic, a property that grants it enhanced stability: lead-208 is the heaviest known stable nuclide.", "Due to its relatively low melting point, Galena may have been the first ore to be smelted.  Lead beads found in Turkey date back to 6500 BCE, and the Romans produced lead pipes for plumbing.  Both the word plumbing and the chemical symbol for lead, Pb, come from Plumbum, the Latin word for lead.  The primary use of lead today is in the manufacture of lead-acid batteries for cars.", "Symbol Origin- When the chemical symbol of an element does not correspond to its name, its symbol origin is given on this periodic table. For example, the element lead has the chemical symbol \"Pb\". The symbol origin is from the Latin word \"plumbum\", which means \"lead\".", "The symbol for lead, Pb, comes from the Latin name for the metal, plumbum. The English words \"plumbing\" and \"plumber\" are derived from this Latin name.", "This is element No 82. Lead is an old English word. The Latin name is Plumbum from which we get plumbing, since Lead was used for water pipes.", "metallic chemical element; symbol Pb [Lat. plumbum]; at. no. 82; at. wt. 207.2; m.p. 327.502&degC;; b.p. about 1,740&degC;; sp. gr. 11.35 at 20&degC;; valence +2 or +4.", "Lead has four observationally stable isotopes, lead-204, lead-206, lead-207, and lead-208. The relative multitude of its stable isotopes relies on the fact that lead's atomic number of 82 is even. With its high atomic number, lead is the second-heaviest element that occurs naturally in the form of isotopes that could be treated as stable for any practical applications: bismuth has a higher atomic number of 83, but its only primordial isotope was found in 2003 to be actually very slightly radioactive. The four stable isotopes of lead could theoretically undergo alpha decay to isotopes of mercury with release of energy as well, but this has not been observed for any of them: accordingly, their predicted half-lives are extremely long, ranging up to over 10100 years. As such, lead is often quoted as the heaviest stable element.", "Before Chemistry was a science, there was Alchemy . One of the supreme quests of alchemy is to transmute lead into gold. Lead (atomic number 82) and gold (atomic number 79) are defined as elements by the number of protons they possess. Changing the element requires changing the atomic (proton) number. The number of protons cannot be altered by any chemical means. However, physics may be used to add or remove protons and thereby change one element into another. Because lead is stable, forcing it to release three protons requires a vast input of energy, such that the cost of transmuting it greatly surpasses the value of the resulting gold.", "The word \"tin\" is cognate with the German \"Zinn,\" describing a soft, white metal with a low melting point. Its two main uses, both past and present, have been the coating of other metals, and in alloys. The alloy with copper, bronze, is of outstanding significance. In Latin, copper or any of its alloys were called aes. In Greek, the equivalent word was calkos. The essential thing was the ruddy color, different from that of gold or the white metals. Tin itself was kassiteros in Greek, but in Latin it was plumbum candidum, \"white lead.\" Plumbum was the generic name for soft white metals with low melting points. Lead proper was plumbum nigrum, \"black lead,\" because of the dark streak it gave when rubbed on something. The term stannum was mostly used for an alloy of lead and silver obtained in the winning of silver. Not until the 6th century was it applied to tin, but thereafter was commonly used in this sense.", "The Latin name stannum originally meant an alloy of silver and lead, and came to mean 'tin' in the 4th century BCE —the earlier Latin word for it was plumbum candidum, or \"white lead\". Stannum apparently came from an earlier stāgnum (meaning the same substance), the origin of the Romance and Celtic terms for 'tin'. The origin of stannum/stāgnum is unknown; it may be pre-Indo-European. ", "In the active residue from pitchblende, Curie isolated polonium in July 1898, and radium in September. Polonium (Z = 84) is chemically similar to bismuth, radium (Z = 88) to barium. All nuclei with atomic number 84 and greater are unstable, the ones up to about Z = 100 are radioactive, the remainder fission spontaneously. Only nuclei up to Z = 92 are found on earth, because any beyond this atomic number, if originally present, would have decayed by now to nuclei with Z < 84. Those with Z between 84 and 92 are found naturally only because they result from the decay of long-lived nuclei of uranium and thorium. U238 (4.67 x 109 y), U235 (7.13 x 108 y) and Th232 (1.39 x 1010 y) are the three patriarchs that give rise to three sequences of alpha and beta decay ending in Pb206, Pb207 and Pb208, respectively. The abundances of these isotopes of lead are 26%, 21% and 52%. Not all lead is of radioactive origin, but much is, and the atomic weight of lead varies depending on the source. The isotope Pb204, not the end of any radioactive series, has an abundance of only 1.3%.", "17. Bismuth is a  chemical element  with the symbol Bi and the  atomic number  83. Bismuth, a  pentavalent   post-transition metal , chemically resembles  arsenic  and antimony . Elemental bismuth may occur naturally, although its sulfide and oxide form important commercial ores. The  free element  is 86% as dense as  lead . It is a brittle metal with a silvery white color when freshly produced, but is often seen in air with a pink tinge owing to surface  oxidation . Bismuth is the most naturally diamagnetic  element, and has one of the lowest values of  thermal conductivity  among metals. Bismuth metal has been known since ancient times, although it was often confused with lead and tin, which share some physical properties. The etymology is uncertain, but possibly comes from Arabic bi ismid, meaning having the properties of antimony [3]  or German words weiße Masse or Wismuth (\"white mass\"), translated in the mid-sixteenth century to  New Latin  bisemutum. [4]  Bismuth has long been considered the element with the highest atomic mass that is stable. However, in 2003 it was discovered to be weakly radioactive: its only primordial isotope ,  bismuth-209 , decays via  alpha decay  with a  half life  more than a  billion  times the estimated  age of the universe . [5]", "Bismuth, symbol Bi and atomic number 83, derives its name from the German wissmuth meaning white mass. Bismuth is a `poor metal' and is brittle with a silvery white colour. It was one of the first 10 metals to be discovered and has been known since the middle ages. It is generally regarded as the heaviest stable element. Bismuth has unusually low toxicity for a heavy metal and so has been used as a replacement for lead .", "Columbium (symbol \"Cb\") was the name originally given to this element by Hatchett, and this name remained in use in American journals—the last paper published by American Chemical Society with columbium in its title dates from 1953 —while niobium was used in Europe. To end this confusion, the name niobium was chosen for element 41 at the 15th Conference of the Union of Chemistry in Amsterdam in 1949. A year later this name was officially adopted by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) after 100 years of controversy, despite the chronological precedence of the name columbium. The latter name is still sometimes used in US industry. This was a compromise of sorts; the IUPAC accepted tungsten instead of wolfram in deference to North American usage; and niobium instead of columbium in deference to European usage. Not everyone agreed, and while many leading chemical societies and government organizations use the official IUPAC name, many leading metallurgists, metal societies, and the United States Geological Survey still use the original American name, \"columbium\". ", "A shiny, white, soft, and ductile metallic element. Symbol, Nb (niobium) or Cb (columbium). The name niobium was adopted by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Many chemical societies and government organizations refer to it as niobium, but most metallurgists, metals societies, and commercial producers still refer to the metal as columbium. Found in niobite (or columbite), niobite-tantalite, pyrochlore, and euxenite. Used as an alloying agent in carbon and alloy steels, in nonferrous metals, and in superconductive magnets. Syn: columbium.", "atomic number 83 ; Bi ; bismuth (a heavy brittle diamagnetic trivalent metallic element (resembles arsenic and antimony chemically); usually recovered as a by-product from ores of other metals)", "2. gallium (31)- this element was discovered by a French chemist whose first name was Lecoq [the cock]. Since the Latin word for cock is gallus, and the Latin word for France is Gallia, this name fitted in two ways.", "\"Niobium\" : \"Niobium, formerly columbium, is a chemical element with symbol Nb (formerly Cb) and atomic number 41. It is a soft, grey, ductile transition metal, which is often found in the pyrochlore mineral, the main commercial source for niobium, and columbite. The name comes from Greek mythology: Niobe, daughter of Tantalus since it is so similar to tantalum.\",", "Bismuth is a chemical element that has the symbol Bi and atomic number 83. This heavy, brittle, white crystalline trivalent poor metal has a pink tinge and chemically resembles arsenic and antimony. Of all the metals, it is the most naturally dia-magnetic, only mercury has a lower thermal conductivity.", "Beryllium (Be), the smallest alkaline earth metal, is atomic number 4 on the periodic table, has an atomic weight of 9.01 amu (atomic mass unit), and melting and boiling points of 2, 348.6°F (1, 287°C) and about 4, 479.8°F (2, 471°C), respectively. Nicolas Louis Vauquelin discovered beryllium in 1797 after a mineralogist named R. J. Hauy noticed that emeralds and beryl possessed many similar properties and might be identical substances. It was not until 30 years later that the free metal was isolated (independently) by F. Wohler and A. Bussy. It occurs naturally in the precious stones emerald and aquamarine, which are both forms of the mineral beryl, a beryllium alumino-silicate compound.", "a metallic chemical element (symbol W) with an atomic number of 74. The symbol is derived from the Latin word wolframium.", "As the name of a pure element, it is attested in English from 1788. Its chemical symbol Sb is for Stibium, the Latin name for \"black antimony,\" which word was used also in English for \"black antimony.\"", "A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.", "Using Mendeleev's nomenclature for unnamed and undiscovered elements, ununpentium is sometimes known as eka-bismuth. In 1979 IUPAC recommended that the placeholder systematic element name ununpentium (with the corresponding symbol of Uup) be used until the discovery of the element is confirmed and a name is decided on. Although widely used in the chemical community on all levels, from chemistry classrooms to advanced textbooks, the recommendations are mostly ignored among scientists in the field, who call it \"element 115\", with the symbol of (115) or even simply 115.", "Chemical element, symbol B, atomic number 5 - crossword puzzle clues & answers - Dan Word", "a brittle, lustrous, white metallic element occurring in nature free or combined, used chiefly in alloys and in compounds in medicine. Symbol: Sb; atomic number: 51; atomic weight: 121.75.", "This element was once named, unnilhexium; Symbol: Unh; which is the Latin equivalent for the number \"106\".", "Which chemical element, atomic number 51, was first isolated by Vannoccio Biringuccio and described in 1540?" ]

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[ "The Roosevelt Arch is a rusticated triumphal arch at the north entrance to Yellowstone National Park in Gardiner, Montana, USA. Constructed under the supervision of the U.S. Army at Fort Yellowstone, its cornerstone was laid down by President of the United States Theodore Roosevelt in 1903. The top of the arch is inscribed with a quote from the Organic Act of 1872, the legislation which created Yellowstone, which reads \"For the Benefit and Enjoyment of the People.\"", "The Roosevelt Arch, at the north entrance to Yellowstone Universal Studios Hollywood National Park. The arch's cornerstone was laid in 1903 by Freemason and U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt.", "I soon found myself in the touristy town of Gardiner, Montana . The town definitely caters to the tourists and adventurers. It is also home the entry point for the North Entrance of Yellowstone National Park and the massive Roosevelt Arch. Constructed under the supervision of the U.S. Army at Fort Yellowstone, its cornerstone was laid down by President of the United States Theodore Roosevelt in 1903. The top of the arch is inscribed with a quote from the Organic Act of 1872, the legislation which created Yellowstone, which reads “For the Benefit and Enjoyment of the People.”", "5. More than 30 years after Wyoming's Yellowstone earned the designation as the first national park, the natural landmark Devils Tower became the country's first national monument. A natural rock formed from a volcanic intrusion, it was set aside on Sept. 24, 1906, by President Theodore Roosevelt. The formation sits more than 1,200 feet above the state's eastern plains and the Belle Fourche River.", "Despite Roosevelt’s enthusiasm and his strong interest in preserving land for public use, the Grand Canyon was not immediately designated as a national park. The first bill to create Grand Canyon National Park had been introduced in 1882 and again in 1883 and 1886 by Senator Benjamin Harrison. As President, Harrison established the Grand Canyon Forest Reserve in 1893. Theodore Roosevelt created the Grand Canyon Game Preserve by proclamation in 1906 and Grand Canyon National Monument in 1908. Senate bills to establish a national park were introduced and defeated in 1910 and 1911; the Grand Canyon National Park Act was finally signed by President Woodrow Wilson in 1919. The National Park Service, which had been established in 1916, assumed administration of the park.", "Roosevelt established the United States Forest Service, signed into law the creation of five National Parks, and signed the 1906 Antiquities Act, under which he proclaimed 18 new U.S. National Monuments. He also established the first 51 Bird Reserves, four Game Preserves, and 150 National Forests, including Shoshone National Forest, the nation’s first. The area of the United States that he placed under public protection totals approximately 230,000,000 acres (930,000 km2).", "Some question whether President Theodore Roosevelt ever visited Devils Tower. Early residents of the region claim he visited the place on a hunting trip through the Black Hills; others say he was present during the dedication. However, no evidence exists to validate these claims. In 1903 Roosevelt made an extended tour through the West, stopping at Gillette, Moorcroft and Sundance, WY. It is likely he saw the Tower from a distance during the tour. It is known that Roosevelt possessed a deep appreciation for natural history; this appreciation led him to set aside over 200 million acres of public lands during his time as president. These lands included national forests, federal bird reserves, national parks and eighteen national monuments.", "After 10 years of futile efforts by the Wyoming Congressional delegation to have a much larger area including the formation declared a National Park on September 24, 1906 President Theodore Roosevelt, proclaimed Devils Tower as a National Monument. It was the first ever use of that designation.  Only 1,152.91 acres of the originally proposed park were protected.  ", "On January 11, 1908, President Theodore Roosevelt designated the Grand Canyon in northwest Arizona a national monument. Roosevelt used the American Antiquities Act of 1906 to create 18 national monuments during his presidency. The Grand Canyon became a national park in 1919.", "Of all Roosevelt's achievements, he was proudest of his work in conservation of natural resources, and extending Federal protection to land and wildlife. Roosevelt established the United States Forest Service, signed into law the creation of five National Parks, and signed the 1906 Antiquities Act, under which he proclaimed 18 new U.S. National Monuments. He also established the first 51 Bird Reserves, four Game Preserves, and 150 National Forests, including Shoshone National Forest, the nation's first. The area of the United States that he placed under public protection totals approximately 230000000 acre. He worked closely with Gifford Pinchot. ", "Two days before leaving office, on March 2, 1909, Roosevelt proclaimed Mount Olympus National Monument, from lands in the Olympic National Forest, Washington. It was established to protect the Olympic elk and important stands of Sitka spruce, western hemlock, Douglas-fir, and Alaska cedar and redcedar. It formed the nucleus for Olympic National Park in 1938.", "Sequoia was one of the nation’s first national parks, designated at about the same time as Yosemite (which was already set aside as protected land but was officially made a national park on Oct. 5, 1890). Native people had lived in the area off and on for centuries; the first white settler, Hale Tharp, carved a literal “log home” out of a fallen sequoia. Tharp and John Muir later were instrumental in preventing logging in the area, efforts that later led to the national park’s formation.", "President Theodore Roosevelt was one of the park system’s greatest patrons. During his administration (1901-09) five new parks were created, as well as 18 national monuments, four national game refuges, 51 bird sanctuaries, and over 100 million acres (40 million hectares) of national forest.", "Grover Cleveland became mayor of Buffalo in 1882. Here in 1901, at the Pan-American Exposition, President McKinley was assassinated; Theodore Roosevelt took the presidential oath in Buffalo. The McKinley monument and the Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site (see National Parks and Monuments (table)) commemorate the two events. Millard Fillmore 's home was in Buffalo.", "President Theodore Roosevelt, a member of the was a pioneer in preserving & \"cherishing these natural wonders\".", "Roosevelt was included with Presidents George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln at the Mount Rushmore Memorial, designed in 1927 with the approval of Republican President Calvin Coolidge. For his gallantry at San Juan Hill, Roosevelt's commanders recommended him for the Medal of Honor. In the late 1990s, Roosevelt's supporters again recommended the award. On January 16, 2001, President Bill Clinton awarded Theodore Roosevelt the Medal of Honor posthumously for his charge on San Juan Hill, Cuba, during the Spanish–American War. ", "This day in History: On January 11, 1908, U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt declares the massive Grand Canyon in northwestern Arizona a national monument. Though Native Americans lived in the area as early as the 13th century, the first European sighting of the canyon wasn't until 1540, by members of an expedition headed by the Spanish explorer Francisco Vasquez de Coronado. Because of its remote and inaccessible location, several centuries passed before North American settlers really explored the canyon. In 1869, geologist John Wesley Powell led a group of 10 men in the first difficult journey down the rapids of the Colorado River and along the length of the 277-mile gorge in four rowboats. By the end of the 19th century, the Grand Canyon was attracting thousands of tourists each year. One famous visitor was President Theodore Roosevelt, a New York er with a particular affection for the American West. After becoming president in 1901 after the assassination of President William McKinley, Roosevelt made en ...", "Devils Tower was the first declared United States National Monument, established on September 24, 1906, by President Theodore Roosevelt. The Monument's boundary encloses an area of 1,347 acres (545 ha).", "Citing the need to also protect scenery and provide for public enjoyment, railroads and local businesses urged the creation of a national park in hopes of increased tourism. On March 2, 1899, President William McKinley established Mount Rainier National Park as America's fifth national park. Congress dedicated the new park \"for the benefit and enjoyment of the people\" and \"... for the preservation from injury or spoliation of all timber, mineral deposits, natural curiosities, or wonders within said park, and their retention in their natural condition.\" ", "Roosevelt signs the National Monuments Act, establishing the first eighteen national monuments, including Devils Tower, Muir Woods, and Mount Olympus. June 08, 1906", "Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site, 641 Delaware Ave., ☎ +1 716 884-0095 (fax: +1 716 884-0330), [35] . M-F 9:30AM-3:30PM, Sa Su 12:30PM-3:30PM. The only property in Western New York operated by the National Park Service, the Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site is located in Allentown, in a handsome 1838 Greek Revival mansion that was the residence of Ansley Wilcox, a Buffalo lawyer and politico. In September 1901, several days after President William McKinley died in Buffalo of gunshot wounds he sustained while greeting attendees of the Pan-American Exposition, Vice-President Theodore Roosevelt stayed at the home of Wilcox, an acquaintance of his, and the Oath of Office was administered to him there. A planned demolition of the house in the early 1960s was averted at the last minute, and today the Wilcox Mansion has been thoroughly restored inside and out, and features historical displays related to Roosevelt, McKinley and the Pan-American Exposition as well as occasional temporary exhibits. The grounds of the Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site are planted with herb and flower gardens in season. $10, aged 62+ and students $7, ages 6-18 $5, families $25, free for children under 5 and members.   edit", "President William Howard Taft proclaimed the first War Department national monument, Big Hole Battlefield, Montana, in 1910 to protect the site of an 1877 battle between U.S. troops and Nez Perce Indians. Five later monuments resulted from a single proclamation by President Coolidge on October 15, 1924. Fort Marion National Monument, later retitled with its Spanish name Castillo de San Marcos, recognized an old Spanish fort in St. Augustine, Florida. Fort Matanzas National Monument protected an outpost built by the Spanish in 1742 to defend the southern approaches to St. Augustine. Fort Pulaski National Monument contained a brick fort built during the 1830s outside Savannah that had yielded under bombardment by Federal rifled cannon in 1862. The Statue of Liberty, based on Fort Wood in New York Harbor, became a national monument (to which Ellis Island was added in 1965). A small national monument for Castle Pinckney in Charleston Harbor was later abolished.", "President Roosevelt proclaimed Devils Tower National Monument on September 24, 1906. In his announcement he wrote:", "Theodore Roosevelt was the first president to travel outside the United States on official business. His destination was Panama and he arrived there on November 14, 1906.", "In June 1906, Congress passed, and President Roosevelt signed, the Antiquities Act, which gave the President the authority to establish national monuments from public lands to protect significant natural, cultural or scientific features.", "    Mr. Chairman, on July 1, 1898, Lt. Col. Theodore Roosevelt of the 1st U.S. Volunteer Cavalry led an extraordinary charge on San Juan Heights, located on the island of Cuba, during the Spanish-American War. Eyewitness accounts indicate that Colonel Roosevelt distinguished himself by ''displaying the greatest bravery, and placing his life in extreme jeopardy by unavoidable danger to severe fire.''", "The Washington Square Arch, more properly called the Washington Arch, is a marble triumphal arch built in 1892 in Washington Square Park in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan in New York City. It celebrates the centennial of George Washington's inauguration as President of the United States in 1789 and forms the grand southern terminus of Fifth Avenue.", "Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) visits the Canal Zone on the first trip outside of the United States made by a President in office. While in Puerto Rico, he pledges U.S. citizenship for Puerto Rican people.", "Two white posts on either side of the road from the Tivoli to the railroad station mark the Zone line, and the place where a President of the United States first entered foreign territory. That was in 1906, when Theodore Roosevelt drove down the Avenida Central, and made a speech from the steps of the cathedral.", "1906 — President Theodore Roosevelt travels to Panama to inspect progress made for the Panama Canal and becomes the first U.S. president to embark on foreign travel.", "The Gateway Arch, or Gateway to the West, is an arch that is the centerpiece of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial in St. Louis, Missouri. It was built as a monument to the westward expansion of the United States. At 630 feet (192 m), it is the tallest man-made monument in the United States, Missouri's tallest accessible building, and the largest architectural structure designed as a weighted or flattened catenary arch.", "On June 14, 1908, Theodore Roosevelt was dining outside Philadelphia, when he noticed a man wiping his nose with what he thought was the American Flag. In outrage, Roosevelt picked up a small wooden rod and began to whip the man for \"defacing the symbol of America.\"" ]

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[ "3. The word \"Checkmate\" in chess comes from the Persian phrase \"Shah Mat\" meaning \"the king is helpless\".", "Fun fact! The word \"checkmate\" derives from the Persian phrase \"Shah Mat,\" meaning, \"the King is dead.\"", "The word “checkmate” derives from the Persian phrase “Shah Met” which means “the King is Dead.”", "The term checkmate is, according to the Barnhart Etymological Dictionary, an alteration of the Farsi phrase “shāh māt” (شاه مات) which means, literally, “the King is helpless”.[7] Others maintain that it means “the King is dead”, as chess reached Europe via the Islamic world, and Arabic māta (مَاتَ) means “died” or “is dead”.However, in the Pashto language (an Afghan language ), the word māt (مات) still exists, meaning “destroyed, broken”.", "The word “Checkmate” in Chess comes from the Persian phrase “Shah Mat,” which means “the King is dead.”", "Moghadam traced the etymology of the word mate. It comes from a Persian verb mandan (ماندن), meaning “to remain”, which is cognate with the Latin word maneō and the Greek menō (μενω, which means “I remain”). It means “remained” in the sense of “abandoned” and the formal translation is “surprised”, in the military sense of “ambushed”.[10] “Shāh” (شاه) is the Persian word for the monarch. Players would announce “Shāh” when the king was in check. “Māt” (مات) is a Persian adjective for “at a loss”, “helpless”, or “defeated”. So the king is in mate when he is ambushed, at a loss, helpless, defeated, or abandoned to his fate.", ";Checkmate: from Middle French eschec mat, from Persian شاه مات shâh mât (=\"the King (\"Shah\") is dead\") ", "Origin: From chekmat, from eschec mat, from (shah mat), the king is ambushed or the king is conquered", "1300-50; Middle English chek mat(e) < Middle French escec mat < Arabic shāh māt < Persian: literally, the king (is) checked, nonplussed", ";Chess: from Russian Шах Shach, from Persian شاه shah (\"the King\"), an abbreviation of شاه-مات Shâh-mât (Checkmate). ", "in chess, a position from which the king cannot escape. skaakmat مَوْتُ الشّاه(في الشطرنج) шах-мат xeque-mate šachmat das Schachmatt skakmat ματ jaque mate šahh ja matt مات shakkimatti échec et mat מט शह और मात šahmat sakk-matt sekak mat mát scacco matto 王手詰め 외통 장군 matas mats (šahā) sekak mat schaakmat sjakkmatt mat په سترنج كې كشت ومات: ماته: ما يوسى xeque-mate. şah mat шах и мат mat šah mat šah mat schackmatt การอยู่ในตำแหน่งชนะในการเล่นหมากรุก mat (棋戲中)將死 шах і мат شطرنج میں بادشہ کی مشکل جگہ chiếu tướng （棋戏中）将死", "Others maintain that it means “the King is dead”, as chess reached Europe via the Islamic world, and Arabic māta means “died” or “is dead”. However, in the Pashto language (an Afghan language), the word māt still exists, meaning “destroyed, broken”.", "[1275–1325; Middle English chek, chekke (at chess) < Old French eschec (by aphesis), variant of eschac < Arabic shāh check (at chess) < Persian: literally, king (an exclamation: i.e., look out, your king is threatened); see shah ]", "The Persian word Shah was first used by the Achaemenid rulers (c.550-330 BCE) of the First Persian Empire nearly a 1000 years before the advent of Islam. They used the full title Sahe Sahan, King of Kings or Shahanshah (Xsayathiya Xsayathiyanam) and not its corruption Shah. The Persian word xsayathiya comes from the Sanskrit word kshatra from which is derived the word kshatriya (the Hindu warrior caste of India).", "SHAH (Persian) A King, the ruler of a State. It is often taken to mean \"Emperor\", but technically that is \"Shahanshah\", King of Kings.", "(\"emperor\") are related to it, as are the New Persian words šāh (\"emperor\") and šahr (\"city\", \"realm\"), \"king\" or \"monarch,\" and \"knight\" or \"warrior\",", "In modern history, between 1925 and 1979, Iran was ruled by two Emperors from the Pahlavi dynasty that used the title of \"Shahanshah\" (or \"King of Kings\"). The last Iranian Shahanshah was King Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, who was forced to abdicate the throne as a result of a revolution in Iran. In fact Persian (Iranian) kingdom goes back to about 2,700 BC (see List of Kings of Persia), but reached its ultimate height and glory when King Cyrus the Great (Known as \"The Great Kourosh\" in Iran) started Achaemenid dynasty, and under his rule, the empire embraced all the previous civilized states of the ancient Near East, expanded vastly and eventually conquered most of Southwest Asia and much of Central Asia and the Caucasus. From the Mediterranean sea and Hellespont in the west to the Indus River in the east, Cyrus the Great created the largest empire the world had yet seen.", "The last shahanshah (Mohammad Reza Pahlavi) was ousted in 1979 following the Iranian Revolution. Shahanshah is usually translated as king of kings or simply king for ancient rulers of the Achaemenid, Arsacid, and Sassanid dynasties, and often shortened to shah for rulers since the Safavid dynasty in the 16th century. Iranian rulers were typically regarded in the West as emperors.", "Shah: In Iran (formerly Persia) and more recently in other parts of Central Asia also, term for king. In Iran during 1978, the ruling shah was overthrown by the principle Shi�ite religious leader, the ayatollah Khomeini who replaced secular law with Islamic codes.", "The present king has one favourite son whose mother is the queen of the harem, and although not the eldest, has yet been designated as the heir-apparent (Veleyaat). There are several who have priority of birth, but this avails nothing, so long as the mother is an inferior wife; consequently, on the death of the Shah, there will doubtless be, as is usually the case, two or three parties, each in itself justified, claiming, and if necessary fighting, for the vacant throne. Indeed, the eldest son, Sultan Mazud Mirza, whose title is Zil-i-Sultan, the present Governor of Ispahan, has openly declared his intention to seize the throne on the death of his august father.", ";Shahzada: Etymology: Hindi शाह-जादा shah-zada, from Persian, from شاه shah king + زاده zada son. The son of a Shah. ", "This strikes a grim note, intruding from a more distressing and succinctly-spoken world into the charm, chatter and hyperbole of the King's curious-knotted garden.1 The King tries to sustain the spirit of gallant courtship, but he is quite roughly rebuffed:", "Spock : An Arabic proverb attributed to a prince who was betrayed and decapitated by his own subjects.", "Once in Persia lived a King,Who upon his signet ringGraved a maxim wise and true,Which he ever kept in view,And repeated day by day,‘Even this shall pass away.’ 65", "the high priest of Teheran. Should this moolah order a man’s death, no one would dare oppose it. The influence of this class of men is powerfully felt in the realms of the Shah. A priest may, by uttering a few words from the Koran, either arouse the fiery and animal-like passion of his hearers, or subdue any tumultuous gathering or fanatical outburst.", "The word \"band\" in old and modern Persian means rope and string as noun, and wrapping up, stopping or fastening as verb.", "The Persians referred to Alexander’s castle in Persia as the \"Kelah-i-Dive-Sefid\" meaning Castle of the White Demon [32] with Alexander representing the Div-e Sepid of the Shahnameh epic.", "Her name meant \"Queen of the World\". She was married to her cousin Mohammad Ali Shah who reigned 1907-09 until he was deposed. She was a strong presence, and she was about to reclaim the throne of Persia for her son Soltan Ahmad Shah, (1898-1909-25-30), after he was deposed, but events had conspired against her. Went with her family into exile in Rome, and lived (1875-?)", "definition: Leader of rebellion in Persia that led to the downfall of the Umayyad significance: led to the downfall of the Umayyad", "The Bistun inscription comes in three prevalent languages of the time namely Persian, Elamite and Babylonian. In this demonstration, Darius the Achaemenid stands before 9 captives whose hands have been cuffed placing his left foot on the chest of Keommana who is lying on the ground with a sword in his hand.", "Borommanatbophit— \"the Royalty who is the Great Shelter\", from Sanskrit parama (\"great\") + nādha (\"the one who others can depend on\" or \"Power/Right\") + \"pavitra\" (\"royalty\")", "2. (of a horse) to make its rider fall off. My horse threw me. afgooi يَطْرَح хвърлям atirar ao chão shodit abwerfen kaste af; smide af ρίχνω κάτω (για άλογο) desarzonar , desmontar , derribar seljast maha viskama انداختن؛ به زمین زدن heittää selästään désarçonner לְהַפִּיל नीचे गिरा देना zbaciti levet, -dob melemparkan kasta (af baki) disarcionare 振り落とす (말이 탄 사람을) 내동댕이치다 numesti nosviest mencampakkan afwerpen kaste zrzucać atirar ao chão a arunca, a (a)zvârli сбрасывать vreči iz sedla zbaciti kasta av เหวี่ยง (แขน, คน ฯลฯ) ให้ตก sırtından atmak 摔下 зкидати گھوڑے کا سوار کو گرادينا hất ngã, làm ngã 摔下" ]

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[ "Hawkeye State is the official name of Iowa, though it is also known as \"the tall corn state.\" A state located in the Mid-western region of the United States of America, it was named after the Ioway people of the Siouan tribe of Native Americans, the original settlers of the locality. It is the 29th state of the Union having joined on December 28, 1848.", "The State of Iowa is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. It is the 29th state of the United States, having joined the Union on December 28, 1846. The state is named for the Ioway people, a Siouan tribe of Native Americans that formerly lived there. It is officially known as the \"Hawkeye State\" and unofficially known as the \"Tall Corn State\".", "The Hawkeye State is a nickname for the state of Iowa. \"The Hawkeye State.\" According to the state's tourism web site, \"Two Iowa promoters from Burlington are believed to have popularized the name.\" The nickname was given approval by territorial officials in 1838, eight years before Iowa became a state.", "Iowa is a Midwest state of the United States. It is the 29th state of the United States, having joined the Union on December 28, 1846. The official name of the state is the \"State of Iowa\". The state is named for the Native American Iowa people.", "Area, 56,290 sq mi (145,791 sq km). Pop. (2010) 3,046,355, a 4.1% increase since the 2000 census. Capital and largest city, Des Moines. Statehood, Dec. 28, 1846 (29th state). Highest pt., 1,670 ft (509 m), Osceola co.; lowest pt., Mississippi River, 480 ft (146 m). Nickname, Hawkeye State. Motto, Our Liberties We Prize and Our Rights We Will Maintain. State bird, Eastern goldfinch. State flower, wild rose. State tree, oak. Abbr., IA", "Iowa is located in the U.S.'s Midwest. It is bordered by the Mississippi River on the east and the Missouri and Big Sioux River on the West. Iowa has a population of 3.1 million and a total area of 56,272 square miles. It was named the 29th state to enter the union in December of 1846. Iowa's capital and largest city is Des Moines.", "The Union included the states of Maine, New York, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Kansas, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, California, Nevada, and Oregon. Abraham Lincoln was their President.", "The University of Iowa borrowed its athletic nickname from the state of Iowa many years ago. The name Hawkeye was originally applied to a hero in a fictional novel, The Last of the Mohicans, written by James Fenimore Cooper. Author Cooper had the Delaware Indians bestow the name on a white scout who lived and hunted with them.", "Nobody is quite sure where the name \"Hawkeye\" came from, but it is possibly from Fennimore Cooper's \"The Last of the Mohicans\" - alternatively, it may have been coined as a tribute to the Indian leader, Chief Black Hawk. It seems to have applied to Iowans from around 1840, and The Hawkeye State is first recorded around 1859. A more popular and recent (but also only semi-official) nickname is the Corn State, which has appeared on the state licence plates.", "The Midwestern United States (or simply the Midwest) comprises seven states: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin. Known", "Additionally, the entry of several states into the Union was delayed due to distinctive complicating factors. Among them, Michigan Territory, which petitioned Congress for statehood in 1835, was not admitted to the Union until 1837, due to a boundary dispute the adjoining state of Ohio. The Republic of Texas requested annexation to the United States in 1837, but fears about potential conflict with Mexico delayed the admission of Texas for nine years. Also, statehood for Kansas Territory was held up for several years (1854–61) due to a series of internal violent conflicts involving anti-slavery and pro-slavery factions.", "Wisconsin, constituent state of the United States of America. Wisconsin was admitted to the union as the 30th state on May 29, 1848. One of the north-central states, it is bounded by the western portion of Lake Superior and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan to the north and by Lake Michigan to the east. The state of Illinois lies to the south, and Minnesota and Iowa lie to the west and southwest, respectively. The name Wisconsin is an Anglicized version of a French rendering of an Algonquin name, Meskousing, said to mean “this stream of red stone,” referring to the Wisconsin River. Madison , in south-central Wisconsin, is the state capital.", "1850 - President Taylor dies 9 July; Vice-President Millard Fillmore succeeds him, becomes 13th U.S. President. U.S. census population is 23,191,876, up about one-third since 1840; New York is most populous state (just over 3 million). For the first time the U.S. census lists all household members. California attains statehood. Steamships have generally replaced sailing vessels for trans-Atlantic travel, reducing the passage time for immigrants from six weeks to two (and the passage can cost as low as $10 per person).", "Missouri (nickname The Show Me State) is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States, bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Kansas and Nebraska. Missouri is the 21st most extensive and the 18th most populous of the 50 United States. Missouri comprises 114 counties and the independent city of St. Louis. The four largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia. Missouri's capital is Jefferson City. The land that is now Missouri was acquired from France as part of the Louisiana Purchase and became known as the Missouri Territory. Part of the Territory was admitted into the union as the 24th state on August 10, 1821.", "Dakota Territory was settled sparsely by European Americans until the late 19th century, when the railroads were constructed into the region. With the advantage of grants of land, they vigorously marketed their properties, extolling the region as ideal for agriculture. An omnibus bill for statehood for North Dakota, South Dakota , Montana , and Washington , titled the Enabling Act of 1889 , was passed on February 22, 1889 during the administration of Grover Cleveland . His successor, Benjamin Harrison , signed the proclamations formally admitting North Dakota and South Dakota to the Union on November 2, 1889. [20]", "Texas remained an independent Republic for nine years prior to being annexed as the 28th state on December 29, 1845. Less than three months later on March 24, 1846, an American Army commanded by General Zachary Taylor was encamped along the northern banks of the Rio Grande , directly across the river from Mexican soldiers. Within a month, hostilities commenced and a large body of Mexican cavalrymen attacked a patrol of dragoons (soldiers trained to fight on foot, but who transport themselves on horseback) on April 23, 1846. Declaring, \"American blood had been shed on American soil\", President Polk addressed Congress, who declared war on Mexico.", "Nebraska, constituent state of the United States of America. It was admitted to the union as the 37th state on March 1, 1867. Nebraska is bounded by the state of South Dakota to the north, with the Missouri River making up about one-fourth of that boundary and the whole of Nebraska’s boundaries with the states of Iowa and Missouri to the east. The boundary with Kansas to the south was established when the two territories were created by the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854. In the southwestern part of the state, the boundary with Colorado forms a right angle (south and west), which creates Nebraska’s panhandle, to the west of which is the boundary with Wyoming . Lincoln , in the southeastern part of the state, is the capital.", "Wyoming, constituent state of the United States of America. Wyoming became the 44th state of the Union on July 10, 1890. It ranks 10th among the 50 U.S. states in terms of total area. It shares boundaries with six other Great Plains and Mountain states: Montana to the north and northwest, South Dakota and Nebraska to the east, Colorado to the south, Utah to the southwest, and Idaho to the west. Cheyenne , the capital, is located in the southeastern corner of the state.", "James K. Polk gained the presidency in 1844 in part on the Democratic Party's expansionist pledge to seize all of the Oregon territory for the United States. America had jointly occupied Oregon with Britain since 1818, when the two nations began negotiating over a final boundary in the territory. Both sides had remained unwilling to agree to a dividing line which did not include for them the valuable harbor of Vancouver Island: the United States desired the more northerly 49th parallel, while Britain wanted the Columbia River to be the border (which was far south of the 49th parallel).", "1836: The Wisconsin Territory is organized. Arkansas is the 25th state admitted to the Union despite opposition in Congress to a new slave state. Arkansas Governor Henry M. Rector seized Fort Smith and Arkansas joined the Confederacy in 1861 re-entering the Union at War's end. The territory of Arkansas was larger than the state. After statehood the leftover area to the west had post offices that continued for some years to use an Arkansas abbreviation in the postmarks, although they were really in the \"Indian Country.\"", "Montana became a state on Nov. 8, 1889. Known as the Treasure State, Montana was the 41st state admitted to the Union, preceded by South Dakota and followed by Washington.", "Wisconsin Becomes The 30th state of the United States of America, Wisconsin Territory was organized in 1836 and Wisconsin gained statehood in 1848.", "    On March 3, 1845, the 27th state known as Florida was committed to the union.  Florida was originally ruled over by the Spanish.  Then, after the Indian War,  the people living in Florida started to want to be able to elect their governor and President, and to do many other things that were not allowed in a territory of Spain.  Some people even wanted Florida to be divided in two: West Florida and East Florida.  Finally, the Congress decided for Florida to become part of the United States.", "Wisconsin became the 30th state on May 29, 1848. The state is smaller than the territory and the leftover area continued to be called the Territory of Wisconsin until March 3, 1849.", "New Hampshire, one of the 13 original colonies, was the 9th state to join the union on June 21st, 1788. It is located in the New England region of the U.S. The state has a population of 1.3 million people and an area of 9,351 sq. miles, making it the 5th smallest U.S. state. The state capital is Concord and the largest city is Manchester.", "February 3, 1870 - Iowa becomes the twenty-eighth state to ratify the Fifteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, completing the ratification process.", "Survey post defining the northeastern corner of Iowa, placed in 1849.List of United States Senators who have represented Iowa:", "Florida became a state on March 3, 1845. It was the 27th state to join the union.", "The Territory Northwest of the River Ohio, more commonly known as the Northwest Territory, was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from July 13, 1787, until March 1, 1803, when the southeastern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the state of Ohio.", "        Learn what year your state joined the Union and became part of the \"United States of", "North Dakota (; locally) is the 39th state of the United States, having been admitted to the union on November 2, 1889.", "; locally [ˌno̞ɹθ dəˈko̞ɾə]) is the 39th state of the United States , having been admitted to the union on November 2, 1889." ]

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[ "Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 – April 7, 1947) was the American founder of the Ford Motor Company and father of modern assembly lines used in mass production . His introduction of the Model T automobile revolutionized transportation and American industry. He was a prolific inventor and was awarded 161 U.S. patents .", "Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 – April 7, 1947) was the American founder of the Ford Motor Company and father of modern assembly lines used in mass production . His introduction of the Model T automobile revolutionized transportation and American industry. He was a prolific inventor and was awarded 161 U.S. patents . As owner of the Ford Motor Company he became one of the richest and best-known people in the world. He is credited with \" Fordism \", that is, the mass production of large numbers of inexpensive automobiles using the assembly line, coupled with high wages for his workers. Ford had a global vision, with consumerism as the key to peace. Ford did not believe in accountants; he amassed one of the world's largest fortunes without ever having his company audited under his administration. Henry Ford's intense commitment to lowering costs resulted in many technical and business innovations, including a franchise system that put a dealership in every city in North America, and in major cities on six continents. Ford left most of his vast wealth to the Ford Foundation but arranged for his family to control the company permanently.", "Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 – April 7, 1947) was the American founder of the Ford Motor Company and father of modern assembly lines used in mass production. His introduction of the Model T automobile revolutionized transportation and American industry. He was a prolific inventor and was awarded 161 U.S. patents. As owner of the Ford Motor Company he became one of the richest and best-known people in the world. He is credited with \"Fordism\", that is, the mass production of large numbers of inexpensive automobiles using the assembly line, coupled with high wages for his workers. Ford had a global vision, with consumerism as the key to peace. Ford did not believe in accountants; he amassed one of the world's largest fortunes without ever having his company audited under his administration. Henry Ford's intense commitment to lowering costs resulted in many technical and business innovations, including a franchise system that put a dealership in every city in North America, and in major cities on six continents. Ford left most of his vast wealth to the Ford Foundation but arranged for his family to control the company permanently.", "Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 – April 7, 1947) was an American industrialist, the founder of the Ford Motor Company, and the sponsor of the development of the assembly line technique of mass production.", "Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 â April 7, 1947) was an American industrialist, the founder of the Ford Motor Company, and sponsor of the development of the assembly line technique of mass production. John Davison Rockefeller (July 8, 1839 â May 23, 1937) was an American oil industrialist, investor, and philanthropist. 5.0/5", "Henry Ford ( July 30 , 1863 – April 7 , 1947 ) was the founder of the Ford Motor Company . He was one of the first to apply assembly line manufacturing to the mass production of affordable automobiles.", "The first Industrial Revolution merged into the Second Industrial Revolution around 1850, when technological and economic progress gained momentum with the development of steam-powered ships, railways, and later in the nineteenth century with the internal combustion engine and electrical power generation. At the turn of the century, innovator Henry Ford, father of the assembly line, stated, \"There is but one rule for the industrialist, and that is: Make the highest quality goods possible at the lowest cost possible, paying the highest wages possible.\"", "assembly line, manufacturing technique in which a product is carried by some form of mechanized conveyor among stations at which the various operations necessary to its assembly are performed. It is used to assemble quickly large numbers of a uniform product. Henry Ford is often credited with establishing the first assembly line for his Model T. So long as an assembly line's output is high, the cost per unit is relatively low. It is somewhat inflexible, however, as it must be designed and installed for a particular product. Also, the operations on the product usually must be performed in a sequence that is strictly ordered. A malfunction or shortage of parts that shuts down a single assembly station necessitates shutdown of the entire line. Traditional assembly lines had come under criticism from those concerned with their effects on workers, but industrial robots now perform many of the repetitive tasks. Recent variations on the assembly-line process, such as teams of workers responsible for multiple steps, have increased productivity and employee interest.", "Both Henry Ford and Ransom E. Olds are sometimes credited with the invention of the assembly line, although (as is the case with many inventions) the assembly line’s development included many inventors. It combined the idea of interchangeable parts (a gradual technological development, dating to the 18th century, often mistakenly attributed to one individual or another). After 5 years of empirical development, Ford’s first moving assembly line (employing conveyor belts) began mass production on or around April 1, 1913. The concept was first applied to sub-assemblies, and shortly after on the entire chassis. Although it is inaccurate to say that Henry Ford personally invented the assembly line, his sponsorship of its development and use was central to its explosive success in the 20th century.", "Used globally around the world, an assembly line is a manufacturing process in which interchangeable parts are added to a product in a sequential manner in order to create a finished product more quickly than with older methods. Primitive assembly line production was used in 1901 by Ransom Eli Olds , an early car-maker. Henry Ford used the first conveyor belt-based assembly-line in his car factory in 1913–1914 in the Highland Park, Michigan plant. This type of manufacturing greatly reduced the amount of time taken to put each car together, thus reducing production, material, and labor costs so that an affordable product cost could be passed onto consumers.", "A major innovation brought about by Henry Ford was the assembly line. He realized that it would be much simpler, more practical, and quicker if , when assembling the vehicle, the workers could draw the various components from suitable containers placed beside the production line, rather than going to the various storerooms for them, which meant they had constantly to by moving from place to place. In this way he managed to reduce the assembly time from 12 hours to a car coming off the line every 40 seconds.", "The Model T moving assembly was Henry Fords idea. Not really. As production honcho Charlie Sorensen observed in his memoirs, Henry Ford is generally regarded as the father of mass production. He was not. He was the sponsor of it. Mr. Ford had nothing to do with originating, planning, and carrying out the assembly line. He encouraged the work. His vision to try unorthodox methods was an example to us.", "Using essentially the same approach, Henry Ford was able to create his breakthrough ‘Assembly Line’ system. Ford’s contributions to mass production are well documented, but one of the most important was moving work-in-progress component parts inventories as close to the shop floor as physically possible. Steps were saved and production time reduced when small batches of interchangeable parts were kept within arm’s reach of the worktables and finish-ing lines, so they could be used as they were needed. Productivity soared as manufacturing moved from craft-based batch production to semi-skilled continuous mass production.", "Used globally around the world, an assembly line is a manufacturing process in which interchangeable parts are added to a product in a sequential manner in order to create a finished product more quickly than with older methods. This type of manufacturing greatly reduces the amount of time taken to assemble a product,thus reducing production, material, and labor costs so that an affordable product cost can be passed onto consumers. Primitive assembly line production was used in 1901 by Ransom Eli Olds, an early car-maker.[7] Henry Ford used the first conveyor belt-based assembly-line in his car factory in 1913–1914 in the Highland Park, Michigan plant.[217]", "Ford's first moving assembly line (employing conveyor belts), after 5 years of empirical development, first began mass production on or around April 1, 1913. The idea was tried first on subassemblies, and shortly after on the entire chassis. Again, although it is inaccurate to say that Henry Ford himself invented the assembly line, it is accurate to say that his sponsorship of its development was central to its explosive success in the 20th century.", "Henry Ford introduced the assembly line method of manufacturing cars, allowing completion of one Model-T Ford every 90 minutes.", "Although credit for the development of the assembly line belongs to Ransom E. Olds with the first mass-produced automobile, the Oldsmobile Curved Dash, beginning in 1901, the tremendous advancements in the efficiency of the system over the life of the Model T can be credited almost entirely to the vision of Ford and his engineers. ", "1914 Henry Ford introduces assembly line, for the Model-T. In Ford's early lines, parts and product were precisely standardized. Only one car model was manufactured, and each unit was identical to every other unit in all aspects, including color — black. The new method reduces assembly time of a car from 12� hours to 93 minutes.", "Most importantly, let’s not confuse fact with fiction. Henry Ford was not responsible for inventing the automobile or the assembly line. Nonetheless, he was responsible for shaping and engineering both inventions in a way that impacted history. That, friends, is innovation.", "Henry Ford - Full Episode (TV-PG; 44:28) A full biography on the man who created the assembly line and made \"motorcars\" what they are today.", "1934 brought about a revolution in assembly-line technology. Henry F. Phillips introduced the Phillips screw and driver to the market. He entered into talks with General Motors and convinced the Cadillac group that his new screws would speed assembly times and therefore increase profits. Cadillac was the first automaker to use the Phillips technology, which was widely adopted in 1940. For the first time in many years all cars built by the company shared the same basic engine and drivetrain in 1941. [7]", "The most significant piece of Ford’s efficiency crusade was the assembly line. Inspired by the continuous-flow production methods used by flour mills, breweries, canneries and industrial bakeries, along with the disassembly of animal carcasses in Chicago’s meat-packing plants, Ford installed moving lines for bits and pieces of the manufacturing process: For instance, workers built motors and transmissions on rope-and-pulley–powered conveyor belts. In December 1913, he unveiled the pièce de résistance: the moving-chassis assembly line.", "Ford created a massive publicity machine in Detroit to ensure every newspaper carried stories and ads about the new product. Ford's network of local dealers made the car ubiquitous in virtually every city in North America. As independent dealers, the franchises grew rich and publicized not just the Ford but the very concept of automobiling; local motor clubs sprang up to help new drivers and to explore the countryside. Ford was always eager to sell to farmers, who looked on the vehicle as a commercial device to help their business. Sales skyrocketed—several years posted 100% gains on the previous year. Always on the hunt for more efficiency and lower costs, in 1913 Ford introduced the moving assembly belts into his plants, which enabled an enormous increase in production. Although Henry Ford is often credited with the idea, contemporary sources indicate that the concept and its development came from employees Clarence Avery, Peter E. Martin, Charles E. Sorensen, and C. Harold Wills. (See Piquette Plant)", "The first flow assembly line was initiated at the factory of Richard Garrett & Sons, Leiston Works in Leiston in the English county of Suffolk for the manufacture of portable steam engines. The assembly line area was called 'The Long Shop' on account of its length and was fully operational by early 1853. The boiler was brought up from the foundry and put at the start of the line, and as it progressed through the building it would stop at various stages where new parts would be added. From the upper level, where other parts were made, the lighter parts would be lowered over a balcony and then fixed onto the machine on the ground level. When the machine reached the end of the shop, it would be completed.", "The world�s first industrial robot was an idea conceived after a conversation about science fiction novels between inventors George Devol and Joseph Eagleburger in 1954. Six years later, Unimate had secured its place in the robotic hall of fame as the world�s first industrial robot. It was then put to work on the General Motors assembly line in 1961.", "Thomas Alva Edison (11 February 1847 – 18 October 1931) was an American inventor and businessman. Edison is the fourth most prolific inventor in history, holding well over 1,000 US patents in his name, as well as many patents elsewhere.", "an Inventor and a business leader in Detroit - produced a car that people could afford - he called it the Model T (Tin Lizzie). He also worked out an assembly line to make cars more quickly from on worker to antoher.", "� Charles Franklin Kettering (1876-1958). Kettering invented some of the most recognizable items of modern life. They include: the electric automatic starter which he built specifically for automobiles, but later used for many other applications; the first electronic cash register, developed while he was working for the National Cash Register (NCR) company; the first engine powered electricity generator, today widely used where ever mains electricity is not available; quick drying automobile paint; high octane and leaded petrol; a nonpoisonous coolant for refrigerators; and the first practical engine for diesel locomotives.", "American inventor and industrialist who founded his own company to manufacturer his invention, the air brake. The son of a New York agricultural machinery maker, he began at age 21 to work on a new tool he invented to guide derailed train cars back onto the track. Before he died 46 years later, he produced safer rail transportation, steam turbines, gas lighting and heating, and electricity. He founded not only namesakes Westinghouse Air Brake and Westinghouse Electric, but also Union Switch & Signal and the forerunners to Duquesne Light, Equitable Gas and Rockwell International. He was also chiefly responsible for the adoption of alternating current for electric power transmission in the United States, and held 400 patents.", "\"'The Master of Precision\" learned his art in the arms industry. He also invented the mechanical hair-clipper and began building engines. He reorganized the Henry Ford Company as Cadillac after Ford resigned in 1902, later founding Lincoln.", "George Mortimer Pullman (March 3, 1831 – October 19, 1897) was an American engineer and industrialist. He designed and manufactured the Pullman sleeping car and founded a company town, Pullman, for the workers who manufactured it. His Pullman Company also hired African-American men to staff the Pullman cars, who became known and widely respected as Pullman porters, providing elite service.", "an American inventory and founder of the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company in 1902, he is often called the “inventor” of the mechanical reaper to harvest grain." ]

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[ "Hypnos (meaning \"sleep\") is the Greek   god of sleep. He is the son of Nyx and Erebus . His Roman counterpart is Somnus.", "Hypnos was the Greek god of sleep. The Romans identified Hypnos with Somnus , the Roman god of sleep.", "Hypnos, Latin Somnus , Greco-Roman god of sleep . Hypnos was the son of Nyx (Night) and the twin brother of Thanatos (Death). In Greek myth he is variously described as living in the underworld or on the island of Lemnos ( according to Homer) or (according to Book XI of Ovid’s Metamorphoses) in a dark, musty cave in the land of the Cimmerians , through which flowed the waters of Lethe , the river of forgetfulness and oblivion. Hypnos lay on his soft couch, surrounded by his many sons, who were the bringers of dreams. Chief among them were Morpheus , who brought dreams of men; Icelus , who brought dreams of animals; and Phantasus , who brought dreams of inanimate things.", "In Greek mythology, Hypnos god of sleep was, in fact, a mere personification of sleep. His Roman name was Somnus. He was the son of Nyx and some cite Erebus as his father. Thanatos (Peaceful Death) was his twin brother and the Oneiroi (Dreams) were considered either his brothers or his sons.", "Hypnos was one of the primeval gods who was a son of Nyx was believed to be the mother of everything mysterious and anything that was inexplicable, such as death, disease, sleep, ghosts, dreams, witchcraft and enchantments. His father was Erebus, who reigned in a palace in the dark regions of the Underworld. His twin brother was Thanatos, a god of Death who was feared and hated as the enemy of mankind and whose hard heart knew no pity. Hypnos was the God of sleep who brought nightmares but also brought some relief to troubled humans via dreams. According to Greek mythology his cavernous palace was in the Underworld where the sun never shines. At the entrance of his palace were a garden of poppies which symbolized death, eternal sleep and oblivion. The hypnotic properties of the poppy has long been used to treat insomnia allowing sleep to people who have trouble sleeping.", "HYPNUS (Hypnos) The god of sleep who dwelt in a silent realm on the borders of Hades. He issued forth from the underworld with his mother Nyx the Night.", "HYPNOS is the God of Sleep, which he induces with purest opium smoked through a horn. Potentially also the God of Hyppies.", "* Hypnos - The God of Sleep, son of Erebus and Nyx and the father of Morpheus. He has Cabin 15 at Camp Half-Blood.", "Saunders, Chas, and Peter J. Allen, eds. \"SOMNUS - the Roman God of Sleep (Roman mythology).\" <em>Godchecker</em>. Godchecker.com / CID, 26 Jul. 2014. Web. 19 January 2017.", "Saunders, Chas, and Peter J. Allen, eds. \"HYPNOS - the Greek God of Sleep (Greek mythology).\" <em>Godchecker</em>. Godchecker.com / CID, 23 Aug. 2015. Web. 19 January 2017.", "When the Roman Empire conquered the Greeks in 146BC, the Romans assimilated various elements from other cultures and civilisations, including the gods and goddesses that were worshipped by the Ancient Greeks. Many of the Greek gods and goddesses, such as Hypnos, were therefore adopted by the Romans but were given Latin names. The Roman counterpart of Hypnos was Somnus.", "Morpheus was the god of dreams in Greek mythology. According to some ancient sources - such as the Roman poet Ovid - he was the son of Hypnos, the god of Sleep.", "Hypnos T-Type was named after Hypnos, the God of Sleep, son of Nyx, brother of Nemesis and twin of Thanatos.", "His palace was a dark cave where sun never shines and River Lethe flowed beside it. Although Hypnos was not one of the most active gods of that time, he was famous for the role he had played in the story of Endymion and Selene , the Titaness of the moon. When Endymion was granted immortality and eternal youth by means of endless sleep, he received the power to sleep with his eyes open by Hypnos so he could constantly watch his beloved Selene. The reason Hypnos granted him this gift was because the god of sleep loved the young king/prince/shepherd and thus could always gaze in his beautiful eyes.", "In the Greek Mythology, Hypnos is the son of Nyx (\"The Night\") and Erebus (\"The Darkness\"). His brother is Thanatos (\"Death\"), both siblings live in the underworld (Hades) or in Erebus, another valley of the Greek underworld. According to rumors, Hypnos lives in a big cave, which the river Lethe (\"Forgetfulness\") comes from and where night and day meet. His bed is made of ebony, on the entrance of the cave grow a number of poppies and other hypnotic plants. No light and no sound would ever enter his grotto, so that he may not be awakened by the creaking of hinges.According to Homer, he lives on the island Lemnos, which later on has been claimed to be his very own dream-island. His children Morpheus (\"Shape\"), Phobetor (\"Fear\") and Phantasos (\"Imagination, Phantasy\") are the gods of the dream. It is said that he has many more children, which are also Oneiroi. He is said to be a calm and gentle God, as he helps humans in need and, due to their sleep, owns half of their lives.", "\"O Somnus (Sleep) [Hypno], vanquisher of woes, rest of the soul, the better part of human life, thou winged son of thy mother Astraea [i.e. Nox-Nyx, the Night], sluggish brother of cruel Mors (Death) [Thanatos].\"", "Morpheus has the ability to take any human's form and appear in dreams. He is the son or brother of Hypnos , the god of sleep. Nyx (the goddess of night) is his mother/grandmother. The brothers (according to Hesiod) or sons (according to Ovid) of Hypnos — the Oneiroi — are rulers of visions, and include Phobetor (also known as Icelus ), and Phantasos .", "Hermes was often described as the bringer of sleep and dreams. The Daimones who personified these were Hypnos (Sleep) and the Oneiroi (Dreams). Although Hermes and Hypnos are distinct entities in Homer, they may have originally been regarded as one and the same.", "The sons of Hypnos were called the Oneiroi, the dark-winged spirits of dreams. The Greek word for dream was 'oneiros'. The Greek phrase for nightmare was melas oneiros meaning 'black dream'. Their names of three of the many Oneiroi were Morpheus, Phobetor (known as Icelus to the gods) and Phantasos.", "And now the Colchian [Medea] had stretched upward to the stars her hands that bare the wand, and pouring forth spells in barbaric rhythm was calling to thee, O father Somus (Sleep) [Hypnos] : ‘All powerful Somnus, from all the quarters of the world do I the maid of Colchis summon thee and bid thee descend upon the snake alone; oft with thy horn [pouring sleep] have I subdued waves and clouds and lightning brands and all that gleams in heaven; but now, now come to my aid with mightier influence, most like thy brother Letus (Death) [Thanatos]. And thou took faithful warden of Phrixus' beast, it is time at last to turn thy vision away from this duty of thine. What guile dost thou fear while I am beside thee? For a space I will guard the grove myself, meantime lay by thy long toil.’", "\"There [in Lemnos] she [Hera] encountered Hypnos (Sleep), the brother of Thanatos (Death). She clung fast to his hand and spoke a word and called him by name : ‘Hypnos . . . do as I ask; and all my days I shall know gratitude. Put to sleep the shining eyes of Zeus under his brows as soon as I have lain beside him in love . . .’", "Then, her task performed, Iris departed, for she could no more endure the power of Somnus (Sleep), as drowsiness stole seeping through her frame, and fled away back o'er the arching rainbow as she came. The father Somnus chose from among his sons, his thronging thousand sons, one who in skill excelled to imitate the human form; Morpheus his name, than whom none can present more cunningly the features, gait and speech of men, their wonted clothes and turn of phrase. He mirrors only men; another forms the beasts and birds and the long sliding snakes. The gods have named him Icelos; here below the tribe of mortals call him Phobetor. A third, excelling in an art diverse, is Phantasos; he wears the cheating shapes of earth, rocks, water, trees--inanimate things. To kings and chieftains these at night display their phantom features; other dreams will roam among the people, haunting common folk. All these dream-brothers the old god passed by and chose Morpheus alone to undertake Thaumantias' [Iris'] commands; then in sweet drowsiness on his high couch he sank his head to sleep.\"", "In Homer’s Iliad, Hypnos is enlisted by Hera to lull Zeus to sleep so that she can aid the Greeks in their war against Troy", "In Roman mythology: Mercury was the messenger-god of Jupiter, and was the god of games, of business, and of story telling. Venus was the goddess of love and beauty. To her perfect figure and pure features she added an innocent manner. Mars was identified with the Roman god of wars. He always acted like a strong warrior and a strong desire for violence. Jupiter was the king of heaven and Earth and of all the Olympian gods. He was also known as the god of justice. In Greek mythology, Cronus was the son of Uranus and Gaea. The Romans adopted Cronus as the god Saturn. Uranus stands for the starry sky in the evening. In the creation myth of the Greeks, Uranus suddenly came out of the Earth (shown as the goddess Gaea). Gaea herself suddenly came into being out of Chaos, which came before all things. Neptune was the name that ancient Romans gave to the Greek god of the sea and earthquakes, Poseidon.", "The Muses are the Greek goddesses who preside over the arts and sciences and inspire those who excel at these pursuits. Daughters of Zeus, king of the gods, and Mnemosyne (\"memory\"), they were born at Pieria at the foot of Mount Olympus. Their nurse, Eupheme, raised them along with her son, Crotus the hunter, who was transported into the sky as Sagittarius upon his death. Their name (akin to the Latin mens and English mind) denotes 'memory' or 'a reminder', since in the earlier times poets, having no books to read from, relied on their memories. The Romans identified the Muses with certain obscure Italian water-goddesses, the Camenae.", "In classical mythology, who was the Greek equivalent of Pax, the Roman goddess of peace ?", "His mythical journeys to Egypt and to India can be identified both with the generality of the same sacrificial fertility gods Osiris, Adonis and Tammuz and even with Soma the Vedic moon god, the archetypal moon god of the sacred potion of altered states, with which Dionysus shares a horned aspect. He is 'the nocturnal' who wears a dark star-spangled robe and a crescent-shaped mitre, who in Phrygia is identified with the moon god Men. Soma is also called \"the deathless one\" and \"the raging one\".", "In Greece, its the Thracian god Dionysus in honor of the goddess Demeter and Persephone. His fanatical priestesses were called Maenads. In Rome, they were called the Bacchantes.", "In Greek mythology, a satyr (, ; satyros, ) is one of a troop of ithyphallic male companions of Dionysus with horse-like (equine) features, including a horse-tail, horse-like ears, and sometimes a horse-like phallus because of permanent erection. Early artistic representations sometimes include horse-like legs, but in 6th-century BC black-figure pottery human legs are the most common. In Roman Mythology there is a concept similar to satyrs, with goat-like features: the faun, being half-man, half-goat. Greek-speaking Romans often used the Greek term saturos when referring to the Latin faunus, and eventually syncretized the two. The female \"Satyresses\" were a late invention of poets — that roamed the woods and mountains. In myths they are often associated with pipe-playing.", "In Greek mythology, a satyr (,; satyros, ) is one of a troop of ithyphallic male companions of Dionysus with goat-like features and often permanent erection. Early artistic representations sometimes include horse-like legs, but in 6th-century BC black-figure pottery human legs are the most common. In Roman Mythology there is a concept similar to satyrs, with goat-like features: the faun, being half-man, half-goat, who roamed the woods and mountains. In myths they are often associated with pipe-playing. Greek-speaking Romans often used the Greek term saturos when referring to the Latin faunus, and eventually syncretized the two. (The female \"Satyresses\" were a later invention of poets.)", "Tradition shows Dionysus visiting or residing in the world of the dead. He is the dying and resurrecting God who also went below to bring his mother, Semele, back. According to Orphic Hymns, he himself grew up in Persephone's home, and sleeps in the house of Persephone in the intervals before his reappearances. He leads his nocturnal dances by torchlight. Heraclitus says \"Hades and Dionysus, for whom they go mad and rage, are one and the same.\" Like the frozen silence of the maenads, the spirits of the dead are \"di silentes\".", "Aeschylus told the story of Memnon, son of Eos the Dawn), in two plays entitled Memnon and Psychostasia (The Weighing of Souls). Smyth (L.C.L.) summarises the second of these : \"In the Psychostasia Zeus was represented as holding aloft the balance, in the scales of which were the souls of Achilles and Memnon, while beneath each stood Thetis and Eos, praying each for the life of her son.\"" ]

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[ "The Black Pearl, originally Wicked Wench, is a fictional ship in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series. In the screenplay, the Black Pearl is easily recognized by her distinctive black hull and sails. The ship was originally named Wicked Wench before she was ordered burned and sunk by Lord Beckett. It was later raised from the sea floor by Davy Jones after making a pact with Jack Sparrow who rechristened her the Black Pearl . She is said to be \"nigh uncatchable\". Indeed, in the three films she either overtakes or flees all other ships, including the Interceptor (regarded as the fastest ship in the Caribbean) and the Flying Dutchman (which is actually faster against the wind). Her speed is derived from the large amount of sails she carries. She is noted in At World's End as being \"The only ship that can outrun the Flying Dutchman.\"", "The Black Pearl, originally Wicked Wench, is a fictional ship in the Pirates of the Caribbeanfilm series. In the screenplay, the Black Pearl is easily recognized by her distinctive black hull and sails. The ship was originally named Wicked Wench before she was ordered burned and sunk by Lord Beckett. It was later raised from the sea floor by Davy Jones after making a pact with Jack Sparrow who rechristened her the Black Pearl. She is said to be \"nigh uncatchable\". Indeed, in the three films she either overtakes or flees all other ships, including the Interceptor (regarded as the fastest ship in the Caribbean) and the Flying Dutchman (which is actually faster against the wind). Her speed is derived from the large amount of sails she carries. She is noted in At World's End as being \"The only ship as what (which) can outrun the Flying Dutchman.\"", "The Black Pearl, originally Wicked Wench, is a fictional ship in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series. In the screenplay, the Black Pearl is easily recognized by her distinctive black hull and sails. The ship was originally named Wicked Wench before she was ordered burned and sunk by Lord Beckett. It was later raised from the sea floor by Davy Jones after making a pact with Jack Sparrow who rechristened her the Black Pearl. She is said to be \"nigh uncatchable\". Indeed, in the three films she either overtakes or flees all other ships, including the Interceptor (regarded as the fastest ship in the Caribbean) and the Flying Dutchman (which is actually faster against the wind). Her speed is derived from the large amount of sails she carries. She is noted in At World's End as being \"The only ship as wot can outrun the Flying Dutchman.\"", "The ship was originally named Wicked Wench before she was ordered burned and sunk by Lord Beckett. It was later raised from the sea floor by Davy Jones after making a pact with Jack Sparrow who rechristened her the Black Pearl. She is said to be \"nigh uncatchable\". Indeed, in the three films she either overtakes or flees all other ships, including the Interceptor (regarded as the fastest ship in the Caribbean) and the Flying Dutchman (which is actually faster against the wind). Her speed is derived from the large amount of sails she carries. She is noted in At World is End as being \"The only ship that can outrun the Flying Dutchman.\"", "The Black Pearl is a fictional ship in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series. In the screenplay, the Black Pearl is easily recognized by her distinctive black hull and sails. She was later raised from the sea floor by Davy Jones after making a pact with Jack Sparrow who rechristened her the Black Pearl. She is said to be \"nigh uncatchable\". Indeed, in the first three films she either overtakes or flees all other ships, including the Interceptor (regarded as the fastest ship in the Caribbean) and the Flying Dutchman (which is actually faster against the wind). Her speed is derived from the large amount of sails she carries. She is noted in At World's End as being \"The only ship that can outrun the Flying Dutchman.\"", " A great item for the Pirate of the Caribbean movie fans! This is an outstanding FULLY ASSEMBLED wood model of the Black Pearl; originally Wicked Wench is Captain Jack Sparrow’s pirate ship. In the three movies (Curse of the Black Pearl, Dead Mans Chest, and At Worlds End) she either overtakes or flees all other ships, including the Interceptor (regarded as the fastest ship in the Caribbean) and the Flying Dutchman (which is actually faster against the wind). Her speed is derived from the large amount of sails she carries. She is noted in At Worlds End as being \"The only ship as which can outrun the Flying Dutchman.\"", "Originally named the Wicked Wench, the ship was registered to the East India Trading Company and owned by Cutler Beckett , the EITC Director for West Africa. At the time, Jack Sparrow was in the employ of the EITC and was given captaincy of the Wicked Wench. After Jack refused to transport slaves, Cutler Beckett personally branded Jack with the \"P\" brand (so he'd be forever branded a pirate) and ordered the Wench to be set aflame and sunk. But Jack called upon Davy Jones, and struck a bargain with him: his soul and one hundred years serving aboard the Flying Dutchman in return for a continued human existence of thirteen years as captain of the Wicked Wench. With that, Jones transformed her into the fastest, most dangerous pirate ship sailing the seven seas. Now a black vessel with an angel figurehead, Jack Sparrow christened his resurrected ship the Black Pearl.", "Black Pearl (formerly HMS Wicked Wench) – slaver turned pirate ship Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl", "Sparrow was given command of the Black Pearl after striking a deal with Davey Jones. Jack was Captain of the Pearl under its original name, the Wicked Wench, when it was a ship for the East India Trading Company. After Jack refused an order, it was burned and Jack was branded a pirate. Jack struck a deal with Davey Jones to get the Wicked Wench back and for him to be Captain for 13 years in exchange for 100 years of service onboard the Flying Dutchman (this is why Jack argues with Davey Jones about their bargain... he was only Captain for two years before the mutiny, so technically his bargain with Davey Jones isn't fulfilled in his eyes at least). Davey Jones returned the Pearl from the sea, but the charred hull from the fire left it black, which is why it was renamed.", "Jack Sparrow, the son of Captain Grant Sparrow, was born in Colonial India and was once employed by the East India Trading Company. He helmed the Wicked Wench, an EITC merchant vessel, performing odd jobs for Cutler Beckett. When Sparrow refuses to transport slaves and instead frees them in Africa, Beckett sanctions the torching (and sinking) of the Wicked Wench, and literally brands Jack Sparrow a pirate. Jack comes to embrace his outlaw status, becoming a successful pirate with no desire to return to life under the command of others. Later, Jack petitions Davy Jones to raise his ship from the ocean floor. He rechristens her the Black Pearl.", "Captain Jack Sparrow first appears in The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003) when he arrives in Port Royal in Jamaica to commandeer a ship. Despite rescuing Elizabeth Swann (Keira Knightley), the daughter of Governor Weatherby Swann (Jonathan Pryce), from drowning, he is jailed for piracy. That night, a cursed pirate ship called the Black Pearl attacks Port Royal and Elizabeth is kidnapped. The Black Pearl's captain, Hector Barbossa (Geoffrey Rush), desperately seeks one last gold coin to break an ancient Aztec curse that he and his crew are under. A blacksmith named Will Turner (Orlando Bloom) frees Sparrow to aid him in rescuing Elizabeth. They commandeer the HMS Interceptor and recruit a motley crew in Tortuga in Haiti before heading to Isla de Muerta, where Elizabeth is held captive. Along the way, Will learns that Sparrow was the Black Pearl's captain until Barbossa led a mutiny ten years earlier and took over the ship, marooning Sparrow on an island to die. Sparrow tells Turner that his father was a pirate known as \"Bootstrap\" Bill Turner. ", "For Sparrow, the Locker appears as a seemingly endless desert (the opposite of the sea), connected to an equally endless sea (filmed in the Utah Bonneville Salt Flats). Jack is doomed to captain the Black Pearl, crewed by many Jack Sparrow simulacra, upon the desert, though the ship never moves until stone-like crabs (apparently sent by Calypso) appear and carry the stranded Black Pearl to the shore. The endless sea, known as the Sea of Lost Souls, is the only escape route; its waters are filled with the souls of those who died at sea. Aimlessly drifting, they are unable to reach the afterlife, forsaken by Davy Jones, whose duty it was to ferry them to the \"other side\". Governor Swann is found in the Sea of Lost Souls, murdered on Beckett's order.", "Barnacle - A battered old fishing ship, captained by Jack Sparrow who found it abandoned at Salty Cove on Tortuga . The vessel has a box with some crudely made swords. Also was destroyed in Sins of the Father but mentioned in all the Novels.", "Captain Jack Sparrow is on a quest to find the fabled Fountain of Youth and crosses paths with a former lover, Angelica. She forces Jack aboard the Queen Anne's Revenge , a ship captained by the infamous pirate Blackbeard , Angelica's father. Both are also in search of the Fountain; Angelica to save her father's soul, Blackbeard to escape a prophecy of his demise at the hands of a one-legged man. Joining the hunt is former pirate captain Barbossa , now a privateer in King George II's Navy, who is in a race against the Spanish to the fountain.", "Captain Jack Sparrow is on a quest to find the fabled Fountain of Youth and crosses paths with a former lover, Angelica. She forces Jack aboard the Queen Anne's Revenge, a ship captained by the infamous pirate Blackbeard, Angelica's father. Both are also in search of the Fountain; Angelica to save her father's soul, Blackbeard to escape a prophecy of his demise at the hands of a one-legged man. Joining the hunt is former pirate captain Barbossa, now a privateer in King George II's Navy, who is in a race against the Spanish for the Fountain of Youth.", "For the roguish yet charming Captain Jack Sparrow (Depp), the crystalline waters of the Caribbean, like the high seas the world over, present a vast playground where adventure and mystery abound. But Jack's idyllic life capsizes after his nemesis, the wily Captain Barbossa (Rush), steals his ship, the Black Pearl, and later attacks the town of Port Royal, kidnapping the Governor's (Pryce) beautiful daughter, Elizabeth Swann (Knightly). Elizabeth's childhood friend, Will Turner (Bloom), joins forces with Jack to commandeer the fastest ship in the British fleet, the HMS Interceptor, in a gallant attempt to rescue her and recapture the Black Pearl. The duo and their motley crew are pursued by Elizabeth's betrothed, the debonair, ambitious Commodore Norrington (Davenport), aboard the HMS Dauntless. Unbeknownst to Will, there is a curse that has doomed Barbossa and his crew to live forever as the undead, where each moonlight, they are transformed into living skeletons. The curse they carry can be broken only if a once-plundered treasure is restored.", "Blacksmith Will Turner teams up with eccentric pirate Captain Jack Sparrow to save his love, Elizabeth Swann, from undead pirates led by Jack's former first mate, Captain Barbossa. Jack wants revenge against Barbossa, who left him stranded on an island before stealing his ship, the Black Pearl, along with 882 pieces of cursed Aztec Gold.", "Blacksmith Will Turner teams up with eccentric pirate Captain Jack Sparrow to save Turner's love, Elizabeth Swann, from undead pirates led by Jack's former mutinous first mate, Captain Barbossa. Jack wants revenge against Barbossa, who left him stranded on an island before stealing his ship, the Black Pearl, along with 882 pieces of cursed Aztec Gold.", "After a failed attempt to rescue his first mate, Joshamee Gibbs in London, Captain Jack Sparrow is brought before King George II. The king wants Jack to guide an expedition to the Fountain of Youth before King Ferdinand and the Spanish Navy can locate it. Jack's old nemesis, Captain Hector Barbossa, now a privateer in service to the British Navy after losing his leg and ship, the Black Pearl, which he says was sunk, is heading the expedition.", "\" 'Scuse me, Captain Sparrow, sir. I be right honored to welcome you aboard our world-renowned vessel of infamy— Queen Anne's Revenge .\"", "Jack Sparrow is a legendary pirate and the main protagonist in Disney's Pirates of the Caribbean series. Portrayed by Johnny Depp, he is first introduced in the film Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl and has appeared in the sequels Dead Man's Chest, At World's End, and On Stranger Tides. When the original Disneyland attraction was revamped in 2006, Jack Sparrow was added to the ride. Among other appearances, the character headlines The Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow attraction at Disney's Hollywood Studios, as well as several books and video games.", "Just when he's needed most, Captain Jack Sparrow, that witty and wily charmer of a pirate, is trapped on a sea of sand in Davy Jones' Locker. In an increasingly shaky alliance, Will Turner, Elizabeth Swann and Captain Barbossa begin a desperate quest to find and rescue him. Captain Jack's the last of the nine Pirate Lords of the Brethren Court who must come together united in one last stand to preserve the freedom-loving pirates' way of life.", "Travel with Captain Jack on his action-packed journey to the legendary Fountain of Youth . When Jack crosses paths (and swords) with the enigmatic Angelica ( Penélope Cruz ), a ravishing pirate with whom he shares a dubious past, she forces him aboard the Queen Anne's Revenge , the ship belonging to the legendary pirate Blackbeard ( Ian McShane ).", "She also described how \"the ritual requires a victim.\" Although Angelica vowed to help her true father, Blackbeard, Jack warned that treacherous Blackbeard would kill her given the chance. Blackbeard's crew arrived first at Whitecap Bay, searching for a mermaid from which they would need a single tear. They spread out nets, fired up the light in a lighthouse to draw in the mermaids, then sent out several longboats as further bait to attract them. Scrum began singing \"My Jolly Sailor Bold\" - and a single seductive mermaid (Gemma Ward) appeared to him, followed by more swimming creatures that surrounded their boat. Soon, the vicious mermaids launched a deadly attack on the crewmen, many of whom were dragged down into the water and drowned. Jack Sparrow saved everyone from a full-scale slaughter by blowing up the lighthouse, causing the mermaids to retreat, but one young frightened mermaid (Àstrid Bergès-Frisbey) was left behind and captured.", "Oh Nicole, she blessed her daughter with the most divine name ever (Harlow) and then cursed her son for life by naming him after a bird. When asked to explain the weird name choice in People magazine, Richie said: “Sparrow was one we both liked. I liked the way it sounded with Harlow, and there’s the Captain Jack Sparrow connection.” Yes, she really does mean the flamboyant pirate played by Johnny Depp in Pirates of the Caribbean!", "Captain Barbosa ( Geoffrey Rush ) leads Will Turner ( Orlando Bloom ), Elizabeth Swann ( Keira Knightley ), and Tia Dalma ( Naomie Harris ) to World's End, the gateway to Davy Jones' Locker, in order to retrieve Captain Jack Sparrow ( Johnny Depp ) from the land of the dead. Meanwhile, Lord Cutler Beckett ( Tom Hollander ) and Davy Jones ( Bill Nighy ) have formed an alliance in order to rule the seas and wipe out the last of the Pirates, leading all nine pirate lords to convene at a Brethren Court at Shipwreck Cove and decide on a course of action against Beckett.", "IMDB Summary: \"Blacksmith Will Turner teams up with eccentric pirate \"Captain\" Jack Sparrow to save his love, the governor's daughter, from Jack's former pirate allies, who are now undead.\"", "In Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, Captain Jack is on the brink of madness from the affects of being in Davy Jones' locker and all alone. But, help comes from Will Turner, Elizabeth Swann and Hector Barbossa and a crew of Chinese pirates - sent on a ship from Sao Feng and using his magical charts to find the other side.Their own ship lost, they all board the Pearl and get her sea-going not sure where or how they will escape, but wily Jack figures it out. At the precise moment of sundown, Jack leads the crew in capsizing their own vessel! As the Pearl flips over in the water - she emerges back into the regular world. They make sail to Shipwreck Cove for the critical meeting of the Brethren Court to stave off the assault of the EITC and Davy Jones.The Pearl also led the pirate fleet in their last defense against the EITC's armada. Facing off in one-on-one combat, Hector Barbossa helmed as the vessel and the Flying Dutchman swirled in battle inside the giant maelstrom created by Calypso . After Davy Jones' death and Will Turner becomes the new captain of the Dutchman, both vessels obliterate the HMS Endeavour , Beckett's flagship.Returning to Tortuga victorious, Captain Jack arrived back the dock the next morning to find the Pearl missing! Hector Barbossa had commandeered her once again.", "The Flying Dutchman () is a legendary ghost ship that can never make port and is doomed to sail the oceans forever. The myth is likely to have originated from 17th-century nautical folklore. The oldest extant version dates to the late 18th century. Sightings in the 19th and 20th centuries reported the ship to be glowing with ghostly light. If hailed by another ship, the crew of the Flying Dutchman will try to send messages to land, or to people long dead. In ocean lore, the sight of this phantom ship is a portent of doom.", "The Queen Anne's Revenge, often simply referred to as the Revenge, or in-game as QAR is the legendary and infamous ship captained by the notorious pirate Edward Teach, better known as Blackbeard . She appears as a Level 39-41 Legendary Ship with 12 broadside cannons and 8 cannons on deck. She uses powerful Round Shot for both deck guns and broadsides , capable of sinking a war frigate in a single volley, if it has no armor. The Queen Anne's Revenge is smaller, slimmer and more agile than other War-class ships. She can also reload broadsides incredibly quickly. The ship appears randomly circling around Isla Perdida , Isla Tormenta , and Isla Cangrejos . This Legendary Ship is different from all other ships as she doesn't come straight at you, she will always have her broadsides facing the ship attacking her.", "The Queen Anne's Revenge is the ship commanded by Blackbeard in the fourth Pirates of The Caribbean movie, On Stranger Tides. The ship comprises a large, brown hull with black -and- crimson sails and features a skeletal motif throughout. The ship has six gun ports, though only three cannons are included. A large, black, bone-built lamp hangs from the stern, while the bow features a burning skeleton , with bone rails running along the sides and a skull bannister marking the rear. More bones and skeletons adorn the captain's quarters, which contains a map and some smaller lamps. The ship features three tall masts on the main deck, and a bowsprit at the front. The anchor can be raised and lowered using a functional winch.", "This film is loosely based on the 1988 pirate novel 'On Stranger Tides', by Tim Powers . The novel's protagonist is a pirate named Jack, but his character is significantly different from Jack Sparrow. See more »" ]

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[ "Aerosmith is an American rock band, sometimes referred to as \"the Bad Boys from Boston\" and \"America's Greatest Rock and Roll Band\". Their style, which is rooted in blues-based hard rock, has come to also incorporate elements of pop, heavy metal, and rhythm and blues, and has inspired many subsequent rock artists. They were formed in Boston, Massachusetts in 1970. Guitarist Joe Perry and bassist Tom Hamilton, originally in a band together called the Jam Band, met up with vocalist/pianist/harmonicist Steven Tyler, drummer Joey Kramer, and guitarist Ray Tabano, and formed Aerosmith. In 1971, Tabano was replaced by Brad Whitford, and the band began developing a following in Boston.", "Aerosmith is a prominent American rock band. Three of its members, Steven Tyler, Joe Perry, and Tom Hamilton, first met in Sunapee, New Hampshire in the late 60s, but it wasn't until 1970, in Boston, Massachusetts, that the three decided to form a band together. Later, they met up with Joey Kramer (drums) and Brad Whitford (rhythm guitar). The band enjoyed major popularity throughout the 70s, making rock anthems such as \"Dream On\" and \"Sweet Emotion\", but they split from 1979-84 due to serious in-group arguments and substance abuse problems that contributed to their decline.", "Aerosmith is an American hard rock band, sometimes referred to as \"The Bad Boys from Boston\" The band was formed in Boston, Massachusetts in 1970. Guitarist Joe Perry and bassist Tom Hamilton, originally in a band together called the Jam Band, met up with singer Steven Tyler, drummer Joey Kramer, and guitarist Ray Tabano, and formed Aerosmith. By 1971, Tabano was replaced by Brad Whitford, and the band began developing a following in Boston.", "In 1970, the first incarnation of Aerosmith formed when vocalist Steven Tyler met guitarist Joe Perry while working at a Sunapee, New Hampshire, ice cream parlor. Tyler, who originally was a drummer, and Perry decided to form a power trio with bassist Tom Hamilton. The group soon expanded to a quartet, adding a second guitarist called Ray Tabano; he was quickly replaced by Brad Whitford, a former member of Earth Inc. With the addition of drummer Joey Kramer, Tyler became the full-time lead singer by the end of year. Aerosmith relocated to Boston at the end of 1970.", "Soon, the band hired Ray Tabano, a childhood friend of Tyler, as rhythm guitarist and began playing local shows. Aerosmith played their first gig in Mendon, Massachusetts at Nipmuc Regional High School (now Miscoe Hill Middle School) on November 6, 1970. In 1971, Tabano was replaced by Brad Whitford, who also attended the Berklee School of Music and was formerly of the band Earth Inc. Whitford, from Reading, Massachusetts, had already played at Reading's AW Coolidge Middle School. Other than a period from July 1979 to April 1984, the line-up of Tyler, Perry, Hamilton, Kramer, and Whitford has stayed the same.", "The title track from Aerosmith's next album, Draw the Line (1977) was a hit for the band. The rest of the album, though, did not fare so well. Aerosmith's cover of The Beatles 'Come Together' was featured in the screen version of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. It turned out to be their last Top 40 hit for almost 10 years. Throughout this era. Steve Tyler and Joe Perry earned the nickname 'The Toxic Twins', on account of their drug abuse, both on and off stage.", "Steven Tyler (born Steven Victor Tallarico; March 26, 1948) is an American singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and former television music competition judge, best known as the lead singer of the Boston-based rock band Aerosmith, in which he also plays the harmonica, and occasional piano and percussion. He is known as the \"Demon of Screamin'\" due to his high screams and his wide vocal range. He is also known for his on-stage acrobatics. During his high-energy performances, Tyler usually dresses in bright, colorful outfits with his trademark scarves hanging from his microphone stand.", "Steven Tyler (born Steven Victor Tallarico; March 26, 1948) is an American singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and former television music competition judge, best known as the lead singer of the Boston-based rock band Aerosmith, in which he also plays the harmonica, and occasional piano and percussion. He is known as the \"Demon of Screamin'\" due to his high screams and his wide vocal range. He is also known for his on-stage acrobatics. During his high-energy performances, Tyler usually dresses in bright, colorful outfits with his trademark scarves hanging from his microphone stand.", "Tyler's life changed thanks to a fortuitous August 1969 night out in Lake Sunapee, New Hampshire, when he caught Perry and bassist Tom Hamilton playing with their group the Jam Band. Tyler was blown away after seeing the group run through Led Zeppelin, MC5 and early Fleetwood Mac tunes, and felt drawn to the musicians.", "- Steven Tyler forms his first \"serious\" band, Thee Strangeurs, in Sunapee NH. Tyler would later change the band's name to Chain Reaction, writing songs with their keyboard player, Don Solomon (with whom he co-wrote \"Woman of the World\"). The band also covers Beatles, Stones, Animals and Yardbirds", "On February 14, 1984, Perry and Whitford saw Aerosmith perform at Boston's Orpheum Theater. Shortly thereafter, discussions began to reintegrate the two into the band and several months later, the original members of Aerosmith reunited. Steven Tyler recalls:", "Aerosmith started writing songs and playing shows, and gained steam after guitarist Brad Whitford joined in summer 1971. The now-quintet's hard work paid off the following year, with a $125,000 major label record deal with Columbia. A self-titled debut followed in 1993, and while the LP wasn't a hit at the time, Tyler's harrowing ballad \"Dream On\" and the hard-edged \"Mama Kin\" became live staples.", "In 1979, the band started work on their next album, Night in the Ruts. Aerosmith decided to go on tour during a break in the recording schedule but tensions within the band were slowly coming to a head. The band's touring schedule brought them to Cleveland Stadium on July 28, 1979, where they headlined the World Series of Rock festival. In a heated argument backstage, Joe Perry's wife, Elissa, threw a glass of milk at Tom Hamilton's wife, Terry. Following the show, Tyler and Perry got into a heated argument when Tyler confronted Perry about his wife's antics, and after the course of the argument Perry quit the band and left (while Tyler claims in his autobiography that he fired Perry from the band). In leaving, Perry took some of the music that he had written with him. Shortly after his departure Perry formed a new band called the Joe Perry Project.", "In 1995, Led Zeppelin were inducted into the United States Rock and Roll Hall of Fame by Aerosmith 's vocalist, Steven Tyler and guitarist Joe Perry . Jason and Zoe Bonham also attended, representing their late father. [103] At the induction ceremony , the band's inner rift became apparent when Jones joked upon accepting his award, \"Thank you, my friends, for finally remembering my phone number\", causing consternation and awkward looks from Page and Plant. [104] Afterwards, they played one brief set with Tyler and Perry, with Jason Bonham on drums, and then a second with Neil Young , this time with Michael Lee taking the drumsticks. [103]", "Born Stephen Victor Tallarico on March 26, 1948, in Yonkers, New York. As the lead singer of Aerosmith, Steven Tyler is considered one of rock's greatest showman. The son of a music teacher, he started playing drums, but then focused on singing.", "Spinal Tap (stylized as Spın̈al Tap, with a dotless letter i and a metal umlaut over the n) is a parody British heavy metal band that first appeared on a 1979 ABC TV sketch comedy pilot called The T.V. Show, starring Rob Reiner. The sketch, actually a mock promotional video for the song \"Rock and Roll Nightmare\", was written by Reiner and the band, and included songwriter/performer Loudon Wainwright III on keyboards. Later the band became the fictional subject of the 1984 rockumentary/mockumentary film This Is Spinal Tap. The band members are portrayed by Michael McKean (as David St. Hubbins), Christopher Guest (as Nigel Tufnel) and Harry Shearer (as Derek Smalls).", "The group first hit the charts in 1971 with \"Don't Pull Your Love\". Reynolds left the group in late 1972, and was replaced by keyboardist Alan Dennison; however, the band still kept the name 'Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds'. This revised line-up performed the group's biggest hit, 1975's \"Fallin' in Love\".", "The Fantastic Four was formed in 1965 by Pruitt along with his brother Joseph, James Epps and Wallace \"Toby\" Childs. They scored a top 10 R&B hit in 1967 with \"The Whole World is A Stage\" and then joined the Motown subsidiary Soul label as part of Motown's purchase of the Tic-Toc label.  The group continued to record with moderate success over the next half decade, landing the hits \"You Gave Me Something\" and \"I Love You Madly\" before joining the upstart Westbound label and landing the big, early disco hit, \"Alvin Stone\" in 1975.  ", "In April 1970, Greg Reeves began behaving erratically and Stills fired him.[15] Reeves was replaced by Calvin \"Fuzzy\" Samuels. Young and Crosby were staying at a house near San Francisco when reports of the Kent State shootings arrived, inspiring Young to write the protest song \"Ohio\", recorded and rush-released weeks later, providing another Top 20 hit for the group.[16] However, the tenuous nature of the partnership was strained by its success and the group imploded after their tour in the summer of 1970. Concert recordings from that tour produced the 1971 double album Four Way Street. The four members did not come back together until the 1974 tour.", "On May 18th 1974 they appeared on an episode of the variety show, The Wheeltappers And Shunters Club.  Set in a working men's club environment, their act stood out showing a glimmer of what was hiding beneath the surface waiting to jump out and take the world by storm.  Tommy came out wearing a swanky brown suit and gold platforms, suave and sophisticated singing a song, full of confidence.  Bobby was sat in the audience, baggy suit, timid looking with a wicked centre parting in his thick bush of hair.  He jumped up, shocked to see his friend on stage performing and began trying to get his attention.  He eventually got up on the stage to the amusement of the audience and involved himself in the act.  Classic Cannon and Ball, a career built on this concept and one that we never tire of seeing.  Many people hold this performance in high regard and deservedly so.", "Nicks obtained a permanent gig at a local TV station in South Bend, Indiana, and asked Walker to join him and his keyboard player (Fred Patton) permanently. Shortly after, Nicks asked Willie Woods, a local singer, to perform with the group; shortly after Woods would learn how to play guitar also. When Nicks got drafted into the United States Army, Walker convinced the band to move from South Bend to Battle Creek, Michigan. While performing in Benton Harbor, Walker found a drummer, Tony Washington, to replace Nicks. Eventually, Fred Patton (piano player) left the group, and Victor Thomas stepped in. The original name, \"The Rhythm Rockers,\" was changed to \"The All Stars\". Walker's style was inspired by jump blues and early R&B, particularly players like Louis Jordan, Earl Bostic, and Illinois Jacquet.", "leetwood Mac was formed in 1967 by bass guitarist John McVie and drummer Mick Fleetwood, both refugees from John Mayall's Bluesbreakers. In 1970, John's then-wife Christine came in on keyboards, along with guitarist Bob Welch. When Welch left in 1974, guitarist Lindsey Buckingham and vocalist Stevie Nicks were added, creating the group's best-known and most successful line-up. This quintet recorded the album", "The current line-up is: Tony Crane (founding member) lead vocals and lead guitar ; Billy Kinsley (founding member) lead vocals and rhythm guitar ; Bob Packham (joined 1974) backing vocals and bass guitar (born Robert Packham, 17 July 1944, Anfield , Liverpool) (ex The Galvinsers); Dave Goldberg keyboards and lead guitar; and Lou Rosenthal (also joined 2000) drums . [1]", "1970: Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young released the protest single ‘Ohio,’ written and composed by Neil Young in reaction to the Kent State shootings of May 4, 1970, when unarmed college students were shot by the Ohio National Guard.", "1970: Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young release the protest single \"Ohio\" following the Kent State shootings.", "November 1970: Carl Perkins, Eric Clapton, Johnny Cash, and Derek & The Dominos on The Johnny Cash Show.", "In the early 1960s, Lamonte McLemore and Marilyn McCoo got together with three other friends from Los Angeles, Harry Elston, Lawrence Summers and Fritz Baskett, to form a group called the Hi-Fis (which later became the Vocals). In 1963, they sang at local clubs while taking lessons from a vocal coach. In 1964, they came to the attention of Ray Charles, who took them on tour with him the following year. He produced a single by the group, \"Lonesome Mood\", a jazz-type song that gained local attention. However, internal disagreements caused Elston to go his way, eventually leading to his forming the Friends of Distinction, along with latter day Hi-Fis member, Floyd Butler.", "John Williams did a number of movies--The GodFather, Harry Potter, Star Wars, E.T....check him out--there are some 70s movies right in there! P.S. \"It's So Hard To Say Goodbye (to yesterday)\" was done by Boyz to Men", "in 1980 - John Poulos dies at age 32. American drummmer born in Chicago; in the early 60s he was a member of The Pulsations along with vocalists George LeGros and Dennis Tufano. After winning a local battle of the bands competition, The Pulsations secured a job as the house band on WGN-TV's variety show called All-Time Hits in 1966. The show's producers suggested they adopt a name reflective of the British invasion, which was popular at the time, and the band adopted the name The Buckinghams, which was suggested by a security guard at the station. Their hits included \"Kind of Drag\", \"Don't You Care\", \"Mercy, Mercy, Mercy\", \"Hey Baby (They're Playing Our Song)\" and \"Susan\". In the 70s he became a manager of several rock bands, including The Boyzz from Illinoizz. (John died of drug-related heart failure)", "Stills' later backing band - Jerry Aiello (keyboards); Donnie Dacus (guitar, vocals); Russ Kunkel (drums) Joe Lala (percussion); Kenny Passarelli (bass, vocals). Kunkel replaced by Joe Vitale (drums, keyboards), Pasarelli by George \"Chocolate\" Perry (bass), 1976. Dacus dropped, Aiello replaced by Mike Finnegan (keyboards), Vitale by Joe Galdo (drums), late 1970s or early 80s. George Terry (guitar) and Tubby Ziegler (drums) also appear, mid-70s.", " 1972 Pete 'n' Tillie (music: \"Love's the Only Game in Town\" - as John T. Williams)", "In 1971, Preston left Apple and signed with Herb Alpert's A&M Records. The previous year, he contributed to another hit single when Stephen Stills asked to use Preston's phrase \"if you can't be with the one you love, love the one you're with\", a song on Stills' self-titled debut solo album." ]

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[ "July 27, 1953 - The Korean War ended with the signing of an armistice by U.S. and North Korean delegates at Panmunjom, Korea. The war had lasted just over three years.", "July 27, 1953, the armistice agreement ending the Korean War was signed at P'anmunjom in central Korea.", "1953 - The armistice agreement that ended the Korean War was signed at Panmunjon, Korea. The war lasted three years and 32 days. The truce negotiations between North Korean and U.S. delegates (representing South Korea) lasted two years and seventeen days.", "The Korean War ended on 27 July 1953, with the Korean Armistice Agreement in which the country remained divided into two. The last Sabre/MiG fight of the Korean War took place on 22 July 1953, when Lt. Sam P. Young of the 31st Wing scored his first and only victory. The last kill of the Korean War took place on 27 July, when Capt. Ralph S. Parr flying an F-86F-30 shot down an Il-12 twin-engined transport aircraft. At the end of the Korean War, the seven American fighter Wings in Korea had 297 Sabres on hand, with 132 of them being with fighter-bomber Wings. [22]", "2 / 7 Show Caption + Hide Caption – The front page of the Cleveland Plain Dealer's July 27, 1953 edition announced the long-awaited news of the armistice that 60 years ago Saturday was signed in Panmunjom, ending full-scale fighting in the Korean War of 1950 \" 1953. (Photo Credit: U.S. Army) VIEW ORIGINAL", "The Korean War (1950–53), in which the U.S. military suffered 196,000 casualties , including 54,000 dead, in a war against North Korea and ultimately also “volunteers” from the People's Republic of China, ended in a truce signed in Panmunjom by military representatives from the United States and North Korea but not South Korea. Rhee's resistance was softened, however, by guarantees of increased military assistance, continued U.S. troops, and a mutual security treaty with the United States.", "(25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) a war between Communist-led North Korea and US-aligned South Korea. It was primarily the result of the political division of Korea by an agreement of the victorious Allies at the conclusion of the Pacific War at the end of World War II.", "Panmunjeom is the site of the negotiations that ended the Korean War and is the main center of human activity in the DMZ. The village is located on the main highway and near a railroad connecting the two Koreas.", "War in Korea— The Korean War was a military conflict between the Republic of Korea, supported by the United Nations, and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, supported by the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union. The war began on 25 June 1950 and an armistice was signed on 27 July 1953.", "The Korean Armistice Agreement is the armistice which ended the Korean War. It was signed by U.S. Army Lieutenant General William Harrison, Jr. representing the United Nations Command (UNC), North Korean General Nam Il representing the Korean People's Army, and the Chinese People’s Volunteer Army. The armistice was signed on July 27, 1953, and was designed to \"insure a complete cessation of hostilities and of all acts of armed force in Korea until a final peaceful settlement is achieved.\"[http://news.findlaw.com/cnn/docs/korea/kwarmagr072753.html \"Korean War Armistice Agreement\"], FindLaw, July 27, 1953 No \"final peaceful settlement\" has been achieved yet. The signed armistice established the Korean Demilitarized Zone (de facto a new border between the two nations), put into force a cease-fire, and finalized repatriation of prisoners of war. The Demilitarized Zone runs not far from the 38th parallel, which separated North and South Korea before the war.", "June 25: North Korean forces cross the 38th parallel and invade South Korea, marking the start of the Korean War. The conflict would end over three years later when an armistice is signed on July 27, 1953.", "The Demilitarized Zone runs northeast of the 38th parallel; to the south, it travels west. The old Korean capital city of Kaesong, site of the armistice negotiations, originally was in pre-war South Korea, but now is part of North Korea. The United Nations Command, supported by the United States, the North Korean People's Army, and the Chinese People's Volunteers, signed the Armistice Agreement on 27 July 1953 to end the fighting. The Armistice also called upon the governments of South Korea, North Korea, China and the United States to participate in continued peace talks. The war is considered to have ended at this point, even though there was no peace treaty. North Korea nevertheless claims that it won the Korean War.", "The armistice agreement, signed in 1953, ended the three-year war between North and South Korea in a truce.", "Whether or not Eisenhower’s threats of nuclear attacks helped, by July 1953 all sides involved in the conflict were ready to sign an agreement ending the bloodshed. The armistice, signed on July 27, established a committee of representatives from neutral countries to decide the fate of the thousands of prisoners of war on both sides. It was eventually decided that the POWs could choose their own fate–stay where they were or return to their homelands. A new border between North and South Korea was drawn, which gave South Korea some additional territory and demilitarized the zone between the two nations. The war cost the lives of millions of Koreans and Chinese, as well as over 50,000 Americans. It had been a frustrating war for Americans, who were used to forcing the unconditional surrender of their enemies. Many also could not understand why the United States had not expanded the war into China or used its nuclear arsenal. As government officials were well aware, however, such actions would likely have prompted World War III.", "In the North, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea was declared on September 9, with Kim Il-sung as prime minister. This division of Korea, after more than a millennium of being unified, was seen as unacceptable and temporary by both regimes. From 1948 until the start of the civil war on June 25, 1950, the armed forces of each side engaged in a series of bloody conflicts along the border. In 1950, these conflicts escalated dramatically when North Korean forces attacked South Korea, triggering the Korean War . An armistice [12] was signed three years later ending hostilities and effectively making the division permanent. The two sides agreed to create a three-mile wide buffer zone between the states, where nobody would enter. This area came to be known as the Demilitarized Zone or DMZ.Geneva Conference", "1953 The last American and Korean prisoners are exchanged in Operation Big Switch, the last official act of the Korean War.", "On June 25, 1950, a strong armored force from the North crossed the 38th parallel and captured Seoul four days later. A three-year war ensued, with United Nations forces, primarily those of the United States, backing South Korea. A cease-fire was signed on July 27, 1953, and a demilitarized zone was established along the 38th parallel.", "July 27th, 1953 — 60 years ago today. In the village of Panmunjom, in a barren room, the generals picked up their pens and signed their names to the agreement spread before them. That night, as the armistice took hold, the guns of war thundered no more. Along the jagged front, men emerged from their muddy trenches. A Marine raised his bugle and played taps. And a soldier spoke for millions when he said, “Thank God it is over.”", "But, at last, agreement was reached and an armistice signed at Panmunjom 10 a.m. July 27, 1953.", "4. William Whitney Stueck, The Korean War: An International History (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1995), pp. 204-15, summarizes the views of the UNC allies and the diplomatic maneuvering that preceded the truce talks. Syngman Rhee's opposition to the truce talks is described by US officials in reports reprinted in FRUS, 1951, Vol. 7, Korea and China (Washington: GPO, 1983), pp. 575, 595, 601-07, and 611, and is described by the first ROK representative to the talks, General Paik Sun Yup (Paek Son-yop), in From Pusan to Panmunjom (Washington: Brassey's [US], 1992), pp. 165, 170-78.", "Territory won during these hill battles was not of high military importance or tactical significance, but it provided each side with bargaining chips to bring to the negotiation table, a tighter hold on their positions surrounding the 38th Parallel and, perhaps most importantly, a psychological win over their enemies. An end to the hostilities came with the signing of an armistice by the United States, North Korea, and China on July 27, 1953. Notably, a peace treaty between North and South Korea has never been signed.", "A ceasefire stopped the fighting on July 27, 1953. There was an armistice signed by North Korea, China and the UN but not South Korea. Korea is still split into North Korea, which is communist, and South Korea which is non-communist. The border, protected by a demilitarized zone, was established along the 38th parallel. Before the armistice, talks had gone on for nearly 2 years. Eisenhower had promised that if he was elected in the election of 1952, he would go to Korea and end the war.", "In July 1951, President Truman and his new military commanders started peace talks at Panmunjom. Still, the fighting continued along the 38th parallel as negotiations stalled. Both sides were willing to accept a ceasefire that maintained the 38th parallel boundary, but they could not agree on whether prisoners of war should be forcibly “repatriated.” (The Chinese and the North Koreans said yes; the United States said no.) Finally, after more than two years of negotiations, the adversaries signed an armistice on July 27, 1953. The agreement allowed the POWs to stay where they liked; drew a new boundary near the 38th parallel that gave South Korea an extra 1,500 square miles of territory; and created a 2-mile-wide “demilitarized zone” that still exists today.", "The war's unpopularity played an important role in the presidential victory of Dwight D. Eisenhower , who had pledged to go to Korea to end the war. Negotiations broke down four different times, but after much difficulty and nuclear threats by Eisenhower, an armistice agreement was signed (July 27, 1953). Casualties in the war were heavy. U.S. losses were placed at over 54,000 dead and 103,000 wounded, while Chinese and Korean casualties were each at least 10 times as high. Korean forces on both sides executed many alleged civilian enemy sympathizers, especially in the early months of the war.", "The on-again, off-again armistice negotiations continued for two years, first at Kaesong, on the border between North and South Korea, and then at the neighbouring village of Panmunjom. A major, problematic negotiation point was prisoner of war (POW) repatriation. The PVA, KPA, and UN Command could not agree on a system of repatriation because many PVA and KPA soldiers refused to be repatriated back to the north, which was unacceptable to the Chinese and North Koreans. In the final armistice agreement, signed on 27 July 1953, a Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission, under the Chairman Indian General K. S. Thimayya, was set up to handle the matter.", "In December 1950, the United States – by far the most influential United Nations country at war in Korea – abandoned this aim as it saw no prospect of complete victory now that China had intervened in the war. China, the main player in the alliance between North Korea, the Soviet Union and China , took another six months to come to the same conclusion. After the defeat of the communist fifth phase offensive in mid-1950, it too decided the war would only end with a negotiated peace. Negotiations opened at Kaesong on 10 July 1951 and were later moved to Panmunjom.", "There was no simple way to end the conflict. Talks had collapsed in October 1952. In 1953, the US threatened to bomb China, but eventually a ceasefire was declared between UN forces and Korean/Chinese forces. The \"De-Militarized Zone\" which designates the border between North and South Korea has remained one of the most heavily-armed stretches of land on Earth. The stability of the region is threatened by the development of nuclear weapons by North Korea.", "Feeling betrayed by the 25 May UNC concessions, ROK President Syngman Rhee now made a final effort to derail the Armistice. He made strong overtures to President Eisenhower, ordered public demonstrations, threatened to remove the ROK military forces from the UNC, said he would attack any Indian troops that set foot on South Korean soil, and on 17 June unilaterally released Korean prisoners from the UNC POW camps. Rhee's actions brought the negotiations to a halt. The Chinese and North Koreans refused to accept an armistice without assurance that the South Koreans would comply with its terms. Rhee finally agreed to abide by the Armistice only after receiving a promise of future US support, a mutual security treaty with the United States, and a major aid package--and after a series of heavy Chinese attacks aimed specifically at South Korean units nearly destroyed two ROK divisions.[46] Rhee's acceptance removed the final obstacle to a truce.", "While argument over repatriation went on at Panmunjom, action at the front continued as a series of artillery duels, patrols, ambushes, raids, and bitter contests for outpost positions. But for all the furious and costly small-scale battles that took place, the lines remained substantially unchanged at the end of 1952. The armistice conference meanwhile went into an indefinite recess in October with the repatriation issue still unresolved.", "The main scene then shifted to Geneva, Switzerland, where the political conference recommended in the armistice agreement convened on April 26. There was a complete impasse from the beginning: the representatives of UNC member nations wanted to reunify Korea through elections supervised by the United Nations; the Communist delegation refused to recognize the U.N.'s authority to deal with the matter. The conference on Korea closed June 15, 1954, with the country still divided and with opposing forces, although their guns remained silent, still facing each other across the demilitarized zone. The prognosis was that this situation would continue for some time to come.", "As dictated by the terms of the Korean Armistice, a Geneva Conference was held in 1954 on the Korean question. Despite efforts by many of the nations involved, the conference ended without a declaration for a unified Korea.", "As dictated by the terms of the armistice a Geneva Conference was held in 1954 on the Korean question. Despite efforts by many of the nations involved the conference ended without a declaration for a unified Korea." ]

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[ "1. a basic stitch in knitting, the reverse of the knit, formed by pulling a loop of the working yarn back through an existing stitch and then slipping that stitch off the needle.", "1. a basic stitch in knitting, the reverse of the knit, formed by pulling a loop of the working yarn back through an existing stitch and then slipping that stitch off the needle. Cf. knit (def. 11).", "Clothing, Textilesa basic stitch in knitting, the reverse of the knit, formed by pulling a loop of the working yarn back through an existing stitch and then slipping that stitch off the needle. Cf.  knit (def. 11).", "3. Push working yarn from front to back through cast-on stitch. Slip cast-on stitch off left-hand needle while holding middle finger against second cast-on stitch to ensure it does not also slip off. The stitch on right-hand needle is the newly formed purl stitch. As a purl stitch faces you, it looks like a grain of rice; its reverse side looks like a V.", "Knitting is a very relaxing hobby. There are many different types of knitting stitches, however the knit and the purl stitches are the basic stitches used in many patterns and by knitting a row of knit stitch and a row of purl stitch you will achieve the stockinette stitch. If you look at the reverse side of several rows of purl stitch you will see it looks like the knit stitch!", "The basic knitted fabric (as in the diagram, and usually called a stocking or stockinette pattern) has a definite \"right side\" and \"wrong side\". On the right side, the visible portions of the loops are the verticals connecting two rows which are arranged in a grid of V shapes. On the wrong side, the ends of the loops are visible, both the tops and bottoms, creating a much more bumpy texture sometimes called reverse stockinette. (Despite being the \"wrong side,\" reverse stockinette is frequently used as a pattern in its own right.) Because the yarn holding rows together is all on the front, and the yarn holding side-by-side stitches together is all on the back, stockinette fabric has a strong tendency to curl toward the front on the top and bottom, and toward the back on the left and right side.", "The most common texture for a knitted garment is that generated by the flat stockinette stitch—as seen, though very small, in machine-made stockings and T-shirts—which is worked in the round as nothing but knit stitches, and worked flat as alternating rows of knit and purl. Other simple textures can be made with nothing but knit and purl stitches, including garter stitch, ribbing, and moss and seed stitches. Adding a \"slip stitch\" (where a loop is passed from one needle to the other) allows for a wide range of textures, including heel and linen stitches as well as a number of more complicated ", "The process of interlocking loops of yarn to form a fabric. Warp knitting loops yarn across a fabric, while weft knitting loops several yarns down the length of a fabric.", "Insert hook in first loop hanging on knitting needle and pull up loop, yo, insert hook into next loop in knitting needle and pull loop through both loops on hook in a slip stitch fashion, insert hook into next loop, pull loop and bring that loop through both loops on hook, continue in this manner until you have only one loop left on the knitting needle, insert that loop into your hook and fasten off as you usually do for crochet.", "Reverse stockinette stitch is produced in the same way as stockinette, except that the purl stitches are done on the right side and the knit stitches on the wrong side. In the round, reverse stockinette stitch is produced by purling every stitch.", "Weaving and Knitting: In weaving, two distinct sets of yarns called the warp and the weft are interlaced at right angles with each other to form a woven fabric. Knitted fabrics are produced by interlocking rows of yarns and loops. As new loops are formed, they are drawn through those previously formed. A circular knitting machine primarily manufactures jersey and a variety of double knits. Flat knitting machines make yard goods like tricot and raschel knits.", "This video knitting tutorial will help you learn how to knit backwards. If you prefer not to use the purl stitch or if you are working a pattern that requires a lot of turning your work this technique will help you to remedy those problems. Knitting backwards is knitting from the left to right (right to left for left handers) and can be substituted for a purl row in stockinette, allowing you to never turn your work.", "Once the hand knitted piece is finished, the remaining live stitches are \"cast off\". Casting (or \"binding\") off loops the stitches across each other so they can be removed from the needle without unravelling the item. Although the mechanics are different from casting on, there is a similar variety of methods.", "insert that loop formed into second knitting needle (these are knit sts you are making), rep across. Now all your stitches are loops hanging on the second knitting needle.", "Big decrease: On the WRONG side: yf, sl2, p2tog, psso. (Put your working yarn in front, slip the next two stitches purlwise, purl 2 together, pass both slipped stitches over)", "In the textile arts, a stitch is a single turn or loop of thread, or yarn. Stitches are the fundamental elements of sewing, knitting, embroidery, crochet, and needle lace-making, whether by hand or machine. A variety of stitches, each with one or more names, are used for specific purposes.", "Knitted - Formed by interlacing yarn or thread in a series of connected loops with needles.", "Mega knitting uses the same stitches and techniques as conventional knitting, except that hooks are carved into the ends of the needles. The hooked needles greatly enhance control of the work, catching the stitches and preventing them from slipping off.", "3. With needle, catch the working yarn that's on your index finger, and pull it through the loop on your thumb. Remove thumb from loop. Keeping yarn ends secured in palm, reposition thumb, and tighten new stitch on right-hand needle. Repeat these steps until you've cast on the required number of stitches.", "Continue repeating rows 2 and 3 until you have the length you want for your swatch or until you have learned these stitches by heart. The pattern will form ridges which in knitting terms are called \"Garter Stitch\".", "; Stitch: A stitch is a single turn or loop of the thread or yarn in sewing, knitting, and embroidery. ", "Sometime after nylon-backed neoprene appeared, the blind stitch method was developed. A blindstitch sewing machine uses a curved needle, which does not go all the way through the neoprene but just shallowly dips in behind the fabric backing, crosses the glue line, and emerges from the surface on the same side of the neoprene. This is similar to the overlock stitching used for teeshirts and other garments made from knitted fabrics.", "Fabrics that are formed by knitting. The interlocking of loops of yarn rather than interlacing two sets of yarn as in weaving.", "S1= Slip 1 stitch, usually done with needles tip to tip or in a purlwise manner", "you would be going down in 4 into the same hole that you would need to come up in to make the first part of your next stitch; thus you would be undoing your stitch. The simple (and correct) solution to this is to realize that if you are reversing the direction in which you will stitch your ROW (from bottom to top instead of top to bottom), you should also reverse which holes you come up and go down into. Instead of coming up in the bottom left hole, and going down in the top right hole to make the first half of the cross, you would come up in the top right and go down into the bottom left hole. To complete the cross, instead of coming up in the bottom right and going down in the top left, you would come up in the top left and go down in the bottom right:", "At the end of your right side row, take main needle in your non-dominate hand (now it will become the working needle), insert working needle into first stitch on main needle into back of loop.", "\"...Turn this oeillet [ring made with the white shuttle] down under the left thumb; the stitches between the oeillets are now worked, using the other thread instead of commencing a loop, thus - place the thread from the red shuttle between the second and third fingers of the left hand, holding it about two inches from the work, and work six double stitches on this thread, so that the white shuttle will form the foundation or drawing thread, and the other the six stitches; drop the white shuttle, take the red in the right hand and work with it.", "2. Insert every ring of the chain already made into the knitting needle. Working yarn must be on the side of the tip of the knitting needle when you're done.", "Step 7: Push the loops remaining on the pegs to the bottom. Ewrap another row. Knit off again pulling the bottom row over the top row with the Knifty Knitter hook. Continue this step, wrapping a new row and knitting off until your knit reaches the desired length.", "Take a look at your stitches, you will notice that you have a row underneath that is make of \"knit\" stitches, which formed naturally when you", "a technique of needlework in which designs or figures are stitched into a textile ground with colored thread or yarn.", "It knits up pretty quickly because you're repeating the same stitch across the row, and once you've had a little practice you can knit it without paying much attention to what you're doing." ]

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[ "The Negev Desert covers almost the entire southern part of Israel, from Be’er Sheva down to Eilat on the Red Sea. The yellow sands of the Negev Desert fill more than half of Israel, more than 4,700 square miles. Since the creation of modern day Israel, this part of the country has been somewhat of a sacred place. From the times of Ben-Gurion (the country’s founder and first prime minister), there has been a movement to settle the rugged desert. The early leader loved the Negev Desert so much he chose to make it his final resting place. Although often overlooked by tourists in favor of the North, there are plenty of things to do in the Negev Desert. We had an amazing time in the early part of our tour with Puzzle Israel exploring the Negev Desert.", "The Negev desert, shaped like a 4700 square mile inverted triangle in the south of Israel, makes up more than half of the country’s land area. I can arrange to make a visit to the Negev part of your itinerary, you have to experience the desert to understand its importance.", "The Negev desert, shaped like a 4,700 square mile inverted triangle in the south of the country, makes up more than half of Israel’s land area. A visit to the Negev should be on everyone's itinerary, because only by experiencing the desert can you understand its importance.", "The Negev desert is a vast and sparsely populated piece of land which accounts for over half of Israel’s land area.", "The Negev Desert, Israel, and the surrounding area, including the Arava Valley, receive plenty of sunshine and are generally not arable. This has resulted in the construction of many solar plants. David Faiman has proposed that \"giant\" solar plants in the Negev could supply all of Israel's needs for electricity.", "Israel contains three main regions. Along the Mediterranean Sea lies a coastal plain. Inland is a hilly area that includes the hills of Galilee in the north and Samaria and Judea in the center. In the south of Israel lies the Negev Desert, which covers about half of Israel's land area. The two bodies of water in Israel are the Sea of Galilee and the Dead Sea. The latter, which takes its name from its heavy salinity, lies 1,290 ft (393 m) below sea level, and is the lowest point on the earth 's landmasses. It is also a great resource for potassium chloride, magnesium bromide, and many other salts. Jordan borders on Israel in the east near the Dead Sea. To the east of the Jordan River, which feeds the Dead Sea, is a plateau region. The low hills gradually slope downward to a large desert, which occupies most of the eastern part of the country.", "The largest city in the Negev desert of southern Israel. Often referred to as the \"Capital of the Negev\", it is the seventh-largest city in Israel, located in the Southern District of the country.", "Landscape: Eilat is Israel's southernmost city, part of the Negev Desert on the northern tip of the Red Sea. ", "a desert and semidesert region of southern Israel. The region's largest city and administrative capital is Beersheba, in the north. At its southern end is the Gulf of Aqaba and the resort city of Eilat. It contains several development towns, including ...", "The Dead Sea (Hebrew: ??? ??????????????, Yam Ha-Mela?, \"Sea of Salt\"; Arabic: ??????? ????????, al-Ba?r l-Mayyit, \"Dead Sea\") is a salt lake between Israel and the West Bank to the west, and Jordan to the east. It is 422 metres (1,385 ft) below sea level,[2] and its shores are the lowest point on the surface of the Earth on dry land. The Dead Sea is 378 m (1,240 ft) deep, the deepest hypersaline lake in the world. It is also one of the world's saltiest bodies of water, with 33.7 percent salinity. Only Lake Assal (Djibouti), Garabogazköl and some hypersaline lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica (such as Don Juan Pond and perhaps Lake Vanda) have a higher salinity. It is 8.6 times saltier than the ocean.[3] This salinity makes for a harsh environment where animals cannot flourish, hence its name. The Dead Sea is 67 kilometres (42 mi) long and 18 kilometres (11 mi) wide at its widest point. It lies in the Jordan Rift Valley, and its main tributary is the Jordan River.", "Jordan    officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern part of the Syrian Desert down to the Gulf of Aqaba. It shares borders with Syria to the north, Iraq to the north-east, Israel and the Palestinian territories to the west, and Saudi Arabia to the east and south. It shares control of the Dead Sea with Israel, and the coastline of the Gulf of Aqaba with Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt. Much of Jordan is covered by desert, particularly the Arabian Desert; however the north-western area, with the sacred Jordan River , is regarded as part of the Fertile Crescent. The capital city of Amman is in the north-west.", "The Arabian Desert is the fourth largest desert in the world, with an area of about 2,330,000 square kilometers. The Arabian Desert is situated on the Arabian peninsula, and makes up parts of Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. Both the Sahara and Arabian Deserts are known for their sand and sand dunes, which are typical images of desert landscapes.", "A hilly desert region of southern Israel. Assigned to Israel after the partition of Palestine in 1948, it has various mineral resources.", "This desert is a combination of a true desert and a steppe. It is located in the north of the Arabian Peninsula in the region of Syria. It occupies about 200,000 square miles of total landmass. The desert is flat, but very rocky. The landscape was formed by lava flows emanating from volcanic activities in the region of Jebel Druze in Syria. The Syrian Desert covers parts of Syria, Jordan, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia.", "hilly desert region of southern Israel, about 5,140 sq mi (13,310 sq km), bordered by the Judaean Hills, the Wadi Arabah, the Sinai peninsula, and the ...", "Israel, a country slightly smaller than the U.S. state of New Jersey , is located in the Middle East , bordering the Mediterranean Sea for a length of 273 kilometers (168 miles). In the south and southwest, it borders the Gulf of Aqaba and the Sinai Peninsula, occupied in the war of June 1967 and returned to Egypt in April 1982. To the east, it shares a 238-kilo-meter (147-mile) borderline with the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and 307 kilometers (189 miles) with the Palestinian Autonomous Area on the western shore of the Jordan river. In the north, Israel shares 79 kilometers (49 miles) of borders with Lebanon , and with Syria for 76 kilometers (47 miles) on the disputed Golan Heights.", "Situated in southwestern Asia along the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea , Israel claims an area of 20,770 sq km (8,019 sq mi), extending about 320 km (200 mi) n–s and 110 km (70 mi) e–w; at its narrowest, just north of Tel Aviv–Yafo, it is 19 km (12 mi) across. This total includes the Golan Heights area (1,176 sq km/454 sq mi), captured from Syria during the Six-Day War in 1967 and annexed on 14 December 1981; the annexation (technically described as the extension of Israeli \"law, jurisdiction, and administration\" to the region) was condemned by Syria and by unanimous resolution of the UN Security Council. The Labor Government in 1984 indicated that some (possibly all) of the Golan could be returned to Syria in a peace agreement. Other territories captured in 1967 and classified as administered territories were the West Bank (Judea and Samaria ), 5,878 sq km (2,270 sq mi), and the Gaza Strip, 362 sq km (140 sq mi). (The Gaza Strip and Jericho area were transferred in 1994 to Palestinian administration, and six more West Bank cities were included in Palestinian control in 1997. All seven West Bank cities were reoccupied by Israel in 2002, but Jericho was returned to the Palestinians in 2005.) East Jerusalem, captured in 1967, was annexed shortly thereafter.", "The Dead Sea is both the lowest point in Eurasia at 418 meters (1,371 ft) below sea level and falling, and the deepest hypersaline lake in the world at 330 m (1,083 ft) deep and 799 m (2,621 ft) below sea level. It is also one of the saltiest bodies of water on Earth with a salinity of about 30%. This is about 8.6 times greater than the average ocean salinity. It measures 67 kilometers (42 mi) long, up to 18 kilometers (11 mi) wide, and is located on the border between the West Bank, Israel, and Jordan, and lies in the Jordan Rift Valley. The main tributary is the Jordan River. ", "Their habitat reaches from the mountains of northern Israel all the way down the eastern deserts and mountains to Israel's southern tip at Eilat. Some of the best spots to look for them include the Ein Gedi oasis near the Dead Sea and the mountains of north-east Israel, near Nimrod's Fortress or the Banias national park.", "Oases in desert climates have been popular spots for tourists for centuries. Spa s ring the Dead Sea, a saline lake in the Judean Desert of Israel and Jordan. The Dead Sea has had flourishing spas since the time of King David .", "The Dead Sea, which is also called the Salt Sea, is a salt lake located between Israel and Jordan in southwestern Asia. Its eastern shore belongs to Jordan, and the southern half of its western shore belongs to Israel. The northern half of the western shore lies within the Palestinian West Bank and has been under Israeli occupation since the 1967 Arab-Israeli war. The Jordan River, from which the Dead Sea receives nearly all its water, flows from the north into the lake.", "The Dead Sea (Hebrew: יָם הַמֶּלַח, Yām Ha-Melaḥ, \"Sea of Salt\"; Arabic: البَحْر المَيّت, al-Baḥr l-Mayyit, \"Dead Sea\") is a salt lake between Israel and the West Bank to the west, and Jordan to the east. It is 422 metres (1,385 ft) below sea level, and its shores are the lowest point on the surface of the Earth on dry land. The Dead Sea is 378 m (1,240 ft) deep, the deepest hypersaline lake in the world. It is also one of the world's saltiest bodies of water, with 33.7 percent salinity. Only Lake Assal (Djibouti), Garabogazköl and some hypersaline lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica (such as Don Juan Pond and perhaps Lake Vanda) have a higher salinity. It is 8.6 times as salty as the ocean. This salinity makes for a harsh environment where animals cannot flourish, hence its name. The Dead Sea is 67 kilometres (42 mi) long and 18 kilometres (11 mi) wide at its widest point. It lies in the Jordan Rift Valley, and its main tributary is the Jordan River.", "Today the Negev is the gateway to the desert. It offers charming nature corners, historical and archeological sites, springs and the remains of agricultural compounds. Tourism in the desert is a developing industry and many tourists explore its expanses on foot, on bicycle and in all-terrain vehicles.", "Situated between steep, rocky cliffs, 2,500 to 4,000 ft (762–1,219 m) high, the Dead Sea is divided by the Al Lisan peninsula into two basins—a larger northern basin now 1,240 ft (378 m) deep, and a smaller, shallow southern basin, now separated from the northern basin and divided into evaporation ponds. The lake is fed by the Jordan River and a number of small streams; it has no outlet. Because it is located in a very hot and dry region, the Dead Sea loses much water through evaporation; its level fluctuates during the year. Inflow has been greatly reduced by the increased use of the waters of the Jordan and its tributaries for irrigation, and that, along with the use of evaporation ponds to produce potash and other minerals, has led to falling water levels since the 1960s. A 2013 agreement by Israel, Jordan, and the Palestinian Authority involving regional water resources called for the lake to be replenished with the brine by-produced by a planned desalination plant at Aqaba, Jordan. In prehistoric times, the lake has been much larger, filling the entire Jordan trough from S of the Dead Sea to N of the Sea of Galilee as Lake Lisan some 25,000 years ago, and much smaller, perhaps completely dry, 120,000 years ago.", "The desert is 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) long, and 500 kilometres (310 mi) wide. Its surface elevation varies from 800 m in the southwest to around sea level in the northeast. The terrain is covered with sand dunes with heights up to 250 m, interspersed with gravel and gypsum plains. The sand is of a reddish-orange color due to the presence of feldspar.", "The narrow strip of maritime coastal plain gives way in the east to plateaus (elevation, 500–1,000 m, reaching 1,208 m), which are broken by steep slopes toward the deep fault trough of Ghor (al-Ghor) and its southern extension, Wadi al-Arabah. The surface of the plateaus is composed primarily of limestones (karst is well developed), sandstones, and basalts. The waters of the Dead Sea are rich in potassium, sodium, and bromine salts. There are deposits of phosphorites, quartz sands, clays, marble, copper, iron ore, and peat and small deposits of oil and gas in the Negev desert.", "Things To Do In The Negev Desert is published on 2016-03-31T20:05:03-05:00 and last modified: 2016-12-23T04:05:21-06:00 by Adam", "The Great Basin Desert is largest in area, covering southeast Oregon, a small portion of northeast California, most of west Utah, part of southeast Idaho, and the majority of Nevada - all except the southernmost 150 miles which are within the Mojave Desert, and some northern mountain ranges bordering Idaho. All this land is characterized by long, thin, parallel mountain ridges running north-south, separated by wider valleys, often containing dry lake beds (playas) or salt basins. The few rivers run inwards, with no outlet to the ocean; their waters ultimately either sink below ground or evaporate.", "The Sinai Peninsula lies between the Gulf of Suez and the Suez Canal on the west and the Gulf of Aqaba and the Negev on the east, and it is bounded by the Mediterranean Sea on the north and the Red Sea to the south. Its greatest dimensions are about 130 miles (210 km) from east to west and about 240 miles (385 km) from north to south.", "The Dead Sea is 67 kilometres long and 18 kilometres wide at its widest point. It lies in the Jordan Rift Valley with Israel on its west bank.", "As you move further west, annual rainfall begins to decrease- here there is 250mm of annual rainfall on average and the soil here is light and partially sandy. In Western Negev there are sand dunes that reach up to almost 30 m high- quite a breathtaking sight.", "The country's terrain varies. On the eastern desert plateau, average elevation is 3,000 feet; in the west, mountains rise to 5,700 feet; and at the Dead Sea, terrain drops to the Earth 's lowest land point of some 1,300 feet below sea level. Although historically an earthquake-prone region, no severe shocks have been recorded for several centuries." ]

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[ "By Ramin SkiBBa t’s the first time I’ve been a distinguished anything!” laughed Jim Toomey, beginning his presentation as the distinguished speaker for the annual KnowltonJackson Lecture of the Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation (CMBC) at Scripps Seaside Forum Auditorium Jan. 16. The speaker series, which began in 2013, is named after Nancy Knowlton, founder of CMBC, and Jeremy Jackson, both marine biologists. Just outside the auditorium, people appreciated the sunny day on the beach and sounds of the crashing waves, making the place a fitting venue for Toomey’s lecture, titled “Drawing Inspiration from the Sea.” For the past 20 years, Toomey has been writing and drawing the daily comic strip, Sherman’s Lagoon, which is syndicated in 250 newspapers in North America and in 30 foreign countries. Its cast of sea creatures includes a lazy great white shark, Sherman; his wife, Megan; the sea turtle, Fillmore; and the selfish hermit crab, Hawthorne. Toomey joked with the audience that he often speaks before younger crowds and at aquariums, so it was like a nightmare speaking in front of real marine biologists at Scripps, and he thanked the organizers for making his nightmare come true. Sherman’s Lagoon brings together two of his life-", "Top: An installment of ‘Sherman’s Lagoon,’ and above, one of his cartoon collections, created by Jim Toomey, right, with Sherman and Fillmore. Photos courtesy shermanslagoon.com hard part’s the writing.” He then demonstrated with Photoshop by drawing a strip as the audience watched it take shape on the screen. (He switched from pen and paper to drawing on the computer in 2002.) See CREATOR, page 28", "A sample comic strip from ‘Sherman’s Lagoon’ by Jim Toomey weren’t so lazy. Fillmore, the turtle, has an incredible ability to navigate; he also has terrible pickup lines. He named many of his characters after streets in San Francisco, where he was living at the time. To make his cartoons, Toomey said he starts with the dialogue, “though for me, the hard part’s the writing.” He then demonstrated with Photoshop, by drawing a strip, as the audience watched it take shape on the screen. (He switched from pen and paper to drawing on the computer in 2002.) Through his cartoons, artistic abilities and speaking skills, Toomey works toward communicating science and environmental", "In 2005 the strip celebrated its 75th anniversary. In preparation of the anniversary the artists started the longest running serial ever, starting on 10 July, 2005, and running till 4 September, 2005. During this period they only ran preparation for the anniversary daily cartoons [1]. Characters from several other strips, including Garfield, Beetle Bailey and Hagar the Horrible, made appearances [2]. During this time, the strip Pearls Before Swine made fun of the fact that their cast was not invited, and decided to invite themselves.", "Single panels usually, but not always, are not broken up and lack continuity. The daily Peanuts is a strip, and the daily Dennis the Menace is a single panel. J. R. Williams' long-run Out Our Way continued as a daily panel even after it expanded into a Sunday strip, Out Our Way with the Willets. Jimmy Hatlo's They'll Do It Every Time was often displayed in a two-panel format with the first panel showing some deceptive, pretentious, unwitting or scheming human behavior and the second panel revealing the truth of the situation.", "The strip survived for decades under a succession of artists, the last of whom was Frank Johnson (Boner's Ark). An attempt was made to adhere to the surface elements of McManus's style, but without his artistry and design sense, it was like an empty shell. Finally, it gave up the ghost. The last one appeared on May 28, 2000. By that time, it had become the longest-running daily strip in the world.\"", "In 2007, Troy Walker, a cartoonist from Fairfield, California, sued Hillenburg, claiming that the marine biologist stole his ideas from his 1991 comic strip, Bob Spongee, the Unemployed Sponge. Walker argued that the concept and design of Hillenburg's SpongeBob SquarePants character was lifted from his \"Bob Spongee\" homemade toy. In his original concept, Walker drew a face on a kitchen sponge and attached plastic googly eyes. He placed the model in a transparent bag that included the comic strip, and sold it in Northern California as collectibles at flea markets and through the mail in 1992. Walker claimed that he produced 1,000 of the \"drawn-on\" dolls. After learning about the show SpongeBob SquarePants in 2002, Walker concluded: \"It obviously fell into the hands of one of the producers of the show. It's a clear pattern of duplication.\"", "SpongeBob [31] SquarePants [31] (born July 14 , 1986 ; age 30 [32] ) is the main protagonist, and the eponymous character, of the Nickelodeon animated comedy series of the same name . He was designed by marine biologist and animator Stephen Hillenburg , and is voiced by Tom Kenny . SpongeBob is a childish, joyful, eccentric sea sponge who lives in a pineapple in the underwater city of Bikini Bottom . He works as a fry cook at the Krusty Krab , a job that he is exceptionally skilled. SpongeBob lacks a lot of knowledge and is a constant annoyance to those around him (especially Squidward Tentacles ), but he is very good-natured. He appears in all of the episodes in the series, except for \" The Algae's Always Greener .\" He was soon to be Nickelodeon's main mascot.", "Ok, here's a question for you. What daily comic strip am I describing. The main characters are all children, there's a young boy who owns a dog (whose thoughts we hear), there's a young girl who has a very forthright and overbearing manner, a boy who she constantly pursues despite his unwillingness to go out with her, and her younger brother who quite often is the most sensible of the lot.", "science class in Annapolis, Maryland from the bottom of the ocean. He has plans to take his family on a boat for a year, and will describe their experiences with autobiographical comics. Just as he advised scientists trying to engage with the public, “if you want to reach people, you need to be honest, tell a story, and connect with your audience in a human way,” Toomey reaches and inspires many people with his entertaining cartoons and as a passionate and outspoken advocate for ocean conservation. u n On the Web: shermanslagoon.com", "Pogo is the title and central character of a long-running daily American comic strip, created by cartoonist Walt Kelly (1913–1973) and distributed by the Post-Hall Syndicate. Set in the Okefenokee Swamp of the southeastern United States, the strip often engaged in social and political satire through the adventures of its anthropomorphic funny animal characters.", "Dennis the Menace, known in some countries as just \"'Dennis'\"is a daily syndicated newspaper comic strip originally created, written and illustrated by the late Hank Ketcham since March 12, 1951, which made its debut in only 16 newspapers. It is now written and drawn by Ketcham's former assistants, Marcus Hamilton and Ron Ferdinand, and distributed to more than at least 1,000 newspapers in 48 countries and 19 languages by King Features Syndicate. The comic strip usually runs for a single panel on weekdays and a full strip on Sundays.", "The lizards have ceased leaping. On Sunday, after an 86-year run as the pluckiest pupil-free young adventurer in the funny pages, Little Orphan Annie (above with her dog, Sandy) appeared in her last newspaper comic strip. In May, Tribune Media Services announced that it was ending the syndication of �Annie,� the comic strip chronicling that red-headed ragamuffin created by the cartoonist Harold Gray in 1924. But fans hoping for some narrative closure may have had better luck with the �Lost� finale. The last �Annie� comic concluded with its title character missing in Guatemala, and, according to a caption, Daddy Warbucks �resigning himself to Miss Annie�s being lost forever.� A final panel bore the legend, �And this is where we leave our Annie. For now � � But Steve Tippie, vice president of marketing and licensing at Tribune Media Services, said, �Annie is not dying, she�s moving into new channels,� according to an interview with BBC News (which also looks at one of Annie�s earliest comic adventures). He said the character would continue to appear in graphic novels, games and in online and mobile projects.", "There was both a comic strip and a comic book based on the television series. The strip was developed and written by Jerry Capp (née Caplin) and drawn by Neal Adams. The daily strip began on November 26, 1962 and the Sunday strip debuted on September 20, 1964. Both ended on July 31, 1966 (a Sunday). The half page format was regarded as the best Sunday format, and one effect by Adams can only be appreciated in the half page—a globe in one panel is a continuation of Ben Casey's head in a lower panel. The daily strip was reprinted in the Menomonee Falls Gazette. The comic book was published by Dell Comics for 10 issues from 1962 to 1964. All had photocovers, except for the final issue which was drawn by John Tartaglione.", "The strip borrows several elements and themes from three major influences: Walt Kelly's Pogo, George Herriman's Krazy Kat, and Charles M. Schulz's Peanuts. Schulz and Kelly particularly influenced Watterson's outlook on comics during his formative years.", "A daily comic strip written and illustrated by Dan Berger began in 1990. It featured an adventure story Monday through Friday and activity puzzles on weekends (with fan art appearing later). The comic strip was published in syndication until its cancellation in December 1996. At its highest point in popularity, it was published in over 250 newspapers.", "In 1992, following a financial reorganization of their comic strip holdings, Max Allan Collins was fired from the strip, and Tribune staff writer and columnist Mike Kilian took over the writing. Kilian was paid less than half of what Collins was making per strip[citation needed], but continued until his death on October 27, 2005. Locher was both author and artist for over three years, beginning on January 9, 2006. On March 16, 2009, Jim Brozman began collaborating with Locher, taking over the drawing duties while Locher continued to write the strip.", "The Boondocks is a daily syndicated comic strip written and originally drawn by Aaron McGruder that ran from 1996 to 2006. Created by McGruder in 1996 for The Diamondback , the student newspaper at the University of Maryland, College Park , the strip moved from the college pages and was printed in the monthly hip hop magazine The Source in 1997. As it gained popularity, the comic strip was picked up by the Universal Press Syndicate and made its national debut on April 19, 1999. A popular and controversial strip, The Boondocks deals with African American culture and American politics as seen through the eyes of its protagonist, 10-year-old black radical Huey Freeman .", "In 1988, Ocean Comics released the Popeye Special written by Ron Fortier with art by Ben Dunn. The story presented Popeye's origin story, including his given name of \"Ugly Kidd\" and attempted to tell more of a lighthearted adventure story as opposed to using typical comic strip style humor. The story also featured a more realistic art style and was edited by Bill Pearson, who also lettered and inked the story as well as the front cover. A second issue, by the same creative team, followed in 1988. The second issue introduced the idea that Bluto and Brutus were actually twin brothers and not the same person. In 1999, to celebrate Popeye's 70th anniversary, Ocean Comics revisited the franchise with a one-shot comic book, entitled The Wedding of Popeye and Olive Oyl, written by Peter David. The comic book brought together a large portion of the casts of both the comic strip and the animated shorts, and Popeye and Olive Oyl were finally wed after decades of courtship. However, this marriage has not been reflected in all media since the comic was published.", "In 1994, Groening formed Bongo Comics (named after the character Bongo from Life in Hell ) with Steve Vance, Cindy Vance and Bill Morrison, which publishes comic books based on The Simpsons and Futurama (including Futurama Simpsons Infinitely Secret Crossover Crisis, a crossover between the two), as well as a few original titles. According to Groening, the goal with Bongo is to \"[try] to bring humor into the fairly grim comic book market.\" He also formed Zongo Comics in 1995, an imprint of Bongo that published comics for more mature readers, which included three issues of Mary Fleener's Fleener and seven issues of his close friend Gary Panter's Jimbo comics. ", "Pearl Krabs ( Lori Alan ) - Mr. Krabs' 16-year-old whale daughter, who is fairly popular but is sometimes teased about her father's cheapness. In one episode Pearl takes over the Krusty Krab and renames it the Kuddly Krab but only serves salad and tea.", "The strip is syndicated internationally by Creators Syndicate. The character is also licensed as the mascot for a line of snack foods (Andy Capp's fries). The character is also a popular mascot since the 1980s for the North Carolina Outerbanks convenience store chain Brew-Thru.", "In 1933, Popeye received a foundling baby in the mail, whom he adopted and named \" Swee'Pea .\" Other regular characters in the strip were J. Wellington Wimpy , a hamburger -loving moocher who would \"gladly pay you Tuesday for a hamburger today\" (he was also soft-spoken and cowardly, hence his name); George W. Geezil , a local cobbler who spoke in a heavily affected accent and habitually attempted to murder or wish death upon Wimpy; and Eugene the Jeep , a yellow, vaguely dog -like animal from Africa with magical powers. In addition, the strip featured the Sea Hag , a terrible pirate , as well as the last witch on earth; and Alice the Goon , a monstrous creature who entered the strip as the Sea Hag's henchman and continued as Swee'Pea's babysitter .", "Gary Larson once drew a strip for The Far Side with the caption \"Suddenly, two bystanders thrust their heads into the frame, ruining what would have been the funniest cartoon ever.\" Behind the huge heads of the waving \"bystanders\", all the reader can make out is a man sitting in a chair holding a chicken and a woman standing beside him. We are left to speculate as to what the strip might have involved.", "On May 13, 2010, Tribune Media Services announced that the strip's final installment would appear on Sunday June 13, 2010, ending after 86 years. At the time of the cancellation announcement, it was running in fewer than 20 newspapers, some of which, such as the New York Daily News, had carried the strip for its entire life. The final cartoonist, Ted Slampyak, said, \"It's kind of painful. It's almost like mourning the loss of a friend.\" ", "In 1989, the Los Angeles Times revived the strip under the title Walt Kelly's Pogo, written at first by Doyle and Sternecky, then by Sternecky alone. After Sternecky quit in March 1992, Kelly's son Peter and daughter Carolyn continued to produce the strip, but interest waned and the revived strip was dropped from syndication after only a few years.", "A Pink Panther comic strip was started in 2005. It was written and illustrated by Eric and Bill Teitelbaum, who also create Bottom Liners. It is distributed by Tribune Media Services.", "Walt Kelly frequently had his characters poling around the swamp in a flat-bottomed skiff. Invariably, it had a name on the side that was a personal reference of Kelly's: the name of a friend, a political figure, a fellow cartoonist, or the name of a newspaper, its editor or publisher. The name changed from one day to the next, and even from panel to panel in the same strip, but it was usually a tribute to a real-life person Kelly wished to salute in print.", "Comic strip started by Gary Trudeau in the late '60s/early '70s for his school paper. Details the life of Oklahoma n Mike Doonesbury and his pals at an ivy-league college, and at their rustic co-op home, Walden Puddle . Best known for its political satire and for injecting characters into current events.", "Garfield, the lasagna-loving cat, Odie the dog, and their owner Jon have a series of adventures, where they encounter space aliens, meet a child genius, and create their own comic book.", "1931 – The comic strip “Dick Tracy” made its debut in the Detroit Daily Mirror. The strip was created by Chester Gould.", "Moore drew Archie Andrews and his friends on and off from 1953 until he retired in the late 1980s. Annual sales of the comic regularly surpassed half a million  during the 1960s, according to the El Paso Times." ]

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[ "Ernest Gary Gygax (July 27, 1938 � March 4, 2008) (IPA: ) was an American writer and game designer, best known for co-creating the pioneering role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons (D&D) with Dave Arneson, and co-founding the company Tactical Studies Rules (TSR, Inc.) with Don Kaye in 1973. Gygax is generally acknowledged as one of the fathers of the tabletop role-playing game.", "The father of role-playing games, Gary Gygax, who has died aged 69 after being diagnosed with an abdominal aortic aneurysm, was one of America's most talented writers and game designers. Best known for his role in creating gaming history's most popular fantasy role-playing game, Dungeons & Dragons (D&D), first published in 1974, Gygax also founded the publishing company Tactical Studies Rules (TSR).", "Ernest Gary Gygax ( ) (July 27, 1938 – March 4, 2008) was an American game designer and author best known for co-creating with Dave Arneson the pioneering role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons (D&D). Gygax has been described as the father of D&D. ", "Dungeons & Dragons (abbreviated as D&D[2] or DnD) is a fantasy tabletop role-playing game (RPG) originally designed by Gary Gygax and Dave Arneson, and first published in 1974 by Tactical Studies Rules, Inc. (TSR). The game has been published by Wizards of the Coast (now a subsidiary of Hasbro) since 1997. It was derived from miniature wargames with a variation of the Chainmail game serving as the initial rule system.[3] D&D’s publication is commonly recognized as the beginning of modern role-playing games and the role-playing game industry.[4]", "Dungeons & Dragons (abbreviated as D&D or DnD) is a fantasy tabletop role-playing game (RPG) originally designed by Gary Gygax and Dave Arneson, and first published in 1974 by Tactical Studies Rules, Inc. (TSR). The game has been published by Wizards of the Coast (now a subsidiary of Hasbro) since 1997. It was derived from miniature wargames with a variation of the Chainmail game serving as the initial rule system. D&D publication is commonly recognized as the beginning of modern role-playing games and the role-playing game industry. ", "Dungeons & Dragons (commonly known as D&D) is a fantasy role-playing game (RPG) first designed by Gary Gygax and David Arneson in the early 1970s. It was published by Gygax's company, Tactical Studies Rules (TSR). For more on what D&D (or AD&D) is, see the sources section at the bottom of the page.", "Gygax began his career by bringing 20 people together in the basement of his home in 1967. Later to be known as Gen Con 0, this meeting gave birth to what is now the world's largest annual hobby-game gathering, the Gen Con Gaming Convention - last year 26,000 people attended. At the original event, Gygax encountered Brian Blume and designer Dave Arneson, who later helped him create and work on D&D. In 1971 Gygax created his own miniature war game called Chainmail, which would later serve as the blueprint for D&D.", "* E. Gary Gygax – Designer of several miniatures and board wargames who went on to co-create (with Dave Arneson) and publish Dungeons & Dragons.", "There is no doubt that the esteemed Mr. Gygax’s place in gaming history is secure. Along with the late Dave Arneson, he came up with the singular notion of adding a personal element to his wargames – creating a game in which the players took on the actual roles of fantasy characters instead of leading vast armies of lead figures. From Gygax’s wargame table in Lake Geneva, the notion of roleplaying grew and expanded until today it has spawned industries and entire lifestyles that dwarf even the original game. Players of World of Warcraft and related MMO’s hopefully realize that their hobby would not exist without the groundbreaking work and innovative design of E. Gary Gygax, Dave Arneson and their cohorts. Today we truly owe a debt of gratitude and honor to these pioneers, and they have our eternal respect and admiration.", "Sheldon Cooper : If the test is successful and you fall in love with me, will you take me to Geneva Lake, Wisconsin for Gary Con? It's the only convention in the world dedicated to Gary Gygax, co-creator of Dungeons and Dragons.", "Arneson received numerous industry awards for his part in creating Dungeons & Dragons and other role-playing games. In 1984 he was inducted into the Academy of Adventure Gaming Arts and Design's Hall of Fame and in 1999 was named by Pyramid magazine as one of The Millennium's Most Influential Persons, \"at least in the realm of adventure gaming\". He was honored as a \"famous game designer\" by being featured on the king of hearts in Flying Buffalo's 2008 Famous Game Designers Playing Card Deck. ", "D&D appeared in 1973 at Eastercon, and pre-release copies of the game were in circulation by the end of the year. The first commercial version of D&D was released by TSR in January 1974 as a boxed set. A hand-assembled print run of 1,000 copies, put together in Gygax's home, sold out in less than a year. In the same year, Gygax created the magazine The Strategic Review with himself as editor, and then he hired Tim Kask to assist in the transition of this magazine into the fantasy periodical The Dragon, with Gygax as writer, columnist, and publisher (from 1978 to 1981). The Dragon debuted in June 1976, and Gygax commented on its success years later: \"When I decided that The Strategic Review was not the right vehicle, hired Tim Kask as a magazine editor for Tactical Studies Rules, and named the new publication he was to produce The Dragon, I thought we would eventually have a great periodical to serve gaming enthusiasts worldwide... At no time did I ever contemplate so great a success or so long a lifespan.\" Gygax wrote the supplements Greyhawk, Eldritch Wizardry, and Swords & Spells for the original D&D game. With Brian Blume, Gygax also designed the wild west-oriented role-playing game Boot Hill in 1975. The Dungeons & Dragons Basic Set (released in 1977) was a variation of the original D&D geared towards younger players and edited by J. Eric Holmes.", "Gygax felt that there was a need to publish the game as soon as possible, since similar projects were being planned elsewhere, so rules were hastily put together and Arneson's own final draft was never used. Despite all this, Brian Blume eventually provided the funding required to publish the original Dungeons & Dragons set in 1974, with the initial print run of 1,000 selling out within a year and sales increasing rapidly in subsequent years. Further rules and a sample dungeon from Arneson's original campaign (the first published RPG scenario in a professional publication) were released in 1975 in the Blackmoor supplement for D&D, named after the campaign setting. The supplement offered little in the way of details from Arneson's actual campaign, however. Blackmoor showed D&D as Arneson imagined it; as he had not been able to work with the final proofs of the original game, this was his first opportunity to present his take on the game. He included new classes for monks and assassins, more monsters, and \"The Temple of the Frog\", the first published RPG adventure for other people to run. Although the book bore the setting's name, it focused more on Arneson's house rules rather than background material.", "In November 1972, Arneson and David Megarry traveled to Lake Geneva to meet with Gary Gygax. Arneson thought that Gygax would be interested in Megarry's Dungeon! boardgame, which Megarry had developed as a player in Blackmoor, and Gygax had expressed a desire to play a game of Blackmoor itself. After playing in the Blackmoor game Arneson refereed, Gygax almost immediately began a similar campaign of his own which he called Greyhawk and asked Arneson for a draft of his playing rules. The two then collaborated by phone and mail, and playtesting carried out by their various groups and other contacts. Gygax and Arneson wanted to publish the game, but Guidon Games and Avalon Hill rejected it. Arneson could not afford to invest in the venture. ", "In 2005, Gygax returned to the Dungeons & Dragons RPG with his involvement in the creation of the Castles & Crusades system with Troll Lord Games. Troll Lord Games has published Castle Zagyg, the previously unreleased, original version of Gygax's Castle Greyhawk with the original dungeon setting for D&D.", "* A set of man-to-man combat rules (for 1:1 figure scale), ultimately deriving from a contribution to Domesday Book #7. Gygax unfortunately lost the name of the contributor, and thus the rules were published anonymously. The core of these rules became the Appendix B chart mapping various weapon types to armor levels, and providing the needed to-hit rolls for a melee round. The man-to-man melee uses two six-sided dice (2d6) to determine whether a kill is made. The armor sequence is almost identical to that which would later be used in Dungeons & Dragons. Provisional modifications to the rules published in the January 1972 International Wargamer included a table for missile fire which assigned a numerical value to armor levels, and the first use of the term \"armor class\" to refer to that progression. This table would be added to Appendix B in second edition Chainmail. Ultimately, these charts inspired the \"Attack Matrix\" charts of Dungeons & Dragons.", "In the late 1960s Arneson joined the Midwest Military Simulation Association (MMSA), a group of miniature wargamers and military figurine collectors in the Minneapolis-St. Paul area that included among its ranks future game designer David Wesely. Wesely asserts that it was during the Braunstein games he created and refereed, and in which other MMSA members participated, that Arneson helped develop the foundations of modern role-playing games on a 1:1 scale basis by focusing on non-combat objectives—a step away from wargaming towards the more individual play and varied challenges of later RPGs. Arneson was a participant in Wesely's wargame scenarios, and as Arneson continued to run his own scenarios he eventually expanded them to include ideas from The Lord of the Rings and Dark Shadows. Arneson took over the Braunsteins when Wesely was drafted into the Army, and often ran them in different eras with different settings. Arneson had also become a member of the International Federation of Wargamers by this time.", "During his childhood and teen years, he developed a love of games and an appreciation for fantasy and science fiction literature. When he was five, he played card games such as pinochle and then board games such as chess. At the age of ten, he and his friends played the sort of games that eventually came to be called \"live action role-playing games\" with one of them acting as a referee. His father introduced him to science fiction and fantasy through pulp novels. His interest in games, combined with an appreciation of history, eventually led Gygax to begin playing miniature war games in 1953 with his best friend Don Kaye. As teenagers Gygax and Kaye designed their own miniatures rules for toy soldiers with a large collection of and figures, where they used \"ladyfingers\" (small firecrackers) to simulate explosions. ", "Gygax was born in Chicago, Illinois. His father was a Swiss immigrant. At the age of five, Gygax began playing pinochle (a bezique-related card game) and chess with a dedicated passion, which led to his discovery of science fiction.", "GW1, Legion of Gold by Gary Gygax, Luke Gygax, and Paul Reiche III (ISBN 0-935696-61-X) TSR 1981", "A Challenge of Arms - (Chris Clark with Gary Gygax) generic adventure module, Inner City Game Designs, 1999", "After leaving TSR, Gygax created Dangerous Journeys, an RPG spanning multiple genres. He began work in 1995 on a new RPG, originally intended for a computer game; however, it was released in 1999 as Lejendary Adventure. A key goal of its design was to keep the gaming rules as simple as possible, as Gygax felt that role playing games were becoming discouragingly complex to new users.", "* In 1999 Pyramid magazine named Gygax as one of \"The Millennium's Most Influential Persons\" \"in the realm of adventure gaming.\" ", "Not so in 1978. There was ferocious opposition to the idea of playing a game the way that you wanted to play it and no one personified that opposition as single-mindedly as E. Gary Gygax. This somewhat long-winded prolog serves to introduce a piece that I’ve long wanted to write – a discussion of Gygax’s infamous editorial, “Role-Playing: Realism vs. Game Logic; Spell Points, Vanity Press and Rip-offs”, (henceforth RP:RvGL;SPVPRo) published in Dragon magazine #16 in July of that year.", "* Gygax and his love of gaming are celebrated at Gary Con, a Lake Geneva gaming convention hosted annually by family members and fans as a tribute. ", "Don Woods's version of the pioneering text-based game, Adventure (first created by William Crowther in 1975), plunges players into an imaginary world of caves with treasures. Inspired by Dungeons and Dragons, it paves the way for Zork and thousands of other computer role-playing games.", "The first generation of computer games were often text adventures or interactive fiction, in which the player communicated with the computer by entering commands through a keyboard. An early text-adventure, Adventure, was developed for the PDP-11 minicomputer by Will Crowther in 1976, and expanded by Don Woods in 1977. By the 1980s, personal computers had become powerful enough to run games like Adventure, but by this time, graphics were beginning to become an important factor in games. Later games combined textual commands with basic graphics, as seen in the SSI Gold Box games such as Pool of Radiance, or Bard's Tale for example.", "THE definitive role-playing game of the 80's. This is the one that started it all, from Sir-Tech software. Originally created for the Apple II comptuer.", "Adventure, created in 1975 by Will Crowther on a DEC PDP-10 computer, was the first widely used adventure game. The game was significantly expanded in 1976 by Don Woods. Adventure contained many D&D features and references, including a computer controlled dungeon master.", "This was an RPG designed in the very late 1980's. It is a strategy based game which is very difficult to defeat. It offers a very large, yet finite, number of choices and the party generated needs to discover its destiny and then save the world. This was one of the first games to introduce magic on a more realistic-tolkienesk perspective and actually seemed to have some thought from the responses. This game required patience and brains to try to defeat and the sword could not always be relied upon.", "Predecessor to the Bard's Tale series using the Middle-Earth, D+D scenarios and characters, but black+white line drawings only. Used the same multi-sectioned screen to show the map, character info and \"play-by-play\". Had a few sequels. In one version number, there was one of the early cheat codes - you entered a certain room and typed in a code (if memory serves me) and then you could create new types of characters such as Ninja's and Samurai's and even a Monk (btw, the Monk had the best fighting skills, particularly if he had no weapons at all). I recall one of the mages or wizards having a spell call Gutterdamerung - basically the equiv. of a nuclear bomb. I've spent hours of my life on this one. A true classic.", "A year after launching the first general computer magazine, Creative Computing, David Ahl publishes 101 BASIC Computer Games, allowing gamers to become an ancient Sumerian king in HMRABI, find the creatures hiding in a grid in MUGWMP, and command the North versus the South in CIVILW." ]

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[ "The mid-twentieth century brought the introduction of chefs as celebrities with esteemed chef, James Beard. In 1946, he hosted “I Love to Eat,” the first cooking show on television. He also launched a cooking school from his New York home, where he taught for thirty years. Beard paved the way for future celebrity chef TV shows, including Julia Child in the 1960s and her Emmy Award-winning show, “The French Chef,” as well as the current incarnations of cooking shows, reality series programming, and competitions offered on the “All-Food-All-The-Time” Food Network.", "Julia Carolyn Child (maiden name, McWilliams; August 15, 1912 – August 13, 2004) was an American chef, author, and television personality. She is recognized for bringing French cuisine to the American public with her debut cookbook, Mastering the Art of French Cooking, and her subsequent television programs, the most notable of which was The French Chef, which premiered in 1963.", "It is at a later life-changing moment that the historian Laura Shapiro begins her biography, Julia Child, of 2007. She describes one of Julia’s performances on The French Chef, a television show that first aired nine months after the 1961 publication of Child’s momentous Mastering the Art of French Cooking (co-authored with Simone Beck and Louisette Bertholle). Presented on Boston’s fledgling educational channel, WGBH, The French Chef was an instant success—the first cult cooking show in America. It was the only time the word “instant” would attach to this embracing, warm, spontaneous yet methodical woman, who stood firm against the priggish, frozen, in-minutes cooking of midcentury America.", "In 1961, as a recent graduate of the Cordon Bleu cooking school in Paris, Julia Child co-authored the book Mastering the Art of French Cooking and launched her career of educating Americans in delicious ways with food. In 1963 she began her own cooking show The French Chef, produced at WGBH. This recipe was published in The French Chef Cookbook*.", "Julia Child on the set of \"The French Chef\" in 1963, the year it was first broadcast on American television. Credit Paul Child/Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University", "That learning to cook could lead an American woman to success of any kind would have seemed utterly implausible in 1949; that it is so thoroughly plausible 60 years later owes everything to Julia Child’s legacy. Julie Powell operates in a world that Julia Child helped to create, one where food is taken seriously, where chefs have been welcomed into the repertory company of American celebrity and where cooking has become a broadly appealing mise-en-scène in which success stories can plausibly be set and played out. How amazing is it that we live today in a culture that has not only something called the Food Network but now a hit show on that network called “The Next Food Network Star,” which thousands of 20- and 30-somethings compete eagerly to become? It would seem we have come a long way from Swanson TV dinners.", "Julia Child tapes an episode of \"The French Chef\" in April 1970. Through the program, which made its debut in 1963, she became public television's first bona fide star.", "Child starred in four more series in the 1990s that featured guest chefs: Cooking with Master Chefs, In Julia's Kitchen with Master Chefs, Baking with Julia, and Julia Child & Jacques Pépin Cooking at Home. She collaborated with Jacques Pépin many times for television programs and cookbooks. All of Child's books during this time stemmed from the television series of the same names.", "Sara Moulton, executive chef of Gourmet magazine and host of the TV Food Network’s “Cooking Live,” says “Julia urged us to be more aggressive consumers, to go into our supermarkets and demand leeks and demand shallots. Now leeks and shallots are everywhere.” Moulton, a shining example of today’s TV chef, worked with Child on her second television series, “More Company.”", "At the age of 34, Julia Child began learning to cook for her new, food-loving husband. As was the custom for new brides, Child referred to Irma Rombauer’s bestselling “The Joy of Cooking” for direction. Ever the optimist, she was not discouraged by her early failures in the kitchen.", "*Produced by WGBH, a one-hour feature documentary, Julia Child! America's Favorite Chef, was aired as the first episode of the 18th season of the PBS series American Masters (2004). The film combined archive footage of Child with current footage from those who influenced and were influenced by her life and work. ", "* Jean Stapleton portrayed Child in a 1989 musical, Bon Appétit!, based on one of Child's televised cooking lessons. The title derived from her famous TV sign-off: \"This is Julia Child. Bon appétit!\"", "More recently, she teamed with fellow television chef Jacques Pepin for the 1994 PBS special, ''Julia Child & Jacques Pepin: Cooking in Concert'' and a 1996 sequel, ''More Cooking in Concert.''", "*She appeared in an episode of This Old House as designer of the kitchen. This Old House was launched in 1979 by Russell Morash, who helped create The French Chef with Julia Child. ", "Pre-Emeril, pre-Fat Ladies, long before the rise of Alice Waters, Jeremiah Tower and Wolfgang Puck and without the magic of editing, Julia Child was re-outfitting the American kitchen and re-educating the American palate. In the process she became the most important culinary figure this country has produced, as well as one of the century’s most admirable women. As befits a woman who stands 6-foot-2, Child has done everything in a very big way.", "8/12/04 - Julia Child - LOS ANGELES -- Julia Child, whose warbling, encouraging voice and able hands brought the intricacies of French cuisine to American home cooks through her television series and books, died in her sleep three days before what would have been her 92nd birthday.", "Child went on from there to blaze trails on public television, where her cooking shows have charmed and educated millions.", "The noted French chef Jacques Pepin also makes a version using chicken instead of ham, which he demonstrated in the \"Our Favorite Sandwiches\" episode on the PBS series (and its coordinating cookbook of the same title) Julia and Jacques Cooking at Home in which he worked with Julia Child.", "Julia Child was without a doubt the quintessential dish of the 1960s. She tottered into our lives like a marvelously eccentric aunt at the ideal moment: Jacqueline Kennedy had just installed a French chef in the White House kitchen, and our collective appetite was whetted. ", "Linda loves to cook.  She told Fox411 that her culinary inspiration is Julia Child's Mastering the Art of French Cooking.  She said, \"Mastering the Art of French Cooking was the first cookbook I ever got.  When I could make a hollandaise sauce and could put it on things I thought I'd died and gone to heaven.", "Julia's Kitchen Wisdom: Essential Techniques and Recipes from a Lifetime of Cooking by Julia Child and David Nussbaum (Jun 23, 2009)", "Child was a favorite of audiences from the moment of her television début on public television in 1963, and she was a familiar part of American culture and the subject of numerous references, including numerous parodies in television and radio programs and skits. Her great success on air may have been tied to her refreshingly pragmatic approach to the genre, \"I think you have to decide who your audience is. If you don’t pick your audience, you’re lost because you’re not really talking to anybody. My audience is people who like to cook, who want to really learn how to do it.\"", "“Mastering the Art of French Cooking is a great, great book,” Shapiro explains. “And it actually has a fair amount of personality in it. But if that’s all we ever had, Julia would have been over and forgotten by now. It was television that made her. The Julia that you see on television is the one who registered on the national consciousness and created a place for herself in the national heart.” This, too, was a soul match, the marriage between Julia and the camera, between food and the tube. It is hardly an overstatement to say that the child of this marriage was public television as we know it today.", "A shy cookery writer, this matronly brunette taught the nation to cook with a series of easy-to-understand shows with such names as How To Cook.", "In 1995, Julia Child established The Julia Child Foundation for Gastronomy and Culinary Arts, a private charitable foundation to make grants to further her life's work. The Foundation, originally set up in Massachusetts, later moved to Santa Barbara, California, where it is now headquartered. Inactive until after Julia's death in 2004, the Foundation makes grants to other non-profits. The grants support primarily gastronomy, the culinary arts and the further development of the professional food world, all matters of paramount importance to Julia Child during her lifetime. The Foundation's website provides a dedicated page listing the names of grant recipients with a description of the organization and the grant provided by the Foundation. One of the grant recipients is Heritage Radio Network which covers the world of food, drink and agriculture.", "This fall, Child will publish a new book edited by Jones, “Julia and Jacques Cook at Home,” in which she cooks alongside Chef Jacques Pepin. Besides offering back-to-basics instruction, it will feature a dialogue between the two culinary masters and illustrate the joy of taking a dish and making it one’s own, using a good recipe as a foundation. “This book is seminal in that it shows nothing is written in stone,” Jones says. “Cooking isn’t fun if you simply stick to a formula.”", "Growing up, I was allowed to watch some TV in the evenings and I liked Food and Drink, with Oz Clarke and Michael Barry and Loyd Grossman on Masterchef. When Jamie Oliver came along, it changed everything.", "Amy Castle is an award winning actress turned food fanatic. Garnering success from the age of eight, she grew up in the television world, sharing the screen with the likes of Bryan Cranston, Jim Belushi, Jerry O'Connell, Calista Flockhart, Hilary Duff and more. She has recurred on \"Ally McBeal,\" \"General Hospital,\" and \"Passions,\" and guest starred on \"Malcolm in The Middle,\" \"Lizzie McGuire,\" and \"The Defenders,\" to name a few.", "French Chef Raymond Oliver is recognised as the first Chef to use the media of television for cooking demonstrations.", "In collaboration with two French foodies, Simone Beck and Louisette Bertholle, Child formed “L’ecole des Trois Gourmandes” and began teaching French home cooking to American women in Paris. The students started early in the morning and worked until lunch, at which point they’d eat their lessons with wine. As she taught the classes, Child came to recognize the importance of dependable and accurate master recipes that would enable the students to produce consistent dishes. Taking recipes already assembled by her French partners, she began the arduous task of structuring, testing and rewriting them to fix flaws. As her husband’s career moved the couple around Europe, Child remained in constant contact with Simone Beck (known as Simca) by mail, working toward their goal of publishing a new and comprehensive French kitchen manual for an American audience. After nearly a decade, “Mastering the Art of French Cooking, Volume I” was complete.", "The pilot for Good Eats first aired in July 1998 on the PBS member TV station WTTW in Chicago, Illinois. Food Network picked up the show in July 1999. In May 2011, Alton Brown announced an end to Good Eats after 14 seasons. The final episode, \"Turn on the Dark\", aired February 10, 2012.", "I love cooking from scratch and have enjoyed watching a number of celebrity chefs. I find that although I may use their recipes as inspiration I usually adapt them slightly myself. Gone are the meals of the 70s, fish fingers, chips and peas followed by arctic roll. Some of the chefs on telly do become overexposed but at least they not only show recipes but do also educate at the same time. Eating as a family around the table is also something which I have always felt was an important part of family life, as is teaching the children how to cook." ]

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[ "The French 75 is a Cocktail which consists of either Gin, Fresh Lemon Juice, Sugar, and Champagne.", "French 75 (Soixante Quinze): The measured combination of gin, lemon juice, sugar, and Champagne. Multiple sources write the cocktail was invented in France at the New York Bar in Paris by barman Harry MacElhone. It is named after the powerful French guns that shot 75 milliliter shells at the Germans during World War I, the drink is sometimes made with brandy or Cognac instead of gin.", "The drink (with its current name and recipe) developed over the 1920s, though similar drinks date to the 19th century. In the 19th century, the Champagne cup was a popular cocktail, consisting of champagne, lemon juice, sugar, and ice. Gin was sometimes added, yielding a drink much like the French 75. ", "2 oz gin, 1 oz lemon juice and 1/2 tsp powdered sugar shaken over ice and strained. Top with champagne.", "1. Combine the lemon juice, gin and Cointreau or Triple Sec in a mixing glass and add the ice cubes.", "In a shaker half-filled with ice cubes, combine gin, lemon juice and sugar. Shake well. Strain into a sour glass and garnish with the orange slice. The Gin Sour is a traditional mixed cocktail from the US which antedates Prohibition. In an 1898 book by Finley Dunne, Mr Dooley includes it in a list of great American inventions: [26]", "Gin Fizz - gin, lemon juice, sugar, and carbonated water, served in a highball glass with two ice cubes.", "The origins of this drink are somewhat murky. Allegedly, it was invented at the Paris Ritz in 1925, although it bears a striking similarity to another cocktail, the Buck's Fizz, which was introduced in England in 1921 and named after the club in which is was first served. The Buck's Fizz is also traditionally made with champagne and orange juice, although grenadine is sometimes added as well. The name introduced in 1925 comes from the flowers of the mimosa plant, which are yellow and appear slightly frothy from a distance. In Britain, the mixture of orange juice and champagne is still referred to as a Buck's Fizz, while the other name is used in the United States and in most of Europe.", "➾There are many difficult cocktails out there, but the most notorious amongst bartenders is probably the Ramos Gin Fizz. Created in 1888, this sultry number has quenched the thirsts of many a patron in the bayous of the Deep South over the years whilst infuriating as many bartenders with its lengthy list of ingredients and laborious preparation: • 2 ounces gin • 1 ounce fresh lemon juice • ½ ounce fresh lime juice • 1 teaspoon vanilla extract • 3 dashes orange flower water • 1 egg white • 1½ ounces double cream • 1 tablespoon superfine sugar • 3 ounces soda water, chilled", "One-half piece Sugar, 2 dashes Angostura Bitters, 1½ jiggers Paul Jones or Four Roses Whiskey, 1 slice Orange, 1 slice Lemon, 1 slice Pineapple, 2 dashes Curacao. Muddle sugar and bitters with pestle. Add cube of ice, whiskey and Curaçao and decorate with fruit. This cocktail was created at the Pendennis Club in Louisville in honor of a famous old-fashioned Kentucky Colnel. I claim it was worthy of him.", "There are a number of French 75 recipes floating around; the only thing people agree on is that it's a serious drink with serious ramifications. Here's the classic: a splash of simple syrup, a bigger splash of lemon juice, an even bigger splash (about an ounce) of gin, topped off with a glassful of Champagne.", "Fill a cocktail shaker with ice up to ¾. Pour the gin, vodka and Lillet over the ice, shake and strain in a chilled cocktail glass (or champagne goblet). Drop the lemon peel slice in the glass and serve.", "Some historians contend that African slaves who worked in the Cuban sugar cane fields during the 19th century were instrumental in the cocktail's origin. Guarapo, the sugar cane juice often used in Mojitos, was a popular drink among the slaves who named it. It never originally contained lime juice. ", "Cognac or rye, absinthe, Peychaud's Bitters, and sugar, although bourbon whiskey or Herbsaint are sometimes substituted. Some claim it is the oldest known American cocktail, with origins in pre–Civil War New Orleans, although drink historian David Wondrich is among those who dispute this, and American instances of published usage of the word cocktail to describe a mixture of spirits, bitters, and sugar can be traced to the dawn of the 19th century. ", "\"The Celebrated Collins Drink is fizzing stuff, only I should be glad if our caterers would agree what it is to be perpetually named. One barkeeper calls it a John Collins - another Tm Collins. There are also Harry and Fred, all members of thee same family. I prefer to call mine the Fred Collins Fizz.\" -\"New Guide for the Hotel, Bar, Restaurant, Butler, & Chef\" Bacchus & Cordon Bleu, London, 1885 This delightful blend of rye, sugar, fresh lemon, Curacao, and lemonade is a possible precursor to the modern Lynchburg Lemonade and it showcases the enthusiasm for mixed cocktails shown in the book it was first published in.", "The Montgomery Cocktail is a very dry Martini: 15 parts gin to 1 part vermouth dry. It is named after Fieldmarshall Viscount Montgomery of Alamein. Churchill once said Montgomery needed a superiority of 15:1 to risk an attack.", "A tall drink made with either brandy, whiskey or gin, with lemon juice, sugar and soda water. It is served both hot and cold.", "When Ted \"Dr. Cocktail\" Haigh can't find the true origins of a cocktail, it is truly a thing of mystery. Reminiscent of both the Aviation and the Blue Paradise, this blend of Gin, Apricot Brandy, fresh lemon, and bitters is delightfully earthy and tart. The name pays homage to the new forgotten legal dispute involving the \"Cardiff Giant\". In 1869, George Hull was selling tickets to see a fake giant, and after being rebuked, created his own while he called Nulls a fake. Hull brought Barnum to court for slander, and the case was thrown out because the Giant was truly a fake. Hull has been forgotten about since.", "What is comprised of two parts gin, one part lemon juice, sugar, syrup and carbonated water?", "a Vietnam-era cocktail made of tequila, lime or lemon juice, an orange-flavored liqueur, and served (like a SALTY DOG) in a salt-rimmed glass; eponymously derived from Margarita Sames. See BREW, HOOCH, GROG, JUICE, MOONSHINE, THE DRINK, HOIST, GUSTO.", "A cocktail made with gin and vermouth, and garnished with an olive or a lemon twist.", "The Montgomery cocktail is a martini mixed at a ratio of 15:1, facetiously named that because Montgomery supposedly refused to go into battle unless his numerical advantage was at least that high. [106] Ironically, following severe internal injuries received in the First World War, Montgomery himself could neither smoke nor drink. [82]", "Zombie #6, however, has its roots planted firmly in the long tradition of tiki cocktails. With four different kinds of rum—Diplomatico, Plantation, Gosling’s and 151—not to mention Apry, pineapple lime syrup and several dashes of absinthe, its ingredients bare little resemblance to those of the classic mint julep. Nevertheless, when served in a julep cup piled high with crushed ice and a mint garnish, it can be all too easy to forget the discrepancies—especially with a drink this potent. Sweetleaf‘s “O’Sherry Julep” also employs rum (Haitian, in this case), but sticks closer to the classic julep recipe, adding grenadine and Oloroso Sherry. They introduce a level of complexity to the drink, while still maintaining the sweetness traditionally associated with a mint julep.", "Smirnoff No.21 vodka, Gordon’s gin, Captain Morgan rum and Johnnie Walker whisky can provide the base, with delicious fresh juices such as orange, cranberry and pineapple as mixers. Or you can top your spirit of choice with tonic, lemonade, cola or ginger ale for a tasty, fizzing blend.", "Wags named a cocktail in Sullenberger's honor. A \"Sully\" consists of two shots of Grey Goose vodka and a splash of water. [72]", "Drinks legend has it that another engineer called Pagliuchi was viewing mines in the region and met with Cox. During their meeting they set about making a drink from the ingredients Cox had to hand: rum, limes and sugar. Cox's granddaughter recounts a slightly different tale; namely that Cox ran out of gin when entertaining American guests. Wary of serving them straight rum, he added lime and sugar. However Cox came to concoct the drink, the result was sublime.", "Sherry Cobbler: The renaissance of this classic drink is credited to cocktail historian David Wondrich. It's a combination of sherry, sugar, and citrus, shaken and served over crushed ice.", "Add the lime juice, mint leaves, and sugar or Simple Syrup (Simple Syrup is best in this method) to the cocktail shaker.  Muddle the mint leaves briefly.  You want to just bruise them; if you muddle them too much, they turn bitter.", "recipe by Lori Ross In the late 18th century, a pharmacist, Antoine Amedee Peychaud invented this cocktail in New Orleans' famous French Quarter where he owned his shop. The original cocktail was a concoction of brandy, absinthe (now illegal because it was so addictive!) and bitters. Some historians say the term 'cocktail' came from a tiny French egg-cup called &quot;coquetier&quot; that was used...", "Grey Goose:Made from wheat, a classic dry martini cocktail Grey Goose is elegant, rosepetal notes on the nose and offers a refreshing finish.", "Many have claimed to invent this drink—from an American mining engineer to a Cuban barman. And whoever did invent this, created a classic cocktail recipe that combines sugar, lime and rum", "Half unsweetened iced tea, half lemonade. It's a drink called an \"Arnold Palmer\" named for the golfer whose love of the concoction made it popular." ]

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[ "Brahms, Bach, and Beethoven are known as the \"Three B's\" of classical music. Brahms always knew that he wanted to be a composer -- by the time he was six, he had thought up his own system for writing music down on a page.", "\"The Three Bs\" is an English-language phrase derived from an expression coined by Peter Cornelius in 1854, which added Hector Berlioz as the third B to occupy the heights already occupied by Johann Sebastian Bach and Ludwig van Beethoven. Later in the century, the famous conductor Hans von Bülow would substitute Johannes Brahms for Berlioz. The phrase is generally used in discussions of classical music to refer to the supposed primacy of Bach, Beethoven, and Brahms in the field.", "He's one of the \"Three B's\", the trio of genius composers seen as the cornerstones of classical music: Bach, Beethoven, and of course Brahms.", "Beethoven is acknowledged as one of the giants of classical music ; occasionally he is referred to as one of the \" three Bs \" (along with Bach and Brahms ) who epitomize that tradition. He was also a pivotal figure in the transition from 18th century musical classicism to 19th century romanticism , and his influence on subsequent generations of composers was profound. [72]", "Because of its outstanding importance for the history of classical music in Central Europe the German critic of the 19th century called often just these three composers » the three B «.", "The concerts were a huge commercial success, and were accompanied by a series of best-selling recordings, including Carreras-Domingo-Pavarotti: The Three Tenors In Concert (which holds the Guinness World Record for the best-selling classical music album), The Three Tenors in Concert 1994, The Three Tenors: Paris 1998, The Three Tenors Christmas, and The Best of The Three Tenors. Zubin Mehta conducted the performances in 1990 and 1994. The Paris concert was conducted by James Levine. ", "Andrei Zhdanov, secretary of the Communist Party’s Central Committee, delivered the so-called Zhdanov decree in 1948. The decree condemned Shostakovich, Prokofiev, Khachaturian, and other Soviet composers as “formalist” and “anti-popular.” The three named composers had by then already become established as the so-called \"titans\" of Soviet music, enjoying worldwide reputation as some of the leading composers of the 20th century. Nonetheless, all three accused composers were forced to apologize publicly.", "The Three Tenors joined to conquer. When this trio of famous opera singers — José Carreras, Placido Domingo  and  Luciano Pavarotti  — gave a one-night-only show at Los Angeles' Dodger Stadium on July 16, 1994, it was a massive spectacle watched by a billion people worldwide. More than that, the Three Tenors phenomenon permanently altered how a large amount of classical music is presented, packaged and sold.", "Rarely is Delius acknowledged for the extraordinary originality of his music. In 1929, a Times critic wrote: \"Delius belongs to no school, follows no tradition and is like no other composer in the form, content or style of his music.\" Delius was revered by composers as diverse as Béla Bartók (who congratulated him on his innovative use of a wordless chorus in The Song of the High Hills), Percy Grainger, Zoltán Kodály and Duke Ellington. And when, in 1935, the New York critics hailed George Gershwin's Porgy and Bess as \"the first negro opera\" they were wrong – for that singular achievement belonged to Delius's Koanga , composed almost half a century before.", "Vengerov & virtuosi, works by Johannes Brahms, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Tchaikovsky, Schubert, Aram Khachaturian, Jules Massenet, etc.", "It's more or less universally agreed that these three composers are in a class of their own.", "The Prague Trio of Basset-horns, based in the Czech Republic, has a repertoire of music originally written for, or transcribed for, three basset horns by composers including Mozart, Scott Joplin, and Paul Desmond.", "    The espousal of Berlioz by these two men would embroil France’s greatest composer more than a century after his death in the sharpest musicological issue of the late Twentieth Century: the debate over historical authenticity in musical performance. Neither Roger Norrington (born 1934) nor John Eliot Gardiner (born 1943), both later knighted, invented the term \"historical performance practice,\" but the activities of both of them in the 1980s and 90s informed the term’s standing definition: it came to designate what they and what a proliferating nucleus of industry trend-setters did. In The Maestro Myth (1991), classical-music iconoclast Norman Lebrecht describes the \"historical performance practice\" movement – and it behaved like a movement in its sloganeering, our-way-or-no-way manner – as having taken life in the 1980s at the same moment when in \"post-industrial societies\" people \"were discovering real ale, wholewheat bread, carbonated spring water and open-toed sandals.\" 58 There is indeed something of \"Bourgeois Bohemianism,\" as of the hackneyed ethos pour épater les bourgeoises, about musical authenticity. \"Its basis,\" writes Lebrecht, \"was academic and its premise inarguable: to perform exactly what the composer wrote, in the way he wanted to hear it, on the instruments and in the style of his time.\" 59", "The  above  three  keys  also  have  strong  associations  in  Mozart’s  music.  It  is  often  said  that  ", "Controversial composer who first achieved fame for his three scores for ballets performed by Sergei Diaghilev’s Ballets Russes company. Those ballets are The Firebird (about an evil wizard Katschei, who is defeated by prince Ivan with the help of the firebird), Petrushka (about a puppet), and The Rite of Spring, (about a virgin sacrifice). The Rite of Spring’s premiere prompted the most famous riot in classical music history. He also wrote “The Soldier’s Tale” during this period. He later espoused neo-classicism, used in works like “Pulcinella,” the “Dumbarton Oaks concerto,” the opera The Rake’s Progress, and the “Symphony of Psalms.” At the end of his life he became a serialist composer, exemplified by his “Agon.” Is widely considered the most important composer of the 20th century.", "Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky (; – ) was a Russian composer, one of the group known as \"The Five\". He was an innovator of Russian music in the romantic period. He strove to achieve a uniquely Russian musical identity, often in deliberate defiance of the established conventions of Western music.", "For the finale (Allegro molto) we have a theme and variations. This theme had become something of a obsession with Beethoven, it first saw light in a set of Contredances (WoO14), then was used in the finale of his ballet 'Die Gestopfe des Prometheus' and then still further as the text for the piano variations Op35, before appearing in the Third Symphony. Such recycling of material was untypical of Beethoven, but he shows us his amazing way with 'old bottles and new wine!' The coda is a tour de force of the utmost brilliance.", "The techniques of polystylism and polytempo music have recently led a few composers to write music where multiple orchestras perform simultaneously. These trends have brought about the phenomenon of polyconductor music, wherein separate sub-conductors conduct each group of musicians. Usually, one principal conductor conducts the sub-conductors, thereby shaping the overall performance. Some pieces are enormously complex in this regard, such as Evgeni Kostitsyn's Third Symphony, which calls for nine conductors. Charles Ives often used two conductors, one for example to simulate a marching band coming through his piece. Realizations for Symphonic Band includes one example from Ives. One of the famous example in the late century orchestral music is Karlheinz Stockhausen's Gruppen, for three orchestras placed around the public. This way, the sound masses could be spacialized, as in an electroacoustic work. Gruppen was premiered in Cologne, in 1958, conducted by Stockhausen, Bruno Maderna and Pierre Boulez. Recently, it was performed by Simon Rattle, John Carewe and Daniel Harding.", "forte passage. The main feature of the trio is the fanfare an the French horns (where Beethoven scores for three rather than the more usual pair of instruments).", "The success of the Three Tenors led to antitrust action by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission against Warner Bros. and Vivendi Universal. It found that they had conspired not to advertise or discount the albums of the Rome concert (released by PolyGram, later taken over by Vivendi) and of the Los Angeles concert (released by Warner Bros.) in order to protect sales of the jointly released album of the 1998 Paris concert.", "The third movement is the most formally conventional of the four, a meltingly lovely, yearning reverie of variations on two complementary themes that lulls an audience for the emotional complexity of the closing movement. Indeed, the finale baffled its first listeners, led early critics to claim disappointment over what they perceived as an unwieldy and senseless conclusion that spoiled an otherwise worthy and largely conventional work, and was even omitted from many early performances. Yet, the miracle of this movement is perhaps the composer's most significant achievement of all and the most profound proof of his genius –", "The Symphony No 3 in E flat major, Op 55, has a number of original features, including the substitution of a funeral march for the slow movement, a Scherzo for the Minuet, as in his second symphony, and a set of variations based on a theme from the ballet Prometheus, which appears first in skeletal form, for the finale. It is, besides, on a heroic scale, scored for pairs of flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons, trumpets and drums, with three French horns and the customary strings.", "Sergei Rachmaninoff (1873–1943), Russian composer, conductor, and virtuoso pianist, wrote three symphonies, four piano concertos, and Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini", "The symphony is marked by a unifying figure that links together the musical material of the various movements in much the same way that Beethoven was to do with the ‘fate’ motif in his Fifth Symphony. The idea here also has a three-note ‘knocking’ rhythm, first heard in the Allegro’s opening theme, then in the repeated quavers of the Adagio’s main idea, and finally in the reiterated figure of the Minuet. Only the finale avoids its use, being dominated instead by its strangely uncertain opening theme and vigorous, rushing quavers.", "\"Radical inventions and discoveries in the field of audio have ways of impacting on musical consciousness even though the relevant technologies remain a mystery to the composers involved. Bart�k's Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta of 1936 and Sonata for Two Pianos and Percussion of 1937, as well as Bohuslav Martinu's Concerto for Double String Orchestra, Piano and Timpani of 1938 form a cluster of compositions sharing the distinction of being laid out in triptych formation, with central percussion flanked by carefully balanced forces (string orchestras or pianos) to left and right. The deliberately symmetrical layout conforms in a very obvious fashion to the practical requirements of the RCA-Bell three-channel stereo system of 1932. Stokowski does not seem to have been involved in performances of any of these works at this time. In fact both orchestral works were commissioned by the conductor Paul Sacher for his Basel Chamber Orchestra, giving rise to the intriguing question of whether Sacher might have had plans to make a concert film in stereo, perhaps as a counter to Disney's Fantasia, the idea of which was not warmly received in the best musical circles.\"", "Title on autograph score: Concerto 3zo a tre Violini, tre Viole, è tre Violoncelli col Basso per il Cembalo.", "Darius Milhaud (4 September 1892 – 22 June 1974) was a French composer and teacher. He was a member of Les Six—also known as The Group of Six—and one of the most prolific composers of the 20th century.", "Saint-Saens' Symphony # 3 (\"Organ\"), is the composer's most famous instrumental work. In this article, we discuss the composer's outlook the symphony's structure , some of its most impressive recordings , and then some sources of information, both for this article and for further reading.", "musical work usually in three movements in which one solo instrument is accompanied by an orchestra", "All three albums feature some of the world's greatest on thier respective instruments playing standards and originals.", "What do you do when there’s a singular talent in your field that is SO demonstrably superlative that no one can EVER hope to compete with it? This is “the Mozart problem,” according to Bo...", "A two-time Pulitzer Prize-winning American composer born and living in New York City. He studied with Nadia Boulanger in Paris in the 1930s, and then returned to the United States. After a neoclassical phase, he went on to write atonal, rhythmically complex music. His compositions, which have been performed all over the world, include orchestral and chamber music as well as solo instrumental and vocal works." ]

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[ "Though he's always unsuccessful, there's no denying the ingenuity of Looney Tunes character Wile E. Coyote. In his pursuit of the speedy Road Runner, the coyote has ordered what must be the very latest in roadrunner hunting technology from the Acme Corporation, including a Burmese tiger trap, a steel wall and muscle-building vitamins that may provide the needed speed. It's clear that even though slingshots, ladders, dynamite and rocks ultimately fail the coyote, this is one tricky animal to deal with.", "Wile E. Coyote often obtains complex and ludicrous devices from a mail-order company, the fictitious Acme Corporation, which he hopes will help him catch the Road Runner. The devices invariably fail in improbable and spectacular ways. Whether this is result of operator error or faulty merchandise is debatable. The coyote usually ends up burnt to a crisp, squashed flat, or at the bottom of a canyon (some shorts show him suffering a combination of these fates). Occasionally Acme products do work quite well (e.g. the Dehydrated Boulders, Bat-Man Outfit, Rocket Sled, Jet Powered Roller Skates, or Earthquake Pills). In this case their success often works against the coyote. For example, the Dehydrated Boulder, upon hydration, becomes so large that it crushes him, or the Coyote finds out that the Earthquake Pills bottle label's fine print states that the pills aren’t effective on road runners, right after he swallows the whole bottle, thinking they're ineffective. Other times he uses items that are implausible, such as a superhero outfit, thinking he could fly wearing it. (He cannot.)", "Coyote who chases the Road Runner setting traps using supplies from the fictional Acme Corporation which never quite work as expected with predictable results.", "The Tiny Toon Adventures series expanded on ACME's influence, with the entire setting of the show taking place in a city called \" ACME Acres .\" The show's young protagonists attend \" ACME Looniversity .\" Calamity Coyote often bought products from the fictional Acme company in his quest to catch the roadrunner Little Beeper . In one episode, the company revealed its slogan: \"For fifty years, the leader in creative mayhem.\" Calamity once sued the company in a People's Court spoof, and its chairman, an anthropomorphic rat named Bobbo Acme, tries to prove its products really do work and any mishaps are caused by operator error.", "Wile E. Coyote (Canis Nervous Rex) is, of course, the Warner Bros. cartoon character created by Chuck Jones and Michael Maltese. Despite being a self-styled Super Genius, his overly elaborate plans to catch the Road Runner for dinner always went awry.", "\"Ozme\" is a play on \"Acme\", the mail-order company that provided Wile E. Coyote -- and other Looney Tune characters -- with whatever items he needed for his schemes. Weights (or safes, or anvils) dropping from the sky on top of characters was also a standard shtick in the Looney Tunes.", "• Constantly deal with faulty products from Acme Corporation. Wile E. Coyote and The Road Runner", "Tar and Feathers : In one Road Runner cartoon, Wile E. Coyote tries to capture the Road Runner with a tar-and-feather machine. Not surprisingly, Wile E. is the one who winds up tarred and feathered, after which the Road Runner runs up holding a sign that reads , \"Road runners already have feathers.\"", "How the coyote acquires these products without money is not explained until the 2003 Comedy/Adventure film Looney Tunes: Back In Action , in which he is shown to be an employee of ACME. In a Tiny Toon Adventures episode, Wile E. Coyote makes mention of his protégé Calamity Coyote possessing an unlimited ACME credit-card account, which might serve as another possible explanation. Another suggestion is that Wile E. Coyote is a \"beta tester\" for ACME. Wile E. Coyote also utilizes war equipment such as cannons, rocket launchers, grenades, and bayonets which are \"generic,\" non-ACME products. In a Cartoon Network commercial advertising Looney Tunes,they ask Wile E. Coyote why he insists on purchasing products from the ACME when all previous contraptions have backfired on him, to which the he responds with a wooden sign (right after another item blows up in his face): \"Good line of credit.\"", "Team Rocket Wins : Yes, there is a moment in which Wile E. Coyote is successful in capturing the Roadrunner. Of course, thanks to Rule of Funny , the Coyote is much...much smaller than the Roadrunner when the former captures the latter causing Wile E. to be absolutely baffled as to what to do with the Roadrunner upon capturing him.", "How the coyote acquires these products without money is not explained until the 2003 movie Looney Tunes: Back in Action, in which he is shown to be an employee of Acme. In a Tiny Toon Adventures episode, Wile E. makes mention of his protégé Calamity Coyote possessing an unlimited Acme credit card account, which might serve as another possible explanation. Wile E. being a \"beta tester\" for Acme has been another suggested explanation. Wile E. also uses war equipment such as cannons, rocket launchers, grenades, and bayonets which are \"generic\", not Acme products. In a Cartoon Network commercial promoting Looney Tunes, they ask the Coyote why he insists on purchasing products from the Acme Corporation when all previous contraptions have backfired on him, to which the Coyote responds with a wooden sign (right after another item blows up in his face): \"Good line of Credit.\"", "[Opening statement of an attorney for Wile E. Coyote, Plaintiff, -v.- Acme Company, Defendant.] Mr. Coyote states that on eighty-five occasions he has purchased of the Acme Company through that company's mail-order department, certain products which did cause him bodily injury due to defects in manufacture or improper cautionary labelling... Report of the Attending Physician of damage suffered by Mr. Coyote required a full bandage around the head (excluding the ears) a neck brace, and full or partial casts on all four legs... He has suffered mishaps with explosives: the Acme \"Little Giant\" firecrackers, the Acme Self-Guided Aerial Bomb, etc.... The Acme Spring-Powered Shoes...no explanation has been found for this product's sudden and extreme malfunction.... As the Court is no doubt aware, Defendant has a virtual monopoly of manufacture and sale of goods required by Mr. Coyote's work...a giant company is allowed to victimize the consumer in the most reckless and wrongful manner over and over again.... The Plaintiff seeks punitive damages of 38 million dollars, and to reaffirm the right of the individual predator to equal protection under the law.", "The primary source for the references is the series of toons featuring the Road Runner and Coyote. As described in the annotations for \" Throne for a Loss \", Wile E. Coyote -- Canis Nervous Rex -- is the self-styled Super Genius, whose overly elaborate plans to catch the Road Runner -- Velocitus Incredibilis -- for dinner always went awry.", "The name \"Acme\" became popular for businesses by the 1920s, when alphabetized business telephone directories such as the Yellow Pages began to be widespread. There were a flood of businesses named \"Acme\" (some of these still survive). For example, early Sears catalogs contained a number of products with the \"Acme\" trademark, including anvils, which are frequently used in Warner Bros. cartoons, particularly in Road Runner and Wile E. Coyote cartoons.", "We hear a familiar \"beep beep\" that resonates with the childhoods of so many and realize that Danny is watching a Roadrunner cartoon. These cartoons concern Wile E. Coyote always being foiled in his attempts to catch the Roadrunner, both being tricksters but Wile E. not quite as crafty. There's hardly a person in 1980 who wouldn't have immediately bonded with the pedestrian situation of the lunch table and its simple sandwiches through the familiar cartoon vocabulary of sound they all shared.", "This sheet of ten self-adhesive stamps, issued by the U.S. on April 26, 2000, was the fourth issued of a series of Warner Brothers Cartoon Characters sheets. It features the Road runner and Wile E. Coyote, and was designed by the Warner Bros. artist Ed Wleczyk. This sheet was issued in two formats: the format offered here has a die-cut (\"perforated\") 10th stamp on the right-hand side of the sheet. The other format has an imperforate stamp (no die-cutting) at this 10th position. With both formats, there is die-cutting between the nine stamps on left-hand side of the pane.", "In Family Guy, Peter is seen running an ACME store and Wile E. Coyote is complaining about some of the products he purchased which failed and mentions his many years of being an ACME customer. Peter offers to give him store credit.", "He also created the Road Runner series with Road Runner (\"Meep, Meep\" or \"Beep, Beep\") (known as Accelerati Incredibulis) and Wile E. Coyote (known as Carnivarious Vulgaris), debuting together in Fast and Furry-ous (1949). The setting for the cartoons was always the American Southwest, with the hapless Coyote devising various vain schemes to catch the non-combative, speedy Roadrunner - who zoomed along the winding roads through the desert. Intended to be a one-time only appearance, their popularity called for another cartoon produced 3 years later, Beep, Beep (1952), and then a series of cartoons for many years.", "Ray mentions \"Roadrunner Syndrome\" referencing the famous Warner Brothers cartoon character created by Chuck Jones in 1947, always foiling Wile E. Coyote, running away after using his trademark \"beep-beep\" sound.", "In Last Action Hero, ACME products (ACME dynamite, ACME Storage Center cardboard boxes, ACME video store, old ACME Engineering sign, ACME construction crane...) can be seen in the Jack Slater IV movie. An excerpt from a Wile E. Coyote/Road-Runner cartoon is also shown early in the movie.", "Suddenly Voiced : In the cartoons where Wile E. Coyote goes after Bugs Bunny, Wile E. speaks in a pretentious, intellectual voice (though there is one exception: \"Hare-Breadth Hurry,\" where Bugs is recast as the Roadrunner. In that cartoon, as in the usual Road Runner cartoon, Wile E. Coyote didn't speak at all).", "Like Donald Duck, this guy is also a bit irritating - sometimes you just want the coyote to get him. But you gotta admire a character that just runs and usually trusts to dumb luck to escape the culinary plans of Wile E. Coyote. Created in 1949 by the great Warner Brothers animation artist Chuck Jones, The Road Runner and The Coyote appeared in many theatrical shorts and eventually some television cartoons.", "Wile E. Coyote has a cameo as the true identity of an alien hunter (a parody of Predator) in the Duck Dodgers episode K-9 Quarry , voiced by Dee Bradley Baker . In that episode, he is hunting Marvin The Martian and K-9 .", "The Greater Roadrunner serves loosely as the basis for the character Road Runner in the Wile E. Coyote and Road Runner cartoon shorts by Chuck Jones.", "We all love Wile E. Coyote, the long-suffering Road Runner chaser. But, uh, what does the \"E\" stand for?", "Villainous Underdog : The cartoons are built around this concept, with the smart, but horribly unlucky coyote being thoroughly overmatched by the super fast, equally smart, and and ungodly fortunate Road Runner. Physics itself was always on the Road Runner's side, meaning Wile E's schemes were doomed from the start. A large part of this was, of course, because in the words of Chuck Jones \"The audience's sympathy but always remain with the coyote.\"", "When Road Runner and Wile E. Coyote made their debut in 1949, Mr. Jones said that his inspiration for the coyote had come from Mark Twain's ''Roughing It.''", "Jones based the Coyote on Mark Twain's book Roughing It, in which Twain described the coyote as \"a long, slim, sick and sorry-looking skeleton\" that is \"a living, breathing allegory of Want. He is always hungry.\" Jones said he created the Coyote-Road Runner cartoons as a parody of traditional \"cat and mouse\" cartoons such as MGM's Tom and Jerry, which Jones would work on as a director later in his career. Jones modelled the Coyote's appearance on fellow animator Ken Harris. ", "And he single-handedly invented Road Runner and Wile E. Coyote, which underscored his belief that the success of cartoon characters lay in their acting, not in dialogue. One of his strict rules for the Coyote-Road Runner series was: ''No dialogue ever, except 'beep beep.' ''", "Ajax, sometimes called the Ajax Corporation, is a name brand which makes several appearances in Mickey Mouse stories. An early example is in Lonesome Ghosts (1937) where Mickey, Donald and Goofy work for Ajax Ghost Exterminators. Other examples include Ajax Locksmiths, Ajax Door Fixers, Ajax Hairbow Wear Sale and Ajax Lost and Found. The name Ajax Corporation makes many appearances in the television series Mickey Mouse Works and Disney's House of Mouse. It is roughly equivalent to Warner Bros.' Acme brand. It bears no relationship to either the real-world Ajax company, a manufacturer of railroad car brake equipment, or the Ajax line of household cleaning products made and marketed by Colgate-Palmolive company, and pre-dates the introduction of Ajax cleanser by Colgate-Palmolive in 1947.", "At JC Penney stores across the country, Slesinger created Red Ryder \"outposts for dependable American quality and value.\" These stores within the store were called \"Red Ryder Corrals.\" In addition to educational and sportsmanship contests, special events and personal appearances, they supplied Red Ryder Brand rugged clothing for men and boys. In addition to Red Ryder and Little Beaver outdoor products, licensing included school supplies, lunch kits, and other Red Ryder character hardware and sporting goods. ", "The sponsor was General Mills, with its breakfast-cereal products: Cheerios, Wheaties, and Kix. In 1947, Cheerios produced a line of Frontier Town cereal boxes with the Lone Ranger likeness on the front of the box. Different versions of the boxes would have Frontier Town buildings on their backs to cut out. One could also send in ten cents and a box-top to get each of the four map sections of the town. These, as well as nine different boxes, were needed to complete the cardboard Frontier Town." ]

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[ "Betty Ford was known both as a former First Lady and as the founder of the Betty Ford Clinic for substance abuse recovery. She married Gerald R. Ford on 15 October 1948. Gerald Ford became a congressman two weeks later and served in the U.S House of Representatives until 1973, when he was appointed U.S. vice president by Richard M. Nixon (Nixon's first VP, Spiro Agnew , resigned in the midst of a scandal). When Nixon himself resigned in 1974, Betty Ford became the nation's First Lady. Shortly thereafter she was diagnosed with breast cancer and underwent a mastectomy. Suffering from the stress of her public role and the aftereffects of her illness, Ford became so hooked on painkilling drugs and alcohol that in 1978 she entered a California hospital to kick the habits. Inspired by the experience, in 1982 she founded the Betty Ford Center for Drug and Alcohol Rehabilitation in Rancho Mirage, California. The center was one of America's first prominent centers devoted solely to such recovery, and it eventually drew high-profile clients like Elizabeth Taylor and Liza Minnelli . Ford became a prominent activist in the field, and received the Presidential Medal of Freedom (1991) and the Congressional Gold Medal (1999). She published two autobiographies: The Times of My Life in 1978 and Betty: A Glad Awakening in 1985.", "A nonprofit inpatient facility in Rancho Mirage, California, founded in 1982 by recovering alcoholic and former US First Lady Betty Ford, dedicated to various levels of management of chemical dependency, including inpatient care", "The Betty Ford Center is located on the campus of the Eisenhower Medical Center in Rancho Mirage, in the state of California in the United States. It was co-founded by former U.S. First Lady Betty Ford and Leonard Firestone in October, 1982. Ford's decision to undertake such a project followed her own battle with alcohol dependence and opioid analgesic addiction. After her release from the U.S. Naval Hospital, she pursued the goal of creating a treatment centre that emphasized the needs of women.", "The famed center, which was founded in 1982 by the late U.S. first lady, offers inpatient, outpatient and day treatment. The Rancho Mirage, Calif., center has 100 beds available for patients. In addition to a detox program and an intensive outpatient program, the center offers programs for children of alcoholics and for young adults. The center is largely funded by gifts and giving to the Betty Ford Center Foundation, and has an active alumni program .", "Mrs. Ford was noted for her outspokenness on topics, including pre-marital sex and the Equal Rights Amendment . This was a sharp contrast from most First Ladies , particularly her immediate predecessor, the reticent Pat Nixon . Mrs. Ford publicly battled breast cancer during her husband's presidency. After leaving office, her battles with alcoholism and addiction were discussed prominently in the media, as was the family's support in opening the Betty Ford Center in Rancho Mirage, California . [11]", "Less than two months after her husband became president, Betty Ford was diagnosed with breast cancer and underwent a radical mastectomy. Always outspoken and candid, she used her influential position as first lady to speak out about the disease and its treatment, earning the enduring respect and affection of the American public. She also lobbied extensively for women’s rights and the Equal Rights Amendment, and was named TIME magazine’s “Woman of the Year” in 1975. Two years after leaving the White House, after a family intervention, Betty Ford entered rehabilitation for alcohol abuse and dependency on pain medication. She was characteristically honest and open about her experiences with the public, and her efforts led to the opening of the Betty Ford Center, a treatment facility for women located on the campus of the Eisenhower Medical Center in California.", "Betty Ford, the popular and outspoken former US first lady who founded the world’s most famous substance abuse clinic after admitting her own addiction to alcohol and pills, has died aged 93.", "She was the co-founder of the Betty Ford Center for the treatment of addiction, in Rancho Mirage, California.", "Miss Ford, the widow of former U.S. President Gerald Ford, is well-known for having founded the Betty Ford Center at Eisenhower Medical Center in Rancho Mirage, California after revealing her own battle with chemical dependency in the late 1970's.", "She was treated for her addictions and in 1982 founed her clinic, which helped stars such as Elizabeth taylor and Liza Minelli.", "Former First Lady Betty Ford suffered a dependency on alcohol and prescription pain killers connected to her tenure in the White House. This stemmed not only from the pressures of being scrutinized by the public eye, but also from the aftermath of her battle against breast cancer. Far from hushing ...", "Former First Lady Nancy Davis Reagan has died. She is remembered as a champion of her husband and the founder of the \\u0022Just Say No\\u0022 anti-drug awareness program. (March 6) AP", "Betty Ford, former First Lady and drug rehab centre founder, dies aged 93 | Daily Mail Online", "In 1982, Nancy Reagan was asked by a schoolgirl what to do when offered drugs; Nancy responded \"Just say no.\"[99][100] The phrase proliferated in the popular culture of the 1980s and was eventually adopted as the name of club organizations and school anti-drug programs.[8] Reagan became actively involved by traveling more than 250,000 miles (400,000 km) throughout the United States and several nations, visiting drug abuse prevention programs and drug rehabilitation centers. She also appeared on television talk shows, recorded public service announcements, and wrote guest articles.[8] She appeared in an episode of the hit television drama Dynasty to underscore support for the anti-drug campaign. As she continued to promote \"Just Say No\", she appeared in an episode of the popular 1980s sitcom Diff'rent Strokes[101] and in a 1985 rock music video, \"Stop the Madness\".[102] When asked about her campaign, the first lady remarked, \"If you can save just one child, it's worth it.\"[103]", "Hillary Clinton first met Nancy Reagan in the White House, during a 1982 governor's conference state dinner in 1982 and on the subsequent annual events. It was just one year into Clinton's tenure as First Lady that former president Reagan was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease and the former First Lady kept her attention focused on his care and made only rare appearances outside of California.", "The Betty Ford Centre in California came into being in 1982 after Ford was treated for her addictions at the US Naval Hospital at Long Beach, and saw the need for treatment that emphasised the special needs of women.", "(CNN) -- Betty Ford, the widow of late President Gerald Ford and a co-founder of an eponymous addiction center in California, has died at the age of 93, according to the director of the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum.", "After the Reagans left the White House, the former first lady established the Nancy Reagan Foundation to support after-school drug prevention programs. She and Ronald Reagan retired to Bel-Air, Los Angeles, living there and at the \"Reagan Ranch\" in Santa Barbara while dedicating much of their time to the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library. In November 1991, a dedication ceremony was held, and five presidents and six first ladies attended.", "\"As our nation's first lady, she was a powerful advocate for women's health and women's rights. After leaving the White House, Mrs Ford helped reduce the social stigma surrounding addiction and inspired thousands to seek much-needed treatment.\"", "In 1985, Nancy expanded the campaign to an international level by inviting the First Ladies of various nations to the White House for a conference on drug abuse.[8] On October 27, 1986, President Reagan signed a drug enforcement bill into law, which granted $1.7 billion in funding to fight the crisis and ensured a mandatory minimum penalty for drug offenses.[104] Although the bill was criticized by some, Nancy Reagan considered it a personal victory.[8] In 1988, she became the first First Lady invited to address the United Nations General Assembly, where she spoke on international drug interdiction and trafficking laws.[8]", "First lady Nancy Reagan and her husband, President Ronald Reagan, at a luncheon in New Orleans honoring her for her work to combat drug abuse on Aug. 15, 1988.", "Schools around the country formed \"Just Say No\" clubs, in which students did community service and made pledges to not try drugs. The refrain became the mantra of the anti-drug movement and greatly raised Reagan's profile as first lady. She appeared on hit shows such as \"Dynasty\" and \"Diff'rent Strokes\" to deliver her message and made hundreds of appearances around the country.", "There are claims that she was also very briefly married to Bob Slatzer, as well as that she had an affair with both John and Robert Kennedy. In her final years, she began seeing a psychiatrist while suffering from insomnia. She began taking prescription medication from several doctors, while refusing any help from her husband. She also developed a dependence on alcohol. Following her second divorce, she attended the Payne Whitney Psychiatric Clinic before transferring to Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center.", "The First Lady launched the \"Just Say No\" drug awareness campaign in 1982, which was her primary project and major initiative as first lady. Reagan first became aware of the need to educate young people about drugs during a 1980 campaign stop in Daytop Village, New York. She remarked in 1981 that \"Understanding what drugs can do to your children, understanding peer pressure and understanding why they turn to drugs is … the first step in solving the problem.\" Her campaign focused on drug education and informing the youth of the danger of drug abuse.", "Her frank discussions about her disease helped raise awareness about breast cancer and she eventually took the same approach toward her alcoholism, which she battled even as first lady.", "Those views and others expressed on 60 Minutes, addressed numerous issues that, despite reflecting a reality of life for many families at that time, nevertheless startled citizens unaccustomed to First Ladies verbalizing them. The suggestion that she would be accepting of a young adult child having pre-marital sex came in response to a question posing the scenario of her teenage daughter having an “affair.”  When asked her view on marijuana use, she thought it was widespread among the nation’s youth and akin to having a first beer in the era of her youth and that were she now a youth she might have tried it.  She emphasized the importance of her own psychiatric treatment and how it could help others suffering from depression and other mental and emotional problems. Finally, she also called the Supreme Court decision upholding a woman’s abortion rights a “great, great decision.", "In April 1978, confronted with her addictions by her worried family, she agreed to seek help at the Navy’s rehabilitation facility in Long Beach. This time when Mrs. Ford returned home, fate handed her another assignment: point person in a fundraising campaign to build a $7.6 million chemical dependency recovery facility.", "In 1978 she made headlines after being admitted to Long Beach Naval Hospital for prescription drug and alcohol abuse. Many believe Mrs Ford's problems with chemical dependency may have begun in 1964, when doctors prescribed her painkillers for a pinched nerve. ", "Ford’s problems with chemical dependency may have begun in 1964, when doctors prescribed her painkillers for a pinched nerve. She developed an addiction to prescription drugs and also became dependent on alcohol during the 1960s.", "In 1985, Reagan expanded the campaign to an international level by inviting the First Ladies of various nations to the White House for a conference on drug abuse. On October 27, 1986, President Reagan signed a drug enforcement bill into law, which granted $1.7 billion in funding to fight the perceived crisis and ensured a mandatory minimum penalty for drug offenses. Although the bill was criticized, Reagan considered it a personal victory. In 1988, she became the first First Lady invited to address the United Nations General Assembly, where she spoke on international drug interdiction and trafficking laws.", "Her dependency on pills began in 1964 with a medical prescription to relieve constant pain from a neck injury and a pinched nerve. Her drinking, which became troublesome as she was faced with her husband’s frequent absences on political business, grew increasingly serious as Mr. Ford’s Congressional career advanced. Her loneliness was compounded by low self-esteem and a debilitating self-consciousness about things like her lack of a college degree.", "She also successfully sought to increase the research funding for illnesses such as prostate cancer, epilepsy and childhood asthma at the National Institute of Health. Further, the First Lady gave voice to the illnesses that were affecting veterans of the Gulf War, with the possibility of their suffering the toxic side effects of chemical \"Agent Orange\" used in warfare. It was during her numerous overseas trips when she met with members of the US Armed Services that she began to become more acutely aware of not just the physical but mental health challenges often faced by them and other defenders and responders of the public's safety." ]

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[ "This unit of measure was once defined as the length of three grains of barley laid end to end.", "An Anglo-Saxon unit of length was the barleycorn . After 1066, 1 inch was equal to 3 barleycorn, which continued to be its legal definition for several centuries, with the barleycorn being the base unit. [13] One of the earliest such definitions is that of 1324, where the legal definition of the inch was set out in a statute of Edward II of England , defining it as \"three grains of barley , dry and round, placed end to end, lengthwise\". [13]", "An Anglo-Saxon unit of length was the barleycorn. After 1066, 1 inch was equal to 3 barleycorns, which continued to be its legal definition for several centuries, with the barleycorn being the base unit. One of the earliest such definitions is that of 1324, where the legal definition of the inch was set out in a statute of Edward II of England, defining it as \"three grains of barley, dry and round, placed end to end, lengthwise\".", "By the 7th century in England, the barleycorn became a standard measurement with three ears of corn, laid end to end, equalling one inch. It took until the thirteenth century before the inch was officially sanctioned. Under pressure, Edward II (r. 1307-27) eventually succumbed to appeals from scholars and tradesmen to issue a decree to standardise measurement (Ledger, 1985).", "In England, in early days, it was defined as a measure of length consisting of 12 inches, or 36 barleycorns laid end to end. But barleycorns differ in length as well as the human foot, so the p. 144 standard adopted is without any real foundation or reason.", "As I mentioned above, the inch was originally defined as 3 barleycorns. One of my correspondents mentions 4 poppy seeds = 1 barleycorn.", "A grain is a unit of measurement of mass equal to milligrams. It is nominally based upon the mass of a single seed of a cereal. From the Bronze Age into the Renaissance the average masses of wheat and barley grains were part of the legal definition of units of mass. However, there is no evidence of any country ever having used actual seeds or cereal grains. Rather, expressions such as \"thirty-two grains of wheat, taken from the middle of the ear\" appear to have been ritualistic formulas, essentially the premodern equivalent of legal boilerplate. ", "“Although we have stated above that the grain weighed the same in all three of the above systems, there were at least two different grains. The troy system used the supposed weight of the barley grain, whereas the wheat grain was also used as a standard of weight. There were three barley grains to four wheat grains.”", "Thirds of an inch used to be called barley corns, after the corns you can make porridge out of.", "The barleycorn is an old English unit that equals to ⅓ inch (8.46 mm). Half sizes are commonly made, resulting in an increment of 1", "BARLEYCORN. A lineal measure, containing one-third of an inch. Dane's Ab. c. 211, a. 13, s. 9. The barleycorn was the first measure, with its division and multiples, of all our measures of length, superfices, and capacity. Id. c. 211, a. 1 2, s. 2.", "Even more trivia if you’d like to read on. “Grain is an ancient unit which was originally based on the weight of a grain of wheat. The grain is the smallest unit of weight in the avoirdupois, troy, and apothecaries systems. Surprisingly it is identical in all three systems.” 4 grains = 1 carat; 24 grains =1 pennyweight; 480 grains = 1 troy ounce; 15.432 grains = 1 gram.", "; Barleycorn : of an inch, the notional base unit under the Composition of Yards and Perches.", "a traditional unit of volume used for measuring dry commodities such as grains and fruits. In the United States, the customary bushel is based on an old British unit known as the Winchester bushel. This unit dates to the early fourteenth century, at least: King Edward I defined the bushel to be 8 gallons in 1303. The form used in the U.S. was legalized by Parliament in 1696. One U.S. or Winchester bushel equals 4 pecks or 32 (dry) quarts ; this is a volume of 2150.42 cubic inches or about 1.2445 cubic feet, and represents the volume of a cylindrical container 18.5 inches (47.0 cm) in diameter and 8 inches (20.3 cm) deep. The U.S. bushel holds about 35.239 07 liters. Traditionally, there is also a heaped bushel, which is 27.8% (sometimes 25%) larger than a regular bushel. The regular bushel is also called struck measure to indicate that the bushels have been struck, or leveled, rather then heaped. The origin of the word \"bushel\" is unclear; some scholars believe it derives from an ancient Celtic unit, but most believe it is of medieval French origin, probably a slang name for a wooden crate (the French word for wood is bois).", "a traditional measure for grain and various other commodities. A sheaf of grain is a bundle of stalks having a standard size, typically 30 to 36 inches (roughly 75-90 centimeters) in circumference. A sheaf of arrows is a bundle or quiver of 24.", "the smallest unit of weight in most systems, originally determined by the weight of a plump grain of wheat. In the U.S. and British systems, as in avoirdupois, troy, and apothecaries' weights, the grain is identical. In an avoirdupois ounce there are 437.5 grains; in the troy and apothecaries' ounces there are 480 grains (one grain equals 0.0648 gram).", "(Units) a system of weights used for precious metals and gemstones, based on the grain, which is identical to the avoirdupois grain. 24 grains = 1 pennyweight; 20 pennyweights = 1 (troy) ounce; 12 ounces = 1 (troy) pound", "a traditional unit of volume in Scotland equal to 16 Scots pecks or 4 firlots . This is about 145 liters for wheat, peas, or beans, or about 194 liters for oats or barley.", "furlong (fur): a traditional unit of distance. Long before the Norman Conquest in 1066, Saxon farmers in England were measuring distance in rods and furlongs and areas in acres. The word \"furlong\", from the Old English fuhrlang, means \"the length of a furrow\"; it represents the distance a team of oxen could plow without needing a rest. A furlong equals 40 rods, which is exactly 10 chains, 220 yards, 660 feet, or 1/8 mile. One furlong is exactly 201.168 meters, so a 200-meter dash covers a distance very close to a furlong. The length of horse races is often stated in furlongs.", "Unit of weight, equal to 480 grains, or 24 scruples. or 20 pennyweights or 8 drams. 12 ounces to the pound.Used for weighing bullion, and as an apocatheries measure.", "(countable) A very small unit of weight, in England equal to 1/480 of an ounce troy, 0.0648 grams or, to be more exact, 64.79891 milligrams (0.002285714 avoirdupois ounce). A carat grain or pearl grain is 1/4 carat or 50 milligrams. The old French grain was 1/9216 livre or 53.11 milligrams, and in the mesures usuelles permitted from 1812 to 1839, with the livre redefined as 500 grams, it was 54.25 milligrams.", "An ancient unit which was originally based on the weight of a grain of wheat. The grain is the smallest unit of weight in the avoirdupois, troy, and apothecaries systems. Surprisingly it is identical in all three systems.", "As modern studies show, the actual length of a kernel of barley varies from as short as to as long as depending on the cultivar. Older sources claimed the average length of a grain of barley being . ", "British. a measure of capacity for grain, etc., equal to 8 bushels, or, locally, to approximately this.", "A very small unit of weight , in England equal to 1/480 of an ounce troy, 0.0648 grams or, to be more exact, 64.79891 milligrams (0.002285714 avoirdupois ounce). A carat grain or pearl grain is 1/4 carat or 50 milligrams. The old French grain was 1/9216 livre or 53.11 milligrams, and in the mesures usuelle s permitted from 1812 to 1839, with the livre redefined as 500 grams, it was 54.25 milligrams.", "5 :  a unit of weight based on the weight of a grain of wheat taken as an average of the weight of grains from the middle of the ear — see weight table", "Dram A Scottish term for a measure of spirits, particularly whisky. The term is said to originate from the Greek 'Drachma' which refers to the apothecary measurement of sixty grains, equal to 1/8 ounce.", "Barley - A small, round grain grown in most of the world. It is pearled to remove its outer husk. It has a slightly sweet, nutty, earthy flavor and chewy texture.", "Barley A cereal grain which is oft used in the production of whisky, and used exclusively in single malt whisky. Various strains of barley are used in whisky production, all hail from the grass Hordeum vulgare.", "3. a unit of weight equal to the weight of a bushel of a given commodity.", "A hardy grain that dates back to the Stone Age. Used in cereals, breads, and soups. Hulled barley has the outer husk removed and is the most nutritious form of barley.", "A genus of cereal grasses with a large number of species, cultivated throughout the world for food, forage, and syrup. It is the world's third largest food grain." ]

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[ "Samuel Taylor Coleridge (; 21 October 1772 – 25 July 1834) was an English poet, literary critic and philosopher who, with his friend William Wordsworth, was a founder of the Romantic Movement in England and a member of the Lake Poets. He wrote the poems The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and Kubla Khan, as well as the major prose work Biographia Literaria. His critical work, especially on Shakespeare, was highly influential, and he helped introduce German idealist philosophy to English-speaking culture. Coleridge coined many familiar words and phrases, including suspension of disbelief. He was a major influence on Emerson and American transcendentalism.", "Samuel Taylor Coleridge (October 21, 1772 – July 25, 1834) (pronounced [ˈkəʊlərɪdʒ]) was an English poet, critic, and philosopher who was, along with his friend William Wordsworth, one of the founders of the Romantic Movement in England and one of the Lake Poets. He is probably best known for his poems The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and Kubla Khan, as well as his major prose work Biographia Literaria.", "Samuel Taylor Coleridge (October 21, 1772-July 25, 1834) was an English poet, critic, and philosopher and, along with his friend William Wordsworth, one of the founders of the Romantic Movement in England. He is probably best known for his poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.", "* Thomas de Quincey's Confessions of an English Opium-Eater (1822), one of the first and most famous literary accounts of opium addiction written from the point of view of an addict, details the pleasures and dangers of the drug. De Quincey writes about the great English Romantic poet, Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772–1834), whose \"Kubla Khan\" is also widely considered to be a poem of the opium experience. Coleridge began using opium in 1791 after developing jaundice and rheumatic fever, and became a full addict after a severe attack of the disease in 1801, requiring 80–100 drops of laudanum daily. ", "Samuel Taylor Coleridge (21 October 1772 – 25 July 1834) was an English Romantic poet, literary critic and philosopher. He was a key figure in the Romantic Movement of the early Ninenteenth Century. He was good friends with fellow Romantic Poet, William Wordsworth. His most famous poems include: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and Kubla Khan,", "October 21st, 1772-British Romantic Poet, Samuel Taylor Coleridge was born in Highgate, England. He is probably best known for his poems The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and Kubla Khan.  Coleridge suffered from poor health that may have stemmed from a bout of rheumatic fever and other childhood illnesses. He was treated with Laudanum, a derivative of opium and this led to a lifelong addition.  Coleridge died at the age of 61. ", "Samuel Taylor Coleridge, (1772; d.1834), English Romantic poet. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner (1798) and Kubla Khan (1816). Biographia Literaria, a collection of his thoughts and opinions on literature (1817). October 21", "From Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s [1772–1834] Rime of the Ancient Mariner: In the first scene an ancient mariner stops a guest at a wedding party and begins to tell his tale. The mariner’s words then transport the reader on a long ocean voyage, returning to the wedding at the end of the poem.", "rugs (mostly opium and its derivatives) were used for both medicinal and recreational purposes by the Romantic era writers, such as Thomas De Quincey (1785-1859) and Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834). De Quincey described minutely the non-medical use of opiates in his book, Confessions of an Opium-Eater (1821). He “ate opium” in the shape of pills or pellets. Coleridge, who suffered from neuralgic and rheumatic pains, tried to relieve them by opium or its derivatives. It is believed that he composed his famous poem, “ Kubla Khan ,” in a dream induced by laudanum. Coleridge struggled with his drug dependence all his life. His daughter, Sara (1802-1852) confided to a friend that she was unable to sleep without laudanum. Other poets, including Lord Byron, John Keats , and Percy Shelley , took laudanum from a vial for medicinal and recreational uses. Byron's daughter, Ada Lovelace (1815-1852), a mathematical genius and the first computer programmer, became addicted to laudanum having been prescribed it for asthma.", "Kubla Khan, in full Kubla Khan; or, a Vision in a Dream, poetic fragment by Samuel Taylor Coleridge , published in 1816. According to Coleridge, he composed the 54-line work while under the influence of laudanum, a form of opium . Coleridge believed that several hundred lines of the poem had come to him in a dream, but he was able to remember only this fragment after waking.", "Along with “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner,” “Kubla Khan” is one of Coleridge’s most famous and enduring poems. The story of its composition is also one of the most famous in the history of English poetry. As the poet explains in the short preface to this poem, he had fallen asleep after taking “an anodyne” prescribed “in consequence of a slight disposition” (this is a euphemism for opium, to which Coleridge was known to be addicted). Before falling asleep, he had been reading a story in which Kubla Khan commanded the building of a new palace; Coleridge claims that while he slept, he had a fantastic vision and composed simultaneously—while sleeping—some two or three hundred lines of poetry, “if that indeed can be called composition in which all the images rose up before him as things, with a parallel production of the correspondent expressions, without any sensation or conscious effort.”", "\"Kubla Khan; or, A Vision in a Dream: A Fragment\" is a poem written by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, completed in 1797 and published in 1816. According to Coleridge's Preface to \"Kubla Khan\", the poem was composed one night after he experienced an opium-influenced dream after reading a work describing Xanadu, the summer palace of the Mongol ruler and Emperor of China Kublai Khan. Upon waking, he set about writing lines of poetry that came to him from the dream until he was interrupted by a person from Porlock. The poem could not be completed according to its original 200–300 line plan as the interruption caused him to forget the lines. He left it unpublished and kept it for private readings for his friends until 1816 when, at the prompting of Lord Byron, it was published.", "Coleridge then moved to Nether Stowey in England’s West Country. Lamb, William Hazlitt, and other writers visited him there, making up an informal literary community. In 1796 William Wordsworth, with whom Coleridge had exchanged letters for some years, moved into the area. The two poets became instant friends, and they began a literary collaboration. Around this time Coleridge composed “Kubla Khan” and the first version of “Rime of the Ancient Mariner”; the latter work was included as the opening poem in Coleridge and Wordsworth’s joint effort, Lyrical Ballads, with a few Other Poems, which was published in 1798. That same year, Coleridge traveled to Germany where he developed an interest in the German philosophers Immanuel Kant, Friedrich von Schelling, and the brothers Friedrich and August Wilhelm von Schlegel; he later introduced German aesthetic theory in England through his critical writing. Soon after his return in 1799, Coleridge settled in Keswick near the Lake District, which now gained for him—together with Wordsworth and Southey who had also moved to the area—the title “Lake Poet.” During this period, Coleridge suffered poor health and personal strife; his marriage was failing and he had fallen in love with Wordsworth’s sister-in-law, Sarah Hutchinson—a love that was unrequited and a source of great pain. He began taking opium as a remedy for his poor health.", "In the introduction of The Lyrical Ballads (1798) , Wordsworth and Coleridge professed their points of view regarding the nature of lyric poetry and their own practical principle to be employed in their poems. Wordsworth concerned himself with nature and human nature and Coleridge often wrote dream poems under the influence of opium and the poems also appeared to be fragmentary. Among the marvellous creations - The Rime of the ancient Mariner, Christabel (in two parts) , Kubla Khan are remarkable. Coleridge is an adept master in the realm of supernatural poetry and he is indebted to Spencer and medieval metrical romance.", "The years 1797 and 1798, during which the friends lived in Nether Stowey, Somerset, were among the most fruitful of Coleridge's life. Besides the Ancient Mariner, he composed the symbolic poem Kubla Khan, written as a result of an opium dream, in \"a kind of a reverie\", and began the narrative poem Christabel. During this period he also produced his much-praised \"conversation\" poems This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison, Frost at Midnight, and The Nightingale.", "“Christabel” was composed in two parts, the first being written and published in 1798. A second part was finished around 1800. “Christabel” thus preceded Southey’s “Thalaba,” the first English-language poem to actually mention the vampire in its text. Also, the imagery of “Christabel” is an obvious and important source of Sheridan Le Fanu‘s story “Carmilla.” After 1802, Coleridge wrote little and drew his income primarily from lecturing and writing critical articles. Most of his life he was addicted to drugs, having been hooked on opium in an attempt to deal with chronic pain and later consuming vast quantities of laudanum. He received some recognition of his literary work in 1824 when he was named a “Royal Associate” of the Royal Society of Literature. He died on July 25, 1834, at the age of 61.", "An examination of the characters that Coleridge presents in \"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner\" and \"Kubla Khan\" and the situations in which they find themselves reveals interesting aspects of Coleridge’s own character that are both similar to and different from the characters named in the titles of these poems. In particular, an examination of these characters with an eye toward Coleridge’s conception of poetic inspiration and success can be fruitful.", "Wordsworth had laid down the basic EPA theme. Coleridge kept it going. Byron, Shelly, Burns, Keats, Southey - to a man these poets detested the satanic mills and pined for something more flowerlike. Thomas De Quincey in his Confessions of an English Opium Eater won the Greens prize for poetic eloquence. William Blake was the undisputed Sierra Club spokesman of the period.", "Coleridge married in 1795 and spent much of the next decade living near and traveling with Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy. In 1799, Coleridge met Sara Hutchinson, with whom he fell deeply in love, forming an attachment that was to last many years. Coleridge became an opium addict (it is thought that “Kubla Khan” originated from an opium dream) and, in 1816, moved in with the surgeon James Gillman in order to preserve his health. During the years he lived with Gillman, Coleridge composed many of his important non-fiction works, including the highly regarded Biographia Literaria. However, although he continued to write until his death in 1834, Romanticism was always a movement about youth, and today Coleridge is remembered primarily for the poems he wrote while still in his twenties.", "Robert Southey (1774–1843) was another of the so-called \"Lake Poets\", and Poet Laureate for 30 years from 1813 to his death in 1843. Although his fame has been long eclipsed by that of his contemporaries and friends William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Thomas De Quincey (1785–1859) was an English essayist, best known for his Confessions of an English Opium-Eater (1821), an autobiographical account of his laudanum and its effect on his life.", "George Eliot mentions opium use in several of her novels. In Silas Marner (1861), the miserable Molly Farren is addicted to opium. In Middlemarch (1871-72), Dr Lydgate finds in opium a brief relief from his problems and Will Ladislaw looks in vain for artistic inspiration in opium, and in Daniel Deronda (1876), Hans Meyrick confides in Daniel that he has been trying opium.", "Thomas De Quincey (1785-1859), miscellaneous writer, born in Manchester, earned his living mainly through journalism. Around 1804, he first used opium for the relief of pain caused by a tooth abscess. He became an addict and in 1822 published his most well-known work, Confessions of an English Opium Eater. De Quincey also wrote about his “opium-shattered” stream-of consciousness state in an essay “The English Mail Coach” (1849). Another of his essays is “Murder considered as one of the Fine Arts” (1827) which amply demonstrates his aptitude for the Gothic. De Quincey’s historical novel Klosterheim or The Masque (1832) deals with religious persecution in the Rhinelands and is centred around a mysterious despotic being who is eventually unmasked.", "Born in Broadbridge Heath, England, on August 4, 1792, Percy Bysshe Shelley is one of the epic poets of the 19th century, and is best known for his classic anthology verse works such as Ode to the West Wind and The Masque of Anarchy. He is also well known for his long-form poetry, including Queen Mab and Alastor. He went on many adventures with his second wife, Mary Shelley, the author of Frankenstein. He drowned in a sudden storm while sailing in Italy in 1822.", "1822: Percy Bysshe Shelley, English poet, was drowned in Italy while sailing his small schooner Ariel to his home on the Gulf of Spezia.", "William Blake (28 November 1757 – 12 August 1827) was an English painter, poet and printmaker. Largely unrecognised during his lifetime, Blake is now considered a seminal figure in the history of the poetry and visual arts of the Romantic Age. His prophetic poetry has been said to form “what is in proportion to its merits the least read body of poetry in the English language”. His visual artistry led one contemporary art critic to proclaim him “far and away the greatest artist Britain has ever produced”. In 2002, Blake was placed at number 38 in the BBC’s poll of the 100 Greatest Britons.  Although he lived in London his entire life (except for three years spent in Felpham), he produced a diverse and symbolically rich oeuvre, which embraced the imagination as “the body of God” or “human existence itself”.", "Robert Southey (/ˈsaʊði/ or /ˈsvði/; August 12, 1774 in Bristol – March 21, 1843 in London) was an English poet of the Romantic school, one of the so-called \"Lake Poets\", and Poet Laureate for 30 years from 1813 to his death in 1843. Although his fame has long been eclipsed by that of his contemporaries and friends William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Southey's verse still enjoys some popularity.", "Poet who is sometimes viewed as a precursor to the Romantic poets partly for his sensitive and accurate descriptions of nature. His best known works include The Task (1785) and \"The Castaway\" (1803). He was subject to severe bouts of depression with a strong religious overtone for much of his life. [MW]", "Wordsworth finishes his \"poem to Coleridge\" but refuses to publish it until he has completed The Recluse , a long piece for which the \"poem to Coleridge\" would be a prologue. William's younger brother, 33-year-old John Wordsworth, dies in a shipwreck.", "John Keats, (born October 31, 1795, London , England —died February 23, 1821, Rome , Papal States [Italy]), English Romantic lyric poet who devoted his short life to the perfection of a poetry marked by vivid imagery, great sensuous appeal, and an attempt to express a philosophy through classical legend .", "lyric poet: Prometheus Unbound, Epipsychidion, The Witch of Atlas, Hellas, Adonais, A Defence of Poetry, Ode to the West Wind; died July 18, 1822", "THIS RAKISH LORD OF POETRY, BORN IN 1788, WORE ROMANTIC OPEN-NECK SHIRTS STILL POPULAR WITH POETS TODAY", "The poet repeats the word \"forlorn\" from the end of stanza VII; who or what is now forlorn? Is the poet identified with or separate from the nightingale?" ]

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[ "The four major championships in tennis today are referred to as the \"Grand Slam.\" The Grand Slam consists of the Australian Open, the French Open, Wimbeldon, and the U.S. Open.  Apart from the Olympic Games, the Davis Cup, the Fed Cup, and the Hopman Cup, they are the only tournaments regulated by the International Tennis Federation (ITF).  Grand Slam tournaments are the only tour events which feature mixed-doubles play.  They also carry larger prize funds, are worth double the number of ranking points to the champion, and feature more singles players than other tournaments.", "The four Grand Slam tournaments are considered to be the most prestigious tennis events in the world. They are held annually and comprise, in chronological order, the Australian Open, the French Open, Wimbledon, and the US Open. Apart from the Olympic Games, Davis Cup, Fed Cup, and Hopman Cup, they are the only tournaments regulated by the International Tennis Federation (ITF). The ITF's national associations, Tennis Australia (Australian Open), the Fédération Française de Tennis (French Open), the Lawn Tennis Association (Wimbledon) and the United States Tennis Association (US Open) are delegated the responsibility to organize these events.", "The Grand Slam tournaments, also called majors, are the four most important annual tennis events. They offer the most ranking points, prize money, public and media attention, the greatest strength and size of field, and greater number of \"best of\" sets for men. The Grand Slam itinerary consists of the Australian Open in mid January, the French Open in May and June, Wimbledon in June and July, and the US Open in August and September. Each tournament is played over a period of two weeks. The Australian and United States tournaments are played on hard courts, the French on clay, and Wimbledon on grass. Wimbledon is the oldest, founded in 1877, followed by the US in 1881, the French in 1891, and the Australian in 1905. However, of these four, only Wimbledon was a major before 1924/25, the time when all four became designated Grand Slam tournaments.", "The Championships, Wimbledon, or simply Wimbledon (25 June – 8 July in 2012), is the oldest tennis tournament in the world, considered by many to be the most prestigious. [1] [2] [3] [4] It has been held at the All England Club in Wimbledon , London since 1877. It is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments, the other three Majors being the Australian Open , French Open and US Open . Wimbledon is the only Major still played on grass , the game's original surface, which gave the game of lawn tennis its name.", "Grand Slam – tennis’ four most important tournaments: the Australian Open, the French Open, Wimbledon and the US Open.", "Wimbledon is the oldest tennis tournament in the world, and widely considered the most prestigious. It has been held at the All England Club in London, since 1877. It is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments (Majors), the others being the Australian Open, the French Open (Roland Garros) and the US Open. Wimbledon is the only Major still played on grass.", "Wimbledon is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments, the others being the Australian Open , the French Open and the US Open . Since the Australian Open shifted to hardcourt in 1988, Wimbledon is the only major still played on grass .", "The four Grand Slam tennis tournaments are the Australian Open , the French Open, Wimbledon  (London, England), and the U.S. Open . ", "The Championships, Wimbledon, commonly referred to as simply \"Wimbledon\", is the oldest and arguably most prestigious event in the sport of tennis . Held every June or July (starts 6 weeks before the first Monday in August), the tournament is the third Grand Slam event played each year, preceded by the Australian Open and the French Open, and followed by the U.S. Open. The tournament (which is the only one of the Grand Slam events played on grass) lasts for two weeks, subject to extensions for rain. Separate tournaments are simultaneously held for Gentlemen's Singles, Ladies' Singles, Gentlemen's Doubles, Ladies' Doubles and Mixed Doubles. Youth tournaments � Boys' Singles, Girls' Singles, Boys' Doubles and Girls' Doubles � are also held. Additionally, special invitational tournaments are held: the 35 and over Gentlemen's Doubles, 45 and over Gentlemen's Doubles, 35 and over Ladies' Doubles and wheelchair doubles.", "Tennis was for many years predominantly a sport of the English-speaking world, dominated by the United States, Britain and Australia . It was also popular in France, where the French Open dates to 1891. Thus Wimbledon, the U.S. Open, the French Open and the Australian Open (dating to 1905) became and have remained the most prestigious events in tennis. Together these four events are called the Grand Slam (a term borrowed from bridge). Winning the Grand Slam, by capturing these four titles in one calendar year, is the highest ambition of most tennis players.", "Grand Slam: Like the Grand Slam in golf or the Triple Crown in American thoroughbred racing, the Grand Slam means winning all four Major tournaments in a calendar year. Since it happens so rarely, “Grand Slam” is commonly misused to refer to any one of the four most prestigious tournaments (Majors): the Australian Open, the French Open (or Roland Garros), Wimbledon, and the U.S. Open. See also Career Grand Slam.", "There are still two other Grand Slam tennis tournaments that are scheduled to be played this coming season as well. Half of the Grand Slams are played on hard courts, including the Australian Open. The French Open is the only one that is played on clay courts. The Wimbledon Grand Slam, which is the next event on the calendar as far as Grand Slams go, will be played on grass, as usual. The U.S. Open of Tennis will be the next event after that for Tennis Grand Slams, and it will be played on hard courts from August 27th to September 9th.", "Along with its millions of players, millions of people worldwide follow tennis as a spectator sport, especially the four Grand Slam tournaments (sometimes referred to as the \"majors\"): Australian Open , French Open , Wimbledon , and the U.S. Open . The growth of tennis in Eastern Europe and the Far East has been especially notable in recent years.", "Wimbledon is third in the annual Grand Slam season. The hard court Australian Open and clay court French Open precede Wimbledon. The hard court U.S. Open follows. The grass court Queen's Club Championships also in London is a popular warm up tournament for Wimbledon.", "Grand Slam - any one of the four most prestigious tennis tournaments including the Australian Open, the French Open, Wimbledon and the U.S. Open.", "The possibility of being the reigning champion of all the current four Majors did not exist until 1924/25, when the International Lawn Tennis Federation designated the Australasian, French (before 1925 only open to members of French tennis clubs), British and American championship tournaments as the four Majors. Before that time only three events: Wimbledon, the World Hard Court Championships (held in Paris & once in Brussels) and the World Covered Court Championships (held in various locations) were considered the premier international tennis events by the ILTF. Tony Wilding of New Zealand won all three of those earlier majors in one year – 1913. It has been possible to complete a Grand Slam in most years and most disciplines since 1925. It was not possible from 1940 to 1945 because of interruptions at Wimbledon, the Australian and French opens due to the Second World War, the years from 1970 to 1985 when there was no Australian tournament in mixed doubles, and 1986 when there was no Australian Open at all.", "The possibility of being the reigning champion of all the current four Majors did not exist until 1924/25, when the International Lawn Tennis Federation designated the Australasian, French (before 1925 only open to members of French tennis clubs), British and American championship tournaments as the four Majors. Before that time only three events: Wimbledon, the World Hard Court Championships (held in Paris & once in Brussels) and the World Covered Court Championships (held in various locations) were considered the premier international tennis events by the ILTF.Tony Wilding of New Zealand won all three of those earlier majors in one year – 1913. It has been possible to complete a Grand Slam in most years and most disciplines since 1925. It was not possible from 1940 to 1945 because of interruptions at Wimbledon, the Australian and French opens due to the Second World War, the years from 1970 to 1985 when there was no Australian tournament in mixed doubles, and 1986 when there was no Australian Open at all.", "MAJOR TITLES (20) - Australian singles, 1960, 1962, 1969; French singles, 1962, 1969; Wimbledon singles, 1961, 1962, 1968, 1969; US. singles, 1962, 1969; Australian doubles, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1969; French doubles, 1961; Wimbledon doubles, 1971; French mixed, 1961; Wimbledon mixed, 1959, 1960.", "The Tennis Masters Series is a group of nine tournaments that form the second-highest echelon in men's tennis. Each event is held annually, and a win at one of these events is worth 500 ranking points. When the Association of Tennis Professionals, led by Hamilton Jordan, began running the men's tour in 1990 , the directors designated the top nine tournaments, outside of the Grand Slam events, as \"Super Nine\" events. These eventually became the Tennis Masters Series. In November at the end of the tennis year, the world's top eight players compete in the Tennis Masters Cup , a tournament with a rotating locale. It is currently held in Shanghai , China , and will move to London in 2009.", "There are five main events held at Wimbledon: Gentlemen's Singles, Ladies' Singles, Gentlemen's Doubles, Ladies' Doubles, and Mixed Doubles. In addition, four events are held for juniors: Boys' Singles, Girls' Singles, Boys' Doubles, and Girls' Doubles. (The Mixed Doubles event is not held at the junior level.) Finally, four invitational events are held: the 35 and over Gentlemen's Invitation Doubles, the 45 and over Gentlemen's Invitation Doubles, the 35 and over Ladies' Invitation Doubles, and the Wheelchair Gentlemen's Invitation Doubles.", "There are five main events held at Wimbledon: Gentlemen's Singles, Ladies' Singles, Gentlemen's Doubles, Ladies' Doubles and Mixed Doubles. In addition, four events are held for juniors: Boys' Singles, Girls' Singles, Boys' Doubles and Girls' Doubles. (The Mixed Doubles event is not held at the junior level.) Finally, four invitational events are held: the 35 and over Gentlemen's Invitation Doubles, the 45 and over Gentlemen's Invitation Doubles, the 35 and over Ladies' Invitation Doubles and the Wheelchair Gentlemen's Invitation Doubles.", "Key dates Jan 16-29: Australian Open. May 27-June 10: French Open. June 25-July 8: The Championships (Wimbledon).", "In Australia, the free-to-air Nine Network covered Wimbledon for almost 40 years but decided to drop their broadcast following the 2010 tournament, citing declining ratings and desire to use money saved to bid on other sports coverage. In April 2011, it was announced that the Seven Network, the host broadcaster of the Australian Open, along with its sister channel 7Two would broadcast the event from 2011.", "The men’s game increasingly emphasized athleticism and power in the 1990s. Pete Sampras of the United States best epitomized this style of play, using devastating serves and ground strokes, along with exceptional agility, to claim a record-setting 14 Grand Slam titles; the record was later surpassed by Roger Federer of Switzerland. Players such as Patrick Rafter of Australia, Sweden’s Stefan Edberg, and Russian Yevgeny Kafelnikov also claimed their share of major titles during the decade, but Andre Agassi surfaced as Sampras’s primary rival. Agassi won singles titles at the Australian Open (1995, 2000–01, 2003), the French Open (1999), Wimbledon (1992), and the U.S. Open (1994, 1999) and finished the 1999 season as the top-ranked player on the tour. In the early 21st century, Federer emerged as one of the game’s dominant players. He won an unprecedented 17 men’s singles Grand Slam championships—seven Wimbledon titles (2003–07, 2009, and 2012), five U.S. Opens (2004–08), four Australian Opens (2004, 2006–07, and 2010), and one French Open (2009). One of Federer’s main rivals was Rafael Nadal of Spain. Although initially thought of as a clay-court specialist—he captured a record seven French Open titles (2005–08 and 2010–12)—Nadal also won at Wimbledon (2008 and 2010), the Australian Open (2009), and the U.S. Open (2010).", "He has been the runner-up in six other singles Grand Slam finals: the 2008 US Open, the 2010, 2011, 2013 and 2015 Australian Opens, and the 2012 Wimbledon Championships, losing three each to Roger Federer and Novak Djokovic. He is the first man in the open era to achieve four runner-up finishes at the Australian Open, after losing to Djokovic in the final of the 2015 Australian Open. In 2011, Murray became only the seventh player in the Open Era to reach the semifinals of all four Grand Slam tournaments in one year. During the 2015 season he became the fifth man in tennis history to have won over $40 million in career prize money. After reaching the French Open semifinal in 2014 he became the tenth man to reach two or more semifinals at each of the four Majors. Murray won 11 matches (8 singles and 3 doubles) to enable the UK to win the 2015 Davis Cup.", "In most of Latin America, Wimbledon airs on ESPN, as the other Grand Slam tournaments. In Brazil, SporTV has exclusive rights to the broadcast.", "John McEnroe won seven Major singles championships, including three at Wimbledon, during his storied career, which included 10 more major championships in doubles or mixed doubles.  He also led the U.S. to four Davis Cup titles and won the NCAA’s while attending Stanford.  He has worked the US Open for ESPN since 2009, adding Wimbledon to his ESPN resume this year.", "Finalist (8): 2017 - Sydney; 2015 - Eastbourne; 2014 - Indian Wells; 2013 - Stanford; 2012 - Wimbledon , Tokyo [Pan Pacific]; 2010 - San Diego; 2009 - Beijing.", "Consider this as well: For years, the Australian Open sometimes was held in December rather than January. So what if the 1969 Australian Open had been held in December of 1968? Would we not consider Rod Laver's a true calendar Grand Slam even though he would have won the exact same tournaments?", "Another Grand Slam-related accomplishment is winning a “boxed set” of Grand Slam titles – which is at least one of every possible type of Major championship available to a player: the singles, doubles, and mixed doubles at all four Grand Slam events of the year. This has never been accomplished within a year or consecutively across two calendar years.", "Another Grand Slam-related accomplishment is winning a \"boxed set\" of Grand Slam titles – which is at least one of every possible type of Major championship available to a player: the singles, doubles, and mixed doubles at all four Grand Slam events of the year. This has never been accomplished within a year or consecutively across two calendar years.", "^ a b \"Impressive Safin opens Melbourne account\". Abc.net.au. 17 January 2005. Retrieved 27 January 2013." ]

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[ "Sara Jane Moore (née Kahn; born February 15, 1930) is an American citizen best known for attempting to assassinate US President Gerald Ford in 1975. She was given a life sentence for the attempted assassination and was released from prison on December 31, 2007, after serving 32 years. Moore and Lynette \"Squeaky\" Fromme hold the distinction of being the only two women who have ever attempted to assassinate an American president, both of their attempts being on Gerald Ford and both taking place in California within three weeks of one another.", "Lynette Alice \"Squeaky\" Fromme (born October 22, 1948) is an American would-be assassin best known for attempting to assassinate U.S. President Gerald Ford in 1975. A member of the infamous \"Manson family\", she was sentenced to life imprisonment for the assassination attempt and was released on parole on August 14, 2009, after serving 34 years.", "1975 - Sara Jane Moore attempted to assassinate U.S. President Gerald Ford. 17 days earlier Lynnette \"Squeaky\" Fromme made an assassination attempt against Ford.", "On this day in 1975, Sarah Jane Moore aims a gun at President Gerald Ford as he leaves the Saint Francis Hotel in San Francisco, California. The attempt on the president’s life came only 17 days after another woman had tried to assassinate Ford while he was on his way to give a speech to the California legislature in Sacramento.", "Though Fromme failed, she blazed a path for female Presidential assassins and people wanting to kill Gerald Ford in general. Sara Jane Moore tried killing Ford only seventeen days after Fromme. Then again she also didn't manage to get off a shot, so maybe there's still a bit of a glass ceiling there for female assasins, despite what the film Wanted would have us believe.", "Lynette \"Squeaky\" Fromme — She was a member of the cult but never charged with the murders. In 1975, Fromme was nabbed while trying to assassinate President Gerald Ford. Now 67, she served 34 years in prison before she was paroled in 2009.", "~1987 - Lynette \"Squeaky\" Fromme, serving a life sentence for the attempted assassination of President Gerald Ford, escaped from Alderson Prison.", "In September of 1975, Lynette “Squeaky” Fromme was on the front page of the New York Times: earlier that month, she had brandished a .45 caliber automatic pistol at President Gerald Ford, and now she had been judged competent to stand trial for the attempted assassination. Normally, this might have been above-the-fold news. But on that same day, the Times was profiling Sara Jane Moore—the other woman who had attempted to assassinate Gerald Ford that month.", "Lynette \"Squeaky\" Fromme , the would-be assasin who took aim at President Gerald Ford 34 years ago and the chief disciple of serial killer Charles Manson, was released from a federal prison in Texas this morning, said a prison spokeswoman.", "1975 — Sara Jane Moore pleads guilty to attempting to assassinate President Gerald Ford in San Francisco, California.", "* September 22, 1975: Sarah Jane Moore tries to assassinate President Gerald Ford outside of the St. Francis Hotel in San Francisco. The attempt fails when a bystander grabs her arm and deflects the shot. Moore has stated the motive was to create chaos to bring \"the winds of change\" because the government had declared war on the left wing. ", "Later, Lynette �Squeaky� Fromme would attempt to shoot Ford on September 5, 1975; and on September 22, 1975, Sara Jane Moore would also attempt to shoot Ford. Moore said she was trying to expose the nation�s �phony system of government� by elevating �Nelson Rockefeller to the Presidency.� In a June, 1976, Playboy interview, she said that there was a �part that I don�t think I can talk about. I just haven�t figured out a way to talk about it and protect everyone.", "1976 Sara Jane Moore sentenced to life in prison for attempting to shoot President Ford in San Francisco.", "And Squeaky Fromme, sent to prison for a failed assassination attempt on President Gerald Ford in 1975, wrote to him while she was incarcerated -- a letter described as \"strange\" by Ford. She was able to reach the president once he had left office -- the letter made it to his home, and he read it -- even while she was locked away from society.", "attempt was September 6, 1975, by Lynette Fromme who thought she could impress Charles Manson by killing the President. The next attempt was ", "Gerald Ford was the only President to have two women attempt to assassinate him. Both attempts were in California in September of 1975. The first attempt was September 6, 1975, by Lynette Fromme who thought she could impress Charles Manson by killing the President. The next attempt was by Sara Jane Moore on September 22, 1975. Her motive was simply that she was bored. John Tyler, joined the Confederacy twenty years later and became the only President named a sworn enemy of the United States.", "    * Gerald Ford - would be assassins: Lynette \"Squeaky\" Fromme and Sara Jane Moore, in two separate incidences", "President Ford survived two assassination attempts in the same month. On Sept. 5, 1975, Lynette Fromme, a follower of Charles Manson, fired a pistol at the president in a crowd in Sacramento, but Ford was unharmed. On Sept. 22, Sara Jane Moore pulled a revolver on Ford in San Francisco. Both were sentenced to life in prison.", "Ford faced two assassination attempts during his presidency. In Sacramento, California, on September 5, 1975, Lynette \"Squeaky\" Fromme, a follower of Charles Manson, pointed a Colt .45-caliber handgun at Ford. As Fromme pulled the trigger, Larry Buendorf, a Secret Service agent, grabbed the gun, and Fromme was taken into custody. She was later convicted of attempted assassination of the President and was sentenced to life in prison; she was paroled on August 14, 2009. ", "As 1975 wound down, Congress and the president struggled repeatedly over presidential war powers, oversight of the CIA and covert operations, military aid appropriations, and the stationing of military personnel. Then, in September 1975, on two separate trips to California, Ford was the target of assassination attempts. Both of the assailants were women - Lynette \"Squeaky\" Fromme, a former follower of Charles Manson, and Sara Jane Moore.", "Gerald Ford (September 22, 1975) - Sara Jane Moore fires two shots at the president in San Francisco California. The first shot narrowly missed its target; as she raised her arm to fire again an ex-marine grabbed her causing her to miss again.", "Ford faced two assassination attempts during his presidency, occurring within three weeks of each other: while in Sacramento, California on September 5, 1975, Lynette \"Squeaky\" Fromme, a follower of Charles Manson, pointed a Colt 45-caliber handgun at Ford. As Fromme pulled the trigger, Larry Buendorf, a Secret Service agent, grabbed the gun and managed to insert the webbing of his thumb under the hammer, preventing the gun from firing. It was later found that, although the gun was loaded with four cartridges, it was a semi-automatic pistol and the slide had not been pulled to place a round in the firing chamber, making it impossible for the gun to fire. Fromme was taken into custody; she was later convicted of attempted assassination of the President and was sentenced to life in prison.", "Secret Service agents rush Ford to safety after the first assassination attempt.Ford faced two assassination attempts during his presidency, occurring within three weeks of each other: while in Sacramento, California on September 5, 1975, Lynette \"Squeaky\" Fromme, a follower of Charles Manson, pointed a Colt 45-caliber handgun at Ford. As Fromme pulled the trigger, Larry Buendorf,[74] a Secret Service agent, grabbed the gun and managed to insert the webbing of his thumb under the hammer, preventing the gun from firing. It was later found that, although the gun was loaded with four cartridges, it was a semi-automatic pistol and the slide had not been pulled to place a round in the firing chamber, making it impossible for the gun to fire. Fromme was taken into custody; she was later convicted of attempted assassination of the President and was sentenced to life in prison.[75]", "On September 20, 1975, United States federal judge Thomas J. MacBride set November 4, 1975, for the start of the trial against Fromme for attempting to assassinate a U.S. President. Three days before the trial began, President Ford gave a videotape testimony from the White House as a defense witness in the trial of Fromme. The testimony was the first time a U.S. President testified at a criminal trial.", "In reaction to this attempt, the Secret Service began keeping Ford at a more secure distance from anonymous crowds, a strategy that may have saved his life seventeen days later. As he left the St. Francis Hotel in downtown San Francisco, Sara Jane Moore, standing in a crowd of onlookers across the street, pointed her .38-caliber revolver at him. Moore fired a single round but missed because the sights were off. Just before she fired a second round, retired Marine Oliver Sipple grabbed at the gun and deflected her shot; the bullet struck a wall about six inches above and to the right of Ford's head, then ricocheted and hit a taxi driver, who was slightly wounded. Moore was later sentenced to life in prison. She was paroled on December 31, 2007, after serving 32 years. ", "In December 1987, Fromme, serving a life sentence for the assassination attempt, escaped briefly from Alderson Federal Prison Camp in West Virginia. She was trying to reach Manson, whom she had heard had testicular cancer; she was apprehended within days.", "In reaction to this attempt, the Secret Service started to keep Ford at a more secure distance from anonymous crowds, a strategy that may have saved his life seventeen days later: as he left a hotel in downtown San Francisco, Sara Jane Moore, standing in a crowd of onlookers across the street, pointed her pistol at him. Just before she fired, former Marine Oliver Sipple grabbed at the gun and deflected her shot; one person was injured. Moore was later sentenced to life in prison. She was paroled from prison on December 31, 2007, having served 32 years", "Moore served time in the same prison in West Virginia as Fromme. Fromme escaped the prison in 1979, but was caught and transferred to a higher-security facility. Moore escaped in 1989, but turned herself in two days later and, like Fromme, was transferred to a more secure penitentiary. Both women remain incarcerated today.", "<b>Sept. 22, 1975:</b> Second assassination attempt, by Sara Jane Moore, happens during separate trip to California", "In 1979, Fromme was transferred out of Federal Correctional Institution, Dublin in Dublin, California, for attacking a fellow inmate, Julienne Bušić, with the claw-end of a hammer. On December 23, 1987, she escaped from the Federal Prison Camp, Alderson in Alderson, West Virginia, attempting to meet Manson, who she had heard had testicular cancer. She was captured again two days later and incarcerated at the Federal Medical Center, Carswell in Fort Worth, Texas.", "Fromme started out at the West Virginia prison, then was transferred to the prison at Pleasanton, California, in 1978 after officials said she had become a \"model inmate.\" But she was sent back to West Virginia in 1979 as punishment for hitting another inmate with a hammer while the two tended a garden on the prison grounds. She later was moved to Lexington, Kentucky, and then to Marianna, Florida.", "FILE - In this Nov. 25, 1975 file photo, Lynette Fromme sits in a U.S. Marshal's auto in Sacramento, Calif. as she returned to jail when jurors in her trial recessed for the evening. Fromme is accused of ... more" ]

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[ "Bill Haley & His Comets was an American rock and roll band that was founded in 1952 and continued until Haley's death in 1981. The band, also known by the names Bill Haley and The Comets and Bill Haley's Comets (and variations thereof), was the earliest group of white musicians to bring rock and roll to the attention of white America and the rest of the world. From the end of 1954 until the end of 1956 the group would place nine singles into the Top 20, one of those a number one and three more in the Top Ten. [1]", "Profile: Bill Haley & His Comets was an American rock and roll band that was founded in 1952 and continued until Haley's death in 1981. The band, also known by the names Bill Haley and The Comets and Bill Haley's Comets (and variations thereof), was the earliest group of white musicians to bring rock and roll to the attention of white America and the rest of the world. From the end of 1954 until the end of 1956 the group would place nine singles into the Top 20, one of those a number one and three more in the Top Ten. [1] Bandleader Bill Haley had previously been a country performer; after recording a country and western-styled version of \"Rocket 88\", a rhythm and blues song, he changed musical direction to a new sound which came to be called rock and roll.", "Bill Haley & His Comets were an American rock and roll band, founded in 1952 and continued until Haley's death in 1981. The band, also known as Bill Haley and the Comets and Bill Haley's Comets (and variations thereof), was the earliest group of white musicians to bring rock and roll to the attention of America and the rest of the world. From late 1954 to late 1956, the group placed nine singles in the Top 20, one of those a number one and three more in the Top Ten. ", "More than 100 musicians performed with Bill Haley & His Comets between 1952 and Haley's death in 1981, many becoming fan favorites along the way. [5] Several short-lived Comets reunions were attempted in the 1980s, including one contingent (organized by Baltimore -based piano player Joey Welz who was briefly a Comet in the mid-1960s) that appeared on The Tomorrow Show , and another run by an Elvis Presley impersonator named Joey Rand (this group later lost a legal action over the right to use the Comets name).", "Bill Haley and His Comets were a rock 'n' roll band credited with first popularizing this form of music in the early 1950s. Their hit single “Rock Around the Clock,” a rock anthem stayed at #1 for eight weeks and sold an estimated twenty-five million copies worldwide. For most of the '50s, Haley was a presence on the record charts, and he appeared in several rock 'n' roll movies aimed at teenagers. It is estimated that Haley and His Comets have sold 60 million records worldwide. Haley and His Comets have been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, the Rockabilly Hall of Fame and have been honored at Hollywood's Rock Walk.", "In 1987, Bill Haley was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. At that time, supporting bands were not also named to the Hall of Fame. This policy was subsequently changed, and in 2012 a special committee of the Hall of Fame inducted the Comets. Bill Haley and His Comets were also inducted into the Rockabilly Hall of Fame. In July 2005, the surviving members of the 1954–55 Comets (see below) represented Haley when Bill Haley and His Comets were inducted into Hollywood's Rockwalk, a ceremony also attended by Haley's second wife and youngest daughter. The Comets placed their handprints in cement; a space was left blank for Haley.", "The Comets, featuring musicians who performed with Haley in 1954–1955, reunited in 1987 and are still touring the world as of 2007, playing showrooms in the United States and Europe. They have also recorded a half-dozen albums for small labels in Europe and the United States. This version of the group has also been credited as Bill Haley's Original Comets and, in circumstances in which the use of the Comets name is in dispute, A Tribute to Bill Haley and The Original Band. The basic lineup of this group from 1987 to May 2006 was Marshall Lytle (bass), Joey Ambrose (sax), Johnny Grande (piano), Dick Richards (drums) and Franny Beecher (guitar). British singer Jacko Buddin augmented the group on vocals during most of their European tours, with Lytle taking over on vocals for US and Canadian tours beginning in 2000 and full-time in Europe in the mid-2000s. Since they connected with Klaus Kettner's Rock It Concerts (Germany) in 1991, they have played hundreds of shows all over Europe and have appeared on dozens of television shows. In March 2007 pre-opened the Bill-Haley-Museum in Munich, Germany.", "Ambrose's acrobatic saxophone playing, along with Lytle on the double bass -literally on it, riding it like a pony, and holding it over his head- were highlights of the band's live performances during this time. Their music and their act were part of a tradition in jazz and rhythm and blues , but it all came like a thunderclap to most of their audience. In late 1954, Haley and His Comets appeared in a short subject entitled Round Up of Rhythm, performing three songs. This was the earliest known theatrical rock and roll film release.", "The Comets, featuring musicians who performed with Haley in 1954–1955, reunited in 1987 and are still touring the world as of 2007, playing showrooms in the United States and Europe. They have also recorded a half-dozen albums for small labels in Europe and the United States. This version of the group has also been credited as Bill Haley's Original Comets, and in circumstances where the use of the Comets name is in dispute, A Tribute to Bill Haley and The Original Band. The basic line-up of this group from 1987 to May 2006 consisted of Marshall Lytle (bass), Joey Ambrose (sax), Johnny Grande (piano), Dick Richards (drums) and Franny Beecher (guitar). British singer Jacko Buddin augmented the group on vocals during most of their European tours, with Lytle taking over on vocals for US/Canadian tours beginning in 2000 and full-time in Europe in the mid-2000s. Since they connected with Klaus Kettner's Rock It Concerts (Germany) in 1991 they have played hundreds of shows all over Europe, dozens of TV shows and in March 2007 pre-opened the Bill-Haley-Museum in Munich, Germany (www.rockithydra.de).", "In 1952, Bill and the band had a hit with “Rock The Joint” on the Essex label. It was an early example of what became known as rockabilly. As a result, Haley decided to drop the cowboy image and rename his band 'The Comets'.  ", "The surviving musicians from that era reformed in 1987 as The Comets. The group features five musicians who played in The Comets in the key years 1952-1955. Those were the years when they developed their sound, recorded their breakthrough song \"Rock Around The Clock\" and recorded many of the other major hits associated with \"Bill Haley and The Comets\".", "“Bill Haley And His Comets - From The Original Master Tapes” MCA CD. This set collects the essential Decca hits from 1954 - 1956 that made Haley an international star.", "After Haley's death in 1981, a couple of the musicians who had played with Haley in the 1960's carried the flame for the music by forming tribute bands - billed as \"Bill Haley's Comets.\" And over the years they in turn recruited numerous other musicians to play under the Comets name.", "The 'Four Aces' disbanded in mid '49 and Haley formed a new band, 'The Saddlemen' which in turn was ultimately to become the very first rock and roll band in history, the 'Comets'. Al Rex on bass, Billy Williamson on steel guitar and  Johnny Grande played piano and accordion. Haley fronted this group wearing a ten-gallon stetson covering his trademark kiss-curl, a hair style he developed to take attention away from his blind eye. Bass player Al Rex would leave the group in 1951 to be replaced by 17 year old Marshall Lytle.", "Although several members of the Comets became famous, Bill Haley remained the star. With his spit curl and the band's matching plaid dinner jackets and energetic stage behavior, many fans consider them to be as revolutionary in their time as the Beatles or the Rolling Stones were a decade later.", "In 1955, Lytle, Richards and Ambrose quit the Comets in a salary dispute and formed their own group, the Jodimars. Haley hired several new musicians to take their place: Rudy Pompilli on sax, Al Rex (a former member of the Saddlemen) on double bass, and Ralph Jones on drums; in addition, lead guitarist Franny Beecher, who had been a session musician for Haley since Danny Cedrone's death in the fall of 1954, became a full-time Comet and Haley's first performing lead guitarist (Cedrone had played the guitar solo on the original recording of \"Rock Around the Clock\" and died shortly after the recording session for \"Shake, Rattle and Roll\" in the summer of 1954). This version of the band became more popular than the earlier manifestation and appeared in several motion pictures over the next few years.", "One of Bristol's own first-generation rock 'n' roll bands the Comets they had supported such acts as Gene Vincent and Billy Fury. The Comets were almost certainly the first Bristol based band to make the enormous leap from Skiffle to amplified music, and thus paving the way for countless other local bands in the late fifties - early sixties.", "By the late 1960s, Haley and the Comets were considered an oldies act. The band's popularity never waned in Europe, and the group signed a lucrative deal with Sonet Records of Sweden in 1968 that resulted in a new version of \"Rock Around the table\" hitting the European charts that year. The band would record a mixture of live and studio albums for the label over the next decade. In the United States in 1969, promoter Richard Nader launched a series of rock and roll revival concert tours featuring \"oldies\" acts of the 50s and 60s. One of the first of these shows, held at the Felt Forum at Madison Square Garden in New York City, resulted in Haley receiving an eight-and-a-half minute standing ovation following his performance, as Nader related in his recorded introduction to Haley's live album Bill Haley's Scrapbook, which was recorded a few weeks later at New York's Bitter End club.", "In 1953 his mother remarried, and his new stepfather encouraged his interest in music. By 1955, when he returned from the sanatorium, school wasn’t much of an option anymore as he was too far behind. He tried a series of different jobs, which were unrewarding professionally, but introduced him to skiffle music via one of his co-workers. Skiffle was played with household objects instead of musical instruments (which were often out of the financial reach of struggling musicians) and Starkey started playing regularly with a band. He got his first real drum kit for Christmas in 1957. A few years later, he joined a real band with real instruments, Rory Storm and the Hurricanes, and started going by the name Ringo Starr to reflect both the rings he wore and his interest in country and western music. His drum solos were called \"Starr Time.\" The band grew in popularity, and on a tour in Hamburg, they first met the Beatles, a new group consisting of John Lennon , Paul McCartney , George Harrison , Stu Sutcliffe, and Pete Best. In October of 1960, Starr played with Lennon, McCartney, and Harrison on a track backing Hurricanes singer Lu Walters.", "The big band era appeared to have ended after the war, and Basie disbanded the group. For a while, he performed in combos, sometimes stretched to an orchestra. In 1950, he headlined the Universal-Internationalshort film \"Sugar Chile\" Robinson, Billie Holiday, Count Basie and His Sextet. He reformed his group as a 16-piece orchestra in 1952. Basie credits Billy Eckstine, a top male vocalist of the time, for prompting his return to Big Band. He said that Norman Granz got them into the Birdland club and promoted the new band through recordings on the Mercury, Clef, and Verve labels.[55] The jukebox era had begun, and Basie shared the exposure along with early rock'n'roll and rhythm and blues artists. Basie's new band was more of an ensemble group, with fewer solo turns, and relying less on \"head\" and more on written arrangements.", "The Crickets were the backing band formed by singer/songwriter Buddy Holly in the 1950s. It consisted of Jerry Allison (drums), Joe B Mauldin (bass) and Nikki Sullivan (rhythm guitar).", "By the mid-1950s, Basie’s band had become one of the preeminent backing big bands for some of the most prominent jazz vocalists of the time. They also toured with the “Birdland Stars of 1955”, whose lineup included Sarah Vaughan , Erroll Garner , Lester Young , George Shearing , and Stan Getz .", "In 1958, the band made its first European tour. Jazz was especially appreciated in France, The Netherlands, and Germany in the 1950s; these countries were the stomping grounds for many expatriate American jazz stars who were either resurrecting their careers or sitting out the years of racial divide in the United States. Neal Hefti began to provide arrangements, notably \"Lil Darlin'\". By the mid-1950s, Basie's band had become one of the preeminent backing big bands for some of the most prominent jazz vocalists of the time. They also toured with the \"Birdland Stars of 1955\", whose lineup included Sarah Vaughan, Erroll Garner, Lester Young, George Shearing, and Stan Getz. ", "Haley's Comets Return : Most of the Members of the Band Behind 'Rock Around the Clock' Keep the Good Old Times Flying as They Revive '50s-Era Classics", "Georgie Fame was originally the keyboard player in Billy's backing band – the Blue Flames – but they were sacked by Parnes and after the Beatles were turned down for the job in late 1961, the Tornados became Billy's backing band.", "Elvis Presley (vocals), Scotty Moore, Tiny Timbrell, Billy Strange (guitars), Bob Moore, Ray Siegal (bass), D.J. Fontana, Hal Blaine, Buddy Harman, Bernie Mattinson (drums), Floyd Cramer, Dudley Brookes (pianos), Boots Randolph, (sax), the Jordinaires & the Mello Men (vocals)", "Nik Everett has since noted that there were other drummers who \"were just as 'untrained' as Ringo. Two examples being Jerry Allison from Buddy Holly & The Crickets, and D.J. Fontana from Elvis Presley's first band. Both were just regular guys who appeared on TV with their respective bands in 1956-58.\"", "The Miracles, clockwise from top left: Bobby Rogers, Marv Tarplin, Ronnie White and Claudette and Smokey Robinson. Credit via Photofest", "When the Beatles burst upon the American music scene in 1964, their performances had an impact on the growing stable of Texas musicians. Savvy music producer Huey Meaux of Houston decided to jump on the \"British Invasion\" bandwagon but with a distinctively Texas flavor. The result produced one of the enduring bands in Texas rock history—the Sir Douglas Quintet . Meaux approached San Antonio musician Doug Sahm , whose musical legacy established him as a quintessential rock-and-roller. Formed in San Antonio in 1964, the Sir Douglas Quintet consisted of frontman Sahm, Augie Meyers on organ, Frank Morin on horns, Jack Barber on bass, and John Perez on drums. Their stylish suits and Beatle haircuts, mandated by Meaux, were designed to give the band an English flavor and thereby to capitalize on the British Invasion. Meaux had to \"break\" the band in England before it played in the U.S., but the group scored a major international hit in 1965 with \"She's About a Mover.\" The song's infectious hook was the thin \"con queso\" line of Meyers's Vox organ. Reminiscent of an accordion fill, this reflected the Tex-Mex influence on the group. The band eventually moved to the budding rock scene of San Francisco and released other notable tracks, including \"Mendocino\" in 1969.", "Antoine Dominique \"Fats\" Domino Jr. (born February 26, 1928) is an American R&B and rock and roll pianist and singer-songwriter. He was born and raised in New Orleans, Louisiana. Domino first attracted national attention with \"The Fat Man\" in 1949 on Imperial Records. This song is an early rock and roll record, featuring a rolling piano and Domino doing \"wah-wah\" vocalizing over a strong back beat. It sold over a million copies and is widely regarded as the first rock and roll record to do so. Fats Domino released a series of hit songs with producer and co-writer Dave Bartholomew, saxophonists Herbert Hardesty and Alvin \"Red\" Tyler and drummer Earl Palmer. Other notable and long-standing musicians in Domino's band were saxophonists Reggie Houston, Lee Allen, and Fred Kemp, Domino's trusted bandleader. Domino finally crossed into the pop mainstream with \"Ain't That a Shame\" (1955), which hit the Top Ten, though Pat Boone characteristically hit #1 with a milder cover of the song that received wider radio airplay in a racially-segregated era. Domino eventually had 37 Top 40 singles.", "Musician Lionel Richie (Was formerly a member of the R & B band \"The Commodores\"; Had hits like \"Penny Lover\" and \"Hello\") 1949", "Williams’ songs of the 1950s have been recorded by many artists and are still popular today.  Transcript of radio broadcast:" ]

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[ "There is as yet no acronym designating the Vice President's spouse. By extension, the wife of the Vice President, and therefore the Second Lady, should be known as SLOTUS. Considering that she is only a \"heartbeat away from\" full FLOTUS status, perhaps a better designation would be HAFFLOTUS.", "The wife of the :Vice President of the United States is sometimes referred to as the Second Lady of the United States, but this title is much less common.", "The Second Lady of the United States is an informal title for the wife of the Vice President of the United States, coined in contrast to the First Lady (who is almost always the wife of the president). The term \"Second Lady\" may have been first used by Jennie Tuttle Hobart to refer to herself, later fell out of favor, but was revived in the 1980s. During the 1990s the title was again abandoned, in favor of \"wife of the Vice-President\", but was later resurrected during the administration of Barack Obama. ", "Extremely active as the vice president’s wife (1953–61), Pat made many official appearances at luncheons and charity events, but it was her international travel with her husband that gained her the most attention. She accompanied him to 53 countries around the world. Media coverage of their visit to Caracas, Venezuela , where the vice president’s motorcade was attacked by hostile crowds, increased respect for the Nixons’ courage.", "Michelle Obama, née Robinson, the wife of Barack Obama, was born on January 17, 1964, in Chicago, Illinois. She is a lawyer and was a University of Chicago Hospital vice-president. She is the First Lady of the United States.", "First Lady is an unofficial title used for the wife or hostess of a non-monarchical head of state or chief executive. The term is also used to describe a woman seen to be at the top of her profession or art. Collectively, the President of the United States and his spouse are known as the First Couple and, if they have a family, they are usually referred to as the First Family.", "Betty Ford was known both as a former First Lady and as the founder of the Betty Ford Clinic for substance abuse recovery. She married Gerald R. Ford on 15 October 1948. Gerald Ford became a congressman two weeks later and served in the U.S House of Representatives until 1973, when he was appointed U.S. vice president by Richard M. Nixon (Nixon's first VP, Spiro Agnew , resigned in the midst of a scandal). When Nixon himself resigned in 1974, Betty Ford became the nation's First Lady. Shortly thereafter she was diagnosed with breast cancer and underwent a mastectomy. Suffering from the stress of her public role and the aftereffects of her illness, Ford became so hooked on painkilling drugs and alcohol that in 1978 she entered a California hospital to kick the habits. Inspired by the experience, in 1982 she founded the Betty Ford Center for Drug and Alcohol Rehabilitation in Rancho Mirage, California. The center was one of America's first prominent centers devoted solely to such recovery, and it eventually drew high-profile clients like Elizabeth Taylor and Liza Minnelli . Ford became a prominent activist in the field, and received the Presidential Medal of Freedom (1991) and the Congressional Gold Medal (1999). She published two autobiographies: The Times of My Life in 1978 and Betty: A Glad Awakening in 1985.", "Though Walter Mondale's tenure was the beginning of the modern day power of the vice presidency, the tenure of Dick Cheney saw a rapid growth in the office of the vice president. Vice President Cheney held a tremendous amount of power and frequently made policy decisions on his own, without the knowledge of the President. After his tenure, and during the 2008 presidential campaign, both vice presidential candidates, Sarah Palin and Joe Biden, stated that the office had expanded too much under Cheney's tenure and both had planned to reduce the role to simply being an adviser to the president. ", "Bush attended the inauguration of father-in-law George H. W. Bush as Vice President in January 1981, after he and his running mate Ronald Reagan won the 1980 presidential election. She attributed her father-in-law's electing to the vice presidency with giving her and her husband national exposure. ", "2000: Hillary Clinton is first First Lady in Senate Hillary Rodham Clinton, wife of the president, makes history when she wins a New York Senate seat.", "William Jefferson \"Bill\" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III on August 19 , 1946 ) was the 42nd President of the United States , serving from 1993 to 2001. Before his election as President, Clinton served nearly 12 years as the 50th and 52nd Governor of Arkansas . His wife, Hillary Rodham Clinton , is the junior United States Senator from New York , where they both reside. Clinton founded and heads the William J. Clinton Foundation .", "Today the expression is what the incumbent U.S. President ’s wife is called, but ironically the first female counterpart of a President to be called “First Lady” never married him.", "Pat Nixon (1969–74), the wife of Richard M. Nixon , also had a long Washington apprenticeship, but she received little credit for her accomplishments in the White House. A dutiful consort, she traveled thousands of miles, giving speeches and greeting potential voters. She opened the White House to groups that had not been invited before—including the blind, who were permitted to touch the furnishings—and she staged special holiday functions for senior citizens. Her program to encourage volunteerism never really caught on, however, and her reluctance to discuss her role or highlight her achievements diminished her place in history. Nevertheless, she continued to be named one of the most-admired American women long after she returned to private life.", "She was lawyer prior to her election to the post of vice-President. She is also in charge of various social programs.", "Mrs. Laura Bush was born on November 4, 1946, in Midland, Texas. She earned degrees in education and library science and worked for several years as an elementary school teacher and children's librarian before marrying George Walker Bush. They have twin daughters, Jenna and Barbara, and a son-in-law, Henry Hager. The Bush family also includes two dogs, Barney and Miss Beazley. Prior to becoming First Lady of the United States, Mrs. Bush served as the First Lady of Texas. ", "When Bill Clinton took office as president in January 1993, Hillary Rodham Clinton became the First Lady of the United States, and her press secretary reiterated that she would be using that form of her name. She was the first first lady to hold a postgraduate degree and to have her own professional career up to the time of entering the White House. She was also the first to have an office in the West Wing of the White House in addition to the usual first lady offices in the East Wing. She was part of the innermost circle vetting appointments to the new administration and her choices filled at least eleven top-level positions and dozens more lower-level ones. After Eleanor Roosevelt, Clinton is regarded as the most openly empowered presidential wife in American history. ", "Laura Lane Welch Bush (born November 4, 1946) is the wife of the 43rd President of the United States, George W. Bush, and was the First Lady from 2001 to 2009. ", "First Lady Michelle LaVaughn Robinson Obama is a lawyer, writer, and the wife of the 44th and current President, Barack Obama. She is the first African-American First Lady of the United States. Through her four main initiatives, she has become a role model for women and an advocate for healthy families ,  service members and their families , higher education , and  international adolescent girls education .", "* The spouses of major presidential and vice presidential candidates (within 120 days of a general presidential election)", "Betty Ford was the wife of President Gerald Ford and First Lady of the Unites States. She was known for her candid discussion of women's issues, including breast cancer, abortion, and equal rights. She also spoke of her fight with addiction and later established the Betty Ford Center for substance abuse.", "As unexpected and unusual as Palin's selection is, she is not the first woman to stand for vice-president. That was Geraldine Ferraro, a New York congresswoman who in 1984 ran alongside Democratic presidential nominee Walter Mondale.", "Michelle LaVaughn Robinson Obama is married to the 44th and current president of the United States, Barack Obama, and has been first lady since 2009. She is the first African-American first lady of the United States. She is also a lawyer and a writer.", "Nancy Davis Reagan (born Anne Frances Robbins; July 6, 1921March 6, 2016) was an American actress and the wife of the 40th President of the United States, Ronald Reagan. She was the First Lady of the United States from 1981 to 1989.", "Rosalynn Carter (née Eleanor Rosalynn Smith Carter born August 18, 1927), is the wife of the former President of the United States Jimmy Carter, and in that capacity served as the First Lady of the United States from 1977 to 1981. As First Lady and after, she has been a leading advocate for numerous causes, perhaps most prominently for mental health research. She was politically active in her White House years as her husband's closest adviser as well, and sat in on Cabinet and policy meetings. She also served as an envoy abroad, most prominently to Latin America.", "Barbara Bush - Mini Biography (TV-14; 4:58) Barbara Bush, noted advocate for family literacy, is also the second woman to have been First Lady to one U.S. president and mother of another. Learn more about her life and work in this mini biography.", "Nancy Reagan became First Lady of the United States in January 1981 following her husband's victory, but was criticised early in his first term largely due to her decision to replace the White House china. Nancy restored a Kennedy-esque glamour to the White House following years of lax formality, and her interest in high-end fashion garnered much attention, as well as criticism. She championed recreational drug prevention causes by founding the \"Just Say No\" drug awareness campaign, which was considered her major initiative as first lady. Always protective of her husband, more controversy ensued when it was revealed in 1988 that she had consulted an astrologer to assist in planning the president's schedule after the 1981 assassination attempt on her husband.", "former U.S. First Lady: Married to 37th U.S. President Richard M. Nixon; died June 22, 1993", "What First Lady became the first wife of a sitting president to appear under subpoena before a grand jury?", "What First Lady became the first wife of a sitting president to appear under subpoena before a grand jury?", "She was the first former First Lady to die in the 21st century. She was also the third longest living First Lady, after Bess Truman, who lived to be 97 and Nancy Reagan, who surpassed her by 43 days.", "Long before Barbara Bush, which First Lady was married to one President and gave birth to another?", "Closer to home, the list includes four American first ladies. And the earliest on the list influenced the latest." ]

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[ "Ricardo Gonzalo Pedro Montalban y Merino, (/ˌmɒntəlˈbɑːn/; [montalˈβan]; November 25, 1920 – January 14, 2009), was a Mexican-American actor. His career spanned seven decades, during which he became known for many different roles. During the 1970s, he was a spokesman in automobile advertisements for Chrysler, including those in which he extolled the \"soft Corinthian leather\" used for the Cordoba's interior.", "Ricardo Gonzalo Pedro Montalbán y Merino, was a Mexican radio, television, theatre and film actor. He had a career spanning six decades and many notable roles. During the mid-1970s, Montalbán was notable as the spokesman in automobile advertisements for the Chrysler Cordoba, in which he famously extolled the \"soft Corinthian leather\" used for its interior. He also advertised the Chrysler New Yorker. From 1977 to 1984, he became famous as Mr.…  Read More", "MORE INFO ON RICARDO MONTALBAM was a Mexican actor. His career spanned seven decades, during which he became known for many different roles. During the 1970s, he was a spokesman in automobile advertisements for Chrysler, including those in which he extolled the \"soft Corinthian leather\" used for the Cordoba's interior.", "Interiors were somewhat more luxurious than the Dodge Charger SE and much more than the top-line standard intermediates (Plymouth Fury, Dodge Coronet) with a velour cloth notchback bench seat and folding armrest standard. Optionally available were bucket seats upholstered in Corinthian leather with a center armrest and cushion, or at extra cost, a center console with floor shifter and storage compartment. The dashboard and door panels featured simulated burled elm trim and metal stampings in 1975, while 1976-79 models featured simulated rosewood trim. A 60/40 bench seat was introduced in 1976 and other seating/upholstery options were added each year through 1979.", "At first, many found the design blob-like and difficult to accept after being used to the sharp-edged, straight-line styling of the Cortina, and it was nicknamed \"the jellymould\". It was also nicknamed \"the salesman's spaceship\" on account of its status as a popular fleet car in Britain. Sales were slow at first - the situation being exacerbated by heavy discounting by Ford dealers of surplus Cortina stock from the autumn of 1982 onwards, with more than 11,000 new Cortinas being registered in 1983, although the Sierra still managed nearly 160,000 sales in Britain that year, outsold only by the smaller Escort. Ford had also launched the Escort-based Orion saloon that year, which also found favour with buyers who would normally have bought a Cortina or another similar sized family saloon.", "The different models all underwent various revisions and improvements over the years. Power steering specially produced by the German company ZF became available on certain Left Hand Drive models and was also used on the Gamma. For 1975 the exterior styling was modified by Pininfarina: \"the back window has been relocated in a more upright position\" to aid visibility, the rear quarter pillars gained sharper trailing edges, the waistline was lowered and windows makde larger. Electronic ignition became available in 1978. Automatic transmission became available the same year; the Beta was the first Lancia manufactured with an automatic transmission factory option. In 1981 power steering also became available on certain Right Hand Drive models. Also in that year a fuel-injected version of the 2.0-litre engine became available on certain models. The Coupé and HPE underwent a facelift in remained in June 1983 (at the same time that the superhcarged VX versions were introduced) and remained available for a little while longer than the other bodystyles.", "At first, many found the design blob-like and difficult to accept after being used to the sharp-edged, straight-line styling of the Cortina, and it picked up nicknames such as \"jellymould\" and \"The Salesman's Spaceship\" (the latter thanks to its status as a popular fleet car in the United Kingdom). Sales were slow at first. It was later in the Sierra's life that the styling began to pay off; ten years after its introduction, the Sierra's styling was not nearly as outdated as its contemporaries. As other manufacturers adopted similar aerodynamic styling, the Sierra looked more normal.", "The Ford Cortina was a very popular car in Britain throughout its lifespan. In 1967, it interrupted the Austin/Morris 1100/1300s reign as Britain's best selling car. From 1972 to 1981, the Cortina enjoyed an unbroken run as Britain best selling car every year. Its key rivals in the 1960s were the Morris Oxford and Austin/Morris 1800, during the 1970s it was competing with the Vauxhall Cavalier, Austin Maxi and Morris Marina.[ citation needed ] At the end of its life it was facing stiff competition from the more advanced and practical second generation Vauxhall Cavalier, but was still more popular.[ citation needed ]", "The fortunes of foreign carmakers on the British market were also assisted by the fact that most British manufacturers adopted the hatchback bodystyle, mostly featuring front-wheel drive, considerably later than their continental rivals. For instance, the arrival of the front-wheel drive Volkswagen Golf hatchback in 1974 came four years before any of the four British-based carmakers had launched an equivalent car. By the time the first small British-built hatchback, the Vauxhall Chevette, was launched in 1975, the French Renault 5 had already been in production for three years. However, British Leyland's larger Austin Maxi had been sold with a hatchback and front-wheel drive since its 1969 launch, although it sold similar-sized cars like the Morris Marina and Triumph Dolomite alongside it as a rear-wheel drive saloon alternative, with the Dolomite being sold further upmarket than the Marina. For buyers wanting six-cylinder and larger four-cylinder engines, the Princess was launched in 1975. Chrysler launched the Alpine for this market sector in 1975, featuring front wheel drive and a hatchback, but kept the Hunter in production alongside it until 1979 for buyers who still preferred rear-wheel drive and a saloon or estate bodystyle. At the luxury end of the market, British Leyland was actually one of the first manufacturers in the world to put a hatchback on an upmarket car when it launched the Rover SD1 in 1976.", "The Cortina was produced in five generations (Mark I through to Mark V, although officially the last one was only the Cortina 80 facelift of the Mk IV) from 1962 until 1982. From 1970 onward, it was almost identical to the German-market Ford Taunus (being built on the same platform) which was originally a different car model. This was part of a Ford attempt to unify its European operations. By 1976, when the revised Taunus was launched, the Cortina was identical. The new Taunus/Cortina used the doors and some panels from the 1970 Taunus. It was replaced in 1982 by the Ford Sierra. In Asia and Australasia, it was replaced by the Mazda 626-based Ford Telstar, though Ford New Zealand did import British-made CKD kits of the Ford Sierra estate for local assembly from 1984.", "By the mid 1970s the range had become complex, with many different names and specifications. the Dolomite bodyshell was still being made as the basic Toledo (short boot bodyshell, 1,296 cc (79 cu in) OHV, rear wheel drive), the 1500 TC (standard bodyshell, 1,493 cc (91 cu in) OHV, rear wheel drive) and the Dolomite/Dolomite Sprint (Standard bodyshell, 1,854 cc (113 cu in) / 1,998 cc (122 cu in), OHC, rear wheel drive).", "BL's fortunes took another much-awaited rise in October 1980 with the launch of the Austin Metro (initially named the Mini Metro), a modern three-door hatchback which gave buyers a more modern and practical alternative to the iconic but ageing Mini. This went on to be one of the most popular cars in Britain of the 1980s. Towards the final stages of the Metro's development, BL entered into an alliance with Honda to provide a new mid-range model which would replace the ageing Triumph Dolomite, but would more crucially act as a stop-gap until the Austin Maestro and Montego were ready for launch. This car would emerge as the Triumph Acclaim in 1981, and would be the first of a long line of collaborative models jointly developed between BL and Honda. By 1982 the BL Cars Ltd division renamed itself Austin Rover Group, shortly before the launch of the Maestro and Michael Edwardes was replaced by Harold Musgrove as chairman and chief executive. Jaguar and Daimler remained in a separate company called Jaguar Car Holdings, but were later sold off and privatised in 1984.", "By the mid-1970s the range had become complex, with many different names and specifications. The Dolomite bodyshell was still being made as the basic Toledo (short boot bodyshell, 1,296 cc (79 cu in) OHV, rear-wheel drive), the 1500 TC (standard bodyshell, 1,493 cc (91 cu in) OHV, rear-wheel drive) and the Dolomite/Dolomite Sprint (Standard bodyshell, 1,854 cc (113 cu in) / 1,998 cc (122 cu in), OHC, rear-wheel drive).", "The final facelift for the Cortina came in 1979. Ford sharpened up the style of the Mk IV with the similar looking Mk V, which nevertheless changed almost every body panel. The Cortina disappeared entirely in 1982 to make way for the Sierra, dubbed the 'jelly mould' car at the time.", "There was a major redesign of the model in 1980 (the 1980 model was based on the redesigned Ford F-Series; this generation lasted until 1986 with no sheetmetal changes, mostly powertrain and chassis related). The new Bronco was shorter, and had cosmetic changes along with powertrain, suspension and other odds and ends. Most notably, the Ford Bronco had a TTB (twin traction beam) setup in the front end for an independent front suspension. Many state that the TTB isn't a true independent front suspension, nor is it a solid front axle, but a hybrid of the two with a \"solid\" axle that pivots around the differential and uses coil springs instead of leaf springs. The TTB system offered a higher degree of control and comfort both on and off road, but sacrificed wheel travel, and is notorious for being difficult to keep aligned.", "In 1976, a \"Barcelona\" option offered an alternative to the personal luxury cars offered by other automakers such as the Chrysler Cordoba and Chevrolet Monte Carlo. For 1977 and 1978, the \"Barcelona II\" coupe featured a padded Landau roof and opera windows, styling cues that were required at that time by buyers in the highly popular two-door \"personal luxury\" market segment. At first it was available in only one distinctive two-tone paint pattern consisting of Golden Ginger Metallic with Sand Tan. For the 1978 model year, the Barcelona came in a second color scheme: an Autumn Red Metallic on Claret Metallic combination. For its final production in 1978, the Barcelona model was also available on the four-door sedan body style.", "Mazda America used the Mazda Cosmo name and offered it from 1976 through 1978, after which the Cosmo was replaced by the Mazda RX-7 as their rotary-powered sports coupe. The CD Cosmo/RX-5 series was positioned as a personal luxury car, offered as a notchback coupe, called the Landau, which included an \"opera window\" and padded vinyl roof covering, that appeared to be influenced by the 1970s era Lincoln Continental. It was also available as a fastback, but neither body style found many international buyers. It was however an enormous success in Japan where over 55,000 were sold in the first year alone. This new body style competed with the Toyota Crown, Nissan Cedric, Nissan Gloria, and the Mitsubishi Galant Lambda coupes newly introduced to Japan.", "From 1967 to 1979, Issigonis had been designing a replacement for the Mini in the form of an experimental model called the 9X. [9] It was longer and more powerful than the Mini, but due to politicking inside British Leyland (which had now been formed by the merger of BMC's parent company British Motor Holdings and the Leyland Motor Corporation ), the car did not reach production. It was an intriguing \"might-have-been\"; the car was technologically advanced, and many believe it would have been competitive up until the 1980s.", "Although the UK political scene changed in 1979 with the election of the Thatcher government, the Government continued to support BL with funds for the development of a new mass-market model range (Mini Metro, Maestro, Montego and another Honda collaboration the Rover 800), which were all launched between 1980 and 1986. The Metro was the most successful of these cars.", "If there was a car that summed up the mood of the early 70s perfectly it was the Cortina Mk III. The classic American inspired coke bottle styling was combined with plenty of chrome trim. The new Cortina was bigger and better than the outgoing Mk II.", "The Taunus/Cortina was finally replaced by the Sierra in late 1982. The Sierra carried over the Cortina/Taunus OHC Pinto Engines and RWD configuration but was otherwise an all new car with independent suspension all round.", "The Ford Cortina is a car which was built by Ford of Britain in various guises from 1962 to 1982, and was the United Kingdom's best-selling car of the 1970s.", "Strangely, British Leyland also abandoned their gas and fluid-based suspension systems for coil springs all round, the semi-independent rear layout being very close to that of the Golf. In the body, however, BL at least expressed some individuality. Available only as a five-door hatchback, the Maestro had lines which, while echoing all the other cars of its type and generation, were nonetheless unique.", "The Toyota Camry  is a series of mid-size (originally compact) automobiles manufactured by Toyota since 1982, and sold in the majority of automotive markets throughout the world. Between 1980 and 1982, the \"Camry\" nameplate was delegated to a four-door sedan, known as the Toyota Celica Camry.", "In 1982, most of the car division of the by now somewhat shrunken British Leyland (BL) company was rebranded as the Austin Rover Group, with Austin acting as the \"budget\" and mainstream brand to Rover's more luxurious models. The MG badge was revived for sporty versions of the Austin models, with the MG Metro 1300 being the first of these.", "At the Paris Motor Show in October 1967, Ford pulled the wraps off the brute Cortina 1600E. Featuring the GT 1600 Kent engine along with the Lotus Cortina’s lowered suspension, luxury walnut trim and sports steering wheel, the car soon gained an iconic status and is still highly sought after to this day.", "A 1970s Duesenberg was also created, based on a contemporary Cadillac Fleetwood and with modern styling. Its production was a limited run.", "The 1966 275 GTB offered here is serial number 08143, a fully-documented factory alloy Longnose version retaining its original matching-numbers three-carburetor V-12 engine and drivetrain. Sold new in Rome, Italy (the original dealer sticker from MOTOR s.a.s. ROMA is still on the rear glass), it was ordered in Argento (Silver) with a Black leather interior and alloy wheels. In 1974 it was offered for sale for the first time refinished in Red, and has remained in that color ever since.", "The car offered here is 275 GTB/4 chassis no. 10387. It was built in September 1967 and delivered to its first owner, a Mr. Bertuzzi, in Italy in October of the same year. It made its way to the U.S. in the early 1970s and next appeared advertised in the New York Times on July 13th, 1975, described as red with a black leather interior, new paint, new engine and other extras.", "The Morris Ital was a medium-sized saloon car built by British Leyland (BL) from 1980 until 1984.", "My major discovery in 1969 was Puma. This little company had the genial idea of building a sports car on the VW Fusca chassis. Though far from a novel concept, it was executed brilliantly by Puma in the form of a great-looking coupe. Looking after the technical side was experienced engineer Jorge Lettry, who'd been involved in DKW's racing activities in Brazil. Executed in glass-fiber in Puma's own facilities, the result was an attractive sports car that stole the hearts of Paulistas and Cariocans.", "In 1964 the MK I got a new suspension design using the “hydrolastic” system. This created a softer ride but was criticized by many for being too expensive and altering the handling of the car. Starting with 1971 the original rubber suspension was back again, and used until production end." ]

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[ "1789 - The Department of Foreign Affairs was established by the U.S. Congress and President George Washington. The agency later was named the Department of State -- or the State Department.", "The first U.S. federal government agency, the Department of Foreign Affairs, is established (later renamed Department of State). (1789)", "The House of Representatives and Senate approved legislation to establish a Department of Foreign Affairs on July 21, 1789, and President Washington signed it into law on July 27, making the Department of Foreign Affairs the first federal agency to be created under the new Constitution. This legislation remains the basic law of the Department of State. In September 1789, additional legislation changed the name of the agency to the Department of State and assigned to it a variety of domestic duties.", "On September 15th, 1789 An Act to provide for the safe-keeping of the Acts, Records and Seal of the United States, and for other purposes was passed. This law changed the name of the Department of Foreign Affairs to the Department of State because certain domestic duties were assigned to the agency. These included: Receipt, publication, distribution, and preservation of the laws of the United States; Preparation, sealing, and recording of the commissions of Presidential appointees; Preparation and authentication of copies of records and authentication of copies under the Department's seal; Custody of the Great Seal of the United States; Custody of the records of the former Secretary of the Continental Congress, except for those of the Treasury and War Departments. Thomas Jefferson was appointed by President Washington September 25, 1789 and confirmed by the U.S. Senate the following day. Chief Justice John Jay served as Acting Secretary of State until Secretary Jefferson returned from France. Other domestic duties for which the Department was responsible at various times included issuance of patents on inventions, publication of the census returns, management of the mint, control of copyrights, and regulation of immigration;", "On July 27th, 1789 An Act for Establishing an Executive Department, to be Denominated The Department of Foreign Affairs was passed. John Jay , Articles of Confederation Secretary of Foreign Affairs turned down reappointment but agreed to serve as acting Secretary until a Presidential appointment was confirmed. During the enactment of this bill a debate arose as to the power of removal of the Foreign Secretary. One side contended that the power belonged to the President, by virtue of the executive powers of the Government vested in him by the constitution. The other side maintained that the power of removal should be exercised by the President, conjointly with the Senate. The important question was decided by Congress in favor of the President's power to remove the heads of all these Departments, on the ground that they are Executive Departments;", "Jay served as the second Secretary of Foreign Affairs from 1784 to 1789, when in September, Congress passed a law giving certain additional domestic responsibilities to the new Department and changing its name to the Department of State. Jay served as acting Secretary of State until March 22, 1790. Jay sought to establish a strong and durable American foreign policy: to seek the recognition of the young independent nation by powerful and established foreign European powers; to establish a stable American currency and credit supported at first by financial loans from European banks; to pay back America's creditors and to quickly pay off the country's heavy War-debt; to secure the infant nation's territorial boundaries under the most-advantageous terms possible and against possible incursions by the Indians, Spanish, the French and the English; to solve regional difficulties among the colonies themselves; to secure Newfoundland fishing rights; to establish a robust maritime trade for American goods with new economic trading partners; to protect American trading vessels against piracy; to preserve America's reputation at home and abroad; and to hold the country together politically under the fledgling Articles of Confederation. ", "One of the most important developments of Washington's first months in office was congressional creation of executive departments and the president's appointments to head them. An act establishing the State Department became law on 27 July; a measure creating the Department of War was approved early in August; and the Treasury Department was created on 2 September.", "Congress did its first important work in 1789, when it made provision for five executive departments. The men heading these departments formed the president's cabinet. One act established the war department, which Washington entrusted to Gen. Henry Knox. Then came the creation of the treasury department, its beginnings celebrated by the brilliant achievements of its first secretary, Alexander Hamilton. The department of state was provided for, and Thomas Jefferson took office as its first secretary in March 1790. The office of postmaster general came into being next, and the appointment went to Samuel Osgood. Washington's first attorney general, Edmund Randolph, was selected after his office had been created.", "Starting in 1772, several colonies formed Committees of Correspondence. Parliament enacted the Tea Act, in 1773, and after the Boston Tea Party, the Boston Port Act, Massachusetts Government Act, (or Intolerable Acts), in 1774. On November 27, 1775, the Continental Congress established a Committee of Correspondence, which in 1781, became the Department of Foreign Affairs. ", "President George Washington appointed Hamilton as the first Secretary of the Treasury on September 11, 1789. He left office on the last day of January 1795; much of the structure of the Government of the United States was worked out in those five years, beginning with the structure and function of the Cabinet itself. Forrest McDonald argues that Hamilton saw his office, like the British Chancellor of the Exchequer , as that of a Prime Minister; Hamilton would oversee his colleagues under the elective reign of George Washington. Washington did request Hamilton's advice and assistance on matters outside the purview of the Treasury Department .", "1789 – For his presidential administration, George Washington appointed Thomas Jefferson as the first U.S. Secretary of State, John Jay as the first Chief Justice, Samuel Osgood as the first Postmaster General, and Edmund Randolph as the first Attorney General.", "On March 11, 1824, the Bureau of Indian Affairs was established. That it was set up, without congressional authorization, as a division of the War Department explains the prevailing view at the time. In fact, Indian affairs had been handled by the War Department since 1789, having been during the Revolution and its aftermath in the hands of three commissioners who included Benjamin Franklin and Patrick Henry. Ironically, Secretary of War John C. Calhoun, who invented the BIA, appointed Thomas McKenney, a Quaker, as its first superintendent. McKenney had been Superintendent of Indian Trade from 1816 until 1822 when the 16-year-old trade program was abolished. Among other things, McKenney took to calling it the Office of Indians Affairs, a name that stuck until authority was transferred to the Interior Department 25 years later.", "The Department of State advises the president, who has overall responsibility for formulating and executing the foreign policy of the United States. The department assesses U.S. overseas interests, makes recommendations on policy and future action, and takes necessary steps to carry out established policy. It maintains contacts and relations between the United States and foreign countries, advises the president on recognition of new foreign countries and governments, negotiates treaties and agreements with foreign nations, and speaks for the United States in the United Nations and in other major international organizations. The department maintains more than 250 diplomatic and consular posts around the world. In 1999, the Department of State integrated the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency and the U.S. Information Agency into its structure and mission.", "Washington's second term was dominated by foreign-policy considerations. Early in 1793 the French Revolution , which had overthrown the French monarchy in 1789, became the central issue in American politics. France had declared war on Great Britain and appointed Edmond Genet (1763–1834) as minister to the United States. Determined to keep America out of the war and free from European influence, Washington issued a neutrality proclamation (a statement that the United States would not take sides or become involved in the conflict), although the word \"neutrality\" was not used.", "** On September 14, 1788, the Eighth United States in Congress Assembled resolved that March 4th, 1789, would be commencement date of the  Constitution of 1787's  federal government thus dissolving the USCA on March 3rd, 1789.", "George Washington was unanimously elected president in 1789 and inaugurated in New York City, the nation’s first capital under the Constitution. John Adams was elected vice president, and Washington’s first cabinet included Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826) as secretary of state and Alexander Hamilton as secretary of the treasury. Washington was unanimously reelected in 1792 and inaugurated in Philadelphia in 1793. He disliked the growing partisan and policy conflicts between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists, especially between Hamilton and Jefferson, and warned the nation of the dangers of partisanship in his farewell address of 1796. Washington struggled to be nonpartisan during his first term but became a Federalist during his second term, partially because of the criticism of his presidency and policies from Anti-Federalist newspapers and politicians.", "United States Department of State Headquarters - The federal agency is responsible for the international relations of the United States.", "Third United American Republic: The United States of America: A Perpetual Union was founded by 13 States on March 1st, 1781, with the enactment of the first U.S. Constitution, the  Articles of Confederation , and governed through the  United States  in Congress Assembled .   Samuel Huntington  and  George Washington  served, respectively, as the Republic's first President and Commander-in-Chief; ", "Engraving depicts Federal Hall in New York City, where George Washington, the nation's first President, was inaugurated on the balcony in April 1789. The new Congress conducted its business at Federal Hall before moving temporarily to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and then in 1800 to the newly built capital city of Washington, D.C. (Engraving by Amos Doolittle, New York Public Library)", "New York City was the first capital of the United States after the Constitution was ratified in 1788. On April 30, 1789, George Washington was inaugurated as the nation’s first president at Federal Hall, located on Wall Street.", "George Washington (Contemporary records, which used the Julian calendar and the Annunciation Style of enumerating years, recorded his birth as February 11, 1731. The provisions of the British Calendar (New Style) Act 1750, implemented in 1752, altered the official British dating method to the Gregorian calendar with the start of the year on January 1 (it had been March 25). These changes resulted in dates being moved forward 11 days, and for those between January 1 and March 25, an advance of one year. For a further explanation, see Old Style and New Style dates. – , 1799) was the first President of the United States (1789–97), the Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He presided over the convention that drafted the current United States Constitution and during his lifetime was called the \"father of his country\". ", "February 20, 1792 - The United States Post Office Department is established, signed into law by President George Washington.", "1790 - The District of Columbia, or Washington, DC, was established as the permanent seat of the United States Government.", "The Revenue Act authorized the president to select the specific location of the seat of the government on the Potomac; the president was to appoint three commissioners to survey and acquire property for this seat. Washington personally oversaw this effort throughout his term in office. In 1791 the commissioners named the permanent seat of government \"The City of Washington in the Territory of Columbia\" to honor Washington. In 1800, the Territory of Columbia became the District of Columbia when the federal government moved to the site according to the provisions of the Residence Act. ", "On July 9, 1790, Congress passed the Residence Act , which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River . The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, who signed the bill into law on July 16. Formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles (16 km) on each side, totaling 100 square miles (260 square kilometers). Two preexisting settlements were included in the territory: the port of Georgetown, Maryland founded in 1751, and the city of Alexandria, Virginia, founded in 1749. A new \"federal city\" was then constructed on the north bank of the Potomac, to the east of Georgetown. On September 9, 1791, the three commissioners overseeing the capital's construction named the city in honor of President Washington.", "* March 21 – Thomas Jefferson reports to President George Washington in New York as the new United States Secretary of State.", "In July 1790, Congress passed the Residence Act which called for the permanent capital of the United States to be located on the Potomac River (the future Washington D.C.). President Washington personally overlooked the building of what he once termed \"the seat of Empire.\" He specified the location of the ten-mile square federal district, the President's mansion (the White House), and the Capitol.", "On July 26, 1775, the Second Continental Congress established the United States Post Office and named Benjamin Franklin as the first United States Postmaster General . Franklin had been a postmaster for decades and was a natural choice for the position. [119] He had just returned from England and was appointed chairman of a Committee of Investigation to establish a postal system. The report of the Committee, providing for the appointment of a postmaster general for the 13 American colonies, was considered by the Continental Congress on July 25 and 26. On July 26, 1775, Franklin was appointed Postmaster General, the first appointed under the Continental Congress. It established a postal system that became the United States Post Office, a system that continues to operate today. [120]", "On July 26, 1775, the Second Continental Congress established the United States Post Office and named Benjamin Franklin as the first United States Postmaster General. Franklin had been a postmaster for decades and was a natural choice for the position. He had just returned from England and was appointed chairman of a Committee of Investigation to establish a postal system. The report of the Committee, providing for the appointment of a postmaster general for the 13 American colonies, was considered by the Continental Congress on July 25 and 26. On July 26, 1775, Franklin was appointed Postmaster General, the first appointed under the Continental Congress. It established a postal system that became the United States Post Office, a system that continues to operate today. ", "In 1829, upon the invitation of President Andrew Jackson, William T. Barry of Kentucky became the first Postmaster General to sit as a member of the President's Cabinet. His predecessor, John McLean of Ohio, began referring to the Post Office, or General Post Office as it was sometimes called, as the Post Office Department, but it was not specifically established as an executive department by Congress until June 8, 1872.", "Agencies to relate to Native Americans had existed in the U.S. government since 1775, when the Second Continental Congress created a trio of Indian-related agencies. Benjamin Franklin and Patrick Henry were appointed among the early commissioners to negotiate treaties with Native Americans to obtain their neutrality during the American Revolutionary War.", "The First Congress (1789–1791) passed the first appropriations act—a mere 13 lines long—a few months after it convened. The law funded the government, including important pensions for Revolutionary War veterans, with just $639,000—an amount in the tens of millions in real terms. This simple process was short-lived. Over time, nine regular appropriation bills emerged and funded such priorities as pensions, harbors, the post office, and the military. These were considered on an annual basis by the late 1850s. The House Committee on Ways and Means, which also had jurisdiction over tax policy, controlled the appropriations process. But legislation and funding were always kept separate. Priorities were spelled out in one law and money appropriated for those priorities in another. This has remained the practice, as substantive committees design authorization acts and the House and Senate Appropriation Committees fund authorized programs later. Indeed, there are laws and parliamentary rules against making new law in appropriation bills, although such rules are periodically waived." ]

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[ "Aquila is Latin and means eagle. The constellation is said to represent the eagle which, in classical Greek mythology , carried the thunderbolts of Zeus and was sent by him to carry the shepherd boy Ganymede , represented by the neighbouring Aquarius , to Mount Olympus where he became the wine-pourer for all the gods. This explains why the largest moon of Jupiter was called Ganymede , Jupiter being the Roman name of Zeus.", "Altair, Alpha Aquilae, is the brightest star in the constellation Aquila, the Eagle . The star marks the eagle’s head. Altair belongs to the spectral class A7 V, which means that it is a blue-white main sequence star. It has a visual magnitude of 0.77 and is 16.73 light years distant from the solar system. It is classified as a Delta Scuti type variable. The star has 1.79 solar masses and is 10.6 times more luminous than the Sun.", "This constellation lies in the Milky Way band, and its most prominent star is Altair, which is actually one of the closest naked eye stars to the earth. The top portion of Aquila forms a shallow inverted “V,” with Altair nearly the point. This represents the head and wings of the eagle. A line then descends from Altair, which forms the body of the eagle.", "At the beginning of the sign Aquarius can be found the zodiacal position of Altair, the main star of the constellation Aquila, the Eagle.  This is a star of ambition, as befits the mighty symbolism of the eagle, and generally the power to achieve the noble aims.   Artistic talent is often associated with Altair, too.", "Now there is only one more star in the summer triangle, Altair. Altair is the head of Aquila the eagle. Aquila's body swoops out in the somewhat the same direction as Cygnus's neck, and you can pick two wings out of the nearby stars. Ancient Greeks saw Aquila as the eagle which tore at Prometheus's liver as punishment for bringing fire to humans. If you look at it in the sky, it appears to be swooping on a small nearby constellation that looks like a mouse with a long tail or a dolphin jumping out of the water. That constellation is Delphinius.", "The name of the constellation’s brightest star, Altair, comes from the Arabic al-nasr al-ta’ir, meaning ‘flying eagle’ or ‘vulture’. The Greeks, including Aratus and Ptolemy, called this star Aetos (Ἀετός), the eagle, the same as the whole constellation. The German scholar Paul Kunitzsch notes that the Babylonians and Sumerians referred to Altair as the eagle star, testimony to an even more ancient origin of the name. Altair’s neighbouring stars Beta and Gamma Aquilae lie in the eagle’s neck and in its left shoulder respectively, according to Ptolemy’s description. These two stars have their own names, Alshain and Tarazed, which come from a Persian translation of an old Arabic word meaning ‘the balance’.", "In classical Greek mythology , Aquila was identified as Αετός Δίας ( Aetos Dios ), the eagle that carried the thunderbolts of Zeus and was sent by him to carry the shepherd boy Ganymede , whom he desired, to Mount Olympus ; the constellation of Aquarius is sometimes identified with Ganymede. [1]", "Aquila the Eagle spreads its wings just north of Capricornus and Sagittarius. Its alpha star is, of course, Altair, the southernmost star of the Summer Triangle, and one of the brightest stars in the sky – the twelfth brightest, to be precise. It stands in the middle of a line of three stars that mark the eagle’s wingspan, and its name comes from the Arabic name for the constellation, sometimes written as Al Nesr Al Tair, The Flying Eagle.", "The brightest star in the Aquila constellation is [435] Altair or alpha Aquilae, a type-A main sequence star. Its name derives from the Arabic phrase \"an-nasr attair,\" meaning \"the flying eagle.\" At 16.8 light-years from Earth and an apparent visual magnitude of 0.77, Altair is the twelfth brightest star in the night sky. Its rotational period is only 9 hours, which forces its shape into an oblate spheroid, with its polar axis shorter than the diameter of the equator. Together with [441] beta Aquilae, and [436] gamma Aquilae, Altair forms the Shaft of Aquila.", "Altair the brighest star in the northern constellation Aquila and the 12th brightest star in the sky. With the bright stars Deneb and Vega, Altair (Arabic for “flying eagle”) forms the prominent asterism of the Summer Triangle. It is an A-type star 16.6 light-years...", "The constellation Aquila, identified as a bird since about 1200 B.C., is said to be the eagle that held the thunderbolts of Zeus, king of the gods, until he needed them. Aquila was sometimes sent on other errands by Zeus: It was Aquila that kidnapped the young Ganymede as he tended his flock on the slopes of Mount Ida and brought him to Olympus to serve as cup bearer to the gods. The three brightest stars of Aquila figure in Indian mythology as footprints of the god Vishnu. In Japanese, Korean, and Chinese mythology the brightest star of Aquila, Altair, is identified as the herdsman, Ch'ien Niu, keeper of the royal herds. He fell in love with the maiden Chih Nu (called Tanabata in Japan), whose father was the sun king, the star we call Vega. Ch'ien Niu and Chih Nu married, but they were so in love that they neglected their duties, and the sun king banished them to spend their lives on opposite sides of the celestial river, the Milky Way. The are said to meet once a year, on the seventh day of the seventh month, when magpies stretch their wings across the river for one night - but only if the weather is clear. If it rains even the celestial birds cannot span the flood.", "In Hinduism , the constellation Aquila is identified with the half-eagle half-human deity Garuda . [9] [10]", "Look near Altair for the stars that make up Aquila (also known as the Eagle), Delphinus (also known as the Dolphin) and Sagitta (also known as the Arrow).  Delphinus and Sagitta will be difficult to see if your skies are not dark (if so binoculars will help - Delphinus is a very attractive constellation in binoculars).", "Aquila is a constellation in the northern sky. Its name is Latin for ' eagle ' and it represents the bird who carried Zeus/Jupiter's thunderbolts in Greco-Roman mythology .", "It is now one of the 88 constellations defined by the International Astronomical Union. The constellation was also known as Vultur volans (the flying vulture) to the Romans, not to be confused with Vultur cadens which was their name for Lyra. It is often held to represent the eagle who held Zeus's/Jupiter's thunderbolts in Greco-Roman mythology. Aquila is also associated with the eagle who kidnapped Ganymede, a son of one of the kings of Troy (associated with Aquarius), to Mount Olympus to serve as cup-bearer to the gods.", "This constellation in Greek mythology depicts the servant eagle of the god Zeus which carried the thunderbolts that Zeus would hurl at his enemies. One legend says Zeus either sent the eagle, or turned himself into an eagle, to carry the shepherd boy Ganymede (Aquarius) up to Mount Olympus where he would serve as waterboy and waiter to the gods. It lies in a rich area of the Milky Way with Cygnus to the north and Scutum and Sagittarius to the south. It's brightest star, Altair forms part of the asterism known as the \"Summer Trianlge\", along with Deneb (in Cygnus) and Vega (in Lyra).", "The constellations Aquila and Cygnus are linked by a Greek myth. When Zeus fell in love with the goddess Nemesis, she did not return his affection. Zeus then decided to turn himself into a swan and he persuaded Aphrodite to take the shape of an eagle and pretend to pursue him. Nemesis saw the swan being pursued and gave it refuge. Zeus is said to have placed the constellations Swan (Cygnus) and Eagle (Aquila) into the sky to commemorate the success of his conquest.", "*α Aql (Altair) is the brightest star in this constellation and one of the closest naked-eye stars to Earth at a distance of 17 light-years. Its name comes from the Arabic phrase \"al-nasr al-tair\", meaning \"the flying eagle\". Altair has a magnitude of 0.76.", "To the Arabians the classical figure became Al ‘Okab, probably their Black Eagle, Chilmead citing this as Alhhakhab; while their Al Nasr al Tair, the Flying Eagle, was confined to alpha, beta, and gamma; although this was contrary to their custom of using only one star for a sky figure. Grotius called the whole Altair and Alcair; Bayer said Alcar and Atair. Al Achsasi, however, mentioned it as Al Ghurab, the Crow, or Raven, probably a late Arabian name, and the only instance that I have seen of its application to the stars of our Aquila.", "Actually, Altair is a sun, the brightest star in the constellation Aquila and located 16.8 light-years (5.14 parsecs) from Earth. It is the 12th brightest star visible in the night sky. The planetary designation of Altair 4 means that the story is set on the fourth planet in the Altairan solar system.", "α Aql: also known as Altair (Arabic for eagle) this multiple star system (3 components) has 0.77m and is of spectral type A7 V.", "Altair (Alpha Aquilae) is the brightest star in Aquila (which will be discussed later in detail).", "Egyptian, Babylonian, Arab, and Greek mythology all represent this well-defined constellation as a lion. The western part of the constellation, a curved line known as the Sickle, represents the lion's head15. In Greek mythology, Leo is the Nemean lion slain by Hercules. The Nemean lion was invulnerable to all weapons until Hercules strangled it with his bare hands. Zeus put the lion in the sky as a constellation14. Those born under the sign of Leo are simply known as \"Leos\".", "Altair, lies at the base of its neck and is labelled Alpha. Some depictions of Aquila, such as by", "5xQuAAAAIAAJ Star-names and Their Meanings], Richard Hinckley Allen, New York: G. E. Stechert, 1899; see p. 86. Capella traditionally marks the left shoulder of the constellation's eponymous charioteer, or, according to the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy's Almagest, the goat that the charioteer is carrying. In Greek mythology, the star represented the goat Amalthea that suckled Zeus. It was this goat whose horn, after accidentally being broken off by Zeus, was transformed into the Cornucopia, or \"horn of plenty\", which would be filled with whatever its owner desired.Schaaf 2008, p. 152. Capella forms an asterism with the stars Epsilon, Zeta, and Eta Aurigae, the latter two of which are known as the Haedi (the Kids). Though most often associated with Amalthea, Capella has sometimes been associated with Amalthea's owner, a nymph. The myth of the nymph says that the goat's hideous appearance, resembling a Gorgon, was partially responsible for the Titans' defeat, because Zeus skinned the goat and wore it as his aegis. The asterism containing the three goats had been a separate constellation; however, Ptolemy merged the Charioteer and the Goats in the 2nd century Almagest. Before that, Capella was sometimes seen as its own constellation—by Pliny the Elder and Manilius—called Capra, Caper, or Hircus, all of which relate to its status as the \"goat star\".", "Capella is associated with the mythological she-goat Amalthea, who breast-fed the infant Zeus. It forms an asterism with the stars Epsilon Aurigae, Zeta Aurigae, and Eta Aurigae, the latter two of which are known as the Haedi (the Kids). Though most often associated with Amalthea, Capella has sometimes been associated with Amalthea's owner, a nymph. The myth of the nymph says that the goat's hideous appearance, resembling a Gorgon, was partially responsible for the Titans' defeat, because Zeus skinned the goat and wore it as his aegis. The asterism containing the three goats had been a separate constellation; however, Ptolemy merged the Charioteer and the Goats in the 2nd century Almagest. Before that, Capella was sometimes seen as its own constellation—by Pliny the Elder and Manilius—called Capra, Caper, or Hircus, all of which relate to its status as the \"goat star\". Zeta Aurigae and Eta Aurigae were first called the \"Kids\" by Cleostratus, an ancient Greek astronomer.", "Note the bright orange star at the end of the lower arm of the V, which represents the angry, fiery eye of the constellation of Taurus , the Bull. This colorful star is Aldebaran, \"the Follower;\" for it rises soon after the Pleiades and seems to pursue them across the sky.    ", "The diagram shows the constellation Orion, the hunter, with his loyal \"dog\", Canis Major. The Egyptian goddess Bau, who is associated with a dog, may be the origin of the word \"bow-wow\". At right, an ancient Anubis sculture from the Cairo Egyptian Museum. Read more about the Sphinx on the last page of this article.", "*Autumn. The Great Square of Pegasus is the quadrilateral formed by the stars α Pegasi, β Pegasi, γ Pegasi, and α Andromedae, representing the body of the winged horse. It may be glimpsed in its entirety on autumn nights. The asterism was recognized as the constellation ASH.IKU \"The Field\" on the MUL.APIN cuneiform tablets from about 1100 to 700 BC. ", "An Arabian commentator on Ulug Beg called the constellation Al Kabsh al ‘Alif, the Tame Ram; but that people generally knew it as Al Hamal, the Sheep, — Hammel with Riccioli, Alchamalo with Schickard, and Alhamel with Chilmead ( Hamal is also the alpha star of the constellation).", "the Phenix, note The only Bayer's constellation to portray a mythical critter — the famous bird which periodically reborns from its own ashes. Phoenix is an irregular but relatively bright figure between Grus and the luminous star Achernar (signing the mouth of the Eridan River). Pavo", "History and mythology of Alpha Centauri. The Alpha Centauri system appears to the eye as a single bright star, the brightest star in the southern constellation Centaurus the Centaur. Two alternative names for this star, Toliman and Bungula, are rarely used any more. The derivations are somewhat questionable, but Toliman may be from the Arabic for ostriches and Bungula apparently derives from Latin meaning hoof." ]

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[ "1812 – US Congress passed its 1st foreign aid bill providing aid to Venezuela earthquake victims.", "1812 – U.S. Congress passed the first foreign aid bill providing aid to Venezuela earthquake victims.", "The resulting government became known as the First Venezuelan Republic . Radicals within the government, such as Simón Bolívar, José Félix Ribas and Francisco de Miranda pushed for unconditional independence and on July 5, 1811, the congress approved it, making Venezuela the first South American nation to formally sever all ties with Spain. Spanish and royalist forces attacked, however, and a devastating earthquake leveled Caracas on March 26, 1812. Between the royalists and the earthquake, the young Republic was doomed. By July of 1812, leaders such as Bolívar had gone into exile and Miranda was in the hands of the Spanish.", "1812 – A 7.6 ML earthquake caused extensive damage in the Venezuelan settlements of Caracas, La Guaira, Barquisimeto, San Felipe, and Mérida.", "The New Madrid, Missouri, 1811–1812 earthquakes were felt from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico and from", "“This is a tragic situation and we will work alongside the Haitian government to provide immediate assistance in the rescue effort,” said USAID Administrator Rajiv Shah. “On behalf of the American people, I wish to convey our sympathy, thoughts and prayers to the people of Haiti who have been affected by this devastating earthquake. USAID said it will continue to provide additional support as needed.", "During most of the 1800s, the US concentrated on its westward expansion, beginning with the Louisiana Purchase and other agreements that greatly enlarged American territory on the North American continent. The most pressing foreign affairs problems for American diplomats were the Barbary Wars of 1801-1805 and 1815-1816 and the outbreak of the War of 1812 with Great Britain. A critical event came in 1854 when Commodore Matthew Perry sailed to Japan and successfully opened up the then-isolated island nation to American trade.", "1811-12 - Three New Madrid earthquakes in Missouri represent some of the strongest earthquakes in the contiguous United States in recorded history. With magnitudes estimated as high as 7.8 or so, they were felt as far away as Boston. Damage was relatively light due to sparse population, but the quakes serve as a frightening reminder of how fickle nature can be and they are also alarmingly predictive of what could happen in the future now that the area is far more populous.", "Time Magazine columnist Mark Thompson suggested that Haiti had effectively become the 51st state after the 2010 Haiti earthquake, with the widespread destruction prompting a quick and extensive response from the United States, even so far as the stationing of the U.S. military in Haitian air and sea ports to facilitate foreign aid. ", "Colombia is an earthquake-prone country. U.S. citizens in Colombia may refer to information on dealing with natural disasters on the U.S. Embassy's web site athttp://usembassy.state.gov/bogota/wwwhacsc.html. General information about natural disaster preparedness is available via the Internet from the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) at http://www.fema.gov/ .", "The most dramatic event of the Spanish period was the powerful 1812 earthquake, and tsunami, with an estimated magnitude of 7.1, which destroyed the Mission as well as the rest of the town; water reached as high as present-day Anapamu street, and carried a ship half a mile up Refugio Canyon. The Mission was rebuilt by 1820 after the earthquake Following the earthquake, the Mission fathers chose to rebuild in a grander manner, and it is this construction that survives to the present day, the best-preserved of the California Missions.", "Hood, Tony (2010) Kalopin's Legacy, 1811: A comet and a Quake, http://www.sis-group.org.uk/news/did-comet-cause-new-madrid-earthquake-1811.htm [New Madrid earthquake in Mississippi, USA in 1811.  Kindle edition at http://www.amazon.com/Kalopins-Legacy-Comet-Quake-ebook/dp/B004AM5AS6#reader_B004AM5AS6 ; See notes in CC folder.]", "In 1967, the first free secondary school for African Americans, the Avery Institute , was established. The Union's General Sherman supported the conversion of the United States Arsenal into a military academy for former soldiers and orphaned boys. In 1886, a 7.5 (Richter scale) earthquake almost destroyed the Port of Charleston and caused damage in places as far away as several hundred kilometers in Georgia, Alabama, Kentucky, Virginia, and West Virginia. The quake was even felt in Boston and Cuba.", "Israel was among the first to send both personnel and aid to Haiti following the devastating earthquake in 2010. ", "When the earthquake struck in January 2010, OBI deployed its first-response disaster relief team. OBI partnered with IsraAID to run an emergency medical facility that helped thousands, OBI installed water purification equipment all around the city, and delivered hundreds of tons of relief supplies, transported to Haiti via the US Navy, for months after the disaster. The OBI team also responded to the subsequent cholera outbreak, providing life saving water purification equipment to the hard-hit areas.", "Over the last decade, disaster relief and recovery has also become an increasingly important area of assistance to the Philippines. The United States has provided over $143 million in assistance to date to the people of the Philippines in relief and recovery efforts after Typhoon Haiyan/Yolanda devastated the country in 2013. The United States continues to support long-term reconstruction and rebuilding efforts.", "The city has suffered from many severe earthquakes, the most disastrous of which occurred in 1854. The San Salvador volcano erupted again in 1917, resulting in three major earthquakes that damaged the city so extensively the government was forced to temporarily move the capital to the city of Santa Tecla (known at the time as Nueva San Salvador). The 1986 San Salvador Earthquake struck on October 10, 1986, causing considerable damage to the city and surrounding areas.", "Fig.1. Lisbon, Portugal, during the great earthquake of November 1, 1755. This copper engraving, made in the same year, shows the city in ruins and in flames. Tsunamis rush upon the shore, destroying buildings and killing people, even the ships anchored in the harbour sunk (image in public domain).", "The establishment of OBJ follows two years of humanitarian relief efforts in Japan by Operation Blessing International, one of the largest charities in America. A first responder to the March 2011 earthquake and tsunami, OBI delivered tons of relief supplies and equipment to thousands of survivors in the immediate aftermath of the disaster.", "The region has high seismicity and large earthquakes (figure 2). Examples include a magnitude 7.5 earthquake centered northwest of Puerto Rico in 1943, and magnitude 8.1 and 6.9 earthquakes north of Hispaniola in 1946 and 1953, respectively. Historically, other large earthquakes have also struck the area, such as one in 1787 (magnitude~8.1), possibly in the Puerto Rico Trench, and one in 1867 (magnitude~7.5) in the Anegada Trough (figure 1). A draft U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) hazard map places equal probability for damaging ground motion for Mayaguez in western Puerto Rico as for Seattle, Washington. Other Puerto Rican cities also have substantial risk.The hazard from tsunamis is also apparent. Immediately after the 1946 earthquake, a tsunami struck northeastern Hispaniola and moved inland for several kilometers. Some reports indicate that nearly 1,800 people drowned. A 1918 magnitude 7.5 earthquake resulted in a tsunami that killed at least 91 people in northwestern Puerto Rico (figure 4). Eyewitness reports of an 1867 Virgin Islands tsunami gave a maximum wave height of >7 m in Frederiksted, St. Croix, where a large naval vessel was left on top of a pier. Essentially, all of the known causes of tsunamis are present in the Caribbean -- earthquakes, submarine landslides, submarine volcanic eruptions, subaerial pyroclastic flows into the ocean, and major tsunamis called teletsunamis. Because of its high population density and extensive development near the coast, Puerto Rico has a significant risk for earthquakes and tsunamis.", "One of the greatest natural disasters in United States history, the San Francisco Earthquake, occurred on 18 April 1906 at about 5:15 a.m. The shift in the San Andreas fault toppled numerous chimneys, severely damaged others, and opened gaping cracks in the cobblestone streets. But the havoc wrought by the trembling earth was only the beginning. Almost immediately fires, fueled by debris and gas escaping from broken lines, sprang up in various sections of the city. Unfortunately, the quake also damaged water mains and to halt the spreading fires city officials decided to dynamite buildings to create fire lanes. The city fire chief sent an urgent request to the Presidio, an Army post on the edge of the stricken city, for dynamite. Brigadier General Frederick Funston, commanding the Department of California and a resident of San Francisco had already decided the situation required the use of troops. Collaring a policeman he sent word to the Mayor of his decision to assist. Martial law was never declared, however, and troops took guidance from civilian authorities.", "On June 7, 1692, a devastating earthquake hit the city causing most of its northern section to fall into the sea (and with it many of the town’s houses and other buildings). The island lost many of its forts, as well; Fort Charles survived, but Forts James and Carlisle sank into the sea, Fort Rupert became a large region of water, and great damage was done to an area known as Morgan’s Line.", "On May 11, 2011, a 5.1-magnitude earthquake caused significant damage in the Region of Murica, Spain. Centered near the town of Lorca, the quake caused substantial damage to many older structures in the area, including the historical Espolón Tower of Lorca Castle, the Hermitage of San Clemente, and the Convent of Virgen de Las Heurtas. The earthquake was preceded by a 4.5-magnitude foreshock over an hour earlier.", "Three centuries later, in 1861, an earthquake completely destroyed the colonial town. Those who survived the earthquake rebuilt a city destined to become one of the most important metropolitan areas in the country.", "It all came crashing down on June 7, 1692. That day, a massive earthquake shook Port Royal, dumping most of it into the harbor. An estimated 5,000 died in the earthquake or shortly thereafter of injuries or disease. The city was ruined. Looting was rampant, and for a time all order broke down. Many thought that the city had been singled out for punishment by God for its wickedness. An effort was made to rebuild the city, but it was devastated once again in 1703 by a fire. It was repeatedly hit by hurricanes and even more earthquakes in following years, and by 1774 it was essentially a quiet village.", "What marked the first time since the Revolution that the U.S. accepted direct financial aid to fight a war?", "▸ Shortly after assuming power in 1910, the province of Cartago was hit by a powerful earthquake which destroyed most of the city and killed hundreds.", "the 1940 New Hampshire earthquake , the strongest earthquake in state history, had an intensity of VII (very strong)?", "Scholarly interest in earthquakes can be traced back to antiquity. Early speculations on the natural causes of earthquakes were included in the writings of Thales of Miletus (c. 585 BCE), Anaximenes of Miletus (c. 550 BCE), Aristotle (c. 340 BCE) and Zhang Heng (132 CE).", "At its height, Port Royal represented the global centre of the British merchant trade in the 17Ih century. Typical of an English colonial port town, yet unique in its unprecedented consumer wealth, carousing buccaneers, and thriving middle class, Port Royal was unparalleled anywhere in the world. In 1692, without warning, the dazzling city fell to a great earthquake which engulfed the town in a matter of minutes leaving behind nothing but a detailed and permanent record buried under the sea.", "On April 18, 1906 a great earthquake destroyed most of the city. A fire broke out because most houses were made of wood. It took the fire department three days to get it under control, 2000 people were killed. Rebuilding began quickly and ten years later the city celebrated its rebirth during an international exhibition.", "After Christopher Columbus's arrival on the island in 1492, Santo Domingo became the site of the first cathedral, hospital, customs house and university in the Americas. This colonial town, founded in 1498, was laid out on a grid pattern that became the model for almost all town planners in the New World." ]

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[ "People with type 1 diabetes have absent or malfunctioning beta cells so the hormones insulin and amylin are missing and the hormone GLP1 cannot work properly. This may explain, in part, why individuals with diabetes do not suppress glucagon during a meal and have high blood sugars after a meal.", "Metabolic safety of growth hormone in type 1 diabetes and idiopathic growth hormone deficiency. - PubMed - NCBI", "GH replacement was initiated in five patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and GH deficiency for 6 months [four males and one female, mean age 41.6 +/- 3.8 years, mean +/- standard error of the mean (SEM); body mass index (BMI) 22.3 +/- 1.2 kg/m2].", "Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease. It is a condition where your own immune system attacks certain cells called beta-cells. Beta-cells help you produce a hormone called insulin. You need insulin to help your body manage glucose you get from food and turn it into energy for your body to use.", "Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes are caused by the absence, insufficient production, or lack of response by cells in the body to the hormone insulin. Insulin is a key regulator of the body's metabolism. After meals, food is digested in the stomach and intestines. Sugar (glucose) molecules are absorbed directly into the bloodstream, and blood glucose levels rise. Under normal circumstances, the rise in blood glucose levels signals specific cells in the pancreas, called beta cells, to secrete insulin into the bloodstream. Insulin, in turn, enables glucose to enter cells in the body that may be burned for energy or stored for future use.", "Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by loss of the insulin-producing beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, leading to insulin deficiency. This type can be further classified as immune-mediated or idiopathic. The majority of type 1 diabetes is of the immune-mediated nature, in which a T-cell -mediated autoimmune attack leads to the loss of beta cells and thus insulin. It causes approximately 10% of diabetes mellitus cases in North America and Europe. Most affected people are otherwise healthy and of a healthy weight when onset occurs. Sensitivity and responsiveness to insulin are usually normal, especially in the early stages. Type 1 diabetes can affect children or adults, but was traditionally termed \"juvenile diabetes\" because a majority of these diabetes cases were in children.", "There are two types of diabetes: type 1 and type 2. In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas fails to produce the hormone insulin. Insulin is required by the body for energy utilization both by muscles and other cells. Type 2 diabetes results when the body is unable to respond properly to the insulin produced by the pancreas. Type 2 diabetes is the most common. Individuals who are overweight or obese may be more at risk for developing type 2 diabetes. Consumption of sugars and carbohydrates does not cause either type of diabetes. People with diabetes need to be especially careful about the carbohydrates that they consume, usually by counting grams of carbohydrate, but sugars are not “off limits” even for people with diabetes. Regular exercise improves insulin sensitivity for people with diabetes and everyone else.", "Diabetes means your blood glucose, or blood sugar, levels are too high. With type 1 diabetes, your pancreas does not make insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps glucose get into your cells to give them energy. Without insulin, too much glucose stays in your blood. Over time, high blood glucose can lead to serious problems with your heart, eyes, kidneys, nerves, and gums and teeth. Read more on MedlinePlus.gov.", "Type 1 diabetes occurs when the pancreas is attacked by the immune system and the insulin producing cells, also known as beta cells, are permanently destroyed. The pancreas no longer produces insulin. The signs and symptoms of type 1 happen swiftly. Typically, insulin production drops off suddenly when the beta cells are destroyed and the person is very quickly in crisis. When there isn't any insulin, the sugar in the blood just keeps circulating and building.", "Insulin is the principal hormone that regulates the uptake of glucose from the blood into most cells of the body, especially liver, muscle, and adipose tissue. Therefore, deficiency of insulin or the insensitivity of its receptors plays a central role in all forms of diabetes mellitus. ", "Type 1 diabetes (also called juvenile onset or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus [IDDM]) typically occurs at a young age and is believed to result from the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells by the immune system. People with type 1 diabetes produce little or no insulin and usually must receive daily insulin injections.", "Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in children and young adults and is characterized by an inability to produce insulin. Treatment of Type I diabetes usually requires insulin therapy. A 1993 study of Type 1 patients showed that administration of intravenous vitamin C produced a bimodal plasma concentration curve for insulin (Kodama, et, al., In Vivo, 1993, 7(6A):535-542). These results suggest that vitamin C may aid in the treatment of diabetes by stimulating the insulin mechanism. Additionally, vitamin C may be used to prevent or reduce the blood vessel damage caused by diabetes in patients with poor glucose control.", "The most prevalent of these diseases is diabetes mellitus. There are two types of this disease: Type I (insulin-dependent or juvenile-onset) diabetes mellitus, and Type II (noninsulin-dependent or maturity-onset) diabetes mellitus. In Type I diabetes, pancreatic beta cells are destroyed by an erroneous attack by the body's own immune system, and thus insulin secretion is reduced to negligible levels. In Type II diabetes, insulin secretion is not reduced; however, there is a reduced sensitivity of target cells to insulin, a phenomenon known as insulin resistance.", "Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterised by the body’s increasing inability to utilise carbohydrates in the diet. Type I or insulin-dependent diabetes (IDD) is the kind that starts between childhood and the age of 35 and while natural remedies can help, they do not have the same dramatic impact as with Type II or non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDD) which starts in adulthood.", "Type 1 diabetes occurs when the pancreas produces little or none of the insulin needed to regulate blood glucose. Type 2 diabetes occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or the body becomes resistant to the insulin that is present. Patients with type 1 diabetes and some patients with type 2 diabetes inject insulin, and occasionally glucagon, to regulate their blood glucose, which is critical to lower their risk of long-term complications such as blindness, kidney failure and cardiovascular disease.", "People with type 1 diabetes cannot make insulin because the beta cells in their pancreas are damaged or destroyed. Therefore, these people will need insulin injections to allow their body to process glucose and avoid complications from hyperglycemia.", "In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas does not produce insulin. Onset is usually in childhood or adolescence. Type 1 diabetes is considered an autoimmune disorder that involves:", "Diabetes, when the body cannot produce sufficient amounts of the hormone insulin to regulate the amount of sugar in the blood.", "Mice with type 1 diabetes treated with leptin alone or in conjunction with insulin did better (blood sugar did not fluctuate as much; cholesterol levels decreased; mice formed less body fat) than mice with type 1 diabetes treated with insulin alone, raising the prospect of a new treatment for diabetes. [30]", "Babiker A, Datta V. Lipoatrophy with insulin analogues in type I diabetes. Arch Dis Child. 2011 Jan. 96(1):101-2. [Medline] .", "\"Brittle\" diabetes, also known as unstable diabetes or labile diabetes, is a term that was traditionally used to describe the dramatic and recurrent swings in glucose levels, often occurring for no apparent reason in insulin-dependent diabetes. This term, however, has no biologic basis and should not be used. Still, type 1 diabetes can be accompanied by irregular and unpredictable high blood sugar levels, frequently with ketosis, and sometimes with serious low blood sugar levels. Other complications include an impaired counterregulatory response to low blood sugar, infection, gastroparesis (which leads to erratic absorption of dietary carbohydrates), and endocrinopathies (e.g., Addison's disease). These phenomena are believed to occur no more frequently than in 1% to 2% of persons with type 1 diabetes. ", "Since these beta-cells are under attack, they can’t produce as much insulin as you need, so you have a hard time controlling the glucose in your body. Because of this, people with T1D need to take injections of insulin. Without these injections, people with T1D can have a build-up of glucose and have symptoms like:", "Individu dengan diabetes yang berlangsung lama dapat hadir dengan kondisi yang disebut kekurangan  eritropoeitin (EPO) .", "There are numerous theories as to the exact cause and mechanism in type 2 diabetes. Central obesity (fat concentrated around the waist in relation to abdominal organs, but not subcutaneous fat) is known to predispose individuals for insulin resistance. Abdominal fat is especially active hormonally, secreting a group of hormones called adipokines that may possibly impair glucose tolerance. Obesity is found in approximately 55% of patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. [9] Other factors include aging (about 20% of elderly patients in North America have diabetes) and family history (type 2 is much more common in those with close relatives who have had it). In the last decade, type 2 diabetes has increasingly begun to affect children and adolescents, likely in connection with the increased prevalence of childhood obesity seen in recent decades in some places. [10]", "Kapoor D, Aldred H, Clark S, et al. Clinical and biochemical assessment of hypogonadism in men with type 2 diabetes: Correlations with bioavailable testosterone and visceral adiposity. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(4):911-7. [ Abstract | Full text ]", "This is commonly seen in people with diabetes and is caused by different pathways in type 1 diabetics compared with type 2 diabetics.", "Weight loss. Despite eating a lot to relieve their constant hunger, another diabetes symptom of people with type 1 diabetes is rapid lose of weight. That's because the body's cells are deprived of glucose and energy, as glucose is lost into the urine. Without the energy glucose supplies, cells die at an increased rate before they can divide and replace themselves. Muscle tissues and fat stores shrink, and body weight declines.", "Education: Men with diabetes are often unaware of the associations between hypogonadism and low testosterone levels and metabolic conditions;", "Type 1 Diabetes - inflammation in various parts of the body are likely if the diabetes is not well controlled", "Complications of poorly managed type 1 diabetes mellitus may include cardiovascular disease, diabetic neuropathy, and diabetic retinopathy, among others. However, cardiovascular disease as well as neuropathy may have an autoimmune basis, as well. Women with type 1 DM have a 40% higher risk of death as compared to men with type 1 DM. The life expectancy of an individual with type 1 diabetes is 11 years less for men and 14 years less for women. ", "Obese people often have increased levels of insulin and insulin-like growth factor -1 (IGF-1) in their blood (a condition known as hyperinsulinemia or insulin resistance), which may promote the development of certain tumors.", "Melville N. Early Upper-Respiratory Infections Linked to Type 1 Diabetes. Medscape Medical News. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/807205 . Accessed: July 8, 2013." ]

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[ "*Captain Jack Sparrow - one of the main characters in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series; played by Johnny Depp; the son of Captain Teague and one of the nine Pirate Lords; captain of the Black Pearl", "Captain Jack Sparrow is the main protagonist of the series, portrayed by Johnny Depp. First introduced in the film Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003), he later appears in the sequels Dead Man's Chest (2006), At World's End (2007), On Stranger Tides (2011), and Dead Men Tell No Tales (2017). Originally conceived as a supporting character, Jack Sparrow was brought to life by actor Johnny Depp, who based his characterization on The Rolling Stones guitarist Keith Richards and cartoon character Pepé Le Pew. He insists on being introduced as \"Captain\" Jack Sparrow.", "* Geoffrey Rush as Captain Hector Barbossa: The captain of the Black Pearl, since taken over from Sparrow. Barbossa and his crew suffer a curse from Aztec gold that makes them a team of living-dead. Verbinski approached Rush for the role of Barbossa, as he knew he could hint at the subtle complexities of the character while still portraying a simple villainy that would suit the story's tone. ", "Immediately to our right, we see a small lagoon standing on the former grounds of what used to be the Pirate Tutorial stage. The lagoon turns into a river, that flows beneath the bridge separating Caribbean Plaza and the Forgotten Kingdom, and winds up as part of the rivers that the Jungle Cruise sails upon. The Black Pearl, Captain Jack Sparrow's famed ship, sits proudly on the dark surface of the lagoon.", "The Pirates of the Caribbean series is a series of films based on the original Disneyland attraction Pirates of the Caribbean . Distributed by Walt Disney Pictures and produced by Jerry Bruckheimer , the films were directed by Gore Verbinski (1-3), Rob Marshall (4), and Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg (5). They were most notably written by Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio (1-4); other writers include Stuart Beattie (1), Jay Wolpert (1), and Jeff Nathanson (5). Set in a fantasy world with a fictional historical setting, the films follow the adventures of the infamous Captain Jack Sparrow ( Johnny Depp ), joined by Captain Hector Barbossa ( Geoffrey Rush ) and Joshamee Gibbs ( Kevin McNally ), as well as Will Turner ( Orlando Bloom ), and Elizabeth Swann ( Keira Knightley ).", "Pirates of the Caribbean is a series of fantasy adventure films produced and directed by Guillermo del Toro, as del Toro directed the four films. The series was scripted by Terry Rossio, Ted Elliott (1–4), and Jeff Nathanson (5), with the stories following the adventures of Captain Jack Sparrow ( Robert Downey, Jr. ), Captain Barbossa ( Gary Oldman ), Joshamee Gibbs (Alfred Molina), Will Turner (Henry Cavill), and Elizabeth Swann (Carey Mulligan). The films take place in a fictional historical setting; a world ruled largely by an amalgam of alternative versions of the British Empire and the East India Company, with the pirates representing freedom from the ruling powers.", "Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End is a 2007 American epic fantasy swashbuckler film and the third installment of the Pirates of the Caribbean film series . The plot follows Will Turner ( Orlando Bloom ), Elizabeth Swann ( Keira Knightley ), Hector Barbossa ( Geoffrey Rush ), and the crew of the Black Pearl rescuing Captain Jack Sparrow ( Johnny Depp ) from Davy Jones's Locker , and then preparing to fight the East India Trading Company, led by Cutler Beckett ( Tom Hollander ), who controls Davy Jones ( Bill Nighy ) and plans to extinguish piracy forever. It is the last film in the series to be directed by Gore Verbinski . It was filmed in two shoots during 2005 and 2006, the former simultaneously with the preceding film, Dead Man's Chest .", "Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End is a 2007 American adventurous fantasy swashbuckler, and is the third film in the Pirates of the Caribbean series. The plot follows Will Turner ( Orlando Bloom ), Elizabeth Swann ( Keira Knightley ), Hector Barbossa ( Geoffrey Rush ), and the crew of the Black Pearl rescuing Captain Jack Sparrow ( Johnny Depp ), from Davy Jones's Locker, and then preparing to fight the East India Trading Company , led by Cutler Beckett ( Tom Hollander ) and Davy Jones ( Bill Nighy ), who plan to extinguish piracy. Gore Verbinski directed the film, as he did with the previous two. It was shot in two shoots during 2005 and 2006 , the former simultaneously with the preceding film, Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest .", "Captain Jack Sparrow first appears in The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003) when he arrives in Port Royal in Jamaica to commandeer a ship. Despite rescuing Elizabeth Swann (Keira Knightley), the daughter of Governor Weatherby Swann (Jonathan Pryce), from drowning, he is jailed for piracy. That night, a cursed pirate ship called the Black Pearl attacks Port Royal and Elizabeth is kidnapped. The Black Pearl's captain, Hector Barbossa (Geoffrey Rush), desperately seeks one last gold coin to break an ancient Aztec curse that he and his crew are under. A blacksmith named Will Turner (Orlando Bloom) frees Sparrow to aid him in rescuing Elizabeth. They commandeer the HMS Interceptor and recruit a motley crew in Tortuga in Haiti before heading to Isla de Muerta, where Elizabeth is held captive. Along the way, Will learns that Sparrow was the Black Pearl's captain until Barbossa led a mutiny ten years earlier and took over the ship, marooning Sparrow on an island to die. Sparrow tells Turner that his father was a pirate known as \"Bootstrap\" Bill Turner. ", "The Black Pearl, originally Wicked Wench, is a fictional ship in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series. In the screenplay, the Black Pearl is easily recognized by her distinctive black hull and sails. The ship was originally named Wicked Wench before she was ordered burned and sunk by Lord Beckett. It was later raised from the sea floor by Davy Jones after making a pact with Jack Sparrow who rechristened her the Black Pearl . She is said to be \"nigh uncatchable\". Indeed, in the three films she either overtakes or flees all other ships, including the Interceptor (regarded as the fastest ship in the Caribbean) and the Flying Dutchman (which is actually faster against the wind). Her speed is derived from the large amount of sails she carries. She is noted in At World's End as being \"The only ship that can outrun the Flying Dutchman.\"", "* Geoffrey Rush as Captain Hector Barbossa: Once first mate of the Black Pearl under Jack's command before leading a mutiny, Barbossa has been resurrected by Tia Dalma to captain the rescue of Jack Sparrow. He was also needed for his \"piece of eight\" to free Calypso. Rush said that in the film, Barbossa becomes more of a cunning politician. Depp said he was pleased he got more screentime with Rush than in the first film: \"We're like a couple of old ladies fighting over their knitting needles\". ", "The Captain: Geoffrey Rush's Captain Barbossa took the Black Pearl from Jack Sparrow and they've been in a battle for it ever since.", "At the Brethren Court, Elizabeth has succeeded Captain Sao Feng as a Pirate Lord and is elected \"Pirate King\" after Sparrow breaks a stalemate vote. Sparrow is briefly reunited with his father, Captain Teague (Keith Richards). During a parley with Beckett and Jones, Sparrow is traded for Turner, whom Jones and Beckett had captured. When Sparrow negotiates with Beckett in the extended version of the film, it is revealed that he once sailed the Black Pearl under Beckett's command, but deserted after refusing to carry slave cargo. The Black Pearl battles the Flying Dutchman during a maelstrom created by Calypso, during which Sparrow steals Jones's heart to become immortal. When Jones mortally wounds Turner, Sparrow instead chooses to save Turner by helping him stab the heart, which kills Jones and makes Turner the Dutchmans captain. Together, the Pearl and the Dutchman destroy Beckett's ship. At the end, Barbossa again commandeers the Pearl and Sao Feng's charts, stranding Sparrow and Gibbs in Tortuga. Sparrow, however, had removed the chart's crucial center portion, and sets sail in a dinghy, armed with his magical compass and the chart to search for the Fountain of Youth.", "Pirates of the Caribbean 3: At World's End Chow Yun-Fat, as a Chinese captain, joins Johnny Depp, Orlando Bloom, Keira Knightley, Geoffrey Rush and Bill Nighy in the final installment of the hyperactive franchise. Gore Verbinski directs.", "After the phenomenal success of the original Pirates of the Caribbean trilogy, producers hinted at the idea of a possible spinoff movie which would follow a completely new story and feature new characters. In 2011 the fourth instalment of the franchise was released with Depp still in the leading role as Captain Jack Sparrow, his original sidekick played by Orlando Bloom did not return, and instead was replaced by Penelope Cruz who played Angelica. The film’s plot was inspired by Tim Powers’ novel On Stranger Tides, and follows Captain Jack and Angelica on their search for the fountain of youth and the infamous pirate Black Beard. Critics bashed the film for lack of originality, however it still proved very lucrative and has spawned another sequel which is set for release in 2016.", "At the end of the third “Pirates” movie, it is shown that both Barbossa (Geoffrey Rush) and Jack Sparrow (Johnny Depp) are next eyeing the Fountain of Youth. Barbossa has “stolen” the Black Pearl back from Sparrow, but Sparrow has cut out the most important part of Barbossa’s map to the Fountain of Youth.", "Crew members that appear in The Curse of the Black Pearl include Bo'sun (played by Isaac C. Singleton Jr., a large African man that acts as Barbossa's second in command), Clubba (played by David Patykewich, a large bald man with facial tattoos and a large earring), Grapple (played by Trevor Goddard, a sailor who fights with a large grappling iron), Jacoby (played by Vince Lozano, a man with a long black beard and uses hand grenades), Koehler (played by Treva Etienne, a slender African man with dreadlocks), Mallot (played by Brye Cooper, who wields a large mallet), Scratch (played by Finneus Egan, sporting blond dreadlocks who wields a dagger), and Twigg (played by Michael Berry Jr., an Irish sailor who is often paired with Koehler). In the film, five of them (Clubba, Grapple, Jacoby, Mallot and Scratch) are knocked apart by either explosion or impact and died instantly when the curse was lifted. Koehler is also killed in the final battle by James Norrington, revealing to the pirates that they are mortal once again; it is unknown what happened to Bo'sun, Twigg, and the rest of the crew, although it is likely they were arrested by the British and executed.", "Edward Teach, commonly referred to as Blackbeard, is portrayed by Ian McShane, is based on the historical figure of the same name and appears as the main antagonist of On Stranger Tides. Blackbeard is a notorious pirate and Jack's most recent nemesis. He is one element retained from the novel On Stranger Tides by Tim Powers, from which Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides draws inspiration. Blackbeard is the heartless pirate captain of the Queen Anne's Revenge and a master of black arts, who wants to find the Fountain of Youth to escape a prophecy of his death by a one-legged man. Blackbeard's prophetic killer is later revealed to be Hector Barbossa, who amputated his leg to escape Blackbeard's attack on the Black Pearl, which Blackbeard then shrunk and placed in a bottle with countless other ships. With the exception of Angelica, who has a blind familial loyalty to him, Blackbeard has zombified his entire staff of officers to follow his every order to ensure their loyalty. Said by Jack to be \"the one pirate all pirates fear\", Blackbeard practices voodoo and appears to have the power to literally command ships using his sword. The origin of Blackbeard's sword and crew is unknown, but it is thought that he is not a part of the Brethren Court.", "Elizabeth Swann (later Elizabeth Turner) is a major character in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series produced by Walt Disney Pictures. She appears in Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003) and its two sequels, Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2006) and Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End (2007). Elizabeth is portrayed by Keira Knightley, and as a child by Lucinda Dryzek in the movie's prologue. She is known to use the alias \"Elizabeth Turner\", but this later becomes her married name when she weds the character, Will Turner (played by Orlando Bloom).", "Flying Dutchman under his command, Cutler Beckett begins exterminating all pirates. To combat Beckett, the nine pirate lords of the Brethren Court convene at Shipwreck Cove. Only Jack Sparrow is missing, killed and sent to Davy Jones's Locker at the end of the previous film. Sparrow, as Pirate Lord of the Caribbean, must attend, as he did not bequeathe to a designated heir his \"piece of eight\", a pirate lord's marker. The collective \"nine pieces of eight\" are needed to free sea goddess Calypso to defeat Beckett. With Elizabeth Swann (Keira Knightley) and Will Turner, Barbossa leads Sparrow's crew to Davy Jones's Locker using stolen navigational charts from the pirate lord Sao Feng (Chow Yun-fat). After the crew locate him, Sparrow deciphers a clue on the charts allowing them to escape the Locker. ", "At some point before the events of the film, Blackbeard attacked the Black Pearl without being provoked, capturing the crew in the ship's own riggings. However, Hector Barbossa escaped by chopping off his left foot. Blackbeard shrunk the ship down with his voodoo magic and placed it in a bottle. At some point, he had been presumed dead, although Barbossa claimed that the stories were effectively exaggerated when meeting Jack Sparrow.", "The Black Pearl, originally Wicked Wench, is a fictional ship in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series. In the screenplay, the Black Pearl is easily recognized by her distinctive black hull and sails.", "Richards was previously in 2011's \"Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides,\" the fourth movie in the series. He first appeared as Captain Teague in 2007's \"Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End,\" the third film in the series.", "Meanwhile in Singapore , where Elizabeth Swann ( Keira Knightley ) is rowing through the streets in a peapod canoe, singing further verses of Hoist the Colours. She is confronted by Tai Huang (Reggie Lee), but is revealed to be in the company of Hector Barbossa ( Geoffrey Rush ). Led by Huang, Swann and Barbossa make their way to a bath house presided over by the feared Captain Sao Feng (Chow Yun-Fat). Meanwhile, the surviving members of the motley crew, including Joshamee Gibbs ( Kevin McNally ), Marty ( Martin Klebba ), Cotton (David Bailie), Pintel ( Lee Arenberg ) and Ragetti (Mackenzie Crook), are infiltrating the lower levels of the bath house. The newest member of the crew, mystic Tia Dalma (Naomie Harris), is disguised nearby as a common hawker.", "Travel with Captain Jack on his action-packed journey to the legendary Fountain of Youth . When Jack crosses paths (and swords) with the enigmatic Angelica ( Penélope Cruz ), a ravishing pirate with whom he shares a dubious past, she forces him aboard the Queen Anne's Revenge , the ship belonging to the legendary pirate Blackbeard ( Ian McShane ).", "* Ian McShane as Captain Edward \"Blackbeard\" Teach: Legendary pirate, and captain of the Queen Anne's Revenge.", "Rossio and Elliot discovered the novel On Stranger Tides during production of Dead Man's Chest and At World's End and decided to use it as the basis for a fourth film. As Gore Verbinski was unavailable, Bruckheimer invited Rob Marshall to direct the film. Elliott and Rossio decided to do a stand-alone film, with a story that would support new characters, and incorporate elements from the novel, such as Blackbeard, the Fountain of Youth and mermaids—the latter two having been already alluded to in the previous films. Depp, Rush, Greg Ellis and Kevin McNally returned to their roles, and the cast saw the additions of Ian McShane as Blackbeard and Penélope Cruz as Angelica, Blackbeard's daughter and Jack Sparrow's love interest. A further addition was Richard Griffiths as King George II of Great Britain. After the costly production of two simultaneous films, Disney tried to scale down the fourth installment, giving a lower budget, which led to cheaper locations and fewer scenes with special effects. It was also filmed in 3D, with cameras similar to the ones used in Avatar.", "Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl | Disney Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia", "Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl | PotC Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia", "Blackbeard is the first, and currently only character to have appeared in The Pirates franchise to make an appearance on Once Upon a Time.", "Ben Gunn is portrayed by Chris Fisher in the Starz television series Black Sails. He is first encountered by Captain Flint and his crew when they are captured and imprisoned after landing on an island inhabited by a large group of escaped slaves. Gunn is already a prisoner in the settlement, being the last surviving crew member of an unnamed slave trading vessel.", "* Luke Arnold plays John Silver in the Starz TV series Black Sails, a prequel story set 20 years before Treasure Island." ]

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[ "For most types of coral snake in North America, the rhyme “Red and yellow, kill a fellow. Red and black, friend of Jack” will set you in good stead to remember the color order.", "If yellow touches white on a snake is it poisonous - Well, it depends on what part of the world you are in. There are thousands of snake species across the globe, and more likely than not, there is a yellow and white snake out there that is venomous. If you are looking at North American snakes, the snake rhyme has nothing to do with white markings. The rhyme goes, ‘red touching black, safe for Jack. Red touching yellow, kill a fellow’. This is the only rhyme that will identify a coral snake, one of the deadly serpents in North America. It is important to acknowledge that the snake rhyme poem does not apply to all areas of the world. Many other coral snakes exist with many other color patterns. All of them are poisonous. As for the yellow touching white rhyme, there are no snakes in North America that are identified with this song. Read more about coral snake look alikes here. If you are in doubt, leave the snake alone. Most serpents are transient and will leave your property after a few days. Do not try to kill the snake. Most snake bites happen when someone is attempting to handle or kill and snake with a garden tool. If you must have the snake off your property, call a snake professional or purchase a trap.", "Other, harmless snakes have similar colors in a different order. The rhyme \"red and yellow kill a fellow\" can help you remember that the coral snake's red and yellow colors touch, but the harmless milk snake has red touching black.", "Only when dealing with pigment. When mixing different colors of light together, a combination of Green and Red is perceived as yellow. However, the yellow band in a rainbow is light of a completely different frequency/wavelength than either green or red.", "Favoritism of colors varies widely. Often societal influences will have a direct impact on what colors we favor and disdain. In the West, the color black symbolizes mourning and sadness, red symbolizes anger and violence, white symbolizes purity and peace, and yellow symbolizes joy and luck (other colors lack a consistent meaning). From a recent study, it was discussed that associative learning is the process where an individual develops color preferences. In different countries, color preference vary. In China, red indicates luck, while in Nigeria and Germany it means the exact opposite. An excerpt from Dr. Isaac H. Godlove describes American views on color:", "Today the “glitter” version of this phrase has superseded Shakespeare’s “glister” version. As it is used universally, it has become a very popular saying that implies that anything looking precious and shiny may turn out to be the opposite. We find it in literature as well as in everyday life. People apply it for other people, things, or places that look different than they actually are. Often, people use this phrase to describe hypocrites, politicians, and persons or things with outward shiny appearances, while inwardly they are opposite. Besides, many songwriters also have used this line in their songs.", "If the appearance of yellow is perceived of an object when it activates the red and the green cones simultaneously, then what appearance would result if two overlapping red and green spotlights entered our eye? Using the same three-cone theory, we could make some predictions of the result. Red light entering our eye would mostly activate the red color cone; and green light entering our eye would mostly activate the green color cone. Each cone would send their usual electrical messages to the brain. If the brain has been psychologically trained to interpret these two signals to mean \"yellow\", then the brain would perceive the overlapping red and green spotlights to appear as yellow. To the eye-brain system, there is no difference in the physiological and psychological response to yellow light and a mixing of red and green light. The brain has no means of distinguishing between the two physical situations.", "The black, yellow, and red are traditional pan-African colors. The black represents the people of Uganda, the yellow is symbolic of the sunshine, and red represents brotherhood, symbolizing the blood that connects the people of Uganda.", "Yellow often stands for light, the sun’s rays, intellect, faith, and/or goodness. However, yellow can also be a sign of cowardice, betrayal, and/or jealousy. Insects that bear yellow and black stripes are often poisonous, or attempting to mimic another poisonous insect, and in this respect yellow can be seen as a warning, and/or protection for it’s bearer. ", "Colors trigger an involuntary reflex. Think about the signs in your daily life that use the color red, like stop signs, hospital and emergency room signs, danger signs and exit signs. The color red implies urgency, action, power and passion. Compare that with the color yellow, which evokes warmth, happiness and stimulation.", "To remember the colours of the rainbow, use the mnemonic: Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain (Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet)", "Another popular example of this is in the phrase \"caught red-handed\", meaning either caught in an act of crime or caught with the blood of murder still on one's hands. At one point, red was associated with prostitutes, or now, with brothels (red-light districts).", "Hazard symbols or warning symbols are recognizable symbols designed to warn about hazardous materials, locations, or objects, including electric currents, poisons, and radioactivity. The use of hazard symbols is often regulated by law and directed by standards organizations. Hazard symbols may appear with different colors, backgrounds, borders and supplemental information in order to specify the type of hazard. Warning symbols are used in many places in lieu of or addition to written warnings as they are quickly recognized (faster than reading a written warning) and more universally understood (the same symbol can be recognized as having the same meaning to speakers of different languages).", "Color coding of A-A, B-B, and A-B columns: red = strong attractions, pink = moderately strong, yellow = intermediate attractions, green = weak attractions.", "As a side note, notice that under the CMYK levels that Yellow and Magenta are basically equally represented at their fullest capacities. This supports how in the Subtractive Color Model, red is a secondary color of yellow and magenta.", "Black, corresponding to water, is a neutral colour. The I Ching, or Book of Changes, regards black as Heaven’s color. The saying “heaven and earth of mysterious black” was rooted in the observation that the northern sky was black for a long time. They believed Tian Di, or Heavenly Emperor, resided in the North Star.", "* Flashing yellow or orange: cross with caution (often used when lights are out of order or shut down).", "Red or orange signs equal \"caution, danger, or stop.\"  They must be heeded. In the USA, it is very foolish to take this only as a suggestion as one may find onesself being blindsided by another car and endangering anyone with him. A blinking red light means the same thing as a stop sign -- stop the car completely, and proceed when safe to do so. An upside down triangle means you must yield to crossing traffic.", "Color means many different things to different people and cultures. We all have our own favorite colors. People like different colors like they like different foods. Color also represents feelings, people, countries, cultures, and color symbolism. In the western world, the color red is seen frequently of symbolizing anger or aggression. Some car insurance companies charge more for red cars because some of the owners of red cars are more aggressive or take more risks.", "4, 5. he that is ... colours. A proverbial saying derived, as Maria explains, from the wars, and meaning to fear no enemy's colours, standards, and so no enemy. The first part of the sentence, he that ... world, looks as though the Clown had intended to refer to such a person's expectations in the next world.", "The meaning of the phrase advises a tactic of caution and non-aggression, backed up by the ability to do violence if required. Similar to the phrase, ‘the iron fist in the velvet glove’, the idea was to begin gently, but hold a decisive weapon in reserve.", "Secondary colours or second colours (Also known as Alternate colours) The colours of the balls used in the second game played on the same court in double-banking, green, brown, pink and white (in order of play). Green and pink, and brown and white, are played by the same player or pair.", "When something is seen as opposite, extreme, or a firm position, it is said to be \"black or white.\" When something is not clear or not in a firm position, it is said to be a \"gray area.\" The blues describe a form of music.", "n. A distinctive marking by color or colors, as of a badge or dress; specially colored insignia; hence, any symbol or mark of identification: as, the colors of a party; the colors of a boxer; the colors of a rider or an owner in a horserace.", "Mr. Green being a plant in the third ending. Also, it could refer to his clumsy nature, as green is often used as a slang term for an incompetent novice. He also is the only one who turns a metaphorical green in the second ending on learning what they ate for dinner.", "11. The positions of the object balls are commonly referred to by the colour, e.g. black spot, pink spot, etc.", "Your understanding of the colors and the respective meanings is correct. Good job!! Generally a water hazard will be only one color. However, there are two instances that might explain your situation.", "4 Most people today accept the notion that objects can reveal a great deal of information about the people who make, use and display them. In fact, we all regularly make judgements about people based on what they wear, the kind of car they drive, where they live and so on. In doing so, we are implicitly acknowledging that the material goods we surround ourselves with can be taken as a reflection of the kind of person we are. Explaining precisely how such information manifests and conveys itself, however, is considerably more problematic.", "As others have said the symbol is very, very old. The meaning is both \"loyalty unto death\" and about remembering your own mortality, not \"badassery\" or anything else. An excellent reference on the subject is \"Death's Head\" by Joost Holscher.", "The Battle Of Epping Forest, by Genesis, describes a battle between two gangs over \"gangland boundary\". By the middle of the song, though, one of the gangsters says \"I'm breaking the legs of the bastard that got me framed!\", thus revealing the pretext of the fight. This is a bad reason to fight over , more so since all of the so-called soldiers die and the gang bosses settle the matter with a coin toss anyway.", "This is given by a defender in response to a lead. Playing a high card, eg. above a 6, normally is positive saying that 'I like this suit', or a playing a low card, eg. below a 6, normally is negative and gives a discouraging message to partner probably denying values in the suit.", "In this round, the words quoted all have a double meaning. These will be described, you have to identify the word." ]

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[ "A small number of bowling fans have recognized that naming each strike in a consistent manner adds to the enjoyment and excitement of the game. Based on this, a growing number of bowlers subscribe to the \"Duck, Duck, Turkey\" method of titling consecutive strikes. In keeping with the tradition that the third consecutive strike is called a \"Turkey,\" every third strike references turkeys and all strikes under this method have been named after birds as follows: Strike 1 - Duck; Strike 2 - Duck; Strike 3 - Turkey; Strike 4 - Goose; Strike 5 - Chicken; Strike 6 - Turducken; Strike 7 - Penguin; Strike 8 - Flamingo; Strike 9 - Turkey Vulture; Strike 10 - Woodpecker; Strike 11 - Eagle; Strike 12 - Turkey Hawk. ", "Two consecutive strikes are referred to as a \"double\" (or a \"Barney Rubble\" to rhyme) aka the \"rhino\". Three strikes bowled consecutively is known as a \"turkey\". Any longer string of strikes is referred to by a number affixed to the word \"bagger,\" as in \"four-bagger\" for four consecutive strikes. ESPN commentator Rob Stone created the name \"hambone\" to describe four consecutive strikes. ", "Two consecutive strikes are referred to as a \"double.\" Three strikes bowled consecutively are known as a \"turkey\" or \"triple.\" Any longer string of strikes is referred to by a number attached to the word \"bagger,\" as in \"four-bagger\" or \"five-bagger\" for four or five consecutive strikes. Recently, the event of bowling four consecutive strikes has also been called a \"sombrero\" or \"ham bone.\" This terminology is used most often when a bowler is \"off the strikes.\" (i.e. has previously bowled a string of several strikes but failed to strike on his most recent ball.) When a player is \"on the strikes,\" a string is often referenced by affixing \"in a row\" to the number of strikes bowled consecutively. Six strikes in a row are sometimes referred to as a \"six pack.\"[12][13]6 strikes and 9 strikes in a row can also be referred to \"Wild Turkeys\" and \"Golden Turkeys\" respectively. Any string of strikes starting in the first frame or ending \"off the sheet\" (where all of a bowler's shots from a certain frame to the end of the game strike) are often referred to as the \"front\" or \"back\" strikes, respectively (e.g. the 'front nine' for strikes in frames 1-9, or the 'back six' for strikes in frames 7, 8, and 9 with a turkey in the tenth). A \"Perfect Game\" or 12 strikes in a row is also colloquially referred to as the \"Thanksgiving Turkey.\"", "Sparrow: Three spares in a row. Also known as \"Chicken\" (Derived from the term \"turkey\" for three strikes in a row.)", "Sparrow: Three spares in a row. Also known as \"Chicken\" (Derived from the term \"turkey\" for three strikes in a row.)", "    In the 8th and 9th frames, the bowler gets a strike each, also called a \"double.\" Because the bowler has yet to roll two balls following the strike in the 8th frame, no total score is made yet.  In the first ball of the 10th frame, the bowler gets another strike, making three consecutive strikes which is also called a \"turkey.\"  The bowler also gets the maximum score possible for a single frame of bowling in the 8th frame, which is 30 pins, and that is added to the 90 for a total score of 120 in eight frames.  Because the bowler knocked down all ten pins in one of his two available rolls for the 10th frame, he will get a bonus third roll for that frame.  He knocks down eight pins on the second roll, making his total for the 9th frame 28, which is added to his total score of 120, giving him 148 for nine frames.  On the bonus ball, he only gets one of the pins left standing, so he adds the 10 for the strike on his first roll to the 8 on his second roll with the 1 of his bonus third roll for a total of 19 pins in the 10th frame.  That 19 is then added to his current total score of 148, giving the bowler a final score of 167 for the game.", "Albatross means three shots under par (−3) (the albatross being one of the largest birds); also called a double eagle in the US. It is an extremely rare score and occurs most commonly on par-fives with a strong drive and a holed approach shot. Holes-in-one on par-four holes (generally short ones) are also albatrosses. The first famous albatross was made by Gene Sarazen in 1935 on the 15th hole at Augusta National Golf Club during the final round of the Masters Tournament. It vaulted him into a tie for first place and forced a playoff, which he won the next day. The sportswriters of the day termed it \"the shot heard 'round the world.\" Albatrosses are much rarer than par-3 holes-in-one; the odds are estimated at one in 1,000,000: the odds of a hole-in-one are around one in 3,700 to one in 12,500, depending on the hole and skill.", "* Duckpin bowling is a variation of bowling that uses balls which are significantly smaller than those used in ten-pin bowling, weighing 1�2 kilograms (2�4 pounds) each, which are devoid of finger holes. The pins are correspondingly shorter and lighter than their ten-pin equivalents. Hence, when the pins are knocked down, they resemble a \"flock of flying ducks\". While the rules remained almost identical to those of the Ten-pin game, one rule change was made: A bowler is allowed to use three bowls on each turn. Strikes would still be strikes and spares still spares, but when all pins were knocked down on the third ball, it counts as a score of ten. During the summer of 1900, some bowlers at Diamond Alleys in Baltimore, Maryland thought it might be interesting to resize the pins to match the 6-inch ball. Thus, the inventor of duckpin bowling, John Van Sant, used a wood turner to do exactly that.[54]", "Kingpin – A name given to the 5-pin because its movement is usually pivotal to knocking down the surrounding pins and securing a strike. Also the name of a 1996 Farrelly Brothers bowling comedy starring Woody Harrelson.", "A bowler taking a hat trick, i.e., three wickets in three successive balls (perhaps in different overs). This is even more rare.", "\"Hat trick\": a silly-sounding name for a crazy — and rare — feat in which a bowler takes three wickets off of three consecutive balls.", "If a bowler gets a strike, it is recorded with an X in the small square, the score being 10 plus the total number of pins knocked down in the next two rolls. Thus, the bowler who rolls three strikes in a row in the first three frames gets credit for 30 points in the first frame.", "*Steener: When a bowler's ball misses the head pin but through pin action still gets a strike. The last few pins usually fall like toppled dominoes. May also be referred to as a \"backwash\" or \"backdoor strike\".", "Last man to roll in team competition. Usually the best bowler; i.e., the bowler most likely to get a strike in the \"foundation frame\" (the ninth frame) and most likely to \"strike out.\" The term originated in 1913 when a bowler (Hans Arfsparger) for the Anchor Brewing team in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, bowled in the fifth position and struck out 94 times in succession.", "Know where you want the ball to hit. Strikes are most common when the ball hits the \"pocket,\" the space between the front center pin and the next pin behind it, directly. For right handed bowlers this means curving the ball so it strikes right between the front pin and the second pin on the right. This scatters the front set of pins, cascading them into all of the pins behind them. [7]", "In the sport of cricket bowling is the action of propelling the ball toward the wicket defended by a batsman. A player skilled at bowling is called a bowler; a bowler who is also a competent batsman is known as an all-rounder. Bowling the ball is distinguished from throwing the ball by a strictly specified biomechanical definition which restricts the angle of extension of the elbow. A single act of bowling the ball towards the batsman is called a ball or a delivery. Bowlers bowl deliveries in sets of six, called an over. Once a bowler has bowled their over, one of their team mates will bowl an over from the other end of the pitch. The Laws of Cricket govern how a ball must be bowled. If a ball is bowled illegally, an umpire will rule it a no ball. If a ball is bowled too wide of the striker for the batsman to be able to play at it with a proper cricket shot, the bowler's end umpire will rule it a wide. ", "A game of bowling consists of ten frames. In each frame, the bowler will have two chances to knock down as many pins as possible with their bowling ball. In games with more than one bowler, as is common, every bowler will take their frame in a predetermined order before the next frame begins. If a bowler is able to knock down all ten pins with their first ball, he is awarded a strike. If the bowler is able to knock down all 10 pins with the two balls of a frame, it is known as a spare. Bonus points are awarded for both of these, depending on what is scored in the next 2 balls (for a strike) or 1 ball (for a spare). If the bowler knocks down all 10 pins in the tenth frame, the bowler is allowed to throw 3 balls for that frame. This allows for a potential of 12 strikes in a single game, and a maximum score of 300 points, a perfect game .", "a diagram showing where a number of balls, usually from a particular bowler, have pitched. [11] Compare beehive.", "a diagram showing where a number of balls, usually from a particular bowler, have pitched. Compare beehive.", "Stroker : A bowler known for smooth timing and delivery with relatively low amount of hook on the ball.", "If a bowler hits a strike, they should record an X on their scoresheet. The strike will earn the bowler ten points plus the number of pins knocked down on the player's next two turns in the following round.", "Brooklyn: A throw that results from the ball hitting the opposite \"pocket\" from the bowler's normal handedness, i.e., a right-handed bowler rolls the ball but it crosses over and hits the 1 and 2 pins first, or a left-handed bowler crosses over to hit the 1–3. This may also be referred to as Jersey in the New York City area, or Windsor in the Metro Detroit area.", "*Strike: All ten pins down on the first roll. This is the aim of all bowlers at the start of each frame.", "The most a bowler can score in one game is 300 points. This represents 12 strikes in a row, or 120 pins that were knocked down in 12 frames. A perfect game has 12 strikes and not ten, because if the bowler gets a strike on the last frame, then they can take two more turns. If those two turns are also strikes, they will have 300 points.", "Swing bowling can also be roughly categorised as early swing or late swing, corresponding to when in the trajectory the ball will change direction – the later the ball swings, the less chance the batter has of adjusting his/her shot to account for the swing.", "Pins: The ten \"targets\" at the far end of the lane that a bowler attempts to knock down by rolling a ball at them.", "Pins: The ten \"targets\" at the far end of the lane that a bowler attempts to knock down by rolling a ball at them.", "On a 'normal' ball bowler with 'fly back' (fly away) pins, the speed of the ball does not matter - the ball hits switches which activate relays which in turn pull the pins up (in fact rolling the ball too fast can make a switch closure too fast, not allowing the game to 'read' the switch). A normal ball bowler can compensates for good ball accuracy, pulling up outside pins (which the ball obviously won't hit), since fly away pins can't touch other pins. This is why you can get a 7/10 split is achievable on a normal \"fly-away\" pin ball bowler.", "A player who bowls a strike in the tenth (final) frame is awarded two extra balls so as to allow the awarding of bonus points. If both these balls also result in ten pins knocked down each, a total of 30 points (10 + 10 + 10) is awarded for the frame. These bonus points do not count on their own, however. They only count as the bonus for the strike.", "This is the arc of the arm that is used to deliver the bowling ball down the bowling lane.", "Etymology: based on the game of bowling, in which a ball is rolled toward a group of wooden objects with the intention of making them fall", "When the hitter swings and barely \"brushes\" the bottom of the ball. The ball often drops over the blockers for a kill." ]

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[ "\"Elementary, my dear Watson!\" - was a phrase never spoken by the lead character in the many Sherlock Holmes novels from Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. This mis-quote was found in a film review in the New York Times on October 19, 1929.", "- \"Elementary, my dear Watson.\"  Popularly attributed to Sherlock Holmes, but Holmes never said this. He DID say \"elementary\".. but he doesn't say \"my dear Watson.\"", "Arthur Conan Doyle - Although, the words were never actually uttered by Sherlock Holmes, the phrase “Elementary, my dear Watson,” has been stuck in minds since Arthur Conan Doyle first wrote about the famous detective. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, widely known for his stories about the great detective Sherlock Holmes, was born into poverty in Edinburg, Scotland on May 22, 1859. Doyle’s early life and later experiences with his medical career and religion helped influence stories centered around his most famous series and detective, Sherlock Holmes, along with Holmes’ best friend, John Watson....   [tags: sherlock holmes, detective, short stories]", "In the stories by Conan Doyle, Holmes often remarked that his logical conclusions were \"elementary\", in that he considered them to be simple and obvious. He also, on occasion, referred to his friend as \"my dear Watson\". However, the complete phrase, \"Elementary, my dear Watson\", does not appear in any of the sixty Holmes stories written by Conan Doyle. It does appear at the very end of the 1929 film, The Return of Sherlock Holmes, the first Sherlock Holmes sound film, and may owe its familiarity to its use in Edith Meiser's scripts for The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes radio series.", "\"Elementary, my dear Watson, elementary,\" murmured Psmith. (No earlier usage of the precise words \"Elementary, my dear Watson\" has yet been found, even in the works of Arthur Conan Doyle .)", "Some have been overt, introducing Holmes as a character in a new setting, or a more subtle allusion, such as making a logical character live in an apartment at number 221b . Often the simplest reference is to dress anybody who does some kind of detective work in a deerstalker and cloak (as seen right). Another rich field of pop culture references is Holmes' ancestry and descendants (as discussed above ) but really the only limit is the writer's imagination. A third major reference is the supposed quote, \"Elementary, my dear Watson.\". However Holmes is never recorded to have said this. The fame of Sherlock Holmes ensures that he will exist in many forms during the coming century, probably because Holmes embodies so many of the qualities that modern society feels are good, combined with the flashes of a darker personality (see especially Charles Augustus Milverton ) that give him depth as a character.", "As is often the case (with literary characters), a derivative, non-canonical work is typically cited as the apparent origin of the best-known form of this signature phrase: In the 1929 film The Return of Sherlock Holmes , written by Basil Dean and Garrett Fort, the renowned Baker Street detective (as portrayed by actor Clive Brook) speaks the line, \"Elementary, my dear Watson, elementary.\" Citing that movie as primarily responsible for popularizing this phrase is problematic, though, as the New York Times noted in its review of the film that:", "Holmes had a number of well-known catch phrases : \" When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth \", \"The game's afoot\" (itself a quote from Shakespeare 's Henry V ), \" The Plot Thickens \", and, most famously, \"Elementary, my dear Watson\" (which Holmes never actually said in any of Doyle's stories). A less known Catch Phrase would be \"It is simplicity in itself,\" which appears to be the basis for \"Elementary, my dear Watson.\"", "Some have been overt, introducing Holmes as a character in a new setting, or a more subtle allusion, such as making a logical character live in an apartment at number 221b. Often the simplest reference is to dress anybody who does some kind of detective work in a deerstalker and cloak (as seen right). Another rich field of pop culture references is Holmes' ancestry and descendants, but really the only limit is the writer's imagination. A third major reference is the quote, \"Elementary, my dear Watson,\" (which, was never actually said by Holmes). Another common misattribution is that Holmes, throughout the entire novel series, is never described as wearing the ' deerstalker hat', although Sidney Paget had drawn Holmes donning it on two occasions.", "WorldMags.net ‘‘Elementary, my dear Watson!” Everybody knows the quotation. Probably most people know Holmes never said it, just as most people who know Mae West was famous for saying, “Come up an’ see me some time”, know that she never said it in those words. hat really is a remarkable double whammy: it is achievement enough for Conan Doyle to have created a character that virtually everybody recognises when they hear the tag-line; it is more amazing that large numbers should know the words are an adaptation rather than a quotation. hese things are real fame.", "Holmes does not wear a deerstalker hat in the stories, despite many illustrations showing this. Neither does he say his most famous phrase of “Elementary, my dear Watson” in the books.", "The first known use of this phrase was in the 1915 novel, Psmith Journalist, by P. G. Wodehouse. It also appears at the very end of the 1929 film, The Return of Sherlock Holmes, the first Sherlock Holmes sound film. William Gillette, who played Holmes on stage and radio, had previously used the similar phrase, Oh, this is elementary, my dear fellow. The phrase might owe its household familiarity to its use in Edith Meiser's scripts for The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes radio series, broadcast from 1939 to 1947.", "The first known use of this phrase was in the 1915 novel, Psmith Journalist, by P. G. Wodehouse. It also appears at the very end of the 1929 film, The Return of Sherlock Holmes, the first Sherlock Holmes sound film. William Gillette , who played Holmes on stage and radio, had previously used the similar phrase, Oh, this is elementary, my dear fellow. The phrase might owe its household familiarity to its use in Edith Meiser 's scripts for The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes radio series, broadcast from 1939 to 1947.", "    Watson finds a place in the OED today as well, identified as “the name of the doctor who was the stolid, faithful assistant and foil” of Sherlock Holmes—not to mention being “used allusively of one who acts similarly as a stooge or audience, esp. for a detective.” The earliest example given is from the 1927 mystery novel The Three Taps by Monsgr. Ronald A. Knox, who as an undergraduate at Oxford in 1911 wrote a paper called “Studies in the Literature of Sherlock Holmes” which defined what the Times Literary Supplement called the great Holmesian game. “Watson-work,” wrote Knox in 1927, “meant that Angela tried to suggest new ideas to her husband under a mask of carefully assumed stupidity.” Poor Watson, libeled even by the father of our own Higher Criticism!* Other usages of Watson followed Knox’s, by Dorothy L. Sayers, P. G. Wodehouse, Agatha Christie, and some others less obviously owing homage to the creator of Sherlock Holmes.", "5. Hanks, Robert. \"Books: Elementary, my dear Barnes; Julian Barnes's new novel resurrects Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and a real-life mystery.\" The Independent (London), Jul 8, 2005: 20-21.", "It has been adapted many times, although frequently only the portions of the book's first section that establish the relationship between Holmes and Watson are used. The Ronald Howard/H. Marion Crawford television series used that section of the book as the basis for the episode \" The Case of the Cunningham Heritage \". The book has rarely been adapted in full, notable instances being in the Peter Cushing/Nigel Stock television series, as an episode of CBS Radio Mystery Theater, by Bert Coules for the first project starring Clive Merrison as Holmes and Michael Williams as Watson and, in 2007 by M. J. Elliott for the American radio series The Classic Adventures of Sherlock Holmes . A surprisingly faithful animated version of the tale with Peter O'Toole voicing Holmes was produced in 1984 by Burbank Films and helmed by frequent Disney animator Alex Nicholas.", "In 1887, Arthur Conan Doyle/ created Sherlock Holmes, the most famous of all fictional detectives. Although Sherlock Holmes is not the original fiction detective, his name has become a byword for the part. Conan Doyle stated that the character of Holmes was inspired by Dr. Joseph Bell0, for whom Doyle had worked as a clerk at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary [ 11 ] 0. Like Holmes, Bell was noted for drawing large conclusions from the smallest observations. A brilliant London-based \"consulting detective\" residing at 221B Baker Street, Holmes is famous for his intellectual prowess and is renowned for his skillful use of astute observation, deductive reasoning, and forensic skills to solve difficult cases. Conan Doyle wrote four novels and fifty-six short stories featuring Holmes, and all but four stories are narrated by Holmes's friend, assistant, and biographer, Dr. John H. Watson.", "In some sense it seems a bit odd to claim that a fictional character never uttered a specific phrase, since fictional characters aren't real and therefore can't \"say\" anything (or, conversely, they can be made to say whatever words someone wants to put in their mouths). In this case, when we refer to the words \"spoken\" by the character of Sherlock Holmes, we mean the dialog assigned to him in the literary works in which he appears that are considered canonical", "In the US television series Elementary, Moriarty is equated with Irene Adler (played by Natalie Dormer). As with Moriarty, she is first mentioned in the twelfth episode of the first season (\"M\"). Holmes tracks an apparent serial killer who uses the name \"M\"; upon his capture, he is discovered to be Sebastian Moran, Moriarty's henchman, whose seemingly random murders were actually assassinations carried out for his employer, whom he claims to have never met. In the season finale, \"Irene Adler\" is revealed to be an alias created by Moriarty in order to get close to Holmes and observe him (a male voice who spoke to Holmes as \"Moriarty\" over the telephone is revealed to be a hired actor). The episode \"We Are Everyone\" reveals her true name as Jamie Moriarty and she continues to write letters to Sherlock from prison.[26]", "In episode fifteen of the television series Elementary, Sherlock Holmes mentions the \"case of the blue carbuncle\" in conversation with Joan Watson.", "Sherlock Holmes (pronounced /ËÊ�É�rlÉ�k ËhoÊŠmz/ ) is a fictional detective created by Scottish author and physician Sir Arthur Conan Doyle . A brilliant London-based \"consulting detective\", Holmes is famous for his astute logical reasoning , his ability to take almost any disguise , and his forensic science skills to solve difficult cases .", "Canonical Characters: Dr Watson; Mary Morstan; Sherlock Holmes; Baker Street Irregulars; Inspector Lestrade; (Professor Moriarty; Inspector Patterson; Moriarty Gang; Peter Steiler)", "Sherlock Holmes is a fictional detective of the late 19th and early 20th centuries who made his first published appearance in 1887. He was devised by Scottish author and physician Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Holmes is famous for his prowess at using logic and astute observation to solve cases. He is perhaps the most famous fictional detective, and indeed one of the best known and universally recognizable literary characters.", "In the books, no one has ever heard of him and no one besides Holmes ever sees him. Watson only knows Moriarty from what Holmes tells about him. Could a vain man such as Holmes have created him to take the blame for his later failures?", "Sherlock Holmes, the most famous of all fictional detectives. Although Sherlock Holmes is not the original fiction detective (he was influenced by Poe's", "The 1933 K.B.S. Productions Sherlock Holmes film, A Study in Scarlet, predates the publication of Ten Little Indians and follows a strikingly similar plot; it includes a scene where Holmes is shown a card with the hint: \"Six little Indians ....bee stung one and then there were five\"; the film predates the novel by six years. Though it is a Sherlock Holmes movie, the movie bears no resemblance to Arthur Conan Doyle's original story of the same name. In this case, the rhyme refers to \"Ten Little Fat Boys\". The author of the movie's screenplay, Robert Florey, \"doubted that [Christie] had seen A Study in Scarlet, but he regarded it as a compliment if it had helped inspire her\". ", "What? What was that? Have Sherlockians not heard those words before? Do they not arouse a sense of recognition, even déjè vu, a description of another man in another time? One described by Watson in A Study in Scarlet as he said:", "In the Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode \"Trials of the Demon!\", both Holmes and Watson guest star. Watson mentions Moriarty, suggesting he might be the one responsible for stealing the souls of women (the real culprit is Jim Craddock). Holmes quickly ruled out Moriarty as a suspect based on the choice of weapon.", "^ Doyle, Steven; Crowder, David A. (2010). Sherlock Holmes for Dummies. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p. 51 .", "Some have been overt, introducing Holmes as a character in a new setting, or a more subtle allusion, such as making a logical character live in an apartment at number 221B. One well-known example of this is the character Gregory House on the show House M.D , whose name and apartment number are both references to Holmes. Often the simplest reference is to dress anybody who does some kind of detective work in a deerstalker and Inverness cape .", "Some have been overt, introducing Holmes as a character in a new setting, or a more subtle allusion, such as making a logical character live in an apartment at number 221B. One well-known example of this is the character Gregory House on the show House M.D, whose name and apartment number are both references to Holmes. Often the simplest reference is to dress anybody who does some kind of detective work in a deerstalker and cape.", "In 1891, Doyle published A Scandal in Bohemia, featuring a character named Irene Adler. She also has a prominent and memorable appearance in the BBC episode A Scandal in Belgravia." ]

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[ "In the 1930's primer there is a story entitled, \"The Birthday\", about a family with two children named Nancy and Billy. They have a dog named \"Happy\", of which, looks like a \"Scottie\" breed of dog. Happy is Nancy and Billy's pet dog. Nancy and Billy are just friends of Dick and Jane. Below is a picture from that story.", "They (Nancy & Billy) are even featured in another story in this same Primer book. That story is called, \"The Surprise Party\", in which Dick and Jane go to their grandparents farm. When they arrive, their grandfather has a surprise party... complete with a pony, pony rides, a wagon ride, and... Dick and Jane friend's are there too. The friends at the party are: Nancy, Billy, Patty and Tom. -- Yes! The same Nancy and Billy that own the dog named, \"Happy\". Therefore, it is clear that Nancy is not Jane, Billy is not Dick, and Happy the dog is not Spot! Nancy, Billy and Happy are completely different characters! Spot was never a scottie type of breed & Spot was never named Happy. Below are pictures taken from this story:", "This is the earliest of all the original Dick and Jane readers. This is the book in which Dick and Jane made their first appearance. Sister Sally was not named yet. She was still called \"Baby\". Spot (the dog) was a terrier, of which, he was later changed to a Cocker Spaniel. Puff (the cat) was not named yet, either. She was called, \"Little Mew\".", "The main characters, Dick and Jane, were a little boy and girl. Supporting characters included Baby (or Sally), Mother, Father, Spot (originally a cat in the 1930s, but a dog in later editions), Puff the cat, and Tim the teddy bear. They first appeared in the Elson-Gray Readers used in the 1930s, which themselves were heavily revised and enlarged editions of the Elson Readers originally produced by William H. Elson in the 1920s. The books relied on the whole word or sight word reading method (not to be confused with whole language) and repetition, using phrases like \"Oh, see. Oh, see Jane. Funny, funny Jane\", but they did not totally ignore phonics. Phonetic analysis was part of each reading lesson, although not to the degree one would associate with learning to read by pure phonics. For this reason, they came to be used less and less as studies supported phonics as a more effective method of gaining literacy. Texts in the primary grades emphasized Learning to Read, but in fourth grade and above the focus was Reading to Learn, with content becoming very important.", "Soft cover, 48 pages. By William S. Gray, Dorothy Baruch and Elizabeth Rider Montgomery. Illustrated by Eleanor Campbell. Published  by Scott, Foresman & Co. Very charming 1st Pre-Primer with Sally, Dick and Jane, Puff and Spot. Cute Dick and Jane vintage book.", "In the middle 1960s, the New Basic Readers underwent heavy revision. The books had a larger page size, new updated artwork, some shortened stories from previous editions and a very large portion of new stories. Dick, Jane, and Sally also were a bit older and a bit more sophisticated. Teaching procedures also were slightly different: the vocabulary control was looser and more phonics was added. Helen M. Robinson became the head author. The earliest materials were released in 1962. The 1962 Established edition titles were: We Read Pictures, We Read More Pictures, Before We Read, Sally Dick and Jane, Fun With Our Family, Fun Wherever We Are, Guess Who, Fun With Our Friends, More Fun With Our Friends (All Grade 1), Friends Old and New, More Friends Old and New (grade 2), Roads to Follow, More Roads to Follow (grade 3), Ventures (4), Vistas (5), Cavalcades (6), Dimensions (7), Challenges (8). In 1965, an integrated edition was added as an alternative to the established editions.", "Hard cover, 191 pages. By William S. Gray and May Hill Arbuthnot. Illustrated by Keith Ward. Published by Scott, Foresman & Co. Nice copy of the first Dick and Jane book that follows the Primer, Fun with Dick and Jane. Wonderful illustrations, and stories like, The New Family, Fun in the New House, The Big Umbrella, Old Toy Horse, Bunny Boy, Playing Store, LIttle Duck Talks, Dark Pony, The Merry-Go-Round, and many more.", "Hardcover, 574 pages. By Robert C. Pooley, Fred G. Walcott, and William S. Gray (Dick and Jane Reading Director). Published by Scott, Foresman & Co. A Basic Course in Reading for the Seventh, Eight, and Ninth Years.  Very charming black and white illustrations throughout, many full-page. Book includes contents, glossary, acknowledgments and note to teachers. A wonderful reading book, with many neat stories and poems.  Stories like, Polka-Dot Dress, A Pet Show, Johnny Boy, Coin Collecting, Indians and Arrow-Heads, Guard Your Man, Tally-Ho, Giant Man of the Forest, The Eagle, An Idyl, The Leaf-Cutting Bee, Bobby and Betty in New York, Ola and the Wooden Tub, The Fairy Ring, and many more.", "1965 - the year of integration for the Dick and Jane books in public schools. Mike and his twin sisters, Pam and Penny are introduced.", "SOLD! - Vintage 1956 The New Pre-Primer's Dick and Jane Teacher's Guidebook to the Three Pre-Primers of the 1950's. By: William S. Gray, Marion Monroe, A. Sterl Artley, May Hill Arbuthnot, and Lillian Gray. Publsihed by: Scott Foresman and Company. Hard cover, 1st edition / 4th printing. This book is like having FOUR BOOKS bound in ONE BIG BOOK! There are all three Dick and Jane student pre-primers, (We Come and Go, We Look and See, and We Work and Play) along with the teacher's guidebook as well. All in this one (thick) book! It is a collectible treasure! This book is in good vintage condition. It has a school stamp on the inside cover, a couple page tears, some tiny check marks next to the word list in the teacher's section, and a couple dog-eared corners. The cover has some light bumping and rubbing to the corners and edges. The cover also has a slight bend to it, probably from the way it was stored. Over-all it is still a nice book and worth adding to your collection! # 000267", "The Fox Busters was well reviewed, and Dick followed it up with a story about a sparrow, which his publishers rejected. Undaunted, he wrote Daggie Dogfoot, his first book about a pig, which was published in 1980. Three more books followed before he wrote The Sheep-Pig – a charming story about how a runt, won in a competition by the near-silent but wise Farmer Hoggett, latches on to the farm sheepdog and, thanks to its exceptional prowess as a sheep-pig, saves its own bacon – made an immediate impact. Dick won the Guardian children's book prize for it and was hailed as the inventor of a new form of animal fiction.", "By the 1950’s, over 80% of first-graders in the United States were learning to read with Dick and Jane. New editions whose titles began with “The New” were added, and Robert Childress would become the illustrator. But it was during this decade that Dick and Jane et al. would find themselves under strong attack. Concerned groups criticized everything from misrepresentations of perfection and other cultural issues to matters of literacy itself. In 1955’s Why Johnny Can’t Read, Rudolf Flesch blamed the look-say style of Dick and Jane readers for not properly teaching children how to read or appreciate literature. While phonetics were always a part of the Dick and Jane series, there was not enough for the growing movement of phonics fans. For all of these reasons, most of the major changes to the Dick and Jane series occurred in the 1960s.", "From the 1930's through the 1970's the \"Dick and Jane\" series of readers were the backbone of most public/private school reading programs. Sadly the books were phased out in the 1970's, but due to requests from parents Scott Foresman has reprinted the \"Dick and Jane\" series for a new generation. There are twelve books in this series as follows: We Look, Something Funny, Jump and Run, Guess Who, Go Away Spot, Away We Go, Who Can Help, We See, We Work, We Play, Fun with Dick and Jane. This set is great for beginning readers. We have utilized this series in our homeschool with great success. From this series I would then move on to the other Dick and Jane books \"We Play Outside,Fun with Our Family,Fun Wherever We Are, We Play and Pretend.\" This series is also available in softcover format.", "All of these primers focused on simple stories about siblings living in Suburbia, USA. Each primer introduced only a few words at a time to readers and used pictures and repetition to make sure children learned the meaning of each word. But Dick and Jane dominated this market for a generation: the great majority of Americans learned how to read from Scott, Foresman primers and story books in the post-World War II era.", "Superman's dog, Krypto, in the older DC Comics's Superman comic books, may have been a Jack Russell Terrier. The dog which accompanies Rick Stein on his ventures is a Jack Russell Terrier, named \"Chalky\".", "It is worth noting that when William H. Elson, William S. Gray, and Zerna Sharp, all joined together to create a whole new series of school curriculum readers, they used the 1920’s Elson Readers as a basis for making their breakthrough transition of an entirely new series. The Elson Readers were changed to, “The Elson-Gray Basic Readers”. The covers, stories, characters, and even the series all had changed during this complete and drastic revision. However, some of the old classic “fairytale” type stories were used in many different eras and readers. The fairytale stories had nothing to do with the Dick and Jane stories.", "SOLD! ~ 1941 The Basic Readers TEACHER'S EDITION Pre-Primer Program. This book is the teacher's guidebook to the Dick and Jane Series of the 1940's pre-reading and pre-primer books: Before We Read,  We Look and See,  We Work and Play,  and  We Come and Go.  The teacher's section covers the reading steps, stages, and process... the pre-reading book: Before We Read, and All three Pre-Primers. Plus, the other half of the book contains all three pre-primers (in color and in full)! Written by: William S. Gray, Marion Monroe, and Lillian Gray. Published by: Scott Foresman and Company. Hard Cover. This book is in good vintage condition. It shows some reading wear to the cover and pages. There is some underlinging in the teacher's section. This book was used as an educational learning resource at the University Workshop in South Carolina in 1940. One of the main illustrators of the oriignal Dick and Jane series, Eleanor Campbell signed the book on the front fly-page. # 000997", "Jack Russell: Dog Detective is a series of children's books by authors Darrell and Sally Odgers, and published by Scholastic. It is about the adventures of a Jack Russell terrier named Jack Russell and his gang of friends including Jill Russell, Lord \"Red\" Setter and Foxie Terrier.", "In 2003, Grosset & Dunlap rereleased original Dick and Jane primers, selling over 2.5 million copies in just over a year even with a publisher disclaimer that the books were nostalgic and not to be used to teach children to read. Due to the popularity of the reissue, reproductions and new related merchandise featuring the iconic imagery and catch phrases, like “See Spot run!”, has been produced.", "Scott, Foresman and Company first published the Primers and Pre-Primers with Dick and Jane in 1930. From about 1914 to the 1940's, the evolution of readers was seen best in the basal series published by Scott, Foresman. This series became the most widely used reading series for another three decades. One feature of this series was the reduction of the number of words children learned at each grade level and the profuse use of beautiful illustrations so they could easily relate.", "This lesson can be expanded to include a comparison of Jan Brett’s “The Mitten” and Alvin Tressalt’s “The Mitten” The latter book is out of print but there are copies still around. Check your school and/or local library for this book. The animals are slightly different and Nicki’s reason for going outside in the first place is different as well as the kind of mitten, but it makes a good comparison lesson. Animals for this lesson are provided in the attached files. Both are animals for this story, however, you may like one set better than the other because one is more realistic than the other.", "SOLD! ~ Vintage 1956 OUR NEW FRIENDS TEACHER'S EDITION Dick and Jane First Grade Basic Reader. By: William S. Gray, May Hill Arbuthnot, Marion Monroe, A. Sterl Artley, and Lillian Gray. Publisher: Scott Foresman and Company. Pictorial hard cover. This book has the teacher's guidebook in the front half of the book and the full (in-color) student edition in the last half of the book. Item # 000314", "SOLD! Vintage 1964 Dick and Jane Teacher's Booklet, \"LEARNING TO READ AND LIKING IT\". The Story of how reading is taught with, The New Basic readers, Sixties Edition - Curriculum Foundation (Dick and Jane) Series. By: Scott Foresman and Company. Soft cover, measures approximately 8½\" x 8¾\". 31 pages. This book covers information from the levels of the Pre-Primer up through 3rd grade. There is information about some fo the Dick and Jane authors, as well as many of the teaching materials used in this series along with the readers too. This is a very rare booklet. Perfect for the series collector, or fo those who want to learn more about the series! Excellent condition with only a touch of light wear. Item # 000321", "SOLD!  1963 FREINDS OLD AND NEW Dick and Jane 2.1 (2nd grade) Basic Readers, TEACHER'S EDITION. By: Helen M. Robinson, Marion Monroe, and A. Sterl Artley. The New Basic Readers, Curriculum Foundation (Dick and Jane) Series. Published by: Scott Foresman and Company. Pictorial hard cover. This book contains BOTH the full student edition with stories, plus the teacher's guidebook. This book is in good vintage condition. There are teacher notations written in pencil and a couple school stamps. Other than the notations, the pages are quite bright and clean. The cover has some soiling, stains, and rubbing wear to the corners. Item # 000350", "1984 The Tortoise and the Hare. Adapted and illustrated by Janet Stevens. Paperbound. NY: Scholastic Inc. $.95 at Downtown Books, June, '93.", "1982 The Rabbit & the Hare. Barbara Purchase. Dust jacket. A Nicholson Press Book. Toronto: John Wiley and Sons. $6.75 at Odegard's, March, '88.", "1984 The Town Mouse and the Country Mouse. Retold and illustrated by Lorinda Bryan Cauley. Children's Choice Book Club Edition: Macmillan Book Clubs. NY: G.P. Putnam's Sons. $2 from Moe's, Aug., '93.", "What is the main dog character called in Norton Juster's 1961 popular children's/adult-crossover book The Phantom Tollbooth? Tock", "After World War I, publishers began to produce primers incorporating some of the changes John Dewey, William S Gray, and other experts advocated. In particular, illustrator Zerna Sharp worked with the Scott, Foresman publishing company and with William Gray to devise a series of basic primers that would include his suggestions. The new primers introduced characters with whom children could identify, and they contained stories featuring the same set of siblings engaged in normal day-to-day activities. To develop a national audience for the new series, the primers de-emphasized regional characteristics: there were no treks through snowstorms or into barren deserts.", "I wish to thank Elena Siddall, a Dick and Jane enthusiast and curator of the Richmond Public Library's celebrated 1997 Dick and Jane exhibit, for lending materials from her collection for the present exhibition. The collectors who shared their thoughts and memories of Dick and Jane with me were also invaluable resources who convinced me that I am probably the worse for not having learned how to read with Dick and Jane.", "Boitani, L., and S. Bartoli.  1982.  Simon & Schuster's Guide to Mammals.  New York: Fireside/Simon & Schuster, Inc.  Entry 388.", "1977 Animal Land: The Creatures of Children's Fiction.  Margaret Blount.  Paperback.  NY: Avon Books.  $1.98 at Odegard, early in the 80's.  One extra copy." ]

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[ "In 1987, due to changes in the marketplace and in management, as well as having problems of its own back in France, Renault sold its share of AMC to the Chrysler Corporation, which then also bought out the remaining shares. Production on all AMC and Renault brands was then discontinued by Chrysler in America (the French company has since returned with its purchase of a controlling stake in Nissan in 1999), while assimilating several managers and engineers to build new Chrysler vehicles. What was left of AMC after the buyout formed the Jeep/Eagle division of Chrysler Corporation, which manufactured vehicles until 1997, when the Eagle division was eliminated and Jeep became a standalone division not long after the Chrysler Corporation was bought by Daimler-Benz AG. Despite no longer existing, American Motors has left a lasting legacy and is admired even today for its progressive thinking. Resourceful management and the anticipation of consumer interests initiated advances in the industry such as fuel efficiency and four wheel drive sport utility vehicles that remain to this day.", "Thanks to impressive public campaigning by then-chairman Lee Iacocca, the debut of the well-received K-car platform and the creation of the modern minivan, sales had improved dramatically by the mid-'80s. The government's loan was paid off seven years early. The picture further brightened in the late 1980s with Chrysler's purchase of American Motors Corporation (which netted the company the Jeep brand) and a joint venture with Mitsubishi known as Diamond Star Motors.", "The French automaker Renault began investing in AMC in 1979. However, by 1987, the automobile markets had changed and even Renault itself was experiencing financial troubles. At the same time, Chrysler Corporation wanted to capture the Jeep brand, as well as other assets of AMC. Chrysler bought out AMC in 1987, shortly after the Jeep CJ-7 was replaced with the AMC-designed Jeep Wrangler or YJ. Chrysler merged with Daimler-Benz in 1998 to form DaimlerChrysler. DaimlerChrysler eventually sold most of their interest in Chrysler to a private equity company in 2007. Chrysler and the Jeep division operated under Chrysler Group LLC, until December 15, 2014, when the name was changed to FCA US LLC.", "Chrysler revived the \"Spirit\" name dropped by AMC after 1983 for use on one of its A platform cars, (the Dodge Spirit) from 1989–1995. The planned Renault Medallion was sold as the Eagle Medallion in 1988 and 1989. A Renault/AMC concept, the Summit, was produced by Mitsubishi Motors beginning in 1989. The planned all-new 1988 Renault Premier, a joint development effort between American Motors and Renault, and for which the Brampton Assembly plant (Brampton, Ontario—originally called the Bramalea Plant) was built, was sold by Chrysler as the 1988–1992 Eagle Premier, with a rebadged Dodge Monaco variant available from 1990–1992. The full-sized Premier's platform was far more advanced than anything Chrysler was building at the time. After some re-engineering and a re-designation to Chrysler code LH, the Eagle Premier went on to form the backbone of Chrysler's passenger car lineup during the 1990s as the Chrysler Concorde (a revived model name that was briefly used by Plymouth in 1951 and 1952), Chrysler New Yorker, Chrysler LHS, Dodge Intrepid, and Eagle Vision. Plymouth almost received their own rendition of the LH platform, which was to be called the Accolade, but Chrysler decided to nix this idea not long before LH production started. The Chrysler 300M was likewise a Premier/LH-derived car and was initially to have been the next-generation Eagle Vision, until the Eagle brand was dropped after 1998.", "In 1987, Chrysler acquired American Motors Corporation (AMC), which brought the profitable Jeep brand under the Chrysler umbrella.", "Honda’s approach suddenly looked less foreign after Chrysler acquired the American Motors Corporation in 1987 for its profitable Jeep operations. AMC had implemented some Honda-like supplier-management and development practices. The reason was necessity. Because AMC had neither the resources to design all its own parts nor the power of larger automakers to dictate the prices it was willing to pay for them, it had learned to rely on suppliers to engineer and design a number of its vehicles’ components. Also, the engineering and manufacturing staff in AMC’s Jeep and truck group had been operating for several years as an integrated team. With just 1,000 engineering employees, AMC had developed three vehicles between 1980 and 1987—the Cherokee, the Premier, and the Comanche—and was beginning a fourth, the Allure coupe. In comparison, Chrysler’s 5,500 engineers and technicians had developed only four all-new vehicles during the 1980s: the K-car, the minivan, the Dakota truck, and the Shadow/Sundance.", "Chrysler is an Auburn Hills, Michigan-based company. From 1985 to 1991, it was allied with Mitsubishi in what was at the time called the Diamond-Star Alliance. Chrysler bought AMC from Renault in 1987, mainly for the Jeep line but failed to popularize the renamed Jeep-Eagle division. Chrysler merged with Daimler Benz in 1998. In 2007, it was sold to a private equity firm and reorganized, but Daimler retains a substantial share.", "Much of the global growth will be focused around Jeep, due to its high visibility globally as well as the growing SUV market in developing markets. Chrysler will be re-positioned as the company's mainstream North American brand to compete with Ford, Chevrolet, Toyota, and Volkswagen, while Dodge will focus on performance-based vehicles. Alfa Romeo will become the company's premium marque to compete with Mercedes-Benz, BMW, and Audi, while Maserati will be the company's ultra-luxury brand to compete with Bentley and Rolls-Royce. Fiat (which will remain the company's mainstream brand outside North America) and Ram Trucks will remain largely unchanged, while SRT was merged back into Dodge. Conspicuously absent in the announcement was Lancia, which was later confirmed to be withdrawing from all markets outside Italy, and possibly withdrawn altogether in 2018. ", "In 2009, in a deal brokered by the Obama administration, Italian automaker Fiat initiated a white knight takeover of Chrysler to save the struggling automaker from liquidation. The deal was immediately compared to the AMC-Renault deal; Some commentators noted the irony in that Chrysler now faced the same fate that AMC faced 30 years earlier, while others expressed skepticism of whether the Italian firm could save Chrysler, given how the Renault deal failed. However, there have been key differences between the two; Fiat CEO Sergio Marchionne became CEO of Chrysler as part of the deal and immediately began globally integrating Fiat and Chrysler's assets and product lines; The Fiat-Chrysler merger doesn't face the political opposition the AMC-Renault deal did since Fiat is entirely private and independent and the US Government supported the merger; Most importantly, while AMC proved to be a continuous money-loser for Renault, Chrysler returned to profitability fairly quickly and has since become an important source of revenue and profits for Fiat, which has been struggling to maintain volume and profitability amid the European debt crisis. The two firms would later fully merge to create Fiat Chrysler Automobiles in 2014.", "Jeep is a brand of American automobiles that is a division of Chrysler Group LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Italian multinational automaker Fiat S.p.A..The former Chrysler Corporation acquired the Jeep brand, along with the remaining assets of its owner American Motors, in 1987. Jeep’s product range current consists solely of sport utility vehicles and off-road vehicles, but has also included pickup trucks in the past.", "1987 - Chrysler Corporation offered to buy American Motors Corporation on this day. The car maker offered up to $1 billion dollars for the financially troubled AMC. Remember the Gremlin? How about the Rambler American -- the car with seats that reclined to a completely horizontal position?", "The purchase of AMC was instrumental in reviving Chrysler. According to Robert Lutz, former President of Chrysler, the AMC acquisition was a big and risky undertaking. The purchase was part of Chrysler's strategic \"retreat-cum-diversification\" plan that he states did not have the right focus. Initially the goal was to obtain the world-renowned Jeep brand. However, Lutz discovered that the decision to buy AMC turned out to be a gold mine for Chrysler. At that time, Chrysler's management was attempting to find a model to improve structure and operations, \"something that would help get our minds unstuck and thinking beyond the old paradigms that we were so familiar with\". In this transformation, \"Chrysler's acquisition of AMC was one of the all-time great moments in corporate serendipity\" according to Lutz \"that most definitely played a key role in demonstrating how to accomplish change\".", "The Ford Motor Company (usually called Ford), is an American multinational corporation that manufactures automobiles . The automaker was founded by Henry Ford in Dearborn, Michigan, United States (where the company is currently headquartered), and incorporated in 1903. In its twentieth century heyday, Ford, along with General Motors and Chrysler , were known as Detroit's \"Big Three\" automakers, companies that dominated the American auto market. Toyota surpassed Ford in revenue starting in 2004. Ford remains one of the world's ten largest corporations by revenue. when ford made the mustang they wanted it to have speed so they made them small fast and durrable.", "However, Chrysler of Argentina commenced manufacturing the Hillman Avenger based Dodge 1800, and this car continued in production until 1990. In its last 10 years of production it was badged as a Volkswagen after that firm acquired Chrysler's Argentine business. There was also a Brazilian variant until 1980.", "The Chrysler family includes Chrysler, Dodge, and Jeep. It no longer makes cars under the Plymouth and Eagle names or the AMC name.", "Despite the ongoing tensions between Chrysler and Mitsubishi, they agreed to unite in a vehicle manufacturing operation in Normal, Illinois. The 50/50 venture provided a way to circumvent the voluntary import restrictions, while providing a new line of compact and subcompact cars for Chrysler. Diamond-Star Motors (DSM) — from the parent companies' logos: three diamonds (Mitsubishi) and a pentastar (Chrysler) — was incorporated in October 1985, and in April 1986 ground was broken on a 1.9million square-foot (177,000m²) production facility. In 1987, the company was selling 67,000 cars a year in the U.S., but when the plant was completed in March 1988 it offered an annual capacity of 240,000 vehicles. Initially, three platform-sharing compact 2+2 coupés were released, the Mitsubishi Eclipse, Eagle Talon and Plymouth Laser, with other models being introduced in subsequent years.", "On March 9, 1987, Chrysler agreed to buy Renault's share in AMC, plus all the remaining shares, for about US$1.5 billion (US$3,068,541,301 in 2012 dollars). AMC became the Jeep-Eagle division of Chrysler. It was the Jeep brand that Chrysler CEO Lee Iacocca really wanted – in particular the ZJ Grand Cherokee, then under development by Jeep engineers, which ultimately proved highly profitable for Chrysler (the nameplate remains in production today). However, the buyout included other attractive deal sweeteners for Chrysler. Among them was the world-class, brand-new manufacturing plant in Bramalea, Ontario, which offered Iacocca an unprecedented opportunity to increase his company's production capacity at a fire-sale price. AMC had designed and built the plant in anticipation of building the clean-slate designed Eagle Premier. Additional profitable acquisitions were the AMC dealer network (the addition of which strengthened Chrysler's retail distribution – many AMC dealers switched to selling Chrysler products); and AMC's underrated organization and management talent – which Chrysler quickly assimilated (numerous leading Chrysler engineers and executives were ex-AMC).", "The Daimler-Chrysler merger, for which Daimler-Benz AG paid $36 billion, was supposed to create a single powerhouse car company that could compete in all markets, all over the world. (Daimler-Benz was known for its high-quality luxury cars and sturdy trucks, while Chrysler's minivans and Jeeps had a big chunk of the growing sport- utility vehicle market; meanwhile, the American company seemed to have mastered the art of high-volume, low-cost manufacturing.) However, things did not quite work out that way. Chrysler actually lost so much money—$1.5 billion in 2006 alone—that in 2007 Daimler paid a private equity firm to take the company off its hands.", "The Ford Motor Company (also known as simply Ford) is an American multinational automaker headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16, 1903. The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand. Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer, Troller, and performance car manufacturer FPV. In the past it has also produced tractors and automotive components. Ford owns a 2.1% stake in Mazda of Japan, a 15% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom, and a 49% stake in Jiagling of China. It also has a number of joint-ventures, two in China (Changan Ford Mazda and Ford Lio Ho), one in Thailand (AutoAlliance Thailand), one in Turkey (Ford Otosan), and one in Russia (Ford Sollers). It is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family, although they have minority ownership. It is described by Forbes as “the most important industrial company in the history of the United States.", "Chrysler was also keen to take control of the struggling firm as it wished to have its own wholly independent European subsidiaries like arch rivals Ford and GM. Chrysler took over Simca of France and Barreiros of Spain at the same time, merging it with Rootes (now renamed \"Chrysler UK\") to create Chrysler Europe. The Rootes name had largely vanished by 1971, and its other brand names were progressively phased out during the 1970s. Only Hillman was left by 1977, when it, too, was shelved in favour of the Chrysler name. The Commer name was also phased out in the 1970s, the group's van and truck models mostly assuming the Dodge nameplate by 1976.", "Like the other Big Three automobile manufacturers, Chrysler was hit hard by the automotive industry crisis of 2008–2010. The company remained in business through a combination of negotiations with creditors, filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy reorganization on April 30, 2009, and participating in a bailout from the U.S. government through the Troubled Asset Relief Program. On June 10, 2009, Chrysler emerged from the bankruptcy proceedings with the United Auto Workers pension fund, Fiat S.p.A., and the U.S. and Canadian governments as principal owners. The bankruptcy resulted in Chrysler defaulting on over $4 billion in debts. By May 24, 2011, Chrysler finished repaying its obligations to the U.S. government five years early, although the cost to the American taxpayer was $1.3 billion. Over the next few years Fiat gradually acquired the other parties' shares while removing much of the weight of the loans (which carried a 21% interest rate) in a short period. On January 1, 2014, Fiat S.p.A announced a deal to purchase the rest of Chrysler from the United Auto Workers retiree health trust. The deal was completed on January 21, 2014, making Chrysler Group a subsidiary of Fiat S.p.A. In May 2014, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, NV was established by merging Fiat S.p.A. into the company. This was completed in August 2014. Chrysler Group LLC remained a subsidiary until December 15, 2014, when it was renamed FCA US LLC, to reflect the Fiat-Chrysler merger. ", "Throughout its history it has courted alliances with foreign partners, a strategy pioneered by their first president Tomio Kubo to encourage expansion, and continued by his successors. A significant stake was sold to Chrysler Corporation in 1971 which it held for 22 years, while DaimlerChrysler was a controlling shareholder between 2000 and 2005. Long term joint manufacturing and technology licencing deals with the Hyundai Motor Company in South Korea and Proton in Malaysia were also forged, while in Europe the company co-owned the largest automobile manufacturing plant in the Netherlands with Volvo for ten years in the 1990s, before taking sole ownership in 2001.", "On March 9, 1987, Chrysler agreed to buy Renault's share in AMC, plus all the remaining shares, for about US$1.5 billion (US$ in dollars). AMC became the Jeep-Eagle division of Chrysler. It was the Jeep brand that Chrysler CEO Lee Iacocca really wanted – in particular the ZJ Grand Cherokee, then under development by Jeep engineers, which ultimately proved highly profitable for Chrysler (the nameplate remains in production today). However, the buyout included other attractive deal sweeteners for Chrysler. Among them was the world-class, brand-new manufacturing plant in Bramalea, Ontario, which offered Iacocca an unprecedented opportunity to increase his company's production capacity at a fire-sale price. AMC had designed and built the plant in anticipation of building the Renault 25 based Eagle Premier. Additional profitable acquisitions were the AMC dealer network (the addition of which strengthened Chrysler's retail distribution – many AMC dealers switched to selling Chrysler products); and AMC's underrated organization and management talent – which Chrysler quickly assimilated (numerous leading Chrysler engineers and executives were ex-AMC). AMC was fully merged as of March 29, 1990.", "According to Lutz (1993), while AMC had its share of problems, it was far from being a bunch of \"brain-dead losers\". He describes the \"troops\" at AMC as more like the Wake Island Marines in battle, \"with almost no resources, and fighting a vastly superior enemy, they were able to roll out an impressive succession of new products\". After first reacting with anger to the purchase, Chrysler managers soon anticipated the benefits. To further solidify the organizational competencies held by AMC, Lee Iacocca agreed to retain former AMC units, such as engineering, completely intact. In addition, AMC's lead engineer, François Castaing, was made head of all engineering at Chrysler. In an unthinkable strategic move, Castaing completely dismantled the entrenched Chrysler groups. In their place AMC's \"platform team\" was implemented. These were close-knit cross-functional groups responsible for the whole vehicle, as contrasted with Chrysler's highly functional structure. In this capacity, Castaing's strategy was to eliminate the corporate administrative overhead bureaucracy. This move shifted corporate culture and agitated veteran executives who believed that Chrysler's reputation as \"the engineering company\" was being destroyed. Yet, according to the popular press, by the 1980s Chrysler's reputation was totally shot, and by Lutz's view only dramatic action was going to change that. In summary, Chrysler's purchase of AMC laid the critical foundation to help re-establish a strategy for its revival in the 1990s.", "The design of the car was contracted to Marcello Gandini, who had designed its two predecessors. When Chrysler bought the company in 1987, providing money to complete its development, its management was uncomfortable with Gandini’s designs and commissioned its design team in Detroit to execute a third extensive redesign, smoothing out the trademark's sharp edges and corners of Gandini's original design, and leaving him famously unimpressed. In fact, Gandini was so disappointed with the \"softened\" shape that he would later realize his original design in the Cizeta-Moroder V16T. ", "After the purchase of Chrysler by German Daimler-Benz the organization has been dissolved on December 31, 1998.", "The earlier arrangement between Chrysler and AMC in 1985, under which AMC would produce M-body chassis rear-drive large cars for two years from 1986–88, fed the rumor that Chrysler was about to buy AMC. According to the head of manufacturing for Chrysler at the time, Stephan Sharf, the existing relationship with AMC producing a car for a competitor facilitated the negotiations.", "* 1984 Jaguar floated off (including Daimler and the US rights to Vanden Plas); bought by Ford in 1989", "Nissan Motor Company, Ltd., is a multinational automaker headquartered in Japan. It formerly marketed vehicles under the Datsun brand name and is one of the largest car manufacturers. The car’s name was an acronym of the company's partners' family names: Kenjiro Den, Rokuro Aoyama and Meitaro Takeuchi (DAT).", "Scion is a brand of vehicles produced by Toyota Motor Corporation for the North American market. Founded in 2002, Scion’s long-term goal is to appeal to Generation Y consumers. The first Scion models, the xA hatchback and xB wagon, went on sale in California in 2003, followed by a sports coupe, the tC, and a nationwide U.S. launch in 2004. A successor to the xA, the xD, premiered in 2008, and the Scion marque expanded to Canada in 2010. The Scion lineup uses a one-trim, simplified purchase process, and the marque has relied upon guerrilla and viral marketing techniques. The Scion name, meaning the descendant of a family or heir, refers both to the brand’s cars and their owners. The brand was launched originally with promises of short product cycle and value based partly on low dealer margins which became difficult to keep as sales fell after the economic downturn.", "The monochrome logo was again trademarked in 2008 by Michael Knepp; the trademark was abandoned the following year. Chrysler LLC holds a live trademark for the name \"American Motors\", which was applied for in 2005.", "1984 Jaguar floated off (including Daimler and the US rights to Vanden Plas); bought by Ford in 1989" ]

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[ "On July 20, 1969, the lunar module of Apollo 11 became the first manned spacecraft to land safely on the Moon in the area named Mare Tranquillitatis, commonly known as the Sea of Tranquility. The module was manned by Commander Neil Armstrong and pilot Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin. Upon landing, Armstrong called Houston base and reported “The Eagle has landed”. A few hours later, Armstrong stepped onto the surface and reported “that’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind”. Aldrin followed minutes later. After a stay of 21 hours and 36 minutes during which the astronauts took photographs, conducted experiments and collected samples of rock and soil, they lifted off. The lunar module then docked with the orbiting command module that was piloted by Michael Collins. On July 24, the craft splashed down safely in the Pacific Ocean. The astronauts were recovered by the U.S.S. Hornet.", "The Apollo 11 Lunar Module (LM) \"Eagle\" was the first crewed vehicle to land on the Moon. It carried two astronauts, Commander Neil A. Armstrong and LM pilot Edwin E. \"Buzz\" Aldrin, Jr., the first men to walk on the Moon. Also included on the LM was the Early Apollo Scientific Experiment Package (EASEP), which consisted of several self-contained experiments to be deployed and left on the lunar surface, and other scientific and sample collection apparatus.", "Apollo 11 (crewed by Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, and Edwin 'Buzz' Aldrin) was the first manned mission to land on the Moon. Launched on 16 July, it reached the Moon's orbit 3 days later. Approximately 600 million people around the world were watching on July 20 as Apollo 11's lunar module, called Eagle, landed in the southern Sea of Tranquility of the Moon, and at 2:56 UTC 21 July, the Earth held its breath as Neil Armstrong became the first human to set foot on another world. Aldrin joined him, and they spent two-and-a-half hours setting up cameras to transmit what they were seeing, recording gravity with kangaroo hops, drilling core samples, collecting rocks.", "Upon arriving Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin moved to the Lunar module, called the Eagle, and began their descent to the Moon. There were some malfunctions and Armstrong had to land the module manually. On July 20, 1969 the Eagle landed on the Moon. Neil Armstrong stepped outside and became the first man to walk on the Moon. With his first step on the Moon, Armstrong said \"That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind\".", "On July 20th, 1969, Buzz Aldrin and Neil Armstrong landed on the moon in the geographical area known as the Sea of Tranquility in a space mission otherwise known as Apollo 11. They were the first two people to walk on the moon. The live broadcast transmitted back to Earth was the largest worldwide event in the history of television.", "On 20 July 1969, Apollo 11, the first human spaceflight landed on the Moon. Launched on 16 July 1969, it carried mission Commander Neil Armstrong, Command Module Pilot Michael Collins, and the Lunar Module Pilot Buzz Aldrin. Apollo 11 fulfilled President John F. Kennedy's goal of reaching the moon by the end of the 1960s, which he had expressed during a speech given before a joint session of Congress on 25 May 1961: \"I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth.\"", "In 1962, Neil Armstrong earned astronaut status. His first spaceflight was on March 16, 1966 as the Command pilot of Gemini VIII (David Scott was Pilot for the mission). Armstrong performed the first successful docking of two vehicles in space during the ten-hour flight. On July 16, 1969, Neil Armstrong commanded Apollo 11, the first manned lunar landing mission as it blasted off from Kennedy Space Center. Four days later, on July 20, he gained the distinction of being the first to land a craft on the Moon and the first man to step on its surface. Lunar Module pilot \"Buzz\" Aldrin, accompanied him to the lunar surface aboard the Lunar Module Eagle while Command Module pilot Michael Collins orbited the Moon in the Command Module Columbia.", "Buzz Aldrin is credited (or was tasked) with being the Apollo 11 Lunar Module pilot . However in fact it was Neil Armstrong who piloted the craft down when the LM guidance computer overflowed, with Aldrin reading out to navigation data.", "Apollo 11 was the first lunar-landing mission. Launched on July 16, 1969, the crew of Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., and Michael Collins flew the spacecraft Columbia (CSM) and Eagle (LM). On July 20, 1969, Armstrong and Aldrin landed the Eagle at the relatively flat and unobstructed Tranquillity site on the moon, while Collins remained in the CSM. The LM spent 21 hours 36 minutes on the lunar surface, and the crew spent 2 hours 31 minutes outside the LM in a local area excursion on foot to a distance of approximately 50 m (160 ft) from Tranquillity Base.", "FILE - In this July 20, 1969 file photo provided by NASA, Edwin \"Buzz\" Aldrin carries scientific experiments to a deployment site south of the lunar module Eagle during the Apollo 11 mission. One experiment involved the inner composition of the moon, and another tried to determine the exact distance from Earth. Aldrin, 84, is asking everyone to remember where they were when he and Neil Armstrong became the first humans to walk on the moon and to share their memories online. (AP Photo/NASA, Neil Armstrong, File)", "On July 21, 1969, Neil Armstrong made history by becoming the first person to set foot on the Moon. He was soon followed by Buzz Aldrin. In a nail-biting landing, Armstrong had to manually fly the Lunar Module past the intended landing spot, which he could see was filled with boulders. He landed safely in Tranquility Base with Aldrin keeping an eye on the altitude and velocity, along with a dangerously low fuel tank. In total, Neil and Buzz were on the lunar surface (both inside their Eagle lunar module and walking on the Moon) for only 21 hours, 36 minutes and 21 seconds and were outside walking in the Sea of Tranquility for just 2 hours, 31 minutes and 40 seconds.", "A Saturn V rocket launches the Apollo 11 crew on the first moon landing mission on July 16, 1969 in this image framed by an American flag. Four days later, Apollo 11 astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed on the moon while crewmate Michael Collins orbited above.", "A few days later, Apollo 11 began to orbit around the Moon. Then Armstrong and Aldrin took the Lunar Module to the Moon. They left Collins in orbit. What did they say when they landed on the moon? \"The Eagle has landed.\" Eagle was the name of the Lunar Module.", "Using the knowledge gained from the previous Apollo missions, NASA decided the Apollo 11 crew would try for a moon landing. Three days after launching from earth, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin flew the Lunar Module down to the moon's surface.", "Apollo 11, the first manned mission to land on the Moon, was launched July 16, 1969, carrying Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, and Edwin 'Buzz' Aldrin, Jr. On July 20, Armstrong and Aldrin became the first humans to land on the Moon.", "Meanwhile, the Americans were back on track with their Apollo program. A series of unmanned test flights of various bits of lunar hardware culminated in December of 1968 with the Apollo 8 lunar flyby. With 1969 came the first manned test of the Lunar Module (Apollo 9) and a \"dress rehearsal\" of the lunar landing (Apollo 10), completing everything but actually putting a man on the surface. That final step came on the next mission, when Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin got to walk on the lunar surface in the Mare Tranquillitatis on July 20th, 1969.", "Armstrong's second and last spaceflight was as commander of Apollo 11, the first manned Moon landing mission in July 1969. Armstrong and Lunar Module pilot Buzz Aldrin descended to the lunar surface and spent two and a half hours outside the spacecraft, while Michael Collins remained in lunar orbit in the Command/Service Module. ", "1969: On July 20, Apollo 11 touches down on the Moon with Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on board.", "On July 19, at 1:28 p.m. EDT, Apollo 11 entered the moon's orbit. After spending a full day in lunar orbit, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin boarded the lunar module and detached it from the command module for their descent to the moon's surface.", "1969: Apollo 11 astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin lifted off from the surface of the moon, successfully completing the first manned lunar landing (the Russians were the first to make a successful unmanned lunar landing; first, a series of intentional crash landings beginning in 1959, then a controlled landing in 1966 from which scientific instruments transmitted data and video back to earth).", "First men on the moon – Apollo 11 astronaut Edwin E. \"Buzz\" Aldrin Jr. salutes the U.S. flag on the lunar surface on July 20, 1969. Aldrin and mission commander Neil Armstrong became the first humans to walk on the moon. Their mission was considered an American victory in the Cold War and subsequent space race, meeting President Kennedy's goal of \"landing a man on the moon and returning him safely\" before the end of the decade.", "The Lunar Module was the lander portion of the Apollo spacecraft built for the Apollo program by Grumman in order to achieve the transit from cislunar orbit to the surface and back. The module was also known as the LM from the manufacturer designation. Tom Kelly as a project engineer at Grumman, successfully designed and built the first Lunar Module. NASA achieved the first test flight on January 22, 1968 using a Saturn V rocket. Six successful missions carried twelve astronauts, the first being Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, to the moon surface and safely back home to earth.[333]", "After jumping more than three feet down from his spacecraft Apollo 11 onto the moon’s surface and issuing his immortal words, Armstrong explored the moon’s surface for two-and-a-half hours along with fellow American astronaut Edwin ‘Buzz’ Aldrin. The pair made their mark by planting an American flag and a plaque that read, \"Here men from the planet Earth first set foot upon the moon. July 1969 A.D. We came in peace for all mankind\".", "Armstrong flew the LEM while Aldrin manned the primitive flight computer. As Buzz Aldrin explained, \"At 500 feet the commander [Armstrong] took over manual control to get a feel for what the spacecraft was like before going for the landing.\" Armstrong made a few last-second maneuvers to avoid some dangerous rocks and successfully landed on the moon on July 20, 1969. All the hard years of training, education, and experience had paid off; Armstrong had made it look easy.", "The second man on the moon, Buzz Aldrin, descends from the lunar module on July 20, 1969. He and astronaut Neil Armstrong spent two hours and 20 minutes walking on the moon. The small, lightweight Lunar Module was a major advantage of the LOR concept because it did not need to be returned to Earth.", "The Apollo Lunar Module (LM), originally designated the Lunar Excursion Module (LEM), was the lander portion of the Apollo spacecraft built for the US Apollo program by Grumman Aircraft to carry a crew of two from lunar orbit to the surface and back. Designed for lunar orbit rendezvous, it consisted of an ascent stage and descent stage, and was ferried to lunar orbit by its companion Command and Service Module (CSM), a separate spacecraft of approximately twice its mass, which also took the astronauts home to Earth. After completing its mission, the LM was discarded. It was capable of operation only in outer space; structurally and aerodynamically it was incapable of flight through the Earth's atmosphere. The Lunar Module was the first, and to date only, manned spacecraft to operate exclusively in the airless vacuum of space.", "The crew members for this historic mission were Neil Alden Armstrong, commander; Lt. Colonel Michael Collins (USAF), command module pilot; and Colonel Edwin Eugene �Buzz� Aldrin, Jr. (USAF), lunar module pilot.", "The Astronauts and Their Rolls: Americans Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin were the two appointed astronauts to lead this historic mission. Armstrong became the first man to step onto the lunar surface on July 20, 1969, and he spent about two and a half hours outside the spacecraft. Aldrin was the second person to step onto the moon and together, he and Armstrong collected 47.5 pounds of lunar material to take back to Earth. The third member of the mission, Michael Collins, piloted the command spacecraft alone in lunar orbit until Armstrong and Aldrin returned to it just under a day later for the trip back to Earth.", "The first of six manned missions to successfully land on the Moon touched down on 20 July 1969 under the command of US astronaut Neil Armstrong. Buzz Aldrin described the moonscape as \"magnificent desolation\"", "the moon - Why did Armstrong pilot the LM, when Aldrin was tasked as Lunar Module Pilot? - Space Exploration Stack Exchange", "• In 1969, two Americans were the first men to step on the Moon. They were Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin.", "Aldrin was lunar module pilot and the second man to walk on the moon. On each lunar landing mission, one crew member stayed in orbit in the command module. On this mission that was Collins." ]

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[ "Bugs Bunny made his debut on 27 July 1940, in an animated short film called 'A Wild Hare.", "Bugs Bunny is an American cartoon character who first appeared in A Wild Hare (the first official Bugs Bunny short) on July 27, 1940, which makes Bugs Bunny over 70 years old! He was created by Tex Avery who was the director of A Wild Hare and Robert McKimson who created the Bugs Bunny character design.", "Seventy-two years ago today – on July 27th, 1940 – Bugs Bunny appeared in Tex Avery’s A Wild Hare. The Warner Bros. short is widely considered to be the first definitive Bugs Bunny cartoon, in which the character’s appearance, personality and voice gelled as a whole. It’s also the first time Bugs, voiced by the inimitable Mel Blanc, uttered his famous catchphrase, “What’s up, doc?”", "A Wild Hare , directed by Tex Avery and released on July 27, 1940, is the first cartoon where both Elmer Fudd and Bugs are shown in their fully developed forms as hunter and tormentor. In this cartoon Mel Blanc first uses what would become the standard voice of Bugs. And Bugs first emerges from his rabbit hole to ask Elmer, \"What's up, Doc?\" Animation historian Joe Adamson counts A Wild Hare as the first \"official\" Bugs Bunny short. [7]", "A Wild Hare (re-released as The Wild Hare) is a 1940 Warner Bros. Merrie Melodies animated short film. It was produced by Leon Schlesinger Productions, directed by Tex Avery, and written by Rich Hogan. It was originally released on July 27, 1940. A Wild Hare is considered by most film historians to be the first \"official\" Bugs Bunny cartoon. ", "A Wild Hare, directed by Tex Avery and released on July 27, 1940, is the first cartoon where both Elmer Fudd and Bugs are shown in their fully developed forms as hunter and tormentor. In this cartoon Mel Blanc first uses what would become Bugs' standard voice; this cartoon also marks the first time that Bugs uses his catchphrase, \"What's up, Doc?\" Animation historian Joe Adamson counts A Wild Hare as the first \"official\" Bugs Bunny short. The short was a huge success in theaters and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film.", "Bugs is an anthropomorphic gray hare or rabbit who is famous for his flippant, insouciant personality, a pronounced New York accent, his portrayal as a trickster, and his catch phrase \"Eh... What's up, doc?\", usually said while chewing a carrot. Though Warner Bros. began experimenting with a rabbit character in cartoons during the late 1930s, the definitive character of Bugs Bunny is widely considered to have made his debut in director Tex Avery's Oscar-nominated film A Wild Hare (1940).[1]", "In the cartoon Hare-um Scare-um, the newspaper headline reads, \"Happy Hardaway\". Bugs Bunny emerges The official debut of Bugs Bunny in A Wild Hare (1940) Bugs' appearance in A Wild Hare, directed by Tex Avery and released on July 27, 1940, is considered the first appearance of both Elmer and Bugs in their fully developed forms.", "Bugs' appearance in A Wild Hare , directed by Tex Avery and released on July 27, 1940, is considered the first appearance of both Elmer and Bugs in their fully developed forms. It was in this cartoon that he first emerged from his rabbit hole to ask Elmer Fudd, now a hunter rather than a photographer, \"What's up, Doc?\" Animation historian Joe Adamson counts A Wild Hare as the first \"official\" Bugs Bunny short. [8] It is also the first cartoon where Mel Blanc uses a recognizable version of the voice of Bugs that would eventually become the standard.", "The world first heard Bugs Bunny’s utter “What’s up, Doc?” when the cartoon “A Wild Hare” was released by Warner Brothers on July 27, 1940.", "The world’s favorite rabbit turns 75 this month: July 27, 1940, saw the debut of the cotton-tailed character’s first cartoon short “Wild Hare,” directed by Tex Avery.", "Elmer is a main antagonist in the Bugs Bunny cartoons and Bug's most recurring enemy. He is a hunter who wishes to trap Bugs, but the intelligent hare always tricks him and wins. Elmer first appeared in the cartoon 'A Wild Hare', which was also Bugs Bunny's first appearance. He hunts Bugs, but he is soon bullied by him. Comedian Arthur Q Bryan provided the character's voice.", "A Wild Hare is noteworthy as the first true Bugs Bunny cartoon, as well as for settling on the classic voice and appearance of the hunter, Elmer Fudd. Although the animators continued to experiment with Elmer's design for a few more years, his look here proved the basis for his finalized design. ", "Porky’s Hare Hunt was the cartoon in which Bugs Bunny appeared for the first time in 1938. In 1940 came the cartoon film A Wild Hare in which Bugs Bunny quoted, “Eh, What’s up, Doc?” for the first time which became his famous saying. But he was not named until Elmer’s Pet Rabbit which was released in 1941. Knighty-Knight Bugs (1958) won an Oscar.", "\"A Wild Hare\" is now considered the first \"official\" Bugs Bunny cartoon. To watch \"A Wild Hare\" click on the video player below.", "On July 27, 1940, the cartoon icon made his first official appearance in \"A Wild Hare.\"", "Since Bugs' debut in A Wild Hare, he had appeared only in color Merrie Melodie cartoons (making him one of the few recurring characters created for that series in the Leon Schlesinger era prior to the full conversion to color, alongside Elmer's prototype Egghead, Inki, Sniffles, and Elmer himself - who was heard but not seen in the 1942 Looney Tunes cartoon Nutty News, and made his first formal appearance in that series in 1943's To Duck or Not To Duck).", "July 27th is in fact  the 70th anniversary of \"A Wild Hare\", which was the debut of a certain iconic animated wabbit! ;D", "Bugs Bunny is a fictional main character who starred in the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of animated films produced by Leon Schlesinger Productions , which became Warner Bros. Cartoons in 1944. [1] Bugs starred in 167 shorts during the Golden Age of American animation , and made cameos in three others along with a few appearances in non-animated films. He is an anthropomorphic hare or rabbit .", "Bugs Bunny is an animated cartoon character, created by the staff of Leon Schlesinger Productions (later Warner Bros. Cartoons) and voiced originally by the \"Man of a Thousand Voices,\" Mel Blanc. Bugs is best known for his starring roles in the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of animated short films, produced by Warner Bros. during the golden age of American animation. His popularity during this era led to his becoming an American cultural icon, as well as a corporate mascot of Warner Bros. Entertainment.", "Bugs Bunny is an animated cartoon character, created by the staff of Leon Schlesinger Productions (later Warner Bros. Cartoons) and voiced originally by the \"Man of a Thousand Voices,\" Mel Blanc. Bugs is best known for his starring roles in the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of animated short films, produced by Warner Bros. during the golden age of American animation. His popularity during this era led to his becoming an American cultural icon, as well as a corporate mascot of Warner Bros. Entertainment. ", "In 1938, Warner Brothers wanted to make a cartoon as quickly as possible. The previous year, they had released Porky’s Duck Hunt, which introduced Daffy Duck. Faced with the deadline, Bob Clampett decided to reuse some of the jokes that he had left over from Duck Hunt. And someone suggested that they “dress the duck in a rabbit suit.” The result was Porky’s Hare Hunt.", "Bugs Bunny is the main character of the Looney Tunes world. He is an anthropomorphic rabbit who", "^ The latest released WB cartoon sold to a.a.p. was Haredevil Hare , released on July 24, 1948.", "1938 Bugs Bunny makes his debut in Porky's Hare Hunt, though the character wasn't named until 1941.", "Their first cartoon to feature the Road Runner was The Wild Chase, directed by Freleng in 1965. The premise was a race between the bird and \"the fastest mouse in all of Mexico,\" Speedy Gonzales, with the Coyote and Sylvester the Cat each trying to make a meal out of his usual target. Much of the material was animation rotoscoped from earlier Runner and Gonzales shorts, with the other characters added in.", "One of Warner Brothers' most famous cartoon characters - Daffy Duck was created by Tex Avery and his first appearance was in Porky's Duck Hunt, which was released on April 17, 1937.", "Snagglepuss is a Hanna-Barbera cartoon character created in 1959, a pink anthropomorphic mountain lion voiced by Daws Butler. He is best known for his famous catchphrase, \"Heavens to Murgatroyd!\", along with phrases such as \"Exit, stage left!\" Snagglepuss was originally known as \"Snaggletooth\" (a pink lion precursor).", "In 1944, Bugs Bunny actually made a cameo appearance in Jasper Goes Hunting, a short produced by rival studio Paramount Pictures . In this cameo (animated by Robert McKimson, with Mel Blanc providing the voice), Bugs pops out of a rabbit hole, saying his usual catchphrase; Bugs then says, \"I must be in the wrong picture\" and then goes back in the hole. He also appeared fleetingly in the 1947 Arthur Davis cartoon The Goofy Gophers .", "Recycled In Space : During the 1964-1969 Dork Age , the WB animation studio tried recycling the Road Runner formula with woodland animals, resulting in Rapid Rabbit — who uses a blowhorn as his trademark — and Quick Brown Fox. Only one cartoon with this premise was produced.", "The Pied Piper of Guadalupe (US animated short, 1961), with the voice of Mel Blanc.  Directed by Friz Freleng.  Pied Piper Sylvester the Cat meets his match in Speedy Gonzales.", "Wile E. Coyote had a cameo as the true identity of an alien hunter (a parody of Predator) in the Duck Dodgers episode \"K-9 Quarry,\" voiced by Dee Bradley Baker. In that episode, he was hunting Martian Commander X-2 and K-9." ]

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[ "A parsec is an astronomical unit of measurement that is equivalent to 3.26 light years distance, or the distance photons will travel in vacuum over the period of 3.26 years. Light travels at an approximate speed of 186,000 miles per second (300,000 kilometers per second), so this distance is just over 19 trillion miles (about 31 trillion kilometers).", "The light-year is often used to measure distances to stars and other distances on a galactic scale, especially in non-specialist and popular science publications. The preferred unit in astrometry is the parsec , because it can be more easily derived from, and compared with, observational data. The parsec is defined as the distance at which an object will appear to move one arcsecond of parallax when the observer moves one astronomical unit perpendicular to the line of sight to the observer, and is equal to approximately 3.26 light-years. [1]", "Although the light year is a commonly used unit, astronomers prefer a different unit called the parsec (pc). A parsec, equal to 3.26 light years, is defined as the distance at which 1 Astronomical Unit subtends an angle of 1 second of arc (1/3600 of a degree) When we use the parsec for really large distances, we often put a prefix in front of it - like kiloparsecs (kpc), which are equal to 1000 parsecs - or Megaparsecs (Mpc), equal to a million parsecs.", "2. (pc) A unit of length used for measuring astronomical distances. 1 parsec = 3.26 light years.", "a unit of distance equal to 206,265 times the distance from the earth to the sun, or 3.26 light years.", "Approximately 3.26 light-years or 3.08 × 1013 km (1.92 × 1013 mi). Term is combination of first syllables of parallax and second, and distance is that of imaginary star when lines drawn from it to both Earth and the Sun form a maximum angle or parallax of one second (1/3600 degree). Used for measuring interstellar distances.", "Distance from the Sun in units of megaparsecs (Mpc), where 1 Mpc = 3.26 x 106", "A light-year (also light year or lightyear, ly), is a non-SI unit of length equal to just under 10 trillion kilometers or about 6 trillion miles or 0.306 parsec. It is defined as the distance that light travels in a vacuum in one Julian year.", "(Units) a unit of astronomical distance equal to the distance from earth at which stellar parallax would be 1 second of arc; equivalent to 3.0857 × 1016 m or 3.262 light years", "The figures above are based on a Julian year (not Gregorian year ) of exactly 365.25 days (each of exactly 86,400 SI seconds, totalling 31,557,600 seconds) [4] and a defined speed of light of 299,792,458 m/s, both included in the IAU (1976) System of Astronomical Constants , used since 1984. [5] The DE405 value of the astronomical unit, 149,597,870,691 m, [6] is used for the light-year in astronomical units and parsecs.", "For distances to other parts of the Milky Way Galaxy (or even further), astronomers use units of the light-year or the parsec . The light-year we have already defined. The parsec is equal to 3.3 light-years. Using the light-year, we can say that :", "Today, astronomers and astrophysicists still use the parsec as a celestial unit of measurement. They also use the light-year, a unit defined as the distance light travels in a vacuum in one Julian year...but that's an explanation for another day.", "A student of science knows that the light travels at a speed of 186000 miles per second. A year has 3,15,56,880 second. So in a year, light can a travel a distance of sixty billion miles (six trillion). A stellar object sixty billion miles away will be reached in one year. This is called a light year. A light-year therefore is a unit of length equal to just under 10 trillion kilometers (or about 6 trillion miles). As defined by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), a light-year is the distance that light travels in a vacuum in one Julian year (365.25 days). There is not a single star that is one light year away. Rigil Kentaurus, a star of the Centaurus which is the nearest constellation from the Earth is 4.4 light-years away. Imagine measuring those objects which are billion and trillions of light years away. Human mind is simply baffled and perplexed.", "a unit of astronomical length based on the distance from Earth at which stellar parallax is 1 second of arc; equivalent to 3.262 light years", "An astronomical unit (A.U.) is the average distance between the Earth and the Sun, which is about 93 million miles or 150 million kilometers. Astronomical units are usually used to measure distances within our solar system. For example, the planet Mercury is about 1/3 of an A.U. from the Sun, while the farthest planet, Pluto, is about 40 A.U. from the Sun (thats 40 times as far away from the Sun as the Earth is).", "A unit of distance used in astronomy. One light year is the distance that light travels in one year through a vacuum. Light travels at 299 792 458 meters per second , and there are 31 556 925.9747 seconds in a year, so one light year equals 9.460 528 405 x 1015 metre, or 9.460 528 405 x 1012 kilometre. One light year is approximately 5.880 trillion miles.", "Beyond the Solar System the distances in astronomy are so great that using the AU becomes too cumbersome. The IAU recognises several other distance units to be used on different scales. For studies of the structure of the Milky Way, our local galaxy, the parsec (pc) is the usual choice. This is equivalent to about 30.857×1012 km, or about 206,000 AUs, and is itself defined in terms of the AU – as the distance at which one Astronomical Unit subtends an angle of one arcsecond. Alternatively the light-year (ly) is sometimes used in scientific papers as a distance unit, although its use is mostly confined to popular publications and similar media. The light-year is roughly equivalent to 0.3 parsecs, and is equal to the distance traveled by light in one Julian year in a vacuum, according to the IAU. To think of it in easily accessible terms, the light-year is 9,460,730,472,580.8 km or 63,241 AU. While smaller than the parsec, it is still an incredibly large distance.", "A light year is the distance that the light (or any electromagnetic signal) covers in the vacuum in one terrestrial year. 1 light year equals 9.4605284 � 1012 kilometers, this is 9 460 528 400 000 kilometers.", "a unit of distance used in astronomy. One light year is the distance that light travels in one year through a vacuum (and, of course, most of the Universe is close to being a vacuum). In the official definition of the International Astronomical Union, the light year is based on the Julian year of exactly 365.25 days or 31 557 600 seconds and the defined speed of light c = 299,792,458 meters per second. Thus one light year equals exactly 9 460 730 472 580.8 kilometers, or 9 460 730 472 580 800 meters. One light year is approximately 5.880 trillion miles .", "When dealing with the great distances within our Solar System, astronomical units (AU), which are multiples of the distance from the Earth to the Sun, are used. However, that unit of measurement is not large enough when considering the distance to other stars or galaxies. In that case, distance is stated in light years, which is how far light travels in a year.", "a metric unit of distance equal to 1012 kilometers. This is equivalent to about 621.371 billion miles or 0.1057 light year . The distance from the earth to the nearest star (other than the sun) is about 40 petameters.", "The International Astronomical Union (IAU) is responsible for maintaining and approving a special set of units in astronomy, formally defined in 1976. One of the most important of these is the astronomical unit. It is a unit of length approximating the Sun-Earth distance (of about 150 million kilometres) which is of convenient use in astronomy. According to its definition adopted by the XXVIIIth General Asssembly of the IAU ( IAU 2012 Resolution B2 ), the astronomical unit is a conventional unit of length equal to 149 597 870 700 m exactly. This definition is valid irrespective of the used time scale. The unique symbol for the astronomical unit is au. The IAU also defines other astronomical units: the astronomical unit of time is 1 day (d) of 86,400 SI seconds (s) (SI is the International System of Units) and the astronomical unit of mass is equal to the mass of the Sun, 1.9891×1030 kg.", "A light-day is a non-SI astronomical unit of length equal to 24 light-hours or 86,400 light-seconds or just over 25 billion kilometers or just over 16 billion miles. It is defined as the distance that light travels in a vacuum in one day.", "a unit of distance equal to the distance light travels in one year, a light-year is roughly 6 trillion miles", "A light-hour is a non-SI astronomical unit of length equal to 60 light-minutes or 3600 light-seconds or just over 1 billion kilometers or just under 0.7 billion miles. It is defined as the distance that light travels in a vacuum in one hour.", "A light-week is a non-SI astronomical unit of length equal to 7 light-days or 604,800 light-seconds or just over 181 billion kilometers or just under 113 billion miles. It is defined as the distance that light travels in a vacuum in one week.", "Distances measured in fractions of a light-year (or in light-months) usually involve objects within a star system . Distances measured in light-years include distances between nearby stars , such as those in the same spiral arm or globular cluster .", "Previously, the inverse of  expressed in seconds per astronomical unit was measured by comparing the time for radio signals to reach different spacecraft in the Solar System, with their position calculated from the gravitational effects of the Sun and various planets. By combining many such measurements, a best fit value for the light time per unit distance could be obtained. For example, in 2009, the best estimate, as approved by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), was: ", "Astronomical distances are sometimes expressed in light-years, especially in popular science publications and media. A light-year is the distance light travels in one year, around 9461 billion kilometres, 5879 billion miles, or 0.3066 parsecs. In round figures, a light year is nearly 10 trillion kilometres or nearly 6 trillion miles. Proxima Centauri, the closest star to Earth after the Sun, is around 4.2 light-years away.Further discussion can be found at ", "Now for the second part of “parsec”: arcsecond. In this instance, we’re not referring to a measure of time. It’s a part of a measurement of angle. Imagine the horizon around you broken up into 360 slices, or degrees. Each slice is about twice the width of the full moon. An arcminute is 1/60th of a degree, and an arcsecond is 1/60th of an arcminute. So astronomers measure the size of objects, or the parallax movement of stars in degrees, arcminutes and arcseconds.", "Dingle:� Of course.� Please see the next Chart 26 .� It shows many other Milky Way stars whose observed Doppler linear velocity toward or away from Earth has no correlation or proportionality whatsoever to their estimated distances from Earth.� Chart 26 was compiled at random by a different person than the one who compiled Chart 17 .� Chart 26 contains 122 stars at various different distances from Earth:� 60 of which are blueshifts and 62 are redshifts.� The magnitudes of light shifts vary from -411 km/s to +320 km/s, and the distances vary from 2.2 to 121.9 k parsecs, all at random.� Contrary to the assertions of Eddington, Einstein, and many others, there is no observed correlation whatsoever between the random Doppler velocity/distance relationships of stars in local space.�", "The closest of these, the triple star system Alpha Centauri, is about 4.3 light years away (each light year is equal to about 6 trillion miles)." ]

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[ "The Cheshire Cat ( or) is a fictional cat popularised by Lewis Carroll in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and known for its distinctive mischievous grin. While most often celebrated in \"Alice\"-related contexts, the Cheshire Cat predates the 1865 novel and has transcended the context of literature and become enmeshed in popular culture, appearing in various forms of media, from political cartoons to television, as well as cross-disciplinary studies, from business to science. One of its distinguishing features is that from time to time its body disappears, the last thing visible being its iconic grin.", "Usage notes: The Cheshire cat is a character in Lewis Carroll's book Alice in Wonderland and is famous for its big smile.", "The Cheshire Cat is famous for its ability to appear and disappear at will and for its enormous grin. In fact, sometimes the entire Cat disappears, leaving only the grin behind. The most important thing the Cat does is tell Alice that everyone in Wonderland is crazy – even her. Alice has trouble accepting this at first, but the reader has been expecting it for some time. Alice is impressed by the cat's shoot-from-the-hip (or in this case, from the grin!) honesty. Throughout the rest of her adventure in Wonderland, Alice will look anxiously around her for the Cheshire Cat, hoping for more advice or at least intelligent conversation. And, of course, we already know that Alice is partial to cats, since she's always talking about her favorite pet, Dinah.", "The Cheshire Cat is now largely identified with the character of the same name in Lewis Carroll's novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. Alice first encounters the Cheshire Cat at the Duchess' house in her kitchen, and later on the branches of a tree, where it appears and disappears at will, and engages Alice in amusing but sometimes perplexing conversation. The cat sometimes raises philosophical points that annoy or baffle Alice; but appears to cheer her when it appears suddenly at the Queen of Hearts' croquet field; and when sentenced to death, baffles everyone by having made its head appear without its body, sparking a debate between the executioner and the King and Queen of Hearts about whether a disembodied head can indeed be beheaded. At one point, the cat disappears gradually until nothing is left but its grin, prompting Alice to remark that 'she has often seen a cat without a grin but never a grin without a cat'. ", "Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (January 27, 1832 – January 14, 1898), better known by the pen name Lewis Carroll, was an English author, mathematician, logician, Anglican clergyman and photographer. His most famous writings are Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and its sequel Through the Looking-Glass as well as the poems \" The Hunting of the Snark \" and \" Jabberwocky \", all considered to be within the genre of literary nonsense . His facility at word play, logic, and fantasy has delighted audiences ranging… read more", "Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (27 January 1832 – 14 January 1898), better known by the pseudonym Lewis Carroll, was an English author, mathematician, Anglican deacon and photographer. He was thought by many people to be a genius and he enjoyed puzzles. He is best known for writing Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and its sequel, Through the Looking Glass , as well as the poems The Hunting of the Snark and Jabberwocky .", "The following thesis is about “Lewis Carroll, Alice in Wonderland as a Work of Nonsense Fiction”. Carroll’s masterpiece Alice in Wonderland, which includes both books, namely Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and its sequel Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There, does not only belong to the most popular English children’s books, but it is also regarded as a classic around the world. Especially in English-speaking countries, lines from the Alice books have been as often cited as lines from Shakespeare or the bible. Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, who used the pseudonym “Lewis Carroll” for his writings, made up the tale Alice in Wonderland for his most-loved child-friend and muse Alice Liddell and her sisters during a boat trip on the River Thames. Lewis Carroll is known, next to Edward Lear, as one of the most famous Nonsense poets and writers. Moreover, it is claimed that he was the first author to introduce Nonsense into children’s literature, and as result, had a huge impact with his Alice books on English children’s literature. The split between the two personalities, namely the Victorian author Carroll and the Reverend and mathematician Dodgson, who taught at Christ Church, Oxford, has to be considered in order to get a better understanding of the Alice books as a Nonsense Work.", "When Lewis Carroll first penned his tale of Alice and her adventures in Wonderland, I wonder if he knew he would be creating so many memorable characters.  Since 1865 “Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland” has been delighting children and adults alike.  With countless editions available, multiple film and television adaptations, and an innumerable amout of pop culture references littered across every medium, it’s no wonder that so many people are familiar with Alice.", "The most famous Mad Hatter, of course, is the one from the Mad Tea Party in Alice in Wonderland, the partner of the March Hare. Both mad, of course. But Lewis Carroll did not invent the phrase, although he did create the character. The phrases \"mad as a hatter\" and \"mad as a March hare\" were common at the time Lewis Carroll wrote (1865 was the first publication date of Alice). The phrase had been in common use in 1837, almost 30 years earlier. Carroll frequently used common expressions, songs, nursery rhymes, etc., as the basis for characters in his stories.", "This Sunday is the birthday of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, better known as Lewis Carroll, the English mathematician and writer whose most famous works include Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, Through the Looking-Glass, and The Hunting of the Snark.", "Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (1832-1898), better known by the pen name Lewis Carroll, was an English author, mathematician, logician, Anglican clergyman and photographer. From a young age, Dodgson wrote poetry and short stories, sending them to various magazines and enjoying moderate success. Most of this output was humourous, sometimes satirical, but his standards and ambitions were exacting. His facility at word play, logic, and fantasy has delighted audiences ranging from children to the literary elite, and beyond this his work has become embedded deeply in modern culture, directly influencing many artists. His most famous writings are Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and its sequel Through the Looking-Glass (1871) as well as the poems The Hunting of the Snark (1876) and Jabberwocky (1871). Alice's Adventures in Wonderland is a work of nonsense literature, which tells the story of a girl named Alice who falls down a rabbit-hole into a fantasy realm populated by grotesque figures like talking playing cards and anthropomorphic creatures. show more", "So it’s not surprising that The Water-Babies – with its ramblings, enthusiasms, sensibilities, love of nature, empathy, wide reading, poetry and humour – perfectly reflects the man. Kingsley’s novel antedated the first Alice book by a couple of years and anticipated many of the features that are normally associated with Lewis Carroll’s two children’s classics, as many a commentator has noted before now. References to a lobster, Cheshire cat and March hare occur in both, for example, but the Cheshire Cat wasn’t in Carroll’s original 1862-3 draft for Alice Liddell. There is little room here to note other parallels in detail – both authors were called Charles, were clergymen (though Carroll was only a deacon), suffered from stammers, were passable artists and were feted by royalty, for instance – but as only one of these classics has remained in the popular consciousness one has to assume that Kingsley’s moralising asides haven’t gone down well with subsequent generations. Compared with the handsome Victorian line illustrations of Linley Sambourne the later sentimental illustrations of Mabel Lucie Attwell and her ilk have not served the fortunes of the story well either.", "Although Lewis Carroll’s story has remain unchanged for 150 years, illustrators and artists from around the world have re-envisioned the Wonderland characters through their own eyes. As you explore the colorful characters of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, you may find an aboriginal Alice, a green Cheshire Cat, a Mock Turtle with a body made out of a soup pot, and a Hatter who wears seven hats at one time!", "The Morris-Jumel Mansion will offer audiences the opportunity to experience Lewis Carroll's acclaimed children's story Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) like they never have before. Unlike many sesquicentennial celebrations of Carroll's beloved fantasy, the Mansion's adaptation will incorporate its celebrated association with the American Revolution represented in the characters of the play such as the Mad Hatter (George Washington), Cheshire Cat (Marquis de Lafayette), and White Rabbit (Benedict Arnold). ( more... )", "Birthday - British novelist Lewis Carroll (1832-1898) was born in Daresbury, Cheshire, England (as Charles Lutwidge Dodgson). Best known for Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass. He also lectured in mathematics and was a pioneering photographer.", "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass were critically and commercially successful in Carroll's lifetime; more than 150,000 copies of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and 100,000 copies of Through the Looking-Glass had been printed by 1898. Victorian readers enjoyed the Alice books as light-hearted entertainment that omitted the stiff morals which other books for children frequently included. Alice's character has been highlighted by later literary critics as unusual or a departure from the typical mid-nineteenth-century child protagonists. The Alice books inspired \"almost two hundred literary imitations, revisions, and parodies\" for a half century after 1865, which featured one or more protagonists with characteristics similar to Alice's (\"typically polite, articulate, and assertive\"), regardless of gender. Notable examples include Mopsa the Fairy (1869) by Jean Ingelow, Speaking Likeness (1874) by Christina Rossetti, Davy and the Goblin (1885) by Charles E. Carryl, Wanted—A King; or How Merle Set the Nursery Rhymes to Right (1890) by Maggie Brown, The Westminster Alice (1900–02) by Saki, and Clara in Blunderland (1902) by Caroline Lewis. Considered \"international classics\" at the conclusion of the Victorian era, the Alice books were considered to be primarily for children.", "The Cheshire Cat (Known as Chessur' in the'   2010 movie )  is a fictional character from the novel, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll . Stephen Fry voices Chessur the Cheshire Cat in the 2010 film.", "Item Description: Dodo Press, United Kingdom, 2007. Paperback. Book Condition: New. Henry Holiday (illustrator). Illustrated. 224 x 147 mm. Language: English . Brand New Book ***** Print on Demand *****.Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (1832-1898), better known by the pen name Lewis Carroll, was an English author, mathematician, logician, Anglican clergyman and photographer. From a young age, Dodgson wrote poetry and short stories, sending them to various magazines and enjoying moderate success. Most of this output was humourous, sometimes satirical, but his standards and ambitions were exacting. His facility at word play, logic, and fantasy has delighted audiences ranging from children to the literary elite, and beyond this his work has become embedded deeply in modern culture, directly influencing many artists. His most famous writings are Alice s Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and its sequel Through the Looking-Glass (1871) as well as the poems The Hunting of the Snark (1876) and Jabberwocky (1871). Alice s Adventures in Wonderland is a work of nonsense literature, which tells the story of a girl named Alice who falls down a rabbit-hole into a fantasy realm populated by grotesque figures like talking playing cards and anthropomorphic creatures. Bookseller Inventory # AAV9781406597523", "The English church official Lewis Carroll was the author of Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass, famous adventure stories for children that adults also enjoy. He was also a noted mathematician and photographer.", "Now of course, Alice is hardly the only character in the story, as it is these characters that breathe life into the story.  The Mad Hatter, The Queen of Hearts, the Cheshire Cat, and the Caterpillar are just some of the characters that make up the landscape that is Wonderland.  There is one character in particular that is the catalyst for the adventures, that being the White Rabbit.  Going down the rabbit hole and chasing that rabbit was Carroll’s way of taking the reader into a world beyond their imagination.", "is the protagonist of the story. Though she doesn’t mention her age in the story, she is said to be seven years-old by experts, and in the sequel Through the Looking Glass, she does mention being seven and a half. She is inspired by the real Alice Liddell, the daughter of Henry Liddell, the Dean of Christ Church, Oxford and a contemporary of Carroll. In the story, she is a spirited child, often following her instincts and the other characters courageously and standing her ground when she suspects nonsense. But she is also anxious and becomes homesick when she is confused and lost in Wonderland. She is on the verge of growing up, and the adventures of Wonderland play on her insecurites and show how she is terrified by the unknown world of the future but also thrilled by it and eager to discover.", "Walt Disney brings Lewis Carroll's fantasy story to life in this well done animated classic. Even though many elements from the book were dropped, such as the duchess with the baby pig and mock turtle, this version is without a doubt the most famous Alice adaption made.", "In literary terms, on the other hand, Slessor’s “Knave takes the ten” alludes to Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, particularly the trial scene in which the Knave of Hearts is accused of taking the Queen’s tarts (1865, Chapters 11–12). Its author, the Reverend Charles Lutwidge Dodgson—a.k.a., Lewis Carroll (1832– 1898)—moved his family to Guildford in 1868, and currently resides at The Mount Cemetery there (Cohen 1995, 240–241, 527; Cohen 1998, 1195; Rose 2001, 87–89). Lewis Carroll’s much anticipated centenary occurred in 1932, the year that “Post-roads” was published in Cuckooz Contrey.", "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and Through the Looking Glass (1871) by English author Lewis Carroll (1832-1898) are examples of fantasy and literary nonsense.", "Lewis Carroll (1832-86 Rev. Charles Lutwidge Dodgson) English writer, Oxford mathematics don who produced Alice in Wonderland (1865), Looking-Glass (1872).", "The author of “Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland” and “Through the Looking Glass” is Lewis Carroll. This is an pseudonym; his real name was Charles Lutwidge Dodgson. (His last name is pronounced with a silent ‘g’.)", "...their Cheshire cat smiles p. 93: The Cheshire Cat is a fictional cat in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland . The Cheshire Cat has a grin on its face and is related to a trickster. The Cheshire catlike smiles that Milldred and her friends make indicate their illusion of happiness. *Steven Shamir*", "* The phrase also appears in print in William Makepeace Thackeray's The Newcomes (1855) (\"That woman grins like a Cheshire cat.\").", "..... Click the link for more information. , a master of his craft, wrote arresting adventure fiction and children's verse. The mathematician Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, writing under the name Lewis Carroll Carroll, Lewis,", "There are numerous theories about the origins of the phrase \"Grinning like a Cheshire Cat\" in English history.", "The character of Alice in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland from LitCharts | The creators of SparkNotes", "Alice falling through a rabbit hole into a fantasy world populated by peculiar, anthropomorphic creatures. The tale plays with logic, giving the story lasting popularity with adults as well as with children. It is considered to be one of the best examples of the literary nonsense genre. Its narrative course and structure, characters and imagery have been enormously influential in both popular culture and literature, especially in the fantasy genre." ]

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